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+[{"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Rhapsody in Blue, subtitled The story of George Gershwin is a 1945 American biographical film about composer and musician George Gershwin, released by Warner Brothers. Robert Alda stars as Gershwin. Joan Leslie, Alexis Smith, Hazel Scott, and Anne Brown also star, while Irving Rapper directs. The film was released in the United States on September 22, 1945. Production background Starring Robert Alda as Gershwin, the film features a few of Gershwin's acquaintances (including Paul Whiteman, Al Jolson, and Oscar Levant) playing themselves. Alexis Smith and Joan Leslie play fictional women in Gershwin's life, Morris Carnovsky and Rosemary De Camp play Gershwin's parents, and Herbert Rudley portrays his brother, Ira Gershwin. Levant also recorded most of the piano playing in the movie, and also dubbed Alda's piano playing. Both Rhapsody in Blue and An American in Paris are performed nearly completely, with the \"Rhapsody in Blue\" debut of 1924 orchestrated by\n\nHorace Finch (23 July 1906 \u2013 28 September 1980) was an English pianist and organist. Early life and education Horace Finch was born in Clock Face, St. Helens, Lancashire, England. He began piano and organ studies in 1910 at the age of four. By 1915, he was organist at Clock Face Methodist Church, St. Helens. In 1919, he left St. Helens for Blackpool for health reasons. During 1920, he began piano studies with Robert Gregory. Throughout the 1920s he took several positions playing in cinemas up and down the Fylde Coast and, on 1 April 1926, took up his position as solo and orchestral pianist in the Blackpool Tower Orchestra. On Whit Sunday 1927 he became 'the first' English pianist to perform Gershwin's \"Rhapsody in Blue\" from memory. He also made his debut on record with 'Bertini' and the Tower Band. In addition to playing the piano, he also played\n\nto Los Angeles and started a commercial music business, Trivers-Myers Music, which has written well-known themes such as that used on the CBS Evening News, and the award-winning Apple Computer Macintosh campaign which was directed by Ridley Scott and Adrien Lyne. In 2004, they scored an animated commercial for United Airlines which was first broadcast during the Academy Awards and has since been displayed on exhibit at various art museums. The music was an arrangement of George Gershwin's \"Rhapsody in Blue\" and was recorded at Capitol Records with 40 members of the Los Angeles Philharmonic orchestra. In 2008, they composed the soundtracks for five United Airlines commercials created especially for the Beijing Games. \"Heart\" featured a two-piano composition performed by Herbie Hancock and Chinese classical musician Lang Lang. The music was written and produced by Trivers and Myers. In 2011, Trivers and Myers music was featured on national broadcasts of\n\nQuestion: \"Who composed \"\"Rhapsody in Blue\"\"?\"", "output": "George Gershwin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of the group. For many years there was an WSL World Tour surfing competition held at Lowers every year, as well as the NSSA Nationals. Uppers is less consistent, but it has the potential to be a good wave with a long ride. North of Uppers is Cotton's Point, the location of former President Richard Nixon's home, La Casa Pacifica, aka \"The Western White House\", and the associated surfing spot of Cottons. Access and amenities Trestles has two major access points: Visitors can park and walk down an asphalt trail to Trestles from the trailhead at Cristianitos Road, near where Cristianitos crosses over the San Diego Freeway. Visitors can expect to see surf graffiti on the sidewalk, with such phrases as \"no kooks\", \"surf hard\", \"you're going the wrong way\", and \"duckbutter\". There is a pay parking lot near the Carl's Jr. restaurant on Coast Highway at Cristianitos, along with\n\nThe Blue Room is one of three state parlors on the first floor in the White House, the residence of the president of the United States. It is distinctive for its oval shape. The room is used for receptions and receiving lines and is occasionally set for small dinners. President Grover Cleveland married Frances Folsom in the room on June 2, 1886, the only wedding of a President and First Lady in the White House. The room is traditionally decorated in shades of blue. With the Yellow Oval Room above it and the Diplomatic Reception Room below it, the Blue Room is one of three oval rooms in James Hoban's original design for the White House. Description of the room The room is approximately . It has six doors, which open into the Cross Hall, Green Room, Red Room, and South Portico. The three windows look out upon the Portico\n\nDavis Island, one of the Thimble Islands off Stony Creek, a section of Branford, Connecticut, was the site of President William Howard Taft's \"Summer White House\". See also Thimble Islands Outer Lands References Wealthy Widow Buying Up Thimbles, \"New Haven Register\", January 22, 2006, page A1 Half a Mile Off the Coast; Stacey Stowe; \"In the Region/Connecticut\", The New York Times, July 30, 2006; Real Estate page 10. Thimble Islands Long Island Sound\n\nQuestion: What is the address of the White House?", "output": "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "pressure is applied to the thorax. Pathophysiology The sudden impact on the thorax causes an increase in intrathoracic pressure. In order for traumatic asphyxia to occur, a Valsalva maneuver is required when the traumatic force is applied. Exhalation against the closed glottis along with the traumatic event causes air that cannot escape from the thoracic cavity. Instead, the air causes increased venous back-pressure, which is transferred back to the heart through the right atrium, to the superior vena cava and to the head and neck veins and capillaries. Diagnosis Patients are seen with a cyanotic discoloration of the shoulder skin and neck and face, jugular distention, bulging of the eyeballs, and swelling of the tongue and lips. The latter two are resultants of edema, caused by excessive blood accumulating the veins of the head and neck and venous stasis. Prognosis For individuals who survive the initial crush injury, survival rates\n\nTraumatic asphyxia, or Perthes's syndrome, is a medical emergency caused by an intense compression of the thoracic cavity, causing venous back-flow from the right side of the heart into the veins of the neck and the brain. Signs and symptoms Traumatic asphyxia is characterized by cyanosis in the upper extremities, neck, and head as well as petechiae in the conjunctiva. Patients can also display jugular venous distention and facial edema. Associated injuries include pulmonary contusion, myocardial contusion, hemo/pneumothorax, and broken ribs. Causes Traumatic asphyxia occurs when a powerful compressive force is applied to the thoracic cavity. This is most often seen in motor vehicle accidents, as well as industrial and farming accidents. However, it can be present anytime a significant pressure is applied to the thorax. Pathophysiology The sudden impact on the thorax causes an increase in intrathoracic pressure. In order for traumatic asphyxia to occur, a Valsalva maneuver is\n\nCapsular contracture is a response of the immune system to foreign materials in the human body. Medically, it occurs mostly in context of the complications from breast implants and artificial joint prosthetics. The occurrence of capsular contraction follows the formation of capsules of tightly-woven collagen fibers, created by the immune response to the presence of foreign objects surgically installed to the human body, e.g. breast implants, artificial pacemakers, orthopedic prostheses; biological protection by isolation and toleration. Capsular contracture occurs when the collagen-fiber capsule shrinks, tightens and compresses the breast implant, much like the collapse of a bubble gum bubble. It is a medical complication that can be painful and discomforting, and might distort the aesthetics of the breast implant and the breast. Although the cause of capsular contracture is unknown, factors common to its incidence include bacterial contamination, rupture of the breast-implant shell, leakage of the silicone-gel filling, and hematoma.\n\nQuestion: The medical condition aerotitis affects which part of the human body?", "output": "Ear"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Camden Lock is a small part of Camden Town, London Borough of Camden, England, which was formerly a wharf with stables on the Regent's Canal. It is immediately to the north of Hampstead Road Locks, a twin manually operated lock. The twin locks together are \"Hampstead Road Lock 1\"; each bears a sign so marked. Hawley Lock and Kentish Town Lock are a short distance away to the east; to the west is a long level pound (also known as tract or reach) \u2014 it is to the next lock. History Regent's Canal was authorised by an Act of Parliament obtained on 13 July 1812, for a canal from Paddington to Limehouse. When the directors first met, they had decided that all locks would be paired, so that some of the water from a lock emptying could be used to fill the adjacent chamber. Water saving was an important factor,\n\nThe Buckingham Arm is an English canal that once ran from Cosgrove, Northamptonshire to Buckingham. It was built as an arm of the Grand Junction Canal in two separate phases, a broad canal to Old Stratford, which opened in 1800 and a narrow canal onwards to Buckingham, which opened in 1801. It was disused from 1932, and was dammed at the first bridge in 1944 to reduce leakage from the Grand Union Canal, as the Grand Junction had then become known, but was not finally abandoned until 1964. The remains were severed by the construction of new roads in the 1970s and again in the late 1980s. The section through Old Stratford and Deanshanger was sold off in the 1990s, and the route there has been lost to housing development. The Buckingham Canal Society was formed in 1992, and is actively pursuing a restoration programme. Some of the canal near\n\nThe Channel Tunnel (), also known as the Chunnel, is a underwater railway tunnel that connects Folkestone (Kent, England) with Coquelles (Pas-de-Calais, France) beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. It is the only fixed link between the island of Great Britain and the European mainland. At its lowest point, it is below the sea bed and below sea level. At , it has the longest underwater section of any tunnel in the world and is the third longest railway tunnel in the world. The speed limit for trains through the tunnel is . The tunnel is owned and operated by the company Getlink, formerly \"Groupe Eurotunnel\". The tunnel carries high-speed Eurostar passenger trains, LeShuttle services for road vehicles and freight trains. It connects end-to-end with high-speed railway lines: the LGV Nord in France and High Speed 1 in England. In 2017, rail services carried 10.3 million passengers\n\nQuestion: Which canal links the Grand Union Canal to the Limehouse Cut in London?", "output": "Regents"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Crambe abyssinica is an annual oilseed crop of the family Brassicaceae. It is mainly cultivated due to the high levels of erucic acid that are contained in its seeds. The crambe oil is used for industrial purposes and its side products can be partly used as animal feed. Botany Crambe abyssinica has its origins in eastern Africa and was domesticated in the Mediterranean region. It grows up to a height between , depending on field conditions. Its cropping cycle is rather short, ranging from 90 to 100 days. Usually, its straight stalk is moderately branched and its leaves are of an oval shape. The plant's flowers are small and white, arranged in racemes and have four free sepals, four free alternating petals, two shorter and four longer free stamens, what is typical for Brassicaceae. Mostly, these flowers are self-pollinated, but some cases of cross-pollination have been observed. Its indehiscent fruits\n\nGlebionis coronaria, formerly called Chrysanthemum coronarium, is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region. It is cultivated and naturalized in East Asia and in scattered locations in North America. Glebionis coronaria is used as a leaf vegetable. English language common names include garland chrysanthemum, chrysanthemum greens, edible chrysanthemum, crowndaisy chrysanthemum, chop suey greens, crown daisy, and Japanese greens. Glebionis coronaria has been hybridized with related Argyranthemum species to create cultivars of garden marguerites. Characteristics A leafy herb, the garland chrysanthemum is an annual plant. It has yellow ray florets grouped in small flower heads and aromatic, bipinnately lobed leaves. Its seeds are ribbed and winged cypselae. The vegetable grows very well in mild or slightly cold climates, but will go quickly into premature flowering in warm summer conditions. Seeds are sown in early spring and fall. \"The plant is rich in\n\nis used as an ingredient in various soups and stews, as well as a side dish (namul). It is also widely available in China where it is called \u833c\u84bf(\u83dc) (Cantonese tong ho (choy), Mandarin t\u00f3ngh\u0101o (c\u00e0i)) and appears in multiple Chinese cuisines as an ingredient for stir-fries, stews, casseroles, and hotpots. In Japanese cuisine, it is called \"spring chrysanthemum\" (), and is used in nabemono, mixed into rice, or drizzled with soy sauce and sesame seeds as a side dish. In Vietnamese cuisine, the greens are known as () or (), and are used in soup (canh) or as a side dish accompanying various noodle soups. In a hotpot, it is added at the last moment to the pot to avoid overcooking. In Crete, a variety of the species called mantilida (\u03bc\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b7\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b1) has its tender shoots eaten raw or steamed by the locals (see Greek cuisine). Gallery References External links\n\nQuestion: Which part of the cardamom plant is used as a spice?", "output": "Seed"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cecily Brown (born 1969) is a British painter. Her style displays the influence of a variety of contemporary painters, from Willem de Kooning, Francis Bacon and Joan Mitchell, to Old Masters like Rubens, Poussin and Goya. Brown lives and works in New York. Personal life Brown was born to novelist Shena Mackay and art critic David Sylvester and raised in England. Prior to her 1994 move to New York City, Brown resided in New York as an exchange student from the Slade School of Art in 1992. From the age of three Brown wanted to be an artist; she was supported in this ambition by her family, notably by her grandmother and two of her uncles who were also artists. Brown is married to architecture critic Nicolai Ouroussoff; they have one daughter. Since 2014, Brown has been serving on the board of directors of the Foundation for Contemporary Arts (FCA).\n\nTolfa is a town and comune of the Metropolitan City of Rome, in the Lazio region of central Italy; it lies to the ENE of Civitavecchia by road. It is the main center in the Monti della Tolfa, an extinct volcanic group between Civitavecchia and the Lake of Bracciano. History A town of medieval origin in the orbit of Viterbo, it was assumed into the Papal States and granted first to the Capocci family, and then to the Roman nobles Ludovico and Pietro Frangipani who walled the community. Tolfa achieved sudden importance following the discovery there in 1461 of large deposits of alunite, the source of alum, with the result that direct control was assumed, after some confrontations with the Frangipani, by the Camera Apostolica. Alum was an essential mordant in the textile industry, which was central to the Late Medieval and Early Modern Italian economy. Previously, the only supplies\n\nFranko B (born 1960 in Milan) is an Italian performance artist based in London, where he has lived since 1979. He studied fine art at Camberwell College of Arts (1986\u201387), Chelsea College of Art (1987\u201390) and the Byam Shaw School of Art (1990\u201391). His work was originally based on the bloody and ritualised violation of his own body. Later on he embraced a wide variety of media including video, photography, painting, installation, and sculpture. He performed at the ICA, London in 1996 and 2008, the South London Gallery in 1999 and 2004, the Centre of Attention in 2000, Tate Modern in 2002, the Ikon Gallery, Birmingham in 2005, Arnolfini, Bristol in 2007, The Bluecoat Centre, Liverpool in 2008, CENDEAC, Murcia, Spain in 2007 and The Crawford Art Gallery in Cork, Ireland in 2005. He has exhibited work internationally in Zagreb, Mexico City, Milan, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Copenhagen, Madrid, Vienna, Brussels, Warsaw,\n\nQuestion: The Arnolfini Centre for Contemporary Arts is in which British city?", "output": "BRISTOL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Boxing Day is a holiday celebrated after Christmas Day, occurring on the second day of Christmastide (26 December). Though it originated as a holiday to give gifts to poor people, today, Boxing Day forms part of Christmas celebrations, with many people choosing to take advantage of Boxing Day sales. It originated in Great Britain and is celebrated in several countries that previously formed part of the British Empire. The attached bank holiday or public holiday may take place on 28 December if necessary to ensure it falls on a weekday. Boxing Day is also concurrent with the Christian festival Saint Stephen's Day. In parts of Europe, such as several regions of Spain, the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, Hungary, the Netherlands, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Belgium, Norway, and Ireland, 26 December is Saint Stephen's Day, which is considered the second day of Christmas. Etymology There are competing theories\n\nWhit Tuesday (syn. Whittuesday, Whitsun Tuesday) is the Christian holiday celebrated the day after Pentecost Monday, the third day of the week beginning on Pentecost. Pentecost is a movable feast in the Christian calendar dependent upon the date of Easter. \"Whit\" relates either to the white robes worn by those baptized on Pentecost, or to the French word \"huit,\" since Pentecost is the eighth Sunday after Easter. Observance It was a holiday in the Lutheran Church in Germany at Bach's time, where all major holidays were celebrated for three days. Bach and others composed cantata music for the occasion. It used to be a public holiday in Denmark and Sweden. In Denmark it was abolished 26 October 1770, and in Sweden 4 November 1772, both places as part of larger reductions of the number of holidays. The Dancing procession of Echternach takes place on Pentecost Tuesday. In the 19th century,\n\nGenerally speaking, a calendar year begins on the New Year's Day of the given calendar system and ends on the day before the following New Year's Day, and thus consists of a whole number of days. A year can also be measured by starting on any other named day of the calendar, and ending on the day before this named day in the following year. This may be termed a \"year's time\", but not a \"calendar year\". To reconcile the calendar year with the astronomical cycle (which has a fractional number of days) certain years contain extra days (\"leap days\" or \"intercalary days\"). The Gregorian year, which is in use in most of the world, begins on January 1 and ends on December 31. It has a length of 365 days in an ordinary year, with 8760 hours, 525,600 minutes, or 31,536,000 seconds; but 366 days in a leap year,\n\nQuestion: What day of the week was Christmas day in the year 2000 (in the conventional western calendar)?", "output": "Monday"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Oil of clove, also known as clove oil, is an essential oil extracted from the clove plant, Syzygium aromaticum. Clove oil is commonly used in aromatherapy and for flavoring food and some medicines. Madagascar and Indonesia are the main producers of clove oil. Some countries, such as the UK, acknowledge its use for temporary relief of toothache, although there is insufficient medical evidence to support its use as an analgesic. Types and phytochemicals There are three types of clove oil: Bud oil is derived from the flower-buds of S. aromaticum. It consists of 60\u201390% eugenol, eugenol acetate, caryophyllene and other minor constituents. Leaf oil is derived from the leaves of S. aromaticum. It consists of 70\u201382% eugenol, and some amounts of beta Caryophyllene and alpha Humulene. Stem oil is derived from the twigs of S. aromaticum. It consists of 85\u201392% eugenol, with other minor constituents. Stem oil is closer in\n\na decayed tooth or tooth socket remaining after extraction, eugenol or clove oil may relieve toothache temporarily. In the United States, the FDA considers eugenol ineffective for treating dental pain, and has downgraded clove oil as an analgesic due to insufficient evidence to rate its effectiveness. Other uses Eugenol is a reliable source for producing natural vanillin (by the US definition). It is a versatile molecule, which can be converted to vanillin with a few simple steps of conversion through the use of naturally available phytochemicals. Clove oil is commonly used to anesthetize or euthanize laboratory or pet fish. Clove oil is a component of choji oil (), which was traditionally used for the maintenance of Japanese swords. Regulation In Germany, Commission E permits the sale and administration of clove oil as a medicinal herb. References Cloves Dental materials\n\nof beta Caryophyllene and alpha Humulene. Stem oil is derived from the twigs of S. aromaticum. It consists of 85\u201392% eugenol, with other minor constituents. Stem oil is closer in olfactive and flavor profile to bud oil. Distilled clove oil from buds contains mixed phytochemicals, including as main constituents phenylpropanoids (primarily eugenol), carvacrol, thymol, and cinnamaldehyde, with smaller quantities of polyphenols, carbohydrates, lipids, oleanolic acid, and rhamnetin. Human health Toxicity Clove oil is toxic in anything other than small therapeutic doses, and several cases of acute liver and kidney damage have been reported, principally in children. Toothache Particularly in South Korea and India, eugenol, a phytochemical extracted from clove oil, is used to relieve toothache. Applied to a cavity in a decayed tooth or tooth socket remaining after extraction, eugenol or clove oil may relieve toothache temporarily. In the United States, the FDA considers eugenol ineffective for treating dental pain,\n\nQuestion: Oil of Cloves is traditionally used to treat the pain in which part of the human body?", "output": "Teeth"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "William \"Henry\" Hall (August 29, 1922 \u2013 May 25, 2016) was an American professional boxer who competed from 1942 to 1960. His birth name was William Hall. Early life Born in Napoleonville, Louisiana, Hall was the second of five children of Louis and Ida Hall. After his mother's death, the family moved to New Orleans, where he began boxing at the Rampart Street gym. Professional career Hall turned professional in 1942 and adopted \"Henry\" Hall as his ring name at the suggestion of his manager, who said the name sounded more sporty. On October 15, 1948, he defeated Archie Moore, the future world light-heavyweight champion, in New Orleans. Hall was ranked as the ninth-best light heavyweight in the world that year in The Ring's annual ratings. He fought in exhibition bouts against Joe Louis and Ezzard Charles in 1950 and 1951, respectively. He also held Heinz Neuhaus to a ten-round\n\nEdward \"Gunboat\" Smith (February 17, 1887 \u2013 August 6, 1974) was an Irish American boxer, film actor and later a boxing referee. During his career, Smith faced twelve different Boxing Hall of Famers a combined total of 23 times. Among the all-time greats he faced were Jack Dempsey, Harry Greb, Sam Langford, and Georges Carpentier. Boxing career Smith was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He spent much of his youth in orphanages, working on farms and on the railroads. He joined the U.S. Navy, where he began boxing and won the heavyweight championship of the Pacific Fleet. In 1910, Smith became known in the Oakland and San Francisco areas by serving as a sparring partner for Jack Johnson and Stanley Ketchel before their heavyweight title fight there. Author Jack London knew Smith and helped fund his training. From 1912\u20131915, Smith established himself as a leading candidate for the heavyweight title, beating,\n\nrelinquished the title in 1935 to concentrate on regaining the welterweight championship. A few commissions recognized bouts in the 1940s as being for the light welterweight title, but the modern beginnings of this championship date from 1959 when Carlos Ortiz won the vacant title with a victory over Kenny Lane. Both the World Boxing Association (WBA) and the World Boxing Council (WBC) recognized the same champions until 1967, when the WBC stripped Paul Fuji of the title and matched Pedro Adigue and Adolph Pruitt for their version of the championship. Adigue won a fifteen-round decision. The International Boxing Federation (IBF) recognized Aaron Pryor as its first champion in 1984. Hector Camacho became the first World Boxing Organization (WBO) champion with his victory against Ray Mancini in 1989. Current world champions Current world rankings The Ring As of June 20, 2023. Keys: Current The Ring world champion BoxRec . Amateur boxing\n\nQuestion: Dying on April 12, 1981, what boxer, nicknamed the Brown Bomber, was named the greatest heavyweight of all time by the International Boxing Research Organization?", "output": "Joe Louis"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Hawaiian lobelioids are a group of flowering plants in the bellflower family, Campanulaceae, subfamily Lobelioideae, all of which are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. This is the largest plant radiation in the Hawaiian Islands, and indeed the largest on any island archipelago, with over 125 species. The six genera involved can be broadly separated based on growth habit: Clermontia are typically branched shrubs or small trees, up to tall, with fleshy fruits; Cyanea and Delissea are typically unbranched or branching only at the base, with a cluster of relatively broad leaves at the apex and fleshy fruits; Lobelia and Trematolobelia have long thin leaves down a single, non-woody stem and capsular fruits with wind-dispersed seeds; and the peculiar Brighamia have a short, thick stem with a dense cluster of broad leaves, elongate white flowers, and capsular fruits. The relationships among the genera and sections remains unsettled . Many species\n\nWaipio Valley is a valley located in the Hamakua District of the Big Island of Hawaii. \"Waipio\" means \"curved water\" in the Hawaiian language. The valley was the capital and permanent residence of many early Hawaiian Ali\u02bbi (chiefs/kings) up until the time of King Umi. This was a place celebrated for its nioi tree (Eugenia reinwardtiana) known as the Nioi wela o Paakalana (\"The burning Nioi of Paakalana\"). It was the location of the ancient grass palace of the ancient \"kings\" of Hawai\u02bbi with the nioi stands. Kahekili II (king of Maui) raided Waipio in the 18th century and burned the four sacred trees to the ground. The first chief who had a court in this valley was called Kahaimoelea. The shore line in the valley is a black sand beach, popular with surfers. A few taro farms are located in the valley. Several large waterfalls fall into the valley\n\nKeokea () is an unincorporated community, census-designated place (CDP), and Hawaiian home land on the island of Maui in Maui County, Hawaii, United States. It is situated on Hawaii State Highway 37 (the Kula Highway) at North Latitude 20.71 degrees, West Longitude 156.36 degrees. Its elevation is above sea level. As of the 2020 census its population was 2,199, up from 1,612 in 2010. Agriculture, forestry and ranching \u2014 supported by the area's fertile though often rocky volcanic loams \u2014 are important around this settlement, which has a temperate climate because of its elevation. Tourism also contributes to the local economy. The area around Keokea is characterized by a steep precipitation gradient: lowlands just to the northwest have mean annual precipitation of less than , while higher elevations to the northeast see . Keokea has a mean annual precipitation of about . Geography Keokea is bordered to the north by\n\nQuestion: What is the second largest of the Hawaiian Islands?", "output": "Maui"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "that the craft was unseaworthy and asked to be left there. Selkirk's suspicions were soon justified, as Cinque Ports foundered near Malpelo Island 400 km (250 mi) from the coast of what is now Colombia. By the time he was eventually rescued by English privateer Woodes Rogers, who was accompanied by Dampier, Selkirk had become adept at hunting and making use of the resources that he found on the island. His story of survival was widely publicized after his return, becoming one of the sources of inspiration for the writer Daniel Defoe's fictional character Robinson Crusoe. Early life and privateering Alexander Selkirk was the son of a shoemaker and tanner in Lower Largo, Fife, Scotland, born in 1676. In his youth he displayed a quarrelsome and unruly disposition. He was summoned before the Kirk Session in August 1693 for his \"indecent conduct in church\", but he \"did not appear, being\n\nChristopher Guard (born 5 December 1953) is an English actor, musician and artist. He is known for roles such as Jim Hawkins in Return to Treasure Island (1986), Bellboy in Doctor Who serial The Greatest Show in the Galaxy (1988), Marcellus in I, Claudius (1976), Marius in Les Mis\u00e9rables (1978), Ken Hodges in the medical drama Casualty (1993), and voicing Frodo Baggins in The Lord of the Rings (1978). Guard has appeared in Memoirs of a Survivor (1981) and A Woman of Substance (1985). His first role on television was the young David Copperfield in the BBC's 1966 TV serial adaptation, followed by Pip in Great Expectations (1967). A long list of credits include appearances in Dixon of Dock Green, Z-Cars, Secret Army, Shoestring, The Professionals, Lovejoy, Bugs, Poirot, The Bill and Doctors. He has played roles in two works by Dennis Potter: Play For Today: Joe's Ark (1974) and\n\nShipwrecked () is a 1990 family action-adventure film directed by Nils Gaup and starring Stian Smestad and Gabriel Byrne. The film is a dramatization of Norwegian author Oluf Falck-Ytter's book Haakon Haakonsen: En Norsk Robinson (Haakon Haakonsen: A Norwegian Robinson). The movie was produced by a consortium of Scandinavian companies and released in the US in an English-language version by Walt Disney Pictures. Plot Haakon Haakonsen (Stian Smestad), a young Norwegian boy in the 1850s, becomes the sole support of his family as a cabin boy on a ship after his father is injured. Jens (Trond Peter Stams\u00f8 Munch), who was a shipmate of Haakon's father and a friend of the Haakonsens, agrees to be a \"sea daddy\" to Haakon, teaching him seamanship and acting as an older brother during their voyage. At first, Haakon has a difficult time adjusting to life at sea, but eventually earns the respect of\n\nQuestion: What was the name of the real-life castaway upon whom Daniel Defoe based 'Robinson Crusoe'?", "output": "ALEXANDER SELKIRK"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Battle of Slim Buttes was fought on September 9\u201310, 1876, in the Great Sioux Reservation between the United States Army and Miniconjou Sioux during the Great Sioux War of 1876. It marked the first significant victory for the army since the stunning defeat of General George Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn in June. Background Following the Little Bighorn debacle, Lieutenant General Philip H. Sheridan, commanding the Department of Missouri, ordered the U.S. Army to convince the hostile Indians to return to their reservations. Generals Alfred Terry and George Crook took up an unsuccessful late summer chase of the Lakota and Cheyenne. The campaign resumed on August 5, and on August 10 the combined force, leaving its wagon train behind to unencumber the pursuit, moved east toward the Black Hills. Bad weather, extreme muddy conditions on the trail, and overtaxed men and animals led to the combined force\n\nAmerican Horse (Oglala Lakota: Wa\u0161\u00ed\u010du\u014b T\u021fa\u0161\u00fa\u014bke in Standard Lakota Orthography) (a/k/a \"American Horse the Elder\") (1830\u2013September 9, 1876) was an Oglala Lakota warrior chief renowned for courage and honor. American Horse is notable in American history as one of the principal war chiefs allied with Crazy Horse during Red Cloud's War (1866\u20131868) and the Battle of the Little Bighorn during the Great Sioux War of 1876\u20131877. Chief American Horse was a son of Old Chief Smoke, an Oglala Lakota head chief and one of the last great Shirt Wearers, a highly prestigious Lakota warrior society. He was a signatory to the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, along with his brothers Chief Red Cloud and Chief Blue Horse. A month or so after the Treaty, American Horse was chosen a \"Ogle Tanka Un\" (Shirt Wearer, or war leader) along with Crazy Horse, Young-Man-Afraid-of-His-Horses and Man That Owns a Sword. On September\n\nWhite Bull (; April 1849 \u2013 June 21, 1947) was the nephew of Sitting Bull, and a famous warrior in his own right. White Bull participated in the Battle of the Little Bighorn on June 25, 1876. Early life Born in the Black Hills in South Dakota, White Bull came from a prominent Sioux family. He was the son of Makes Room, a Miniconjou chief and the brother of One Bull. After the battle, White Bull joined his uncle, Hunkpapa Sioux leader Sitting Bull, while fleeing to Canada. Also, young Chief Solomon \"Smoke\" and Chief No Neck (Lakota: T\u021fah\u00fa Wan\u00ed\u010de) (these two chiefs were the sons of the old Chief Smoke 1774\u20131864), fled with White Bull and Sitting Bull and their bands to Canada. Little Bighorn For years it was rumored that White Bull boasted of killing Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer at the infamous battle. However, others who knew\n\nQuestion: What was the first name of US army officer Custer, who died at the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876?", "output": "George"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Silver cyanide is the chemical compound with the formula AgCN. It is a white salt that is precipitated upon treatment of solutions containing Ag+ with cyanide, which is used in some schemes to recover silver from solution. Silver cyanide is used in silver-plating. Structure The structure of silver cyanide consists of -[Ag-CN]- chains in which the linear two-coordinate Ag+ ions are bridged by the cyanide ions, typical of silver(I) and other d10 ions. This is the same binding mode as seen in the more famous case of Prussian blue. These chains then pack hexagonally with adjacent chains offset by +/- 1/3 of the c lattice parameter. This is the same as the structure adopted by the high temperature polymorph of copper(I) cyanide. The silver to carbon and silver to nitrogen bond lengths in AgCN are both ~2.06 \u00c5 and the cyanide groups show head-to-tail disorder. Reactions AgCN precipitates upon the\n\nIn chemistry, a cyanide () is a chemical compound that contains a functional group. This group, known as the cyano group, consists of a carbon atom triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom. In inorganic cyanides, the cyanide group is present as the cyanide anion . This anion is extremely poisonous. Soluble salts such as sodium cyanide (NaCN) and potassium cyanide (KCN) are highly toxic. Hydrocyanic acid, also known as hydrogen cyanide, or HCN, is a highly volatile liquid that is produced on a large scale industrially. It is obtained by acidification of cyanide salts. Organic cyanides are usually called nitriles. In nitriles, the group is linked by a single covalent bond to carbon. For example, in acetonitrile (), the cyanide group is bonded to methyl (). Although nitriles generally do not release cyanide ions, the cyanohydrins do and are thus toxic. Bonding The cyanide ion is isoelectronic with carbon monoxide and\n\nis now known that the compound commonly known as \"palladium(II) cyanide\" is in fact a nanocrystaline material better described using the formula Pd(CN)2.0.29H2O. The interior of the sheets do indeed consist of square-planar palladium ions linked by head-to-tail disordered bridging cyanide groups to form 4,4-nets. These sheets are approximately 3 nm x 3 nm in size and are terminated by an equal number of water and cyanide groups maintaining the charge neutrality of the sheets. These sheets then stack with very little long range order resulting in Bragg diffraction patterns with very broad peaks. The Pd-C and Pd-N bond lengths, determined using total neutron diffraction, are both 1.98 \u00c5. Properties and reactions Palladium dicyanide is insoluble in water with a solubility product of log Ksp = -42. The equilibrium constant for the competition reaction PdL2+ + 4CN\u2212 [Pd(CN)4]2\u2212 + L In the above equation, L is 1,4,8,11-tetraazaundecane (\"2,3,2-tet\") was found\n\nQuestion: Cobalt, Cyan and Cerulean are shades of which colour?", "output": "Blue"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Rufford Abbey is a country estate in Rufford, Nottinghamshire, England, two miles (4 km) south of Ollerton. Originally a Cistercian abbey, it was converted to a country house in the 16th century after King Henry VIII\u2019s dissolution of the monasteries. Part of the house was demolished in the 20th century, but the remains, standing in 150 acres of park and woodland, are open to the public as Rufford Country Park. Part of the park is a local nature reserve. The house itself is constructed of rubble, brick, dressed stone and ashlar with ashlar dressings and plain tile roofs. It is Grade I listed and scheduled as an Ancient Monument. The Monastic Foundation The abbey itself was founded by Gilbert de Gant, on 12 July 1147, and populated with Cistercian monks from Rievaulx Abbey in Yorkshire. The English Pope, Adrian IV gave the blessing for the abbey in 1156, following which\n\nas a respectful title for any monk, but it was soon restricted by canon law to certain priestly superiors. At times it was applied to various priests, e.g. at the court of the Frankish monarchy the (\"of the palace\"') and (\"of the camp\") were chaplains to the Merovingian and Carolingian sovereigns' court and army respectively. The title of abbot came into fairly general use in western monastic orders whose members include priests. Monastic history An abbot (from , , from (\"father\"), from (), from / (, \"father\"); compare ; ) is the head and chief governor of a community of monks, called also in the East hegumen or archimandrite. The English version for a female monastic head is abbess. Early history In Egypt, the first home of monasticism, the jurisdiction of the abbot, or archimandrite, was but loosely defined. Sometimes he ruled over only one community, sometimes over several, each\n\nBede (; , ; 672/326 May 735), also known as Saint Bede, The Venerable Bede, and Bede the Venerable (), was an English monk and an author and scholar. He was one of the greatest teachers and writers during the Early Middle Ages, and his most famous work, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, gained him the title \"The Father of English History\". He served at the monastery of St Peter and its companion monastery of St Paul in the Kingdom of Northumbria of the Angles. Born on lands belonging to the twin monastery of Monkwearmouth\u2013Jarrow in present-day Tyne and Wear, England, Bede was sent to Monkwearmouth at the age of seven and later joined Abbot Ceolfrith at Jarrow. Both of them survived a plague that struck in 686 and killed a majority of the population there. While Bede spent most of his life in the monastery, he travelled to\n\nQuestion: \"In England, the \"\"dissolution of the monasteries\"\" occurred under the reign of which king?\"", "output": "Henry VIII"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "ABBA ( , ; formerly named Bj\u00f6rn & Benny, Agnetha & Anni-Frid or Bj\u00f6rn & Benny, Agnetha & Frida) are a Swedish pop supergroup formed in Stockholm in 1972 by Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog, Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson, and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. The group's name is an acronym of the first letters of their first names arranged as a palindrome. They are one of the most popular and successful musical groups of all time, and are one of the best-selling music acts in the history of popular music, topping the charts worldwide from 1974 to 1982, and in 2022. In , ABBA were 's first winner of the Eurovision Song Contest with the song \"Waterloo\", which in 2005 was chosen as the best song in the competition's history as part of the 50th anniversary celebration of the contest. During the band's main active years, it consisted of two married couples: F\u00e4ltskog and Ulvaeus,\n\n\"Ne partez pas sans moi\" (; \"Don't Leave Without Me\") is a song recorded by Canadian singer Celine Dion. The song was written by Atilla \u015eereftu\u011f and Nella Martinetti. It is best known as the Swiss winning entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 1988, held in Dublin. To date, it is the last French language song to win the contest. Dion performed it for 600 million viewers worldwide at the contest. \"Ne partez pas sans moi\" was released as a single in selected countries in Europe in May 1988. It topped the chart in Belgium for three consecutive weeks. Background The song was composed by Turkish songwriter Atilla \u015eereftu\u011f and Swiss composer Nella Martinetti. \"Ne partez pas sans moi\" was also included on Dion's 1988 album The Best of Celine Dion released in selected European countries in May 1988. The song appeared in Canada as B-side to \"D'abord, c'est quoi\n\nBj\u00f6rn Kristian Ulv\u00e6us (; born 25 April 1945) is a Swedish musician, singer, songwriter, and producer best known as a member of the musical group ABBA. He is also the co-composer of the musicals Chess, Kristina fr\u00e5n Duvem\u00e5la, and Mamma Mia! He co-produced the films Mamma Mia! and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again with fellow ABBA member and close friend Benny Andersson. He is the oldest member of the group. Early life Bj\u00f6rn Kristian Ulv\u00e6us was born in Gothenburg on 25 April 1945. In 1951, he moved with his family to V\u00e4stervik, Kalmar County. His parents were Aina Eliza Viktoria (n\u00e9e Bengtsson; 1909\u20132005) and Erik Gunnar Ulvaeus (1912\u20131999). Ulvaeus has one sister, Eva Margareta (born 1948). Ulvaeus studied business and law at Lund University after undertaking his military service, alongside comedian Magnus Holmstr\u00f6m. Career Pre-ABBA Before gaining international recognition with ABBA, Ulvaeus was a member of the Swedish folk-schlager\n\nQuestion: ABBA and Celine Dion were winners of what European song contest?", "output": "Eurovision"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "was seasonally arid. This environment covered a vast area and deposition was influenced by a retroarc foreland basin. This foreland system was caused by crustal uplift (orogenesis) that had previously begun to take course due to the subduction of the Palaeo-pacific plate beneath the Gondwanan Plate. This resulted in the rise of the Gondwanide mountain range in what is known as the Gondwanide orogeny. The continuation of mountain-building and erosion from the growing Gondwanide mountain chain and associated subduction created accommodation space for sediment deposition in the Karoo Basin. Orogenic loading was the initial subsidence mechanism acting on the Karoo Basin and flexural tectonics partitioned the Karoo Basin into the foredeep, forebulge, and backbulge flexural provinces. Orogenic loading and unloading caused changes in position of the forebulge and foredeep. This resulted in the deposition zones shifting from the proximal or distal regions of the Karoo Basin. The Beaufort Group rocks\n\nThe Pan-African orogeny was a series of major Neoproterozoic orogenic events which related to the formation of the supercontinents Gondwana and Pannotia about 600 million years ago. This orogeny is also known as the Pan-Gondwanan or Saldanian Orogeny. The Pan-African orogeny and the Grenville orogeny are the largest known systems of orogenies on Earth. The sum of the continental crust formed in the Pan-African orogeny and the Grenville orogeny makes the Neoproterozoic the period of Earth's history that has produced most continental crust. History and terminology The term Pan-African was coined by for a tectono-thermal event at about 500 Ma when a series of mobile belts in Africa formed between much older African cratons. At the time, other terms were used for similar orogenic events on other continents, i.e. Brasiliano in South America; Adelaidean in Australia; and Beardmore in Antarctica. Later, when plate tectonics became generally accepted, the term Pan-African\n\nthe structural instability that leads to diapirism when buried under deposited strata and subject to overlying stress) and partially melted migmatite (a metamorphic-texture rock frequently found in domes due to the typical involvement of heat and/or pressure with their formation). Igneous intrusion The intrusion of magma into layered sedimentary rocks and the resulting formation of laccoliths or igneous stocks can also create domes. In the case of laccoliths, this happens when the vertical movement magma stops at the base of particular sedimentary layer or layers and starts to spread laterally away from the pipe of ascending magma. As the magma flows laterally from the pipe of magma feeding it, a mushroom-shaped mass of magma is formed. This causes the overlying layers of sedimentary rock to bulge upward like a giant blister and deform into a dome. Post-impact uplift A complex crater, caused by collision of a hypervelocity body with another\n\nQuestion: What are formed by the process of \u2018orogeny\u2019?", "output": "Mountains"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A battleship is a large armored warship with a main battery consisting of large caliber guns. It dominated naval warfare in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The term battleship came into use in the late 1880s to describe a type of ironclad warship, now referred to by historians as pre-dreadnought battleships. In 1906, the commissioning of into the United Kingdom's Royal Navy heralded a revolution in the field of battleship design. Subsequent battleship designs, influenced by HMS Dreadnought, were referred to as \"dreadnoughts\", though the term eventually became obsolete as dreadnoughts became the only type of battleship in common use. Battleships were a symbol of naval dominance and national might, and for decades the battleship was a major factor in both diplomacy and military strategy. A global arms race in battleship construction began in Europe in the 1890s and culminated at the decisive Battle of Tsushima in 1905,\n\nfactor in both diplomacy and military strategy. A global arms race in battleship construction began in Europe in the 1890s and culminated at the decisive Battle of Tsushima in 1905, the outcome of which significantly influenced the design of HMS Dreadnought. The launch of Dreadnought in 1906 commenced a new naval arms race. Three major fleet actions between steel battleships took place: the long-range gunnery duel at the Battle of the Yellow Sea in 1904, the decisive Battle of Tsushima in 1905 (both during the Russo-Japanese War) and the inconclusive Battle of Jutland in 1916, during the First World War. Jutland was the largest naval battle and the only full-scale clash of dreadnoughts of the war, and it was the last major battle in naval history fought primarily by battleships. The Naval Treaties of the 1920s and 1930s limited the number of battleships, though technical innovation in battleship design continued.\n\nHMS Pearl may refer to the following ships of the Royal Navy: , a fifth rate of 42 guns launched in 1708; a detachment of its crew under Lieutenant Robert Maynard killed Blackbeard in 1718; broken up in 1722 , a fourth rate of 42 guns launched in 1726 and sold in 1744 , a fifth rate of 44 guns launched in 1744 and sold in 1759 , a fifth rate of 32 guns launched in 1762, renamed Prothee in 1825, and sold in 1832. , a sloop of 20 guns launched in 1828 , a corvette of 21 guns launched in 1855 , a launched in 1890 and sold for scrap in 1906 See also Pearl (disambiguation), for other ships of this name Royal Navy ship names\n\nQuestion: Launched in 1906 & became a generic term for modern battleships and the name of a class of battleships in the Royal Navy.", "output": "HMS Dreadnought"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Secret Agent (, translit. Podvig razvedchika) is a 1947 Soviet spy film directed by Boris Barnet and based on the novel The Deed Remains Unknown () by Mikhail Maklyarsky. The film stars Pavel Kadochnikov in the leading role. Secret Agent is also known as Secret Mission, Secrets of Counter-Espionage, The Scout's Exploit. It was the first film about the actions of Soviet intelligence officers behind enemy lines in World War II. The film originated the spy genre in Soviet cinema and had a great influence on all subsequent Soviet spy films, including Seventeen Moments of Spring. It is based on real events from the biography of Nikolai Khokhlov. The film was the leader of Soviet distribution in 1947 and had 22.73 million viewers. Plot Soviet intelligence officer Aleksei Fedotov by the name of Heinrich Eckert departs for German-occupied Vinnytsia. His purpose is to obtain the secret correspondence of General Kuhn\n\nLord Jim is a 1965 British adventure film made for Columbia Pictures in Super Panavision. The picture was produced and directed by Richard Brooks with Jules Buck and Peter O'Toole as associate producers, from a screenplay by Brooks. The film stars O'Toole, James Mason, Curd J\u00fcrgens, Eli Wallach, Jack Hawkins, Paul Lukas, and Daliah Lavi. It is the second film adaptation of the 1900 novel of the same name by Joseph Conrad. The first was a silent film released in 1925 and directed by Victor Fleming. The film received two BAFTA nominations, for best British art direction and best British cinematography. The film had its world premiere on 15 February 1965 at the Odeon Leicester Square in the West End of London as the Royal Film Performance in the presence of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother; Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon; and the Earl of Snowdon. Plot The story begins\n\nDame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, (; 15 September 1890 \u2013 12 January 1976) was an English writer known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections, particularly those revolving around fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. She also wrote the world's longest-running play, the murder mystery The Mousetrap, which has been performed in the West End since 1952. A writer during the \"Golden Age of Detective Fiction\", Christie has been called the \"Queen of Crime\". She also wrote six novels under the pseudonym Mary Westmacott. In 1971, she was made a Dame (DBE) by Queen Elizabeth II for her contributions to literature. Guinness World Records lists Christie as the best-selling fiction writer of all time, her novels having sold more than two billion copies. Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay, Devon, and was largely home-schooled. She was initially an unsuccessful writer\n\nQuestion: Who wrote the novels 'Lord Jim' (1900) and 'The Secret Agent' (1907)?", "output": "JOSEPH CONRAD"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Israeli short film that examines the difficulties of being both an Orthodox Jew and gay Paper Dolls (film) References External links 2004 films 2004 documentary films Documentary films about LGBT and Judaism Documentary films about lesbians Israeli documentary films Israeli LGBT-related films LGBT and Orthodox Judaism Films set in Jerusalem Films about Orthodox and Hasidic Jews 2004 LGBT-related films Anti-Orthodox Judaism sentiment\n\nOrthodox Jewish lesbians formed a group called OrthoDykes for mutual support and to learn the relevant issues in Jewish law. The film describes lives of three of them. One is Yudit, single and trying to have her same-sex marriage follow the Orthodox rules. Another is Miriam-Ester (pseudonym), who is married to a man and has ten children. She is suppressing her lesbian feelings in order to keep her marriage for religious reasons. Ruth, another married lesbian, keeps her marriage for the same reason, while her husband agrees to her seeing her lover regularly. See also Trembling Before G-d (2001) Say Amen (2005) a documentary about a gay man coming out to his Orthodox family And Thou Shalt Love (2008), an Israeli short film that examines the difficulties of being both an Orthodox Jew and gay Paper Dolls (film) References External links 2004 films 2004 documentary films Documentary films about LGBT\n\nKeep Not Silent (, translit. Et Sheaava Nafshi) is a 2004 Israeli documentary film directed and produced by Ilil Alexander about three lesbians in Jerusalem. Ilil had just graduated from Tel-Aviv University Film School. It opened the San Francisco Jewish Film Festival in 2004. It won the Israeli Academy award for Best Documentary Film 2004 and won numerous international awards in film festivals in Europe, North America, and the Far East, including best director, best documentary, audience awards, and others such as the DocAviv International Documentary Film Festival Award and the Gerhald-Klein-Publikums-Preis of the 11th Jewish Film Festival of Berlin and Potsdam. Lesbianism is generally viewed as forbidden in Orthodox Judaism (see Homosexuality and Judaism). In Jerusalem, a number of Orthodox Jewish lesbians formed a group called OrthoDykes for mutual support and to learn the relevant issues in Jewish law. The film describes lives of three of them. One is\n\nQuestion: What is the title of a 2001 award winning documentary film directed by Sandi Simcha DuBowski about gay and lesbian Orthodox Jews trying to reconcile their sexuality with their faith?", "output": "Trembling Before G-d"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Woman of Paris (1923), The Gold Rush (1925), and The Circus (1928). He initially refused to move to sound films in the 1930s, instead producing City Lights (1931) and Modern Times (1936) without dialogue. His first sound film was The Great Dictator (1940), which satirised Adolf Hitler. The 1940s were marked with controversy for Chaplin, and his popularity declined rapidly. He was accused of communist sympathies, and some members of the press and public were scandalised by his involvement in a paternity suit and marriages to much younger women. An FBI investigation was opened, and Chaplin was forced to leave the U.S. and settle in Switzerland. He abandoned the Tramp in his later films, which include Monsieur Verdoux (1947), Limelight (1952), A King in New York (1957), and A Countess from Hong Kong (1967). Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in, and composed the music for most of his films.\n\n(1952), A King in New York (1957), and A Countess from Hong Kong (1967). Chaplin wrote, directed, produced, edited, starred in, and composed the music for most of his films. He was a perfectionist, and his financial independence enabled him to spend years on the development and production of a picture. His films are characterised by slapstick combined with pathos, typified in the Tramp's struggles against adversity. Many contain social and political themes, as well as autobiographical elements. He received an Honorary Academy Award for \"the incalculable effect he has had in making motion pictures the art form of this century\" in 1972, as part of a renewed appreciation for his work. He continues to be held in high regard, with The Gold Rush, City Lights, Modern Times, and The Great Dictator often ranked on lists of the greatest films. Biography 1889\u20131913: early years Background and childhood hardship Charles Spencer\n\nSir Charles Spencer Chaplin (16 April 188925 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer who rose to fame in the era of silent film. He became a worldwide icon through his screen persona, the Tramp, and is considered one of the film industry's most important figures. His career spanned more than 75 years, from childhood in the Victorian era until a year before his death in 1977, and encompassed both adulation and controversy. Chaplin's childhood in London was one of poverty and hardship. His father was absent and his mother struggled financiallyhe was sent to a workhouse twice before the age of nine. When he was 14, his mother was committed to a mental asylum. Chaplin began performing at an early age, touring music halls and later working as a stage actor and comedian. At 19, he was signed to the Fred Karno company, which took him\n\nQuestion: In Chaplin's The Great Dictator, what was the dictator's name?", "output": "Adenoid Hynkel"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The railway system in Great Britain is the oldest railway system in history. The first locomotive-hauled public railway opened in 1825, which was followed by an era of rapid expansion. Most of the track is managed by Network Rail, which in 2017 had a network of of standard-gauge lines, of which were electrified. These lines range from single to quadruple track or more. In addition, some cities have separate metro, light rail and tram systems (including the extensive and historic London Underground). There are also many private railways (some of them narrow-gauge), which are primarily short lines for tourists. The main rail network is connected with that of continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel and High Speed 1 (originally the Channel Tunnel Rail Link), which fully opened in 1994 and 2007 respectively. In 2019, there were 1.738 billion journeys on the National Rail network, making the British network the fifth\n\nto those on the National Rail network. These are the Circle, District, Hammersmith & City, Metropolitan (and formerly East London) lines. Tube lines are deep-level lines, built to a more restricted loading gauge using circular tunnelling shields or tunnel boring machines. These are the Bakerloo, Central, Jubilee, Northern, Piccadilly, Victoria and Waterloo & City lines. Outside of the central area, both types of trains run on the surface. Unit Classification The method of classification depends on the type of line the train operates on: Tube Stock Tube Stock is classified by the anticipated year of delivery at the time of ordering. This system was inaugurated by the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB) with the 1935 Stock. The large number of broadly similar Tube trains built for the UERL during 1922-1934 were called (and are commonly still referred to as) Standard Stock (officially re-christened Pre-1938 tube stock upon rehabilitation), although there\n\nThe typical off-peak service in trains per hour is: 2 tph to London Liverpool Street (1 semi-fast, 1 stopping) 1 tph to 2 tph to 1 tph to via References External links Railway stations in Cambridgeshire DfT Category E stations Former Great Eastern Railway stations Greater Anglia franchise railway stations Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1845\n\nQuestion: On which of London\u2019s tube lines do trains reach the greatest speeds?", "output": "Metropolitan"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "a children's audience; it was not until the near-concurrent debuts of The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp and the TV version of Gunsmoke in 1955 that adult Westerns appeared on television, and the genre became enormously popular. Notable TV Westerns include The Lone Ranger with Clayton Moore, The Gene Autry Show with Gene Autry, Gunsmoke with James Arness, Cheyenne with Clint Walker, Have Gun \u2013 Will Travel with Richard Boone, Sugarfoot with Will Hutchins, Wagon Train with Ward Bond and Robert Horton, Maverick with James Garner and Jack Kelly, Trackdown with Robert Culp, Wanted Dead or Alive with Steve McQueen, Bronco with Ty Hardin, Bat Masterson with Gene Barry, The Rifleman, Rawhide with Eric Fleming and Clint Eastwood, Bonanza with Pernell Roberts and Dan Blocker, Laramie, The Virginian with James Drury and Doug McClure, The Big Valley with Barbara Stanwyck, The High Chaparral, and many others. By 1959, four\n\nsuch as family drama, mystery thrillers, and crime drama. In the 1990s and 2000s, slickly packaged made-for-TV movie westerns were introduced. History Radio and film antecedents The Saturday Afternoon Matinee on the radio were a pre-television phenomenon in the US which often featured western series. Film westerns turned John Wayne, Ken Maynard, Audie Murphy, Tom Mix, and Johnny Mack Brown into major idols of a young audience, plus \"Singing cowboys\" such as Gene Autry, Roy Rogers and Dale Evans, Dick Foran, Rex Allen, Tex Ritter, Ken Curtis, and Bob Steele. Each cowboy had a co-starring horse such as Rogers' Golden Palomino, Trigger, who became a star in his own right. Other B-movie series were Lash LaRue and the Durango Kid. Herbert Jeffreys, as Bob Blake with his horse Stardust, appeared in a number of movies made for African American audiences in the days of segregated movie theaters. Bill Pickett, an\n\nan outdoorsman, horseman, rodeo participant, and western novelist. Filmography Television References External links 1955 births Male actors from Texas American male film actors American male television actors Living people People from Muleshoe, Texas\n\nQuestion: Who played Bret's brother, Bart Maverick in the 1957-62 Warner Bros TV western?", "output": "Jack Kelly"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A sheep\u2013goat hybrid (called a geep in popular media or sometimes a shoat) is the offspring of a sheep and a goat. While sheep and goats are similar and can be mated, they belong to different genera in the subfamily Caprinae of the family Bovidae. Sheep belong to the genus Ovis and have 54 chromosomes, while goats belong to the genus Capra and have 60 chromosomes. The offspring of a sheep\u2013goat pairing is generally stillborn. Despite widespread shared pasturing of goats and sheep, hybrids are very rare, demonstrating the genetic distance between the two species. They are not to be confused with sheep\u2013goat chimera, which are artificially created by combining the embryos of a goat and a sheep. Characteristics There is a long-standing belief in sheep\u2013goat hybrids, which is presumably due to the animals' resemblance to each other. Some primitive varieties of sheep may be misidentified as goats. In Darwinism\n\nin London, England, and grew up in the United States and then in France during his high school years. Tyler now lives in rural New South Wales with his wife on a farm in New South Wales, 100 acres beyond Mongarlowe by Braidwood and at the western foot of Mount Currockbilly, which provided inspiration for his published 2016 collection of poems Under Currockbilly. In 1993, Tyler and his wife purchased several alpacas and brought them to their property, managing a farm and breeding and showing alpacas for twenty years until 2013 when they sold the majority of their herd, although they continue to live on their farm with a few of their animals. Tyler is also a practiced spinner along with his wife, making yarn from the alpaca fleece for over ten years and bringing their refined fabric products to national shows. Currently retired, he continues to publish books and\n\nthe major part of their diet; they also eat seeds, fruit, and fungi. Their teeth are correspondingly unspecialised, with most species having the dental formula Female peramelids have a pouch that opens to the rear and contains eight teats. The maximum litter size is, therefore, eight, since marsupial young are attached to the teat during development, although two to four young per litter is a more typical number. The gestation period of peramelids is the shortest among mammals, at just 12.5 days, the young are weaned around two months of age, and reach sexual maturity at just three months. This allows a given female to produce more than one litter per breeding season and gives peramelids an unusually high reproductive rate compared with other marsupials. Classification The listing for extant species is based on The Third edition of Wilson & Reeder's Mammal Species of the World (2005), except where the\n\nQuestion: How many teats does a nanny goat have", "output": "Two"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Lemuel Warren Smith (born July 23, 1941) is an American convicted serial killer who was the first convict to kill an on-duty female corrections officer. Smith was already in prison for the murders of at least five people when he murdered prison guard Donna Payant at Green Haven Correctional Facility in 1981. The murder of a guard in a maximum security prison was considered shocking at the time and brought scrutiny upon the New York prison systems. Smith is considered one of the most dangerous living inmates in the New York prison system and is housed in 23-hour-a-day isolation from other people. Early life Lemuel Smith was born in Amsterdam, New York, in a very religious household. During later insanity claims, Smith stated that when he was 11 years old, he nearly smothered a nine-year-old girl to death. This claim was not substantiated, however. On January 21, 1958, Dorothy Waterstreet\n\nLeslie Ernest Dayman (19 January 1933 \u2013 20 October 2023), credited variously as Les Dayman, was an Australian actor best known for his performances on television (serials and telemovies) and film, major small screen roles including Homicide, Prisoner, Sons and Daughters and E Street. Early lIfe Dayman was born in Footscray, Victoria, Australia on 19 January 1933. He was the son of AFL/VFL footballer Les \"Bro\" Dayman who played for the Port Adelaide Football Club. He started a career in theatre in 1955 and thereafter worked as an actor, director and narrator. Career Television roles Dayman started his career in theatre in 1955, but was best know as a staple of the small screen in numerous serial roles, his television career began in 1964 in a TV film, and he appeared in the police procedural crime series Homicide as senior detective Bill Hudson in 104 episodes from 1966 to 1968.\n\nJohn Henry Young (28 July 1934 \u2013 9 April 2022), known professionally as Jeremy Young, was an English actor of Scottish descent. Young had numerous television credits, including Deadline Midnight (1960), Doctor Who (appearing as caveman Kal in three episodes of the first serial An Unearthly Child in 1963, as well as playing Gordon Lowery in the one episode serial Mission to the Unknown in 1965), The Avengers in 1966 (notably as Willy Frant in the episode \"A Touch of Brimstone\" though also in the episodes entitled \"Never, Never Say Die\" (1967), \"The Forget-Me-Knot\" (1968) and (in The New Avengers) \"Gnaws\" in 1976), and Coronation Street as nightclub owner Benny Lewis in 1972. His film credits include appearances in The Wild and the Willing (1962), Crooks and Coronets (1969), Eyewitness (1970), Hopscotch (1980) and Photographing Fairies (1997). He worked for BBC Radio and taught and directed at the Court Theatre\n\nQuestion: In his youth, actor Leslie Grantham served ten years in prison for which crime?", "output": "MURDER"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, (; 15 September 1890 \u2013 12 January 1976) was an English writer known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections, particularly those revolving around fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. She also wrote the world's longest-running play, the murder mystery The Mousetrap, which has been performed in the West End since 1952. A writer during the \"Golden Age of Detective Fiction\", Christie has been called the \"Queen of Crime\". She also wrote six novels under the pseudonym Mary Westmacott. In 1971, she was made a Dame (DBE) by Queen Elizabeth II for her contributions to literature. Guinness World Records lists Christie as the best-selling fiction writer of all time, her novels having sold more than two billion copies. Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay, Devon, and was largely home-schooled. She was initially an unsuccessful writer\n\nThe Unicorn Theatre is a children's theatre in the London Borough of Southwark, in England. It is a custom-built, RIBA Award\u2013winning building on Tooley Street, which opened in 2005. The theatre was designed by Keith Williams, built by Arup and comprises two theatre spaces (the Weston and Clore Theatres), an education studio, rehearsal space, caf\u00e9 and the John Lyon meeting room. The theatre was founded in 1949, by Caryl Jenner, originally as a mobile theatre; In 1961, Jenner began presenting children's productions at the Arts Theatre in the West End, and in 1967 the company took over the lease of the theatre which then became Unicorn's permanent performing base until 1999; during this period the normal run of adult performances continued during the evenings. The Unicorn is a registered charity and is an Arts Council England National Portfolio organisation. Origins From 1944 Caryl Jenner wrote Christmas pantomimes for small-time playhouses.\n\nFollowing her marriage to archaeologist Max Mallowan in 1930, she spent several months each year on digs in the Middle East and used her first-hand knowledge of this profession in her fiction. According to UNESCO's Index Translationum, she remains the most-translated individual author. Her novel And Then There Were None is one of the top-selling books of all time, with approximately 100 million copies sold. Christie's stage play The Mousetrap holds the world record for the longest initial run. It opened at the Ambassadors Theatre in the West End on 25 November 1952, and by 2018 there had been more than 27,500 performances. The play was temporarily closed in 2020 because of COVID-19 lockdowns in London before it reopened in 2021. In 1955, Christie was the first recipient of the Mystery Writers of America's Grand Master Award. Later that year, Witness for the Prosecution received an Edgar Award for best\n\nQuestion: In November 1952, which Agatha Christie murder-mystery play opened at the Ambassadors Theatre, London?", "output": "The Mousetrap"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Grapes of Wrath is a 1940 American drama film directed by John Ford. It was based on John Steinbeck's 1939 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. The screenplay was written by Nunnally Johnson and the executive producer was Darryl F. Zanuck. The film tells the story of the Joads, an Oklahoma family of sharecroppers, who, after losing their farm to increased mechanization during the Great Depression in the 1930s, become migrant workers, and end up in California. The motion picture details their arduous journey across the United States as they travel to California in search of work and opportunities for the family members, and features cinematography by Gregg Toland. The film is widely considered to be one of the greatest films of all time. In 1989, it was one of the first 25 films selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film\n\nMephisto \u2013 Novel of a Career is the sixth novel by German-born writer Klaus Mann, published in 1936 whilst he was in exile in Amsterdam. It was published for the first time in Germany in the East Berlin Aufbau-Verlag in 1956. The novel, a thinly disguised portrait of German actor Gustaf Gr\u00fcndgens, adapts the Faustian theme by having the main character, Hendrik H\u00f6fgen, abandon his conscience and continue to act and ingratiate himself with the Nazi Party to keep and improve his job and social position. An award-winning film of the same title was released in 1981. Background Klaus Mann fled to exile in March 1933 to avoid political persecution by Hitler's regime. In Amsterdam he worked for the exile magazine Die Sammlung, which attacked National Socialism. His friend and publisher Fritz Helmut Landshoff made him a \"relatively generous offer\", as Mann wrote to his mother on 21 July 1935.