---
license: apache-2.0
pipeline_tag: text-generation
language: en
tags:
  - tiny
  - tiny-lm
  - tiny-model
  - slm
  - SLM
  - small-language-model
  - from-scratch
  - llama
datasets:
  - HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
  - allenai/dclm-baseline
metrics:
  - perplexity
---

# LDT-10M

A 10.28M-parameter LLaMA-style language model, trained from scratch on FineWeb-Edu + DCLM.

**Requested by [DedeProGames](https://huggingface.co/DedeProGames) on the [model-requests board](https://huggingface.co/spaces/Compactbot/model-requests) (#12).**

## Architecture

| Parameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Params | **10,284,480** |
| Layers | 5 |
| d_model | 320 |
| Heads | 5 (MHA, GQA not used at this scale) |
| FFN dim | 896 (SwiGLU) |
| Vocab | 12,288 (gollem BPE) |
| Context | 512 |
| Embeddings | Tied (lm_head → tok.weight) |
| Norm | RMSNorm (eps 1e-5) |
| Attention | RoPE + causal SDPA |
| Dtype | float32 |

Standard LLaMA block: RMSNorm → MHA (RoPE) → residual → RMSNorm → SwiGLU FFN → residual.

## Training

| | v1 (first checkpoint) | v4 (current) |
|---|---|---|
| Steps | 4,000 | 16,000 (4,000 + 12,000 continued) |
| Batch size | 64 | 64 |
| LR | 3e-4 → 3e-5 (cosine) | 1e-4 → 1e-5 (cosine, fresh optimizer) |
| Data | FineWeb-Edu 30.1M + DCLM 21.4M = **~50.5M tok** | + FineWeb-Edu 150.6M + DCLM 107.3M = **~257.9M tok** |
| Cumulative tokens | ~50.5M | **~308M** |
| Tokens/param | ~4.9 | **~30.0** |
| Hardware | RTX 5090 (32 GB) | RTX 5090 (32 GB) |
| Final val loss | 4.6020 (ppl 99.68) | **3.8943 (ppl 49.12)** |

### ⚠️ Honest caveat: undertrained and still incoherent

DedeProGames requested **2.6B tokens**. This checkpoint is at **~308M tokens** — an **8.4× shortfall**. The GPU was occupied by other work for most of the training window.

At 30 tok/param the model has learned the **surface shape** of English much better than v1 — real words, parseable sentences, occasional token loops — but the prose is still **semantically incoherent** (word salad): grammatically plausible sentences that don't mean what they say. The val loss (3.89) is well below the 7.38 unigram floor, so it genuinely uses context; the improvement from 4.60 → 3.89 is real.

This is a **continued checkpoint**, not the final deliverable. More data is the fix; continued training toward the 2.6B budget is planned.

## Eval (8 prompts, temp 0.8, top-k 40, seed 1234)

| Metric | v1 | v4 |
|---|---|---|
| val loss | 4.6020 | **3.8943** |
| perplexity | 99.68 | **49.12** |
| Below unigram floor (7.38)? | Yes | Yes |
| Token loops? | No | Rare (1 hard loop in a 40-sample sweep, seeds 0-4) |
| Semantically coherent? | No | No (improved, still word salad) |

### Sample outputs (v4, real generation from the weights)

> "The cat sat on the same line of the moon as a dancer. The planet is the only planet that has been known to be a good deal of tear. The last thing about the world is a part of a real life."

> "Once upon a time, the person will be sent to each other, or if you are going to go through it. But a lot of people are going to have a good chance of a feeling. But that is, I do not know what they're going to do."

> "Water is made of hydrogen and oxygen, and it is a good deal of tear. The sun is a piece of light and is not a good deal of tear. The sun is not a good deal of tear."

> "To be or not to be is a question about the world. The last thing about the world is a part of a real life. It would be a great place, like it and in the earth."

These are real outputs from the v4 weights (not hand-picked for coherence). The text is grammatically structured — real words, parseable sentences, occasional token loops, no broken tokens — but semantically incoherent. That is the honest state of a 10M model at 30 tok/param.

## Usage

The model uses a custom `LDT` architecture (standard LLaMA block, no special tricks). The safetensors file contains 47 tensors with tied embeddings (lm_head is not stored separately; it shares `tok.weight`).

To load with a custom model class, you need a small LLaMA-style implementation matching the config above. The training script (`train_ldt10m_fixed.py`) contains the full architecture definition.

## What this is NOT

- Not a 2.6B-token model (that's the target; this is the ~308M checkpoint)
- Not a coherent-text model (it produces grammatically-structured word salad at this token budget)
- Not a general-purpose assistant (it's a raw LM, no instruction tuning)
- Not a replacement for anything larger — it's a research checkpoint in a from-scratch training run