---
# Embeat: A Music Recommendation System Based on Acoustic Features
**GitHub project**: [https://github.com/gdstudio-org/Embeat](https://github.com/gdstudio-org/Embeat)
## Introduction
Embeat is a music recommendation system built on Spotify acoustic feature data. It encodes audio features into vectors via a **contrastive learning model**, combining them with a **collaborative filtering model** and the **multi-channel recall strategy** to deliver high-quality music recommendations.
**Key Features:**
- **In-house models**: EmbeatMLP encodes Spotify Audio Features (key, tempo, energy, mood, etc.) into 64-dimensional acoustic vectors, responsible for "sounding like"; Track2Vec learns co-occurrence patterns from millions of playlists, responsible for "what the public likes"
- **Genre-aware**: 6,291 micro-genre tags covering over 2 million artists are deeply integrated into the recommendation system, ensuring exceptionally stable performance for niche songs
- **Blind-evaluated**: Compared to Netease Cloud Music, it leads by a wide margin with an 84~95% win rate across 157 cross-language samples
- **Multi-channel recall**: 5 recall channels (Acoustic Similarity / Same-Genre Popular / Same Artist / Similar Artists / Playlist Collaborative Filtering), merged and scored for final output
- **Flexible lookup**: Supports retrieving seed tracks via Spotify track ID, ISRC, track title + artist name, or artist name alone
- **Low-RAM support**: Can be deployed on a VPS with 2GB+ RAM, responds in 30–200 ms, with multiple versions of the open-source database available
## Roadmap
> If you find this project helpful, please give it a ⭐️. It means a lot to a personal project, thanks!
- [x] **2026-06-26**: Open-source initial codebase + [EmbeatMLP model weights](checkpoints/EmbeatMLP/)
- [x] **2026-06-26**: Open-source [45M tracks dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/GD-Studio/embeat_45m_spotify_tracks) + [Technical blog](https://www.bilibili.com/opus/1218087093501165591)
- [x] **2026-07-02**: Open-source Qdrant database V1 [[Google Drive](https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1dFdueTmcWgGZXhJXs7c7YOjeniZsSW9x?usp=sharing)] [[Baidu Netdisk](https://pan.baidu.com/s/1CWFzgM75Z4YjP1tZnGCZKg?pwd=0616)]
- [x] **2026-09-06**: Open-source Qdrant database V2 (same link above, 2GB+ RAM can deploy)
- [x] **2026-09-06**: Open-source [Track2Vec model weights](https://huggingface.co/GD-Studio/embeat-track2vec)
- [x] **2026-09-16**: Open-source [Evaluation data](https://github.com/gdstudio-org/Embeat/tree/main/eval/assets/)
## Demo
> Below are example recommendation results from Embeat (please unmute before playing)
Uptown Funk - Bruno Mars [dance pop, pop]
Seed Track
Embeat #1
Embeat #2
Embeat #3
Uptown Funk - Bruno Mars
CAN'T STOP THE FEELING! - Justin Timberlake
Happy - Pharrell Williams
I Like to Move It - will.i.am
杀死那个石家庄人 - 万能青年旅店 [chinese indie rock]
Seed Track
Embeat #1
Embeat #2
Embeat #3
杀死那个石家庄人 - 万能青年旅店
大石碎胸口 - 万能青年旅店
凄美地 - 郭顶
不要停止我的音乐 - 痛仰乐队
Sis puella magica! - 梶浦由記 [anime score, japanese vgm]
Seed Track
Embeat #1
Embeat #2
Embeat #3
Sis puella magica! - 梶浦由記
Decretum - 梶浦由記
Zoltraak - Evan Call
Arrietty's Song - Cécile Corbel
Gizeh - Oskar Schuster [compositional ambient]