\n\nJohn Steinbeck Night in Bombay by Louis Bromfield The Family by Nina Fedorova 1941 The Keys of the Kingdom by A. J. Cronin Random Harvest by James Hilton This Above All by Eric Knight The Sun Is My Undoing by Marguerite Steen For Whom the Bell Tolls by Ernest Hemingway Oliver Wiswell by Kenneth Roberts H. M. Pulham, Esquire by John P. Marquand Mr. and Mrs. Cugat by Isabel Scott Rorick Saratoga Trunk by Edna Ferber Windswept by Mary Ellen Chase 1942 The Song of Bernadette by Franz Werfel The Moon Is Down by John Steinbeck Dragon Seed by Pearl S. Buck And Now Tomorrow by Rachel Field Drivin' Woman by Elizabeth Pickett Windswept by Mary Ellen Chase The Robe by Lloyd C. Douglas The Sun Is My Undoing by Marguerite Steen Kings Row by Henry Bellamann The Keys of the Kingdom by A. J. Cronin 1943 The Robe by\n\nQuestion: Tom Joad was the main character in which John Steinbeck novel?", "output": "The Grapes Of Wrath"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "as well as six Codes that remain fundamental to Ethiopia's laws today. However, both the 1931 Constitution and the 1955 Constitution systematized the power of the Emperor, leaving out what rights and freedoms his subjects should possess. After overthrowing Selassie in 1974, Major Mengistu Haile Marium established a military dictatorship that subjected its political opponents to \"arbitrary arrests and detentions, torture, enforced disappearances and extra-judicial execution.\" Five years later, Mengistu began the Derg's planned transition to a civil government, forming a Commission for the Establishment of the Worker's Party in 1979 and declaring a socialist republic, led by the Workers Party of Ethiopia, in 1984. In 1987, the Constitution of the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE Constitution) formally dissolved the Derg and inaugurated the People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (PDRE), a Marxist\u2013Leninist one-party state that was dominated by the military and former Derg members. The PDRE Constitution outlined basic\n\nthe Crown. After the deposition of the monarchy, the Crown Council of Ethiopia acted as the Government-in-exile of the Ethiopian Empire once claiming to be the legitimate government of Ethiopia and Eritrea. On 28 July 2004, the Crown Council abandoned its Government-in-exile status, relinquishing its claim of legitimate governance to the governments of Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Communist Derg deposed the last Emperor, Haile Selassie I on 12 September 1974, and dissolved the council. Most members of the council were imprisoned and executed, including its president, Prince Asrate Medhin Kassa. The Derg announced that the monarchy had been abolished early in the following year. However, in 1993, a new Crown Council \u2014 which included several descendants of the late Haile Selassie I \u2014 asserted that the title of Emperor of Ethiopia was still in existence, and the Crown Council would act in its interests. Its justification was that the abolition\n\nThe Ethiopian Democratic Union or EDU, also known as Teranafit (formerly a separate group based in Shire before it merged with the EDU), was one of the political parties that formed in opposition to the Derg regime of Ethiopia. It merged with the Ethiopian Democratic Party to form the Ethiopian Democratic Unity Party. Armed struggle Founded in the aftermath of the revolution and the military coup that toppled Emperor Haile Selassie in September 1974, the EDU professed a conservative agenda. Established under the tutelage of the hereditary Prince of Tigray, Ras Mangasha Seyum, the EDU was made up of various elements that included land owners who were opposed to the nationalization of their land holdings, monarchists, high-ranking military officers displaced by the mutineers who had led the coup against the Emperor, and conservative and centrist opponents of the Marxist-Leninist Derg. From mid-1976 into 1977, the EDU broadcast radio programs into\n\nQuestion: What communist military junta came to power in Ethiopia following the ousting of Haile Selassie I on 12 September 1974 and although officially coming to an end on 22 February 1987, was not formally abolished until September?", "output": "Derg"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of their more prosperous ancestry, Inter fans had the \"luxury\" to go to the San Siro stadium by motorcycle (, another nickname given to the ). On the other hand, the were also known as or (i.e. able to be transferred to the stadium only by public transport). Today, this socioeconomic divide has largely been mitigated and preference for either club is personal or familial. Taking place at least twice during the year via the league fixtures, this cross-town rivalry has extended to the Coppa Italia, Champions League, and Supercoppa Italiana, as well as minor tournaments and friendlies. It is one of the only major crosstown derbies in association football that are always played in the same stadium, in this case the San Siro, as both Milan and Internazionale call San Siro \"home\". History On 13 December 1899, Herbert Kilpin and others founded the Milan Cricket and Football Club. Alfred\n\nThe Stadion Wojska Polskiego (, ), officially named Stadion Miejski Legii Warszawa im. Marsza\u0142ka J\u00f3zefa Pi\u0142sudskiego () is an all-seater, highest fourth category football-specific stadium in \u015ar\u00f3dmie\u015bcie district of Warsaw, the city's downtown on the south bank of river Vistula. It is the home ground of Legia Warsaw football club, who have been playing there since 9 August 1930. The stadium underwent a two-stage, complete reconstruction in the years 2008\u20132011. Only a small part of the main building facade was preserved from the old construction (with another part being precisely reconstructed). With space for 31,800 spectators it is the 5th biggest football stadium in Ekstraklasa and the 7th biggest in the country. The stadium is equipped with a heated pitch, training pitch, underground parking, sport bar, club museum and other facilities. The stadium, which for decades belonged to the Polish Armed Forces, is currently owned by the City of Warsaw.\n\nThe San Marino Stadium (formerly Stadio Olimpico di Serravalle) is a multi-purpose stadium in Serravalle, San Marino. First opened in 1969, it is currently used mostly for football matches. It is the national stadium of San Marino. Overview The stadium was named \"olympic\" in 1985, on the occasion of the first Games of the Small States of Europe sponsored by the International Olympic Committee. From 1969 till 2019, the stadium was used by ASD Victor San Marino for its home games. It was also used by Serravalle-based football club A.C. Juvenes/Dogana for its home games in the Italian league until the side withdrew in 2007 to concentrate only on the Sammarinese Championship. It is an all-seater stadium with a maximum capacity of 6,664. It has hosted teams such as England, Spain, Germany, the Netherlands and Scotland. The San Marino national team's three biggest defeats at the stadium are a record\n\nQuestion: The San Siro football stadium is in which European city?", "output": "Milan"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"The Waking\" is a poem written by Theodore Roethke in 1953 in the form of a villanelle. It comments on the unknowable with a contemplative tone. It also has been interpreted as comparing life to waking and death to sleeping. In popular culture The poem appears as an object in Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse-Five. An excerpt of the poem also appears at the beginning of Dean Koontz's novel Odd Hours. Kurt Elling sings the poem on his 2007 album Nightmoves. Quoted by the psycho cop in Stephen King's novel Desperation. Quoted in Dana Simpson's \"Ozy and Millie.\" References External links Source text Secondary source of the text American poems 1953 poems\n\nThe Owl and the Pussycat, The Dong with a Luminous Nose, The Jumblies and The Story of the Four Little Children Who Went Around the World. Lewis Carroll continued this trend, making literary nonsense a worldwide phenomenon with Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Looking-Glass (1871). Carroll's poem \"Jabberwocky\", which appears in the latter book, is often considered quintessential nonsense literature. Theory In literary nonsense, certain formal elements of language and logic that facilitate meaning are balanced by elements that negate meaning. These formal elements include semantics, syntax, phonetics, context, representation, and formal diction. The genre is most easily recognizable by the various techniques or devices it uses to create this balance of meaning and lack of meaning, such as faulty cause and effect, portmanteau, neologism, reversals and inversions, imprecision (including gibberish), simultaneity, picture/text incongruity, arbitrariness, infinite repetition, negativity or mirroring, and misappropriation. Nonsense tautology, reduplication, and absurd\n\nThe Hedgehog and the Fox is an essay by philosopher Isaiah Berlin that was published as a book in 1953. It was one of his most popular essays with the general public. However, Berlin said, \"I meant it as a kind of enjoyable intellectual game, but it was taken seriously. Every classification throws light on something\". It has been compared to \"an intellectual's cocktail-party game\". Summary The title is a reference to a fragment attributed to the Ancient Greek poet Archilochus: (\"a fox knows many things, but a hedgehog knows one big thing\"). In Erasmus's Adagia from 1500, the expression is recorded as Multa novit vulpes, verum echinus unum magnum. (The fable of The Fox and the Cat embodies the same idea.) Berlin expands upon this idea to divide writers and thinkers into two categories: hedgehogs, who view the world through the lens of a single defining idea (examples given\n\nQuestion: Who wrote the poem The Owl and the Pussycat?", "output": "Edward Lear"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "ideal grade, called \"Deep Siberian\", has a primary purple hue of around 75\u201380%, with 15\u201320% blue and (depending on the light source) red secondary hues. \"Rose de France\" is defined by its markedly light shade of the purple, reminiscent of a lavender/lilac shade. These pale colors were once considered undesirable, but have recently become popular due to intensive marketing. Green quartz is sometimes incorrectly called green amethyst; this is a misnomer and not an appropriate name for the material, as the proper terminology is prasiolite. Other names for green quartz are vermarine or lime citrine. Amethyst frequently shows color zoning, with the most intense color typically found at the crystal terminations. One of a gem cutter\u2019s tasks is to make a finished product with even color. Sometimes, only a thin layer of a natural, uncut amethyst is violet colored, or the color is very uneven. The uncut gem may have\n\nAfrica. Its bright blue color is the mineral's most notable characteristic. It is used as a gemstone. References Calcium minerals Copper(II) minerals Aluminium minerals Cyclosilicates Monoclinic minerals Minerals in space group 12 Gemstones\n\nin the lattice to lose an electron and form a [FeO4]0 color center. Amethyst is a three-dimensional network of tetrahedra where the silicon atoms are in the center and are surrounded by four oxygen atoms located at the vertices of a tetrahedron. This structure is quite rigid and results in quartz's hardness and resistance to weathering. The hardness of the mineral is the same as quartz, thus making it suitable for use in jewelry. Hue and tone Amethyst occurs in primary hues from a light lavender or pale violet to a deep purple. Amethyst may exhibit one or both secondary hues, red and blue. High-quality amethyst can be found in Siberia, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Uruguay, and the Far East. The ideal grade, called \"Deep Siberian\", has a primary purple hue of around 75\u201380%, with 15\u201320% blue and (depending on the light source) red secondary hues. \"Rose de France\" is defined\n\nQuestion: What colour is the gemstone garnet?", "output": "Red"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Hiroshima is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture and the largest city in the Ch\u016bgoku region, Japan. Hiroshima may also refer to: Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Hiroshima (book), a 1946 book written by John Hersey Hiroshima (1953 film), a 1953 Japanese film about the bombing of Hiroshima and its aftermath Hiroshima (1995 film), a 1995 Japanese-Canadian film about the bombing of Hiroshima Hiroshima: BBC History of World War II, a 2005 television documentary Hiroshima (band), an American jazz band formed in 1974 Hiroshima (painting), a 1961 painting by Yves Klein \"Hiroshima\" (song), a song by Dave Morgan and recorded by Wishful Thinking in 1971 and Sandra in 1990 Hiroshima \u2013 Rising from the Abyss, a 2001 album by Toshiko Akiyoshi - Lew Tabackin Big Band \"Hiroshima\", a song by Ben Folds \"Hiroshima\", a song by Bjorn Afzelius Hiroshima (Mazda factory), an automobile manufacturing complex in Aki, Hiroshima Hiroshima Prefecture,\n\nNagasaki Peace Park is a park located in Nagasaki, Japan, commemorating the atomic bombing of the city on August 9, 1945 during World War II. It is next to the Atomic Bomb Museum and near the Peace Memorial Hall. History Established in 1955, and near to the hypocenter of the explosion, remnants of a concrete wall of Urakami Cathedral can still be seen. Urakami Cathedral was the grandest church in east Asia at the time. At the park's north end is the 10-meter-tall Peace Statue created by sculptor Seibo Kitamura of Nagasaki Prefecture. The statue's right hand points to the threat of nuclear weapons while the extended left hand symbolizes eternal peace. The mild face symbolizes divine grace and the gently closed eyes offer a prayer for the repose of the bomb victims' souls. The folded right leg and extended left leg signify both meditation and the initiative to stand\n\nwas an airport in Nishi Ward, located southwest of Hiroshima City, Japan. History Hiroshima's first airport, , opened on a nearby island in Naka-ku, Hiroshima in 1940. It was largely destroyed during the atomic bombing of Hiroshima in 1945, but was used during the occupation of Japan as a radar base by the Royal Australian Air Force 111 Mobile Fighter Control Unit, and through the 1950s as a landing field for gliders and single-engine piston aircraft. Following the end of World War II, the Japanese government approved a plan for a new airport in a location which could take advantage of Hiroshima's natural river topography to keep aircraft from flying over residential areas. Hiroshima Airport opened on September 15, 1961, and was initially managed by the Ministry of Transport. The runway was extended from 1200 meters to 1800 meters in 1972. All Nippon Airways began Boeing 737 jet service to\n\nQuestion: Hiroshima was the first city to feel the effects of an atomic bomb. What Japanese city was next to be visited on Aug 9, 1945?", "output": "Nagasaki"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Canadian Duality Flag (; also called the Canadian Unity Flag) is an unofficial flag that was originally circulated to demonstrate the unity of Canada during the lead-up to the 1995 Quebec referendum, at rallies for the \"no\" side. The Duality Flag design was chosen to represent explicitly the Francophone and Anglophone populations on the national flag by adding blue stripes to the red sections, roughly in proportion to the number of Canadians who are primarily French-speaking. The blue was chosen as it is the main colour that is used on the flag of Quebec. See also Flag of Canada Flag of Quebec References 1995 in Canada Activism flags Flags of Canada National symbols of Canada Political history of Quebec Unofficial flags\n\nThe flag of Saint Pierre and Miquelon is officially the flag of France, as Saint Pierre and Miquelon is a self-governing overseas collectivity of France. History In 1982 an unofficial local flag was designed, based on the Collectivity's coat of arms. The flag is blue with a yellow ship, said to be Grande Hermine, which brought Jacques Cartier to Saint Pierre on 15 June 1536. Three square fields placed along the hoist recall the origin of most inhabitants of the islands, from top to bottom, Basques, Bretons, and Normans. The flag was likely designed by Andr\u00e9 Paturel, a local business owner. Although not used at an official level, the flag is still a common sight in the territory, being flown alongside the French tricolour in front of private residences and even government buildings. Municipalities See also Coat of arms of Saint Pierre and Miquelon Flag of France National emblem of\n\nthe Norwegian parliament chose to elect Charles XIII of Sweden as King of Norway. According to the constitution of November 1814, Norway was to have its own merchant flag, but the war flag was to reflect the union. The present flag of Norway was introduced in 1821, but its use was restricted. The union war flag of 1815 was a Swedish flag defaced with a canton showing a white saltire on red, meant to represent Norway. Public opinion in Norway saw this situation as unsatisfactory, and demanded a reform of flags and arms to reflect the equal status of the two states within the union. New flags of 1844 In 1844, the proposals of a joint committee were enacted for both countries by King Oscar I. A union mark was created, combining the flag colours of both countries, equally distributed. It was placed in the canton of each flag, including\n\nQuestion: From 1814 to 1830, the French flag was what single colour", "output": "White"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Edward T. Norris (born April 10, 1960) is an American radio host, actor and former law enforcement officer in Maryland. He is the cohost of a talk show on WJZ-FM (105.7 The Fan) in Baltimore, Maryland. Norris, a 20-year veteran of the New York Police Department, served as Police Commissioner for Baltimore from 2000 to late 2002 and Superintendent of the Maryland State Police in 2003. Norris played the eponymous detective Edward Norris in HBO's The Wire. In 2003, Norris was convicted of a felony and spent six months in federal prison. Early life and education Norris was born on April 10, 1960, in Brooklyn, New York. He is of Irish and Italian descent. He graduated from Brooklyn Technical High School and attended the University of Rochester. At Rochester, Norris played football, was president of the boxing club, and boxed in the light heavyweight division as an amateur. Financial setbacks\n\nBarb Wire is a 1996 American superhero film based on the Dark Horse Comics character of the same name. It was directed by David Hogan, produced by Brad Wyman, and written by Chuck Pfarrer and Ilene Chaiken. The film stars Pamela Anderson in the title role, alongside Temuera Morrison, Victoria Rowell, Xander Berkeley, Udo Kier, and Steve Railsback. Although Barb Wire was panned by critics, it has attracted a cult following. Plot In 2017, during the Second American Civil War, Barb Wire owns the Hammerhead, a nightclub in Steel Harbor, \"the last free city\" in a United States ravaged by the war. She earns cash as a mercenary and bounty hunter. Chief of Police Willis raids her club. Willis's target is fugitive Dr. Corrina 'Cora D' Devonshire, a former government scientist with information about a new bioweapon called Red Ribbon being developed by her former superiors in the Congressional Directorate.\n\nJewelry Television is an American television network specializing in the sale of jewelry. On-air and online, the network is mainly branded by its jtv initials in lower-case letters. It has an estimated reach of more than 80 million U.S. households, through cable and satellite providers, online streaming and limited over-the-air broadcasters. The headquarters of Jewelry Television are located in Knoxville, Tennessee. It has manufacturing facilities in Sri Lanka, Hong Kong, and Thailand. History Jewelry Television was founded as America's Collectibles Network (ACN) in 1993 by Jerry Sisk Jr., Bob Hall, and Bill Kouns. Sisk was a graduate gemologist, Kouns was a jewelry expert, and Hall had existing television industry experience. The fledgling network began broadcasting from a studio in Greeneville, Tennessee, with just one television camera. ACN initially sold gemstones, jewelry, and collectible coins. Sisk, Hall, and Kouns later moved the network to a larger headquarters and television studio in\n\nQuestion: The US television series \u2018The Wire\u2019 is set in which city?", "output": "Baltimore"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The 1971\u201372 season was the 92nd season of competitive football in England. Honours Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition FA Cup Leeds United won the FA Cup for the first time in their history by beating the previous year's winners, Arsenal, 1\u20130 in the final at Wembley. Allan Clarke scored the winning goal. 1971\u201372 marked the centenary of the FA Cup. Non-League club Hereford United of the Southern League provided one of the shocks of the season by knocking out Newcastle United 2\u20131 after extra time in the 3rd Round Replay. League Cup Stoke City won the 1972 Football League Cup Final to claim the only major trophy in their history. Football League First Division Brian Clough, 37, won the first major trophy of his managerial career by guiding Derby County to their first league championship.\n\nmajor trophy in their history. Football League First Division Brian Clough, 37, won the first major trophy of his managerial career by guiding Derby County to their first league championship. They overcame Leeds United, Liverpool and Manchester City to win a four-horse race, with only a single point separating them. It was so close that when Manchester City won their last game of the season \u2013 against Derby on 22 April 1972 \u2013 they were top of the league by a point but had no chance of being champions, as Derby and Liverpool both had games in hand, were still to play each other, and both boasted a superior goal average to City's. Although Derby beat Liverpool to pass Manchester City at the top of the table, Liverpool (two points back) and Leeds (one point back) each still had a game left. Leeds, who had won the FA Cup for\n\nArsenal Football Club is an English professional football club based in Holloway, North London. Arsenal compete in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 league titles (including one unbeaten title), a record 14 FA Cups, two League Cups, 17 FA Community Shields, the Football League Centenary Trophy, one European Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. In terms of trophies won, it is the third-most successful club in English football. Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join the Football League in 1893, and they reached the First Division in 1904. Relegated only once, in 1913, they continue the longest streak in the top division, and have won the second-most top-flight matches in English football history. In the 1930s, Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups, and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war.\n\nQuestion: Which major domestic trophy eluded Brian Clough as both player and manager?", "output": "FA Cup"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "is a Japanese seinen manga series written and illustrated by Kou Yaginuma. The \"realistic, slice-of-life science fiction series\" tells the story of a group of Japanese high school students training to become astronauts in the early 21st century after the country's first human spaceflight launch ends in a disaster that causes many civilian casualties. It was serialized in the seinen manga magazine Comic Flapper from September 2001 to August 2009 and was later published in 16 tank\u014dbon volumes by Media Factory from January 2002 to October 2009. The series is named after Spica, a binary star system and the brightest star in the constellation Virgo. In the manga, Yaginuma includes many references to historical events related to the development of human spaceflight as well as literary works such as Kenji Miyazawa's novel Night on the Galactic Railroad. American publishing company Vertical announced acquisition of the manga's license for English-language translation\n\nEpsilon Ursae Majoris is a star in the northern constellation of Ursa Major. The designation is Latinised from \u03b5 Ursae Majoris and abbreviated Epsilon UMa or \u03b5 UMa. It is officially named Alioth . Despite being designated \"\u03b5\" (epsilon), it is the brightest star in the constellation and at magnitude 1.77 is the thirty-third brightest star in the sky. It is the star in the tail of the bear closest to its body, and thus the star in the handle of the Big Dipper (or Plough) closest to the bowl. It is also a member of the large and diffuse Ursa Major moving group. Historically, the star was frequently used in celestial navigation in the maritime trade, because it is listed as one of the 57 navigational stars. Physical characteristics According to Hipparcos, Epsilon Ursae Majoris is from the Sun. Its spectral type is A1p; the \"p\" stands for peculiar,\n\nAntares is the brightest star in the constellation of Scorpius. It has the Bayer designation \u03b1 Scorpii, which is Latinised to Alpha Scorpii. Often referred to as \"the heart of the scorpion\", Antares is flanked by \u03c3 Scorpii and \u03c4 Scorpii near the center of the constellation. Distinctly reddish when viewed with the naked eye, Antares is a slow irregular variable star that ranges in brightness from an apparent visual magnitude of +0.6 down to +1.6. It is on average the fifteenth-brightest star in the night sky. Antares is the brightest and most evolved stellar member of the Scorpius\u2013Centaurus association, the nearest OB association to the Sun It is located about from Earth at the rim of the Upper Scorpius subgroup, and is illuminating the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex in its foreground. Classified as spectral type M1.5Iab-Ib, Antares is a red supergiant, a large evolved massive star and one of\n\nQuestion: In which constellation is Spica the brightest star?", "output": "Virgo"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Antigua and Barbuda (, ) is a sovereign island country in the Caribbean. It lies at the conjuncture of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean in the Leeward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles. The country consists of two major islands, Antigua and Barbuda, which are approximately apart, and several smaller islands, including Great Bird, Green, Guiana, Long, Maiden, Prickly Pear, York, and Redonda. The permanent population is approximately 97,120 ( estimates), with 97% residing in Antigua. St. John's, Antigua, is the country's capital, major city, and largest port. Codrington is Barbuda's largest town. In 1493, Christopher Columbus surveyed the island of Antigua, which he named for the Church of Santa Mar\u00eda La Antigua. Great Britain colonized Antigua in 1632 and Barbuda in 1678. A part of the Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands from 1871, Antigua and Barbuda joined the West Indies Federation in 1958. With the breakup\n\nThe Channel Islands are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They are divided into two Crown Dependencies: the Bailiwick of Jersey, which is the largest of the islands; and the Bailiwick of Guernsey, consisting of Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, Herm and some smaller islands. Historically, they are the remnants of the Duchy of Normandy. Although they are not part of the United Kingdom, the UK is currently responsible for the defence and international relations of the islands. The Crown Dependencies are neither members of the Commonwealth of Nations, nor part of the European Union. They have a total population of about , and the bailiwicks' capitals, Saint Helier and Saint Peter Port, have populations of 33,500 and 18,207 respectively. \"Channel Islands\" is a geographical term, not a political unit. The two bailiwicks have been administered separately since the late 13th century. Each has its own\n\nThe British Virgin Islands (BVI), officially the Virgin Islands, is a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean, to the east of Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands and north-west of Anguilla. The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles and part of the West Indies. The British Virgin Islands consist of the main islands of Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada and Jost Van Dyke, along with more than 50 other smaller islands and cays. About 16 of the islands are inhabited. The capital, Road Town, is on Tortola, the largest island, which is about long and wide. The islands had a population of 28,054 at the 2010 Census, of whom 23,491 lived on Tortola; current estimates put the population at 35,802 (July 2018). British Virgin Islanders are British Overseas Territories citizens and since 2002, are also British\n\nQuestion: St Peter Port is the capital of which island?", "output": "Guernsey"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Fran\u00e7ois de Grossouvre (29 March 1918 \u2013 7 April 1994) was a French politician who was appointed in 1981 by the newly elected President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand with the tasks of overseeing national security and other sensitive matters, particularly those concerning Lebanon, Syria, Tunisia, Morocco, Gabon, the Persian Gulf countries, Pakistan and both Koreas. He was also in charge of the French branch of Operation Gladio, the stay-behind paramilitary secret armies created by NATO during the Cold War. He was found dead with gunshot wounds at the \u00c9lys\u00e9e Palace, the French President's official residence. The official verdict was suicide. Early life Fran\u00e7ois de Grossouvre was born in an aristocratic family, the descendant of Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Durand, seigneur de Grossouvre (1735\u20131832). His father, a banker, died in 1923 in Beirut, where he resided. Fran\u00e7ois de Grossouvre thereafter kept affective ties to Lebanon. He then studied with the Jesuits in France and studied medicine.\n\nHuguette Bouchardeau (born 1 June 1935) is a French socialist politician, as well as a publisher (founder of HB \u00c9ditions), essayist, and biographer. Political career Bouchardeau was a candidate of the Unified Socialist Party (PSU) in the 1981 presidential election, receiving 1.1% of the vote, and National Secretary of the Party between 1979 and 1981. Bouchardeau also served as Minister of the Environment and Way of Life in the French Socialist Party-led cabinets of Pierre Mauroy (1981\u20131984) and Laurent Fabius (1984\u20131986). Selected works La famille Renoir, 2004 La grande verri\u00e8re, 1991 Le d\u00e9jeuner, 1998 Le minist\u00e8re du possible, 1986 Les roches rouges: Portrait d'un p\u00e8re, 1997 Leur p\u00e8re notre p\u00e8re, 1996 Mes nuits avec Descartes, 2002 Nathalie Sarraute, 2003 Pas d'histoire, les femmes, 1977 Rose No\u00ebl, 1992 Simone Weil, 1995 Tout le possible, 1981 , 1975 Un coin dans leur monde,1980 References 1935 births Living people People from Saint-\u00c9tienne Union\n\nBruno Julliard (born 9 February 1981) is a former student leader and politician of the Socialist Party (PS) who served as chairman of the UNEF, the main student union in France. More recently, he was the First Deputy Mayor of Paris between 2014 and 2018. Early life and activism Julliard was born in Le-Puy-en-Velay, Haute-Loire, Auvergne, where his mother, Arlette Arnaud-Landau, is now a Socialist mayor. His stepfather is a Socialist militant, and his grandfather was in the French Resistance during World War II, during which he was shot. Julliard studied public law at the University of Lyon, where he joined UNEF in 1999. He became the student vice-president of the University of Lyon and chairman of the university's student union in 2001. In 2003, he entered the UNEF National Board. From 2004 to 2006, he served on the National Council for Higher Education and Research (CNESER), an advisory body\n\nQuestion: Who became the first socialist President of France in 1981, being re-elected in 1988?", "output": "Fran\u00e7ois MITTERAND"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bernard Hollander (1864 \u2013 6 February 1934) was a London psychiatrist and one of the main proponents of the new interest in phrenology in the early 20th century. Life and work Hollander was born in Vienna, and settled in London in 1883, where he attended King's College. After graduation he was appointed to the post of physician at the British Hospital for Mental Disorders and Brain Diseases. Hollander was naturalized a British citizen in 1894. Hollander first received critical acclaim for his Positive Philosophy of the Mind (L. N. Fowler, 1891). His main works, The Mental Function of the Brain (1901) and Scientific Phrenology (1902), are an appraisal of the teachings of Franz Joseph Gall. Hollander also introduced a quantitative approach to the phrenological diagnosis, defining a methodology for measuring the skull and comparing the measurements with statistical averages. Hollander founded the Ethological Society, and was the first editor of\n\nthe twentieth century, the western esoteric tradition inspired the Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology, Carl Jung to formulate his archetypal hypothesis, influenced by Plato's theory of ideas or forms. In his research into the symbolic meaning of his patient's dreams, conversations and paintings, Jung observed recurring mythical themes or archetypes. He proposed that these universal and timeless archetypes channel experiences and emotions, resulting in recognizable and typical patterns of behavior with certain probable outcomes. Jung claimed to observe a correlation between these archetypal images and the astrological themes or traditional 'gods' associated with the planets and signs of the zodiac. He concluded that the symbolic heavenly figures described by the constellations were originally inspired by projections of images created by the collective unconscious. Jung wrote \"Astrology represents the sum of all the psychological knowledge of antiquity\". In collaboration with pioneer theoretical physicist (and Nobel laureate) Wolfgang Pauli, Jung\n\ncreated by the collective unconscious. Jung wrote \"Astrology represents the sum of all the psychological knowledge of antiquity\". In collaboration with pioneer theoretical physicist (and Nobel laureate) Wolfgang Pauli, Jung developed the theory of synchronicity. This theory, which Jung compared to Aristotle's formal causation, poses that \"whatever is born or done at this particular moment of time, has the quality of this moment of time\". Accordingly, astrological claims of correlations between the position of heavenly bodies at the time of birth and an individual's development were defined by Jung as being acausal and not directly caused by the planets. Jungian legacy Several astrologers as well as psychologists pursued Jung's theories in their writings, teachings and practice. One of the first astrologers to combine Jungian psychology with astrology was Dane Rudhyar and his prot\u00e9g\u00e9, Alexander Ruperti. Rudhyar termed it \"humanistic astrology,\" the subject of his monumental volume, The Astrology of Personality,\n\nQuestion: \"What theory, developed by Franz Joseph Gall, in which personality traits were determined by \"\"reading\"\" bumps and fissures in the skull, was once considered a science?\"", "output": "Phrenology"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about west of Lisbon, about northwest of Morocco, and about southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. Its main industries are agriculture, dairy farming, livestock, fishing, and tourism, which has become a major service activity in the region. The government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors. The largest city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada. The culture, dialect, cuisine, and traditions of the Azorean islands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries. There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups.\n\nand Diu (amongst other coastal cities) in India; Portuguese Ceylon; Malacca, bases in Southeast Asia and Oceania, as Makassar, Solor, Banda, Ambon and others in the Moluccas, Portuguese Timor; and the granted entrep\u00f4t-base of Macau and the entrep\u00f4t-enclave of Dejima (Nagasaki) in East Asia, amongst other smaller or short-lived possessions. During its Siglo de Oro, the Spanish Empire had possession of Mexico, South America, the Philippines, all of southern Italy, a stretch of territories from the Duchy of Milan to the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium, parts of Burgundy, and many colonial settlements in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. Possessions in Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Americas, the Pacific Ocean, and East Asia qualified the Spanish Empire as attaining a global presence. From 1580 to 1640 the Portuguese Empire and the Spanish Empire were conjoined in a personal union of its Habsburg monarchs during the period of the Iberian Union,\n\nDutch Brazil (), also known as New Holland (), was a colony of the Dutch Republic in the northeastern portion of modern-day Brazil, controlled from 1630 to 1654 during Dutch colonization of the Americas. The main cities of the colony were the capital Mauritsstad (today part of Recife), Frederikstadt (Jo\u00e3o Pessoa), Nieuw Amsterdam (Natal), Saint Louis (S\u00e3o Lu\u00eds), S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o, Fort Schoonenborch (Fortaleza), Sirinha\u00e9m, and Olinda. From 1630 onward, the Dutch Republic conquered almost half of Brazil's settled European area at the time, with its capital in Recife. The Dutch West India Company (GWC) set up its headquarters in Recife. The governor, John Maurice of Nassau, invited artists and scientists to the colony to help promote Brazil and increase immigration. However, the tide turned against the Dutch when the Portuguese won a significant victory at the Second Battle of Guararapes in 1649. On 26 January 1654, the Dutch surrendered and\n\nQuestion: From the 15th century onward, which country took control of Ceuta (North Africa), Madeira, the Azores, Goa (India), Brazil, Ormuz (in the Persian Strait), Malacca (now part of Malaysia) and Macau (China)?", "output": "Portugal"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the bee hummingbird to the common ostrich. There are about ten thousand living species, more than half of which are passerine, or \"perching\" birds. Birds have whose development varies according to species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moa and elephant birds. Wings, which are modified forelimbs, gave birds the ability to fly, although further evolution has led to the loss of flight in some birds, including ratites, penguins, and diverse endemic island species. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly seabirds and some waterbirds, have further evolved for swimming.\n\nand shrubs and abundant and diverse epiphytes. Species of Myrtaceae are the predominant canopy trees, including Siphoneugena reitzii, Myrceugenia euosma, Myrceugenia bracteosa, other Myrceugenia species, Myrcia hartwegiana, and Myrcia palustris. Canopy trees typically have tortuous trunks, rigid branches, rounded crowns, and small glossy (glabrous) or coriaceous leaves. Drimys brasiliensis and species of Lauraceae and Melastomataceae are also common, and Mimosa scabrella, Clethra scabra, Tibouchina sellowiana, Lamanonia sp., Ilex taubertiana, and Ilex microdonta are less common. Epiphytes are diverse and abundant in the cloud forests, and include bromeliads, orchids, ferns, mosses, liverworts, and lichens. Fauna Native animals include the puma (Puma concolor), crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous), coati (Nasua nasua), skunk (Conepatus chinga), tapir (Tapirus terrestris), brocket deer (Mazama sp.), armadillo (Dasypus sp.), agouti (Dasyprocta sp.), harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja), and tinamous (Tinamus sp.). The southern muriqui (Brachyteles arachnoides) and golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) are primates endemic to the ecoregion. Both\n\nA zoophyte (animal-plant) is an obsolete term for an organism thought to be intermediate between animals and plants, or an animal with plant-like attributes or appearance. In the 19th century they were reclassified as Radiata which included various taxa, a term superseded by Coelenterata referring more narrowly to the animal phyla Cnidaria (coral animals, true jellies, sea anemones, sea pens, and their allies), sponges, and Ctenophora (comb jellies). A group of strange creatures that exist somewhere on, or between, the boundaries of plants and animals kingdoms were the subject of considerable debate in the eighteenth century. Some naturalists believed that they were a blend of plant and animal; other naturalists considered them to be entirely either plant or animal (such as sea anemones). Ancient and medieval to early modern era In Eastern cultures such as Ancient China fungi were classified as plants in the Traditional Chinese Medicine texts, and cordyceps,\n\nQuestion: A mynah is what type of creature?", "output": "Bird"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia. They are a paraphyletic group encompassing all tetrapods excluding the amniotes (tetrapods with an amniotic membrane, such as modern reptiles, birds, and mammals). All extant (living) amphibians belong to the subclass Lissamphibia, with three living orders: Anura (frogs), Urodela (salamanders), and Gymnophiona (caecilians). Evolved to be mostly semiaquatic, amphibians have adapted to inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living in freshwater, wetland or terrestrial ecosystems (such as riparian woodland, fossorial and even arboreal habitats). Their life cycle typically starts out as aquatic larvae with gills known as tadpoles, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this. The young generally undergo metamorphosis from larva with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs. Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely\n\nAn axostyle is a sheet of microtubules found in certain protists. It arises from the bases of the flagella, sometimes projecting beyond the end of the cell, and is often flexible or contractile, and so may be involved in movement and provides support for the cell. Axostyles originate in association with a flagellar microtubular root and occur in two groups, the oxymonads and parabasalids; they have different structures and are not homologous. Within Trichomonads the axostyle has been theorised to participate in locomotion and cell adhesion, but also karyokinesis during cell division. References Cell biology\n\n(O. latruncula) and identification generally requires dissection to study the genitalia. See Townsend et al. for genitalia images and an identification key. This species averages slightly larger than its two cousins but the dimensions of all three species overlap. It flies at night from May to July and is attracted to light and sugar. The larva is purplish brown with yellow stripes and feeds internally in various grasses including Agropyron, Dactylis, Elytrigia and Poa. This species overwinters as a larva. Habitats include, forests, meadows, moors, rocky areas, park-like landscapes, steppe and settlements. The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range. References Chinery, Michael (1986, reprinted 1991). Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe. Skinner, Bernard (1984). The Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles. External links Taxonomy Lepiforum e.V. Includes photographs of genitalia De Vlinderstichting Oligia\n\nQuestion: An axolotl is the larva or early form of what?", "output": "Salamander"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Anaxarchus (; ; c. 380 \u2013 c. 320 BC) was a Greek philosopher of the school of Democritus. Together with Pyrrho, he accompanied Alexander the Great into Asia. The reports of his philosophical views suggest that he was a forerunner of the Greek skeptics. Life Anaxarchus was born at Abdera in Thrace. He was the companion and friend of Alexander the Great in his Asiatic campaigns. His relationship with Alexander, however, was ambiguous, owing to contradictory sources. Some paint Anarxchus as a flatterer, among them Plutarch, who tells a story that at Bactra, in 327 BC in a debate with Callisthenes, Anaxarchus advised all to worship Alexander as a god even during his lifetime. In contrast, others paint Anaxarchus as scathingly ironic towards the monarch. According to Diogenes Laertius, in response to Alexander's claim to have been the son of Zeus-Ammon, Anaxarchus pointed to his bleeding wound and remarked, \"See\n\nAristotle (; Aristot\u00e9l\u0113s, ; 384\u2013322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science. Little is known about Aristotle's life. He was born in the city of Stagira in northern Greece during the Classical period. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, and he was brought up by a guardian. At 17 or 18 he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there till the age of 37 (). Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored his son Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC. He established\n\nAristophanes (; , ; c. 446 \u2013 c. 386 BC), son of Philippus, of the deme Kydathenaion (), was a comic playwright or comedy-writer of ancient Athens and a poet of Old Attic Comedy. Eleven of his forty plays survive virtually complete. These provide the most valuable examples of a genre of comic drama known as Old Comedy and are used to define it, along with fragments from dozens of lost plays by Aristophanes and his contemporaries. Also known as \"The Father of Comedy\" and \"the Prince of Ancient Comedy\", Aristophanes has been said to recreate the life of ancient Athens more convincingly than any other author. His powers of ridicule were feared and acknowledged by influential contemporaries; Plato singled out Aristophanes' play The Clouds as slander that contributed to the trial and subsequent condemning to death of Socrates, although other satirical playwrights had also caricatured the philosopher. Aristophanes' second\n\nQuestion: Which Greek philosopher was accused by the Sophists of corrupting the youth of Athens and was condemned to death by drinking hemlock?", "output": "Socrates"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Channel Islands are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They are divided into two Crown Dependencies: the Bailiwick of Jersey, which is the largest of the islands; and the Bailiwick of Guernsey, consisting of Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, Herm and some smaller islands. Historically, they are the remnants of the Duchy of Normandy. Although they are not part of the United Kingdom, the UK is currently responsible for the defence and international relations of the islands. The Crown Dependencies are neither members of the Commonwealth of Nations, nor part of the European Union. They have a total population of about , and the bailiwicks' capitals, Saint Helier and Saint Peter Port, have populations of 33,500 and 18,207 respectively. \"Channel Islands\" is a geographical term, not a political unit. The two bailiwicks have been administered separately since the late 13th century. Each has its own\n\nThe Catholic Church in Guernsey is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. Although Guernsey is not part of the United Kingdom, for administrative purposes the diocese comes under the jurisdiction of the English Diocese of Portsmouth. Churches There are three Catholic churches on Guernsey - two in St Peter Port (St Joseph & St Mary and Notre Dame Du Rosaire) and one in St Sampson's (Our Lady Star of the Sea, Delancey). External links Homepage of the Catholic Church in Guernsey Christianity in Guernsey Guernsey\n\nas equal projects between Guernsey and Jersey. Otherwise, entities whose names imply membership of both Guernsey and Jersey might in fact be from one bailiwick only. For instance, The International Stock Exchange is in Saint Peter Port and therefore is in Guernsey. The term \"Channel Islands\" began to be used around 1830, possibly first by the Royal Navy as a collective name for the islands. The term refers only to the archipelago to the west of the Cotentin Peninsula. Other populated islands located in the English Channel, and close to the coast of Britain, such as the Isle of Wight, Hayling Island and Portsea Island, are not regarded as \"Channel Islands\". Geography The two major islands are Jersey and Guernsey. They make up 99% of the population and 92% of the area. List of islands Names The names of the larger islands in the archipelago in general have the -ey\n\nQuestion: What is the capital of Guernsey", "output": "Saint Peter Port"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "famous series of fourteen Gilbert and Sullivan operas produced between 1871 and 1896. Background In 1866, F. C. Burnand and Arthur Sullivan, then 24 years old, wrote the one-act comic opera Cox and Box for a private performance at Moray Lodge, where a group of friends called the \"Moray Minstrels\" gathered regularly. The success of the performance led to productions for charity at the Adelphi Theatre, at Thomas German Reed's Gallery of Illustration (where it would enjoy a long run in 1869), and elsewhere. Burnand had been a pioneer in Britain in the 1860s by collaborating on the creation of comic operas with original scores similar to Jacques Offenbach's highly successful French operettas, which had been a sensation in Paris beginning in the 1850s but were just becoming known in London. This was a departure from the burlesque style of musical theatre that was then popular in Britain, which used\n\nThe Chieftain is a two-act comic opera by Arthur Sullivan and F. C. Burnand based on their 1867 opera, The Contrabandista. It consists of substantially the same first act as the 1867 work with a completely new second act. It premiered at the Savoy Theatre on December 12, 1894, under the management of Richard D'Oyly Carte, for a run of 97 performances (by Sullivan's standards, a flop). The opening cast included Florence St. John, Courtice Pounds, Walter Passmore, Richard Temple, Scott Russell, Florence Perry, Emmie Owen, R. Scott Fishe and Rosina Brandram. Background In 1894, impresario Richard D'Oyly Carte needed a new piece for the Savoy Theatre. Gilbert and Sullivan's Utopia Limited had closed in June after a comparatively short (by G&S standards) nine-month run. Andr\u00e9 Messager's Mirette was an unsuccessful stop-gap, and Carte had to close the theatre in August. Desperate for a new work, he commissioned Sullivan and\n\nThe Contrabandista, or The Law of the Ladrones, is a two-act comic opera by Arthur Sullivan and F. C. Burnand. It premiered at St. George's Hall, in London, on 18 December 1867 under the management of Thomas German Reed, for a run of 72 performances. There were brief revivals in Manchester in 1874 and America in 1880. In 1894, it was revised into a new opera, The Chieftain, with a completely different second act. The piece was the first of Sullivan's full-length operas that was produced. It was not a great success, with Burnand's libretto receiving criticism, but its music exhibits many of the qualities and techniques that Sullivan would employ in composing his twenty further comic operas, including the famous series of fourteen Gilbert and Sullivan operas produced between 1871 and 1896. Background In 1866, F. C. Burnand and Arthur Sullivan, then 24 years old, wrote the one-act comic\n\nQuestion: What is the title of the 1866 operetta that Sullivan composed without Gilbert to a libretto by F C Burnand?", "output": "Cox and Box"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of , at , Bill Clinton is the only surviving person on the list. Previously, Ronald Reagan, John Paul II, Margaret Thatcher, Nelson Mandela, and Billy Graham (the longest living person at 99) were all still living by the time the list was published, but they have since died. List Source: See also Gallup's most admired man and woman poll References Polling Lists of celebrities Top people lists\n\nBrigham Young (; June 1, 1801August 29, 1877) was an American religious leader and politician. He was the second president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), from 1847 until his death in 1877. During his time as church president, Young led his followers, the Mormon pioneers, west from Nauvoo, Illinois, to the Salt Lake Valley. He founded Salt Lake City and served as the first governor of the Utah Territory. Young also worked to establish the learning institutions that would later become the University of Utah and Brigham Young University. A polygamist, Young had at least 56 wives and 57 children. He instituted a ban prohibiting conferring the priesthood on men of black African descent, and led the church in the Utah War against the United States. Early life Young was born on June 1, 1801, in Whitingham, Vermont. He was the ninth child of\n\nAndrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 \u2013 June 8, 1845) was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, he gained fame as a general in the U.S. Army and served in both houses of the U.S. Congress. Although often praised as an advocate for ordinary Americans and for his work in preserving the union of states, Jackson has also been criticized for his racial policies, particularly his treatment of Native Americans. Jackson was born in the colonial Carolinas before the American Revolutionary War. He became a frontier lawyer and married Rachel Donelson Robards. He briefly served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate, representing Tennessee. After resigning, he served as a justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court from 1798 until 1804. Jackson purchased a property later known as\n\nQuestion: Who is the oldest man ever to be elected President of the USA?", "output": "RONALD REAGAN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A royal consort is the spouse of a reigning king or queen. Consorts of British monarchs have no constitutional status or power but many have had significant influence, and support the sovereign in his or her duties. There have been 11 royal consorts since Britain's union of the crowns in 1707, eight women and three men. Prince Philip, the husband of Queen Elizabeth II, is the longest-serving and oldest-ever consort, and served for nearly 70 years until his death in 2021. Since the accession of Charles III on 8 September 2022, his wife Camilla has held the position of queen consort. History Since the union of England and Scotland in 1707, there have been eleven consorts of the British monarch. Queens between 1727 and 1814 were also Electress of Hanover, as their husbands all held the title of Elector of Hanover. Between 1814 and 1837, queens held the title as\n\nCharlene ( ; born Charlene Lynette Wittstock, 25 January 1978) is Princess of Monaco as the wife of Prince Albert II. Before her marriage, Charlene was an Olympic swimmer. Charlene was born in Bulawayo, Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe). She relocated to South Africa in 1989. She began her swimming career in 1996 (winning the South African Championship) and represented South Africa at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, with her team finishing fifth in the 4 \u00d7 100-metre medley relay. Charlene retired from professional swimming in 2007. Charlene met Prince Albert at the Mare Nostrum swimming competition in Monte Carlo, Monaco, in 2000. The couple married on 1 July 2011. On 10 December 2014, she gave birth to twins Princess Gabriella and Hereditary Prince Jacques. Princess Charlene's charity work primarily revolves around sports, AIDS, and underprivileged children. Charlene founded the Princess Charlene of Monaco Foundation in 2012 to support her personal humanitarian endeavours.\n\nall wives of monarchs have become consorts, as they may have died, been divorced prior to their husbands' ascending the throne, or married after abdication. Such cases include Princess Sophia Dorothea of Celle, wife of George, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg (the future King George I), Wallis Warfield, wife of Edward, Duke of Windsor (the former King Edward VIII), and Lady Diana Spencer, wife of Charles, Prince of Wales (later King Charles III). Only George I and Edward VIII were unmarried throughout their reigns. Since 1937, the sovereign's consort and the first four individuals in the line of succession who are over 21 may be appointed counsellors of state. Counsellors of state perform some of the sovereign's duties in the United Kingdom while the sovereign is out of the country or temporarily incapacitated. Style The wife of the reigning king has typically been styled as \"Her Majesty The Queen\" or \"Her\n\nQuestion: What is the first name of Prince Charles' wife?", "output": "Camilla"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "and 1993\u20131996), assassinated December 27, 2007. Murtaza Bhutto, elder son of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the brother of former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto. He was assassinated. Shahnawaz Bhutto, son of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. He died under mysterious circumstances. Ameer Bux Bhutto, son of Mumtaz Bhutto, Vice President of Sindh National Front and ex-Member of Sindh Assembly. Fatima Bhutto, daughter of Murtaza Bhutto. Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, son of Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari, party chairman. Bakhtawar Bhutto Zardari, daughter of Benazir Bhutto and Asif Ali Zardari, Party Chairman Bukharis Zulfi Bukhari, Special Assistant to Prime Minister Imran Khan Altaf Bukhari, Member in the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly Uzma Zahid Bukhari, Member of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab Zehra Batool, Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab Syed Basit Sultan Bukhari, Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan Ajiaz Hussain Shah Bukhari, Member of the Provincial Assembly\n\nThis is a partial listing of prominent political families of Pakistan given in alphabetical order. Azhar Mian Muhammad Azhar (Governor of Punjab, 1990-1993, Mayor of Lahore 1987-1991, founder of PMLN-Q) Hammad Azhar (Previous Finance Minister of Pakistan) Babar Nawabzada Nasrullah Khan Naseerullah Babar Farhatullah Babar Bangash Ghulam Ishaq Khan, President of Pakistan. Bhuttos Shah Nawaz Bhutto - The Dewan of Junagadh and the Father of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (Member Bombay Council). Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, son of Shah Nawaz (President (1970\u20131973); Prime Minister (1973\u20131977)) Mumtaz Bhutto, cousin of Zulfikar, (chief of Bhutto tribe, former chief minister and Governor of Sindh, Federal Minister of Pakistan) Nusrat Bhutto, wife of Zulfikar (former minister without portfolio) Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfikar (Prime Minister, 1988\u20131990 and 1993\u20131996), assassinated December 27, 2007. Murtaza Bhutto, elder son of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and the brother of former Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto. He was assassinated. Shahnawaz Bhutto,\n\nGohar Ayub Khan (; born 15 January 1937) is a Pakistani politician, business oligarch, retired army officer, and conservative figure of the Pakistan Muslim League, who held ministerial positions during the administration of prime minister Nawaz Sharif. Gohar Ayub Khan hails from the village of Rehana, located in the Haripur District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and belongs to the Tareen tribe of ethnic Pashtuns. He is fluent in Hindko and Pashto. He is the son of former president and field marshal Ayub Khan and played an influential role in sustaining his father's presidential rule after the 1965 presidential election. Educated at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, after graduation Gohar Ayub Khan was commissioned in the Pakistan Army in 1959. During his military service he served as his father's aide-de-camp, travelling with him on several foreign trips. Upon his resignation in 1962 with the rank of captain, he established a business\n\nQuestion: Which ex-Prime Minister of Pakistan was assassinated in December 2007?", "output": "Benazir Bhutto"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "B\u00f6rse Berlin AG (or Berlin Stock Exchange) is a stock exchange based in Berlin, Germany, founded in 1685 through an edict of Great Elector Friedrich Wilhelm and is one of the oldest exchanges in Germany. History The Berlin Stock Exchange was founded on June 29, 1685 in Berlin by Elector Friedrich Wilhelm. The first trading session took place on the 25th of February 1739. First, the upper floor of the former Lusthaus in the Lustgarten next to the Berlin Cathedral in direct proximity to Berliner Stadtschloss was used before this 1798 in favor of new building for the stock exchange at the same place was demolished. The bearer of the stock exchange was from 1803 the United Stock Exchange Corporation, from 1820 the newly founded corporation of merchants. The building in the Burgstra\u00dfe 25\u201326 on the other side of the Spree was built from 1859 to 1863 by Friedrich Hitzig\n\nfrom 1820 the newly founded corporation of merchants. The building in the Burgstra\u00dfe 25\u201326 on the other side of the Spree was built from 1859 to 1863 by Friedrich Hitzig and opened on 1 October 1863. Because of its location in Burgstrasse, the Berlin Stock Exchange was also called \"The Burgstrasse\". The total cost of the construction was 700,000 Taler. Economically, until the beginning of the First World War, the Berlin Stock Exchange was one of the three most important in the world \u2013 after London and next to New York. With the general mobilization of Russia on July 30, 1914, the beginning of the First World War, it was initially completely closed. The unrestricted free market was resumed only on 2 November 1917. In 1920, when the corporation of the Kaufmannschaft merged after one hundred years of existence in the Berlin Chamber of Commerce founded in 1902, the sponsorship\n\nreferred to as a \"speed bump\", which is also present on the IEX. History The Curb market The exchange grew out of the loosely organized curb market of curbstone brokers on Broad Street in Manhattan. Efforts to organize and standardize the market started early in the 20th century under Emanuel S. Mendels and Carl H. Pforzheimer. The curb brokers had been kicked out of the Mills Building front by 1907, and had moved to the pavement outside the Blair Building where cabbies lined up. There they were given a \"little domain of asphalt\" fenced off by the police on Broad Street between Exchange Place and Beaver Street. As of 1907, the curb market operated starting at 10 AM, each day except Sundays, until a gong at 3 PM. Orders for the purchase and sale of securities were shouted down from the windows of nearby brokerages, with the execution of the\n\nQuestion: The first stock market in which city was established in 1792 with 24 stock brokers meeting at the Tontine Coffee House?", "output": "New York"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Neural Audio Corporation was an audio research company based in Kirkland, Washington. The company specialized in high-end audio research. It helped XM Satellite Radio launch their service using the Neural Codec Pre-Conditioner, which was designed to provide higher quality audio at lower bitrates. History The company was co-founded by two audio engineers, Paul Hubert and Robert Reams in 2000. In 2009 the company was acquired by DTS Inc. for $15 million in cash. Products Neural was mostly known for its work in the field of audio processing and its \"Neural Surround\" sound format. ESPN, FOX, NBC, CBS, Sony, Universal, Warner Bros, THX, Yamaha, Pioneer Electronics, Ford, Honda, Nissan, Vivendi and SiriusXM were partners and customers in connection with sound for movies, broadcasting applications, music reproduction and video games. \"Neural Surround\" is a technology similar to MPEG Surround, where a 5.1 stream is downmixed into stereo than recovered using cues \u2013\n\nMe One (born Eric Martin on 19 August 1970), also known as MC Eric, is a Welsh musician, rapper, singer, songwriter and record producer, who rose to prominence for his work for the Belgian-based recording act Technotronic. Early life Born in Cardiff, Wales, Martin is the son of Jamaican parents; his mother an English teacher from Kingston and his father a Pentecostal Church minister from Saint Mary Parish. Martin was educated in Cardiff, London and New York City. He holds dual Jamaican and British citizenship. Work with Technotronic Martin (as MC Eric) was a member of techno/Eurodance act Technotronic, providing lead vocals on the 1990 hit single \"This Beat Is Technotronic\". At the height of their career, they toured with Madonna on her Blond Ambition World Tour in the 1990s. 2000s\u2013present Martin's debut album under the name Me One was released in May 2000 on Universal-Island UK. The 12-track release\n\nApple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California. , Apple is the world's biggest company by market capitalization, and with the largest technology company by 2022 revenue. , Apple is the fourth-largest personal computer vendor by unit sales; the largest manufacturing company by revenue; and the second-largest mobile phone manufacturer in the world. It is considered one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet (parent company of Google), Amazon, Meta Platforms, and Microsoft. Apple was founded as Apple Computer Company on April 1, 1976, by Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne to develop and sell Wozniak's Apple I personal computer. It was incorporated by Jobs and Wozniak as Apple Computer, Inc. in 1977. The company's second computer, the Apple II, became a best seller and one of the first mass-produced microcomputers. Apple went public in 1980 to instant financial success. The company\n\nQuestion: Which technology corporation launched major music streaming services including Beats1 radio in 2015?", "output": "Apple"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Antigua and Barbuda (, ) is a sovereign island country in the Caribbean. It lies at the conjuncture of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean in the Leeward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles. The country consists of two major islands, Antigua and Barbuda, which are approximately apart, and several smaller islands, including Great Bird, Green, Guiana, Long, Maiden, Prickly Pear, York, and Redonda. The permanent population is approximately 97,120 ( estimates), with 97% residing in Antigua. St. John's, Antigua, is the country's capital, major city, and largest port. Codrington is Barbuda's largest town. In 1493, Christopher Columbus surveyed the island of Antigua, which he named for the Church of Santa Mar\u00eda La Antigua. Great Britain colonized Antigua in 1632 and Barbuda in 1678. A part of the Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands from 1871, Antigua and Barbuda joined the West Indies Federation in 1958. With the breakup\n\nL\u00e9og\u00e2ne () is one of the coastal communes in Haiti. It is located in the eponymous L\u00e9og\u00e2ne Arrondissement, which is part of the Ouest Department. The port town is located about west of the Haitian capital, Port-au-Prince. L\u00e9og\u00e2ne has a rich and unique culture, especially with regard to the arts, music, literature, cuisine, and architecture. It also holds importance for archaeological and historical sites such as Fort Campan. The town was at the epicenter of the 12 January 2010 earthquake and was catastrophically affected, with 80\u201390% of buildings damaged. This is because the country could not afford earthquake-proof buildings as it is very poor. History At the time of the arrival of the Europeans in 1492, Yaguana\u2014modern-day L\u00e9og\u00e2ne\u2014was the capital of Jaragua, one of the five chiefdoms on the island of Hispaniola. This province was the last independent holdout during the Spanish conquest of Hispaniola until the Ta\u00edno queen Anacaona,\n\naffected by the 12 January 2010 earthquake. On 20 January a strong aftershock of magnitude 5.9 Mw struck Haiti. The U.S. Geological Survey reported that its epicenter was almost exactly under Petit-Go\u00e2ve. The magnitude of the aftershock was initially reported as 6.1 by the USGS, but was later revised to 5.9. On the 19th, authorized by the Haitian government, 1300 US Marines were deployed equally between Petit-Go\u00e2ve and Grand-Go\u00e2ve. Spanish amphibious assault ship Castilla is to arrive at Petit-Go\u00e2ve beginning in February to assist in recovery efforts. By 9 February 2010, the US 24th Marine Expeditionary Unit was rotating out of Haiti, having been replaced by the US 22nd Marine Expeditionary Unit, in their position on and Carrefour, L\u00e9og\u00e2ne, Petit-Go\u00e2ve, and Grand-Go\u00e2ve. Aid For Haiti (AFH), a US-based non-profit has been coordinating some of the local medical care in the area of Petit-Go\u00e2ve. They are located at the Wesleyan Compound\n\nQuestion: In which Caribbean country did an earthquake kill thousands in January 2010?", "output": "HAITI"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Battle of Jutland (, the Battle of the Skagerrak) was a naval battle fought between Britain's Royal Navy Grand Fleet, under Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, and the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet, under Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer, during the First World War. The battle unfolded in extensive manoeuvring and three main engagements (the battlecruiser action, the fleet action, and the night action), from 31 May to 1 June 1916, off the North Sea coast of Denmark's Jutland Peninsula. It was the largest naval battle and the only full-scale clash of battleships of the war. Jutland was the third fleet action between steel battleships, following the Battle of the Yellow Sea in 1904 and the Battle of Tsushima in 1905, during the Russo-Japanese War. Jutland was the last major battle in history fought primarily by battleships. Germany's High Seas Fleet intended to lure out, trap, and destroy a portion of\n\nThe Battle of \u00c5land Islands, or the Battle of Gotland, which occurred in July 1915, was a naval battle of World War I between the German Empire and the Russian Empire, assisted by a submarine of the British Baltic Flotilla. It took place in the Baltic Sea off the shores of Gotland, Sweden, a country neutral in World War I. The battle On , a squadron consisting of the armoured cruisers , , , , and , under Rear Admiral Mikhail Bakhirev in Oleg left their harbours in order to bombard Klaipeda (Memel). While sailing through thick fog Rurik and Novik separated from the main group and later acted independently. On the same day the German mine-laying cruiser , screened by the armoured cruiser , the light cruisers and , and seven destroyers, under Kommodore Johannes von Karpf, was laying mines off the \u00c5land Islands. After completing his mission, Karpf\n\nduring the Russo-Japanese War. Jutland was the last major battle in history fought primarily by battleships. Germany's High Seas Fleet intended to lure out, trap, and destroy a portion of the British Grand Fleet, as the German naval force was insufficient to openly engage the entire British fleet. This formed part of a larger strategy to break the British blockade of Germany and to allow German naval vessels access to the Atlantic. Meanwhile, Great Britain's Royal Navy pursued a strategy of engaging and destroying the High Seas Fleet, thereby keeping German naval forces contained and away from Britain and her shipping lanes. The Germans planned to use Vice-Admiral Franz Hipper's fast scouting group of five modern battlecruisers to lure Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty's battlecruiser squadrons into the path of the main German fleet. They stationed submarines in advance across the likely routes of the British ships. However, the British learned\n\nQuestion: I Who commanded the German fleet at the Battle of Jutland?", "output": "(Admiral) Scheer"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Carson's Comedy Classics is a stripped half-hour syndicated television show that was first released to U.S. television stations in 1985. The program was made from segments and sketches taken from the first 20 years of The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson (1962-1982). Johnny Carson's full tenure on the program, which originally aired on the NBC Television Network, was from 1962 to 1992. The series is narrated by Ed McMahon, who, as a voiceover, introduces the program and each of the segments. The series was one of the results of Carson coming to terms with NBC on a contract extension in 1981. In exchange for his continued services, Carson received ownership of the show, including the rights to the entire extant archive of his hosting span. Carson's Comedy Classics was one of the most immediate ways Carson cashed in on his product; he and his staff created a clip show consisting\n\nJohn B. Nathman (born April 11, 1948) is a retired United States Navy admiral who served as the Commander, United States Fleet Forces Command until 17 May 2007. Early career A native of San Antonio, Texas, Nathman graduated with distinction from the United States Naval Academy in 1970. In 1972, he qualified as a Naval Aviator, receiving the Naval Air Training Command's Outstanding Pilot Graduate Award while also completing a Master of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering. Nathman has served in a variety of sea, shore and joint assignments, and flown over 40 different types of aircraft during his career. At sea, he flew the F-4 Phantom II with Fighter Squadron Two Thirteen (VF-213) and the F-14 Tomcat with Fighter Squadron Fifty-One (VF-51). He then transitioned to the F/A-18 Hornet, subsequently commanding Strike Fighter Squadron One Thirty-Two (VFA-132) and leading his squadron in the first F/A-18 combat sorties against Libya\n\nGregory Raymond Kelly (born December 17, 1968) is an American conservative television anchor, television host, and retired lieutenant colonel in the United States Marine Corps Reserve. He is the host of Greg Kelly Reports, on Newsmax TV. He was previously the co-host of Good Day New York on Fox 5 NY WNYW, with Rosanna Scotto, from 2008 to 2017. Background, education, and military career Kelly is a native of Garden City, New York. His father is former New York City Police Commissioner, Raymond W. Kelly. He graduated from Fordham University with a B.A. in political science. While attending Fordham, Kelly worked at WFUV as an on-air reporter. After graduating from Fordham, Kelly became an officer in the U.S. Marine Corps Reserves. During his tour of active duty military service between 1991 and 2000 he was an AV-8B Harrier jump jet pilot assigned to Marine Attack Squadron 211, the \"Wake Island\n\nQuestion: An Admiral in the Great Navy of the State of Nebraska, Johnny Carson, who died on Jan 23, 2005, hosted what NBC show from 1962 to 1992?", "output": "The Tonight Show"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Latvian War of Independence (), sometimes called Latvia's freedom battles () or the Latvian War of Liberation (), was a series of military conflicts in Latvia between 5 December 1918, after the newly proclaimed Republic of Latvia was invaded by Soviet Russia, and the signing of the Latvian-Soviet Riga Peace Treaty on 11 August 1920. The war can be divided into a few stages: Soviet offensive, German-Latvian liberation of Kurzeme and Riga, Estonian-Latvian liberation of Vidzeme, Bermontian offensive, Latvian-Polish liberation of Latgale. The war involved Latvia (its provisional government supported by Estonia, Poland and the Western Allies\u2014particularly the navy of United Kingdom) against the Russian SFSR and the Bolsheviks' short-lived Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic. Germany and the Baltic nobility added another level of intrigue, initially being nominally allied to the Nationalist/Allied force but attempting to jockey for German domination of Latvia. Eventually, tensions flared up after a German coup\n\nAzerbaijan (, ; , ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia. It is a part of the South Caucasus region and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia (Republic of Dagestan) to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Baku is the capital and largest city. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state. In 1920, the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR. The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991, shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the same year. In September 1991, the ethnic Armenian majority of the Nagorno-Karabakh region formed the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh.\n\nCzechoslovakia (; Czech and , \u010cesko-Slovensko) was a landlocked state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland became part of Nazi Germany, while the country lost further territories to Hungary and Poland (Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary and Zaolzie to Poland). Between 1939 and 1945, the state ceased to exist, as Slovakia proclaimed its independence and the remaining territories in the east became part of Hungary, while in the remainder of the Czech Lands, the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed. In 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, former Czechoslovak President Edvard Bene\u0161 formed a government-in-exile and sought recognition from the Allies. After World War II, Czechoslovakia was reestablished under its pre-1938 borders, with the exception of Carpathian Ruthenia, which became part of the Ukrainian SSR (a republic of the Soviet Union). The\n\nQuestion: In 1919, the Curzon Line was proposed as a boundary between the Soviet Union and which country?", "output": "POLAND"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Huntaway (also known as the New Zealand Huntaway) is a large, strongly-built breed of dog used for general sheep-herding tasks in New Zealand, where they originate. They were bred to use their loud, deep bark to drive sheep. The breed dates from the late-19th century, and is distinguished only on working ability. There is no prescribed appearance or lineage, but they are usually black-and-tan coloured. Only dogs that win at trials may be registered by the New Zealand Sheep Dog Trial Association in their studbook. Description Huntaways are large, deep-chested dogs that generally weigh in the region of . Their coats can vary in colour; colours include black and tan (usually) with some white or brindle. Their coats can also come in different textures; they can be smooth, rough, or grizzly and they are generally floppy eared. A huntaway's height is usually in the range of . They are\n\nThe Azawakh is a breed of dog from West Africa. With ancient origins, it is raised throughout the Sahelian zone of Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso. This region includes the Azawagh Valley for which the breed is named. While commonly associated with the nomadic Tuareg people, they are also bred and owned by other ethnic groups such as the Peulh, Bella, and Hausa. The Azawakh is more related to the Sloughi than it is to the Saluki. Description Appearance Slim and elegant, with bone structure and muscles showing through thin skin. Eyes are almond-shaped. The coat is very short and almost absent on the belly. Its bone structure shows clearly through the skin and musculature. Its muscles are \"dry\", meaning that they are quite flat, unlike the Greyhound and Whippet. In this respect it is similar in type to the Saluki. Colours Colours permitted by the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Cynologique Internationale (FCI)\n\nDogs in warfare have a very long history starting in ancient times. From being trained in combat, to their use as the scouts, sentries, messengers, mercy dogs, and trackers, their uses have been varied and some continue to exist in modern military usage. History War dogs were used by the Egyptians, Greeks, Persians, Sarmatians, Baganda, Alans, Slavs, Britons, and Romans. Among the Greeks and Romans, dogs served most often as sentries or patrols, though they were sometimes taken into battle. The earliest use of war dogs in a battle recorded in classical sources was by Alyattes of Lydia against the Cimmerians around 600 BC. The Lydian dogs killed some invaders and routed others. At the Battle of Pelusium (525 BC), Cambyses II deployed dogs, cats, and other animals held sacred by the Egyptians. By putting these animals on the front lines, he was supposedly able to get the Egyptians to\n\nQuestion: What breed of dog was the royal hunting dog in ancient Egypt?", "output": "Saluki"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Internet in the early-1990s, and the most recognized brand on the web in the United States. It originally provided a dial-up service to millions of Americans, pioneered instant messaging, and in 1993 began adding internet access. In 1998, AOL purchased Netscape for US$4.2 billion. In 2001, at the height of its popularity, it purchased the media conglomerate Time Warner in the largest merger in U.S. history. AOL rapidly shrank thereafter, partly due to the decline of dial-up and rise of broadband. AOL was eventually spun off from Time Warner in 2009, with Tim Armstrong appointed the new CEO. Under his leadership, the company invested in media brands and advertising technologies. On June 23, 2015, AOL was acquired by Verizon Communications for $4.4 billion. On May 3, 2021, Verizon announced it would sell Yahoo and AOL to private equity firm Apollo Global Management for $5 billion. On September 1, 2021, AOL\n\nAT&T Communications is a division of AT&T that focuses on mobile phone, broadband, fixed line telephone, home security, network security, and business services. The division houses AT&T Mobility, AT&T Internet, AT&T Phone, AT&T Labs, AT&T Digital Life, and AT&T Cybersecurity. History and information On July 28, 2017, AT&T announced a new AT&T Communications corporate division housing AT&T Mobility, DirecTV, U-verse, AT&T Business, AT&T Intellectual Property, AT&T Labs, Cricket Wireless, AT&T Digital Life, Vyatta, AT&T Adworks, and Technology and Operations Group. In October 2016, AT&T announced a deal to acquire Time Warner worth $85.4 billion (including assumed Time Warner debt). The proposed deal would give AT&T significant holdings in the media industry; AT&T's competitor Comcast had previously acquired NBCUniversal in a similar bid to increase its media holdings, in concert with its ownership of television and internet providers. If approved by federal regulators, the merger would bring Time Warner's properties under\n\nMoviefone is an American-based moving pictures listing and information service. Moviegoers can obtain local showtimes, cinema information, film reviews, and advance tickets, as well as TV content and a comprehensive search tool that allows users to find theaters, channels, and streaming services offering movies and television shows. The service is owned by Born in Cleveland LLC, Cleveland O'Neal III's holding company. O'Neal is creator and producer of Made in Hollywood syndicated daytime entertainment show. History In 1989, Russ Leatherman, Rob Gukeisen, Andrew Jarecki, Pat Cardamone, and Adam Slutsky launched the interactive telephone service, with initial service in Los Angeles and New York City. Leatherman provided the voice of \"Mr. Moviefone\" for the automated phone service. After gaining popularity, the service later expanded across the United States and eventually adopted an online presence as Moviefone.com. In 1999, AOL purchased Moviefone for $388 million. The acquisition was completed on May 21, 1999.\n\nQuestion: What company bought Time Warner in 2000?", "output": "AOL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Zerelda Elizabeth Cole James Simms Samuel (January 29, 1825 \u2013 February 10, 1911) was the mother of outlaws Frank James and Jesse James. Biography Cole was born to James and Sarah Lindsay Cole on January 29, 1825, in Woodford County, Kentucky. She had one brother, younger than her by one year, named Jesse Richard Cole. Her brother committed suicide in 1895 for unknown reasons. She was of English and Scottish descent. When Zerelda was a child, her father broke his neck in a riding accident, leaving her mother with two young children. They were taken in by her paternal grandfather, who owned a saloon. Later, her mother remarried Robert Thomason, a farmer. Zerelda did not get along with her new stepfather, Robert, so she went to live with some of her mother's relatives in Kentucky, where she attended a Catholic girls' school. First marriage Zerelda Cole married Robert Sallee James\n\non September 30, 1852. The marriage proved unhappy, primarily because Simms disliked Frank James and Jesse James, to whom he was reportedly cruel. Zerelda left Simms, who died on January 2, 1854, when his horse threw him. Third marriage Zerelda was married a third time to Dr. Reuben Samuel (b. January 1829 \u2013 d. March 1, 1908), on September 25, 1855. Samuel has been described as \"a quiet, passive man...standing in the shadow of his outspoken, forceful wife\". Dr. Reuben Samuel and Zerelda Samuel had four children: Sarah Louisa Samuel (b. April 7, 1858 \u2013 d. July 14, 1921) John Thomas Samuel (b. December 25, 1861 \u2013 d. March 15, 1934) Fanny Quantrill Samuel (b. October 18, 1863 \u2013 d. May 3, 1922) Archie Peyton Samuel (b. July 26, 1866 \u2013 d. January 26, 1875) There has been some dispute as to the spelling of the surname \"Samuel\". Sometimes it\n\n(1876\u20131956), founder of Sinclair Oil, co-founder of Exchange National Bank (later part of National Bank of Tulsa and Bank of Oklahoma; convicted of jury tampering during Teapot Dome scandal trial Carolyn Mary Skelly (1905\u20131996), eccentric daughter of William Grove Skelly; oil heiress; dubbed the most robbed woman in the U.S. by the Boston Globe; socialite; hosted fundraisers for President George H.W. Bush, and Texas Governor John Connally William G. Skelly (1877\u20131957), founder of Skelly Oil Company, Spartan Aircraft Company and Spartan School of Aeronautics, philanthropist William K. Warren Sr. (1897\u20131990), founder of Warren Petroleum Corporation; philanthropist John Smith Zink (1928\u20132005), engineer, owner of John Zink Industries, automobile racer Music Admiral Twin (Mark Carr, Jarrod Gollihare, John Russell, Brad Becker), rock band The Agony Scene, metalcore band Elvin Bishop, blues and rock music singer-songwriter, guitarist and bandleader Garth Brooks, country music singer Broncho, punk rock band with Ryan Lindsey, Johnathon Ford\n\nQuestion: Which US outlaw married his cousin, Zerelda \u2018Zee\u2019 Mimms, in 1874?", "output": "Jesse James"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Karima Adebibe ( ; also known as Karima McAdams; born 14 February 1985) is an English actress and model. Life and career Adebibe was born in Bethnal Green, in Tower Hamlets, London, England but grew up in Tangier before moving back to the UK. Adebibe is of Irish, Greek Cypriot and Moroccan origins. Formerly a secretary, she was selected on 14 February 2006 (both her birthday and that of Lara Croft) to be the seventh model for Lara Croft in the popular video game series Tomb Raider. The role involved promoting the game series \"in-character\" on television and radio, so Adebibe underwent training in Lara Croft's trademark skills, from martial arts to elocution. She retired from the role of Lara Croft in 2008. Adebibe was featured in \"The HOT List\" in a March 2006 issue of Zoo. She had previously had a small role as a sacrificial maiden in the\n\nThe Curse of the Mummy's Tomb is a 1964 British horror film produced, written and directed by Michael Carreras, starring Terence Morgan, Ronald Howard, Fred Clark and introducing Jeanne Roland. Plot \"Egypt in the year 1900\". The mummy of Ra-Antef, son of Ramesses VIII, is discovered by three Egyptologists: Englishmen John Bray (Ronald Howard) and Sir Giles Dalrymple (Jack Gwillim) as well as French Professor Eugene Dubois (unbilled Bernard Rebel, who died three weeks before the film's UK premiere). Assisting in the expedition is Professor Dubois' daughter, and Bray's fianc\u00e9e, Annette (Jeanne Roland), herself an Egyptology expert. All the artifacts are brought back to London by the project's backer, American showman Alexander King (Fred Clark), who plans to recoup his investment by staging luridly sensational public exhibits of the Egyptian treasures. Soon after arrival, however, the mummy revives and starts to kill various members of the expedition, while it becomes\n\nDerek Arthur Roe (31 August 1937 \u2013 24 September 2014) was a British archaeologist most famous for his work on the Palaeolithic period. Roe was born in St Leonards-on-Sea, Sussex and grew up in Kent. Educated at St Edward's School in Oxford, he undertook his National Service with the Royal Sussex Regiment and the Intelligence Corps in Berlin. He went on to study Archaeology and Anthropology at Peterhouse, Cambridge, graduating with first-class honours in 1961. Whilst studying for his PhD he became a lecturer at Oxford University. There, he set up the Donald Baden-Powell Quaternary Research Centre which opened in 1975. In 1997, he became Professor of Palaeolithic Archaeology at Oxford. He excavated at many seminal Palaeolithic sites including Kalambo Falls and Olduvai Gorge as well as producing a gazetteer of British Middle and Lower Palaeolithic sites. He also played a key role in the autobiography of Mary Leakey. He\n\nQuestion: What is the name of the fictional English archaeologist in the game \u2018Tomb Raider\u2019?", "output": "Lara Croft"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The victoria is an elegant style of doorless four-wheeled open carriage, drawn by one or two horses, based on the phaeton with the addition of a coachman's seat at the front, and with a retractable roof over the passenger bench. Named for Queen Victoria, it was possibly based on a phaeton made for George IV. The type was made some time before 1844, but acquired the name victoria around 1870, after one was imported to England by Edward VII, then Prince of Wales, in 1869. Drawn by one or two horses, it became a fashionable style of carriage for ladies riding in the park. The victoria has a low body with a forward-facing seat for two passengers under a retractable calash top and a raised driver's seat on an iron frame. In the panel-boot type of victoria, sometimes confusingly called a cabriolet, a box under the driver's seat provides storage,\n\nin the late 19th century. It features an assortment of fictional literary characters appropriate to the period who act as Victorian era superheroes. It draws on the works of Jules Verne, H. G. Wells, Bram Stoker, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, H. Rider Haggard, Ian Fleming, Herman Melville, Oscar Wilde, Robert Louis Stevenson, Edgar Allan Poe, Gaston Leroux, and Mark Twain, albeit all adapted for the film. It received generally unfavorable reviews but was financially successful, grossing over $179 million worldwide in theaters, and earning rental revenue of $48.6 million and DVD sales (as of 2003) of $36.4 million, against its $78 million budget. Plot In 1899, a terrorist group led by the Fantom breaks into the Bank of England to steal Leonardo da Vinci's blueprints of Venice's foundations. They then kidnap several German scientists while blowing up a zeppelin factory. The British Empire sends Sanderson Reed to Kenya Colony to\n\nIn Australian folklore, the Queensland tiger is a creature said to live in the Queensland area in eastern Australia. Also known by a native name, yarri, it is described as being a dog-sized feline with stripes and a long tail, prominent front teeth and a savage temperament. It has been hypothesized to be a survivor or descendant of the large predatory marsupial Thylacoleo, officially considered to be extinct, or possibly a large feral cat variant (given possible discrepancies with thylacoleo dentition). In 1926 A. S. le Souef described a \"Striped marsupial cat\" in The Wild Animals of Australasia, this information later also included in Furred Animals of Australia, by Ellis Troughton, longtime curator of mammals in the Australian Museum. History The earliest documented witness reports of a Queensland marsupial tiger date from 1871, with indigenous traditions of the yarri preceding these. Lumholtz writes in 1878I learned that on the summit\n\nQuestion: What creature is portrayed on the Victoria Cross?", "output": "LION"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Motor Racing Developments Ltd., commonly known as Brabham (), was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by Australian driver Jack Brabham and British-Australian designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers' and two Constructors' World Championships in its 30-year Formula One history. Jack Brabham's 1966 FIA Drivers' Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the driver's own name. In the 1960s, Brabham was the world's largest manufacturer of open-wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams; by 1970 it had built more than 500 cars. During this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three. Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing. In the 1970s and 1980s, Brabham introduced such innovations as in-race refuelling, carbon brakes, and hydropneumatic suspension. Its unique Gordon Murray-designed 'fan car' won its only race\n\nraces in italics indicate fastest lap.) Complete Formula One World Championship results (key) References External links Profile at www.grandprix.com 1933 births 2011 deaths Sportspeople from Ealing Deaths from cancer in England British automobile designers English racing drivers English Formula One drivers 24 Hours of Le Mans drivers World Sportscar Championship drivers\n\nNicolas H\u00fclkenberg (, born 19 August 1987) is a German racing driver who drives for the Haas F1 Team in Formula One. He was the 2009 GP2 Series champion, and is a previous champion of both the Formula 3 Euro Series and A1 Grand Prix, as part of A1 Team Germany. He is one of six drivers since 2005 to win the GP2 Series/Formula 2 championship in his debut season, the others being Lewis Hamilton, Nico Rosberg, Charles Leclerc, George Russell, and Oscar Piastri. Outside of Formula One, he won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2015 on his first attempt and also contested two rounds of the 2015 FIA World Endurance Championship season for Porsche. H\u00fclkenberg graduated to Formula One in with the Williams team. Despite claiming the first pole position for Williams in more than five years, he was not retained for and joined Force India as\n\nQuestion: In 2012, who became the first German driver, since Hermann Lang in 1939, to win a Formula One Grand Prix in a German car?", "output": "Nico Rosberg"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Muselmann (German plural ) was a term used amongst prisoners of German Nazi concentration camps during the Holocaust of World War II to refer to those suffering from a combination of starvation (known also as \"hunger disease\") and exhaustion, as well as those who were resigned to their impending death. The Muselmann prisoners exhibited severe emaciation and physical weakness, an apathetic listlessness regarding their own fate, and unresponsiveness to their surroundings owing to their barbaric treatment. Some scholars argue that the term possibly comes from the Muselmanns' inability to stand for any time due to the loss of leg muscle, thus leading them to spend much of their time in a prone position. Muselmann also literally means \"a Muslim\" in Yiddish and a number of other languages (albeit with spelling differences), and ultimately derives from the Old Turkish word for Muslim, \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 (m\u00fcsliman). Etymology \"Muselmann\" seemingly derives from the ,\n\nThe history of the Jews during World War II is almost synonymous with the persecution and murder of Jews which was committed on an unprecedented scale in Europe and European North Africa (pro-Nazi Vichy-North Africa and Italian Libya). The massive scale of the Holocaust which happened during World War II greatly affected the Jewish people and world public opinion, which only understood the dimensions of the Final Solution after the war. The genocide, known as HaShoah in Hebrew, aimed at the elimination of the Jewish people on the European continent. It was a broadly organized operation led by Nazi Germany, in which approximately six million Jews were murdered methodically and with horrifying cruelty. Although the Holocaust was organized by the highest levels of the Nazi German government, the vast majority of Jews murdered were not German, but were instead residents of countries invaded by the Nazis after 1938. Of the\n\nYiddish and a number of other languages (albeit with spelling differences), and ultimately derives from the Old Turkish word for Muslim, \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 (m\u00fcsliman). Etymology \"Muselmann\" seemingly derives from the , a historical term for \"Muslim\" (literally 'mussulman') which is now considered derogatory. If this derivation is correct, \"Muselmann\" would literally mean \"Muslim man\" (Muselman + Mann); but how this term later came to be used to denote starving concentration camp prisoners is uncertain. Some scholars argue that the term may derive from the Muselmann's inability to stand due to a combination of exhaustion and starvation-induced muscular atrophy in their legs, thus forcing them to spend much of their time in a prone position, which may have evoked the image of the Muslim practice of prostration during prayer, called Sujud. Viktor Frankl, who survived internment in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp, wrote in his memoirs that the term was first used by\n\nQuestion: What is the Hebrew word for the holocaust?", "output": "Shoah"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "that occasionally adds one intercalary month to remain synchronized with the solar year over the long term. Etymology The term calendar is taken from , the term for the first day of the month in the Roman calendar, related to the verb 'to call out', referring to the \"calling\" of the new moon when it was first seen. Latin meant 'account book, register' (as accounts were settled and debts were collected on the calends of each month). The Latin term was adopted in Old French as and from there in Middle English as by the 13th century (the spelling calendar is early modern). History The course of the sun and the moon are the most salient regularly recurring natural events useful for timekeeping, and in pre-modern societies around the world lunation and the year were most commonly used as time units. Nevertheless, the Roman calendar contained remnants of a very\n\nor (; in Scots and English rendered as fulteachs, futtick, furtoch, furtock, etc.) is a Scottish Gaelic term which originally referred to a certain period in the agricultural calendar and which refers to the first month of the year, January, in the modern language. Nowadays, the term has fallen out of English and Lowland Scots, but is still used in Gaelic for the month of January specifically. It would appear to be a very old term, as it seems to come from or meaning a wolf, a creature which has been extinct in Scotland for centuries. The Gael of old regarded stormy weather towards the end of January as prognostic of a fruitful season to follow, or vice versa, as shown in various proverbs. Variations In Lewis, fell on the Friday nearest to three weeks before the end of January, and ended on the Tuesday nearest the end of the\n\nat around August 10, and the Southern Delta Aquariids take place from mid-July to mid-August, with the peak usually around July 28\u201329. The Perseids, a major meteor shower, typically takes place between July 17 and August 24, with the days of the peak varying yearly. The star cluster of Messier 30 is best observed around August. Among the aborigines of the Canary Islands, especially among the Guanches of Tenerife, the month of August received in the name of Be\u00f1esmer or Be\u00f1esmen, which was also the harvest festival held this month. The month was originally named Sextilis in Latin because it was the 6th month in the original ten-month Roman calendar under Romulus in 753 BC, with March being the first month of the year. About 700 BC, it became the eighth month when January and February were added to the year before March by King Numa Pompilius, who also gave\n\nQuestion: The \u2018Wolf Moon\u2019 is the name of the full moon which occurs during which month of the year?", "output": "January"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of the pectoral fin base to the tail. The pectoral, dorsal, pelvic and caudal fins are dusky, and the anal fin are pale. As is usual with fish fins, the pectoral fin allows the fish to turn left or right and also support the stability of the fish. The dorsal fin, located well back on the garfish helps it make sharp turns and stabilise rolling. Unlike most fishes, the dorsal fin of the garfish lacks spines. Rather than having multiple spines running top to bottom, the dorsal fin is soft and veins of cartilage give rigidity to it when needed. The pelvic fin aids the fish with stopping quickly and general stability, as well as diving into deeper waters and rising to the surface. The caudal fin is the main propulsion fin, also known as the tail. Garfish have a forked caudal fin with a large lower lobe, called the\n\nAmphibious fish are fish that are able to leave water for extended periods of time. About 11 distantly related genera of fish are considered amphibious. This suggests that many fish genera independently evolved amphibious traits, a process known as convergent evolution. These fish use a range of terrestrial locomotory modes, such as lateral undulation, tripod-like walking (using paired fins and tail), and jumping. Many of these locomotory modes incorporate multiple combinations of pectoral-, pelvic-, and tail-fin movement. Many ancient fish had lung-like organs, and a few, such as the lungfish and bichir, still do. Some of these ancient \"lunged\" fish were the ancestors of tetrapods. In most recent fish species, though, these organs evolved into the swim bladders, which help control buoyancy. Having no lung-like organs, modern amphibious fish and many fish in oxygen-poor water use other methods, such as their gills or their skin to breathe air. Amphibious fish\n\nrising to the surface. The caudal fin is the main propulsion fin, also known as the tail. Garfish have a forked caudal fin with a large lower lobe, called the hypocercal tail. The anal fin on the garfish, which allows it to have further stability in the water, is located at the back of the body. Their most distinctive feature is their long lower jaw with an orange tip. Their upper jaw is usually longer than wide and their lower jaw is usually longer than the head length, which allows them to detect vibrations caused by prey. Due to their mouth posted far back from the front end of their body, \"this places the mouth in a superior position making the garfish 'well adapted 'for surface feeding\". The elongated jaw is a sensory organ, used to detect prey. Another feature they obtain is the two to three rows of teeth\n\nQuestion: What six letter word is used to describe a fish's tail fin located at the end of its body and used for propulsion ?", "output": "CAUDAL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Circumventricular organs (CVOs) (circum-: around ; ventricular: of ventricle) are structures in the brain characterized by their extensive and highly permeable capillaries, unlike those in the rest of the brain where there exists a blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) at the capillary level. Although the term \"circumventricular organs\" was originally proposed in 1958 by Austrian anatomist Helmut O. Hofer concerning structures around the brain ventricular system, the penetration of blood-borne dyes into small specific CVO regions was discovered in the early 20th century. The permeable CVOs enabling rapid neurohumoral exchange include the subfornical organ (SFO), the area postrema (AP), the vascular organ of lamina terminalis (VOLT \u2014 also known as the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT)), the median eminence, the pituitary neural lobe, and the pineal gland. The circumventricular organs are midline structures around the third and fourth ventricles that are in contact with blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and they\n\nThe aorta ( ; : aortas or aortae) is the main and largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart, branching upwards immediately after, and extending down to the abdomen, where it splits at the aortic bifurcation into two smaller arteries (the common iliac arteries). The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation. Structure Sections In anatomical sources, the aorta is usually divided into sections. One way of classifying a part of the aorta is by anatomical compartment, where the thoracic aorta (or thoracic portion of the aorta) runs from the heart to the diaphragm. The aorta then continues downward as the abdominal aorta (or abdominal portion of the aorta) from the diaphragm to the aortic bifurcation. Another system divides the aorta with respect to its course and the direction of blood flow. In this system, the\n\nThe sinus venarum (also known as the sinus of the vena cava, or sinus venarum cavarum) is the portion of the right atrium in the adult human heart where the inner surface of the right atrium is smooth, whereas the rest of the inner surface is rough (trabeculated) due to the presence of pectinate muscles. The sinus venarum represents the portion of the adult heart that develops from the right sinus horn of the foetal sinus venosus. The sinus venarum is demarcated from the rest of the right atrium by the crista terminalis (internally) and the sulcus terminalis (externally). References Cardiac anatomy\n\nQuestion: What human organ is composed of atriums and ventricles?", "output": "Heart"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cyprus (), officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, south of the Anatolian Peninsula and east of the Levant. It is geographically in Western Asia, but its cultural ties and geopolitics are overwhelmingly Southeastern European. Cyprus is the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean. It is located north of Egypt, east of Greece, south of Turkey, and west of Lebanon and Syria. Its capital and largest city is Nicosia. The northeast portion of the island is de facto governed by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains include the well-preserved ruins from the Hellenistic period such as Salamis and Kourion, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves\n\nThe Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about west of Lisbon, about northwest of Morocco, and about southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. Its main industries are agriculture, dairy farming, livestock, fishing, and tourism, which has become a major service activity in the region. The government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors. The largest city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada. The culture, dialect, cuisine, and traditions of the Azorean islands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries. There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups.\n\nThe Seven Brothers Islands, also known as the Sawabi Islands or Seba Islands, is an archipelago in the Dact-el-Mayun section of the Bab-el-Mandeb strait (between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden). They are within the Obock District of Djibouti, and are a notable diving site. Even in English publications, the group is often called by its French name, Sept Fr\u00e8res. Geography The archipelago proper is a chain of six volcanic islands spanning about in a rough east-west line: West Island, or Red Island (H\u0331amra), 62 m high Double Island (Oun\u1e0fa D\u00e2bali), 46 m high Low Island (Tolka), 17 m high Big Island (Ka\u1e0f\u1e0fa D\u00e2bali), 114 m high East Island (H\u0331orod le \u2018Ale), 83 m high South Island (\u2018Oun\u1e0fa K\u00f4maytou), 47 m high The \"seventh brother\" is not an island, but the volcanic hill at the northern tip of the Ras Siyyan peninsula. West Island lies about east from\n\nQuestion: Halloumi cheese originated on which island?", "output": "CYPRUS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "creation: Calliope (the 'beautiful of speech'): chief of the muses and muse of epic or heroic poetry Clio (the 'glorious one'): muse of history Erato (the 'amorous one'): muse of love or erotic poetry, lyrics, and marriage songs Euterpe (the 'well-pleasing'): muse of music and lyric poetry Melpomene (the 'chanting one'): muse of tragedy Polyhymnia or Polymnia (the '[singer] of many hymns'): muse of sacred song, oratory, lyric, singing, and rhetoric Terpsichore (the '[one who] delights in dance'): muse of choral song and dance Thalia (the 'blossoming one'): muse of comedy and bucolic poetry Urania (the 'celestial one'): muse of astronomy No muse was identified with the visual arts of painting and sculpture. In ancient Greece sculptors and painters were held in low regard, somewhere between freemen and slaves, their work regarded as mere manual labour. The word art derives from the Latin \"\" (stem art-), which, although literally defined\n\nGaia is a mother earth figure and is seen as the mother of all the gods, while also being the seat on which they exist. Gaia is the Greek Equivalent to the Roman goddess, Tellus / Terra. The story of Uranus' castration at the hands of Cronus due to Gaia's involvement is seen as the explanation for why Heaven and Earth are separated. In Hesiod's story, Earth seeks revenge against Heaven for hiding her children the Cyclopes deep within her, Gaia then goes to her other children and asks for their help to get revenge against their cruel father; of her children, only Cronus, the youngest and \"most dreadful\" of them all agrees to do this. Gaia plans an ambush against Uranus where she hides Cronus and gives him the sickle to castrate him. From the blood Gaia again become pregnant with the Furies, the Giants, and the Melian nymphs.\n\nthe \"Lady of the Night\" Canaanite Shalim, god of dusk Egyptian Khonsu, god of the moon Nut, goddess of the night also associated with rebirth Greco-Roman Greek Achlys, a primordial goddess of the clouding of eyes after death, the eternal night, and poison Artemis, the goddess of the hunt, the wilderness, and wild animals, who was commonly associated with the moon Astraeus, Titan god of the dusk, stars, planets, and the art of Astronomy and Astrology Asteria, Titan goddess of nocturnal oracles and the stars Hades, god of the underworld, whose domain included night and darkness Hecate, the goddess of boundaries, crossroads, witchcraft, and ghosts, who was commonly associated with the moon Nyx, goddess and personification of the night Selene, Titaness goddess and personification of the moon Thanatos, the personification of death, the son of Nyx and Erebus and twin brother of Hypnos Roman Diana Trivia, goddess of the hunt,\n\nQuestion: According to Greek mythology, Urania was the muse of what?", "output": "Astronomy"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of the functions of the organs and structures of the human body. Methods have also improved dramatically, advancing from the examination of animals by dissection of carcasses and cadavers (corpses) to 20th-century medical imaging techniques, including X-ray, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. Etymology and definition Derived from the Greek anatom\u0113 \"dissection\" (from anat\u00e9mn\u014d \"I cut up, cut open\" from \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac an\u00e1 \"up\", and \u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9 t\u00e9mn\u014d \"I cut\"), anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of organisms including their systems, organs and tissues. It includes the appearance and position of the various parts, the materials from which they are composed, and their relationships with other parts. Anatomy is quite distinct from physiology and biochemistry, which deal respectively with the functions of those parts and the chemical processes involved. For example, an anatomist is concerned with the shape, size, position, structure, blood supply and innervation of an organ such as the\n\nMurder for body parts also known as medicine murder (not to be confused with \"medical murder\") refers to the killing of a human being in order to excise body parts to use as medicine or purposes in witchcraft. Medicine murder is viewed as the obtaining of an item or items from a corpse to be used in traditional medicine. Its practice occurs primarily in sub-equatorial Africa. The illegal organ trade has led to murder for body parts, because of a worldwide demand of organs for transplant and organ donors. For example, criminal organizations have engaged in kidnapping and killing people for the purpose of harvesting their organs for illegal organ trade. The extent is unknown, and non-fatal organ theft and removal is more widely reported than murder. Historically, anatomy murders took place during the earlier parts of modern Western medicine. In the 19th century, the human body was still poorly\n\nBody may refer to: In science Physical body, an object in physics that represents a large amount, has mass or takes up space Body (biology), the physical material of an organism Body plan, the physical features shared by a group of animals Human body, the entire structure of a human organism Dead body, cadaver, or corpse, a dead human body (living) matter, see: Mind\u2013body problem, the relationship between mind and matter in philosophy Aggregates within living matter, such as inclusion bodies In arts and entertainment In film and television Body (2015 Polish film), a 2015 Polish film Body (2015 American film), a 2015 American film \"Body\" (Wonder Showzen episode), a 2006 episode of American sketch comedy television series Wonder Showzen \"Body\", an episode of the Adult Swim television series, Off the Air In literature and publishing body text, the text forming the main content of any printed matter body (typography),\n\nQuestion: What is the word for a corpse used for medical or scientific research?", "output": "Cadaver"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the bee hummingbird to the common ostrich. There are about ten thousand living species, more than half of which are passerine, or \"perching\" birds. Birds have whose development varies according to species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moa and elephant birds. Wings, which are modified forelimbs, gave birds the ability to fly, although further evolution has led to the loss of flight in some birds, including ratites, penguins, and diverse endemic island species. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly seabirds and some waterbirds, have further evolved for swimming.\n\nThe domestic canary, often simply known as the canary (Serinus canaria forma domestica), is a domesticated form of the wild canary, a small songbird in the finch family originating from the Macaronesian Islands (the Azores, Madeira and the Canary Islands). Canaries were first bred in captivity in the 17th century, having been brought to Europe by Spanish sailors. This bird became expensive and fashionable to breed in courts of Spanish and English kings. Monks started breeding them and only sold the males (which sing). This kept the birds in short supply and drove the price up. Eventually, Italians obtained hens and were able to breed the birds. This made them very popular, resulting in many breeds arising, and the birds being bred all over Europe. The same occurred in England. First the birds were only owned by the rich, but eventually the local citizens started to breed them and, again,\n\nFischer's lovebird (Agapornis fischeri) is a small parrot species of the genus Agapornis. They were originally discovered in the late 19th century. They are named after German explorer Gustav Fischer. Description The Fischer's lovebird has a green back, chest, and wings. Their necks are a golden yellow and as it progresses upward it becomes darker orange. The top of the head is olive green, and the beak is bright red. The upper surface of the tail has some purple or blue feathers. It has a white circle of bare skin (eye-ring) around its eyes. Young birds are very similar to the adults, except for the fact that they are duller and the base of their mandible has brown markings. They are one of the smaller lovebirds, about 14 cm (5.5 in) in length and 43-58g weight. While most Fischer's lovebirds are green, several color variations have been bred. The blue\n\nQuestion: The macaroni is a breed of which bird?", "output": "Penguin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Christopher Marlowe, also known as Kit Marlowe (; baptised 26 February 156430 May 1593), was an English playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. Marlowe is among the most famous of the Elizabethan playwrights. Based upon the \"many imitations\" of his play Tamburlaine, modern scholars consider him to have been the foremost dramatist in London in the years just before his mysterious early death. Some scholars also believe that he greatly influenced William Shakespeare, who was baptised in the same year as Marlowe and later succeeded him as the pre-eminent Elizabethan playwright. Marlowe was the first to achieve critical reputation for his use of blank verse, which became the standard for the era. His plays are distinguished by their overreaching protagonists. Themes found within Marlowe's literary works have been noted as humanistic with realistic emotions, which some scholars find difficult to reconcile with Marlowe's \"anti-intellectualism\" and his catering to\n\nBeowulf (; ) is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It is one of the most important and most often translated works of Old English literature. The date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars; the only certain dating is for the manuscript, which was produced between 975 and 1025. Scholars call the anonymous author the \"Beowulf poet\". The story is set in pagan Scandinavia in the 6th century. Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose mead hall in Heorot has been under attack by the monster Grendel. After Beowulf slays him, Grendel's mother attacks the hall and is then defeated. Victorious, Beowulf goes home to Geatland and becomes king of the Geats. Fifty years later, Beowulf defeats a dragon, but is mortally wounded in the\n\nPreiddeu Annwfn or Preiddeu Annwn () is a cryptic poem of sixty lines in Middle Welsh, found in the Book of Taliesin. The text recounts an expedition with King Arthur to Annwfn or Annwn, the Otherworld in Welsh. Preiddeu Annwfn is one of the best known medieval British poems. English translations, in whole or in part, have been published by R. Williams (in William Forbes Skene's Four Ancient Books of Wales), by Robert Graves in The White Goddess and by Roger Sherman Loomis, Herbert Pilch, John T. Koch, Marged Haycock, John K. Bollard, Sarah Higley. At points it requires individual interpretation on the part of its translators owing to its terse style, the ambiguities of its vocabulary, its survival in a single copy of doubtful reliability, the lack of exact analogues of the tale it tells and the host of real or fancied resonances with other poems and tales. A\n\nQuestion: Which English dramatist, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era had a mysterious and untimely death?", "output": "Christopher Marlowe"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Abraham Lincoln ( ; February 12, 1809 \u2013 April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the Union through the American Civil War to defend the nation as a constitutional union and succeeded in defeating the insurgent Confederacy, abolishing slavery, expanding the power of the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy. Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky and was raised on the frontier, primarily in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. congressman from Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his successful law practice in Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, he was angered by the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, causing him to re-enter politics. He soon became a leader of the\n\nWilliam Jefferson Clinton (n\u00e9 Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992. Clinton, whose policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy, became known as a New Democrat. Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas. He graduated from Georgetown University and later from Yale Law School, where he met his future wife, Hillary Rodham. After graduating from law school, Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as state attorney general, followed by two non-consecutive tenures as Arkansas governor. As governor, he overhauled the state's education system and served as chairman of the National Governors Association. Clinton was elected president in the 1992 election, defeating incumbent Republican president George H. W. Bush\n\nAndrew Johnson (December 29, 1808July 31, 1875) was the 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. He assumed the presidency following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, as he was vice president at that time. Johnson was a Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket, coming to office as the Civil War concluded. He favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the newly freed people who were formerly enslaved. This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868. He was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. Johnson was born into poverty and never attended school. He was apprenticed as a tailor and worked in several frontier towns before settling in Greeneville, Tennessee. He served as alderman and mayor there before being elected to the Tennessee House\n\nQuestion: Who was the 16th President of the United States of America?", "output": "Abraham Lincoln"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Glyptotek or Glyptothek may refer to: Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, an art museum in Copenhagen, Denmark Glyptothek, an art museum in Munich, Germany Glyptothek (album), an album by Scottish musician Momus\n\nAachen ( , ; ; French and traditional English: Aix-la-Chapelle ) is the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 249,000 inhabitants. It is the westernmost city in Germany, and borders Belgium and the Netherlands to the west, the triborder area. It is located between Maastricht (NL) and Li\u00e8ge (BE) in the west, and Bonn and Cologne in the east. The Wurm River flows through the city, and together with M\u00f6nchengladbach, Aachen is the only larger German city in the drainage basin of the Meuse. Aachen is the seat of the City Region Aachen (). Aachen developed from a Roman settlement and (bath complex), subsequently becoming the preferred medieval Imperial residence of Emperor Charlemagne of the Frankish Empire, and, from 936 to 1531, the place where 31 Holy Roman Emperors were crowned Kings of the Germans. One of Germany's leading institutes of higher education\n\nBerlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its more than 3.85 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constituent states, Berlin is surrounded by the State of Brandenburg and contiguous with Potsdam, Brandenburg's capital. Berlin's urban area, which has a population of around 4.5 million, is the most populous urban area in Germany. The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has around 6.2 million inhabitants and is Germany's second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr region. Berlin straddles the banks of the Spree, which flows into the Havel (a tributary of the Elbe) in the western borough of Spandau. Among the city's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree, Havel and Dahme, the largest of which is Lake M\u00fcggelsee. About one-third\n\nQuestion: Where in Germany is the Glyptothek museum ?", "output": "MUNICH"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Pisa International Airport () , also named Galileo Galilei Airport is an airport located in Pisa, Italy. It is the main airport in Tuscany and the 10th in Italy in terms of passengers. It is named after Galileo Galilei, the famous scientist and native of Pisa. The airport was first developed for the military in the 1930s and 1940s. The airport was used by 5,233,118 passengers in 2017. It serves as a focus city of Ryanair. Overview Since 2017 the airport has its own Pisa Mover shuttle service to and from Pisa Central railway station. A return ticket is ten euros and the shuttle takes 5 minutes. The airport also has 5 passenger and 1 coach parking areas. Besides civilian operations, the airport is also used extensively by the Aeronautica Militare (Italian Air Force) and is a base for, amongst others, the C-130 Hercules and C-27J Spartan transport aircraft. The\n\nare on the ground floor and are for Schengen flights. Shuttle buses are used to take passengers to the plane. Gates 21\u201325 are non-Schengen and are on level one. Walk-boarding, bus-boarding and boarding by jetway is used here. Airlines and destinations The following airlines operate regular scheduled and charter flights at Pisa Airport: Statistics In 2006 and 2007, the airport was the fastest growing among Italy's top 15 airports with passenger numbers up 30% in 2006 and 24% in 2007. In 2008 it was Italy's 11 busiest airport handling and 4,011,525 passengers in 2010. In 2011 the growth rise to 11.3% and the airport carried 4.526.723 passengers. Accidents and incidents On 27 January 1952, Seaboard & Western Airlines Douglas C-54A-5-DO overshot the runway on landing. Fire consumed the aircraft. 47 out of the 50 cows carried on board the plane died. On 23 November 2009, Italian Air Force Lockheed KC-130J\n\nSalzburg Airport , branded as Salzburg Airport Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, is Austria's second largest airport. It serves Salzburg, the fourth-largest Austrian city, and is a gateway to Austria's numerous ski areas. The airport is located west-south-west of Salzburg city centre and from the Austrian-German border. It is jointly owned by Salzburg municipality (25%) and Salzburg Province (75%). The airport is named after the Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Salzburg Airport has a small footprint, covering only 175 hectares (432 acres) of land but has a 2,750m runway equipped to handle aircraft as large as the Boeing 747-400. History Pre-World War II In 1910, the first powered aircraft taxied on to the new race track in Salzburg-Aigen. In 1926, Deutsche Luft Hansa inaugurated the Munich-Salzburg-Bad Reichenhall route. In 1927, the Vienna-Salzburg-Innsbruck route was started by \u00d6LAG (Austrian Aviation AG). In one of the earlier incidents Luft Hansa, which flew the London-Brussels-Frankfurt-Munich-Vienna\n\nQuestion: After whom is the international airport at Pisa in Italy, named?", "output": "GALILEO"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the four neighboring points. Derivation This formula can be obtained by writing out the four Taylor series of f(x \u00b1 h) and f(x \u00b1 2h) up to terms of h3 (or up to terms of h5 to get an error estimation as well) and solving this system of four equations to get f \u2032(x). Actually, we have at points x + h and x \u2212 h: Evaluating gives us Note that the residual term O1(h4) should be of the order of h5 instead of h4 because if the terms of h4 had been written out in (E1+) and (E1\u2212), it can be seen that they would have canceled each other out by . But for this calculation, it is left like that since the order of error estimation is not treated here (cf below). Similarly, we have and gives us In order to eliminate the terms of \u0192(3)(x), calculate 8\n\n(except when undefined): for example, , , and satisfy . This polynomial is irreducible over the rationals and so the three cosines are conjugate algebraic numbers. Likewise, , , , and satisfy the irreducible polynomial , and so are conjugate algebraic integers. Some but not all irrational numbers are algebraic: The numbers and are algebraic since they are roots of polynomials and , respectively. The golden ratio is algebraic since it is a root of the polynomial . The numbers and e are not algebraic numbers (see the Lindemann\u2013Weierstrass theorem). Properties If a polynomial with rational coefficients is multiplied through by the least common denominator, the resulting polynomial with integer coefficients has the same roots. This shows that an algebraic number can be equivalently defined as a root of a polynomial with either integer or rational coefficients. Given an algebraic number, there is a unique monic polynomial with rational coefficients\n\nIn digital electronics, Fan-out of 4 is a measure of time used in digital CMOS technologies: the gate delay of a component with a fan-out of 4. Fan out = Cload / Cin, where Cload = total MOS gate capacitance driven by the logic gate under consideration Cin = the MOS gate capacitance of the logic gate under consideration As a delay metric, one FO4 is the delay of an inverter, driven by an inverter 4x smaller than itself, and driving an inverter 4x larger than itself. Both conditions are necessary since input signal rise/fall time affects the delay as well as output loading. FO4 is generally used as a delay metric because such a load is generally seen in case of tapered buffers driving large loads, and approximately in any logic gate of a logic path sized for minimum delay. Also, for most technologies the optimum fanout for such\n\nQuestion: What is the fourth root of 81?", "output": "3"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Bletchley Park Trust was formed in February 1992 to save large portions of the site from development. More recently, Bletchley Park has been open to the public, featuring interpretive exhibits and huts that have been rebuilt to appear as they did during their wartime operations. It receives hundreds of thousands of visitors annually. The separate National Museum of Computing, which includes a working replica Bombe machine and a rebuilt Colossus computer, is housed in Block H on the site. History The site appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as part of the Manor of Eaton. Browne Willis built a mansion there in 1711, but after Thomas Harrison purchased the property in 1793 this was pulled down. It was first known as Bletchley Park after its purchase by the architect Samuel Lipscomb Seckham in 1877, who built a house there. The estate of was bought in 1883 by Sir\n\nA computer museum is devoted to the study of historic computer hardware and software, where a \"museum\" is a \"permanent institution in the service of society and of its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates, and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and its environment, for the purposes of education, study, and enjoyment\", as defined by the International Council of Museums. Some computer museums exist within larger institutions, such as the Science Museum in London, United Kingdom; and the Deutsches Museum in Munich, Germany. Others are dedicated specifically to computing, such as: the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California, United States. the American Computer & Robotics Museum in Bozeman, Montana, United States. The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park, United Kingdom. The Centre for Computing History in Cambridge, United Kingdom the Nexon Computer Museum in Jeju Province. South Korea. Some specialize in\n\nThe British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London. Its permanent collection of eight million works is the largest in the world. It documents the story of human culture from its beginnings to the present. The British Museum was the first public national museum to cover all fields of knowledge. In 2022 the museum received 4,097,253 visitors, an increase of 209 per cent from 2021. It ranked third in the list of most-visited art museums in the world. The museum was established in 1753, largely based on the collections of the Anglo-Irish physician and scientist Sir Hans Sloane. It first opened to the public in 1759, in Montagu House, on the site of the current building. The museum's expansion over the following 250 years was largely a result of British colonisation and resulted in the creation of several\n\nQuestion: At which Buckinghamshire estate did the National Museum of Computing open in 2007?", "output": "Bletchley Park"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Kigali International Airport , formerly known as Kanombe International Airport, is the primary airport serving Kigali, the capital of Rwanda. Currently, there is an ongoing project to build another mega-airport in Bugesera District, Eastern Province, which will be the biggest and the main air gateway for all destinations in the country, in addition to serving as a transit airport for Goma and Bukavu in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. There are 4 airlines based in Kigali: RwandAir, the flag carrier airline of Rwanda; Akagera Aviation, a Rwandan heli-company; Tempus Jet, an American airline providing charter flights; and Nexus Aero, a Saudi VIP airline. Location The airport is located in the suburb of Kanombe Sector, at the eastern edge of Kigali, approximately , by road, east of the central business district of the city of Kigali. History During the Rwandan Civil War, Kigali airport was a major strategic point.\n\nThe Amahoro Stadium (; ; Kinyarwanda for \"Peace Stadium\"), officially known as Amahoro National Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium in the Gasabo district of Kigali, Rwanda. With a capacity of 25,000, it is the largest stadium in Rwanda and hosts football matches, concerts, and public events. The football clubs Arm\u00e9e Patriotique Rwandaise F.C. and Rayon Sports F.C. are the tenants. The venue is also sometimes used for rugby union. During the Rwandan Genocide in 1994, it was temporarily a \"UN Protected Site\" hosting to up to 12,000 mainly Tutsi refugees. History The stadium was constructed by the China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation, at a cost of US$ 21 million. Construction began in March 1984, and was completed in January 1989. In 1990, the Rwandan Civil War broke out between the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a Tutsi rebel group, and President Juvenal Habyarimana's government forces. The war ended in 1993 with\n\nMandera () is the capital of Mandera County in the former North Eastern Province of Kenya. It is situated at around , near the borders with Somalia and Ethiopia. Districts Mandera is the capital of the Mandera District. As a whole, it used to constitute one district in previous administrations, which is now divided into six sub-counties and Constituencies; namely, Mandera East which represents Mandera Town Mandera Central Mandera West Mandera North Banissa Elwak Lafey The county occupies an area of 26,744 km2. Among the notable incident of Mandera history was the Rhamu Incident of the 1977 in which Somali military invaded Ethiopian defences from the Kenyan side in which a force of 1500 Somali soldiers attacked a border post, and killed 30 Kenyan police officers and soldiers. The Somali army successfully crossed into the Sidamo Region of Ethiopia in the so called Ogaden War. Demographics Most of Mandera's inhabitants\n\nQuestion: What is the capital city of Rwanda?", "output": "KIGALI"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "species. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly seabirds and some waterbirds, have further evolved for swimming. The study of birds is called ornithology. Birds are feathered theropod dinosaurs and constitute the only known living dinosaurs. Likewise, birds are considered reptiles in the modern cladistic sense of the term, and their closest living relatives are the crocodilians. Birds are descendants of the primitive avialans (whose members include Archaeopteryx) which first appeared during the Late Jurassic. According to DNA evidence, modern birds (Neornithes) evolved in the Early to Late Cretaceous, and diversified dramatically around the time of the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event 66 mya, which killed off the pterosaurs and all non-avian dinosaurs. Many social species pass on knowledge across generations, which is considered a form of culture. Birds are social, communicating with visual signals, calls, and songs, and\n\nBotany, also called plant science (or plant sciences), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term \"botany\" comes from the Ancient Greek word () meaning \"pasture\", \"herbs\" \"grass\", or \"fodder\"; is in turn derived from (), \"to feed\" or \"to graze\". Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists (in the strict sense) study approximately 410,000 species of land plants of which some 391,000 species are vascular plants (including approximately 369,000 species of flowering plants), and approximately 20,000 are bryophytes. Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify \u2013 and later\n\nGuinea (Paedophryne amauensis) with a length of just . The largest living amphibian is the South China giant salamander (Andrias sligoi), but this is dwarfed by prehistoric temnospondyls such as Mastodonsaurus which could reach up to in length. The study of amphibians is called batrachology, while the study of both reptiles and amphibians is called herpetology. Classification The word amphibian is derived from the Ancient Greek term (), which means 'both kinds of life', meaning 'of both kinds' and meaning 'life'. The term was initially used as a general adjective for animals that could live on land or in water, including seals and otters. Traditionally, the class Amphibia includes all tetrapod vertebrates that are not amniotes. Amphibia in its widest sense () was divided into three subclasses, two of which are extinct: These three subclasses do not include all extinct amphibians. Other extinct amphibian groups include Embolomeri (Late Paleozoic large\n\nQuestion: What is the study of reptiles called?", "output": "Herpetology"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "John Douglas Torode (born 23 July 1965) is an Australian-British celebrity chef and TV presenter. He moved to the UK in the 1990s and began working at Conran Group's restaurants. After first appearing on television on ITV's This Morning, he started presenting a revamped MasterChef on BBC One in 2005. He is a restaurateur; former owner of the Luxe and a second restaurant, Smiths of Smithfield. He has also written a number of cookbooks, including writing some with fellow MasterChef presenter and judge, Gregg Wallace. Early life John Douglas Torode was born on 23 July 1965 as the youngest of three boys in Melbourne, Victoria, but, between the ages of four (when his mother died) and ten, he lived in Maitland, New South Wales, with his brother Andrew, and his grandmother who taught him to cook. He then lived in Edithvale, Melbourne, with his father and his brothers, though his\n\nhas presented a show for the Good Food channel in the UK alongside former Celebrity MasterChef contestant Hardeep Singh Kohli, called New British Kitchen. The show aimed to feature the impact of imported cuisines in Britain. Other television work has included an appearance on the BBC's The Magicians, which saw Torode and Wallace participate in a stunt by magicians Barry and Stuart which hung the pair off the side of the Tate Modern in London. He presented the 2014 series John Torode's Australia; the 10 episodes retrace the flavours of John Torode's childhood and the people that inspired his passion for food as he travels the country to go back in time. It has been hosted on BBC Good Food and has so far had three reruns. John Torode's Australia was also recorded as having the largest viewing figures on BBC Good Food in 2014. In 2015, he presented John\n\nHaggard is a British TV comedy series, which aired from 27 January 1990 to 30 August 1992. Starring Keith Barron, Reece Dinsdale, Sam Kelly and William Simons. It was made for the ITV network by Yorkshire Television, and based on Squire Haggard's Journal by Michael Green, more famous for his The Art of Coarse... books. The series is set during 1777\u20131778, in the Georgian era, and was about the exploits of Squire Haggard, the Squire's 25-year-old son Roderick, and their servant Grunge. The show makes use of the production style known as breaking the fourth wall as Fanny Foulacre, Roderick's girlfriend, makes asides to the camera, commenting upon the situations she finds herself in. Cast members Keith Barron \u2014 as \"Squire Amos Haggard\" Reece Dinsdale \u2014 as his son, \"Roderick Haggard\" Sam Kelly \u2014 as their servant, \"Nathanial Grunge\" Sara Crowe \u2014 as \"Fanny Foulacre\" (Series 1) Michael Jayston \u2014\n\nQuestion: John Torode and Gregg Wallace are the judges on which TV programme?", "output": "Masterchef"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country. Australia is the oldest, flattest, and driest inhabited continent, with the least fertile soils. It is a megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with deserts in the centre, tropical rainforests in the north-east, tropical savannas in the north, and mountain ranges in the south-east. The ancestors of Aboriginal Australians began arriving from south-east Asia 50,000 to 65,000 years ago, during the last ice age. Arriving by sea, they settled the continent and had formed approximately 250 distinct language groups by the time of European settlement, maintaining some of the longest known continuing artistic and religious traditions in the world. Australia's written history commenced\n\nVictoria (commonly abbreviated as Vic) is a state in southeastern Australia. It is the second-smallest state, with a land area of ; the second-most-populated state (after New South Wales), with a population of over 6.7 million; and the most densely populated state in Australia (29 per km2). Victoria is bordered by New South Wales to the north and South Australia to the west, and is bounded by the Bass Strait to the south (with the exception of a small land border with Tasmania located along Boundary Islet), the Great Australian Bight portion of the Southern Ocean to the southwest, and the Tasman Sea (a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean) to the southeast. The state encompasses a range of climates and geographical features from its temperate coastal and central regions to the Victorian Alps in the northeast and the semi-arid north-west. The majority of the Victorian population is concentrated\n\nThe states and territories are administrative divisions in Australia, ruled by regional governments that constitute the level of governance between the federal government and local governments. States are self-governing polities with incomplete sovereignty (having ceded some sovereign rights to federation) and their own constitutions, legislatures, departments, and certain civil authorities (e.g. judiciary and law enforcement) that administer and deliver most public policies and programs. Territories can be autonomous and administer local policies and programs much like the states in practice, but are still legally subordinate to the federal government. The Commonwealth of Australia constitutionally consists of six federated states (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania (including Macquarie Island), Victoria, and Western Australia) and ten federal territories, out of which three are internal territories (the Australian Capital Territory, the Jervis Bay Territory, and the Northern Territory) on the Australian mainland and seven are external territories (Ashmore and Cartier Islands, the\n\nQuestion: Which is the largest state in Australia?", "output": "Western Australia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Marshall v. Marshall, 547 U.S. 293 (2006), is a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that a federal district court had equal or concurrent jurisdiction with state probate (will) courts over tort claims under state common law. The case drew an unusual amount of interest because the petitioner was Playboy Playmate and celebrity Anna Nicole Smith (whose legal name was Vickie Lynn Marshall). Smith won the case, but unsolved issues regarding her inheritance eventually led to another Supreme Court case, Stern v. Marshall. She died before that case was decided. Background Twelve years prior to his marriage to Smith, J. Howard Marshall had set up a trust which owned all of his assets and would pass them to various charities and his son E. Pierce Marshall after his death. Smith had claimed that it was J. Howard's intention after marriage to set up a separate trust for\n\n(1876\u20131956), founder of Sinclair Oil, co-founder of Exchange National Bank (later part of National Bank of Tulsa and Bank of Oklahoma; convicted of jury tampering during Teapot Dome scandal trial Carolyn Mary Skelly (1905\u20131996), eccentric daughter of William Grove Skelly; oil heiress; dubbed the most robbed woman in the U.S. by the Boston Globe; socialite; hosted fundraisers for President George H.W. Bush, and Texas Governor John Connally William G. Skelly (1877\u20131957), founder of Skelly Oil Company, Spartan Aircraft Company and Spartan School of Aeronautics, philanthropist William K. Warren Sr. (1897\u20131990), founder of Warren Petroleum Corporation; philanthropist John Smith Zink (1928\u20132005), engineer, owner of John Zink Industries, automobile racer Music Admiral Twin (Mark Carr, Jarrod Gollihare, John Russell, Brad Becker), rock band The Agony Scene, metalcore band Elvin Bishop, blues and rock music singer-songwriter, guitarist and bandleader Garth Brooks, country music singer Broncho, punk rock band with Ryan Lindsey, Johnathon Ford\n\nCourt for a share of the estate on several grounds, and her litigation was actively opposed by Marshall's son Pierce. The primary ground for the son's opposition was that his father had an extensive estate plan executed over many decades which expressed his clear wishes. Pierce also believed his father had already been quite generous to Smith during the marriage, providing Smith with both expensive gifts and monetary resources. After receiving a default judgment against her for sexual harassment, Smith petitioned for bankruptcy in California. Pierce filed a non-dischargeability claim and proof of claim against Smith based on public statements her lawyers made to the media shortly after her husband died, accusing Pierce of frustrating J. Howard's intentions to set up a new trust for Smith and isolating his father. Pierce alleged these statements were libelous, and he successfully sued Smith's attorneys on the same grounds in Texas State Court.