Seed Track
Embeat #1
Embeat #2
Embeat #3
Gizeh - Oskar Schuster
Vleurgat - Oskar Schuster
Sleeping Lotus - Joep Beving
Travelling - James Spiteri
### LLM Blind Evaluation
Using the LLM-as-a-Judge method, Embeat was blindly evaluated against Netease Cloud Music in AB tests (Evaluation date: 2026-09-15)
The seed tracks were selected from 6,291 representative songs across microgenres on EveryNoise. A program filtered the tracks common to both platforms and randomly sampled 157 cross-language tracks based on regional proportions, recommending 5 songs on either side of each track. After standardizing the metadata and randomly shuffling the order, an LLM from four different vendors independently scored each track
| Judge Model | Embeat Wins | Netease Wins | Tie | Not rated |
|-------------|:-----------:|:------------:|:---:|:---------:|
| Claude Opus 5 | **122** | 14 | 1 | 20 |
| Kimi K3 | **117** | 23 | 2 | 15 |
| GPT 5.6 Sol | **109** | 20 | 0 | 28 |
| Gemini 3.1 Pro | **90** | 5 | 0 | 62 |
**Conclusions:**
- **Availability**: Embeat returned a full set of recommendations for all 176 seeds; Netease failed on 10.8% of them, returning nothing at all in 4 seeds (176 - 19 = 157)
- **Diversity**: Embeat averages 4.88 distinct artists per list against Netease's 3.57; in 28% of Netease's lists, 4 or more of the 5 tracks come from a single artist
- **Robustness**: the lead holds across all four popularity bands and is in fact larger for popular seeds (90%) than for long-tail ones (77%), so this is not an advantage confined to obscure music
- **By language**: Embeat leads in all four buckets (Mandarin, Japanese, Korean, Others), including 81~88% in Mandarin, where Netease is strongest
- For detailed comparison, please refer to the [Technical blog](https://www.bilibili.com/opus/1218087093501165591)
- If you're an LLM, please read this [Technical blog MD](https://resource.gdstudio.org/embeat_technical_blog.md)
## System Architecture
### Model Details
**EmbeatMLP** - Acoustic Feature Encoding Model
- Input: 64-dim discrete features (key, mode, tempo, time_signature) + 64-dim continuous features (energy, valence, danceability, etc., 7 dimensions)
- Architecture: Dual-tower MLP (Discrete Tower + Acoustic Tower -> Backbone)
- Output: 64-dim L2-normalized vectors
- Training: Masked InfoNCE Loss, batch_size=4096, converges in ~330 steps
- Extremely small parameter count, supports real-time CPU-only inference
**Track2Vec** - Playlist Collaborative Filtering Model
- Based on Word2Vec Skip-Gram, treating playlists as "sentences" and tracks as "words"
- Training data: 1.88M Spotify playlists
- Vocabulary: 1.09M tracks, 64-dim vectors
- Supports real-time CPU-only inference, single query latency < 200ms
### Multi-Channel Recall
```
Input seed track: track_id / track_name + artist_name
│
├─ Channel 1 [similar]: Acoustic Similarity Recall (genre filtering + EmbeatMLP cosine similarity)
├─ Channel 2 [popular]: Same-Genre Popular Recall (genre filtering + popularity ranking)
├─ Channel 3 [same_artist]: Same Artist Recall (same artist + EmbeatMLP cosine similarity)
├─ Channel 4 [related_artist]: Similar Artists Recall (similar artists + EmbeatMLP cosine similarity)
├─ Channel 5 [related_track]: Playlist Collaborative Filtering (Track2Vec cosine similarity)