\n\nQuestion: Anna Nicole Smith gained notoriety after her short lived marriage to what Texas oil billionaire sparked a major court case, which continues to this day?", "output": "J. Howard Marshall"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "three months, suffering from asthma. In his book A Little Thing Called Pride, Stock tells how Jim Gregory sacked him in 1968 for being ill, just as he thought he was about to return to the helm and save Rangers from relegation. He later had success with Luton Town who he helped to promotion from the Third Division and also with Fulham when he led them to the 1975 FA Cup Final. He briefly returned to be a Director at Queens Park Rangers in the 1977/8 season. Ron Manager, a character in BBC comedy sketch show The Fast Show is based on Stock, told by George Best in his autobiography. This was also confirmed by comedy actor Paul Whitehouse, who played Ron Manager, in the documentary, Suits You Sir - The Inside Leg Of The Fast Show. Managerial statistics References 1917 births 2001 deaths English men's footballers English football managers\n\nValentine Charles Parnell (14 February 1892 \u2013 22 September 1972) was a British television managing director and presenter, actor and theatrical impresario. A former staple of stage production, his career in television started with the launch of the ITV network in 1955. Life and career Parnell was born in London, the son of Fred Russell, a ventriloquist, and began his theatrical career at age 13 working as an office boy for a music-hall circuit. In 1945, after George Black's death he took over as managing director of the Moss Empires music hall and variety circuit, in charge of some of London's most well-known theatres, including the London Palladium, The Victoria Palace and the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. He adopted a controversial, but very successful, policy of presenting high-priced, big-name American acts at the top of the bill. Among many, the list included Carmen Miranda, Judy Garland, Sophie Tucker, Bing Crosby,\n\nChampionship Manager is the first game in the Championship Manager series as well as the Football Manager series of association football management simulation games. The game was released on the Amiga and Atari ST in September, 1992 and ported to MS-DOS soon after. The game was written by Paul and Oliver Collyer, the co-founders of Sports Interactive. Gameplay The game featured four playable English divisions (First through to Fourth; the newly formed FA Premier League did not appear until CM 93/94). In the game, each division contained only 20 teams, whereas in real life they contained 22 or 24 teams at that time. Also included were all of the major domestic cups of the time (including the Anglo-Italian Cup) and the 3 major European trophies (including the now defunct Cup Winners' Cup). Any teams outside of the four playable divisions and all foreign teams had no player names at all.\n\nQuestion: Which manager appeared on TV's Fast Show?", "output": "Ron Manager"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Romani flag or the flag of the Roma (, or O romanko flako) is the international ethnic flag of the Romani people, historically known as \"Gypsies\", which form a stateless minority in countries across Eurasia, Africa, the Americas, and Australasia. It was approved by the representatives of various Romani communities at the first and second World Romani Congresses (WRC), in 1971 and 1978. The flag consists of a background of blue and green, representing the heavens and earth, respectively; it also contains a 16-spoke red dharmachakra, or cartwheel, in the center. The latter element stands for the itinerant tradition of the Romani people and is also an homage to the flag of India, added to the flag by scholar Weer Rajendra Rishi. It superseded a number of tribal emblems and banners, several of which evoked claims of Romani descent from the Ancient Egyptians. Older Romani symbolism comprises insignia reflecting\n\ncentre for the fertile agricultural and pastoral hinterland. Silkworms are raised in the vicinity. There are silver, gold, and mercury mines nearby. A thermal pool called \"Termales de Santa Rosa\" is open for visitors. Symbols Flag: Rectangle of proportions 1:2 terciated by fess white, green and white. Alternatively: On a field Argent 1:2 a fess Vert. Coat of arms: Party per pale and per chevron reduced engrailed Argent, Vert and Gules. In saltire over the first two fields, a Latin cross bendwise Gules surmounted by an axe bendwise sinister Proper, its blade upward and inward. On middle base a rose Argent barbed and seeded Or. The shield is ensigned by a three-towered mural crown Or with doors Sable. On a scroll Azure the motto 'Somos Libres' Sable. In Spanish: Escudo partido y entado en punta. Primero, campo de plata. Segundo, campo de sinople. Brochante sobre ambos campos, una cruz latina\n\nThe Canadian Duality Flag (; also called the Canadian Unity Flag) is an unofficial flag that was originally circulated to demonstrate the unity of Canada during the lead-up to the 1995 Quebec referendum, at rallies for the \"no\" side. The Duality Flag design was chosen to represent explicitly the Francophone and Anglophone populations on the national flag by adding blue stripes to the red sections, roughly in proportion to the number of Canadians who are primarily French-speaking. The blue was chosen as it is the main colour that is used on the flag of Quebec. See also Flag of Canada Flag of Quebec References 1995 in Canada Activism flags Flags of Canada National symbols of Canada Political history of Quebec Unofficial flags\n\nQuestion: The flag of Venezuela is divided into three bands. Two of the colours are red and yellow. What is the third?", "output": "BLUE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Two Swords is a fantasy novel by American writer R. A. Salvatore, the third and final book in his series The Hunter's Blades Trilogy. The Two Swords was his 17th work concerning one of the most famous characters Salvatore has created, the drow, or dark elf, Drizzt Do'Urden. It follows The Thousand Orcs and The Lone Drow. Plot summary In The Two Swords, Obould's horde has pressed the Companions to the very gates of Mithral Hall, where Bruenor and his clan launch a desperate, last-ditch effort to push the orcs back. A desperate rescue attempt succeeds, with Drizzt and Innovindil rescuing the latter's pegasus, which Obould had captured and chained as a trophy, and Drizzt is unexpectedly reunited with the Companions that he long thought dead. The only major plot line to be tied up in this novel is the question of what Drizzt will do about his relationship\n\nand female students between the ages of 11 and 18. Wyedean currently has around 1100 students (02/2019). Staff The Principal of Wyedean is Gwennan Jeremiah. Jodie Howells is the Vice-Principal (Finance and Business) and Dai Thomas is the Vice-Principal (Academic). Sixth Form The Sixth Form has two Head Boys and two Head Girls, known as 'The Team Leaders'. Every year a new set of team leaders is elected to represent the students, by the students. The Team Leaders also head a network of teams within the sixth form. Notable students J. K. (Joanne) Rowling, author of the Harry Potter books, was Head Girl in 1982. Her mother, Anne Rowling, had worked there as a technician in the Science Department from 1978. During July 2006, the school library was dedicated to J. K. Rowling. Although she has made it clear that she did not always enjoy her time at Wyedean, citing\n\nHP2 or variant, may refer to: HP2, a postcode for Hemel Hempstead, see HP postcode area hP2, a Pearson symbol Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, the second Harry Potter novel Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film), the second Harry Potter film Handley Page Type B a.k.a. H.P.2, an airplane HP-2, a glider designed by Richard Schreder HP2, a type of photographic stock, see Ilford HP Haemophilus phage HP2, a virus BMW HP2 Enduro, a motorcycle BMW HP2 Sport, a motorcycle Hp.2 (proceed at reduced speed), from German railway signalling Hawaii: Part II, an album by Miracle Musical See also HP (disambiguation)\n\nQuestion: What is the second book in the Harry Potter series?", "output": "The Chamber of Secrets"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Road\u2013Railway Bridge () or Bo\u0161ko Pero\u0161evi\u0107 Bridge () was a bridge on the Danube river in Novi Sad, Serbia. History On 29 May 2000, one year after the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia and demolition of all three large bridges over Danube in Novi Sad, the Road\u2013Railway Bridge was opened upstream from the \u017de\u017eelj Bridge. On the proposal of Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107, at the time President of Yugoslavia, the bridge was named after assassinated Serbian politician and the Chairman of the Executive Council of Vojvodina Bo\u0161ko Pero\u0161evi\u0107. The bridge was designed to be a temporary one-lane railway and road bridge, after the demolition of nearby \u017de\u017eelj Bridge during the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. In October 2018, following the completion of new \u017de\u017eelj Bridge, dismantling of Bo\u0161ko Pero\u0161evi\u0107 Bridge began. As of March 2019, the first phase of bridge dismantling was finished. Gallery See also List of bridges in Serbia List\n\n\u00d8restad () is a developing city area in Copenhagen, Denmark, on the island of Amager. The area was developed using the new town concept, closely linked with the M1 line of the Copenhagen Metro. Economically, income for the plan would be generated by selling the public-owned, unused land for development, thus financing the construction of the metro, and contrarily, metro access was deemed necessary for making development attractive. While the metro is the primary public transport access, the area is also served by the \u00d8resund Line between Copenhagen and Malm\u00f6, the motorway E20 and close to Copenhagen Airport. \u00d8restad was originally planned to consist of four districts, however only three are developed: \u00d8restad Nord, the unbuilt Amager F\u00e6lled area (which will remain a nature reserve), \u00d8restad City and \u00d8restad Syd. Therefore, \u00d8restad in reality consists of two areas detached from each other. The northernmost \u00d8restad Nord area is coherent with\n\nCentralbron (, \"The Central Bridge\") is a major bridge in central Stockholm, Sweden, connecting the northern district Norrmalm to the southern S\u00f6dermalm. It is 1,200 metres long and consists of two viaducts passing over S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m (\"Southern Stream\") and Riddarfj\u00e4rden close to Norrstr\u00f6m (\"Northern Stream\") with an interjacent elevated section traversing Riddarholmskanalen and the adjacent eastern waterfront of Riddarholmen. Centralbron has a capacity for 130,000 cars per day. It is paralleled by the bridges (S\u00f6dra and Norra j\u00e4rnv\u00e4gsbron) and the tunnel of a two-track railway used by the commuter and freight trains. Centralbron does partly go on top of the Metro which opened on this stretch 1957 and planned together with the bridge. Nearby bridges include Riddarholmsbron, Vasabron, Str\u00f6msborgsbron, and Hebbes Bro. Background Since the first decade of the 20th century, numerous proposals labelled \"Centralbron\" had been produced and more than 20 of them scrapped before the elaboration of the general\n\nQuestion: What is the name of the road/rail bridge opened in 2000 that links Copenhagen and Malmo?", "output": "Oresund"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A community is a social unit (a group of living things) with a shared socially significant characteristic, such as place, set of norms, culture, religion, values, customs, or identity. Communities may share a sense of place situated in a given geographical area (e.g. a country, village, town, or neighbourhood) or in virtual space through communication platforms. Durable good relations that extend beyond immediate genealogical ties also define a sense of community, important to their identity, practice, and roles in social institutions such as family, home, work, government, TV network, society, or humanity at large. Although communities are usually small relative to personal social ties, \"community\" may also refer to large group affiliations such as national communities, international communities, and virtual communities. The English-language word \"community\" derives from the Old French (Modern French: ), which comes from the Latin communitas \"community\", \"public spirit\" (from Latin communis, \"common\"). Human communities may have\n\nFriends of South Asia (FOSA) is a California, United States based social and political activist organization. Founded jointly in 2001 by Americans of Pakistani and Indian origins, the group describes its mission as \"achieve a peaceful, prosperous, and hate-free South Asia...work[ing] through people-to-people contacts, dialog, and other non-violent, non-exclusionary means.\" FOSA activism has touched upon issues inside South Asia, as well as outside South Asia such as those relating to Israel and United States policy in Cuba and Venezuela among others. History FOSA was founded in December 2001 by a group of nine Pakistani Americans and Indian Americans, concerned that \"the place we call home was full of war cries and that South Asia was on the brink of a war.\" Members organized candlelight vigils and letter-writing campaigns for peace, initially in collaboration with groups like the Sikh Qaumantri Punjabi Bhaichara (Punjabi International Friendship) Group of California. The local vigils\n\nFriends School of Baltimore is a private Quaker school in Baltimore, serving students in pre-kindergarten through 12th grade. History It is the oldest private school in Baltimore, founded in 1784 by members of the Religious Society of Friends. Classes were first held in the Aisquith Street Meetinghouse in the East Baltimore community of Old Town. The school was moved to the Lombard Street Meetinghouse in the 1840s and then, in 1899, to its third location at 1712 Park Avenue, adjacent to the Park Avenue Meetinghouse. In 1925, Friends purchased its present site at 5114 North Charles Street. Though the school was incorporated in 1973 and separated from the Baltimore Monthly Meeting of Friends, Stony Run, it maintains historic and philosophic ties with the Meeting. Curriculum and administration As of 2006, the school had a faculty of 105 teachers, including 87 full-time faculty and a yearly operating budget of $16.1 million.\n\nQuestion: The 'Society of Friends' are more commonly known as what?", "output": "The Quakers"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Podoconiosis, also known as nonfilarial elephantiasis, is a disease of the lymphatic vessels of the lower extremities that is caused by chronic exposure to irritant soils. It is the second most common cause of tropical lymphedema after lymphatic filariasis, and it is characterized by prominent swelling of the lower extremities, which leads to disfigurement and disability. Methods of prevention include wearing shoes and using floor coverings. Mainstays of treatment include daily foot hygiene, compression bandaging, and when warranted, surgery of overlying nodules. Signs and symptoms Podoconiosis causes bilateral yet asymmetrical leg swelling with overlying firm nodules. Early on, symptoms may include itching, tingling, widening of the forefoot, and swelling which then progress to soft edema, skin fibrosis, papillomatosis, and nodule formation resembling moss, giving rise to the disease's alternate name of \"mossy foot\" in some regions of the world. As with other forms of tropical lymphedema, chronic disease can lead\n\nAmputation is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventive surgery for such problems. A special case is that of congenital amputation, a congenital disorder, where fetal limbs have been cut off by constrictive bands. In some countries, amputation is currently used to punish people who commit crimes. Amputation has also been used as a tactic in war and acts of terrorism; it may also occur as a war injury. In some cultures and religions, minor amputations or mutilations are considered a ritual accomplishment. When done by a person, the person executing the amputation is an amputator. The oldest evidence of this practice comes from a skeleton found buried in Liang Tebo\n\nSubungual exostosis is a type of non-cancerous bone tumor of the chondrogenic type, and consists of bone and cartilage. It usually projects from the upper surface of the big toe underlying the nailbed, giving rise to a painful swelling that destroys the nail. Subsequent ulceration and infection may occur. There is an association with trauma and infection. Diagnosis involves medical imaging to exclude other similar conditions, particularly osteochondroma. X-ray appearance may reveal a bony protuberance attached to the top or side surface of a toe bone. Treatment is by surgical excision and is effective. More than half are under the age of 18 years and males are affected equally to females. Combined with bizarre parosteal osteochondromatous proliferation, they comprise <5% of cartilage tumors. Signs and symptoms They tend to be painful due to the pressure applied to the nail bed and plate. They can involve destruction of the nail bed.\n\nQuestion: Which part of the body would be treated if the patient was suffering from bunions?", "output": "Feet"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "and foundations of experience itself. We must first judge how human reason works, and within what limits, so that we can afterwards correctly apply it to sense experience and determine whether it can be applied at all to metaphysical objects. The principal three sources on which the critical philosophy is based are the three critiques, namely Critique of Pure Reason, Critique of Practical Reason and Critique of Judgement, published between 1781 and 1790 and mostly concerned, respectively, with metaphysics, ethics and aesthetics. See also Critical idealism Critical thinking Charles Bernard Renouvier L\u00e9on Brunschvicg References Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Immanuel Kant Kantianism\n\nThe critical philosophy () movement, attributed to Immanuel Kant (1724\u20131804), sees the primary task of philosophy as criticism rather than justification of knowledge. Criticism, for Kant, meant judging as to the possibilities of knowledge before advancing to knowledge itself (from the Greek kritike (techne), or \"art of judgment\"). The basic task of philosophers, according to this view, is not to establish and demonstrate theories about reality, but rather to subject all theories\u2014including those about philosophy itself\u2014to critical review, and measure their validity by how well they withstand criticism. \"Critical philosophy\" is also used as another name for Kant's philosophy itself. Kant said that philosophy's proper inquiry is not about what is out there in reality, but rather about the character and foundations of experience itself. We must first judge how human reason works, and within what limits, so that we can afterwards correctly apply it to sense experience and determine\n\nBertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 \u2013 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, philosopher, logician, and public intellectual. He had a considerable influence on mathematics, logic, set theory, linguistics, artificial intelligence, cognitive science, computer science, and various areas of analytic philosophy, especially philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of language, epistemology, and metaphysics. He was one of the early 20th century's most prominent logicians and a founder of analytic philosophy, along with his predecessor Gottlob Frege, his friend and colleague G. E. Moore, and his student and prot\u00e9g\u00e9 Ludwig Wittgenstein. Russell with Moore led the British \"revolt against idealism\". Together with his former teacher A. N. Whitehead, Russell wrote Principia Mathematica, a milestone in the development of classical logic and a major attempt to reduce the whole of mathematics to logic (see Logicism). Russell's article \"On Denoting\" has been considered a \"paradigm of philosophy\". Russell was a\n\nQuestion: Which philosopher wrote the 'The Critique of Pure Reason'?", "output": "IMMANUEL KANT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Callanish Stones (or \"Callanish I\": or ) are an arrangement of standing stones placed in a cruciform pattern with a central stone circle, located on the Isle of Lewis, Scotland. They were erected in the late Neolithic era, and were a focus for ritual activity during the Bronze Age. They are near the village of Callanish (Gaelic: ) on the west coast of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Location The Callanish Stones () are situated on a low ridge above the waters of Loch Roag with the hills of Great Bernera as a backdrop. Numerous other ritual sites lie within a few kilometres. These include at least three other circles, several arcs, alignments and single stones; many visible from the main site. The most impressive \u2013 Callanish II and Callanish III \u2013 lie just over a kilometre southeast of the main Callanish Stones, and originally consisted of circles\n\nThe Callanish II stone circle () is one of many megalithic structures around the better-known (and larger) Calanais I on the west coast of the Isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Description Callanish II is situated on a ridge just 90 metres from the waters of Loch Roag. It is just a few hundred metres from the Callanish III stone circle. See also Callanish IV, Callanish VIII and Callanish X for other minor sites. The stone circle consists of thin standing stones arranged in the shape of an ellipse measuring 21.6 by 18.9 metres. Five of the stones are standing and two have fallen. The stones vary from 2 to 3.3 metres in height. A slab, 1.4 metres long, lies in front of the western stone, pointing towards the centre of the circle. The stone circle surrounds a cairn with a diameter of 8.5 metres. When 3 feet\n\nThe Callanish III stone circle () is one of many megalithic structures around the better-known (and larger) Calanais I on the west coast of the Isle of Lewis, in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. Description The stone circle consists of two concentric ellipses. The outer ring measures about 13.7 by 13.1 metres. It contains 13 stones, of which eight are still standing and five have fallen. The inner ring is a pronounced oval measuring 10.5 by 6.6 metres. Only four stones remain in the inner circle, the tallest of which measures 2.1 metres. There is no sign of a central mound or cairn. It is just a few hundred metres from the Callanish II stone circle. See also Callanish IV, Callanish VIII and Callanish X for other minor sites. References External links Archaeological sites in the Outer Hebrides Isle of Lewis Scheduled monuments in Scotland Stone circles in Na h-Eileanan Siar\n\nQuestion: On which Scottish Island would you find the Callanish Standing Stones?", "output": "LEWIS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, competing under the name of Tanganyika, competed in the Olympic Games for the first time at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. Athletics Men Track & road events References Official Olympic Reports Nations at the 1964 Summer Olympics 1964 1964 in Tanzanian sport\n\nCameroon ( ; ), officially the Republic of Cameroon (), is a country in Central Africa. It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Its coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. Due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West Africa and Central Africa, it has been categorized as being in both camps. Its nearly 27 million people speak 250 native languages and English or French or both. Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad, and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camar\u00f5es (Shrimp River), which became Cameroon in English. Fulani\n\nChad (; ), officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It borders Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the \"Dead Heart of Africa\". Prehistory The territory now known as Chad possesses some of the richest archaeological sites in Africa. A hominid skull was found by Michel Brunet, that is more than 7 million years old, the oldest discovered anywhere in the world; it has been given the name Sahelanthropus tchadensis. In 1996 Michel Brunet had unearthed a hominid jaw which he named Australopithecus bahrelghazali, and unofficially dubbed Abel. It was dated using Beryllium based Radiometric dating as living circa. 3.6 million years ago. During the 7th\n\nQuestion: The African countries of Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged on April 26, 1964 to form what new country?", "output": "Tanzania"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Guyana Stock Exchange (GSE) is a stock exchange located in Georgetown, Guyana. It lists 15 registered companies, and trading takes place each Monday via word of mouth on the trading floor supported by an electronic limit order book. The Guyana Stock Exchange is operated by the Guyana Association of Securities Companies and Intermediaries Inc. (GASCI) and is regulated by the Guyana Securities Council. Market capitalisation of local stocks in November 2021 stood at 568,639,217,573 GYD (US$2.72 billion). The first trades took place June 30, 2003 with 12 companies on the register. In 2007, Trinidad Cement Ltd of Trinidad and Tobago was the first company to officially list in the GSE, as well as to be the first non-Guyanese company to register with the exchange although they have since delisted. In 2019, plans for the first agribusiness IPO were announced, but have stalled due to the COVID pandemic. The Lucas\n\nThe Dow Jones Global Indexes (DJGI) is a family of international equity indexes, including world, region, and country indexes and economic sector, market sector, industry-group, and subgroup indexes created by Dow Jones Indexes a unit of Dow Jones & Company best known for the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The indexes are constructed and weighted using capitalization weighting. They provide 95 percent market capitalization coverage of developed markets and emerging markets. More than 3000 DJGI indexes provide data on more than 5500 companies around the world. Market capitalization is float-adjusted. Indices Indexes for the United States, Canada, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Australia/New Zealand are constructed to cover 95 percent of market capitalization at the country level. A single European index covers an aggregate of all Western European nations, also representing 95 percent of the aggregate market. An Emerging Markets Index represents 10 countries in Latin America and Asia. Each of\n\nThe FTSE Bursa Malaysia KLCI, also known as the FBM KLCI, is a capitalisation-weighted stock market index, composed of the 30 largest companies on the Bursa Malaysia by market capitalisation that meet the eligibility requirements of the FTSE Bursa Malaysia Index Ground Rules. The index is jointly operated by FTSE and Bursa Malaysia. History It was first introduced on 4 April 1986 as the Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI), with a base value of 100, dated on 1 January 1977. In 2006, Bursa Malaysia partnered with FTSE to provide a suite of indices for the Malaysian market, to enhance the KLCI. FTSE Bursa Malaysia KLCI was one of the indices created to replace the KLCI. The new index was adopted on 6 July 2009, with the opening value taken from the closing value of the old KLCI on 3 July 2009. The enhancement will adopt the internationally recognised index calculation\n\nQuestion: Established 1845, during British colonial rule, the top-selling Straits Times newspaper, and a similarly named stock market index (STI) belongs to which country?", "output": "Singapore"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Battle of Cape Ortegal was the final action of the Trafalgar campaign, and was fought between a squadron of the Royal Navy and a remnant of the fleet that had been defeated earlier at the Battle of Trafalgar. It took place on 4 November 1805 off Cape Ortegal, in north-west Spain and saw Captain Sir Richard Strachan defeat and capture a French squadron under Rear-Admiral Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley. It is sometimes referred to as Strachan's Action. Dumanoir had commanded the van of the line at Trafalgar, and had managed to escape the battle having suffered relatively little damage. He initially attempted to continue the fleet's mission and enter the Mediterranean, but fearful of encountering strong British forces, changed his mind and headed north to skirt round Spain and reach the French Atlantic ports. On his journey he encountered two British frigates and drove them off; shortly afterwards he\n\nable to outmanoeuvre his opponent and double his line with frigates and ships of the line. The French ships were then overwhelmed and forced to surrender. All four ships were taken back to Britain as prizes and commissioned into the Navy. Strachan and his men were handsomely rewarded by a public who viewed the successful outcome as completing Nelson's victory at Trafalgar. Background Dumanoir escapes Four French ships of the line stationed towards the head of the combined fleet's line escaped the Battle of Trafalgar under Rear-Admiral Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley, and sailed southwards. Pelley's initial intention was to carry out Villeneuve's original orders, and make for Toulon. The day after the battle he changed his mind, remembering that a substantial British squadron under Rear-Admiral Thomas Louis was patrolling the straits. With a storm gathering in strength off the Spanish coast, Pelley sailed westwards to clear Cape St Vincent, prior\n\nwith France broke out in April 1512, Howard was appointed admiral of a fleet of 18 ships sent by the King to keep the seas between Brest and the Thames estuary. Howard seized vessels of various nationalities on the pretext that they were carrying French cargoes. At the beginning of June, he escorted to Brittany the army which Henry was sending to France under the Marquess of Dorset with the hope of recovering Guyenne. Howard then raided Le Conquet and Crozon on the Breton coast. During June and July 1512 Howard effectively controlled the Channel and is said to have captured more than 60 vessels. By August, a French fleet had assembled at Brest. Howard attacked, and in the ensuing Battle of Saint-Mathieu the two largest ships on either side, the Regent and the Marie de la Cordeli\u00e8re, were destroyed when the latter's magazine exploded. Although undefeated, the French retreated.\n\nQuestion: Who were allied with the French Naval forces during The Battle of Trafalgar?", "output": "Spain"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "political turmoil for the Soviets in the Middle East, centered around the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The new Khomeini regime in Iran at first tolerated the Soviets and Iranian leftist groups, but grew increasingly hostile. In Afghanistan, the Soviet Union supported the ruling Marxist-Leninist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan and its efforts to radically reform the country, which prompted widespread revolt. Soviet leadership and the KGB decided to assassinate and replace PDPA leader Hafizullah Amin with a more moderate option. Against the recommendation of the KGB, Brezhnev initiated for a full-scale invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. On 1 January 1980, Kuzichkin was present when a group of civilians rushed the Soviet embassy in Tehran, apparently in response to the invasion of Afghanistan. They were repelled by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard, but leadership at the embassy ordered the destruction of all secret documents and equipment.\n\nKhan. This monarchy lasted almost half a century, until Zahir Shah was overthrown in 1973, following which the Republic of Afghanistan was established. Since the late 1970s, Afghanistan's history has been dominated by extensive warfare, including coups, invasions, insurgencies, and civil wars. The conflict began in 1978 when a communist revolution established a socialist state, and subsequent infighting prompted the Soviet Union to invade Afghanistan in 1979. Mujahideen fought against the Soviets in the Soviet\u2013Afghan War and continued fighting amongst themselves following the Soviets' withdrawal in 1989. The Islamic fundamentalist Taliban controlled most of the country by 1996, but their Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan received little international recognition before its overthrow in the 2001 US invasion of Afghanistan. The Taliban returned to power in 2021 after capturing Kabul and overthrowing the government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, ending the 2001\u20132021 war. In September 2021 the Taliban re-established the Islamic\n\nwar effort, the Taliban had seized around 85% of Afghanistan's territory as well as the capital city of Kabul, effectively confining the Northern Alliance to Badakhshan Province and smaller surrounding areas. The American-led invasion in October 2001 marked the first phase of what would become the 20-year-long War in Afghanistan. After the September 11 attacks, American president George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban government extradite Osama bin Laden to the United States and also expel al-Qaeda militants from Afghanistan; bin Laden had been active in Afghanistan since the Soviet\u2013Afghan War and was already wanted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation for his role in the 1998 United States embassy bombings. The Taliban declined to extradite bin Laden and further ignored demands to shut down terrorist bases or extradite other suspected terrorists. In response, the United States launched Operation Enduring Freedom on 7 October 2001, alongside the United Kingdom. The\n\nQuestion: Which country invaded Afghanistan on 24 December, 1979?", "output": "Soviet Union"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "develop rules for international ski competitions. On Feb. 2, 1924 in Chamonix, France, while what would come to be recognized as the first Winter Olympic Games were being held, the commission gave way to the International Ski Federation (FIS); 14 member nations were present at the founding; 108 are FIS members today. 1924 inaugural Olympic Winter Games at Chamonix, France The first Winter Olympic Games actually were under the banner of International Sports Week, but were renamed the Winter Olympic Games in 1924 after organizers saw how successful they were (and after Norway, which had opposed \"Winter Olympic\" events because of concern Norwegians wouldn't dominate, saw it would be a winter power) supported the concept. Only Nordic skiing events were held, including cross country, ski jumping (then the premier ski event everywhere) and Nordic combined. Sixteen nations competed. Anders Haugen, a Norwegian immigrant to the United States, was listed as\n\n1940 Olympics refers to both: The 1940 Winter Olympics, which were originally to be held in Sapporo, Japan before being relocated to Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany, but were cancelled due to World War II The 1940 Summer Olympics, which were originally to be held in Tokyo, Japan before being relocated to Helsinki, Finland, but were cancelled due to World War II\n\nFreestyle skiing has been contested at the Winter Olympic Games since the 1992 Winter Games in Albertville, France. Summary History Freestyle skiing was a demonstration sport at the 1988 Winter Olympics, with moguls, aerials, and ballet events. Moguls became an official medal sport at the 1992 games, while aerials and ballet were still demonstration events. At the 1994 games, aerials also became an official medal event and the ski ballet competition was dropped. For the 2010 Winter Olympics, ski cross was added to the program while for the 2014 Winter Olympics half-pipe and slopestyle were added. Alexandre Bilodeau became the first freestyle skiing gold medalist to defend his Olympic title, and first repeat gold medalist, winning the men's moguls at the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics, having previously won the same event at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics. Events Men's \u2022 = official event, (d) = demonstration event Women's \u2022 =\n\nQuestion: In what year was the winter Olympics held for the first time so as not to coincide with the summer Olympics?", "output": "1994"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Gracie Hall Roosevelt (June 28, 1891 \u2013 September 25, 1941) was an American engineer, banker, soldier, and municipal official who was the youngest brother of First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt and a nephew of President Theodore Roosevelt. Early life and education Gracie Hall Roosevelt, generally known as Hall, was born on June 28, 1891, in Neuilly, France. He was a son of Elliot Roosevelt (who died when he was three years old) and Anna Rebecca Hall (who died when he was one-and-a-half years old). His uncle was Theodore Roosevelt Jr. and his grandmother was Martha Bulloch. Through his sister, Eleanor, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was his brother-in-law, and through his father, his fifth cousin once removed. He was also the uncle of U.S. Air Force Brigadier General Elliott Roosevelt. He was named Gracie for his father's aunt, Anna Bulloch and her husband James Gracie, and Hall for his\n\nDorothy Stimson Bullitt (February 5, 1892 \u2013 June 27, 1989) was an American businesswoman and philanthropist. A radio and television pioneer, she founded King Broadcasting Company, a major owner of broadcast stations in Seattle, Washington. She was the first woman in the United States to buy and manage a television station. Birth and early life Bullitt was born Dorothy Frances Stimson in Seattle in 1892, four years after Washington became a state, to C. D. Stimson, a lumber and real estate magnate, and his wife Harriet. Wealthy throughout her childhood and early adulthood, in 1918 she married A. Scott Bullitt, a lawyer and aspiring politician 14 years her senior. Scott Bullitt, a member of a prominent Kentucky family, became a prominent Democrat and friend of Franklin D. Roosevelt, and was scheduled to place Roosevelt's name in nomination for the U.S. presidency at the 1932 Democratic National Convention when he died\n\nDwight D. Eisenhower's tenure as the 34th president of the United States began with his first inauguration on January 20, 1953, and ended on January 20, 1961. Eisenhower, a Republican from Kansas, took office following a landslide victory over Democrat Adlai Stevenson in the 1952 presidential election. John F. Kennedy succeeded him after winning the 1960 presidential election. Eisenhower held office during the Cold War, a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. Eisenhower's New Look policy stressed the importance of nuclear weapons as a deterrent to military threats, and the United States built up a stockpile of nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons delivery systems during Eisenhower's presidency. Soon after taking office, Eisenhower negotiated an end to the Korean War, resulting in the partition of Korea. Following the Suez Crisis, Eisenhower promulgated the Eisenhower Doctrine, strengthening U.S. commitments in the Middle East. In response to\n\nQuestion: Who was the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945 ?", "output": "ELEANOR ROOSEVELT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "founded Buena Vista Winery and in 1862, Buena Vista Winery's Press House was completed, and in 1864, a second building now called the Champagne Cellars was completed. In total, Buena Vista Winery had five caves among the two buildings in operation in 1864. Jacob Schram, a German immigrant and barber, founded Schramsberg Vineyards near Calistoga, California in 1862. Eight years later, Schram found new employment for the Chinese laborers who had recently finished constructing tunnels and grades over the Sierra Nevada Mountains for the Union Pacific Transcontinental Railroad. He hired them to dig a network of caves through the soft Sonoma Volcanics Formation rock underlying his vineyard. Another Chinese workforce took time away from their regular vineyard work to excavate a labyrinth of wine-aging caves beneath the Beringer Vineyards near St. Helena, California. These caves exceeded 1,200 ft (365 m) long, 17 ft (5 m) wide and 7 ft (2\n\nHanging Rock (also known as Mount Diogenes, Dryden's Rock, and to some Aboriginal Australians as Ngannelong) is a distinctive geological formation in central Victoria, Australia. A former volcano, it lies 718 m above sea level (105 m above plain level) on the plain between the two small townships of Newham and Hesket, approximately 70 km north-west of Melbourne and a few kilometres north of Mount Macedon. In the middle of the 19th century, the original occupants of the place\u2014tribes of the Dja Dja Wurrung, Woi Wurrung and Taungurung\u2014were forced from it. They had been its occupants for thousands of years and, colonisation notwithstanding, continue to maintain cultural and spiritual connections to it. In the late 20th century, the area became widely known as the setting of Joan Lindsay's novel Picnic at Hanging Rock. Toponyms Attempts to uncover Hanging Rock's Aboriginal name have proven difficult. Some think it is \"Anneyelong\" because\n\nBombay Sapphire is a brand of gin that is distilled by the Bombay Spirits Company, a subsidiary company of Bacardi, at Laverstoke Mill in the village of Laverstoke in the English county of Hampshire. The brand was first launched in 1986 by English wine-merchant IDV. In 1997 Diageo sold the brand to Bacardi. Its name originates from the gin and tonic popularised by the Royal Indian Armed Forces during the British Raj in colonial India; \"Bombay\" refers to the Indian city and \"Sapphire\" refers to the violet-blue Star of Bombay which was mined from British Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and is now on display at the Smithsonian Institution. Bombay Sapphire is marketed in a flat-sided, sapphire-coloured bottle that bears a picture of Queen Victoria on the label. The flavouring of the drink comes from a recipe of ten ingredients: almond, lemon peel, liquorice, juniper berries, orris root, angelica, coriander, cassia, cubeb,\n\nQuestion: Devil\u2019s Lair, Jacob\u2019s Creek and Banrock Station are all wines from which country?", "output": "Australia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Arthritis is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects joints. Symptoms generally include joint pain and stiffness. Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, swelling, and decreased range of motion of the affected joints. In some types of arthritis, other organs are also affected. Onset can be gradual or sudden. There are over 100 types of arthritis. The most common forms are osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease) and rheumatoid arthritis. Osteoarthritis usually occurs with age and affects the fingers, knees, and hips. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disorder that often affects the hands and feet. Other types include gout, lupus, fibromyalgia, and septic arthritis. They are all types of rheumatic disease. Treatment may include resting the joint and alternating between applying ice and heat. Weight loss and exercise may also be useful. Recommended medications may depend on the form of arthritis. These may include pain medications such as ibuprofen\n\nstand or walk, sensation of instability (suggestive of subluxation), or any previous traumatic injuries to the joint are all important historical features. The most common knee problems are: soft tissue inflammation, injury, or osteoarthritis. The mechanism of the knee injury can give a clue of the possible structures that can be injured. For example, applying valgus stress on the knee can cause medial collateral ligament rupture, meanwhile a varus force can cause lateral collateral ligament rupture. When a person suddenly slows down during running, twisting, or pivoting with valgus force applying on the knee, the anterior cruciate ligament can rupture. Posterior dislocation of the tibia can cause posterior cruciate ligament injury. Twisting and pivoting while bearing weight can cause tearing of the meniscus. Fractures of the knee are less common but should be considered if direct trauma to the knee has occurred such as during a fall. Examples of fractures\n\nof the meniscus. Fractures of the knee are less common but should be considered if direct trauma to the knee has occurred such as during a fall. Examples of fractures involving knee joints are: tibial plateau fractures, fractures of the lateral condyle of femur, medial condyle of femur, and patellar fractures. For non-traumatic causes of knee pain, history such as fever, morning stiffness, pain after exercise, infections, history of gout or psoriasis, and previous activities that contributes to long-term overuse of the knee joint should be asked. Knee pain due to long-term overuse are reproducible. For example, repetitive jumping can cause inflammation of patellar tendon. Repetitive kneeling can cause prepatellar inflammation of synovial bursa. General examination Physical examination of the knee begins by observing the person's gait to assess for any abnormalities seen while walking. Gait assessment can be used to differentiate genuine knee pain or pain which referred from\n\nQuestion: What is a group of conditions involving damage to the joints of the body, the most common form of which is a result of trauma to or infection of the joint, or age?", "output": "Arthritis"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "because he failed to purge the system of air. This failure to purge had resulted in a nitrogen build up. Eldred realized at this point that he needed to turn his efforts toward open circuit compressed air breathing apparatus. He was accompanied on this demonstration by Bob Wallace-Mitchell, who would become his distributor. Open-circuit compressed air The French-designed open circuit scuba, called the Aqua-Lung, was protected by US and international patents, so Eldred set about designing the Porpoise CA (a prototype), the world's first single hose regulator. Eldred referred to the French model as the Gagnan Aqua Lung, as designer \u00c9mile Gagnan was the Frenchman who actually designed the device for Jacques Cousteau. This new design was superior to the Aqua-Lung, and did not violate any of the existing patents. Eldred's regulator was never patented as his business was too small for the expense. The first production model was designated\n\nhe had finished construction of an armillary sphere either in 977 or 979. As a result, he was rewarded as assistant to the Astronomical Bureau. Zhang Sixun, although innovative, built upon the efforts of those before him. It was Han dynasty scientist and engineer Zhang Heng (78\u2013139 AD) who invented the first hydraulic-powered (i.e. with waterwheel and clepsydra) armillary sphere. In addition, it was the Tang dynasty era Buddhist monk and engineer Yi Xing (683\u2013727 AD) who invented the first hydraulic-powered armillary sphere that incorporated the escapement mechanism. Yet Zhang Sixun applied some innovative ideas of his own in order for his hydraulic-powered armillary sphere to function. His astronomical armillary sphere and clock was much like that of the later statesman Su Song (1020\u20131101 AD), incorporating the scoop-bearing driving-wheel and gearing, together with 19 clock jacks to report and sound the hours. His device also employed the use of liquid\n\nEdward Francis Eldred (16 December 1920 to August 2005) was a pioneer of scuba diving in Australia. He invented Porpoise scuba gear. Early years Eldred was born in Melbourne in 1920. As a young man he lived by the sea near Sorrento on the Mornington Peninsula south of Melbourne. He started snorkelling as soon as mask, fins and snorkel were available, and wished that he could make or obtain some sort of free-swimming breathing set, until World War II intervened. After World War II in the late 1940s he designed a sport diving oxygen rebreather. Eldred said he had never dived with the Cousteau-Gagnan model of the Aqua Lung, but knew of its existence and its principle. The Aqua Lung was protected by patent and difficult to obtain in Australia. Siebe Gorman had the license to manufacture for Commonwealth countries and could not meet demands. When Eldred decided that rebreathers\n\nQuestion: Who invented the aqualung diving apparatus?", "output": "JACQUES COUSTEAU"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The grey-headed flying fox (Pteropus poliocephalus) is a megabat native to Australia. The species shares mainland Australia with three other members of the genus Pteropus: the little red P. scapulatus, spectacled P. conspicillatus, and the black P. alecto. The grey-headed flying fox is the largest bat in Australia. The grey-headed flying fox is endemic to the south-eastern forested areas of Australia, principally east of the Great Dividing Range. Its range extends approximately from Bundaberg in Queensland to Geelong in Victoria, with outlying colonies in Ingham and Finch Hatton in the north, and in Adelaide in the south. In the southern parts of its range it occupies more extreme latitudes than any other Pteropus species. As of 2021 the species is listed as \"Vulnerable\" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Taxonomy A description of the species was published by Coenraad Temminck in his 1825 monograph of mammals. Hybridisation with\n\nThe Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), also known as the white fox, polar fox, or snow fox, is a small fox that belongs to the family of Canidae, native to the Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and common throughout the Arctic tundra biome. It is well adapted to living in cold environments, and is best known for its thick, warm fur that is also used as camouflage. It has a large and very fluffy tail. In the wild, most individuals do not live past their first year but some exceptional ones survive up to 11 years. Its body length ranges from , with a generally rounded body shape to minimize the escape of body heat. The Arctic fox preys on many small creatures such as lemmings, voles, ringed seal pups, fish, waterfowl, and seabirds. It also eats carrion, berries, seaweed, and insects and other small invertebrates. Arctic foxes form monogamous\n\nThe Flying Flea () is a large family of light homebuilt aircraft first flown in 1933. The odd name comes from the French nickname for the Ford Model T automobile: Pou de la Route, or \"Louse of the Road\", because Henry Ford's economy car was so common. Henri Mignet dreamed of creating a Model T of the air, an airplane for the common man, hence the term Pou du Ciel. In English, the term became Flying Flea. Originally applied only to the HM.14 model, the name has now come to describe the family of aircraft of similar configuration designed by Mignet and others. Development The Flying Flea family of aircraft was designed by Frenchman Henri Mignet. Between 1920 and 1928, Mignet built various prototypes from the HM.1 to the HM.8, a monoplane that was the first of his designs that really flew. Instructions for building the HM.8 Avionnette were published\n\nQuestion: By what other name is the Flying Fox known?", "output": "The FRUIT Bat."}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Panam\u00e1 is a municipality in south Goi\u00e1s state, Brazil. Location Panam\u00e1 is located in the Meia Ponte Microregion and is about 25 kilometers north of the border with the state of Minas Gerais. It is a short distance west of the important BR-153 highway which links S\u00e3o Paulo to Bel\u00e9m. Panam\u00e1 is 26 kilometers south of Goiatuba and 25 kilometers from Itumbiara. The distance to Goi\u00e2nia is 188 km. Neighboring municipalities are: north: Goiatuba south and west: Itumbiara east: Bom Jesus de Goi\u00e1s History Panam\u00e1 began with the building of a chapel by a local landowner. In 1931 it became a district of Santa Rita do Parana\u00edba, present-day Itumbiara with the name Divin\u00f3polis. In 1943 the name was changed to Panam\u00e1 and Santa Rita changed to Itumbiara. In 1950 it was dismembered from Itumbiara. The name comes from a small river called Panam\u00e1. Political Information Mayor: Divino Alexandre da Silva\n\nColombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country mostly in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogot\u00e1 is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urbes include Medell\u00edn, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, C\u00facuta, Ibagu\u00e9, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage\u2014including language, religion, cuisine, and art\u2014reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by mass immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those\n\nCosta Rica (, ; ; literally \"Rich Coast\"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (), is a country in the Central American region of North America. Costa Rica is bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the northeast, Panama to the southeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, as well as maritime border with Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around five million in a land area of . An estimated 333,980 people live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, with around two million people in the surrounding metropolitan area. The sovereign state is a unitary presidential constitutional republic. It has a long-standing and stable democracy and a highly educated workforce. The country spends roughly 6.9% of its budget (2016) on education, compared to a global average of 4.4%. Its economy, once heavily dependent on agriculture, has diversified\n\nQuestion: What country lies directly south of Panama?", "output": "Colombia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Keritot is a tractate of the Mishnah and Babylonian Talmud. It is the seventh tractate in the Order of Kodashim. Its name is the plural of the punishment kareth which the Torah specifies for intentional violation of certain sins; unintentional violation of the same sins obligates one to bring a sin-offering instead. Mishnah The Mishnah to Keritot contains six chapters, with the following contents: A list of the 36 sins which incur kareth; laws of the sacrifice of the yoledet Ritually impure people bring a sacrifice to finish the process of their purification; laws of the sacrifice for the shifcha harufah. The number of sacrifices required by one who has committed a series of sins The asham talui for one uncertain whether he has sinned The prohibition on consuming blood, and the laws of asham meilot One who brings a sacrifice and later learned that he had not sinned; whether\n\nacres and has two gateway towers known as gopurams. The tallest is the eastern tower, with 11 stories and a height of . The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Amirthaghateswarar and Abhirami being the most prominent. The temple has six daily rituals at various times from 5:30 a.m. to 10 p.m., and twelve yearly festivals on its calendar. The present masonry structure was built during the Chola dynasty in the 9th century, while later expansions are attributed to Thanjavur Nayaks. The temple is maintained and administered by the Dharmapuram Aadhenam. As per Hindu legend, Shiva is believed to have destroyed eight different demons and the eight Ashta Veeratanam temples are built signifying each of his victories. The temple is counted one of the eight where Shiva is believed to have appeared as Kalasamharamurthy to save Markandeya from the death clutches of Yama. Based on the legend of Markandeya,\n\nsutras such as the Medicine Buddha sutra. Ten recollections As ten recollections, the following are added to the previous six recollections: Recollection of death () or mindfulness of death () Mindfulness of the breath () Mindfulness of the body () Recollection of peace () In the Pali canon's A\u1e45guttara Nik\u0101ya, it is stated that the practice of any one of these ten recollections leads to (). The Ten Recollections are listed among the , forty classic meditation subjects listed in the Visuddhimagga useful for developing concentration needed to suppress and destroy the five hindrances during ones pursuit of . Although the Pali canon refers to mindfulness of death (), the Visuddhimagga refers to the recollection of death (). In terms of the development of meditative absorption, mindfulness of the breath can lead to all four s, mindfulness of the body can lead only to the first , while the eight\n\nQuestion: How many Deadly Sins are there?", "output": "Seven"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Park G\u00fcell ( ; ) is a privatized park system composed of gardens and architectural elements located on Carmel Hill, in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. Carmel Hill belongs to the mountain range of Collserola \u2013 the Parc del Carmel is located on the northern face. Park G\u00fcell is located in La Salut, a neighborhood in the Gr\u00e0cia district of Barcelona. With urbanization in mind, Eusebi G\u00fcell assigned the design of the park to Antoni Gaud\u00ed, a renowned architect and the face of Catalan modernism. The park was built from 1900 to 1914 and was officially opened as a public park in 1926. In 1984, UNESCO declared the park a World Heritage Site under \"Works of Antoni Gaud\u00ed\". Description Park G\u00fcell is the reflection of Gaud\u00ed's artistic plenitude, which belongs to his naturalist phase (first decade of the 20th century). During this period, the architect perfected his style through organic shapes'inspiration. He\n\nBras\u00edlia (; ) is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District. The city is located high in the Brazilian highlands in the country's Central-West region. It was founded by President Juscelino Kubitschek on 21 April 1960, to serve as the new national capital. Bras\u00edlia is estimated to be Brazil's third-most populous city after S\u00e3o Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Among major Latin American cities, it has the highest GDP per capita. Bras\u00edlia was a planned city developed by L\u00facio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer and Joaquim Cardozo in 1956 in a scheme to move the capital from Rio de Janeiro to a more central location. The landscape architect was Roberto Burle Marx. The city's design divides it into numbered blocks as well as sectors for specified activities, such as the Hotel Sector, the Banking Sector, and the Embassy Sector. Bras\u00edlia was inscribed as a UNESCO World\n\nHubert Donat Alfred Agache (24 February 1875 \u2013 4 May 1959) was a French architect and urbanist known for his work in Brazil. Agache was born in Tours to Auguste and Catherine Agache. He studied at the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts in Paris under Victor Laloux. He formally planned the Brazilian cities of Rio de Janeiro, Recife, Porto Alegre and Curitiba in the 1940s and 1950s, supported by the Estado Novo regime in Brazil. And in Porto Alegre his plans for the Reden\u00e7\u00e3o Park were realised to host the Farroupilha Revolution centennial fair. While his plans were often too expensive to be completed, they formed the basis of more practical plans, and the affordable parts of his plan were followed for several decades, although in Curitiba the so-called Agache Plan was retired and then superseded by later urban planning efforts beginning in the 1960s. Agache also co-founded the French Society for\n\nQuestion: Lcio Costa was the principal urban planner, Oscar Niemeyer was the principal architect, and Roberto Burle Marx was the landscape designer for which purpose-built capital city?", "output": "Brasilia, Brazil"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "from (polished) rice) Sakur\u00e1 (made from cassava) Sato Sonti Tapuy (Philippines, made from glutinous rice) Tepache Tiswin (made from corn or saguaro, a large cactus) Tonto Wine Coca wine Fortified wine Port Madeira Marsala Sherry Vermouth Vinsanto Fruit wine Table wine Sangria Sparkling wine Champagne Distilled beverages Definition A distilled beverage, spirit drink, or liquor is an alcoholic drink containing ethanol that is produced by distillation (i.e., concentrating by distillation) of ethanol produced by means of fermenting grains, fruits, botanicals, vegetables, seeds, or roots. Vodka, gin, baijiu, sh\u014dch\u016b, soju, tequila, rum, whisky, brandy, and singani are examples of distilled drinks. Beer, wine, cider, sake, and huangjiu are examples of fermented drinks. Hard liquor is used in North America, and India, to distinguish distilled drinks from undistilled ones, and to suggest that undistilled are implicitly weaker. List of known liquors The following are liquors being produced around the world (by type,\n\nCr\u00e9mas (; ) also spelled Cr\u00e9masse, is a sweet and creamy alcoholic beverage native to Haiti. The beverage is made primarily from creamed coconut, sweetened condensed milk, evaporated milk, cinnamon, clove, nutmeg, vanilla essence, almond essence, lime, and Haitian rhum. See also Rhum agricole Haitian cuisine Coquito, a similar drink from Puerto Rico References Haitian alcoholic drinks Mixed drinks Cocktails with rum Three-ingredient cocktails Creamy cocktails Cocktails with coconut Sweet cocktails Cocktails with milk Tiki drinks Cocktails with dark rum\n\nof blended whiskies, and do not trade with their competitors. So a blended whisky in Japan will generally only contain malt whisky from the distilleries owned by that same company. History Two of the most influential figures in the history of Japanese whisky are Shinjiro Torii and Masataka Taketsuru. Torii was a pharmaceutical wholesaler and the founder of Kotobukiya (later to become Suntory). He started importing western liquor and he later created a brand called \"Akadama Port Wine\", based on a Portuguese wine which made him a successful merchant. However, he was not satisfied with this success and so he embarked on a new venture which was to become his life's work: making Japanese whisky for Japanese people. Despite the strong opposition from the company's executives, Torii decided to build the first Japanese whisky distillery in Yamazaki, a suburb of Kyoto, an area so famous for its excellent water that\n\nQuestion: What is the main alcoholic spirit used to make a Daiquiri cocktail?", "output": "Rum"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Kermes is a red dye derived from the dried bodies of the females of a scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The Kermes insects are native in the Mediterranean region and are parasites living on the sap of the host plant, the Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera) and the Palestine oak (Quercus calliprinos). These insects were used as a red dye since antiquity by the ancient Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Indians, Greeks, Romans, and Iranians. The dye also served a number of ritual and practical purposes in the Hebrew Bible. The kermes dye is a rich red, a crimson. It has good colour fastness in silk and wool. It was much esteemed in the medieval era for dyeing silk and wool, particularly scarlet cloth. Post-medievally it was replaced by other red dyes, starting with cochineal. Etymology Kermes ultimately derives from the Sanskrit word \u0915\u0943\u092e\u093f\u091c or k\u1e5bmija meaning \"worm-made\". This was\n\nThe dyeing dart frog, cobalt poison frog, dyeing poison dart frog, tinc (a nickname given by those in the hobby of keeping dart frogs), or dyeing poison frog (Dendrobates tinctorius) is a species of poison dart frog. It is among the largest species, reaching lengths of . This species is distributed throughout the eastern portion of the Guiana Shield and Venezuela, including parts of Guyana, Suriname, Brazil, and nearly all of French Guiana. Etymology The specific name, tinctorius, comes, however not from the variety of colors, but from the legends of some indigenous tribes. It has been said that tribe members used the frog poisons to cause green parrot feathers to grow different colors. Poison Like most species of the genus Dendrobates, D. tinctorius is highly toxic if consumed. It produces pumiliotoxins and allopumiliotoxins that the frog uses for self-defense. While pumiliotoxins are weaker than their derivative allopumiliotoxins and the\n\nTrichonephila clavipes (formerly known as Nephila clavipes), commonly known as the golden silk orb-weaver, golden silk spider, or colloquially banana spider (a name shared with several others), is an orb-weaving spider species which inhabits forests and wooded areas ranging from the southern US to Argentina. It is indigenous to both continental North and South America. Known for the golden color of their silk, the large size of their females, and their distinctive red-brown and yellow coloring, T. clavipes construct large, asymmetrical circular webs attached to trees and low shrubs in woods to catch small- and medium-size flying prey, mostly insects. They are excellent web-builders, producing and utilizing seven different types of silk, and they subdue their prey by injecting them with venom, as opposed to related species which immobilize their prey by wrapping them in silk first. They are not known to be aggressive towards humans, only biting out of\n\nQuestion: What dye used in cooking for crimson tints is made from the body of a female insect inhabiting Peru and Mexico?", "output": "Cochineal"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Crawling Up a Hill\" is the debut single by English blues rock band John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, released in 1964. It was written by the band's founder and singer-songwriter John Mayall. A live version is included on the band's 1965 live album, John Mayall Plays John Mayall. The single was the first released recording to feature future Fleetwood Mac core member John McVie on bass. Personnel Single version John Mayall - vocals, organ, harmonica Bernie Watson - guitar John McVie - bass Martin Hart - drums John Mayall Plays John Mayall live version John Mayall - vocals, organ, harmonica Roger Dean - guitar John McVie - bass Hughie Flint - drums Katie Melua version The song was covered by Georgian-British singer Katie Melua for her debut album, Call Off the Search (2003). It was released as a single in 2004 and peaked at number 46 in the United Kingdom\n\nThe Starjets are a Northern Irish power pop group from Belfast, Northern Ireland. History The band was formed in June 1976. The Starjets consists of guitarist/vocalist Terry Sharpe, guitarist/vocalist Paul Bowen, bassist Sean Martin and drummer Liam L'Estrange. The group sported a mix of punk and mainstream pop influences. Early sets consisted of such 1960s pop standards as \"Please Please Me\" by The Beatles and \"Sugar, Sugar\" by The Archies. They opened for groups as diverse as the Bay City Rollers and Stiff Little Fingers. The group secured a major record label recording contract with Epic Records; they were signed by Muff Winwood. They released a number of singles in 1979, with their only chart hit being \"War Stories\" b/w \"Do the Push\", which peaked at No. 51 on the UK Singles Chart. The A-side is a celebration of World War II comic book stories, such as those of Sgt.\n\nJimmy Maelen (March 26, 1940 \u2013 January 14, 1988) was an American percussionist from the 1960s to 1980s, who worked with many artists including Roxy Music, Bryan Ferry, Peter Gabriel, James Taylor, Dire Straits, Barry Manilow, Alice Cooper, Kiss, Madonna, Bryan Adams, Michael Jackson, Mick Jagger, David Bowie and John Lennon. He also played on hit records by Bob James, Duran Duran, Carly Simon, Barbra Streisand, Yoko Ono, Meatloaf, Alice Cooper, BJ Thomas, and many others. Barely out of junior high school, his first group was a doo-wop street corner quintet called the Velons. By the early 1960s, he had become an excellent percussionist, playing almost exclusively with Latin bands around New York. Maelen became lead singer, percussionist and founding member of Ambergris, and played with them for a few years. For the next two or three years, he worked with several bands and did session work. By the mid\n\nQuestion: John Mayall's band which helped launch Eric Clapton's career was called what?", "output": "Bluesbreakers"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Porto Alegre Brazil Temple is the 102nd operating temple of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). The Porto Alegre Temple overlooks the city from the east toward a large river and port for which the city is named. It has an exterior of white granite and a single spire topped with a statue of the angel Moroni. The temple has a total of , two ordinance rooms, and two sealing rooms. History Temple construction began on May 2, 1998. The temple was dedicated by LDS Church president Gordon B. Hinckley on December 17, 2000. The temple sits on a hill in Porto Alegre's Vila Jardim district. The Porto Alegre Temple was the last temple of the LDS Church to be dedicated in the 20th century. In 2020, the Porto Alegre Brazil Temple was closed temporarily during the year in response to the coronavirus pandemic. See\n\nThe Hazratbal Shrine (), popularly called Dargah Sharif (\"the Holy Shrine\"), is a Muslim shrine located in Hazratbal locality of Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It contains a relic, Moi-e-Muqqadas, which is widely believed to be the hair of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It is situated on the northern bank of the Dal Lake in Srinagar, and is considered to be Kashmir's holiest Muslim shrine. The name of the shrine is a combination of the Arabic word hazrat () and the Kashmiri word bal (). History and present status Hazratbal Shrine was initially established by Inayat Begum, the daughter of Khwaja Nur-ud-Din Eshai and the custodian of the holy relic. The first building of the shrine was constructed in 17th century by Mughal subedar Sadiq Khan during the emperor Shah Jahan's reign. This was initially called Ishrat Jahan. The building was ordered to be converted into a prayer hall\n\nAl-Askari Shrine, the Askariyya Shrine (, , meaning \"Resting Place of the Two Imams Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari\") or the Al-Askari Mosque is a Shia Muslim mosque and mausoleum in the Iraqi city of Samarra from Baghdad. It is one of the most important Shia shrines in the world. It was built in 944. The dome was destroyed in a bombing by Sunni extremists in February 2006 and its two remaining minarets were destroyed in another bombing in June 2007, causing widespread anger among Shias and instigation of the Iraqi Civil War between the country's Shia and Sunni factions. The remaining clock tower was also destroyed in July 2007. The dome and minarets were repaired and the mosque reopened in April 2009. The 10th and 11th Sh\u012b'\u012bte Imams, 'Al\u012b al-H\u0101d\u012b (\"an-Naq\u012b\") and his son \u1e24asan al-'Askar\u012b, known as al-'Askariyyayn (\"the two Askar\u012bs\"), are buried in the shrine. Housed in\n\nQuestion: The Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem is a shrine for which religion?", "output": "Islam"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones including adrenaline and the steroids aldosterone and cortisol. They are found above the kidneys. Each gland has an outer cortex which produces steroid hormones and an inner medulla. The adrenal cortex itself is divided into three main zones: the zona glomerulosa, the zona fasciculata and the zona reticularis. The adrenal cortex produces three main types of steroid hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. Mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone) produced in the zona glomerulosa help in the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance. The glucocorticoids cortisol and cortisone are synthesized in the zona fasciculata; their functions include the regulation of metabolism and immune system suppression. The innermost layer of the cortex, the zona reticularis, produces androgens that are converted to fully functional sex hormones in the gonads and other target organs. The production of steroid\n\nPancreatic polypeptide (PP) is a polypeptide secreted by PP cells in the endocrine pancreas. It regulates pancreatic secretion activities, and also impacts liver glycogen storage and gastrointestinal secretion. Its secretion may be impacted by certain endocrine tumours. Gene The PPY gene encodes an unusually short protein precursor. This precursor is cleaved to produce pancreatic polypeptide, pancreatic icosapeptide, and a 5- to 7- amino-acid oligopeptide. Structure Pancreatic polypeptide consists of 36 amino acids. It has a molecular weight about 4200 Da. It has a similar structure to neuropeptide Y. Synthesis Pancreatic polypeptide is synthesised and secreted by PP cells (also known as gamma cells or F cells) of the pancreatic islets of the pancreas. These are found predominantly in the head of the pancreas. Function Pancreatic polypeptide regulates pancreatic secretion activities by both endocrine and exocrine tissues. It also affects hepatic glycogen levels and gastrointestinal secretions. Its secretion in humans is\n\nIn histology, an intestinal gland (also crypt of Lieberk\u00fchn and intestinal crypt) is a gland found in between villi in the intestinal epithelium lining of the small intestine and large intestine (or colon). The glands and intestinal villi are covered by epithelium, which contains multiple types of cells: enterocytes (absorbing water and electrolytes), goblet cells (secreting mucus), enteroendocrine cells (secreting hormones), cup cells, tuft cells, and at the base of the gland, Paneth cells (secreting anti-microbial peptides) and stem cells. Structure Intestinal glands are found in the epithelia of the small intestine, namely the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and in the large intestine (colon), where they are sometimes called colonic crypts. Intestinal glands of the small intestine contain a base of replicating stem cells, Paneth cells of the innate immune system, and goblet cells, which produce mucus. In the colon, crypts do not have Paneth cells. Function The enterocytes in\n\nQuestion: In the human body which gland secretes the hormone insulin?", "output": "Pancreas"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The sole is the bottom of the foot. In humans the sole of the foot is anatomically referred to as the plantar aspect. Structure The glabrous skin on the sole of the foot lacks the hair and pigmentation found elsewhere on the body, and it has a high concentration of sweat pores. The sole contains the thickest layers of skin on the body due to the weight that is continually placed on it. It is crossed by a set of creases that form during the early stages of embryonic development. Like those of the palm, the sweat pores of the sole lack sebaceous glands. The sole is a sensory organ by which we can perceive the ground while standing and walking. The subcutaneous tissue in the sole has adapted to deal with the high local compressive forces on the heel and the ball (between the toes and the arch) by\n\nIn human anatomy, the facial skeleton of the skull the external surface of the mandible is marked in the median line by a faint ridge, indicating the mandibular symphysis (Latin: symphysis menti) or line of junction where the two lateral halves of the mandible typically fuse at an early period of life (1-2 years). It is not a true symphysis as there is no cartilage between the two sides of the mandible. This ridge divides below and encloses a triangular eminence, the mental protuberance, the base of which is depressed in the center but raised on either side to form the mental tubercle. The lowest (most inferior) end of the mandibular symphysis \u2014 the point of the chin \u2014 is called the \"menton\". It serves as the origin for the geniohyoid and the genioglossus muscles. Other animals Solitary mammalian carnivores that rely on a powerful canine bite to subdue their\n\nIn humans, the cartilaginous bar of the mandibular arch is formed by what are known as Meckel's cartilages (right and left) also known as Meckelian cartilages; above this the incus and malleus are developed. Meckel's cartilage arises from the first pharyngeal arch. The dorsal end of each cartilage is connected with the ear-capsule and is ossified to form the malleus; the ventral ends meet each other in the region of the symphysis menti, and are usually regarded as undergoing ossification to form that portion of the mandible which contains the incisor teeth. The intervening part of the cartilage disappears; the portion immediately adjacent to the malleus is replaced by fibrous membrane, which constitutes the sphenomandibular ligament, while from the connective tissue covering the remainder of the cartilage the greater part of the mandible is ossified. Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Younger discovered this cartilage in 1820. Evolution Meckel's cartilage is a\n\nQuestion: In the human body what is the hallux?", "output": "Big toe"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Abraham (originally Abram) is the common Hebrew patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Judaism, he is the founding father of the special relationship between the Jews and God; in Christianity, he is the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish; and in Islam, he is a link in the chain of Islamic prophets that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad. The story of the life of Abraham as told in the narrative of the Book of Genesis revolves around the themes of posterity and land. He is said to have been called by God to leave the house of his father Terah and settle in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Abraham and his progeny. This promise is subsequently inherited by Isaac, Abraham's son, by his wife Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Ishmael is also promised that he will be\n\nEve (; ; ; ; ; Syriac: romanized: ) is a figure in the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible. According to the origin story of the Abrahamic religions, she was the first woman, yet some debate within Judaism has also given that position to Lilith. Eve is known also as Adam's wife. According to the second chapter of Genesis, Eve was created by God (Yahweh) by taking her from the rib of Adam, to be Adam's companion. Adam is charged with guarding and keeping the garden before her creation; she is not present when God commands Adam not to eat the forbidden fruit \u2013 although it is clear that she was aware of the command. She decides to eat the forbidden fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil after she hears the serpent's argument that it would not kill her but bring her benefits.\n\nAbijah ( ) is a Biblical Hebrew unisex name which means \"my Father is Yah\". The Hebrew form also occurs in the Bible. Old Testament characters Women Abijah, who married King Ahaz of Judah. She is also called Abi. Her father's name was Zechariah; she was the mother of King Hezekiah A wife of Hezron, one of the grandchildren of Judah Men Abijah of Judah, also known as Abijam (, , \"My Father is Yam [Sea]\"), who was son of Rehoboam and succeeded him on the throne of Judah A son of Becher, the son of Benjamin The second son of Samuel. His conduct, along with that of his brother, as a judge in Beersheba, to which office his father had appointed him, led to popular discontent, and ultimately provoked the people to demand a monarchy. A descendant of Eleazar, the son of Aaron, a chief of the eighth of\n\nQuestion: Sarah was the mother of Isaac and the wife of which Hebrew patriarch?", "output": "ABRAHAM"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Marcus Rutilius Lupus was a Roman eques who was active during the reign of emperor Trajan. He was appointed to a series of imperial offices, the most important of which was praefectus or governor of Roman Egypt. It was while he was governor of Egypt that a Jewish uprising known as the Kitos War began. Although Lupus successfully contained the initial revolt in Alexandria, he had to call for reinforcements from the central authorities for assistance, and the revolt was eventually crushed with enormous loss of life and property. Lupus also extended his protection to non-rebellious Jewish residents of Alexandria. It is thought that Lupus came from Beneventum (modern Benevento), home of a number of Rutilii Lupi. One member of this family is named in the Tabula alimentaria Ligurum Baebianorum as an absentee landlord owning property in at least two pagi, where he was represented by a vilicus. Mommsen first\n\nthis family is named in the Tabula alimentaria Ligurum Baebianorum as an absentee landlord owning property in at least two pagi, where he was represented by a vilicus. Mommsen first suggested that the landowner was the same person as the eques, an identification that Arthur Stein first disagreed with, but came to accept. Career Lupus is known to have been the Praefectus annonae, or overseer of the public dole of bread to the citizens of Rome; a bronze weight found in Ostia Antica during the excavations of the House of the Hunting Mosaic (Casa del mosaico dela caccia) bears his name. Based on this artifact, his tenure has been dated as running from around AD 107 to 111. This prefecture was the second highest position for Roman equites. His next appointment was Prefect of Egypt, which he is attested as holding from 113 to 117. Although his primary concern as\n\nwolf as Canis lupus. Linnaeus considered the dog to be a separate species from the wolf because of its upturning tail (cauda recurvata), which is not found in any other canid. In 1999, a study of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) indicated that the domestic dog may have originated from the grey wolf, with the dingo and New Guinea singing dog breeds having developed at a time when human communities were more isolated from each other. In the third edition of Mammal Species of the World published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed under the wolf Canis lupus its wild subspecies and proposed two additional subspecies, which formed the domestic dog clade: familiaris, as named by Linnaeus in 1758 and, dingo named by Meyer in 1793. Wozencraft included hallstromi (the New Guinea singing dog) as another name (junior synonym) for the dingo. Wozencraft referred to the mtDNA study as one\n\nQuestion: Which animal has the Latin name of Lupus?", "output": "Wolf"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Medal \"For the Victory Over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941\u20131945\" () was a military decoration of the Soviet Union established on May 9, 1945, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR to denote military participation in the victory of the Soviet armed forces over Nazi Germany in the Great Patriotic War. Medal statute The Medal \"For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941\u20131945\" was awarded to all military and civilian personnel of the Red Army, of the Navy and of the troops of the NKVD who were directly involved on the different fronts of World War II and ensured victory through their work in the various military districts; to all military and civilian personnel who served during the Great Patriotic War in the ranks of the Red Army, of the Navy or of the NKVD destruction battalions, but who\n\nThe Wound Medal or Parakram Padak is an Indian Military award given to those who sustain \"wounds as a result of direct enemy action in any type of operations or counter-insurgency actions.\" The medal was established in 1973, by the President of India for wounds back dated to 15 August 1947. Criteria Eligible categories include all ranks of the Indian military, including reserve and territorial forces, and members of the Railway Protection Force, police, Home Guards, civil defense, or any other organization specified by the government. Aircrews who, in the course of bailing out of an aircraft destroyed by hostile action may be awarded if they sustain injuries (and not, specifically, \"wounds\"). The medal may not be awarded posthumously. Specific provision is made for bars for subsequent awards. Appearance Obverse: A 35-mm circular silver medal with the national emblem in the center. To the left, the Hindi legend \"Ahat Medal\"\n\nStaff Sergeant Ambrosio Guillen (December 7, 1929 \u2013 July 25, 1953) was a United States Marine who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor\u2014the United States' highest military award for valor\u2014for his heroic actions and sacrifice of life on July 25, 1953, two days before the ceasefire, during the Korean War. He was responsible for his infantry platoon's turning an overwhelming enemy attack into a defeat and disorderly retreat. Early years Ambrosio Guillen was born on December 7, 1929, in La Junta, Colorado. He came from a Mexican-American family and grew up in El Paso, Texas, where he attended Bowie High School. Guillen enlisted in the United States Marine Corps at the age of 18. He completed recruit training at San Diego, California, and was assigned to the 7th Marine Regiment. Later he was chosen for Sea School, and after graduation, served on the . Following his tour of sea\n\nQuestion: July 12, 1862 saw the creation of what decoration, the highest military medal able to be awarded?", "output": "Medal of Honor"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Antigua and Barbuda (, ) is a sovereign island country in the Caribbean. It lies at the conjuncture of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean in the Leeward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles. The country consists of two major islands, Antigua and Barbuda, which are approximately apart, and several smaller islands, including Great Bird, Green, Guiana, Long, Maiden, Prickly Pear, York, and Redonda. The permanent population is approximately 97,120 ( estimates), with 97% residing in Antigua. St. John's, Antigua, is the country's capital, major city, and largest port. Codrington is Barbuda's largest town. In 1493, Christopher Columbus surveyed the island of Antigua, which he named for the Church of Santa Mar\u00eda La Antigua. Great Britain colonized Antigua in 1632 and Barbuda in 1678. A part of the Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands from 1871, Antigua and Barbuda joined the West Indies Federation in 1958. With the breakup\n\nBarbados ( ; ; ) is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of North America and the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands. It lies on the boundary of the South American and the Caribbean Plates. Its capital and largest city is Bridgetown. Inhabited by Kalinago people since the 13th century, and prior to that by other Amerindians, Spanish navigators took possession of Barbados in the late 15th century, claiming it for the Crown of Castile. It first appeared on a Spanish map in 1511. The Portuguese Empire claimed the island between 1532 and 1536, but abandoned it in 1620 with their only remnants being an introduction of wild boars for a good supply of meat whenever the island was visited. An English ship, the Olive Blossom, arrived in Barbados on 14 May 1625; its men took possession of the island\n\nAnguilla ( ) is a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. It is one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles, lying east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and directly north of Saint Martin. The territory consists of the main island of Anguilla, approximately long by wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The territory's capital is The Valley. The total land area of the territory is , with a population of approximately (). Etymology The native Arawak name for the island was Malliouhana. In reference to the island's shape, the Italian , meaning \"eel\" (in turn, from the Latin diminutive of anguis, \"snake\") was used as its name. Christopher Columbus is held in Anguillan tradition to have named the island. History Anguilla was first settled by Indigenous Amerindian peoples who\n\nQuestion: Bridgetown is the capital city of which island nation?", "output": "Barbados"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Torngat Mountains National Park () is a Canadian national park located on the Labrador Peninsula in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The park encompasses of mountainous terrain between Northern Quebec and the Labrador Sea. It is the largest national park in Atlantic Canada and the southernmost national park in the Arctic Cordillera. It partially contains the Torngat Mountains, the highest mountains in mainland Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. The Torngat Mountains National Park was created to honour the relationship that Inuit of Labrador and Nunavik have with the land. Parks Canada works with these groups in order to conserve the ecological integrity of the land, as well as to inform visitors of the park's history with Inuit groups. The subarctic mountains are part of the greater Inuit homeland, known as Inuit Nunangat. They are a treasure trove of the powerful stories, spirits and traditions of centuries of travellers.\n\nThe Dinosaur Park Formation is the uppermost member of the Belly River Group (also known as the Judith River Group), a major geologic unit in southern Alberta. It was deposited during the Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous, between about 76.5 and 74.4 million years ago. It was deposited in alluvial and coastal plain environments, and it is bounded by the nonmarine Oldman Formation below it and the marine Bearpaw Formation above it. The Dinosaur Park Formation contains dense concentrations of dinosaur skeletons, both articulated and disarticulated, which are often found with preserved remains of soft tissues. Remains of other animals such as fish, turtles, and crocodilians, as well as plant remains, are also abundant. The formation has been named after Dinosaur Provincial Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site where the formation is well exposed in the badlands that flank the Red Deer River. Geological setting The Dinosaur Park Formation\n\nElbow-Sheep Wildland Provincial Park is a provincial park and wildlife reserve located in the Kananaskis Country in south-western Alberta, Canada. It is within the Canadian Rocky Mountains. Activities The park offers setting for hiking, mountain biking and horseback riding through mountain landscapes of lodgepole pine and spruce forests. Photo gallery See also List of provincial parks in Alberta List of Canadian provincial parks External links Park page at Alberta Community Development Site Park page at Alberta Parks Provincial parks of Alberta Kananaskis Improvement District\n\nQuestion: Dinosaur National Park is a World Heritage Site in the Canadian Badlands, in which Province is it?", "output": "Alberta"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "West Side Story is a 1961 American musical romantic drama film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins, written by Ernest Lehman, and produced by Wise. The film is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical of the same title, which in turn was inspired by Shakespeare's play Romeo and Juliet. It stars Natalie Wood, Richard Beymer, Russ Tamblyn, Rita Moreno, and George Chakiris, and was photographed by Daniel L. Fapp in Super Panavision 70. The music was composed by Leonard Bernstein, with lyrics by Stephen Sondheim. Released on October 18, 1961, through United Artists, the film received praise from critics and viewers, and became the highest-grossing film of 1961. It was nominated for 11 Academy Awards and won 10, including Best Picture (in addition to a special award for Robbins), becoming the record holder for the most wins for a musical. West Side Story is regarded as one of\n\nExtreme Prejudice is a 1987 American neo-Western action thriller film starring Nick Nolte and Powers Boothe, with a supporting cast including Michael Ironside, Mar\u00eda Conchita Alonso, Rip Torn, William Forsythe, and Clancy Brown. The film was directed by Walter Hill, with a screenplay by Harry Kleiner and Deric Washburn (the latter collaborated with Michael Cimino on Silent Running and The Deer Hunter) from a story by John Milius and Fred Rexer. Extreme Prejudice is an homage, of sorts, to The Wild Bunch, a western directed by Sam Peckinpah, with whom Hill worked on The Getaway. Both films end with a massive gunfight in a Mexican border town. The title originates from \"terminate with extreme prejudice\", a phrase popularized by Apocalypse Now, also written by Milius. The lead character of Jack Benteen (Nolte) was loosely based on Joaquin Jackson. Nolte spent three weeks in Texas with Jackson learning the day-to-day activities\n\nGrant Heslov (born May 15, 1963) is an American actor and filmmaker known for his producing and writing collaborations with George Clooney, which have earned him four Oscar nominations. As a co-producer of Argo (2012), he received the Academy Award for Best Picture in 2013. As an actor, he has appeared in films including True Lies (1994), Black Sheep (1996), Enemy of the State (1998) and The Scorpion King (2002), as well as performing supporting roles in several films made with Clooney. Personal life Heslov was born in Los Angeles, California, and was raised in its Palos Verdes area. His father, Arthur Heslov, was a dentist, and his mother, Jerrie (n\u00e9e Rosen), a businesswoman. He has two older brothers, Steven and Michael. Heslov is Jewish. He attended Palos Verdes High School, then the University of Southern California . He is a member of Phi Kappa Psi. Heslov is married to\n\nQuestion: Who played the leading roles in both 'Rebel Without A Cause' and 'West Side Story'?", "output": "NATALIE WOOD"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cricket World Cup. It was held in England in June 1975 and consisted of two weeks of one-day matches played 60-overs-a-side. The format consisted of a group stage, in which each team played the other three teams in its group of four. The top two teams from both groups would progress to the semifinals. India competed in Group B against England, New Zealand and East Africa, a team of cricketers from Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Northern Rhodesia. The Indian team was led by off spinner Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan and included leading batsmen Sunil Gavaskar, Gundappa Vishwanath, and Farokh Engineer as well as Venkataraghavan's teammate from the Indian spin quartet, Bishen Singh Bedi. The team was relatively inexperienced at one-day cricket, having played their first ODI only a year earlier during their disastrous tour of England. India's first match, the first match of the Cup, was against England at Lord's in London.\n\nof soil was excavated to remove the red clay. PVC pipes were fitted before re-filling with rock chips and sand, and then grass. The slope is even, a difference of 29 inches from the wicket to the boundary. The ground was fitted with floodlights in 2009 and is able to host day/night cricket matches. First Test, ODI and T20I The ground hosted its first Test match on 25 May 2007, when the home team played India. The first ODI took place on 18 December 2005, when Bangladesh played Scotland. On 11 October 2011, the stadium hosted its first T20I, between Bangladesh and West Indies. Stats and records Stats It also hosted 6 matches of ICC Cricket World Cup 2011 while home team played 4 group stage matches against other opponents and 1 was Quarter final between Pakistan and West Indies The Stadium hosted all Pool A matches of 2014 ICC\n\nThe FIFA World Cup was first held in 1930, when FIFA, the world's football governing body, decided to stage an international men's football tournament under the era of FIFA president Jules Rimet who put this idea into place. Jules Rimet was the president of FIFA from 1921 to 1954. Rimet was appreciated so much for bringing the idea of FIFA to life that 1946 the trophy was named the Jules Rimet Cup instead of the World Cup Trophy. The inaugural edition, held in 1930, was contested as a final tournament of only thirteen teams invited by the organization. Since then, the World Cup has experienced successive expansions and format remodeling, with its current 48-team final tournament preceded by a two-year qualifying process, involving over 200 teams from around the world. International football before 1930 The first official international football match was played in 1872 in Glasgow between Scotland and England,\n\nQuestion: When was the first World Cup cricket contest held?", "output": "1975"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Vinyl is a 1965 American black-and-white film directed by Andy Warhol at The Factory. It is an early adaptation of Anthony Burgess' 1962 novel A Clockwork Orange, starring Gerard Malanga, Edie Sedgwick, Ondine, and Tosh Carillo, and featuring such songs as \"Nowhere to Run\" by Martha and the Vandellas, \"Tired of Waiting for You\" by The Kinks, \"The Last Time\" by The Rolling Stones and \"Shout\" by The Isley Brothers. Plot The film is about the youth perpetrator Victor, who spends his time lifting weights, dancing and torturing people. When he hits his friend Scum Baby, he calls the police. Victor gets the choice to go to jail or undergo a behavioral change. Victor decides on the treatment and is bound to a chair by a doctor. He has to watch violent videos and describe what is happening on the screen while warm wax from a candle runs over his\n\nA Clockwork Orange is a dystopian satirical black comedy novel by English writer Anthony Burgess, published in 1962. It is set in a near-future society that has a youth subculture of extreme violence. The teenage protagonist, Alex, narrates his violent exploits and his experiences with state authorities intent on reforming him. The book is partially written in a Russian-influenced argot called \"Nadsat\", which takes its name from the Russian suffix that is equivalent to '-teen' in English. According to Burgess, the novel was a jeu d'esprit written in just three weeks. In 2005, A Clockwork Orange was included on Time magazine's list of the 100 best English-language novels written since 1923, and it was named by Modern Library and its readers as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. The original manuscript of the book has been kept at McMaster University's William Ready Division of Archives\n\nof the Coldplay song of the same name and \"Only Time\" a cover of the single by Enya. \"Reel Around the Sun\" is from the Riverdance dance performance particularly popular in the late 1990s. Track listing \"Miracle\" \"Clocks\" (cover of \"Clocks\" by Coldplay) \"Liu San Jie\" (based on a Chinese story of a girl who became a fairy) \"Earthly Stars (Unsung Heroes)\" \"Freedom\" (Santuri Ethem Efendi: \u015eehnaz Longa) \"Shangri-La\" (from James Hilton's novel and the city of Beijing) \"Reel Around The Sun\" (Riverdance) \"A Girl's Dream\" \"Forbidden City\" (From James Hilton's novel and the city of Beijing) \"The Great Valley\" \"Alamuhan\" \"Mountains and Rivers\" \"Only Time\" (cover of \"Only Time\" by Enya) \"New Classicism\" (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: Symphony No. 40 in G Minor & Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony No. 5 in C Minor) 2004 albums Twelve Girls Band albums\n\nQuestion: Whose music looms large in the novel (and its film version) 'A Clockwork Orange'?", "output": "Ludwig van Beethoven"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cape Verde (formally, the Republic of Cabo Verde) is a group of arid Atlantic islands which are home to distinct communities of plants, birds, and reptiles. The islands constitute the unique Cape Verde Islands dry forests ecoregion, according to the World Wildlife Fund. Location and description The Cape Verde Islands are located in the mid-Atlantic Ocean some off the west coast of the continent of Africa. The landscape varies from dry plains to high active volcanoes with cliffs rising steeply from the ocean. The climate is arid. The total size is . The archipelago consists of ten islands and five islets, divided into the windward (Barlavento) and leeward (Sotavento) groups. The six islands in the Barlavento group are Santo Ant\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Vicente, Santa Luzia, S\u00e3o Nicolau, Sal, and Boa Vista. The islands in the Sotavento group are Maio, Santiago, Fogo, and Brava. All but Santa Luzia are inhabited. Three islands\n\nCabo de Santo Agostinho (English: Cape of St. Augustine) is a 448 square kilometer sized municipality located 35 kilometers south of the city of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. It is believed by some historians that Vicente Y\u00e1\u00f1ez Pinz\u00f3n had set anchor in a bay in Cabo de Santo Agostinho on January 26, 1500, however the Portuguese discovery of Brazil was by Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral on April 21, 1500 is officially recognized instead. Cabo de Santo Agostinho was incorporated as a town in 1811. Cabo de Santo Agostinho has both an industrial section that is centered on the Suape port and many tropical beaches and nature reserves. The best-known beaches are Chalets, Para\u00edso, and Gaibu. Recanto do Domingos lies at the far south end of Pedra do Xareu beach. Economy The main economic activities in Cabo de Santo Agostinho are tourism, commerce and a strong and diverse general industry sector located near\n\ntotal: 0.02 km3/yr (6%/1%/93%) per capita: 48.57 m3/yr (2004) Natural hazards Prolonged droughts; seasonal harmattan wind produces obscuring dust; volcanically and seismically active. Geography - note Strategic location 500 km from west coast of Africa near major north-south sea routes; important communications station; important sea and air refueling site. Table of islands Borders Cabo Verde shares maritime boundaries with Mauritania and Senegal. Cabo Verde has signed treaties with Senegal and Mauritania delimiting the specific boundaries. However, the two treaties conflict in their delimitation of the precise borders. Due to the numerous islands it has an Exclusive Economic Zone of . Climate Rainfall is irregular, historically causing periodic droughts and famines. Desalination plants now provide water to more than half the country's population. Experiments with fog collectors have been conducted since 1962, however, such collectors had not been expanded beyond the Serra Malagueta community of Santiago Island, as of 2009. The\n\nQuestion: In which country is Cabo (Cape) Verde (now Cap Vert)?", "output": "SENEGAL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "radiation, chemicals and mixtures, occupational exposures, metals, dust and fibers have been linked to occurrence of lung cancer. Mesothelioma Mesothelioma is a cancer of the mesothelium, part of which is the pleura, the lining of the lungs. Mesothelioma is caused by exposure to asbestos. Pneumoconiosis Pneumoconiosis are occupational lung diseases that are caused due to accumulation of dust in the lungs and body's reaction to its presence. Most common pneumoconiosis are silicosis, coal workers\u2019 pneumoconiosis (CWP), and asbestosis. Other examples include minerals (such kaolin, talc, mica), beryllium lung disease, hard metal disease and silicon carbide pneumoconiosis. Smoke Inhalation Inhaling smoke and other byproducts of combustion can cause pulmonary injury. A third of all burn victims admitted to a hospital are affected by pulmonary injury from inhaling smoke and fatality from inhalation injuries is higher than burn injuries - mortality exceeds 50% for burn victims with severe burn and inhalation injury.\n\ngas, nitrogen oxides, diacetyl (used in many food and beverage flavorings), 2,3-pentanedione, fly ash and fiberglass. COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a respiratory disease that can encompass chronic bronchitis and/or emphysema. 15% of the cases of COPD in the United States can be attributed to occupational exposure, including exposure to silica and coal dust. People who work in mining, construction, manufacturing (specifically textiles, rubber, plastic, and leather), building, and utilities are at higher risk for COPD than the average US worker. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP; also called allergic alveolitis, bagpipe lung, or extrinsic allergic alveolitis, EAA) is an inflammation of the alveoli within the lung caused by hypersensitivity to inhaled organic dusts. Lung cancer Numerous categories of ionizing radiation, chemicals and mixtures, occupational exposures, metals, dust and fibers have been linked to occurrence of lung cancer. Mesothelioma Mesothelioma is a cancer of the mesothelium, part of which is\n\nA mediastinal tumor is a tumor in the mediastinum, the cavity that separates the lungs from the rest of the chest. It contains the heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and aorta. The most common mediastinal masses are neurogenic tumors (20% of mediastinal tumors), usually found in the posterior mediastinum, followed by thymoma (15\u201320%) located in the anterior mediastinum. Lung cancer typically spreads to the lymph nodes in the mediastinum. The mediastinum has three main parts: the anterior mediastinum (front), the middle mediastinum, and the posterior mediastinum (back). Masses in the anterior portion of the mediastinum can include thymoma, lymphoma, pheochromocytoma, germ cell tumors including teratoma, thyroid tissue, and parathyroid lesions. Masses in this area are more likely to be malignant than those in other compartments. Masses in the posterior portion of the mediastinum tend to be neurogenic in origin, and in adults tend to be of neural sheath origin including neurilemomas\n\nQuestion: Mesothelioma, a rare form of cancer that develops from the protective lining of the body's internal organs (the mesothelium) is usually caused by exposure to what substance?", "output": "Asbestos"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is an American nonprofit human rights organization founded in 1920. The organization strives \"to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States\". The ACLU works through litigation and lobbying and has over 1,800,000 members as of July 2018, with an annual budget of over $300 million. Affiliates of the ACLU are active in all 50 states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico. The ACLU provides legal assistance in cases where it considers civil liberties at risk. Legal support from the ACLU can take the form of direct legal representation or preparation of amicus curiae briefs expressing legal arguments when another law firm is already providing representation. In addition to representing persons and organizations in lawsuits, the ACLU lobbies for policy positions established by its board of directors. Current positions\n\nand the publication continued until 1751. At that time, there were only two newspapers in New York City and the second was not critical of Cosby's government. U.S. Constitution The First Amendment permits information, ideas and opinions without interference, constraint or prosecution by the government. It was adopted on December 15, 1791, as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights. Early federal laws In 1798, eleven years after adoption of the Constitution and seven years after ratification of the First Amendment, the governing Federalist Party attempted to stifle criticism with the Alien and Sedition Acts. According to the Sedition Act, criticism of Congress or the president (but not the vice-president) was a crime; Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, was vice-president when the act was passed. These restrictions on the press were very unpopular, leading to the party's reduction to minority status after 1801, and eventual dissolution in\n\nCommittee of Five and written principally by Thomas Jefferson in Philadelphia over a period of two weeks in June 1776. On September 9, 1776, the Second Continental Congress formally dropped the name \"United Colonies\" in favor of the \u201cUnited States of America\", which had been introduced as the nation's name in the July Declaration of Independence. Colonial mobilization Congress called on the colonies to rename themselves as states, with new constitutions. On March 14, 1775, as proposed by John Adams to the Congress: Resolved That it be recommended to the several Assemblies, Conventions and Committees or Councils of Safety, of the United Colonies, immediately to cause all Persons to be disarmed, within their respective Colonies, who are notoriously disaffected to the cause of America, or who have not associated, and shall refuse to associate to defend by Arms these united Colonies, against the hostile Attempts of the British Fleets and\n\nQuestion: What collective name is given to the first ten amendments to the US constitution?", "output": "Bill of Rights"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "vertex figure of the grand antiprism is a sphenocorona or dissected regular icosahedron: a regular icosahedron with two adjacent vertices removed. In their place 8 triangles are replaced by a pair of trapezoids, edge lengths \u03c6, 1, 1, 1 (where \u03c6 is the golden ratio), joined together along their edge of length \u03c6, to give a tetradecahedron whose faces are the 2 trapezoids and the 12 remaining equilateral triangles. Construction The grand antiprism can be constructed by diminishing the 600-cell: subtracting 20 pyramids whose bases are three-dimensional pentagonal antiprisms. Conversely, the two rings of pentagonal antiprisms in the grand antiprism may be triangulated by 10 tetrahedra joined to the triangular faces of each antiprism, and a circle of 5 tetrahedra between every pair of antiprisms, joining the 10 tetrahedra of each, yielding 150 tetrahedra per ring. These combined with the 300 tetrahedra that join the two rings together yield the\n\nThe lateral line is lacking in scales and consists of a single trough and the scales on the body are small and cycloid. In adults there are no suborbital spines. They have a small, sharp nasal spine and the parietal bone is low, ending at its rear end with a spine or spinule. In large specimens many spines are absent and in smaller specimens there are some spines around the eye but in larger individuals only the postocular spine is well defined. They have 12\u201313, typically 12 spines and 9-11 soft rays in the dorsal fin, the last ray is divided close to its base. The anal fin has 2-3 spines and 4-6 soft rays, the last ray being divided. Distribution and habitat Setrachinae are found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Oceans. They are offshore fish which can be found at depths between and examination of the stomach contents\n\na part as the bar. A partner act will involve the partners working together \u2014 supporting each other's weight, throwing, lifting and catching each other. Self-standing trapezes can be purchased for home use. Multiple trapeze is an act entailing the use of more than one trapeze, typically two or three. In these acts, multiple people perform simultaneously. The most common type of multiple trapeze is a \"triple trapeze\". A triple trapeze has one long bar, held up by ropes, basically three trapezes put together, with the middle trapeze sharing the ropes of the other two. Multiple trapeze can also refer to an abstract structure with trapeze like structures, inside which multiple artists may perform. A triple trapeze is a type of static (still) trapeze with three trapezes on one bar. Therefore, there are four ropes connecting this trapeze to its frame, or whatever it is hanging from. Performers specialize in\n\nQuestion: How many sides does a trapezoid have?", "output": "4"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"The Last of the Light Brigade\" is a poem written in 1890 by Rudyard Kipling echoing \u2013 thirty-six years after the event \u2013 Alfred Tennyson's famous poem The Charge of the Light Brigade. Employing synecdoche, Kipling uses his poem to expose the terrible hardship faced in old age by veterans of the Crimean War, as exemplified by the cavalry men of the light brigade who charged at the Battle of Balaclava. It describes a visit by the last twenty survivors of the charge to Tennyson (then in his eightieth year) to reproach him gently for not writing a sequel about the way in which England was treating its old soldiers. Some sources treat the poem as an account of a real event, but other commentators class the destitute old soldiers as allegorical, with the visit invented by Kipling to draw attention to the poverty in which the real survivors were\n\nreal event, but other commentators class the destitute old soldiers as allegorical, with the visit invented by Kipling to draw attention to the poverty in which the real survivors were living, in the same way that he evoked Tommy Atkins in \"The Absent Minded Beggar\". Reception Unlike Tennyson's poem, and like first-person accounts of the Light Brigade, Kipling's poem was largely ignored. References External links Poetry by Rudyard Kipling Victorian poetry Crimean War fiction\n\nBeowulf (; ) is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It is one of the most important and most often translated works of Old English literature. The date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars; the only certain dating is for the manuscript, which was produced between 975 and 1025. Scholars call the anonymous author the \"Beowulf poet\". The story is set in pagan Scandinavia in the 6th century. Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose mead hall in Heorot has been under attack by the monster Grendel. After Beowulf slays him, Grendel's mother attacks the hall and is then defeated. Victorious, Beowulf goes home to Geatland and becomes king of the Geats. Fifty years later, Beowulf defeats a dragon, but is mortally wounded in the\n\nQuestion: Immortalized in an 1854 poem by Alfred, Lord Tennyson, the Charge of the Light Brigade, a military disaster for the English, occurred during what 1854 war?", "output": "Crimean War"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Indian Appropriations Act is the name of several acts passed by the United States Congress. A considerable number of acts were passed under the same name throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, but the most notable landmark acts consist of the Appropriation Bill for Indian Affairs of 1851 and the 1851 Indian Appropriations Act. 1851 Act The 1851 Indian Appropriations Act allocated funds to move Western tribes onto Indian reservations where they would be protected and enclosed by the United States government. According to the federal government at that time, reservations were to be created in order to protect the Indians from increasing numbers of White Americans moving to the West. This act set the precedent for modern-day Indian reservations. There are differing explanations as to why this act was instituted, one of which is that Indians' control of land and natural resources around the country was regarded\n\nwith a solution not known before and departing from that previously practiced by the British Empire. The most utilized explanation originated in the 1830s, nearly two decades before the passing of this Act, when many Americans agreed with President Jackson theories conceptualized by President Thomas Jefferson in 1803, that Native Americans needed to be resettled westward for their own protection. As decided, Native Americans in the South were forced to move to the Great Plains, but by the 1850s, Americans began to move into that area as well. Thus, the federal government, acting on such exigency and on Americans' long-standing sentiments regarding the Indians, passed the Indian Appropriations Act of 1851, placing Native Americans on reservations given there were no other lands available for another forced relocation. As a consequence, conflict in the Great Plains region was aggravated when settlers began to move into the final remaining land and Native\n\nSenate on January 15, 1827 noted that US commissioners assigned to negotiate a treaty with the Chickasaw Nation had met in parley on November 1, 1826 with members of that tribe. It reported that Levi Colbert, on behalf of agents of that nation, said that \"there was not a man in the nation who would consent to sell either the whole or part of their lands.\" Although opposed to the Indian Removal Act of 1830, the Chickasaw chiefs of the council signed a treaty, based on the tribe's removal, in a treaty meeting with General John Coffee and other United States representatives in November 1832. They wanted to keep peace, and they were suffering from the aggressive and hostile behavior of the Mississippi state government, as well as white settlers in their territory. Their removal was to west of the Mississippi River to Indian Territory. This treaty promised 25 cents\n\nQuestion: In 1830 which US president signed the Indian Removal Act, which authorized the forced removal of Native Americans from land?", "output": "(Andrew) Jackson"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Appomattox, shorthand for the surrender of Robert E. Lee to Ulysses S. Grant in the American Civil War, may refer to: Battle of Appomattox Court House, a battle of the American Civil War that was a culmination of the Appomattox Campaign and resulted in the surrender of Robert E. Lee Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, a National Historical Park in Virginia at the site of the surrender Appomattox may also refer to: Appomattox County, Virginia, in the United States Appomattox, Virginia, a town and the seat of that county Appomattox Court House (disambiguation), several courthouses in Appomattox, Virginia Appomattox River, a tributary of the James River in Virginia Appomattox Basin, a name for the Tri-Cities, Virginia region Appomattox Manor, a manor in City Point, Hopewell, Virginia Battle of Appomattox Station, a battle of the American Civil War in Appomattox, Virginia, a day before the Battle of Appomattox Court House\n\na manor in City Point, Hopewell, Virginia Battle of Appomattox Station, a battle of the American Civil War in Appomattox, Virginia, a day before the Battle of Appomattox Court House SS Appomattox, a large American wooden steamship operated mainly on the Great Lakes SS Appomattox (1893), a British steamship of the early 20th century Appomattox (opera), a 2007 opera in based on the American Civil War, composed by Philip Glass Appomattox (statue), a bronze Confederate soldier memorial in Alexandria, Virginia See also Appomattoc (people)\n\nfollowed by his March to the Sea. The last significant battles raged around the ten-month Siege of Petersburg, gateway to the Confederate capital of Richmond. The Confederates abandoned Richmond, and on April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant following the Battle of Appomattox Court House, setting in motion the end of the war. A wave of Confederate surrenders followed. On April 14, just five days after Lee's surrender, Lincoln was assassinated. On May 26, the last military department of the Confederacy, the Department of the Trans-Mississippi, effectively surrendered, but the conclusion of the American Civil War lacks a clear end date, and Appomattox is often symbolically referred to. Small confederate ground forces continued surrendering past the May 26 surrender date until June 23. By the end of the war, much of the South's infrastructure was destroyed, especially its railroads. The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and four million enslaved black\n\nQuestion: What came to an end in Appomattox Court House, Virginia?", "output": "The Civil War"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cheers is an American sitcom television series that ran on NBC from September 30, 1982, to May 20, 1993, with a total of 275 half-hour episodes across 11 seasons. The show was produced by Charles/Burrows/Charles Productions in association with Paramount Network Television and was created by the team of James Burrows and Glen and Les Charles. The show is set in the titular bar in Boston, where a group of locals meet to drink, relax and socialize. At the center of the show is the bar's owner and head bartender, Sam Malone, who is a womanizing former relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox. The show's ensemble cast introduced in the pilot episode are waitresses Diane Chambers and Carla Tortelli, second bartender Coach Ernie Pantusso, and regular customers Norm Peterson and Cliff Clavin. Later main characters of the show also include Frasier Crane, Woody Boyd, Lilith Sternin, and Rebecca Howe.\n\n\"What Is... Cliff Clavin?\" is the fourteenth episode of the eighth season of the American television sitcom Cheers, co-written by Dan O'Shannon and Tom Anderson, and directed by Andy Ackerman rather than James Burrows, who directed most of the other episodes of the series. It originally aired on January 18, 1990, on NBC. In this episode, Cliff Clavin (John Ratzenberger) appears on the game show Jeopardy! and game show host Alex Trebek guest stars as himself. Cliff racks up an insurmountable lead during the game, only to lose it all in the final round. The episode received praise from critics for its concept and its guest star. Plot Cliff Clavin (John Ratzenberger) competes on the television game show Jeopardy!, which has temporarily moved taping to Boston for a special occasion. Cliff amasses $22,000 by the end of the Double Jeopardy! round, more than twice the score of the second place\n\nsecond bartender Coach Ernie Pantusso, and regular customers Norm Peterson and Cliff Clavin. Later main characters of the show also include Frasier Crane, Woody Boyd, Lilith Sternin, and Rebecca Howe. After premiering in 1982, it was nearly canceled during its first season when it ranked almost last in ratings for its premiere (74th out of 77 shows). However, Cheers eventually became a Nielsen ratings juggernaut in the United States, earning a top-10 rating during eight of its 11 seasons, including one season at number one (season 9). The show spent most of its run on NBC's Thursday night \"Must See TV\" lineup. Its widely watched series finale that was broadcast in 1993 became the most watched single TV episode of the 1990s, and the show's 275 episodes have been successfully syndicated worldwide. Nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series for all 11 of its seasons on the air, it earned 28 Primetime\n\nQuestion: What is the surname of Woody, the assistant bartender, in the US television comedy series \u2018Cheers\u2019?", "output": "Boyd"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Charles Pierre Baudelaire (, ; ; 9 April 1821 \u2013 31 August 1867) was a French poet who also worked as an essayist, art critic and translator. His poems are described as exhibiting mastery of rhyme and rhythm, containing an exoticism inherited from Romantics, and are based on observations of real life. His most famous work, a book of lyric poetry titled Les Fleurs du mal (The Flowers of Evil), expresses the changing beauty of nature in the rapidly industrialising Paris caused by Haussmann's renovation of Paris during the mid-19th century. Baudelaire's original style of prose-poetry influenced a generation of poets including Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud and St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9. He coined the term modernity (modernit\u00e9) to designate the fleeting experience of life in an urban metropolis, and the responsibility of artistic expression to capture that experience. Marshall Berman has credited Baudelaire as being the first Modernist. Early life Baudelaire was\n\nwas commissioned in 1989 by Mirror Group Newspapers in an attempt to lure the Beau Peep fan base from the Daily Star. Roger Kettle also scripts Andy Capp for the Daily Mirror. The strip is drawn by Roger Mahoney. Beau Peep was originally intended as a parody of Beau Geste, a 1924 adventure novel by British author P. C. Wren, which has itself been adapted for the screen several times, and again parodied even more. However Beau Peep grew to have a distinctive character and identity in its own right and is perhaps the most famous of these parodies of Beau Geste, still retaining a large fan base. On the forum of the official Beau Peep website, writer Roger Kettle also claims to have been inspired by the American comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz, in that like Schulz's creation Charlie Brown, Beau Peep is a \"loveable loser\". Publication\n\nAlbrecht D\u00fcrer (; ; 21 May 1471 \u2013 6 April 1528), sometimes spelled in English as Durer, was a German painter, printmaker, and theorist of the German Renaissance. Born in Nuremberg, D\u00fcrer established his reputation and influence across Europe in his twenties due to his high-quality woodcut prints. He was in contact with the major Italian artists of his time, including Raphael, Giovanni Bellini, and Leonardo da Vinci, and from 1512 was patronized by Emperor Maximilian I. D\u00fcrer's vast body of work includes engravings, his preferred technique in his later prints, altarpieces, portraits and self-portraits, watercolours and books. The woodcuts series are more Gothic than the rest of his work. His well-known engravings include the three Meisterstiche (master prints) Knight, Death and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514), and Melencolia I (1514). His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his woodcuts\n\nQuestion: Who wrote the book Beau Geste?", "output": "P C WREN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The men's 110 metres hurdles was the only hurdling event on the Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. The preliminary heats were the first track event of the day on 7 April. Eight competitors ran in two heats of four runners each. Only the fastest two runners in each heat advanced to the final. The event was won by Thomas Curtis of the United States. Background This was the first appearance of the event, which is one of 12 athletics events to have been held at every Summer Olympics. It was not a well-known event. Two top hurdlers, Stephen Chase of the United States and Godfrey Shaw of Great Britain, were not present. In Greece, Anastasios Andreou was thought to be unbeatable. Grantley Goulding of Great Britain apparently had the same view of himself. Alajos Szokolyi had won the Hungarian Olympic trials and was considered a strong contender there.\n\nThe 100 metres hurdles, or 100-meter hurdles, is a track and field event run mainly by women (the male counterpart is the 110 metres hurdles). For the race, ten hurdles of a height of are placed along a straight course of . The first hurdle is placed after a run-up of 13 metres from the starting line. The next 9 hurdles are set at a distance of 8.5 metres from each other, and the home stretch from the last hurdle to the finish line is 10.5 metres long. The hurdles are set up so that they will fall over if bumped into by the runner, but weighted so this is disadvantageous. Fallen hurdles do not count against runners provided that they do not run into them on purpose. Like the 100 metres sprint, the 100 m hurdles begins with athletes in starting blocks. The fastest 100 m hurdlers run the\n\nA hurdle race in Great Britain and Ireland is a National Hunt horse race where the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles or flights that are over three and a half feet high. They are typically made of a series of panels made of brush and are flexible. Hurdle races always have a minimum of eight hurdles and a minimum distance of two miles (3.2 km). National Hunt horses that have the size and scope to jump higher than the height of a hurdle use these types of races in order to gain experience of jumping obstacles so they can later be sent to jump bigger obstacles called fences. Hurdle races tend to be run at a faster pace than Chases as the height of the hurdle is much lower than a chasing fence. The best hurdlers have a low and efficient style of jumping, which means they do not\n\nQuestion: How many hurdles must a runner jump over in the 110m men's hurdles race?", "output": "10"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"The Sopranos\", also known as \"Pilot\", is the first episode of the HBO television drama series, The Sopranos, which premiered on January 10, 1999. It was written and directed by the series creator and executive producer David Chase. Synopsis In the summer of 1998, New Jersey mobster Tony Soprano, a capo in the DiMeo crime family, is referred to a psychiatrist, Dr. Jennifer Melfi, after having a panic attack. Tony tells Melfi he is a waste management consultant, but she knows who he actually is. After Melfi establishes what will and will not fall under doctor-patient confidentiality, Tony begins to partly open up. Tony has recently been dealing with tensions between his wife Carmela and teenage daughter Meadow, as well as trying to keep his nephew, Christopher Moltisanti, in check. Tony's uncle, Corrado \"Junior\" Soprano, resents Tony for rising in the family hierarchy while he himself is in decline. Tony\n\n\"...To Save Us All from Satan's Power\" is the 36th episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos and the 10th of the show's third season. It was written by Robin Green and Mitchell Burgess, and directed by Jack Bender, and originally aired on April 29, 2001. Starring James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano Lorraine Bracco as Dr. Jennifer Melfi Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano Michael Imperioli as Christopher Moltisanti Dominic Chianese as Corrado Soprano, Jr. Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante Tony Sirico as Paulie Gualtieri Jamie-Lynn Sigler as Meadow Soprano Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano, Jr. Drea de Matteo as Adriana La Cerva * Aida Turturro as Janice Soprano John Ventimiglia as Artie Bucco Kathrine Narducci as Charmaine Bucco Steven R. Schirripa as Bobby Baccalieri Federico Castelluccio as Furio Giunta Robert Funaro as Eugene Pontecorvo * = credit only Guest starring Jerry Adler as Hesh Rabkin Also guest starring\n\n\"College\" is the fifth episode of the first season of the HBO television drama series The Sopranos, and originally aired on February 7, 1999. It was written by co-producer James Manos Jr. and series creator/executive producer David Chase and directed by Allen Coulter. The episode was ranked number 2 on TV Guide's 2009 list of \"100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time\". Cast James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano Lorraine Bracco as Dr. Jennifer Melfi Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano Michael Imperioli as Christopher Moltisanti Dominic Chianese as Corrado Soprano Jr. * Vincent Pastore as Pussy Bonpensiero * Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante * Tony Sirico as Paulie Gualtieri * Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano Jr. Jamie-Lynn Sigler as Meadow Soprano Nancy Marchand as Livia Soprano * * = credit only Guest cast Paul Schulze as Father Phil Tony Ray Rossi as Fabian \"Febby\" Petrulio, aka Fred Peters Oksana Lada as Irina\n\nQuestion: Who created the US television show \u2018The Sopranos\u2019?", "output": "David Chase"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Dimitri Shevardnadze () (December 1, 1885 \u2013 1937) was a Georgian painter, art collector and intellectual purged during Joseph Stalin's repressions. Life Born in Bakhvi, a small village in the western Georgian province of Guria, then part of the Russian Empire, he was educated at the art academies of St Petersburg and Munich. Upon his return to Georgia, he founded, in 1916, and led the Association of Georgian Artists. He helped also to establish the National Gallery of Fine Arts (1920) and the Tbilisi State Academy of Arts (1922). He decorated several opera and theatre performances, and movies, and designed an official logo of the Tbilisi State University. Revolt In 1937, the Communist chief of Georgia, Lavrentiy Beria, intended to destroy the medieval Metekhi church in Tbilisi, but met stubborn opposition from a group of Georgian intellectuals led by Dimitri Shevardnadze. Beria replied to their urges, that it would surely\n\nRustaveli Avenue (, Rust'avelis Gamziri), formerly known as Golovin Street, is the central avenue in Tbilisi named after the medieval Georgian poet, Shota Rustaveli. The avenue starts at Freedom Square and extends for about 1.5 km in length, before it turns into an extension of Kostava Street. Rustaveli is often considered the main thoroughfare of Tbilisi due to the numerous governmental, public, cultural, and business buildings that are located along or near the avenue. The Parliament of Georgia building, the Georgian National Opera Theater, the Rustaveli State Academic Theater, the Georgian Academy of Sciences, Kashveti Church, the Georgian Museum of Fine Arts, Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia (part of the Georgian National Museum), and Biltmore Hotel Tbilisi among others, are all located on Rustaveli. In 1989, tens of thousands of Georgians gathered before the House of Government on Rustaveli Avenue. An attack by the Soviet Spetsnaz forces killed many protesters\n\nAzerbaijan (, ; , ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia. It is a part of the South Caucasus region and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia (Republic of Dagestan) to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Baku is the capital and largest city. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state. In 1920, the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR. The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991, shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the same year. In September 1991, the ethnic Armenian majority of the Nagorno-Karabakh region formed the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh.\n\nQuestion: In which country did Mikheil Saakashvili and his supporters enter the parliament building and demand the resignation of President Eduard Shevardnadze in 2003?", "output": "GEORGIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Artemis (; ) is the goddess of the hunt, the wilderness, wild animals, nature, vegetation, childbirth, care of children, and chastity. In later times, in some places, she was identified with Selene, the personification of the Moon. She often roamed the forests of Greece, attended by her large entourage, mostly made up of nymphs, some mortals, and hunters. The goddess Diana is her Roman equivalent. In Greek tradition, Artemis is the daughter of Zeus and Leto, and the twin sister of Apollo. In most accounts, the twins are the products of an extramarital liaison. For this, Zeus' wife Hera forbade Leto from giving birth anywhere on land. Only the island of Delos gave refuge to Leto, allowing her to give birth to her children. Usually, Artemis is the twin to be born first, who then proceeds to assist Leto in the birth of the\n\nIn Greek mythology, Andromeda (; or ) is the daughter of Cepheus, the king of Aethiopia, and his wife, Cassiopeia. When Cassiopeia boasts that she (or her daughter) is more beautiful than the Nereids, Poseidon sends the sea monster Cetus to ravage the coast of Aethiopia as divine punishment. Andromeda is chained to a rock as a sacrifice to sate the monster, but is saved from death by Perseus, who marries her and takes her to Greece to reign as his queen. As a subject, Andromeda has been popular in art since classical times; rescued by a Greek hero, Andromeda's narration is considered the forerunner to the \"princess and dragon\" motif. From the Renaissance, interest revived in the original story, typically as derived from Ovid's Metamorphoses. The story has appeared many times in such diverse media as plays, poetry, novels, operas, classical and popular music, film, and paintings. A significant\n\nIn Greek mythology, Alcmene ( ; ) or Alcmena ( ; ; ; meaning \"strong in wrath\") was the wife of Amphitryon, by whom she bore two children, Iphicles and Laonome. She is best known as the mother of Heracles, whose father was the god Zeus. Alcmene was also referred to as Electryone (), a patronymic name as a daughter of Electryon. Mythology Background According to the Bibliotheca, Alcmene was born to Electryon, the son of Perseus and Andromeda, and king of Tiryns and Mycenae or Medea in Argolis. Her mother was Anaxo, daughter of Alcaeus and Astydamia. Other accounts say her mother was Lysidice, the daughter of Pelops and Hippodameia, or Eurydice, the daughter of Pelops. According to Pausanias, the poet Asius made Alcmene the daughter of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. Hesiod describes Alcmene as the tallest, most beautiful woman with wisdom surpassed by no person born of mortal parents.\n\nQuestion: Who was the Greek Goddess of the Moon, daughter of Hyperion and Thea?", "output": "SELENE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "announced among the top 10 entries of the semi-final and therefore qualified to compete in the final on 20 May. It was later revealed that Ireland placed ninth out of the 23 participating countries in the semi-final with 79 points. In the final, Ireland performed in position 21 and placed tenth out of the 24 participating countries, scoring 93 points. Background Prior to the 2006 Contest, Ireland had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest thirty-nine times since its first entry in 1965. Ireland has won the contest a record seven times in total. The country's first win came in 1970, with then-18-year-old Dana winning with \"All Kinds of Everything\". Ireland holds the record for being the only country to win the contest three times in a row (in 1992, 1993 and 1994), as well as having the only three-time winner (Johnny Logan, who won in 1980 as a singer, 1987\n\nThe Eurovision Song Contest 1994 was the second time that Estonia had attempted to enter the contest, having failed to qualify from the semi-final stage of the Eurovision Song Contest 1993. The pre-selection process featured multiple artists for the first time, with Silvi Vrait's \"Nagu merelaine\" being selected by the judging panel to represent the nation in Ireland. In the contest, however, Vrait would place 24th second and last, receiving only two points in the scoring process and only beating fellow Baltic nation Lithuania. Before Eurovision Eurolaul 1994 The final took place in Tallinn, Estonia on 26 February 1994, and was hosted by Reet Oja and Guido Kangur. Unlike the previous year, multiple artists entered the preselection show, with ten different songs featured. Pearu Paulus would perform two songs, with Evelin Samuel performing three. Paulus and Hedvig Hanson's \"Kallim kullast\" would ultimately be edged out narrowly by Silvi Vrait's \"Nagu\n\nat the first contest in 1956, but had submitted its application past the deadline and was, therefore, not allowed to compete. Denmark was the first Nordic country to take part in the contest, with Sweden, Norway and Finland following soon after. Iceland, however, did not take part until 1986. Denmark's first participants were Birthe Wilke and Gustav Winckler, who sang the song \"\". Their performance was controversial as, at the end of the song, the couple performed an 11-second kiss, which caused outcry in some countries. Nevertheless, the performance achieved third place. First victory Denmark won the contest for the first time in 1963, when Grethe and J\u00f8rgen Ingmann sang \"\". The victory, however, was controversial. When Norway announced its votes, the presenter Katie Boyle had to correct the spokesperson and said that she would call them again later. Viewers around Europe could then see the votes had been changed,\n\nQuestion: Who was the first singer to win the Eurovision Song Contest for Ireland?", "output": "DANA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of interference in quantitative terms, and supposing that simple colors consist of sinusoidal waves, Fresnel gave the first satisfactory explanation of diffraction by straight edges, including the first satisfactory wave-based explanation of rectilinear propagation. Part of his argument was a proof that the addition of sinusoidal functions of the same frequency but different phases is analogous to the addition of forces with different directions. By further supposing that light waves are purely transverse, Fresnel explained the nature of polarization, the mechanism of chromatic polarization, and the transmission and reflection coefficients at the interface between two transparent isotropic media. Then, by generalizing the direction-speed-polarization relation for calcite, he accounted for the directions and polarizations of the refracted rays in doubly-refractive crystals of the biaxial class (those for which Huygens's secondary wavefronts are not axisymmetric). The period between the first publication of his pure-transverse-wave hypothesis, and the submission of his first correct\n\nOptical path (OP) is the trajectory that a light ray follows as it propagates through an optical medium. The geometrical optical-path length or simply geometrical path length (GPD) is the length of a segment in a given OP, i.e., the Euclidean distance integrated along a ray between any two points. The mechanical length of an optical device can be reduced to less than the GPD by using folded optics. The optical path length in a homogeneous medium is the GPD multiplied by the refractive index of the medium. Factors affecting optical path Path of light in medium, or between two media is affected by the following: Reflection Total internal reflection Refraction Dispersion of light Absorption Simple materials used Lenses Prisms Mirrors Transparent materials (e.g. optical filters) Translucent materials (e.g. frosted glass) Opaque materials References Physical optics Geometrical optics\n\nX-ray optics is the branch of optics that manipulates X-rays instead of visible light. It deals with focusing and other ways of manipulating the X-ray beams for research techniques such as X-ray crystallography, X-ray fluorescence, small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray microscopy, X-ray phase-contrast imaging, and X-ray astronomy. Since X-rays and visible light are both electromagnetic waves they propagate in space in the same way, but because of the much higher frequency and photon energy of X-rays they interact with matter very differently. Visible light is easily redirected using lenses and mirrors, but because the real part of the complex refractive index of all materials is very close to 1 for X-rays, they instead tend to initially penetrate and eventually get absorbed in most materials without changing direction much. X-ray techniques There are many different techniques used to redirect X-rays, most of them changing the directions by only minute angles. The most\n\nQuestion: Refraction is the change of direction of a wave such as light due to change of its what when passing from one medium to another?", "output": "Speed"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Valchava is a village in the Val M\u00fcstair (M\u00fcstair valley) of the canton of Graub\u00fcnden (Grisons), Switzerland. It was an independent municipality in the district of Inn until on 1 January 2009 Valchava merged with Fuldera, L\u00fc, M\u00fcstair, Santa Maria Val M\u00fcstair and Tschierv to form Val M\u00fcstair. History Valchava is first mentioned in 1331 as Valchava. Geography Valchava has an area, , of . Of this area, 46% is used for agricultural purposes, while 33.