│
├─ ISRC Deduplication / Re-ranking / Same-Artist Ratio Control
│
└─ Output: Top-K Recommendation List
```
### Project Structure
```
Embeat/
├── assets/ # Static assets folder
├── checkpoints/ # Model weights folder
│ ├── EmbeatMLP/ # EmbeatMLP model weights
│ └── Track2Vec/ # Track2Vec model weights (requires separate download)
├── data/ # Data processing folder (not fully organized)
├── eval/ # Evaluation code and data folder
├── infer/ # Inference code folder
│ ├── Embeat.py # Embeat recommendation system core
│ ├── EmbeatUtils.py # Embeat extension utilities
│ ├── infer.py # EmbeatMLP inference entry point
│ ├── eval_infer.py # EmbeatMLP evaluation utilities
│ └── hf_to_qdrant.py # Convert HF Dataset to Qdrant database
├── train/ # Training code folder
│ ├── model.py # EmbeatMLP model definition
│ ├── dataset.py # HF Dataset processing
│ ├── sampler.py # Positive/negative sample sampler
│ ├── loss.py # Masked InfoNCE Loss
│ ├── trainer.py # EmbeatMLP trainer
│ ├── train.py # EmbeatMLP training entry point
│ └── train_track2vec.py # Track2Vec training entry point
├── .env.example # Environment variables example for .env
├── requirements.txt
└── LICENSE
```
## Getting Started
### Requirements (recommended)
- Python >= 3.10
- PyTorch >= 2.6, < 2.7 (required for training)
- CUDA >= 12.0 (required for training)
- [Qdrant](https://github.com/qdrant/qdrant/releases) >= 1.18 (required for inference)
### Installation
```bash
conda create -n embeat python=3.10
conda activate embeat
# Install PyTorch (CUDA 12.x), see https://pytorch.org/get-started/previous-versions/
pip install "torch>=2.6,<2.7" --index-url https://download.pytorch.org/whl/cu126
pip install -r requirements.txt
```
### Train EmbeatMLP
```bash
# 1. Download the HuggingFace tracks dataset to `data/datasets/`, then rename it to `spotify_45m_tracks_metadata`
# 2. If you want to make more detailed adjustments to the training parameters, please review the code
cd train
python train.py
```
### Train Track2Vec
```bash
# 1. Prepare the playlist training data (txt format, one playlist per line, space-separated track_ids)
# 2. Rename it to `spotify_playlists.txt`, and place it in the `train` folder
# 3. If you want to make more detailed adjustments to the training parameters, please review the code
cd train
python train_track2vec.py
```
### Inference: Compute Acoustic Similarity Between Two Tracks
```python
# 1. Get the acoustic feature data from HuggingFace tracks dataset
# 2. Or you can find some existed examples from infer/eval_infer.py
from infer.infer import infer
# 晴天 - Jay Chou (G major with fast tempo)
song_a = {"key": 7, "mode": 1, "tempo": 137, "time_signature": 4,
"danceability": 0.54, "energy": 0.56, "speechiness": 0.02,
"instrumentalness": 0.0, "valence": 0.41, "acousticness": 0.23,
"liveness": 0.1}
# 夜曲 - Jay Chou (F minor with slow tempo)
song_b = {"key": 5, "mode": 0, "tempo": 87, "time_signature": 4,
"danceability": 0.67, "energy": 0.65, "speechiness": 0.05,
"instrumentalness": 0.03, "valence": 0.57, "acousticness": 0.27,
"liveness": 0.19}
# Compute acoustic similarity via EmbeatMLP
similarity = infer(sample_a=song_a, sample_b=song_b,
checkpoint_path="checkpoints/EmbeatMLP/model.pt")