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.4% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (18.7%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). The village is located in the Val M\u00fcstair sub-district (now Val M\u00fcstair municipality) of the Inn district. It consists of the linear village of Valchava above Santa Maria Val M\u00fcstair and the alpine settlements of Chaunt and Valpaschun. Until 1943 Valchava was known as Valcava. Demographics Valchava has a population\n\nThe canton of Valr\u00e9as, sometimes called the enclave des Papes (\"Enclave of the Popes\"), is a canton of the Vaucluse department, a part of the Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d'Azur (PACA) region in Southern France. It consists of four communes: Grillon, Richerenches, Valr\u00e9as and Visan. Location The Enclave des Papes is surrounded by the Dr\u00f4me d\u00e9partement, separated from the Vaucluse proper by roughly 2.5 km at the closest point. Its four towns, Valr\u00e9as, Visan, Grillon and Richerenches have a rich history. For the Vaucluse, the Enclave des Papes is an exclave; for the Dr\u00f4me, it is an enclave. History From 1305 to 1378, the Popes lived in Avignon, in what is now France, and were under the influence of the French kings. During this period, known as the Avignon Papacy, the city of Avignon and the adjacent Comtat Venaissin were added to the Papal States. In 1316 the Cardinals chose a sickly man,\n\nThe Tarentaise Valley (, ; ) is a valley of the Is\u00e8re River in the heart of the French Alps, located in the Savoy region of France. The valley is named for the ancient town of Darantasia, the capital of the pre-Roman Centrones tribe. Description At the foot of the valley, in the west, is the city of Albertville. Going east up the valley, Mo\u00fbtiers is reached, then Aime, and finally the last large town, Bourg-Saint-Maurice. The area is internationally best known for its world-renowned ski resorts, including Les Trois Vall\u00e9es (Courchevel, M\u00e9ribel, Val Thorens etc.\u2014off a side valley from Mo\u00fbtiers), Paradiski with La Plagne above Aime, and Les Arcs above Bourg-Saint-Maurice. Espace Killy with Tignes and Val-d'Is\u00e8re is further up the valley. These communities hosted most of the events for the 1992 Albertville Winter Olympics. A weekly lift ticket in any of the described systems gives skiers a choice\n\nQuestion: The Valais is a canton of which European country?", "output": "Switzerland"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Self-actualization, in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, is the highest level of psychological development, where personal potential is fully realized after basic bodily and ego needs have been fulfilled. Self-actualization was coined by the organismic theorist Kurt Goldstein for the motive to realize one's full potential: \"the tendency to actualize itself as fully as possible is the basic drive ... the drive of self-actualization.\" Carl Rogers similarly wrote of \"the curative force in psychotherapyman's tendency to actualize himself, to become his potentialities ... to express and activate all the capacities of the organism.\" Abraham Maslow's theory Definition Maslow defined self-actualization to be \"self-fulfillment, namely the tendency for him [the individual] to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.\" He used the term to describe a desire,\n\nconcept Maslow's work is considered to be part of humanistic psychology, which is one of several frameworks used in psychology for studying, understanding, and evaluating personality. The humanistic approach was developed because other approaches, such as the psychodynamic approach made famous by Sigmund Freud, focused on unhealthy individuals that exhibited disturbed behavior; whereas the humanistic approach focuses on healthy, motivated people and tries to determine how they define the self while maximizing their potential. Humanistic psychology in general and self-actualisation in particular helped change our view of human nature from a negative point of view \u2013 man is a conditioned or tension reducing organism \u2013 to a more positive view in which man is motivated to realize his full potential. This is reflected in Maslow's hierarchy of needs and in his theory of self-actualization. Instead of focusing on what goes wrong with people, Maslow wanted to focus on human potential,\n\ndeficiency-motivated.\" This explanation emphasizes the fact that self-actualization cannot normally be reached until other lower order necessities of Maslow's hierarchy of needs are satisfied. While Goldstein defined self-actualization as a driving force, Maslow uses the term to describe personal growth that takes place once lower order needs have essentially been met, one corollary being that, in his opinion, \"self-actualisation ... rarely happens ... certainly in less than 1% of the adult population.\" The fact that \"most of us function most of the time on a level lower than that of self-actualization\" he called the psychopathology of normality. Maslow's usage of the term is now popular in modern psychology when discussing personality from the humanistic approach. History and development of the concept Maslow's work is considered to be part of humanistic psychology, which is one of several frameworks used in psychology for studying, understanding, and evaluating personality. The humanistic approach was\n\nQuestion: Abraham Maslow's fundamentally meaningful theory of motivation, popularly shown as a pyramid of motivational factors in a person's life, is known widely as Maslow's what?", "output": "Hierarchy of Needs"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Romani flag or the flag of the Roma (, or O romanko flako) is the international ethnic flag of the Romani people, historically known as \"Gypsies\", which form a stateless minority in countries across Eurasia, Africa, the Americas, and Australasia. It was approved by the representatives of various Romani communities at the first and second World Romani Congresses (WRC), in 1971 and 1978. The flag consists of a background of blue and green, representing the heavens and earth, respectively; it also contains a 16-spoke red dharmachakra, or cartwheel, in the center. The latter element stands for the itinerant tradition of the Romani people and is also an homage to the flag of India, added to the flag by scholar Weer Rajendra Rishi. It superseded a number of tribal emblems and banners, several of which evoked claims of Romani descent from the Ancient Egyptians. Older Romani symbolism comprises insignia reflecting\n\ntwo swords\"), Oman (\"Five-cross flag\"), Georgia (\"Red Banner\"), Soviet Union (historical flag) (\"Blue Banner\"), East Turkestan (\"Black, white, red, white, green and a shield with two arrows\"), Kenya L (\"Red & green\"), Bangladesh Le\u00f2mhann na h-Alba (\"Lion Rampant\"), Scotland , Texas , Sri Lanka M or l'Unifoli\u00e9, Canada (\"The Banner\"), Faroe Islands (\"Red and White\"), Indonesia (\"The Monostarred\" or having one star, a single star, or a lone star), Puerto Rico N Native America's flag, Oklahoma Nishan Sahib (\"Holy flag\"/\"Exalted banner\"), Sikh flag (\"Sun-mark flag\"), Japan O , United States P (\"Mountain\"), Nepal (\"Flag of the Star and the Crescent\"), Pakistan Prinsenvlag (\"Prince's flag\"), Netherlands (historical) (\"Red-White-Green\"), Hungary (\"National Flag\"), Philippines Q (Q\u012bng Ti\u0101n, B\u00e1i R\u00ec, M\u01cen D\u00ec H\u00f3ng [\"Blue Sky, White Sun, Red Field\"]), Taiwan R (all unofficial), South Africa Rainbow flag, there are several independent rainbow flags in use today, the most widely known worldwide is the pride\n\nChina (), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's second-most-populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, tied with Russia as having the most of any country in the world. With an area of nearly , it is the world's third-largest country by total land area. The country is divided into 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two semi-autonomous special administrative regions. The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and largest financial center is Shanghai. The region that is now China has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era. The earliest Chinese dynastic states, such as the Shang and the Zhou, emerged in the basin of the Yellow River before the late second millennium BCE. The eighth to third centuries BCE saw\n\nQuestion: Which Asian country\u2019s flag consists of a large red disc on a green background ?", "output": "BANGLADESH"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Baltic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively or as a second language by a population of about 6.5\u20137.0 million people mainly in areas extending east and southeast of the Baltic Sea in Europe. Together with the Slavic languages, they form the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European family. Scholars usually regard them as a single subgroup divided into two branches: Western Baltic (containing only extinct languages) and Eastern Baltic (containing at least two living languages, Lithuanian, Latvian, and by some counts including Latgalian and Samogitian as separate languages rather than dialects of those two). The range of the Eastern Baltic linguistic influence once possibly reached as far as the Ural Mountains, but this hypothesis has been questioned. Old Prussian, a Western Baltic language that became extinct in the 18th century, has possibly retained the greatest number of properties from Proto-Baltic. Although related, Lithuanian, Latvian, and\n\nHistorically, the Ugrians or Ugors were the ancestors of the Hungarians of Central Europe, and the Khanty and Mansi people of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug of Russia. The name is sometimes also used in a modern context as a cover term for these two peoples, formerly called \"Ugrian Finns\". Modern languages Although the Khanty and Mansi are closely related ethnographically, their languages are not particularly close. It is commonly posited that their languages are related to each other (as the Ob-Ugric languages) and also to the language of the Magyars of Hungary (together forming the Ugric language family). While all three of these languages are clearly members of the greater Uralic language family, the linguistic reconstruction work needed to prove that they are closer to each other than to other Uralic languages has never been adequately done, and in recent decades a more agnostic position has been taken by many\n\nModern Norwegian () is the Norwegian language that emerged after the Middle Norwegian transition period (1350\u20131536) and Dano-Norwegian. The transition to Modern Norwegian is usually dated to 1525, or 1536, the year of the Protestant Reformation and the beginning of the kingdoms of Denmark\u2013Norway (1537\u20131814). In contrast to Old Norse, Modern Norwegian has simplified inflections and a more fixed syntax. Old Norse vocabulary is to a considerable degree substituted by Low German, and this is the main reason why Modern Norwegian, together with contemporary Norwegian in general, Danish and Swedish, is no longer mutually intelligible with Insular Nordic (Icelandic and Faroese), except from some Nynorsk/H\u00f8gnorsk and dialect users to a lesser extent. While Modern Norwegian is a linguistic term with a specific historical meaning, contemporary Norwegian also includes the Dano-Norwegian koin\u00e9 dialect from Oslo, that evolved into Standard \u00d8stnorsk (Standard East Norwegian) and the related official written standard Bokm\u00e5l. Standard\n\nQuestion: The three principal Uralic languages are Finnish, Estonian, and which other?", "output": "Hungarian"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nCalifornia is a state in the Western United States. With over 38.9million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state, the third-largest U.S. state by area, and the most populated subnational entity in North America. California borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and the Mexican state of Baja California to the south; it has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the west. The Greater Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay areas in California are the nation's second and fifth-most populous urban regions, respectively. Greater Los Angeles has over 18.7 million residents and the San Francisco Bay Area has over 9.6 million residents. Los Angeles is the state's most populous city and the nation's second-most populous city. San Francisco is the second-most densely populated major city in the country. Los Angeles County is the country's most populous county,\n\nAlaska ( ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. It borders British Columbia and Yukon in Canada to the east and it shares a western maritime border in the Bering Strait with Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean lie to the north and the Pacific Ocean lies to the south. Technically a semi-exclave of the U.S., Alaska is the largest exclave in the world. Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area, comprising more total area than the next three largest states of Texas, California and Montana combined and is the seventh-largest subnational division in the world. It is the third-least populous and most sparsely populated U.S. state, but with a population of 736,081 as of 2020, is the continent's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel, with more than quadruple the combined populations\n\nQuestion: By area, which is the largest state in the USA?", "output": "ALASKA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "History It was discovered in 1962 by Edward John Hurlburt, and was quickly found in 1963 to have an anorectic effect in rats. It was introduced as a prescription appetite suppressant in Germany, Switzerland and Austria in 1965, but was withdrawn in 1972 after it was found to cause pulmonary hypertension in approximately 0.2% of patients, and was linked to a number of deaths. Synthesis The synthesis was first reported in a structure-activity relationship study of 2-amino-5-aryl-2-oxazolines, where aminorex was found to be approximately 2.5 times more potent than D-amphetamine sulfate in inducing anorexia in rats, and was also reported to have CNS stimulant effects. The racemic synthesis involves addition/cyclization reaction of 2-amino-1-phenylethanol with cyanogen bromide. A similar synthesis has been also published. In a search for a cheaper synthetic route, a German team developed an alternative route which, by using chiral styrene oxide, allows an enantiopure product. See also\n\nJosef, Baron von Mering (28 February 1849, in Cologne \u2013 5 January 1908, at Halle an der Saale, Germany) was a German physician. Working at the University of Strasbourg, Mering was the first person to discover (in conjunction with Oskar Minkowski) that one of the pancreatic functions is the production of insulin, a hormone which controls blood sugar levels. Mering was curious about the pancreas, a comma shaped organ, situated between the stomach and the small intestine. In an effort to discover its function, he removed the organ from a dog. The dog was then noticed frequently urinating on the floor, although it was house trained. Mering realised that this was a symptom of diabetes and tested the urine, which was found to be high in sugar, confirming his suspicion. Josef von Mering helped to discover barbiturates, a class of sedative drugs used for insomnia, epilepsy, anxiety, and anesthesia. In\n\nSir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 \u2013 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin. His discovery in 1928 of what was later named benzylpenicillin (or penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium rubens has been described as the \"single greatest victory ever achieved over disease\". For this discovery, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. He also discovered the enzyme lysozyme from his nasal discharge in 1922, and along with it a bacterium he named Micrococcus lysodeikticus, later renamed Micrococcus luteus. Fleming was knighted for his scientific achievements in 1944. In 1999, he was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century. In 2002, he was chosen in the BBC's television poll for determining the 100\n\nQuestion: Which drug was first isolated in 1921, by Sir Frederick Banting and Dr C H Best, and first synthesised in 1964?", "output": "INSULIN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Yellowpages.com is a United States-based web site operated by Thryv that provides listings for local businesses. In 2013, it was re-branded as YP.com or simply \"YP\". It currently offers a broad range of marketing tools including online presence, local search, display ads and direct marketing. It was previously a wholly owned subsidiary of AT&T. YP's consumer brands include the YP mobile app and yp.com, which are used by nearly 80 million consumers each month in the U.S. and The Real Yellow Pages directory. In May 2016, YP entered into a partnership with the Better Business Bureau, displaying ratings for listings of businesses that have earned an A or A+ rating or BBB accreditation. History Yellowpages.com was founded in 1996 during the dotcom boom, by multiple cofounders, including CEO Dane Madsen. Yellowpages.com became part of Globalgate, an ecommerce incubator and investment company in 1998, which sold the business to its largest\n\nJohn Samuel Hendricks (born March 29, 1952) is an American businessman and is the founder and former chairman of Discovery, Inc. (later Warner Bros. Discovery), a broadcasting and film production company which owned the Discovery Channel, TLC, and Animal Planet networks, among other ventures. On March 20, 2014, after 32 years at the helm, he made public his decision to retire as chairman of Discovery Communications after the annual shareholders' meeting of May 16, 2014. He moved on to found CuriosityStream, an ad-free, on-demand nonfiction streaming service. Early life Born in Matewan, West Virginia, Hendricks' father was a home builder and his mother a clerk for city government. In 1958, the Hendricks family moved to Huntsville, Alabama, where Hendricks grew up. His father died when he was 20, and his mother died when he was 30. He attended S.R. Butler High School where he met his first wife, Pattie Miller.\n\nApple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California. , Apple is the world's biggest company by market capitalization, and with the largest technology company by 2022 revenue. , Apple is the fourth-largest personal computer vendor by unit sales; the largest manufacturing company by revenue; and the second-largest mobile phone manufacturer in the world. It is considered one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet (parent company of Google), Amazon, Meta Platforms, and Microsoft. Apple was founded as Apple Computer Company on April 1, 1976, by Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne to develop and sell Wozniak's Apple I personal computer. It was incorporated by Jobs and Wozniak as Apple Computer, Inc. in 1977. The company's second computer, the Apple II, became a best seller and one of the first mass-produced microcomputers. Apple went public in 1980 to instant financial success. The company\n\nQuestion: Which company did Larry Page co-found?", "output": "GOOGLE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Moderna practices, for example, were particularly strong in the region, while the 16th-century criticisms of the Catholic Church that spread throughout Europe also reached the Low Countries. Humanists such as Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam were critical but remained loyal to the church. However, the spread of the Protestant Reformation, started by Martin Luther in 1517, eventually led to outright war. The Reformation, particularly the ideas of John Calvin, gained significant support in the Low Countries, and following the 1566 iconoclastic outbreaks Spain attempted to quell the tide and maintain the authority of the post-Tridentine Church through force by installing Fernando \u00c1lvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba. The repression that followed led to the Dutch Revolt, the beginning of the Eighty Years War, and the establishment of the Dutch Republic in the northern provinces. Subsequently, the Southern Netherlands became a bastion for the Counter Reformation, while Calvinism was the main religion\n\nReformation During the Protestant Reformation, Iceland adopted Lutheranism in place of Catholicism. Two men, Oddur Gottsk\u00e1lksson and Gissur Einarsson, became disciples of Martin Luther and soon secured followers, particularly after King Christian III of Denmark and Norway declared himself for Lutheranism and began to enforce the change in his kingdom. This led to resistance and civil war on the island. J\u00f3n Arason and \u00d6gmundur P\u00e1lsson, the Catholic bishops of Sk\u00e1lholt and H\u00f3lar respectively, opposed the king's efforts at promoting the Reformation in Iceland. P\u00e1lsson was deported by Danish officials in 1541, but Arason decided to fight. Opposition to the Reformation effectively ended in 1550 when Arason was captured after being defeated in the Battle of Sau\u00f0afell by royalist forces under Da\u00f0i Gu\u00f0mundsson. Arason and his two sons were subsequently beheaded in Sk\u00e1lholt on 7 November 1550. As a consequence, Catholicism was outlawed and church property was appropriated by Iceland's rulers.\n\nThis is an alphabetical list of Protestant Reformers. A Johannes Aepinus Johann Agricola Eisleben Ludwig Agricola Mikael Agricola Stephan Agricola Erasmus Alber Matth\u00e4us Alber Alexander Alesius Symphorian Altbie\u00dfer Andreas Althamer Menso Alting Johannes Amandi Nikolaus von Amsdorf Jakob Andreae Laurentius Andreae Georg Aportanus Caspar Aquila Benedictus Aretius James Arminius Jan Augusta Johannes Aurifaber (Vimariensis) Johannes Aurifaber (Vratislaviensis) B Johannes Bader Bartholom\u00e4us Bernhardi Louis de Berquin Jacob Beurlin Christian Beyer Hartmann Beyer Johann Bernhard Th\u00e9odore de B\u00e8ze Theodor Bibliander Theobald Billicanus Ambrosius Blarer Andreas Bodenstein Hermann Bonnus Anne Boleyn Caspar Borner Martin Borrhaus Johannes Brenz Guido de Bres Johann Briesmann Gregor Br\u00fcck Leonhard Brunner Martin Bucer George Buchanan Georg Buchholzer Johannes Bugenhagen Heinrich Bullinger Johannes B\u00fcnderlin Benedikt Burgauer Adrian Buxschott C Michael Caelius John Calvin Wolfgang Capito Andreas Cellarius (theologian) Michael Cellarius Martin Chemnitz David Chytr\u00e4us Adolf Clarenbach John Colet Johannes Comander Konrad Cordatus Anton Corvinus Thomas Cranmer Thomas Cromwell Caspar\n\nQuestion: Who started the Protestant Reformation?", "output": "Martin Luther"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In music, an electronic tuner is a device that detects and displays the pitch of musical notes played on a musical instrument. \"Pitch\" is the perceived fundamental frequency of a musical note, which is typically measured in Hertz. Simple tuners indicate\u2014typically with an analog needle or dial, LEDs, or an LCD screen\u2014whether a pitch is lower, higher, or equal to the desired pitch. Since the early 2010s, software applications can turn a smartphone, tablet, or personal computer into a tuner. More complex and expensive tuners indicate pitch more precisely. Tuners vary in size from units that fit in a pocket to 19\" rack-mount units. Instrument technicians and piano tuners typically use more expensive, accurate tuners. The simplest tuners detect and display tuning only for a single pitch\u2014often \"A\" or \"E\"\u2014or for a small number of pitches, such as the six used in the standard tuning of a guitar (E,A,D,G,B,E). More\n\nin many situations can have the same effect for the listeners. In contemporary music, finger vibrato is also routinely used by classical guitarists on longer notes, to create an impression of a longer sustain. The technique is also used by jazz bassists to add depth of tone. Axial pitch-shifting Axial vibrato is produced by moving a stopped (held-down) string with the left hand in a direction parallel to its axis, which increases or reduces the tension on the string and thereby alters the pitch. This type of vibrato is typically used by classical guitarists (see Classical guitar technique), but can be performed on any kind of guitar, and is frequently bike used on steel string and electric guitars. When a classical guitarist sees the term vibrato written in a score, this is generally the first effect that comes to mind. Radial pitch-shifting (string bending) Radial pitch-shifting (also referred to as\n\nThe scale length of a string instrument is the maximum vibrating length of the strings that produce sound, and determines the range of tones that string can produce at a given tension. It is also called string length. On instruments in which strings are not \"stopped\" (typically by frets or the player's fingers) or divided in length (such as in the piano), it is the actual length of string between the nut and the bridge. String instruments produce sound through the vibration of their strings. The range of tones these strings can produce is determined by three primary factors: the linear density of the string, that is its mass per unit length (which is determined by its thickness and the density of the material), the tension placed upon it, and the instrument's scale length. Generally, a string instrument has all strings approximately the same length, so the scale length can\n\nQuestion: What is a slight fluctuation in pitch caused by the player of a stringed instrument shaking a finger while stopping a string?", "output": "Vibrato"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Harry Lillis \"Bing\" Crosby Jr. (May 3, 1903 \u2013 October 14, 1977) was an American singer, actor, television producer, television and radio personality and businessman. The first multimedia star, he was one of the most popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century worldwide. He was a leader in record sales, network radio ratings, and motion picture grosses from 1926 to 1977. He was one of the first global cultural icons. He made over 70 feature films and recorded more than 1,600 songs. His early career coincided with recording innovations that allowed him to develop an intimate singing style that influenced many male singers who followed, such as Frank Sinatra, Perry Como, Dean Martin, Dick Haymes, Elvis Presley, and John Lennon. Yank magazine said that he was \"the person who had done the most for the morale of overseas servicemen\" during World War II. In 1948, American polls declared\n\nas cowboys. They typically performed simple arrangements with rustic vocal performances and a simple guitar or fiddle accompaniment. The full popularity of the singing cowboys was not reached until the spread of sound films and the emergence of the commercial country music industry. As the singing cowboy genre developed it kept its themes of the American west and cowboy life, but moved away from its folk music origins to adapt to popular tastes. It was popularized by many of the B-movies of the 1930s and 1940s. The typical singing cowboys were white-hat-wearing, clean-shaven heroes with the habit of showing their emotions in song. Singing cowboys typically recorded with big band arrangements, often in the western swing style popularized by Bob Wills, and were also influenced by the vocal style of crooners such as Bing Crosby. Crosby himself also made a single appearance as a singing cowboy in Rhythm on the\n\nThe Record of Singing is a compilation of classical-music singing from the first half of the 20th century, the era of the 78-rpm record. It was issued on LP (with accompanying books) by EMI, successor to the British company His Master's Voice (better known as HMV) \u2014 perhaps the leading organization in the early history of audio recording. The project was accompanied initially by two illustrated books, containing singers' biographies and appraisals, which were published in London, by Duckworth, in the late 1970s. It covers the period running from circa 1900, when the earliest recordings were made, through until the early 1950s, when the last 78-rpm records were produced. Singers are divided into groups arranged according to national 'schools' and fach or voice type. In practice, this means that there are separate Italian, German, French, Anglo-American and East European classifications. Rather than concentrating on famous singers whose recordings are widely\n\nQuestion: A style of intimate singing, developed and made popular in the first half of the 20th century by, among others, Bing Crosby, is called...?", "output": "Crooning"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The lubber fiend, Lob, lubberkin, lurdane or Lob Lie-By-The-Fire is a legendary creature of English folklore that is similar to the \"brownie\" (or \"Urisk\") of Scotland and northern England, the \"hob\" of northern England and the Scottish Borders, the Slavic \"domovoi\" and Scandinavian \"tomte\". It has been related also to Robin Goodfellow, and Hobgoblins. It is best known for being mentioned by John Milton. The lubberkin is typically described as a large, hairy man with a tail who performs housework in exchange for a saucer of milk and a place in front of the fire. One story claims he is the giant son of a witch and the Devil. The abbey lubber is a minor demon that haunts the wine cellars and kitchens of abbeys, tempting the monks into drunkenness, gluttony and lasciviousness. The best known abbey lubber tale is that of Friar Rush. Lubber fiend in literature The lubber\n\nPerceval Gibbon (4 November 1879 \u2013 30 May 1926) was an author and journalist, serving for the Rand Daily Mail in South Africa, as well as for other publications. Gibbon had travelled to South Africa in 1898, moved to the war front and became the representative of a syndicate of colonial newspapers at the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War. He is best remembered for his short stories, which often contained an ironic twist at the end. Gibbon's influence on the work of later South African authors has been acknowledged. For instance, the fictional narrator of Vrouw Grobelaar's Leading Cases (1905) is said to be a forerunner of Herman Charles Bosman's character Oom Schalk Lourens. Early life Gibbon was born in Trelech, Carmarthenshire, Wales, and was educated in the Moravian School, in K\u00f6nigsfeld, Baden, Germany. During World War I he was a war correspondent with the Italian Army from 1917 to\n\nThe amphisbaena (, , or , plural: amphisbaenae; ) is a mythological, ant-eating serpent with a head at each end. The creature is alternatively called the amphisbaina, amphisbene, amphisboena, amphisbona, amphista, amfivena, amphivena, or anphivena (the last two being feminine), and is also known as the \"Mother of Ants\". Its name comes from the Greek words , meaning \"both ways\", and , meaning \"to go\". Mythology According to Greek mythology, the amphisbaena was spawned from the blood that dripped from the Gorgon Medusa's head as Perseus flew over the Libyan Desert with her head in his hand, after which Cato's army then encountered it along with other serpents on the march. Amphisbaena fed on the corpses left behind. The amphisbaena has been referred to by various poets such as Nicander, John Milton, Alexander Pope, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Alfred Tennyson, Aim\u00e9 C\u00e9saire, A. E. Housman and Allen Mandelbaum; as a mythological\n\nQuestion: In English mythology, who were Galligantus and Bunderbore?", "output": "Giants"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In the ancient Greek myths, ambrosia (, ) is the food or drink of the Greek gods, and is often depicted as conferring longevity or immortality upon whoever consumed it. It was brought to the gods in Olympus by doves and served either by Hebe or by Ganymede at the heavenly feast. Ancient art sometimes depicted ambrosia as distributed by the nymph named Ambrosia, a nurse of Dionysus. Definition Ambrosia is very closely related to the gods' other form of sustenance, nectar. The two terms may not have originally been distinguished; though in Homer's poems nectar is usually the drink and ambrosia the food of the gods; it was with ambrosia that Hera \"cleansed all defilement from her lovely flesh\", and with ambrosia Athena prepared Penelope in her sleep, so that when she appeared for the final time before her suitors, the effects of years had been stripped away, and\n\nand with ambrosia Athena prepared Penelope in her sleep, so that when she appeared for the final time before her suitors, the effects of years had been stripped away, and they were inflamed with passion at the sight of her. On the other hand, in Alcman, nectar is the food, and in Sappho and Anaxandrides, ambrosia is the drink. A character in Aristophanes' Knights says, \"I dreamed the goddess poured ambrosia over your head\u2014out of a ladle.\" Both descriptions could be correct, as ambrosia could be a liquid considered a food (such as honey). The consumption of ambrosia was typically reserved for divine beings. Upon his assumption into immortality on Olympus, Heracles is given ambrosia by Athena, while the hero Tydeus is denied the same thing when the goddess discovers him eating human brains. In one version of the myth of Tantalus, part of Tantalus' crime is that after tasting\n\nHellenic Aphrodite, goddess of love, sex and beauty. Dionysus, god of wine and pleasure. Eos, the Greek dawn goddess. The Erotes Anteros, god of requited love. Eros, god of love and procreation; originally a deity unconnected to Aphrodite, he was later made into her son, possibly with Ares as his father; this version of him was imported to Rome where he came known as Cupid. Himeros, god of sexual desire and unrequited love. Hedylogos, god of sweet talk and flattery. Hermaphroditus, god of hermaphrodites and effeminate men. Hymen, god of marriage, weddings, and the bridal hymn. Pothos, god of sexual longing, yearning, and desire. Hedone, goddess of pleasure. Helios, the sun, who played a role in love-magic, and according to Pindar, lovesick men would pray to him. Pan, god of the wild, shepherds, flocks, rustic music, and fertility of the wild/flocks. Is portrayed as very lustful and often depicted with\n\nQuestion: What was the food of the Greek gods?", "output": "Ambrosia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Adriatic Sea (Aquileia by the modern Gulf of Venice). Other commodities were exported to the Romans along with amber, such as animal fur and skin, honey, and wax, in exchange for Roman glass, brass, gold, and non-ferrous metals such as tin and copper imported into the early Baltic region. As this road was a lucrative trade route connecting the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean Sea, Roman military fortifications were constructed along the route to protect merchants and traders from Germanic raids. The Old Prussian towns of Kaup and Truso on the Baltic were the starting points of the route to the south. In Scandinavia the amber road probably gave rise to the thriving Nordic Bronze Age culture, bringing influences from the Mediterranean Sea to the northernmost countries of Europe. Kaliningrad Oblast is occasionally referred to in Russian as , which means \"the amber region\" (see Kaliningrad Regional Amber Museum). Known\n\nThe Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North and Central European Plain. The sea stretches from 53\u00b0N to 66\u00b0N latitude and from 10\u00b0E to 30\u00b0E longitude. It is a shelf sea and marginal sea of the Atlantic with limited water exchange between the two, making it an inland sea. The Baltic Sea drains through the Danish Straits into the Kattegat by way of the \u00d8resund, Great Belt and Little Belt. It includes the Gulf of Bothnia (divided into the Bothnian Bay and the Bothnian Sea), the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga and the Bay of Gda\u0144sk. The \"Baltic Proper\" is bordered on its northern edge, at latitude 60\u00b0N, by \u00c5land and the Gulf of Bothnia, on its northeastern edge by the Gulf of Finland, on its eastern edge by the\n\nPionersky (; (); ) is a town in Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia, located along the Baltic Sea on the Sambian Peninsula, between Zelenogradsk and Svetlogorsk. Population figures: The Residence of the President of the Russian Federation \"Yantar\" and the only Federal Children's orthopedic sanatorium in Russia \"Pionersk\" are located in the town. History The village was first mentioned in 1254. After the Thirteen Years' War (1454\u20131466), the area became a part of a Polish fief held by the Teutonic Knights and by secular Ducal Prussia until 1657. From 1701, it formed part of the Kingdom of Prussia, and from 1871 it was also part of Germany. In 1878, the village had a population of 566, mostly employed in fishing. It was annexed by the Soviet Union in 1945 upon the end of World War II and renamed Pionersky after the children's health camp of the Young Pioneer organization of the Soviet\n\nQuestion: About 90% of the world's extractable material, used for the manufacture of ornamental objects and jewellery, is in the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia on the Baltic Sea. What type of material is this?", "output": "Amber"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Benedict of Nursia (; ; 2 March AD 480 \u2013 21 March AD 547), often known as Saint Benedict, was an Italian Christian monk, writer, and theologian - venerated in the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion, and Old Catholic Churches. In 1964 Pope Paul VI declared Benedict a patron saint of Europe. Benedict founded twelve communities for monks at Subiaco in present-day Lazio, Italy (about to the east of Rome), before moving further south-east to Monte Cassino in the mountains of central Italy. The present-day Order of Saint Benedict emerged later and, moreover, is not an \"order\" as the term is commonly understood, but a confederation of autonomous congregations. Benedict's main achievement, his Rule of Saint Benedict, contains a set of rules for his monks to follow. Heavily influenced by the writings of John Cassian ( \u2013 ), it shows strong affinity\n\nGiovanni Antonio Farina (11 January 1803 \u2013 4 March 1888) was an Italian Catholic bishop known for his compassionate treatment of the poor and for his enlightened views of education; he was sometimes dubbed as the \"Bishop of the Poor\". He served as the Bishop of Vicenza and later as the Bishop of Treviso; he is also known for ordaining the future Pope Pius X to the priesthood. He was beatified on 4 November 2001 by Pope John Paul II and was canonized on 23 November 2014 by Pope Francis following the recognition of miracles attributed to his intercession. His liturgical feast day is celebrated annually on 4 March, the date of his death. He remains the patron saint of his religious order and of his hometown as well as the dioceses in which he served. Biography Early life and family Giovanni Antonio Farina was born in Gambellara in the\n\nThe Vatican Information Service (VIS) is an official, free news service of the Holy See Press Office, founded in 1991 in the Vatican City during the pontificate of Pope John Paul II. It transmits news on a daily basis at 3 p.m. local Rome time, except during the month of August and on public holidays in Vatican City (generally Holy Days of Obligation). The service is available in four languages: English, Spanish, French and Italian. The VIS is a freely available service, and invites subscribers from around the world to use their electronic mailing list. Generally, each VIS broadcast contains information of papal activities, including meetings, appointments, publications and audiences. Periodically the deaths of prelates are announced, as are the activities of the various congregations, councils and synods. On Saturday 27 June 2015, Pope Francis, through a motu proprio (\"on his own initiative\") apostolic letter, established in the Roman Curia\n\nQuestion: What pope, who died in 2005, was the second longest-serving pope of all time?", "output": "John Paul II"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "constant. Electron temperature Temperature is a statistical quantity whose formal definition is or the change in internal energy with respect to entropy, holding volume and particle number constant. A practical definition comes from the fact that the atoms, molecules, or whatever particles in a system have an average kinetic energy. The average means to average over the kinetic energy of all the particles in a system. If the velocities of a group of electrons, e.g., in a plasma, follow a Maxwell\u2013Boltzmann distribution, then the electron temperature is defined as the temperature of that distribution. For other distributions, not assumed to be in equilibrium or have a temperature, two-thirds of the average energy is often referred to as the temperature, since for a Maxwell\u2013Boltzmann distribution with three degrees of freedom, . The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin (K), but using the above relation the electron temperature is often expressed\n\nThe British thermal unit (BTU or Btu) is a measure of heat, which is a form of energy. It was originally defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit. It is also part of the United States customary units. The SI unit for energy is the joule (J); one BTU equals about 1,055 J (varying within the range of 1,054\u20131,060 J depending on the specific definition; see below). While units of heat are often supplanted by energy units in scientific work, they are still used in some fields. For example, in the United States the price of natural gas is quoted in dollars per the amount of natural gas that would give 1 million BTUs (1 \"MMBtu\") of heat energy if burned. Definitions A BTU was originally defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature\n\nfor a Maxwell\u2013Boltzmann distribution with three degrees of freedom, . The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin (K), but using the above relation the electron temperature is often expressed in terms of the energy unit electronvolt (eV). Each kelvin (1 K) corresponds to ; this factor is the ratio of the Boltzmann constant to the elementary charge. Each eV is equivalent to 11,605 kelvins, which can be calculated by the relation . The electron temperature of a plasma can be several orders of magnitude higher than the temperature of the neutral species or of the ions. This is a result of two facts. Firstly, many plasma sources heat the electrons more strongly than the ions. Secondly, atoms and ions are much heavier than electrons, and energy transfer in a two-body collision is much more efficient if the masses are similar. Therefore, equilibration of the temperature happens very slowly, and\n\nQuestion: What is the SI unit of thermodynamic temperature?", "output": "Kelvin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The July Column () is a monumental column in Paris commemorating the Revolution of 1830. It stands in the center of the Place de la Bastille and celebrates the \u2014 the 'three glorious' days of 27\u201329 July 1830 that saw the fall of Charles X, King of France, and the commencement of the July Monarchy of Louis-Philippe, King of the French. It was built between 1835 and 1840. History A first project for one commemorative column, one that would commemorate the Fall of the Bastille, had been envisaged in 1792, and a foundation stone was laid, 14 July 1792; but the project never got further than that. The circular basin in which its socle stands was realised during the Empire as part of the Elephant of the Bastille, a fountain with an elephant in its centre. The elephant was completed to designs by Percier and Fontaine in semi-permanent stucco, but\n\nby Emperor Francis I of Austria. That same year, he was appointed consul-general of the Austrian Empire. In 1823, he was awarded the French Legion of Honour. Following the July 1830 Revolution that saw King Louis Philippe come to power, de Rothschild put together a loan package to stabilize the finances of the new government, and in 1834 a second loan. In gratitude for his services to the French nation, Louis Philippe elevated him to the dignity of Grand Officer of the Legion of Honour. King Louis Philippe was forced to abdicate after the outbreak of the French Revolution of 1848. Under Emperor Napoleon III, de Rothschild lost part of his political influence, however, despite some difficulties, the family business survived and prospered under the new regime. From 1852, he also had to defend the attacks of the bank Cr\u00e9dit Mobilier. The conflict between the Rothschilds and the rival company\n\nofficials and foreign guests. History In 1789, tensions rose in France between reformist and conservative factions as the country struggled to resolve an economic crisis. In May, the Estates General legislative assembly was revived, but members of the Third Estate broke ranks, declaring themselves to be the National Assembly of the country, and on 20 June, vowed to write a constitution for the kingdom. On 11 July Jacques Necker, the finance minister of Louis XVI, who was sympathetic to the Third Estate, was dismissed by the King, provoking an angry reaction among Parisians. Crowds formed, fearful of an attack by the royal army or by foreign regiments of mercenaries in the King's service, and seeking to arm themselves. Early on 14 July, a crowd besieged the H\u00f4tel des Invalides for firearms, muskets, and cannons stored in its cellars. That same day, another crowd stormed the Bastille, a fortress-prison in Paris\n\nQuestion: Because foreigners were forbidden to serve in the French Army after the 1830 July Revolution, what was created by Louis Philippe, the King of France in 1831?", "output": "French Foreign Legion"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "for liquids, foam is also effective. Halon has fallen out of favor in recent times (except for aircraft fire extinguishing systems) because it is an ozone-depleting material; the Montreal Protocol declares that Halon should no longer be used. Chemicals such as FM-200 are now the recommended halogenated suppressant. Flammable Gases: Class B (US) / Class C (EU/AU) Fires where the fuel is flammable or combustible gas are classified as \"Class C\" in the European/Australian system, and \"Class B\" along with flammable liquids in the US system. Due to the gaseous nature of the fuel, these fires are difficult to extinguish. The most effective techniques for the control of a flammable gas fire are to stop the flow of fuel (by turning off any gas taps or valves) or to displace the oxygen. Control of fires involving flammable gases where the gas source cannot be controlled must be carefully managed. If\n\nThe aircraft diesel engine or aero diesel is a diesel-powered aircraft engine. They were used in airships and tried in aircraft in the late 1920s and 1930s, but were never widely adopted until recently. Their main advantages are their excellent specific fuel consumption, the reduced flammability and somewhat higher density of their fuel, but these have been outweighed by a combination of inherent disadvantages compared to gasoline-fueled or turboprop engines. The ever-rising cost of avgas and doubts about its future availability have spurred a resurgence in aircraft diesel engine production in the early 2010s. Using diesel engines in aircraft is additionally advantageous from the standpoint of environmental protection as well as the protection of human health, since the tetraethyllead antiknock ingredient of avgas has long been known to be highly toxic as well as polluting. Development Early diesel aircraft A number of manufacturers built diesel aero engines in the 1920s\n\ncombustion is almost impossible to achieve, since the chemical equilibrium is not necessarily reached, or may contain unburnt products such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen and even carbon (soot or ash). Thus, the produced smoke is usually toxic and contains unburned or partially oxidized products. Any combustion at high temperatures in atmospheric air, which is 78 percent nitrogen, will also create small amounts of several nitrogen oxides, commonly referred to as NOx, since the combustion of nitrogen is thermodynamically favored at high, but not low temperatures. Since burning is rarely clean, fuel gas cleaning or catalytic converters may be required by law. Fires occur naturally, ignited by lightning strikes or by volcanic products. Combustion (fire) was the first controlled chemical reaction discovered by humans, in the form of campfires and bonfires, and continues to be the main method to produce energy for humanity. Usually, the fuel is carbon, hydrocarbons, or more\n\nQuestion: The Hindenburg zeppelin was filled with what highly flammable gas?", "output": "Hydrogen"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\u00c9vrard Titon du Tillet (January 1677 \u2013 26 December 1762) is best known for his important biographical chronicle, Le Parnasse fran\u00e7ois, composed of brief anecdotal vite of famous French poets and musicians of his time, under the reign of Louis XIV and the R\u00e9gence. Biography Of Scottish origin, \u00c9vrard Titon du Tillet was the son of Maximilien Titon de Villegenon, seigneur d'Ognon, a secretary of the King and general manager of the armories under Louis XIV. He studied law before his father obliged him to embrace a military career. He was already a \"captain of dragoons\" at the age of twenty, when unfortunately for him, the long-awaited peace prevented him from advancing his career. He then purchased the sinecure of ma\u00eetre d'h\u00f4tel to the thirteen-year-old duchess of Burgundy, the future mother of Louis XV. Alas, in 1712, the Dauphine died of measles, and Titon du Tillet was unemployed for the\n\nCount Jean Armand de L'Estocq (German: Johann Hermann Lestocq, Russian: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041b\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a; 29 April 1692, in L\u00fcneburg \u2013 12 June 1767, in Saint Petersburg) was a French adventurer who wielded immense influence on the foreign policy of Russia during the early reign of Empress Elizabeth. Biography Coming from a noble family of Champagne, as a youth he was committed to prison for a petty offense. He was liberated on the urging of Fran\u00e7oise-Marie de Bourbon (1677\u20131749), legitimized daughter of Louis XIV of France and Fran\u00e7oise-Ath\u00e9na\u00efs, marquise de Montespan. Fran\u00e7oise-Marie was also married at the time to Philippe II, Duke of Orl\u00e9ans. She was thus a well-connected patroness. In 1709, Lestocq arrived in Saint Petersburg in the capacity of a court physician. He was well regarded by Catherine I of Russia until 1720, when her husband had him exiled to Kazan for having seduced a jester's daughter. Upon the Emperor's\n\nwhen Duke William V of Aquitaine made a donation to the Abbey of Bourgueil. Louis subscribed the duke's charter as \"Louis, son of King Charles\" (Lodoici filii Karoli regis). William is known to have been on good terms with Hugh and accepted his election, but Carolingian legitimism was not unknown in southern France, where royal power was weak. In 1023, Louis made a pilgrimage to Mont-Saint-Michel. During his return journey, he fell ill and became a monk in extremis at the Abbey of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif in Sens. While he lay dying, he gave his villa at Ariscurt (an unidentified location probably in Lorraine) and a pallium (a sign of his royalty) to the abbey. His epitaph at Saint-Pierre-le-Vif has been published. References Carolingian dynasty Medieval French nobility 10th-century births 1023 deaths 11th-century French people\n\nQuestion: Louis XIV of France was known as what?", "output": "The Sun King"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Kachori () is a sweet and spicy deep-fried snack, originating in India, and common in places with Indian diaspora and other South Asian diaspora. Alternative names for the snack include kachauri, kachodi and katchuri. History Early known recipe similar to kachori comes from Susruta Samhita which mentions deep-fried pastry made from flour, ghee and jaggery and stuffed with spiced mung dal or minced meat. Another recipe for dish known as \"Kacchari\" a puffy deep-fried pastry stuffed with lentils finds mentioned in Jain text dating back to 7th century. Similar recipes also finds mentioned in medieval cookbook Supa Shastra. Kachori is believed to have originated in the Hindi belt region of India. In these states it is usually a round flattened ball made of fine flour filled with a stuffing of baked mixture of yellow moong dal or urad dal (Mung bean or Vigna mungo), besan (chickpea flour), black pepper, red\n\nIn Sikhism, Karah Parshad (Punjabi: \u0a15\u0a5c\u0a3e\u0a39 \u0a2a\u0a4d\u0a30\u0a38\u0a3e\u0a26 ), alternatively known as Deg or Degh (literally meaning \"cooking pot\"), is a type of whole wheat flour halva made with equal portions of whole-wheat flour, clarified butter, and sugar and double quantity of water. It is offered to all visitors to the Darbar Sahib in a Gurdwara. It is regarded as a treat for attendees of gurmat seminars. As a sign of humanity and respect, visitors accept the Prashad sitting, with hands raised and cupped. The offering and receiving of this food is a vital part of hospitality protocols. It has the same amount of whole-wheat flour, clarified butter and sugar, to emphasize the equality of men and women. The Sewadar serves it out of the same bowl to everyone in equal portions. The Karah prasad is a sacred food; if it is not accepted, it may be interpreted by some Sikhs\n\nwith pork fat and spices Steak and Guinness pie \u2014 round steak with Guinness stout, bacon, and onions, in pie crust Tafelspitz \u2014 Austrian dish of boiled veal, prepared from the top part of the round Jangjorim \u2014 Korean dish of eye of round boiled down in soy sauce, commonly with braised quail eggs (mechurial jangjorim) or shishito pepper (kkwarigochu jangjorim) Common preparations Ground round or beef mince \u2014 a type of ground beef made from round steak and trimmings from the primal round; this is also the name of a U.S. restaurant chain, Ground Round Accordion cut \u2014 cutting on alternating sides and stretching to make a thinner overall steak Butterflying \u2014 cutting through the center, leaving a small hinge of meat, and unfolding to create a thinner steak Swiss steak \u2014 preparing by making a series of small cuts with a bladed roller or pounding flat, also called\n\nQuestion: What name is given to the cooked and clarified butter, much used in Indian cuisine?", "output": "GHEE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cypripedium acaule is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae native to eastern North America. It is the provincial flower of Prince Edward Island, Canada, and the state wildflower of New Hampshire, United States. Name It is commonly referred to as the pink lady's slipper or moccasin flower. The specific epithet acaule means \"lacking an obvious stem\", a reference to its short underground stem, for which reason the plant is also known as the stemless lady's-slipper. Description Cypripedium acaule is a perennial plant. It grows slowly and up to . Unlike most other species of Cypripedium, the pouch of C. acaule opens in a slit that runs down the front of the labellum rather than a round opening. The plant consists of two plicate leaves near the ground. From between those leaves sprouts a long, pubescent stalk that bears a single pink flower. The sepals and petals\n\nCostus is a group of herbaceous perennial plants in the family Costaceae, described by Linnaeus as a genus in 1753. It was formerly known as Hellenia after the Finnish botanist Carl Niclas von Hellens. It is widespread through tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Costus is often characterized and distinguished from relatives such as Zingiber (true ginger) by its spiraling stems. The genus as a whole is thus often called spiral gingers, but this can also refer to C. barbatus specifically. Costus spectabilis is the floral emblem of Nigeria; its flowers are represented (erroneously in red instead of yellow color) on its coat of arms. It is important not to confuse Costus speciosus, C. spectabilis etc. with the herb known by the common name \"costus\". Some species are of importance to herbivores, such as caterpillars of the restricted demon (Notocrypta curvifascia) which feed on Costus speciosus\n\nRanunculus californicus, commonly known as the California buttercup, is a flowering plant of the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It is a native of California, where it is common in many habitats, including chaparral and woodlands. Its distribution extends across many habitats of California, north into Oregon and south into Baja California. Its reported locations include the islands between British Columbia and Washington, the Channel Islands of California, and the Sierra Nevada. Description Ranunculus californicus grows up to in height. The bright yellow flower is roughly in diameter and has 7 to 22 shiny, teardrop-shaped petals. Each flower grows on a long, green, leafless stem. Varieties Ranunculus californicus var. californicus Ranunculus californicus var. cuneatus Cultivation Ranunculus californicus is cultivated as an ornamental plant, for use in native plant gardens. See also List of California native plants References Notes Sources Munz, Philip A. (2003). Introduction to Shore Wildflowers of California, Oregon, and Washington.\n\nQuestion: The meadow flower \u2018Ranunculus acris\u2019 is better known by what name?", "output": "Buttercup"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Percophidae, duckbills, are a family of percomorph fishes, from the order Trachiniformes, found in tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and in the southwestern and southeastern Pacific. They are small fishes: the largest species, the Brazilian flathead, Percophis brasiliensis, grows up to about , but to is more typical. A few species are fished commercially, including the Brazilian flathead. Characteristics The species in the family Percophidae are elongated, benthic fishes with an anteriorly depressed head, a broad flat snout which gives rise to the common name duckbills. The mouth is large with a prognathous lower jaw and exposed maxilla. They have large closely placed eyes. There are two spines on the opercula and one on subopercula. They have tiny conical teeth on the mandibles and on the vomer and palatine bones. There are two dorsal fins an anterior dorsal fin with 6 slender spines and\n\nPyxicephalus (\u03c0\u03c5\u03be\u03af\u03c2, pyxis = \"(round) box,\" \u03ba\u03b5\u03c6\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae, kephal\u0113 = \"head\") is a genus of true frogs from Sub-Saharan Africa, commonly referred to as African bull frogs or bull frogs. They are very large (P. adspersus) to large (remaining species) frogs, with females significantly smaller than males. They may take decades to reach their full size potential and they are some of the longest-living frogs, possibly able to reach ages as high as 45 years. These bulky and voracious predators will eat any animal (including small vertebrates and conspecifics) they can fit in their large mouth that has two fang-like projections on the lower jaw, but they are themselves commonly eaten by humans, predatory birds, mammals and monitor lizards. They remain hidden\u2014they are fossorial\u2014for much of the year, but emerge to breed in temporary pools after rains. The tadpoles often are guarded by the male. Species There are four recognized species:\n\nCulex or the typical mosquitos are a genus of mosquitoes, several species of which serve as vectors of one or more important diseases of birds, humans, and other animals. The diseases they vector include arbovirus infections such as West Nile virus, Japanese encephalitis, or St. Louis encephalitis, but also filariasis and avian malaria. They occur worldwide except for the extreme northern parts of the temperate zone, and are the most common form of mosquito encountered in some major U.S. cities, such as Los Angeles. Etymology In naming this genus, Carl Linnaeus appropriated the nonspecific Latin term for a midge or gnat: . Description Depending on the species, the adult Culex mosquito may measure from . The adult morphology is typical of flies in the suborder Nematocera with the head, thorax, and abdomen clearly defined and the two forewings held horizontally over the abdomen when at rest. As in all Diptera\n\nQuestion: A Slippery Dick is what type of creature?", "output": "Fish"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the 2017 facelifted model was marketed as the Toyota Yaris Ativ, which shares the smaller 1.2-litre engine with the Yaris hatchback. The 1.5-litre Vios continued to be sold alongside the Yaris Ativ until 2022, using the Chinese market facelift styling. The fourth-generation model was released in 2022 in Thailand as the Yaris Ativ. It was designed and engineered by Daihatsu using its DNGA platform. The \"Vios\" name is derived from the Latin word \"vio\", meaning \"go or travel (forward)\", while Toyota marketed the car in Indonesia in 2007 with the backronym \"Very Intelligent, Outstanding Sedan\". In Indonesia, downgraded models of the Vios to cater for taxi fleet was marketed as the Toyota Limo through three generations. First generation (XP40; 2002) The first-generation Vios, codenamed XP40, was first previewed as a prototype model called the Toyota T-1, which was showcased in Beijing during Auto China 2002 in June. It is based\n\nThe Toyota Vios is a nameplate used for subcompact cars produced by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota, primarily for markets in Southeast Asia, China and Taiwan since 2002. Slotted below the compact Corolla, the Vios serves as the replacement to the Tercel (marketed as Soluna in Thailand since 1997 and Indonesia since 2000), which filled the subcompact or B-segment sedan class in the region. It is also successor to the entry-level variants of the E110 series Corolla in some markets such as the Philippines and Vietnam. From 2005, the Vios was also marketed alongside its hatchback complement known as the Yaris in many countries globally. The second-generation Vios was released in 2007, which was marketed as the Belta in Japan and Toyota Yaris sedan in the Americas, the Middle East and Australia. The second-generation model shares its platform with the XP90 series Vitz/Yaris. The third-generation Vios was released in 2013, which\n\nThey intended to take three new products which were about to be introduced and sell them as a \"marque within a marque\" through Toyota's United States and Japanese dealer network. The cars, the Celica, MR2 Spyder, and Echo, would be bundled together and advertised differently from other Toyota models. At the time, in America, these vehicles were in segments that were shrinking and not necessarily considered typical youth segments. Regardless, the parent company in Japan challenged Toyota USA to market these existing products as \"youth\" vehicles. The Toyota ECHO was a global vehicle sold in Asia and Europe under the name Yaris. It attracted young American buyers in the first year of its launch, but the average age would creep up in subsequent years. The ECHO has since been replaced by the global brand Yaris nameplate. The MR2 Spyder, named the MR-S in Japan, did not sell very well either,\n\nQuestion: Which car company makes the Yaris", "output": "Toyota"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country mostly in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogot\u00e1 is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urbes include Medell\u00edn, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, C\u00facuta, Ibagu\u00e9, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage\u2014including language, religion, cuisine, and art\u2014reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by mass immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those\n\nThe Andes ( ), Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18\u00b0S \u2013 20\u00b0S latitude), and has an average height of about . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. Along their length, the Andes are split into several ranges, separated by intermediate depressions. The Andes are the location of several high plateaus\u2014some of which host major cities such as Quito, Bogot\u00e1, Cali, Arequipa, Medell\u00edn, Bucaramanga, Sucre, M\u00e9rida, El Alto and La Paz. The Altiplano Plateau is the world's second-highest after the Tibetan Plateau. These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate: the Tropical Andes, the Dry Andes, and the Wet Andes. The Andes\n\nChile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country located in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. With an area of and a population of 17.5 million as of 2017, Chile shares borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. The country also controls several Pacific islands, including Juan Fern\u00e1ndez, Isla Salas y G\u00f3mez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island, and claims about of Antarctica as the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The capital and largest city of Chile is Santiago, and the national language is Spanish. Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century, replacing Inca rule, but failed to conquer the independent Mapuche people who inhabited what is now south-central Chile. Chile\n\nQuestion: Trinidad sits only 6.8 miles from the coast of which South American country?", "output": "Venezuela"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Previsualization (also known as previsualisation, previs, previz, pre-rendering, preview or wireframe windows) is the visualizing of scenes or sequences in a movie before filming. It is a concept used in other creative arts, including animation, performing arts, video game design, and still photography. Previsualization typically describes techniques like storyboarding, which uses hand-drawn or digitally-assisted sketches to plan or conceptualize movie scenes. Description Previsualization\u2019s advantage is that it allows a director, cinematographer, production supervisor, or VFX supervisor to experiment with different staging and art direction options, such as lighting, camera placement and movement, stage direction and editing, without incurring actual production costs. On larger budget projects, directors may previsualize with actors in the visual effects department or dedicated rooms. Previsualization can include music, sound effects, and dialogue that closely mimics fully produced and edited sequences. It is usually employed in scenes that involve stunts, special effects (such as chroma key), or\n\nImage stabilization (IS) is a family of techniques that reduce blurring associated with the motion of a camera or other imaging device during exposure. Generally, it compensates for pan and tilt (angular movement, equivalent to yaw and pitch) of the imaging device, though electronic image stabilization can also compensate for rotation about the optical axis (roll). It is mainly used in high-end image-stabilized binoculars, still and video cameras, astronomical telescopes, and also smartphones. With still cameras, camera shake is a particular problem at slow shutter speeds or with long focal length lenses (telephoto or zoom). With video cameras, camera shake causes visible frame-to-frame jitter in the recorded video. In astronomy, the problem of lens shake is added to variation in the atmosphere, which changes the apparent positions of objects over time. Application in still photography In photography, image stabilization can facilitate shutter speeds 2 to 5.5 stops slower (exposures 4\n\ninclude music, sound effects, and dialogue that closely mimics fully produced and edited sequences. It is usually employed in scenes that involve stunts, special effects (such as chroma key), or complex choreography and cinematography. It also is used in projects that combine production techniques, such as digital video, photography, and animation, notably 3D animation. Origins Ansel Adams wrote about visualization in photography, defining it as \"the ability to anticipate a finished image before making the exposure.\u201d The term previsualization has been attributed to Minor White, who divided visualization into previsualization, what occurs while studying the subject, and postvisualization, how the visualized image is rendered at printing. White said vizualization was a \"psychological concept\" he learned from Adams and Edward Weston. Storyboarding, the earliest planning technique, has been used since the silent picture era. Disney Studios first used the term \u201cstoryboard\u201d sometime after 1928, when its typical practice was to present\n\nQuestion: Which word means to move a camera, lighting effect or sound effect vertically?", "output": "Tilt"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field ( ) was the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses, the civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York that extended across England in the latter half of the 15th century. Fought on 22 August 1485, the battle was won by an alliance of Lancastrians and disaffected Yorkists. Their leader Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, became the first English monarch of the Tudor dynasty by his victory and subsequent marriage to a Yorkist princess. His opponent Richard III, the last king of the House of York, was killed during the battle, the last English monarch to die in combat. Historians consider Bosworth Field to mark the end of the Plantagenet dynasty, making it one of the defining moments of English history. Richard's reign began in 1483 when he ascended the throne after his twelve-year-old nephew, Edward V, was declared\n\nPlantagenet dynasty, making it one of the defining moments of English history. Richard's reign began in 1483 when he ascended the throne after his twelve-year-old nephew, Edward V, was declared illegitimate. The boy and his younger brother Richard soon disappeared, and their fate is a mystery still today. Across the English Channel Henry Tudor, a descendant of the greatly diminished House of Lancaster, seized on Richard's difficulties and laid claim to the throne. Henry's first attempt to invade England in 1483 foundered in a storm, but his second arrived unopposed on 7 August 1485 on the southwest coast of Wales. Marching inland, Henry gathered support as he made for London. Richard hurriedly mustered his troops and intercepted Henry's army near Ambion Hill, south of the town of Market Bosworth in Leicestershire. Lord Stanley and Sir William Stanley also brought a force to the battlefield, but held back while they decided\n\nAlthough in the past the style of British Emperor has been (retroactively) applied to a few mythical and historical rulers of Great Britain, Ireland or the United Kingdom, it is sometimes used as a colloquialism to designate either Plantagenet and Tudor caesaropapism or, more frequently, the British sovereign of the Empire of India. Mythical British kings The mythical British ruler King Arthur is referred to in medieval Welsh texts as ameraudur (meaning \"emperor\"). The Welsh poem Geraint, son of Erbin, written in the 10th or 11th century, describes a battle at a port-settlement and mentions Arthur in passing. The work is a praise-poem and elegy for the 6th-century king Geraint, provides the earliest known reference to Arthur as \"emperor\". Britannic Empire The Britannic Empire was a short-lived breakaway state of the Roman Empire in the late Roman Period. It was formed as a result of the revolt by the naval\n\nQuestion: Which English King immediately preceded the Tudors and was effectively the last Plantagenet monarch?", "output": "Richard III"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\u00c9cole des Pionniers de Maillardville is a French first language school located in Port Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada. It serves the French speaking population of the Metro Vancouver area. The school was founded in 2000 and is located on the former Terry Fox Secondary School grounds. It incorporates classes formerly held at Millside Elementary, Como Lake Middle and Centennial Secondary School in Coquitlam. The school now has the IB Diploma Programme in French for grade 11 and 12 students, and has the MYP IB Programme for grade 7 to 10 students. Not directly affiliated with \u00c9cole des Pionniers, but located within it and often a stepping stone to attending the school, is an independent non-profit francophone preschool called Pr\u00e9maternelle Les p'tits lutins. New School Construction In 2013 the provincial government announced plans to build a new facility for the school, which has since been completed during the winter of 2018.