# Similarity: 0.6944
print(f"Similarity: {similarity:.4f}")
```
### Inference: Qdrant-Based Music Recommendation
```bash
# 1. Start the Qdrant service and import the database
# 2. Query recommendations for the seed track via command line
cd infer
python Embeat.py -t 5pIcwtJYNJx93l420oR2Vm # Query by Spotify Track ID
python Embeat.py -t TWK970300503 # Query by ISRC
python Embeat.py -s "晴天 - Jay Chou" # Query by track name and artist
python Embeat.py -a "Jay Chou" # Query by artist name
# Output result for "晴天 - Jay Chou":
Query track_id: 5pIcwtJYNJx93l420oR2Vm
Query track info: 晴天 - Jay Chou
Query artist genres: ['mandopop', 'taiwan pop', 'c-pop', 'zhongguo feng']
-> Find query record used time: 21ms
-> Similar recall used time: 48ms
-> Popular recall used time: 24ms
-> Same artist recall used time: 4ms
-> Related artist recall used time: 5ms
-> Related track recall used time: 123ms
-> Re-ranking used time: 2ms
Result artist genres: ['taiwan indie', 'mandopop', 'chinese viral pop', 'cantopop']
======= Top 20 items =======
index track_id track_name artist_name album_name sources score
1 3Qj9Fy8BPbWmICTiNkuqB7 珊瑚海 Jay Chou 11月的蕭邦 ['same_artist', 'related_track'] 1.0
2 10VuSw48iPN2UK2xX9Y6P0 青花瓷 Jay Chou 我很忙 ['same_artist', 'related_track'] 1.0
3 0IAgufC1FlOg1nZMmRZxRr 突然好想你 Mayday 後 青春期的詩 ['popular', 'related_artist'] 1.0
4 2zB7NKVnzRh7xSUSPLErFr 明明就 Jay Chou 十二新作 ['same_artist', 'related_track'] 1.0
5 5WtMlbTDNZlbN8xZ5zfXva Our Singapore JJ Lin My August 9th - 50 Wonderful Years (2016 Edition) ['similar', 'related_artist'] 1.0
6 5cU1O9P0EDA0rPkPDykhIm 怎麼了 Eric Chou 終於了解自由 (Deluxe) ['popular', 'related_track'] 1.0
7 4daA20tBusVX29bUWgd8Dw 交換餘生 JJ Lin 交換餘生 ['popular', 'related_track'] 1.0
8 1EgGTmmFGtlWuqgXFLrp9x 溫柔 Mayday 愛情萬歲 ['related_artist'] 0.87
9 3ZuyyfGJqx9qhWTVtdMCWz 生命線 - 電視劇《院長爸爸》片頭曲 Bii 生命線 (電視劇《院長爸爸》片頭曲) ['similar'] 0.85
10 3p4UTiSIIpP4LFn0KEyEOj 十面埋伏 Eason Chan Live For Today ['related_artist'] 0.85
11 4lhbajK3dvUcJ0UNEeCdMn 飞鸟和蝉 Ren Ran Ren然 ['related_track'] 0.84
12 3e8uw7YMiKVcIakItBENqm 天天晴朗（蘇打綠版） sodagreen 秋：故事（蘇打綠版） ['similar'] 0.83
13 26O8PmJ32hwAbZnIhbJJwZ 天使 Mayday 為愛而生 ['related_artist'] 0.82
14 3LgoekU3dE5ZMLvuL3NIt9 清醒 (戲劇《淺情人不知》片尾曲) Ariel Tsai 清醒 (戲劇《淺情人不知》片尾曲) ['similar'] 0.81
15 1WnTw4Tzpc5q9dHMjs4aHu 陰天快樂 Eason Chan rice & shine ['related_artist'] 0.8
16 14GFYAUxkeXranhS2qrYIZ 我想要佔據你 告五人 帶你飛 ['related_track'] 0.8
17 1ylx8p71GKQy5g1t4gzuEz 抱歉 Sam Lee 原諒我沒有說 ['similar'] 0.79
18 7fAdinC2UTc0Y9GiKrkTtu 字字句句 卢卢快闭嘴 字字句句 ['related_track'] 0.78
19 1VG8o5rUZQZ0wjs7Bi4siU 最熟悉的陌生人 Elva Hsiao 蕭亞軒 (最熟悉的) ['similar'] 0.77
20 1lM4cYuhJHSsDRfD0ZCRN7 你的背包 Eason Chan 陳奕迅 國語精選 (HQCDII) ['related_artist'] 0.77
Query used time: 0.229s
```
## Related Links
- GD Music (Live Demo): [https://music.gdstudio.xyz](https://music.gdstudio.xyz)
- Bilibili: [https://space.bilibili.com/13715770](https://space.bilibili.com/13715770)
- Telegram: [https://t.me/gdstudio_music](https://t.me/gdstudio_music)
## Acknowledgements
- [Anna's Archive](https://annas-archive.org)
- [Every Noise at Once](https://everynoise.com)
## License
| Scope | License |
|-------|---------|
| Code, Model Weights | MIT |
| Datasets, Database | CC-BY-NC 4.0 |
> Made with ❤️ by [GD Studio](https://github.com/gdstudio-org)