\n\nFrench as first language: 97.6% English and French as first language: 0.8% Other as first language: 0.8% Education Commission scolaire des Samares operates francophone public schools, including: \u00c9cole de Sainte-Marie-Salom\u00e9 The Sir Wilfrid Laurier School Board operates anglophone public schools, including: Joliette Elementary School in Saint-Charles-Borrom\u00e9e Joliette High School in Joliette References External links MRC de Montcalm - Sainte-Marie-Salom\u00e9 Municipalities in Quebec Incorporated places in Lanaudi\u00e8re\n\nSt. Marys Bay French () is a dialect of Acadian French spoken around St. Marys Bay, Nova Scotia, specifically in the region of Clare, Nova Scotia. While sharing features with other dialects of Acadian French, it differs from these and other varieties of French in its morphology and phonology, and to a lesser extent its lexicon. Situation The speakers of St. Marys Bay French live mostly in Digby County, Nova Scotia, in the villages of Church Point, Comeauville, Corberie, Grosses Coques, Meteghan, St-Bernard, Rivi\u00e8re du Saumon, and Saulnierville. French has been spoken by a minority in this region for some time; in 1941, the number of Acadian French speakers in Digby County numbered 9,560, out of a total of 19,472 residents. By the mid 1970s, the number of residents of Digby County reporting their mother tongue as French was 7,730, or 38% of the population. Comparison with other varieties of\n\nQuestion: What is the name of the only Canadian province to have French as its sole official language?", "output": "Quebec"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "organisations Since September 1999, the Ballet Russe, formerly known as Swansea's Pavlov Ballet, has been based at the Swansea Grand Theatre. The company, which started in Bristol, is a group of young dancers, most whom trained in Russia at the Bolshoi and Kirov academies. They work as an ensemble under the artistic leadership of the Messerer family, and are able to put on full-length performances of Giselle, The Nutcracker, Copp\u00e9lia, La Fille Mal Gard\u00e9e and Swan Lake, and also give gala performances including extracts from Bayadere, Carnival of Venice, Don Quixote and Le Corsaire. Swansea Grand Theatre is also home to the Sir Harry Secombe Trust Youth Theatre, Fluellen Theatre Company, the Swansea Grand Theatre School of Dance and Mellin Theatre Arts, which hold classes, performances and workshops at the venue. References External links Swansea Grand Theatre Fluellen Theatre Company Organisations based in Swansea Theatres in Swansea Theatres completed in\n\nAltynai Abduakhimkyzy Asylmuratova (, Altynai Abduahimqyzy Asylm\u016bratova; born 1 January 1961) is a Kazakh-born former ballerina who is artistic director of the ballet company at Astana Opera. She is a former prima ballerina with the Kirov Ballet and a guest artist all over the world. Biography Early life Altynai Asylmuratova was born in Almaty, Kazakhstan into a theatrical family: the life of her parents and grandparents were associated with ballet. Altynai Asylmuratova's parents were graduates of the Leningrad Choreographic School. Her father, Abduakhim Asylmuratov, honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR, was a soloist of the Abay Opera House, after \u2013 the artistic director of the Almaty choreographic school. Her grandfather was the chief choreographer of the Kazakh National Conservatory, and her paternal great-grandfather was a deputy of the State Duma (Russian Empire) of the first convocation. Her mother, Galina Sidorova, was originally from Leningrad, where her parents danced on the\n\nKaiser served as principal ballet master and associate artistic director under Christopher d'Amboise before being named to his current position. Under Kaiser's leadership, the company expanded its Balanchine-based repertoire to include new works from both established and emerging choreographers. New works included premieres of original ballets from choreographers Merce Cunningham, Christopher d'Amboise, Trey McIntyre, Matthew Neenan, David Parsons, Val Caniparoli, Benjamin Millepied, and Christopher Wheeldon, as well as the highly acclaimed 40th-anniversary commission of Swan Lake by Christopher Wheeldon and the 2007 world premiere of Matthew Neenan's Carmina Burana. Currently employing 37 dancers, Pennsylvania Ballet annually presents a season of six programs, which includes their annual signature production of George Balanchine's The Nutcracker. The season balances classic ballets with new works and challenges the dancers while attracting a diverse audience. The company also tours throughout Pennsylvania and elsewhere, including venues such as New York City Center and the John F.\n\nQuestion: What are Russia's two outstanding ballet companies", "output": "Bolshoi and Kirov"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A matrix number is an alphanumeric code (and on occasion, other symbols) stamped or handwritten (or a combination of the two) into the run-out groove area of a phonograph record. This is the non-grooved area between the end of the final band on a record's side and the label, also known as the run-off groove area, end-groove area, matrix area, or \"dead wax\". Industry usage A matrix number is intended for the internal use of the record manufacturing plant, but they are also studied and documented by record collectors, as they can sometimes provide useful information about the edition of the record. There are two parts of the matrix number to be considered: the main number, which is usually printed on the label as well, and extra information which can include a cut or take number. Matrix numbers can refer to any of these elements, or all of them combined.\n\nthe disc, containing photographs, credits and liner notes. This was met with criticism, because the discs were easily scratched. Later Playlist albums were packaged in standard white jewel cases. Artists Jimi Hendrix Willie Nelson Prince A Tribe Called Quest A$AP Rocky Aaliyah Daft Punk Michael Jackson Three 6 Mafia Wu-Tang Clan See also List of record labels Lawrence Cohn, previous head of Legacy Recordings This Is Jazz (album series) References External links Official Site US Official Site UK Company Blog Podcast Site American record labels Jazz record labels Reissue record labels Pop record labels Record labels established in 1990 Rock record labels Sony subsidiaries Sony Music\n\ninstrumental section and the addition of an older Devo song called \"Social Fools\". \"Disco Dancer\" is nearly identical to the remixed version heard in the song's music video. Artwork The cover art and tagline were based on the 1971 book The Beginning Was the End. Initial vinyl pressings were double LPs that contained three sides of music and a fourth \"blank\" side with etched signatures from the band. The label of the fourth side was marked, \"ATTENTION SPUDS! NO GROOVE! DO NOT PLAY!\" Track listing Personnel Credits adapted from the album's liner notes. Devo Mark Mothersbaugh \u2013 vocals, keyboards, guitar Gerald Casale \u2013 vocals, bass guitar, keyboards Bob Casale \u2013 guitar, keyboards, backing vocals Bob Mothersbaugh \u2013 guitar, backing vocals David Kendrick \u2013 drums Technical Gerald Casale \u2013 producer, engineer, graphic concepts Bob Casale \u2013 producer, engineer Recorded by Westwood One Biff Dawes \u2013 engineer Mark Mothersbaugh \u2013 graphic concepts\n\nQuestion: How many grooves are on one side of an LP record?", "output": "1"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "As You Like It is a 2006 romance film written and directed by Kenneth Branagh, based on William Shakespeare's play of the same name. The film stars Romola Garai, Bryce Dallas Howard, Kevin Kline, Adrian Lester, Janet McTeer, Alfred Molina, David Oyelowo and Brian Blessed in a dual role. Transferring the play's setting to a late 19th-century European colony in Japan after the Meiji Restoration, filming took place at Shepperton Film Studios and at the never-before-filmed gardens of Wakehurst Place. Produced by The Shakespeare Film Company and financed by HBO Films and BBC Films, it is the fifth Shakespeare adaptation by Branagh, and the only one not to feature Branagh himself in the cast, though he has a vocal cameo towards the end of the film. The film premiered in Italy on 1 September 2006 before being released by Picturehouse in the United States on 21 August 2007 and by\n\nAs You Like It is a 1936 British romantic comedy film directed by Paul Czinner and starring Laurence Olivier as Orlando and Elisabeth Bergner as Rosalind. It is based on William Shakespeare's play of the same name. It was Olivier's first performance of Shakespeare on screen. It was the final film of stage actors Leon Quartermaine and Henry Ainley, and featured an early screen role for Ainley's son Richard as Sylvius, as well as for John Laurie, who played Orlando's brother Oliver. (Laurie would go on to co-star with Olivier in the three Shakespearean films that Olivier directed.) Bergner had previously played the role of Rosalind in her native Germany and her German accent is apparent in most of her scenes. Synopsis Duke Frederick (Felix Aylmer) has usurped and deposed his older brother, Duke Senior (Henry Ainley). Frederick allows the exiled Duke's daughter, Rosalind (Elisabeth Bergner), however, to stay, as\n\nAs You Like It is a pastoral comedy by William Shakespeare. As You Like It may also refer to: As You Like It (1912 film), 1912 silent adaptation, directed by J. Stuart Blackton for his Vitagraph Company As You Like It (1936 film), adaptation directed by Paul Czinner As You Like It (1978), BBC Television Shakespeare, season one, directed by Basil Coleman As You Like It (1991 film), adaptation directed by Christine Edzard As You Like It (2006 film), adaptation directed by Kenneth Branagh As You Like It (TV series), Chinese-language television program \"As You Like It\", 1962 single by Adam Faith As You Like It (Friedrich Gulda album), by Friedrich Gulda As You Like It (Barenaked Ladies album), 2005 album As You Like It, play by Natyaguru Nurul Momen\n\nQuestion: \"Shakespeare's play \"\"As You Like It\"\" is set in which forest?\"", "output": "Arden"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alaska ( ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. It borders British Columbia and Yukon in Canada to the east and it shares a western maritime border in the Bering Strait with Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean lie to the north and the Pacific Ocean lies to the south. Technically a semi-exclave of the U.S., Alaska is the largest exclave in the world. Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area, comprising more total area than the next three largest states of Texas, California and Montana combined and is the seventh-largest subnational division in the world. It is the third-least populous and most sparsely populated U.S. state, but with a population of 736,081 as of 2020, is the continent's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel, with more than quadruple the combined populations\n\ndue to it having the world's largest proportion of fresh water lakes. Of Canada's thirteen provinces and territories, only two are landlocked (Alberta and Saskatchewan) while the other eleven all directly border one of three oceans. Canada is home to the world's northernmost settlement, Canadian Forces Station Alert, on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island\u2014latitude 82.5\u00b0N\u2014which lies from the North Pole. Much of the Canadian Arctic is covered by ice and permafrost. Canada has the longest coastline in the world, with a total length of ; additionally, its border with the United States is the world's longest land border, stretching . Three of Canada's Arctic islands, Baffin Island, Victoria Island and Ellesmere Island, are among the ten largest in the world. Canada can be divided into seven physiographic regions: the Canadian Shield, the interior plains, the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands, the Appalachian region, the Western Cordillera, Hudson Bay Lowlands and\n\nthe lower 48 states ( in West Yellowstone, Montana). Other notable records set during this cold wave are in St. Paul, Minnesota, in Spokane, Washington, in Boise, Idaho, in downtown Portland, Oregon, in Newport, Oregon, and in Eureka, California. All of these readings still stand as the record low for each location. Further, high temperatures of in Spokane and in Portland still stand as the coldest maximum temperatures ever recorded. In Denver, while not record setting, temperatures fell to while winds peaked at . In California on January 14, temperatures fell to in Eureka and in San Francisco. See also Siberian Express Great Blizzard of 1888 for the blizzard that happened on the East Coast in March 1888 References 1888 meteorology 1888 natural disasters 19th-century cold waves 1888 1888 natural disasters in the United States\n\nQuestion: Of the fortyeight contiguous states in the USA, which contains the most northerly point?", "output": "MINNESOTA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1992. Journalism awards Public Service: The Sacramento Bee, For \"The Sierra in Peril,\" reporting by Tom Knudson that examined environmental threats and damage to the Sierra Nevada mountain range in California. Spot News Reporting: Staff of Newsday, For coverage of a midnight subway derailment in Manhattan that left five passengers dead and more than 200 injured. Investigative Reporting: Lorraine Adams and Dan Malone of The Dallas Morning News, For reporting that charged Texas police with extensive misconduct and abuses of power. Explanatory Journalism: Robert S. Capers and Eric Lipton of Hartford Courant, For a series about the flawed Hubble Space Telescope that illustrated many of the problems plaguing America's space program. Beat Reporting: Deborah Blum of The Sacramento Bee, For her series, \"The Monkey Wars,\" which explored the complex ethical and moral questions surrounding primate research. National Reporting: Jeff Taylor and Mike McGraw\n\nLarry McDermott, publisher of The Republican in Springfield, Massachusetts, and president of the Massachusetts Newspaper Publishers Association Eileen McNamara, professor of journalism at Brandeis University James Taricani, investigative reporter for WJAR TV in Providence, Rhode Island Barbara Walsh (journalist), reporter at The Eagle-Tribune in North Andover, Massachusetts 2006 David B. Offer, Executive editor, Kennebec Journal, Augusta, Maine, and the Morning Sentinel, Waterville, Maine Gary Lapierre, Managing editor, WBZ Radio, Boston Chris Powell, Managing editor and VP for news, the Journal Inquirer, Manchester, Connecticut Walter Robinson, Assistant managing editor/Spotlight Team, The Boston Globe 1992 John P. Reilly, Executive editor, The Hour, Norwalk, Connecticut Here is the list of winners from 1960 through 2009: 1960 George F. Booth, Worcester Telegram & Gazette Sevellon Brown, Providence Journal-Bulletin Minnie Ryan Dwight, Holyoke Transcript-Telegram James B. Morgan, Boston Globe Norris G. Osborn, New Haven Courier-Journal 1961 Herbert Brucker, Hartford Courant Erwin D. Canham, Christian Science\n\nThe following are the Pulitzer Prizes for 1930. Journalism awards Public Service: No award given Reporting: Russell Owen of The New York Times, for his reports by radio of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition. Correspondence: Leland Stowe of the New York Herald Tribune, for the series of articles covering conferences on reparations and the establishment of the international bank. Editorial Writing: No award given Editorial Cartooning: Charles R. Macauley of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, for \"Paying for a Dead Horse\". Special Citations and Awards A special award to William O. Dapping of the Auburn Citizen (New York), for his report on a riot at Auburn Prison for the Associated Press. Letters and Drama Awards Novel: Laughing Boy by Oliver La Farge (Houghton) Drama: The Green Pastures by Marc Connelly (Farrar) History: The War of Independence by Claude H. Van Tyne (Houghton) Biography or Autobiography: The Raven; A Biography of Sam Houston\n\nQuestion: Which newspaper has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism?", "output": "The New York Times"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Venus and Cupid with a Satyr (c. 1528) is a painting by the Italian High Renaissance artist Antonio da Correggio. It is now in the Mus\u00e9e du Louvre in Paris. Background This painting was in the 16th century in the private collection of count Nicholas Maffei. It is very likely that one of the members of the Maffei family has commissioned two paintings that they then arrived in the 17th century in the collection of the Gonzaga family, with whom the Maffei were relatives. In fact, the son of count Nicholas Maffei, count Frederick Maffei, married Isabel, daughter of Cardinal Ercole Gonzaga. Description The work depicts Venus sleeping with her son Eros. Behind them, a satyr is caught while discovering the goddess. The picture is often also seen as portraying Jupiter and Antiope as, according to mythology and Ovid, Jupiter had turned himself into a satyr to rape the nymph.\n\nThe Mystical Nativity is a painting in oil on canvas dated by the Italian Renaissance master Sandro Botticelli, in the National Gallery in London. It is his only signed work and has an unusual iconography for a painting of the Nativity. The Greek inscription at the top translates as: 'This picture, at the end of the year 1500, in the troubles of Italy, I, Alessandro, in the half-time after the time, painted, according to the eleventh [chapter] of Saint John, in the second woe of the Apocalypse, during the release of the devil for three and a half years; then he shall be bound in the twelfth [chapter] and we shall see [him buried] as in this picture'. Botticelli believed himself to be living during the Great Tribulation, possibly due to the upheavals in Europe at the time, and was predicting Christ's millennium as stated in the Book of Revelation.\n\nIgnazio (or Egnazio) Danti, O.P. (April 1536 \u2013 10 October 1586), born Pellegrino Rainaldi Danti, was an Italian Roman Catholic prelate, mathematician, astronomer, and cosmographer, who served as Bishop of Alatri (1583\u20131586). Early life Danti was born in Perugia in 1536 to a family of artists and scientists. As a boy he learned the rudiments of painting and architecture from his father Giulio, an architect and engineer who studied under Antonio da Sangallo, and his aunt Teodora, who was said to have studied under the painter Perugino and also wrote a commentary on Euclid. His older brother Vincenzo Danti became one of the leading court sculptors of late-sixteenth-century Florence, while his younger brother Girolamo Danti (1547\u20131580) became a local painter. Danti entered the Dominican Order on 7 March 1555, changing his baptismal name from Pellegrino to Ignazio. After completing his studies in philosophy and theology he spent some time preaching\n\nQuestion: \"Which 15th century Italian painted \"\"The Adoration of the Magi\"\" and \"\"The Birth of Venus\"\"?\"", "output": "Sandro Botticelli"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Brizlee Tower (sometimes Brislee Tower) is a Grade 1 listed folly set atop a hill in Hulne Park, the walled home park of the Duke of Northumberland in Alnwick, Northumberland. The tower was erected in 1781 for Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, and commands extensive views over North Northumberland and the Borders. The tower Brizlee Tower is a 26-metre-high elaborately ornamental tower in dressed stone set at the edge of the northern escarpment of Brizlee Hill, overlooking Hulne Park, the \"home park\" of Alnwick Castle. The hill's relative elevation (about 177 metres above sea-level, in comparison with the valley floor's 44 metres) makes the tower's site a natural vantage point with all-encompassing views to the west, north and east \u2013 including the vale of Whittingham, through which the River Aln flows; the sites of numerous country seats past and present, such as at Eslington, Bolton, Callaly, Shawdon, Broomepark, and\n\n\u2013 including the vale of Whittingham, through which the River Aln flows; the sites of numerous country seats past and present, such as at Eslington, Bolton, Callaly, Shawdon, Broomepark, and Lemington; Hulne Priory within the park walls; The Cheviot, 20 miles distant and the Teviotdale hills and Flodden a further 20 miles away; the Northumberland coast including the Farne Islands and Coquet Island, and the castles at Bamburgh, Dunstanburgh and Warkworth. Southerly views are blocked by Alnwick Moor, which rises higher than the tower. The tower was commissioned in about 1777 to commemorate Lady Elizabeth Seymour, who died in 1776, by her husband Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, after the third creation of that title by virtue of the marriage. It was completed in about 1781. It functions as a viewing platform for the Duke's park, landscaped during the Hugh Percy period by \"Capability\" Brown. J. Mordaunt Crook, in\n\nof Henry Percy, 9th Earl of Northumberland and Dorothy Devereux, who was a daughter of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex. They had twelve children, including: Lady Dorothy (1617\u20131683); married firstly Henry Spencer, 1st Earl of Sunderland (died 1643), and secondly Sir Robert Smith or Smythe. Philip (1619\u20131697), the 3rd Earl; married Lady Catherine Cecil, daughter of William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury. Henry Sidney, 1st Earl of Romney (1641\u20131704); died unmarried and without issue. Algernon (1622/3\u20131683); executed for his share in the Rye House Plot, died unmarried and without issue. Robert; died young. Lady Lucy (d. 1685); married Sir John Pelham, 3rd Baronet. Philip and Algernon supported the Parliamentary cause in the English Civil War. References Further reading Michael G. Brennan (2005). The Sidneys of Penshurst and the monarchy, 1500\u20131700, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. , 9780754650607. pp. 140\u2013149 1595 births 1677 deaths 2nd Earl of Leicester Robert English MPs 1614\n\nQuestion: What is the family name of the Duke of Northumberland, who resides in Alnwick Castle?", "output": "PERCY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": ", meaning \"battleship island\" in Japanese, is the nickname of several islands: Hashima Island (Japanese: Hashima), Nagasaki Prefecture, Japan Mitsukejima, Suzu, Ishikawa, Japan\n\nNagasaki Peace Park is a park located in Nagasaki, Japan, commemorating the atomic bombing of the city on August 9, 1945 during World War II. It is next to the Atomic Bomb Museum and near the Peace Memorial Hall. History Established in 1955, and near to the hypocenter of the explosion, remnants of a concrete wall of Urakami Cathedral can still be seen. Urakami Cathedral was the grandest church in east Asia at the time. At the park's north end is the 10-meter-tall Peace Statue created by sculptor Seibo Kitamura of Nagasaki Prefecture. The statue's right hand points to the threat of nuclear weapons while the extended left hand symbolizes eternal peace. The mild face symbolizes divine grace and the gently closed eyes offer a prayer for the repose of the bomb victims' souls. The folded right leg and extended left leg signify both meditation and the initiative to stand\n\n, which means \"Heaven's Grass,\" is a series of islands off the west coast of Kyushu, the southernmost of the four main islands of Japan. Geography The largest island of the Amakusa group is Shimoshima, which is 26.5 miles long and 13.5 miles at its widest (). It is situated at 32\u00b020'N, 130\u00b0E, separated from the rest of Kumamoto Prefecture by the Yatsushiro Sea. While lacking high mountains with only four peaks surpassing , the island terrain is ruggedly hilly. To cope with the lack of flat arable land, farming is carried out on a terrace system of cultivation. History Amakusa, along with the neighboring Shimabara Peninsula, became the site of the Shimabara rebellion in the 17th century, led by Christians. Following the rebellion, Kakure Kirishitan, the Christians who had survived, continued to practice their faith in secret, despite severe persecution. Economy Amakusa produces a little coal and pottery stone,\n\nQuestion: Nagasaki is on which Japanese island?", "output": "KYUSHU"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Channel Tunnel (), also known as the Chunnel, is a underwater railway tunnel that connects Folkestone (Kent, England) with Coquelles (Pas-de-Calais, France) beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. It is the only fixed link between the island of Great Britain and the European mainland. At its lowest point, it is below the sea bed and below sea level. At , it has the longest underwater section of any tunnel in the world and is the third longest railway tunnel in the world. The speed limit for trains through the tunnel is . The tunnel is owned and operated by the company Getlink, formerly \"Groupe Eurotunnel\". The tunnel carries high-speed Eurostar passenger trains, LeShuttle services for road vehicles and freight trains. It connects end-to-end with high-speed railway lines: the LGV Nord in France and High Speed 1 in England. In 2017, rail services carried 10.3 million passengers\n\non the English side, \"in the hope of forcing the hand of the English Government\". The eventual successful project, organised by Eurotunnel, began construction in 1988 and opened in 1994. Estimated to cost \u00a35.5 billion in 1985, it was at the time the most expensive construction project ever proposed. The cost finally amounted to \u00a39 billion (equivalent to \u00a3 billion in ), well over budget. Since its opening, the tunnel has experienced mechanical problems. Both fires and cold weather have temporarily disrupted its operation. Since at least 1997, aggregations of migrants around Calais seeking entry to the United Kingdom, such as through the tunnel, have prompted deterrence and countermeasures. Origins Earlier proposals In 1802, Albert Mathieu-Favier, a French mining engineer, put forward a proposal to tunnel under the English Channel, with illumination from oil lamps, horse-drawn coaches, and an artificial island positioned mid-Channel for changing horses. His design envisaged a\n\nBritain. At the time that he had joined the project, the project was facing significant time delays and cost overruns. The task itself of connecting the two countries under the English Channel was a complex one. Leading the project, he focused on reducing the time delays and had to negotiate with Eurotunnel to agree on who would bear the additional costs. The construction of the tunnel was completed in 1994. He was made an honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire for his work on the Channel Tunnel by Queen Elizabeth II in 1996. At the time that he took over the project, he noted that while the French side of the project was well-managed, the British side did not have common management systems and had a poor understanding of the tunneling methodologies. To solve the financial challenges, he had reached out to Margaret Thatcher's government to make\n\nQuestion: In which year was the Channel Tunnel (between England and France) opened?", "output": "1994"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Kadiivka or Stakhanov is a city in Alchevsk Raion, Luhansk Oblast, Ukraine. It is located on the Komyshuvakha River, a right tributary of the Luhan. The city is incorporated as a city of oblast significance. Its population is approximately The city came under the control of the breakaway pro-Russia Luhansk People's Republic (LPR / LNR) in early 2014. In September 2022, Russia declared the incorporation of all LPR territory into Russia. Name The name Kadiivka (; ) dates back to 1898. The city was briefly renamed Sergo, or Serho () between 1937 and 1940, before returning to the name Kadiivka in 1940 to 1978. On 15 February 1978, the city was renamed Stakhanov (; ) after the famous Soviet miner Alexei Stakhanov, who started his career there. On 12 May 2016, Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada voted to change its name back to Kadiivka as a result of decommunization laws. The Luhansk\n\nThe Russian (rus. \u0420\u0443\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439) is a fictional character, a supervillain appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. He is an enemy of the Punisher. Publication history Created by Garth Ennis and Steve Dillon, the character made his first appearance in The Punisher Vol. 5, #8 (November 2000). The Russian debuted off-panel in The Punisher Vol. 5, #8, was fully introduced in the following issue, and appeared in every subsequent one up until his death in Issue #11. In the following series, the character was resurrected as a cyborg, and was featured in The Punisher Vol. 6, #1-5. The Russian received profiles in Marvel Encyclopedia #5, All-New Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe #9, and Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe A-Z #9 Fictional character biography The earliest known sightings of the Russian occurred while he was vacationing in Afghanistan in the 1980s. He subsequently traveled the world, inserting\n\nRawil \u0130sm\u0259\u011fil ul\u0131 \u011eaynetdinev (, ), or Ravil Gaynutdin, is a Moscow-based Mufti, an ethnic Volga Tatar born in the village of Shali of Pestrechinsky District of the Tatar ASSR, Soviet Union on August 25, 1959. Gaynutdin has served as one of the Grand Muftis of Russia and the Chairman of the Russian Council of Muftis since July 1, 1996. He is one of the signatories of A Common Word Between Us and You, an open letter by Islamic scholars to Christian leaders, calling for peace and understanding. Gaynutdin has been called a key figure in relations between the Kremlin and Russia's Muslim population and one of the most important people in the Islamic World in Russia. Gaynutdin has stated that Muslims are as important part of Russia as Orthodox Christians and that \"Russia was originally built by the Slavic and Turkic peoples\". Honours and awards Honours National honours Russia\n\nQuestion: An ushanka is a Russian what?", "output": "Hat"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Lord Banquo , the Thane of Lochaber, is a semi-historical character in William Shakespeare's 1606 play Macbeth. In the play, he is at first an ally of Macbeth (both are generals in the King's army) and they meet the Three Witches together. After prophesying that Macbeth will become king, the witches tell Banquo that he will not be king himself, but that his descendants will be. Later, Macbeth in his lust for power sees Banquo as a threat and has him murdered by three hired assassins; Banquo's son, Fleance, escapes. Banquo's ghost returns in a later scene, causing Macbeth to react with alarm in public during a feast. Shakespeare borrowed the character Banquo from Holinshed's Chronicles, a history of Britain published by Raphael Holinshed in 1587. In Chronicles, Banquo is an accomplice to Macbeth in the murder of the king, rather than a loyal subject of the king who is\n\nMarch 1516, the infant James V of Scotland and the Governor, Regent Albany leased Patrick to rights to mine for gold, silver, tin and other metals on Crawford Moor and other places. In 1520, as a result of rivalry between the Hamiltons and the 'Red' Douglases, he helped instigate the street brawl in Edinburgh known as 'Cleanse the Causeway'. The fight turned out badly for the Hamiltons, and Sir Patrick and about 70 others were killed. Cardinal Wolsey was told that Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus killed Patrick by his own hand. Family His widow, Margaret Stewart, contracted a marriage with a John Hamilton, which was annulled on grounds of affinity in 1530\u201332. His heir was his oldest son, Sir James Hamilton of Kincavil. A younger son, Patrick, become one of the first Lutherans in Scotland and a preacher. In 1528, he became a martyr of the Scottish Reformation.\n\nfrom the earl's stable stabbed Hamilton at the Pend of Holyroodhouse. Unharmed, at court he was made principal sewer, a noble waiter at the king's table, and master of the king's stables. He was involved in persecution of the Protestants, including his own cousin Patrick Hamilton, who was burnt at the stake in 1528. When his father died in 1529, he became guardian of his half-brother the nine or ten-year-old James, 2nd Earl of Arran, and was for a time the most influential of the Hamilton dynasty, and one of the most powerful men in Scotland. In November 1528 he was described by an English diplomat Thomas Magnus with disapproval as one of the young king's counsellors, as \"Sir James Hamylton, whoe did sley the Erle of Lenneux.\" Magnus thought Finnart and other unsuitable courtiers including the Sheriff of Ayr, the Laird of Buccleuch, Lord Maxwell, and Lord Methven, the\n\nQuestion: In a Shakespeare play, who murders 'King Duncan'?", "output": "Macbeth"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In heraldry, the term pizzled (or in French blazon) indicates the depiction or inclusion of an animate charge's genitalia, especially if colored (or \"tinctured\") differently. In 1485, Henry VII carried with him a red dragon on the field of Bosworth where he was declared King of England. The dragon was depicted with an erect pizzle, and although the pizzle is missing in many variations of the Welsh flag, the British royal family continue to depict the pizzle. The bear in the coat of arms of Appenzell is represented pizzled, and omission of this feature was seen as a grave insult. In 1579, the pizzle was forgotten by the printer of a calendar printed in Saint Gallen, which brought Appenzell to the brink of war with Saint Gallen. In 2007, commander Karl Engelbrektson decided that the lion's penis in the coat of arms of the Nordic Battlegroup had to be removed.\n\nthe monarch \u2013 and the stamps were first issued on 1 April 1941. A Royal Warrant was issued on 10 December 1980, appending the coat of arms to the flag of the dependency and topping it with a Plantagenet crown. This was approved by the States Assembly on 7 April of the following year. Design Symbolism The colours and objects on the coat of arms carry cultural, political, and regional meanings. The three gold lions (lions passant guardant) are identical to the royal arms of England. Coupled with the dynastic crown on the flag, this represents the loyalty of the people of Jersey to the House of Plantagenet. Uses The shield from the arms features on the flag of Jersey, and on the flag of the dependency's lieutenant governor. It was added to the former in 1980, in order to distinguish the banner from Saint Patrick's Saltire. See also Flag\n\nJames's Palace, London before a global television audience. On 19 September 2022 he proclaimed the styles and titles of Elizabeth II over her descending coffin at the end of HM committal service in St George's Chapel, Windsor. Honours and decorations 2021: Officer of the Most Venerable Order of St John of Jerusalem 2012: Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal 2022: Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal 2023: King Charles III Coronation Medal Arms See also Burke's Peerage & Baronetage College of Arms Heraldry References External links College of Arms website Debrett's People of Today Burke's Peerage & Baronetage 1961 births Living people People from Glasgow People from Dunbartonshire People educated at Marlborough College Alumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge Alumni of the Courtauld Institute of Art British genealogists English officers of arms 21st-century antiquarians Garter Principal Kings of Arms Officers of the Order of St John\n\nQuestion: How many feathers feature in the Prince of Wales coat of arms ?", "output": "Three"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Huntaway (also known as the New Zealand Huntaway) is a large, strongly-built breed of dog used for general sheep-herding tasks in New Zealand, where they originate. They were bred to use their loud, deep bark to drive sheep. The breed dates from the late-19th century, and is distinguished only on working ability. There is no prescribed appearance or lineage, but they are usually black-and-tan coloured. Only dogs that win at trials may be registered by the New Zealand Sheep Dog Trial Association in their studbook. Description Huntaways are large, deep-chested dogs that generally weigh in the region of . Their coats can vary in colour; colours include black and tan (usually) with some white or brindle. Their coats can also come in different textures; they can be smooth, rough, or grizzly and they are generally floppy eared. A huntaway's height is usually in the range of . They are\n\nThe Hebridean is a breed of small black sheep from Scotland, similar to other members of the Northern European short-tailed sheep group, having a short, triangular tail. They often have two pairs of horns. They were often formerly known as \"St Kilda\" sheep, although unlike Soay and Boreray sheep they are probably not in fact from the St Kilda archipelago. Characteristics Modern Hebrideans have black, rather coarse wool, which fades to brown in the sun and often becomes grey with age; there is no wool on the face or legs. If not shorn the wool may moult naturally in spring. Rams and ewes typically have one pair of horns, but often have two or even more pairs (polycerate), and occasionally none. They are considerably smaller than most other breeds of sheep, fully grown ewes weighing only around , and rams slightly heavier, at around . Hebrideans are hardy and able\n\ndog, and that this breed was the progenitor to the English Mastiff and possibly the Bulldog. Cultural significance Dogs are often portrayed in religion with the gods or goddess they are attributed to. Despite worship for the goddess Nehalennia extending farther than the English Channel, the imagery of the deity with a lap-dog alongside her is frequently associated with the protection of merchants sailing from the Rhine and Mosel to Britain. This dog has been described by a variety of sources as anything similar to a greyhound, a Yorkshire terrier, or a Welsh Springer Spaniel. Agassian There is a strong breed of hunting dog, small in size but no less worthy of great praise. These the wild tribes of Britons with their tattooed backs rear and call by the name of Agassian. Their size is like that of worthless and greedy domestic table dogs; squat, emaciated, shaggy, dull of eye,\n\nQuestion: What type of dog has breeds called Welsh, Scottish and Irish?", "output": "Terriers"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "State Route 27 (SR 27) is a state highway serving Whitman and Spokane counties, located in the eastern region of the U.S. state of Washington. The highway travels generally north from U.S. Route 195 (US 195) through Pullman, Palouse, Tekoa, and Spokane Valley to SR 290 north of an interchange with Interstate 90 (I-90). SR 27 serves the Palouse region as part of the Palouse Scenic Byway and travels between US 195 to the west and US 95 to the east in Idaho, with several auxiliary routes connecting to the two other highways. The highway has been part of the state highway system since 1913, as a part of the Second Division of the Eastern Route of the Inland Empire Highway between Pullman and Oakesdale that later became a branch of Primary State Highway 3 (PSH 3), as well as Secondary State Highway 3H (SSH 3H) in 1937. Both highways\n\nState Route 22 (SR 22) is a long state highway spanning Yakima and Benton counties in the US state of Washington. Existing since at least 1937, the highway serves to connect several small communities that have been bypassed by Interstate 82 (I-82) / U.S. Route 12 (US 12). Except for the section through Toppenish and the southeastern bypass of Prosser, the highway is lightly traveled passing mainly through rural farmland. The highway parallels a BNSF Railway line for a majority of its route, with the rail line predating the highway by at least 27 years. Three digit highway numbers in Washington indicate auxiliary routes of their parent route, giving SR 22 five auxiliary routes: SR 220, SR 221, SR 223, SR 224, and SR 225. SR 220 was decommissioned during the 1991 legislative session, and is no longer maintained by the Washington State Department of Transportation. Route description SR 22\n\nAlaska ( ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. It borders British Columbia and Yukon in Canada to the east and it shares a western maritime border in the Bering Strait with Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean lie to the north and the Pacific Ocean lies to the south. Technically a semi-exclave of the U.S., Alaska is the largest exclave in the world. Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area, comprising more total area than the next three largest states of Texas, California and Montana combined and is the seventh-largest subnational division in the world. It is the third-least populous and most sparsely populated U.S. state, but with a population of 736,081 as of 2020, is the continent's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel, with more than quadruple the combined populations\n\nQuestion: In which US state are the cities of Spokane, Tacoma and Yakima?", "output": "Washington"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "David Gallaher (30October 1873 \u2013 4October 1917) was an Irish-born New Zealand rugby union footballer best remembered as the captain of the \"Original All Blacks\"\u2014the 1905\u201306 New Zealand national team, the first representative New Zealand side to tour the British Isles. Under Gallaher's leadership the Originals won 34 out of 35 matches over the course of tour, including legs in France and North America; the New Zealanders scored 976 points and conceded only 59. Before returning home he co-wrote the classic rugby text The Complete Rugby Footballer with his vice-captain Billy Stead. Gallaher retired as a player after the 1905\u201306 tour and took up coaching and selecting; he was a selector for both Auckland and New Zealand for most of the following decade. Born in Ramelton, Ireland, Gallaher migrated to New Zealand with his family as a small child. After moving to Auckland, in 1895 he joined Ponsonby RFC and\n\nThe Dave Gallaher Trophy is a rugby union trophy contested between and . It is named after Dave Gallaher, the 1905\u201306 All Black captain who was killed in Belgium during World War I. History When it comes to rugby, France and New Zealand have a very rich common history. France played their first ever test match in 1906 against the famous \"Originals\" New Zealand team, on their way home after an eventful tour of the British Isles. Between 1906 and 1999 both teams met a total of 34 times, New Zealand winning 25 times and France 9, including two games in the Rugby World Cup with New Zealand winning the 1987 final and France taking their revenge in the semi-final 12 years later in what remains one of the most famous upsets in the sport's history. In 2000 it was decided that a new trophy would be created to emphasize\n\nRugby union () is a popular team sport on the island of Ireland, organised on an all-Ireland basis, including players and teams from both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Its governing body, the Irish Rugby Football Union (IRFU), was founded in 1879, making it the third oldest rugby union in the world after the RFU (England) and the SRU (Scotland). The Ireland national team is currently third in the World Rugby Rankings, and has won the Six Nations Championship (and its predecessor competitions) fifteen times, including four Grand Slams, the most recent being a Grand Slam in 2023. Ireland has four professional provincial teams, Leinster, Munster, Ulster and Connacht, who compete in the United Rugby Championship, the European Rugby Champions Cup and the EPCR Challenge Cup. Munster are the reigning champions of the 2022\u201323 United Rugby Championship. Fifty club sides compete in the five divisions of the All-Ireland\n\nQuestion: In 1905-6 the New Zealand representative rugby team toured the British Isles, France and North America, winning all matches apart from a loss to Wales, and are now known as what?", "output": "The Originals"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Mummy's Shroud is a 1967 British DeLuxe colour horror film made by Hammer Film Productions which was directed by John Gilling. It stars Andr\u00e9 Morell and David Buck as explorers who uncover the tomb of an ancient Egyptian mummy. It also starred John Phillips, Maggie Kimberly, Elizabeth Sellars and Michael Ripper as Longbarrow. Stuntman Eddie Powell (Christopher Lee's regular stunt double) played the Mummy, brought back to life to wreak revenge on his enemies. The uncredited narrator in the prologue, sometimes incorrectly assumed to be Peter Cushing, is British actor Tim Turner. It was the third of Hammer's four Mummy films, a cycle which began with The Mummy (1959), continued with The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb (1964), and ended with Blood from the Mummy's Tomb (1971). It was the last to feature a bandaged mummy \u2014 the final film contained no such character. It was the final Hammer\n\nFrankenstein and the Monster From Hell is a 1974 British horror film, directed by Terence Fisher and produced by Hammer Film Productions. It stars Peter Cushing, Shane Briant and David Prowse. Filmed at Elstree Studios in 1972 but not released until 1974, it was the final chapter in the Hammer Frankenstein saga of films as well as director Fisher's last film. The film was released on U.K. DVD+Blu-ray on 28 April 2014, with all previously censored scenes restored to the film. Plot Baron Victor Frankenstein, having survived the fire at the end of the previous film, lives and works in an insane asylum as a surgeon and is given a number of privileges, as he holds incriminating evidence on Adolf Klauss, the asylum's corrupt and perverted director. Frankenstein, using the alias of Dr. Carl Victor, uses his position to continue his experiments in the creation of man. When Simon Helder,\n\nHell Drivers (1957) is a British film noir crime drama film directed by Cy Endfield and starring Stanley Baker, Herbert Lom, Peggy Cummins and Patrick McGoohan. The film was produced by the Rank Organisation and Aqua Film Productions. A recently released convict takes a driver's job at a haulage company and encounters violence and corruption. Plot Saying he has returned from time abroad, Tom Yately seeks work as a truck driver with Hawletts, a haulage company. Mr. Cartley, the depot manager, informs Tom that his drivers convey their ten-ton loads of gravel fast over bad roads. They are expected to deliver a minimum of twelve loads a day; if a driver falls behind, he is fired. Each run is round-trip; the top driver makes eighteen runs a day. Tom goes on a trial run with the depot mechanic, in truck 13. He narrowly avoids colliding head-on with two other Hawletts\n\nQuestion: Hammer Film Productions, the British company which made a series films from the mid-1950s until the 1970s is best known for which genre?", "output": "Horror"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Renata is a feminine given name of European origin, and a New Zealand surname. The name is of Latin origin, cf. Renatus. It is a common female name in the Czech Republic, Croatia, Lithuania, Poland and Slovakia. The cognate names include Ren\u00e9e and Renate. Notable people with the given name Renata include: Renata Adler (born 1938), American author, journalist and film critic Renata Alt (born 1965), Slovenian born German politician Renata Beger (born 1958), Polish politician Renata Berkov\u00e1 (born 1975), Czech triathlon athlete Renata Borgatti (1894\u20131964), concert pianist Renata Burgos (born 1982), Brazilian swimmer Renata Dancewicz (born 1969), Polish actress Renata Fast (born 1994), Canadian hockey player Ren\u00e1ta Fu\u010d\u00edkov\u00e1 (born 1964), Czech book illustrator, artist and author of children's books Renata Jaworska (born 1979), Polish artist Renata Katewicz (born 1965), Polish discus thrower Renata Kallosh (born 1943), Ukrainian-American theoretical physicist Renata Kon\u010di\u0107 (born 1977), Croatian singer Renata Nielsen (born 1966),\n\nRenata Jaworska (born 1979), Polish artist Renata Katewicz (born 1965), Polish discus thrower Renata Kallosh (born 1943), Ukrainian-American theoretical physicist Renata Kon\u010di\u0107 (born 1977), Croatian singer Renata Nielsen (born 1966), Danish long jumper Renata Przemyk (born 1966), Polish singer-songwriter Renata Ruiz (born 1984), Chilean model Renata Salecl (born 1962), Slovene philosopher, sociologist and legal theorist Renata Scotto (1934\u20132023), Italian soprano and opera director Renata So\u00f1\u00e9, Dominican Republic beauty queen and actress Renata Stra\u0161ek (born 1972), Slovenian javelin thrower Renata Tebaldi (1922\u20132004), Italian opera singer Ren\u00e1ta Tolvai (born 1991), Romanian Hungarian singer, dancer and model Renata Vor\u00e1\u010dov\u00e1 (born 1983), Czech tennis player Renata Wentzcovitch, Brazilian condensed matter physicist Cecilia Renata of Austria (1611\u20131644), Archduchess, daughter of Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor With a completely different origin, the name \"Renata\" is a New Zealand Maori transliteration of the name \"Leonard\", and is a male's name. Notable people with the surname Renata include:\n\nSt Corentin, near Nantes. Family Agnes and Philip had two children: Mary, b. 1198 Philip I, Count of Boulogne, b 1200 Both were legitimized by the Pope in 1201. References Sources External links 1175 births 1201 deaths Queens consort of France Repudiated queens House of Andechs House of Capet 12th-century French people 12th-century French women 13th-century French people 13th-century French women Wives of Philip II of France Deaths in childbirth\n\nQuestion: What was the real first name of Mother Teresa?", "output": "AGNES"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Mateus is a brand of medium-sweet frizzante ros\u00e9 wine produced in Portugal. History The Mateus Rose brand was launched in 1942 and introduced to the UK in the early 1950s. Production began at the end of World War II. The wine was especially styled to appeal to the rapidly developing North American and northern European markets. An early admirer was Sacheverell Sitwell:Among the delights of Portugal are the unfamiliar wines upon the wine lists... there is one wine that is altogether exceptional, and that comes from the remote northern Province of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes. This is the most delicious vin ros\u00e9 that I have ever tasted. It is called Mateus, and it may be that the view of the lovely villa of that name, near Vila Real, which is upon the label, makes the wine taste even better. For the villa has a fa\u00e7ade of granite and white stucco, with many urns\n\nT\u0103m\u00e2ioas\u0103 Rom\u00e2neasc\u0103 () (Romanian Muscatel) is a Romanian grape variety used for the production of aromatic wines, T\u0103m\u00e2ioas\u0103 are natural sweet or semi-sweet wines, with alcohol content of 12%-12.5%. In Moldova, is known as Busuioac\u0103 alb\u0103. The golden-yellow wine has a pronounced honey-like flowery bouquet. Because of its natural sweetness it is usually consumed as a dessert. References Grape varieties of Romania White wine grape varieties\n\na specific type of wine called Vinho Verde (young wine). Municipalities It is composed of ten municipalities: References External links Official website CIM Alto Minho Intermunicipal communities of Portugal Minho Norte Region, Portugal\n\nQuestion: Which country produces the wine Vinho Verdi?", "output": "Portugal"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Florida White House (or Winter White House) was an informal name for a compound in Key Biscayne, Florida, used by U.S. President Richard Nixon. History Nixon purchased the first of his three waterfront homes, 500 Bay Lane, during 1969 from his former Senate colleague George Smathers of Florida. Nixon visited it at least 50 times while in office as President from 1969 to 1974. Nixon's compound was close to the home of Charles \"Bebe\" Rebozo who resided at 490 Bay Lane and of industrialist Robert Abplanalp (inventor of the modern aerosol spray can valve). Bebe Rebozo, president/owner of the Key Biscayne Bank, was indicted for money-laundering a $100,000 donation from Howard Hughes to the Nixon election campaign. According to an expos\u00e9 by Don Fulsom, Nixon and Rebozo got bargain real estate prices from Donald Berg, a Mafia-associated Rebozo business partner. The Secret Service eventually advised Nixon to stop associating\n\nThe Greek island affair () was an Israeli political scandal involving David Appel, Ariel Sharon, at the time a minister in the Likud party, and others close to Sharon. The scandal consisted of charges, later dropped, that Appel had obtained favourable treatment from Sharon and his allies, which would help him and his fellow investors purchase the small rocky island of Patroklos at the tip of Attica, in the town of Palaia Fokaia, for the purpose of building a multimillion-dollar resort complex. The project was illegally obstructed. While Ariel Sharon was Foreign Minister under Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in 1999, the indictment asserted, Appel contracted to pay Gilad Sharon, Ariel's son, then 30 years old and a business novice , US$20,000 a month as a business consultant to Appel's development project. It was reported that Gilad may have received up to 3 million euros, had the project been successful. Israeli\n\nto Tulsa after he drilled the first oil well in Glenn Pool Field J. Paul Getty (1892\u20131976), oilman founder of Getty Oil Company, who made his first million in Tulsa between 1914 and 1916 Thomas Gilcrease (1890\u20131962), oilman, founder of Gilcrease Museum J. M. Hall (1851\u20131935), pioneer merchant in Tulsa, organized First Presbyterian Church George Kaiser, chairman of BOK Financial Corporation Henry Kravis, co-founder of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. Joseph A LaFortune, (1894\u20131975), oilman and philanthropist James H. McBirney (1870\u20131944), co-founder and president National Bank of Commerce in Tulsa Sam P. McBirney (1877\u20131936), football coach and co-founder National Bank of Commerce in Tulsa Robert M. McFarlin (1866\u20131942), oilman and philanthropist Waite Phillips (1883\u20131964), oilman and philanthropist Harry Ford Sinclair (1876\u20131956), founder of Sinclair Oil, co-founder of Exchange National Bank (later part of National Bank of Tulsa and Bank of Oklahoma; convicted of jury tampering during Teapot Dome scandal trial\n\nQuestion: Which scandal involving an oil well on public land occurred during the presidency of Warren Harding?", "output": "The tea pot dome scandal"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Eugene Scalia (born August 14, 1963) is an American attorney who served as the 28th United States secretary of labor during the final 16 months of the Donald Trump administration. Scalia previously served one year as U.S. Solicitor of Labor during the George W. Bush administration. He is a son of the late Supreme Court Associate Justice Antonin Scalia. Scalia was described by The New York Times as \"a skilled lawyer with a broadly conservative, pro-business and anti-regulatory agenda\". As Secretary of Labor, he reversed Obama-era labor and employment regulations. He returned to become a partner at Gibson Dunn at the end of his tenure. Early life and education Scalia was born on August 14, 1963, in Cleveland, Ohio, the second of nine children of future Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia and Maureen (n\u00e9e McCarthy) Scalia. He attended the University of Chicago Laboratory Schools, where he was known colloquially as\n\nnever known one of his rulings to be challenged,\" the Ninth Circuit's Chief Judge, Alex Kozinski, stated. \"I think it's a tribute to his evenhandedness that he's been on the job for many years, and nobody wants a different en banc coordinator.\" Supreme Court consideration Senior White House officials listed Thomas among the approximately 10 individuals who were considered to replace retiring United States Supreme Court Associate Justice John Paul Stevens. On April 29, 2010, the Associated Press reported that President Barack Obama had interviewed Thomas at the White House. Vice President Joe Biden also interviewed him. Obama eventually nominated Solicitor General Elena Kagan, who was confirmed. Notable rulings Thomas authored the opinion in Nadarajah v. Gonzales, a civil rights case in 2006 on a suspected Tamil Tiger immigrant. Thomas was in the majority in Peruta v. San Diego, a 2016 ordinance that ruled that San Diego's restrictive gun policy\n\nReform. As a justice, he has authored more than 900 majority opinions. He has also published more than 65 law review articles. Shepard retired March 23, 2012. Indiana Governor Mitch Daniels appointed Mark Massa to take Shepard's seat on the Court. Personal life Shepard is married to Amy MacDonell and has one daughter, Martha, born in 1995. He occasionally teaches law at New York University and Yale Law School. See also List of justices of the Indiana Supreme Court References External links 1946 births Living people People from Lafayette, Indiana People from Evansville, Indiana Chief Justices of the Indiana Supreme Court Princeton University alumni Yale Law School alumni University of Virginia School of Law alumni Indiana Republicans\n\nQuestion: Which Supreme Court justice announced their retirement this week?", "output": "John Paul Stevens"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Derek Bernard Wilton is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera Coronation Street, portrayed by Peter Baldwin. He appeared in the show intermittently between 1976 and 1987, before becoming a regular from 1988 until the character's death in 1997. Storylines Derek was often dominated by women; he remained a bachelor until after his mother's death in 1981 as he always bowed to her wishes. He first met Mavis Riley (Thelma Barlow) in 1976 but remained non-committal until 1984 when they agreed to marry. On their wedding day, the indecisive couple jilted each other. Forever letting Mavis down, Derek was usually too proud to admit he was at fault but still went to her with his problems. His biggest mistake was marrying his boss's daughter, Angela Hawthorne (Diane Fletcher) 1985, even though it was Mavis he really wanted. After divorcing Angela, Derek finally married Mavis in 1988 and in\n\nrole in the drama series Inside Running. Other television guest roles included Cop Shop and Blue Heelers. In 2002, featured in the Australian soap opera Neighbours as Carmel Tyler, the older sister of Susan Kennedy (Jackie Woodburne). She reprised her role as Carmel on Neighbours in November 2012 for two months. Child is the widow of New Zealand-born Australian actor Peter Adams, who died in December 1999. Filmography (selected) Film Television References External links Australian film actresses Australian soap opera actresses Living people 20th-century Australian actresses 21st-century Australian actresses Year of birth missing (living people)\n\nPatricia Shakesby (born 6 November 1942) is an English actress and playwright, best known for her role as Polly Urquhart in Howards' Way. She is also notable for being an original cast member of Coronation Street, in which she played Susan Cunningham, the first on-screen love interest of Ken Barlow. Early life and roles Shakesby was born in Cottingham, East Riding of Yorkshire. She made her television debut aged 18, on 9 December 1960 in Coronation Street. Shakesby played Ken Barlow's (William Roache) middle class girlfriend, Susan Cunningham, for 12 episodes. In the first episode, Ken states he is taking Susan to the Imperial Hotel, which Ken's father, Frank, forbids, as Ken's mother, Ida, works as a cleaner in the kitchens there and Frank does not like the thought of Ken spending money in the same establishment where his mother works hard to earn it. In 1972, Shakesby appeared alongside\n\nQuestion: In 'Coronation Street' which family has, over the years, included 'Valerie', 'Frank', 'Susan' and 'Peter'?", "output": "'BARLOW'"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Harry Burton (13 September 1879 \u2013 27 June 1940) was an English archaeological photographer, best known for his photographs of excavations in Egypt's Valley of the Kings. Today, he is sometimes referred to as an Egyptologist, since he worked for the Egyptian Expedition of the Metropolitan Museum of Art for around 25 years, from 1915 until his death. His most famous photographs are the estimated 3,400 or more images that he took documenting Howard Carter's excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb from 1922 to 1932. Life and work Burton was born in Stamford, Lincolnshire, England, to journeyman cabinet maker William Burton and Ann Hufton, the fifth of eleven children. In his teens he began to work for the art historian Robert Henry Hobart Cust and in 1896 moved to Florence, Italy, acting as Cust's secretary and establishing a reputation as an art photographer. While in Florence, Burton met Theodore M. Davis, a\n\nand access to the acropolis is still restricted. Most of the Outer Town lies in Syrian territory. Karkemish has always been well known to scholars because of several references to it in the Bible (Jer. 46:2; 2 Chr. 35:20; Isa. 10:9) and in Egyptian and Assyrian texts. However, its location was identified only in 1876 by George Smith. The site was excavated by the British Museum, 1878-1881 by Patrick Henderson, 1911 by D. G. Hogarth and R. C. Thompson, and from 1912 to 1914 by C. L. Woolley, and T. E. Lawrence (\"Lawrence of Arabia\"). Excavations were interrupted in 1914 by World War I, resumed in 1920 with Woolley and then ended with the Turkish War of Independence. These expeditions uncovered substantial remains of the Neo-Hittite and Neo-Assyrian periods, including defensive structures, temples, palaces, and numerous basalt statues and reliefs with Luwian hieroglyphic inscriptions. Following the completion in March 2011\n\nFlaxman Charles John Spurrell (8 September 1842 \u2013 25 February 1915) was a British archaeologist, geologist and photographer who worked mainly in Kent and East Anglia. He was also a noted egyptologist, working closely with Flinders Petrie. Family and early life Born at Mile End in Stepney, London, Spurrell was the eldest son of Dr. Flaxman and Ann Spurrell and a descendant of the Spurrell family of Norfolk. He was a nephew of the Rev. Frederick Spurrell, a fellow archaeologist, and an uncle of the biologist and author Herbert George Flaxman Spurrell. Not long after his birth, the family settled at Bexley in Kent, living for many years at The Priory, Picardy Road, Belvedere (later home to the Priory Conservative Club). Spurrell was educated at Epsom College and went on to study medicine, although he never completed his studies. Archaeological work By the late 1850s Spurrell had developed an interest\n\nQuestion: Who was the English archaeologist (1874-1939) noted as the primary discoverer of Tutankhamen's tomb?", "output": "Howard Carter"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "recorded was on 10 July 1913 in Furnace Creek (Greenland Ranch), California, United States, but the validity of this record is challenged as possible problems with the reading have since been discovered. Christopher C. Burt, a weather historian writing for Weather Underground, believes that the 1913 Death Valley reading is \"a myth\", and is at least too high. Burt proposes that the highest reliably recorded temperature on Earth could still be at Death Valley, but is instead recorded on 30 June 2013. This is lower than a 1931 record of recorded in Kebili, Tunisia and is matched by a 1942 record of from Tirat Zvi, Israel. 2016 and 2017 readings in Kuwait and Iran have also matched the 2013 Death Valley record, while readings in 2020 and 2021 also at Furnace Creek went even higher, up to 54.4 \u00b0C (129.9 \u00b0F), however, they have not yet been validated by WMO.\n\nthe term x degrees \"in the shade\"). The following lists include all officially confirmed claims measured by those methods. Temperatures measured directly on the ground may exceed air temperatures by . The highest natural ground surface temperature ever recorded may have been an alleged reading of at Furnace Creek, California, United States, on 15 July 1972. In 2011, a ground temperature of was recorded in Port Sudan, Sudan. The theoretical maximum possible ground surface temperature has been estimated to be between for dry, darkish soils of low thermal conductivity. Satellite measurements of ground temperature taken between 2003 and 2009, taken with the MODIS infrared spectroradiometer on the Aqua satellite, found a maximum temperature of , which was recorded in 2005 in the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in five of the seven years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009).\n\nin the Lut Desert, Iran. The Lut Desert was also found to have the highest maximum temperature in five of the seven years measured (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009). These measurements reflect averages over a large region and so are lower than the maximum point surface temperature. Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of on 10 August 2010, at . Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air temperature of . Hottest Highest temperatures ever recorded According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the highest temperature ever recorded was on 10 July 1913 in Furnace Creek (Greenland Ranch), California, United States, but the validity of this record is challenged as possible problems with the reading have since\n\nQuestion: What valley is the site of the Earth's highest-ever recorded temperature, 134\u00b0F?", "output": "Death Valley"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Area 51 is the common name of a highly classified United States Air Force (USAF) facility within the Nevada Test and Training Range. A remote detachment administered by Edwards Air Force Base, the facility is officially called Homey Airport or Groom Lake (after the salt flat next to its airfield). Details of its operations are not made public, but the USAF says that it is an open training range, and it is commonly thought to support the development and testing of experimental aircraft and weapons systems. The USAF and CIA acquired the site in 1955, primarily for flight testing the Lockheed U-2 aircraft. The intense secrecy surrounding the base has made it the frequent subject of conspiracy theories and a central component of unidentified flying object (UFO) folklore. It has never been declared a secret base, but all research and occurrences in Area 51 are Top Secret/Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI).\n\nArea 25 is the largest named area in the Nevada National Security Site at , and has its own direct access from Route 95. Area 25 is commonly called \"Jackass Flats\" because it is composed primarily of a shallow alluvial basin by that name. It was originally known as \"Area 400\", and was renamed \"Area 25\" circa 1970. No nuclear explosions took place within Area 25. History Area 25 is the site of the now decommissioned Nuclear Rocket Development Station (NRDS). It was built in support of Project Rover to test prototype nuclear rocket engines. The complex includes three test stands, the Engine Maintenance, Assembly, and Disassembly (E-MAD) facility, the Reactor Maintenance, Assembly, and Disassembly (R-MAD) facility, a control point/technical operations complex, an administrative area and a radioactive material storage area. The R-MAD Facility was built to support the nuclear rocket program and was operational from 1959 through 1970. It\n\nminor planet || |-id=381 | 117381 Lindaweiland || 2004 YU || Linda Weiland, American zoning administrator of Cochise County, Arizona, who has campaigned against light pollution || |-id=384 | 117384 Halharrison || || Hal Harrison (born 1947) is an amateur astronomer and photographer and has always been fascinated by planetary science and astronomy. || |-id=386 | 117386 Thomasschlapkohl || || Thomas Schlapkohl (born 1987) is a guidance, navigation and control engineer at Lockheed Martin for the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission. || |-id=387 | 117387 Javiercerna || || Javier Cerna (born 1981), a Telecom engineer for the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission. He was also a Telecom engineer on the GRAIL Discovery program and InSight Mars-lander. || |-id=388 | 117388 Jamiemoore || || Jamie Moore (born 1986), a flight system contamination control engineer and spacecraft-curation interface at Lockheed Martin for the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample-return mission. She has supported multiple NASA interplanetary missions\n\nQuestion: What is the common name of the military base in southern Nevada that is supposedly home to alien spacecraft and little green men?", "output": "Area 51"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "else in the NFL. References External links article on new Nitschke Field lease Milwaukee Journal Sentinel article about the installation of the FieldTurf surface Green Bay Packers stadiums Sports venues in Green Bay, Wisconsin American football venues in Wisconsin 1997 establishments in Wisconsin Sports venues completed in 1997\n\nMarquette Stadium was an outdoor athletic stadium in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the home field of the Golden Avalanche of Marquette University, its intercollegiate football team. Located in the Merrill Park neighborhood west of the university, the stadium opened in 1924 and had a seating capacity of 24,000 at its peak. Citing financial issues, the football program was discontinued by the university in December 1960. The concrete grandstands were demolished in the summer of 1976. The National Football League's Green Bay Packers played several home games per year in the Milwaukee area for 62 seasons, from 1933 through 1994. Marquette Stadium hosted three games during the 1952 season; Packer games in Milwaukee were moved to nearby County Stadium when it opened in 1953. In addition to football, the stadium was also the home of the Marquette track and field team, which included Olympian Ralph Metcalfe, one of the fastest humans in the\n\nsucceeding year. The Packers had been leasing the field from the County since 1997 for $15,000 a year. This field had an artificial FieldTurf surface, installed in 2004 (Clarke Hinkle Field has a natural grass surface). On August 1, 2009, the Packers unveiled major renovations to the practice facility, including bleacher seating for 1500 fans, a sound system for announcements and music as well as natural grass field with underground heating. The heating system will enable the team to host outdoor practices in the winter, something they have been unable to do in the past. The exterior facade uses the same brick style as Lambeau Field and the 170 \u00d7 75-yard field is considered a state-of-the-art practice field unlike anything else in the NFL. References External links article on new Nitschke Field lease Milwaukee Journal Sentinel article about the installation of the FieldTurf surface Green Bay Packers stadiums Sports venues\n\nQuestion: The Green Bay Packers play at what storied stadium?", "output": "Lambeau Field"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The ribbon of Saint George (also known as Saint George's ribbon, the Georgian ribbon; ; and the Guards ribbon in Soviet context: see Terminology for further information) is a Russian military symbol consisting of a black and orange bicolour pattern, with three black and two orange stripes. It appears as a component of many high military decorations awarded by the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union and the current Russian Federation. In the early 21st century, the ribbon of Saint George has come to be used as an awareness ribbon for commemorating the veterans of the Eastern Front of the Second World War (known in Russia and some post-Soviet countries as the Great Patriotic War). It is the primary symbol used in association with Victory Day. It enjoys wide popularity in Russia as a patriotic symbol, as well as a way to show public support to the Russian government. Since 2014,\n\nand the day is seen as an important opportunity to raise both skills and awareness. Symbols Red and blue ribbon The red and blue ribbon is a symbol used for International Firefighters Day, the ribbon is long and wide, with the two separate colors conjoined at the top. The red of the ribbon represents fire while the blue represents water. The ribbon is traditionally worn on the lapel but is not limited to the lapel. Saint Florian Saint Florian, regarded in the Catholic Church as the patron saint of firefighters, is another symbol of International Firefighters' Day. The saint's day (as observed in the Catholic Church) of St. Florian is May 4, hence International Firefighters' Day is also observed on May 4. This day is seen as a day to hold events such as memorials or fundraisers. See also Firefighting Women in firefighting References Diamantes, David. Fire Prevention: Inspection and\n\nprovides an opportunity to celebrate diversity and focus on the B in LGB&T.\" In 2021, Pennsylvania governor Tom Wolf became the first governor in the United States to issue a statement recognizing Bisexual Pride Day. Many individuals and organizations, including GLAAD, currently refer to this holiday as Bisexuality+ Day, with the inclusion of the \"+\" sign intended to include the broader bi+ community of people who prefer to use terms to describe their sexual orientation such as pansexual, polysexual, omnisexual, fluid, or queer. Bisexual+ Awareness Week In 2014, BiNet USA declared the days surrounding Celebrate Bisexuality Day to be Bi Awareness Week, also called Bisexual+ Awareness Week. The week begins on September 16, culminating on Celebrate Bisexuality Day. According to co-founding organization GLAAD, the goals of Bisexual+ Awareness Week include accelerating acceptance of the bisexual+ community, drawing attention to the experiences of this community, and celebrating the resiliency of the\n\nQuestion: Dedicated to raising awareness of the AIDS pandemic, today is World AIDS day. What color ribbon is worn to mark the day?", "output": "Red"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Terry (November 17, 1933 \u2013 September 1, 1945) was a female Cairn Terrier performer who appeared in many different movies, most famously as Toto in the film The Wizard of Oz (1939). It was her only credited role, though she was credited not as Terry but as Toto. She was owned and trained by Carl Spitz and Gabrielle Quinn. Life and career Terry, born in the midst of the Great Depression, was trained and owned by Carl Spitz. She was the mother of Rommy, another movie Cairn terrier, who appeared in other films including Reap the Wild Wind (1942) and Air Force (1943). Her first film appearance was in Ready for Love (1934) which was released on November 30, 1934, roughly one month before her first major film appearance, with Shirley Temple, in Bright Eyes (1934) as Rags. She did her own stunts, and was seriously injured during the filming\n\nCarl Spitz (August 26, 1894 \u2013 September 15, 1976) was a Hollywood dog trainer, most famous for owning and training the female Cairn Terrier Terry, who portrayed Toto in the 1939 MGM fantasy film The Wizard of Oz. Spitz developed the method of using silent hand signals to direct an animal. Career Spitz was born in Germany where he trained military and police dogs in WW1. He trained under Konrad Most, a pioneer of dog training. Spitz emigrated to the United States in 1926 and opened the Hollywood Dog Training School. According to screenwriter Jane Hall, Spitz went through the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, \u201cpicking out whatever tricks or mannerisms Toto was supposed to have\u201d and trained Terry accordingly. Spitz also trained Buck, the St. Bernard from the movie Call of the Wild, starring Clark Gable. Spitz would later go on to become the man responsible for setting\n\nconstruction of the Ventura Freeway in 1958. On June 18, 2011, a permanent memorial for Terry was dedicated at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles. Filmography Ready for Love (1934) as Dog (uncredited) Bright Eyes (1934) as Rags, Loop's Dog (uncredited) The Dark Angel (1935) as Dog (uncredited) Fury (1936) as Rainbow, Joe's Dog (uncredited) The Buccaneer (1938) as Landlubber (uncredited) Barefoot Boy (1938) as herself Stablemates (1938) as Pet Dog (uncredited) The Wizard of Oz (1939) as Toto The Women (1939) as Fighting Dog at Beauty Shop (uncredited) Bad Little Angel (1939) as Rex, the Dog (uncredited) Calling Philo Vance (1940) as McTavish (uncredited) The Ghost Comes Home (1940) as Dog in Pet Shop (uncredited) Son of the Navy (1940) as Terry Cinderella's Feller (1940 short) as Rex the Dog (uncredited) The Old Swimmin Hole (1940) as Toto (uncredited) The Chocolate Soldier (1941) as Dog (uncredited) Rings on\n\nQuestion: Under what name did Terry the dog achieve fame in a 1939 film?", "output": "TOTO"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "short-lived elementary particles other than protons, neutrons and electrons. History The periodic table and a natural number for each element Loosely speaking, the existence or construction of a periodic table of elements creates an ordering of the elements, and so they can be numbered in order. Dmitri Mendeleev claimed that he arranged his first periodic tables (first published on March 6, 1869) in order of atomic weight (\"Atomgewicht\"). However, in consideration of the elements' observed chemical properties, he changed the order slightly and placed tellurium (atomic weight 127.6) ahead of iodine (atomic weight 126.9). This placement is consistent with the modern practice of ordering the elements by proton number, Z, but that number was not known or suspected at the time. A simple numbering based on periodic table position was never entirely satisfactory. In addition to the case of iodine and tellurium, several other pairs of elements (such as argon\n\nBarium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity, barium is never found in nature as a free element. The most common minerals of barium are baryte (barium sulfate, BaSO4) and witherite (barium carbonate, BaCO3). The name barium originates from the alchemical derivative \"baryta\", from Greek (), meaning 'heavy'. Baric is the adjectival form of barium. Barium was identified as a new element in 1772, but not reduced to a metal until 1808 with the advent of electrolysis. Barium has few industrial applications. Historically, it was used as a getter for vacuum tubes and in oxide form as the emissive coating on indirectly heated cathodes. It is a component of YBCO (high-temperature superconductors) and electroceramics, and is added to steel and cast iron to\n\nAlpha (uppercase , lowercase ; , , or ) is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of one. Alpha is derived from the Phoenician letter aleph , which is the West Semitic word for \"ox\". Letters that arose from alpha include the Latin letter A and the Cyrillic letter \u0410. Uses Greek In Ancient Greek, alpha was pronounced and could be either phonemically long ([a\u02d0]) or short ([a]). Where there is ambiguity, long and short alpha are sometimes written with a macron and breve today: . = \"a time\" = \"tongue\" In Modern Greek, vowel length has been lost, and all instances of alpha simply represent the open front unrounded vowel . In the polytonic orthography of Greek, alpha, like other vowel letters, can occur with several diacritic marks: any of three accent symbols (), and either of two\n\nQuestion: \"Which metallic element, number 56 in the periodic table, takes its name from the Greek for \"\"heavy\"\"?\"", "output": "Barium"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Ennstal Alps (German Ennstaler Alpen), the Alps of the Enns valley, are a mountain range of the Northern Limestone Alps System. They are located primarily in the Austrian state of Styria, and also into the state of Upper Austria. The most famous scenery in the Ennstal Alps is the Ges\u00e4use, a valley where the Enns river cuts through the limestone. Geography The Ennstal Alps range is defined by: the lineup of Liezen, Pyhrn Pass, and Windischgarsten on the west. Hengst Pass and the Laussabach on the north. the lineup of the River Enns (from Altenmarkt bei Sankt Gallen to Hieflau), Erzbach, and Vordernbergerbach on the east the lineup of the Mur river (from Leoben to Sankt Michael in Obersteiermark), Liesing, and Palten on the south Peaks + mountain groups Mountain groups that are part of the Ennstal Alps include: Haller Mauern (highest summit: Gro\u00dfer Pyhrgas, 2,244 m) Ges\u00e4use Mountains,\n\nJezerc\u00eb ( 'Jezerca') is the highest peak in the Dinaric Alps, the fourth highest in Albania and the sixth highest in the Balkans, standing at above sea level. It is the 28th most prominent mountain peak in Europe, and is regarded as one of the toughest and most dangerous climbs in the Albanian Alps. Etymology The toponym Jezerca derives from the slavic word jezero, meaning \"lake\", in reference to the cirque lakes in the lower part of the Buni i Jezerc\u00ebs on the northern side of the mountain. During communist rule, it was given the name Maja e Rinis\u00eb (), which never stuck. Geology Jezerc\u00eb is situated within the Accursed Mountains range, which is noted for several small glaciers - among the southernmost glacial masses in Europe after Snezhnika glacier (latitude of 41\u00b046\u203209\u2033 N) and Banski Suhodol Glacier in Pirin mountain in Bulgaria. Apart from certain areas north of the\n\nThe Ka\u00e7kar Mountains (; , Kajkar), or the Mountains of Khaghtik (), are a mountain range that rises above the Black Sea coast in northeastern Turkey. With the highest peak, Ka\u00e7kar Da\u011f\u0131, at an elevation of , and mountain plateaus at about in elevation, the range is the highest part of the Pontic Mountains. The Ka\u00e7kars are glaciated mountains that are alpine in character, with steep rocky peaks and numerous mountain lakes. The area was declared a national park in 1994. Recreational activities in the park include hiking, camping, mountaineering, and, increasingly, heliskiing. Etymology The name Ka\u00e7kar derives from the Armenian term khachkar (), which literally means \"cross stone\". The name may be used in various senses. It may describe the whole mountain range, including the many mountain groups, or it may just describe the Ka\u00e7kar-Kavron group with its highest peak, or just the highest peak itself. The local name\n\nQuestion: The Grossglockner is the highest mountain in which country?", "output": "AUSTRIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "__NoToC__ The celeres (, ) were the bodyguard of the Kings of Rome and the earliest cavalry unit in the Roman military. Traditionally established by Romulus, the legendary founder and first King of Rome, the celeres comprised three hundred men, ten chosen by each of the curiae. The celeres were the strongest and bravest warriors among the early Roman nobility, and were the bravest and most loyal soldiers in the army. The celeres may also have originated in the fourth century BC when the Romans adopted cavalry from the Samnites. The name of celeres was generally believed to have arisen from their celeritas, or swiftness, but Valerius Antias maintained that their first commander was named \"Celer\", perhaps the same Celer mentioned by Ovid as the foreman of the first fortification built around the Palatine Hill; it was he, rather than Romulus himself, who slew Remus after he overleapt the wall.\n\nSan Giorgio in Velabro is a church in Rome, Italy, dedicated to St. George. The church is located next to the Arch of Janus in the rione of Ripa in the ancient Roman Velabrum. According to the founding legend of Rome, the church was built where Roman history began: it is near here that the mythical she-wolf found the mythical babies, Romulus and Remus. The fa\u00e7ade of the church encroaches upon and incorporates the ancient Arcus Argentariorum. San Giorgio in Velabro is the station church for the first Thursday in Lent. History An inscription, dated in 461 or 482, found in the catacombs of St. Callixtus, probably refers of a church in the same zone, \"LOCVS AVGVSTI LECTORIS DE BELABRV\", though there is nothing to connect the lector with S. Giorgio. The first religious building attested in the place of the current church is a diaconia, funded by Pope Gregory\n\nThe ager publicus (; \"public land\") is the Latin name for the state land of Ancient Rome. It was usually acquired via the means of expropriation from enemies of Rome. History In the earliest periods of Roman expansion in central Italy, the ager publicus was used for Roman and (after 338 BC) Latin colonies. Later tradition held that as far back as the 5th century BC, the patrician and plebeian classes disputed the rights of the rich to exploit the land, and in 367 BC two Plebeian Tribunes, Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius Sextinus Lateranus promulgated a law which limited the amount of the ager publicus to be held by any individual to 500 iugera, roughly . In the half century following the Battle of Telamon (c. 225 BC), the Romans fully absorbed Cisalpine Gaul, adding huge swathes of land to the ager publicus, land which was more often\n\nQuestion: In Roman myth , what type of animal suckled Romulus and Remus ?", "output": "WOLF"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "similar to those seen during menopause and can include hot flashes, night sweats, dry skin, vaginal dryness, irregular or absent menstruation, anxiety, depression, mental fog, irritability, nervousness, decreased libido, and increased autoimmune disruption. The sense of shock and distress on being informed of the diagnosis can be overwhelming. Hormonal therapy with estrogen and progesterone is the first line treatment and is associated with improvement of symptoms and possibly improvement in other parameters such as bone density, mortality and cardiovascular risk. The general treatment is for symptoms, bone protection, and mental health. Although 5 to 10% of women with POI may ovulate sporadically and become pregnant without treatment, others may use assisted reproductive technology including in vitro fertilization and egg donation or decide to adopt or remain childless. The causes of POI are heterogeneous and are unknown in 90% of cases. It can be associated with genetic causes, autoimmune disease, enzyme\n\nArachnophobia is a specific phobia brought about by the irrational fear of spiders and other arachnids such as scorpions and ticks. The word Arachnophobia comes from the Greek words arachne and phobia. Signs and symptoms People with arachnophobia tend to feel uneasy in any area they believe could harbour spiders or that has visible signs of their presence, such as webs. If arachnophobes see a spider, they may not enter the general vicinity until they have overcome the panic attack that is often associated with their phobia. Some people scream, cry, have emotional outbursts, experience trouble breathing, sweat and experience increased heart rates when they come in contact with an area near spiders or their webs. In some extreme cases, even a picture, a toy, or a realistic drawing of a spider can trigger intense fear. Reasons Arachnophobia may be an exaggerated form of an instinctive response that helped early\n\nAnxiety is an emotion which is characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and includes feelings of dread over anticipated events. Anxiety is different from fear in that fear is defined as the emotional response to a real threat, whereas anxiety is the anticipation of a future threat. It is often accompanied by nervous behavior such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination. Anxiety is a feeling of uneasiness and worry, usually generalized and unfocused as an overreaction to a situation that is only subjectively seen as menacing. It is often accompanied by muscular tension, restlessness, fatigue, inability to catch one's breath, tightness in the abdominal region, nausea, and problems in concentration. Anxiety is closely related to fear, which is a response to a real or perceived immediate threat (fight or flight response); anxiety involves the expectation of future threat including dread. People facing anxiety may withdraw\n\nQuestion: Specifically, what would a person have a fear of if they suffered from Gynophobia?", "output": "WOMEN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Via Traiana was an ancient Roman road. It was built by the emperor Trajan as an extension of the Via Appia from Beneventum, reaching Brundisium (Brindisi) by a shorter route (i.e. via Canusium, Butuntum and Barium rather than via Tarentum). This was commemorated by an arch at Beneventum. Background Via Traiana was constructed in 109 AD by Emperor Trajan at his own expense. It was built during a period of relative freedom from military campaigns. Thus the Via Appia, from which Via Traiana was constructed as an extension, lost its original importance as a military highroad that connected Venosa (Venusia) and Taranto (Tarentum). Furthermore, the maintenance of direct military communications between Venusia, the military colony of 291 BC, and Rome, was no longer needed except in times of civil war, and the Via Appia simply became a means of reaching Brindisi. Route Strabo indicates correctly that traveling to Beneventum\n\nall the way to Brundisium. Roman bridges There are the remains of several Roman bridges along the road, including the Ponte dei Ladroni, Ponte delle Chianche, Ponte Pietra, Ponte Rotto (across Carapelle river), Ponte Rotto (across Cervaro river), Ponte sul Ofanto and Ponte Valentino. See also Roman bridge Roman engineering References Sources Via Traiana. \"The Oxford Classical Dictionary.\" 3rd ed. 2003. Strabo. \"Geography: Books 6-7.\" Trans. Horace Leonard Jones. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995. The Via Traiana. \"Papers of the British School at Rome,\" Vol. VIII, No.5; pages 104-171. London: Macmillan & Co., Limited, 1916. Traiana, Via Trajan 2nd-century establishments in Italy 109 establishments 100s establishments in the Roman Empire\n\nRome, was no longer needed except in times of civil war, and the Via Appia simply became a means of reaching Brindisi. Route Strabo indicates correctly that traveling to Beneventum from Brundisium via the route of the later Via Traiana was a good day shorter than the old Republican road, Via Appia. Although the actual measurement shows Via Appia to be and Via Traiana from Brundisium to Beneventum, the difference lies in their topography. There are a number of severe hills and difficult terrain along Via Appia until it reaches Venusia which is about away from Beneventum. In contrast, although Via Traiana does encounter equally demanding passages as well in the first from Beneventum, there is not another serious hill all the way to Brundisium. Roman bridges There are the remains of several Roman bridges along the road, including the Ponte dei Ladroni, Ponte delle Chianche, Ponte Pietra, Ponte Rotto\n\nQuestion: Which Roman road ran from Rome to Brindisi?", "output": "Appian Way"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In sociology and psychology, poisonous pedagogy, also called black pedagogy (from the original German name schwarze P\u00e4dagogik), is any traditional child-raising methods which modern pedagogy considers repressive and harmful. It includes behaviours and communication that theorists consider to be manipulative or violent, such as corporal punishment. Origin and definitions The concept was first introduced by Katharina Rutschky in her 1977 work Schwarze P\u00e4dagogik. Quellen zur Naturgeschichte der b\u00fcrgerlichen Erziehung. The psychologist Alice Miller used the concept to describe child-raising approaches that, she believed, damage a child's emotional development. Miller claims that this alleged emotional damage promotes adult behavior harmful to individuals. She explains how poisonous pedagogy in the name of \"child rearing\" leads to dysfunctions and neurosis of all kinds. For instance in her book For Your Own Good she discussed its common impact on three distinct lives: Adolf Hitler, J\u00fcrgen Bartsch and Christiane F., whereas in The Body Never\n\nBDSM is a variety of often erotic practices or roleplaying involving bondage, discipline, dominance and submission, sadomasochism, and other related interpersonal dynamics. Given the wide range of practices, some of which may be engaged in by people who do not consider themselves to be practising BDSM, inclusion in the BDSM community or subculture often is said to depend on self-identification and shared experience. The initialism BDSM is first recorded in a Usenet post from 1991, and is interpreted as a combination of the abbreviations B/D (Bondage and Discipline), D/s (Dominance and submission), and S/M (Sadism and Masochism). BDSM is now used as a catch-all phrase covering a wide range of activities, forms of interpersonal relationships, and distinct subcultures. BDSM communities generally welcome anyone with a non-normative streak who identifies with the community; this may include cross-dressers, body modification enthusiasts, animal roleplayers, rubber fetishists, and others. Activities and relationships in BDSM\n\nAgricultural soil science is a branch of soil science that deals with the study of edaphic conditions as they relate to the production of food and fiber. In this context, it is also a constituent of the field of agronomy and is thus also described as soil agronomy. History Prior to the development of pedology in the 19th century, agricultural soil science (or edaphology) was the only branch of soil science. The bias of early soil science toward viewing soils only in terms of their agricultural potential continues to define the soil science profession in both academic and popular settings . (Baveye, 2006) Current status Agricultural soil science follows the holistic method. Soil is investigated in relation to and as integral part of terrestrial ecosystems but is also recognized as a manageable natural resource. Agricultural soil science studies the chemical, physical, biological, and mineralogical composition of soils as they relate\n\nQuestion: Pedology is the science of what?", "output": "SOILS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Terra is a series of science fiction novels published by Arthur Moewig Verlag, Munich. Together with the Utopia series of the rival publisher Erich Pabel Verlag, Rastatt the Terra series were the most important science fiction work in the post-World War II West Germany. Dime novels In 1957 Moewig started the weekly series Terra - Utopische Romane / Science Fiction, later renamed Terra SF, then only Terra''''. For this venture some writers were poached from competitor Pabel, e.g. the editor and author Walter Ernsting, editor G\u00fcnther M. Schelwokat and cover painter Johny Bruck. In September 1962 Terra SF was supplemented by the reprint series Terra Extra. From that date onward Terra SF and Terra Extra were published in weekly rotation. In 1968 both series were combined into the new weekly series Terra Nova, which later was replaced by Terra Astra'. Publication historyTerra SF: 1957\u201368, 555 issuesTerra Extra: 1962\u201368, 182 issuesTerra\n\nCydonia (, ) is a region on the planet Mars that has attracted both scientific and popular interest. The name originally referred to the albedo feature (distinctively coloured area) that was visible from earthbound telescopes. The area borders the plains of Acidalia Planitia and the highlands of Arabia Terra. The region includes the named features Cydonia Mensae, an area of flat-topped mesa-like features; Cydonia Colles, a region of small hills or knobs; and Cydonia Labyrinthus, a complex of intersecting valleys. As with other albedo features on Mars, the name Cydonia was drawn from classical antiquity, in this case from Kydonia (; ), a historic polis (city state) on the island of Crete. Cydonia contains the \"Face on Mars\", located about halfway between the craters Arandas and Bamberg. Location Cydonia lies in the planet's northern hemisphere in a transitional zone between the heavily cratered regions to the south and relatively smooth\n\nAn asteroid is a minor planet\u2014an object that is neither a true planet nor a comet\u2014that orbits within the inner Solar System. They are rocky, metallic or icy bodies with no atmosphere. Sizes and shapes of asteroids vary significantly, ranging from 1-meter rocks to a dwarf planet almost 1000 km in diameter. Of the roughly one million known asteroids the greatest number are located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, approximately 2 to 4 AU from the Sun, in the main asteroid belt. Asteroids are generally classified to be of three types: C-type, M-type, and S-type. These were named after and are generally identified with carbonaceous, metallic, and silicaceous compositions, respectively. The size of asteroids varies greatly; the largest, Ceres, is almost across and qualifies as a dwarf planet. The total mass of all the asteroids combined is only 3% that of Earth's Moon. The majority of main belt\n\nQuestion: Terra is the Latin name for which planet in our solar system?", "output": "Earth"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "(1986) En directo: Madrid y Tolosa cassette (1987) Kosmos kino LP (1987, reissued on CD in 1996) Mekano-turbo LP (1988, reissued on CD in 1994) Madrid mayo '89 cassette (1989) Live in Utrecht LP (1990, reissued on CD in 1999) Diez a\u00f1os de esplendor 2 x cassette (1990) Sheikh Aljama (jeque de aljama) CD (1991) 1980-1982 2 x cassette (1993) Arispejal astisar\u00f3 (powerful metal) CD (1993) Veritatis splendor CD (1994) 1983-1987 CD (1994) Nador CD (1995) Tokyo sin fin CD (1996) Treinta kil\u00f3metros de radio CD-EP (1996) Balearic rhythms CD (1996) 80s tracks CD (1996) Tarikat 2 x CD (1997) Polyglophone CD (1997) Syncrotr\u00f3n mini-LP (1998) EN-CO-D-Esplendor (remixes) CD (1998) Compuesto de hierro CD (2002) Mosc\u00fa est\u00e1 helado (remixes) CD (2004) Anthology 1981-2003 2 x CD (2005) 8 traks & live CD / DVD (2007) Pulsi\u00f3n CD (2009) Desarrollos geom\u00e9tricos CD (2011) Ultraphoon CD (2013) Fluida Mekaniko CD (2016) 40\n\nDisc and disk are both variants of the English word for objects of a generally thin and cylindrical geometry. The differences in spelling correspond both with regional differences and with different senses of the word. For example, in the case of flat, rotational data storage media the convention is that the spelling disk is used for magnetic storage (e.g., hard disks) while disc is used for optical storage (e.g., compact discs, better known as CDs). When there is no clear convention, the spelling disk is more popular in American English, while the spelling disc is more popular in British English. Disk The earlier word is disk, which came into the English language in the middle of the 17th century. In the 19th century, disk became the conventional spelling for audio recordings made on a flat plate, such as the gramophone record. Early BBC technicians differentiated between disks (in-house transcription records)\n\nThe Disk II Floppy Disk Subsystem, often rendered as Disk ][, is a -inch floppy disk drive designed by Steve Wozniak at the recommendation of Mike Markkula, and manufactured by Apple Computer, Inc. It went on sale in June 1978 at a retail price of US$495 for pre-order; it was later sold for $595 () including the controller card (which can control up to two drives) and cable. The Disk II was designed specifically for use with the Apple II personal computer family to replace the slower cassette tape storage. These floppy drives cannot be used with any Macintosh without an Apple IIe Card as doing so will damage the drive or the controller. Apple produced at least six variants of the basic -inch Disk II concept over the course of the Apple II series' lifetime: The Disk II, the Disk III, the DuoDisk, the Disk IIc, the UniDisk 5.25\"\n\nQuestion: Which disks replaced cassettes and ordinary records?", "output": "Compact disks"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "All Souls' Day, also called The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed, is a day of prayer and remembrance for the faithful departed, observed by certain Christian denominations on 2 November. Through prayer, intercessions, alms and visits to cemeteries, people commemorate the poor souls in purgatory and gain them indulgences. In Western Christianity, including Roman Catholicism and certain parts of Lutheranism and Anglicanism, All Souls' Day is the third day of Allhallowtide, after All Saints' Day (1 November) and All Hallows' Eve (October 31). Before the standardization of Western Christian observance on 2 November by St. Odilo of Cluny in the 10th century, many Catholic congregations celebrated All Souls Day on various dates during the Easter season as it is still observed in some Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Catholic and Eastern Lutheran churches. Churches of the East Syriac Rite (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Chaldean Catholic Church, Assyrian Church of the East,\n\nWhit Tuesday (syn. Whittuesday, Whitsun Tuesday) is the Christian holiday celebrated the day after Pentecost Monday, the third day of the week beginning on Pentecost. Pentecost is a movable feast in the Christian calendar dependent upon the date of Easter. \"Whit\" relates either to the white robes worn by those baptized on Pentecost, or to the French word \"huit,\" since Pentecost is the eighth Sunday after Easter. Observance It was a holiday in the Lutheran Church in Germany at Bach's time, where all major holidays were celebrated for three days. Bach and others composed cantata music for the occasion. It used to be a public holiday in Denmark and Sweden. In Denmark it was abolished 26 October 1770, and in Sweden 4 November 1772, both places as part of larger reductions of the number of holidays. The Dancing procession of Echternach takes place on Pentecost Tuesday. In the 19th century,\n\nA triduum (; ) is a religious observance that lasts three days. Major tridua The best-known and most significant example today is the liturgical Paschal Triduum (the three days from the evening of Maundy Thursday to Easter Sunday). Other liturgical tridua celebrated in Western Christianity include the Rogation Days preceding Ascension Thursday, the feasts of Christmas and Pentecost together with the first two days of their octave, and Allhallowtide that lasts from Halloween to All Souls Day. In Eastern Christianity (both Orthodox and Catholic) the analogues of festive tridua take the form of a major feasts followed by an associated Synaxis. The most publicly celebrated examples are the feast of Epiphany together with its eve and the following day dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, and the Nativity feast with Christmas Eve and the Synaxis of Theotokos. Ecclesiastical approval has been granted for tridua in honour of the Trinity, the\n\nQuestion: On which date is All Saints day celebrated in the Western Church?", "output": "November 1st"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Fran\u00e7ois Auguste Ren\u00e9 Rodin (12 November 184017 November 1917) was a French sculptor, generally considered the founder of modern sculpture. He was schooled traditionally and took a craftsman-like approach to his work. Rodin possessed a unique ability to model a complex, turbulent, and deeply pocketed surface in clay. He is known for such sculptures as The Thinker, Monument to Balzac, The Kiss, The Burghers of Calais, and The Gates of Hell. Many of Rodin's most notable sculptures were criticized, as they clashed with predominant figurative sculpture traditions in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic. Rodin's most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory. He modeled the human body with naturalism, and his sculptures celebrate individual character and physicality. Although Rodin was sensitive to the controversy surrounding his work, he refused to change his style, and his continued output brought increasing favor from the government and\n\nBalthasar Permoser (13 August 1651 \u2013 18 February 1732) was among the leading sculptors of his generation, whose evolving working styles spanned the late Baroque and early Rococo. Permoser was born in Kammer bei Waging, Salzburg, today a part of the Bavarian town of Traunstein. He was trained first in Salzburg, in the workshop of Wolf Wei\u00dfenkirchner the Younger and in Vienna, where he learned the art of ivory carving, before he left in 1675 on a trip to Florence to work for Giovanni Battista Foggini, in whose studio he remained fourteen years, maturing his style. Called to Dresden in 1689 by Johann Georg III, Elector of Saxony, he executed two monumental garden sculptures of Hercules. In 1697, on the way to Italy once more, he remained almost a year in his old haunts during which he sculpted the atlantes for the west doorway of the Hofstallung in Salzburg. In\n\nArthur Schopenhauer ( , ; 22 February 1788 \u2013 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is best known for his 1818 work The World as Will and Representation (expanded in 1844), which characterizes the phenomenal world as the manifestation of a blind and irrational noumenal will. Building on the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant (1724\u20131804), Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that rejected the contemporaneous ideas of German idealism. He was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant tenets of Indian philosophy, such as asceticism, denial of the self, and the notion of the world-as-appearance. His work has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism. Though his work failed to garner substantial attention during his lifetime, Schopenhauer had a posthumous impact across various disciplines, including philosophy, literature, and science. His writing on aesthetics, morality, and psychology have influenced many\n\nQuestion: \"Which sculptor is famous for his work \"\"The Thinker\"\"?\"", "output": "Rodin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Graceland is the former estate of Elvis Presley. Graceland may also refer to: Places Graceland (Elkins, West Virginia), a historic house Graceland Cemetery (Washington, D.C.) Graceland Cemetery in Chicago, Illinois Arts, entertainment, and media Graceland (album), 1986 by Paul Simon \"Graceland\" (song), the title track Graceland (Kierra Sheard album), 2014 Graceland (film), a 2012 Filipino drama Graceland (TV series), a 2013 American drama GraceLand, a 2004 novel by Chris Abani Graceland (Roberts novel), 2019, by Bethan Roberts Other uses Graceland University, a private liberal arts university in Lamoni, Iowa, and Independence, Missouri\n\nElvis is the eighteenth studio album by American singer and musician Elvis Presley, released on July 16, 1973. It sold over 1 million copies worldwide. To differentiate it from his eponymous 1956 release, it is sometimes called The \"Fool\" Album, after its first track which appears just below Elvis' name on the front cover. In the US, \"Fool\" was issued as the B-side of \"Steamroller Blues\" from the Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite album. In the UK the sides were flipped and \"Fool\" was issued as the A-side. It reached No. 15. Content The album tracks \"Fool\" and \"Where Do I Go From Here\" were recorded in March 1972. \"It's Impossible\" is a live recording from the Hilton Hotel in Las Vegas from February 1972, recorded during a successful fifty-seven show season. The remaining tracks were leftovers from the March and May 1971 recording sessions at RCA's Studio B in\n\nFrom Elvis in Memphis is the 10th studio album by American rock and roll singer Elvis Presley. It was released by RCA Records on June 2, 1969. It was recorded at American Sound Studio in Memphis in January and February 1969 under the direction of producer Chips Moman and backed by its house band, informally known as the Memphis Boys. Following the success of Presley's TV special Elvis and its soundtrack, the album marked Presley's return to non-soundtrack albums after the completion of his film contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Presley's entourage convinced him to leave the RCA studios and record this album at American Sound, a Memphis studio at the peak of a hit-producing streak. The reason was for the southern soul sound of the house band, the Memphis Boys. The predominance of country songs among those recorded in these sessions gave them the feel of the \"country soul\" style. This\n\nQuestion: What is the name of Elvis Presley's former home?", "output": "Graceland"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Salvadore Cammarano (also Salvatore) (born Naples, 19 March 1801 \u2013 died Naples 17 July 1852) was a prolific Italian librettist and playwright perhaps best known for writing the text of Lucia di Lammermoor (1835) for Gaetano Donizetti. For Donizetti he also contributed the libretti for L'assedio di Calais (1836), Belisario (1836), Pia de' Tolomei (1837), Roberto Devereux (1837), Maria de Rudenz (1838), Poliuto (1838), and Maria di Rohan (1843), while for Giuseppe Persiani he was the author of Ines de Castro. For Verdi he wrote Alzira (1845), La battaglia di Legnano (1849) and Luisa Miller (1849), but after he died in July 1852, Verdi worked with Leone Emanuele Bardare to complete the libretto for Il trovatore (1853). Cammarano also started work on libretto for a proposed adaptation of William Shakespeare's play King Lear, named Re Lear, but he died before completing it; a detailed scenario survives. His father, Giuseppe, was\n\nThe Hebrides (; ) is a concert overture that was composed by Felix Mendelssohn in 1830, revised in 1832, and published the next year as Mendelssohn's Op. 26. Some consider it an early tone poem. It was inspired by one of Mendelssohn's trips to the British Isles, specifically an 1829 excursion to the Scottish island of Staffa, with its basalt sea cave known as Fingal's Cave. It was reported that the composer immediately jotted down the opening theme for his composition after seeing the island. He at first called the work To the Lonely Island or Zur einsamen Insel, but then settled on the present title. However, in 1834, the year after the first publication, Breitkopf & H\u00e4rtel issued an edition with the name Fingalsh\u00f6hle (Fingal's Cave) and this title stuck, causing some confusion. Being a concert overture, The Hebrides does not precede a play or opera, but is instead\n\nto 1836. William Henry had four brothers\u2014Joseph Reese, Edward Plunket, Charles, and Horace Fry. He was educated at what is now Mount Saint Mary's University in Emmitsburg, Maryland. After returning to Philadelphia to work for his father, he studied composition with Leopold Meignen, a former band leader in Napoleon Bonaparte's army and the music director of the Musical Fund Society orchestra. He eventually became secretary of the Musical Fund Society. Fry's operatic compositions include Aurelia the Vestal, Leonora (based on the 1838 play The Lady of Lyons), and Notre-Dame of Paris (based on the 1831 novel by Victor Hugo). Leonora was a very successful production at its premiere in 1845 and second run the following year. Leonora is also significant as it was the first grand opera written by an American composer. The opera was written for Ann Childe Seguin who took the title role when it opened. After a\n\nQuestion: Who wrote the opera Lucia Di Lammermoor in 1834?", "output": "GAETANO DONIZETTI"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Flag carrier Garuda Indonesia had its inaugural flight on 26 January 1946, from Calcutta to Rangoon, using a Douglas DC-3 with the tail number RI 001, named Seluwah. It operated as Indonesian Airways. President Sukarno changed the name to Garuda Indonesia Airways in November 1946, later Garuda Indonesia. The golden age of the airline started in 1956, when it operated Hajj flights using its eight Convair CV-240s. In 1963, it operated flights to Tokyo via Hong Kong using three Lockheed L-188 Electra. In 1965, Garuda expanded its destinations, with flights to Cambodia, China, Paris, Athens, and Prague. It also opened routes to Amsterdam from Jakarta, with stopovers in Bangkok, Mumbai, Karachi, Cairo, Rome, and Frankfurt. Australian routes were also introduced. Upon former CEO Reyn Altin Johannes Lumenta's request, Garuda dilated its route map, with services to Los Angeles via Honolulu in 1990, operated using the McDonnell Douglas MD-11. The airline's\n\nThe Sultanate of Yogyakarta ( ; ) is a Javanese monarchy in Yogyakarta Special Region, in the Republic of Indonesia. The current head of the sultanate is Hamengkubuwono X. Yogyakarta existed as a state since 1755 on the territory of modern Indonesia in the central part of Java Island. The sultanate became the main theatre of military operations during the Java War of 1825\u20131830, following which a significant part of its territory was annexed by the Dutch, and the degree of autonomy was significantly curtailed. In 1946\u20131948, during the war of independence of Indonesia, the capital of the republic was transferred to the territory of the sultanate, in the city of Yogyakarta. In 1950, Yogyakarta, along with the Principality of Pakualaman became part of Indonesia, with the former royal realms united as a Special Region, with equal status to that of a national province. At the same time, the hereditary\n\nBangladesh (; , ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most-populous and among the most densely populated countries, with a population of around 170 million in an area of . Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west, north, and east, and Myanmar to the southeast; to the south it has a coastline along the Bay of Bengal. It is narrowly separated from Bhutan and Nepal by the Siliguri Corridor; and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim in the north. Dhaka, the capital and largest city, is the nation's political, financial and cultural centre. Chittagong, the second-largest city, is the busiest port on the Bay of Bengal. The official language is Bengali. Bangladesh forms the sovereign part of the historic and ethnolinguistic region of Bengal, which was divided during the Partition of India in 1947. The country has\n\nQuestion: Garuda Indonesia is the country's official national?", "output": "Airline"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Caroline Fillmore ( Carmichael, formerly McIntosh; October 21, 1813 \u2013 August 11, 1881) was the second wife of Millard Fillmore, the 13th president of the United States. They were married in 1858, five years after he left office. Life Caroline Carmichael was born October 21, 1813, in Morristown, New Jersey, the daughter of Charles Carmichael and Temperance (Blachley) Carmichael. She married her first husband, widower Ezekiel C. McIntosh (1806\u20131855), a prosperous Troy, New York, merchant and president of the Schenectady and Troy Railroad, in November 1832. They had no children, and McIntosh's death at age 49 left her very wealthy. She married Millard Fillmore on February 10, 1858, in Albany, New York. He was 58; she was 44. At the time of their marriage, Caroline required Fillmore to sign a prenuptial agreement. The couple purchased a mansion on Niagara Square in Buffalo, where they settled. They are believed to have\n\nAndrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 \u2013 June 8, 1845) was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, he gained fame as a general in the U.S. Army and served in both houses of the U.S. Congress. Although often praised as an advocate for ordinary Americans and for his work in preserving the union of states, Jackson has also been criticized for his racial policies, particularly his treatment of Native Americans. Jackson was born in the colonial Carolinas before the American Revolutionary War. He became a frontier lawyer and married Rachel Donelson Robards. He briefly served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate, representing Tennessee. After resigning, he served as a justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court from 1798 until 1804. Jackson purchased a property later known as\n\nLowell Cummings, (1923\u20132017) was an architectural historian and genealogist, best known for his study of New England architecture. Clint Eastwood, American film actor, director, and producer Millard Fillmore, (1800\u20131874) was the 13th President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853 and the last member of the Whig Party (United States) to hold that office. Oliver Wolcott Gibbs, was an American editor, humorist, theatre critic, playwright and author of short stories, who worked for The New Yorker magazine from 1927 until his death in 1958. Hamilton Jeffers, (1893\u20131978) was a noted astronomer. John Robinson Jeffers, (1887\u20131962) was an American poet, known for his work about the central California coast. He is considered an icon of the environmental movement. George B. McClellan, Civil War general, Governor of New Jersey, Democratic opponent of Abraham Lincoln in the 1864 United States presidential election. Frederick Law Olmsted (1822\u20131903) was an American journalist, landscape\n\nQuestion: Complete the name of the 13th President of the USA Millard ..............", "output": "FILLMORE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Helopus from the Ancient Greek meaning \"marsh foot\" can refer to three types of living organism: A sauropod dinosaur, now known as Euhelopus Helopus (bird), a genus of bird, now known as Hydroprogne Helopus, a genus of grasses in the family Poaceae; synonym of Eriochloa\n\nThe mangtong () is a Chinese end-blown free reed wind instrument. It is used primarily by the Miao and Dong ethnic groups of the southern Chinese provinces of Guizhou and Guangxi, although it is sometimes used in contemporary Chinese compositions for the traditional instrument orchestra. The instrument consists of a bamboo-free reed pipe without finger holes, which is fitted with a metal free reed; the instrument's playing pipe is placed inside a bamboo resonator of larger diameter. The mangtong is made in several different sizes, with the largest up to two meters in length. As the mangtong produces only a single pitch, several mangtong are normally played together in hocket. Mangtong are often played together with an ensemble of free reed mouth organs called lusheng, serving as the bass instruments of that ensemble. A modernized version of the mangtong, called g\u01ceig\u00e9 m\u00e1ngt\u01d2ng (), was developed in the 20th century. See\n\nSuraphol Sombatcharoen (15 September 1930 \u2013 16 August 1968) (Thai: \u0e2a\u0e38\u0e23\u0e1e\u0e25 \u0e2a\u0e21\u0e1a\u0e31\u0e15\u0e34\u0e40\u0e08\u0e23\u0e34\u0e0d) was a Thai luk thung singer. Dubbed the \"King of Luk Thung\", he was one of the first and most important stars of the genre. He was fatally shot while seated in his own car after a live performance in Nakhon Pathom. Biography Born as Lamduan Sombatcharoen in Suphan Buri province, he chose Suraphol as his stage name. His first hit came in 1954 with \"Nam Ta Sao Wieng\" (\"Tears of a Lao Girl\"). It marked the emergence of luk thung, a Thai counterpart to such crooning styles as Japanese enka and Indonesian kroncong. The genre also embodied influences such as Hollywood film music, American country music, Malay pop and Afro-Cuban rhythms. Enjoying popularity at the same time as Elvis Presley and The Beatles, Suraphol Sombatcharoen was sometimes called the \"Thai Elvis\". During the 1960s, there was no\n\nQuestion: Lapsong souchong is a type of what?", "output": "Tea"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The DeWalt Industrial Tool Company is an American worldwide manufacturer of power tools and hand tools for the construction, manufacturing and woodworking industries, as well as home craftspeople. DeWalt is a registered trademark of Black & Decker (U.S.) Inc., a subsidiary of Stanley Black & Decker. History The original company was started in 1924 by Raymond E. DeWalt, inventor of the radial arm saw. It grew quickly and was reorganized and reincorporated in 1947 as DeWalt Inc. American Machine & Foundry Co., Inc. bought the company in 1949, and sold it to Black & Decker in 1960. Black & Decker divested itself of the radial arm saw manufacturing branch in 1989, selling it to two executives. In 1992, Black & Decker began a major effort to rebrand its professional quality and high-end power tools to DeWalt. In 1994, DeWalt took over the German woodworking power tool producer ELU, and used\n\nIllinois Tool Works Inc. or ITW is an American Fortune 200 company that produces engineered fasteners and components, equipment and consumable systems, and specialty products. It was founded in 1912 by Byron L. Smith and has built its growth on a \"small-wins strategy\" based on decentralization, simplicity, customer-focused innovation, and acquisitions. Today, it employs approximately 45,000 people in hundreds of businesses across 53 countries, and is based in Glenview, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. ITW has more than 18,000 granted and pending patent applications worldwide. The company typically ranks in the top 100 of patent issuers in the U.S. ITW subsidiaries ITW comprises a number of subsidiaries. Notable brands include Hobart, Miller Electric, Paslode, Foster Refrigerator, Brooks Instrument. In August 2018, U.S. Tax Court Judge Albert G. Lauber determined that ITW owed no tax on over $356 million in repatriated funds from its foreign subsidiaries because the transactions had been\n\nAdobe Inc. ( ), formerly Adobe Systems Incorporated, is an American multinational computer software company incorporated in Delaware and headquartered in San Jose, California. It has historically specialized in software for the creation and publication of a wide range of content, including graphics, photography, illustration, animation, multimedia/video, motion pictures, and print. Its flagship products include Adobe Photoshop image editing software; Adobe Illustrator vector-based illustration software; Adobe Acrobat Reader and the Portable Document Format (PDF); and a host of tools primarily for audio-visual content creation, editing and publishing. Adobe offered a bundled solution of its products named Adobe Creative Suite, which evolved into a subscription software as a service (SaaS) offering named Adobe Creative Cloud. The company also expanded into digital marketing software and in 2021 was considered one of the top global leaders in Customer Experience Management (CXM). Adobe was founded in December 1982 by John Warnock and Charles Geschke,\n\nQuestion: With which other tool firm did Stanley Works merge in 2010?", "output": "Black & Decker"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alaska ( ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. It borders British Columbia and Yukon in Canada to the east and it shares a western maritime border in the Bering Strait with Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean lie to the north and the Pacific Ocean lies to the south. Technically a semi-exclave of the U.S., Alaska is the largest exclave in the world. Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area, comprising more total area than the next three largest states of Texas, California and Montana combined and is the seventh-largest subnational division in the world. It is the third-least populous and most sparsely populated U.S. state, but with a population of 736,081 as of 2020, is the continent's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel, with more than quadruple the combined populations\n\nMount Bona is one of the major mountains of the Saint Elias Mountains in eastern Alaska, and is the fifth-highest independent peak in the United States. It is either the tenth- or eleventh-highest peak in North America. Mount Bona and its adjacent neighbor Mount Churchill are both large ice-covered stratovolcanoes. Bona has the distinction of being the highest volcano in the United States and the fourth-highest in North America, outranked only by the three highest Mexican volcanoes, Pico de Orizaba, Popocat\u00e9petl, and Iztacc\u00edhuatl. Its summit is a small stratovolcano on top of a high platform of sedimentary rocks. The mountain's massif is covered almost entirely by icefields and glaciers, and it is the principal source of ice for the Klutlan Glacier, which flows east for over into the Yukon Territory of Canada. The mountain also contributes a large volume of ice to the north-flowing Russell Glacier system. Mount Bona was\n\nColorado (, other variants) is a state in the Mountain West sub-region of the Western United States. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains, as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is the eighth most extensive and 21st most populous U.S. state. The United States Census Bureau estimated the population of Colorado at 5,839,926 as of July 1, 2022, a 1.15% increase since the 2020 United States census. The region has been inhabited by Native Americans and their ancestors for at least 13,500 years and possibly much longer. The eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains was a major migration route for early peoples who spread throughout the Americas. In 1848, much of the region was annexed to the United States with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The Pike's Peak Gold Rush of 1858\u20131862 created an influx of\n\nQuestion: In which state is the USA\u2019s highest mountain?", "output": "Alaska"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chippy or Chippie may refer to: Arts and entertainment Chippy (album), an album of songs from a play of the same name. Chippy (film), a 2017 Malayalam-language Indian film. Chippy (2019 video game), a bullet hell video game developed by Facepunch. Chippy (2013 video game), a time management video game produced by Glitchers. People and fictional characters Chippy (nickname) Other uses Mrs Chippy, a cat that accompanied Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914\u201317 Chippy, a brand of corn chips in the Philippines, made by Universal Robina Chippy, a slang term for a carpenter, in the List of words having different meanings in American and British English (A\u2013L) Fish and chip shop, known colloquially in British English as a chippy See also Chippi (disambiguation) Chippie, a German former radio program Bertha Hill (1905\u20131950), American singer and dancer nicknamed \"Chippie\" Potato chip, known colloquially in the north of New Zealand as\n\nSee also Chippi (disambiguation) Chippie, a German former radio program Bertha Hill (1905\u20131950), American singer and dancer nicknamed \"Chippie\" Potato chip, known colloquially in the north of New Zealand as chippies Lowell Chippies, an American minor league baseball team which played in the New England League in 1888 Zippy Chippy, a racehorse that has lost over 100 races\n\nA fish and chip shop, sometimes referred to as a chip shop or chippy, is a restaurant that specialises in selling fish and chips. Usually, fish and chip shops provide takeaway service, although some have seating facilities. Fish and chip shops may also sell other foods, including variations on their core offering such as battered sausage and burgers, to regional cuisine such as Greek or Indian food. Variations on the name include fish bar, fishery (in Yorkshire), fish shop and chip shop. In most of the United Kingdom including Northern Ireland, they are colloquially known as a chippy or fishy, while in the Republic of Ireland and the Aberdeen area, they are known as chippers. History A blue plaque at Oldham's Tommyfield Market in England marks the 1860s origin of the fish and chip shop and fast food industries. In 1928, Harry Ramsden's fast food restaurant chain opened in the\n\nQuestion: In the place names Chipping Norton and Chipping Sodbury what does 'Chipping' mean?", "output": "Market"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, (21 December 1804 \u2013 19 April 1881) was a British statesman, Conservative politician and writer who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies and its broad outreach. Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs, his political battles with the Liberal Party leader William Ewart Gladstone, and his one-nation conservatism or \"Tory democracy\". He made the Conservatives the party most identified with the British Empire and military action to expand it, both of which were popular among British voters. He is the only British prime minister to have been born Jewish. He was also a novelist, publishing works of fiction even as prime minister. Disraeli was born in Bloomsbury, then a part of Middlesex. His father left Judaism after a dispute at his synagogue;\n\nLeo Charles Lynton Blair (born Charles Leonard Augustus Parsons; 4 August 192316 November 2012) was a British barrister and law lecturer at Durham University. He was the author of the book The Commonwealth Public Service. He was the father of Sir Tony Blair, the former prime minister of the United Kingdom, and of Sir William Blair, a High Court judge. Early life Born Charles Leonard Augustus Parsons in Filey, East Riding of Yorkshire, England, he was the illegitimate son of two middle class travelling entertainers. His father, Charles Parsons (1887\u20131970), had the stage name Jimmy Lynton while his mother, Mary Augusta Ridgway Bridson (1886\u20131969), was known as Celia Ridgway and was a daughter of Augustus William Bridson (1849\u20131933) and Maria Emily Montford (1864\u20131944). The couple met on tour in England. Their hectic lifestyles prompted them to give up baby Leo, who was fostered out to (and later adopted by) a\n\nduring the whole of Edward Heath's government Lord Colnbrook (1922\u20131996), British Cabinet Minister John Dugdale (1905\u20131963), journalist, Labour Member of Parliament for the English constituency of West Bromwich between 1941 and 1962, and former government minister James Malcolm Monteith Erskine (1863\u20131944), Anti-Waste League, Independent Conservative, and Conservative Member of Parliament for Westminster St George's, 1921\u20131929 Christopher Ewart-Biggs (1921\u20131976), British Ambassador who was assassinated by the IRA The Viscount Falkland (1935\u2013), Politician and former member of the House of Lords George Ferguson (1947\u2013), the first elected Mayor of Bristol (2012\u201316) Thomas Galbraith, 2nd Baron Strathclyde (1960\u2013), Former leader of the Conservative Party in the House of Lords Sir Edward Garnier KC (1952\u2013), Conservative Member of Parliament for the English constituency of Harborough since 1992, and former Solicitor General for England and Wales Lord Gordon-Walker (1907\u20131980), British Cabinet Minister who served as Foreign Secretary under Harold Wilson The Lord Faulks KC (1950\u2013),\n\nQuestion: Which British Prime Minister was born in Rodney Street, Liverpool?", "output": "W E Gladstone"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "built with round-topped fireboxes but they were all rebuilt with Belpaire fireboxes from 1919. Developed by Sir Henry Fowler for the LMS and introduced in 1924 the new locomotives had a Belpaire firebox from new, wider side tanks, larger bunker and an extended smokebox. A ventilator was also fitted in the cab roof. This class became the LMS \"standard\" shunting locomotive. With the exception of a batch of 15 locomotives which were built by the former Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway workshops at Horwich, Lancashire, all were built by outside contractors. NCC No.18, originally LMS No. 16539, was part of a batch of 15, numbered from 16535\u201316549, built by W. G. Bagnall & Co. of Stafford in 1926/7. In the LMS 1934 renumbering scheme it became No.7456. NCC No.19, originally LMS No. 16636, was part of a large batch of 50 locomotives built by the Hunslet Engine Company of Leeds, West\n\nVintage Trains is an operator of heritage railtours in the United Kingdom. It is a subsidiary of Birmingham Railway Museum Trust, and is based at Tyseley Locomotive Works, the trust's other subsidiary. Mainline locomotives Vintage Trains operates many steam and diesel locomotives on its mainline railtours. Steam locomotives Locomotives listed here are not all owned by Tyseley Locomotive Works as some are owned by private societies, but are made available to operate on the mainline by their respective owners (assuming they have the appropriate mainline certification). All engines used on VT's tours are operated under vacuum braking, engines which do have dual/air braking fitted can be used on VT tours but only operated under vacuum braking (71000 being an example as it's fitted with air brakes). Diesel locomotives Loco numbers in bold mean their current number. Also, in previous years, Vintage Trains has operated charters using electric and diesel traction\n\nand most obvious change. As built the locomotives had a McDonnell raised round top firebox but this was replaced over the years by the Belpaire 'U' types, all members of the class being converted by 1950. Chimneys and smokeboxes were also changed. The original cab, described as \"abbreviated\", offered little protection for the crew, and was replaced. The tender was a six-wheel design with flaired top and was of rivetted construction. In 1925 the Great Western and Southern Railway became part of Great Southern Railways. The locomotives retained their GS&WR numbers and class, but gained an additional classification of Class D19. Most were rebuilt with a belpaire firebox in the 1930s but No. 46 was withdrawn unrebuilt in 1935. CI\u00c9 withdrew most of the remainder between 1945 and 1953 noting that while the type was \"quite a good design for a light engine\" the demand for such a type was\n\nQuestion: Wootten and Belpaire are types of \u2018what\u2019 found in steam locomotives?", "output": "Firebox"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cherubino (Le nozze di Figaro) The Composer (Ariadne auf Naxos) Dorabella (Cos\u00ec fan tutte) Idamante (Idomeneo) Lauretta (Gianni Schicchi) M\u00e9lisande (Pell\u00e9as et M\u00e9lisande) Niklausse/Muse (The Tales of Hoffmann) Octavian (Der Rosenkavalier) Orlofsky (Die Fledermaus) Rosina (Il barbiere di Siviglia) Sesto (Giulio Cesare) Silla (Palestrina) Sophie (Sophie's Choice by Nicholas Maw) Valencienne (Die lustige Witwe) Zerlina (Don Giovanni) H\u00e4nsel (H\u00e4nsel und Gretel) Carmen (Carmen) Ariodante (Ariodante) Clairon (Capriccio) Jenny (Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny) References Further reading External links Angelika Kirchschlager (Mezzo-soprano) on Bach Cantatas Website 1966 births Living people Musicians from Salzburg Austrian operatic mezzo-sopranos Mozarteum University Salzburg alumni Grammy Award winners 20th-century Austrian women opera singers 21st-century Austrian women opera singers Academic staff of the University of Music and Performing Arts Graz University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna alumni\n\nFilippa Giordano (born 14 February 1974) is an Italian-born Mexican crossover singer. Biography Giordano was born in Palermo. At the age of nine, she started ballet at the National Academy of Rome (where she moved with her family). Giordano grew up in the opera world following her parents, but at the same time, she fell in love with the pop world. She started her studies of singing with her mother as a teacher and she learned both the techniques for opera and pop music. In 2010, Giordano obtained Mexican citizenship. Musical success In September 1998, she released her first album Passioni with Italian pop producers Celso Valli (Andrea Bocelli, Eros Ramazzotti, Laura Pausini, etc.) and Marco Sabiu (Take That, Tanita Tikaram, etc.). In February 1999, she won the 2nd prize at the Sanremo Festival. Due to this success in Sanremo, Giordano performed at the most important events of the year,\n\nThe Roman Unrest, or The Noble-Minded Octavia (German: Die r\u00f6mische Unruhe, oder Die edelm\u00fctige Octavia), commonly called Octavia, is a singspiel in three acts by Reinhard Keiser to a German libretto by . It premiered on 5 August 1705 at the Oper am G\u00e4nsemarkt, Hamburg. The work was written in response to Handel's now-lost Nero, using the same period, material and plot but with Feind substantially improving the libretto. It unites the insidious machinations of the mad emperor Nero, including the assassination plots against his stepsister and wife Octavia, the Pisonian conspiracy and its suppression, with a multicoloured sub-plot of the philosophical instructions of the wise Seneca versus the amusing observations of a clown named Davus. The action is held together by the interweaving of all these plots. It has an abundance of slippery allusions, grotesque elements like a ballet of the dead, which seems to have been taken from\n\nQuestion: Which 1790 Mozart opera features the heroines Dorabella and Fiordiligi?", "output": "Cosi Fan Tutte"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Barnard's Star is a small red dwarf star in the constellation of Ophiuchus. At a distance of from Earth, it is the fourth-nearest-known individual star to the Sun after the three components of the Alpha Centauri system, and the closest star in the northern celestial hemisphere. Its stellar mass is about 16% of the Sun's, and it has 19% of the Sun's diameter. Despite its proximity, the star has a dim apparent visual magnitude of +9.5 and is invisible to the unaided eye; it is much brighter in the infrared than in visible light. The star is named after E. E. Barnard, an American astronomer who in 1916 measured its proper motion as 10.3 arcseconds per year relative to the Sun, the highest known for any star. The star had previously appeared on Harvard University photographic plates in 1888 and 1890. Barnard's Star is among the most studied red dwarfs\n\nsmallest constellation in the zodiac. Notable features Stars Capricornus is a faint constellation, with only one star above magnitude 3; its alpha star has a magnitude of only 3.6. The brightest star in Capricornus is \u03b4 Capricorni, also called Deneb Algedi, with a magnitude of 2.9, located 39 light-years from Earth. Like several other stars such as Denebola and Deneb, it is named for the Arabic word for \"tail\" (deneb); its traditional name means \"the tail of the goat\". Deneb Algedi is a Beta Lyrae variable star (a type of eclipsing binary). It ranges by about 0.2 magnitudes with a period of 24.5 hours. The other bright stars in Capricornus range in magnitude from 3.1 to 5.1. \u03b1 Capricorni is a multiple star. The primary (\u03b12 Cap), 109 light-years from Earth, is a yellow-hued giant star of magnitude 3.6; the secondary (\u03b11 Cap), 690 light-years from Earth, is a yellow-hued\n\nthe mass and 1.5 times the luminosity of the Sun, while Alpha Centauri B is smaller and cooler, at 0.9 solar mass and less than 0.5 solar luminosity. The pair orbit around a common centre with an orbital period of 79 years. Their elliptical orbit is eccentric, so that the distance between A and B varies from 35.6 astronomical units (AU), or about the distance between Pluto and the Sun, to 11.2 AU, or about the distance between Saturn and the Sun. Alpha Centauri C, or Proxima Centauri, is a small faint red dwarf (Class M). Though not visible to the naked eye, Proxima Centauri is the closest star to the Sun at a distance of , slightly closer than Alpha Centauri AB. Currently, the distance between Proxima Centauri and Alpha Centauri AB is about , equivalent to about 430 times the radius of Neptune's orbit. Proxima Centauri has two\n\nQuestion: What is the nearest star to the Earth", "output": "The Sun"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Atari () is a brand name that has been owned by several entities since its inception in 1972. It is currently owned by French company Atari SA (formerly Infogrames) through a subsidiary named Atari Interactive. The original Atari, Inc., founded in Sunnyvale, California, USA in 1972 by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney, was a pioneer in arcade games, home video game consoles, and home computers. The company's products, such as Pong and the Atari 2600, helped define the electronic entertainment industry from the 1970s to the mid-1980s. In 1984, as a result of the video game crash of 1983, the home console and computer divisions of the original Atari Inc. were sold off to Jack Tramiel's Tramel Technology Ltd., which then renamed itself to Atari Corporation. Atari, Inc. was renamed Atari Games Inc. Atari Games received the rights to use the logo and brand name with appended text \"Games\" on\n\nThe Atari 2600 is a home video game console developed and produced by Atari, Inc. Released in September 1977, it popularized microprocessor-based hardware and games stored on swappable ROM cartridges, a format first used with the Fairchild Channel F in 1976. Branded as the Atari Video Computer System (Atari VCS) from its release until November 1982, the VCS was bundled with two joystick controllers, a conjoined pair of paddle controllers, and a game cartridgeinitially Combat and later Pac-Man. Atari was successful at creating arcade video games, but their development cost and limited lifespan drove CEO Nolan Bushnell to seek a programmable home system. The first inexpensive microprocessors from MOS Technology in late 1975 made this feasible. The console was prototyped as codename Stella by Atari subsidiary Cyan Engineering. Lacking funding to complete the project, Bushnell sold Atari to Warner Communications in 1976. The Atari VCS launched in 1977 with nine\n\nLogical Design Works, Inc. was a US-based video game developer that developed games between 1983 and 1993. The name comes from the initials of the founder Lucjan Daniel Wencel. Games 1985 Phantasie 1987 Phantasie III 1987 Vegas Gambler 1988 TrianGO 1989 Blockout 1989 Street Rod 1989 Tunnels of Armageddon 1991 Street Rod 2: The Next Generation 1993 Ancient Glory References External links Defunct video game companies of the United States\n\nQuestion: In June 1972, Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney founded which electronics and video games company?", "output": "Atari"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chinese ( or ) is a group of languages spoken natively by the ethnic Han Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in Greater China. Approximately 1.3 billion people, or around 16% of the global population, speak a variety of Chinese as their first language. Chinese languages form the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The spoken varieties of Chinese are usually considered by native speakers to be dialects of a single language. However, their lack of mutual intelligibility means they are sometimes considered to be separate languages in a family. Investigation of the historical relationships among the varieties of Chinese is ongoing. Currently, most classifications posit 7 to 13 main regional groups based on phonetic developments from Middle Chinese, of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin with 66%, or around 800 million speakers, followed by Min (75 million, e.g. Southern Min), Wu (74 million, e.g. Shanghainese),\n\nThe largest of the ethnic groups in Cambodia are the Khmer, who comprise approximately 90% of the total population and primarily inhabit the lowland Mekong subregion and the central plains. The Khmer historically have lived near the lower Mekong River in a contiguous arc that runs from the southern Khorat Plateau where modern-day Thailand, Laos and Cambodia meet in the northeast, stretching southwest through the lands surrounding Tonle Sap lake to the Cardamom Mountains, then continues back southeast to the mouth of the Mekong River in southeastern Vietnam. Ethnic groups in Cambodia other than the politically and socially dominant Khmer are classified as either \"indigenous ethnic minorities\" or \"non-indigenous ethnic minorities\". The indigenous ethnic minorities, more commonly collectively referred to as the Khmer Loeu (\"upland Khmer\"), constitute the majority in the remote mountainous provinces of Ratanakiri, Mondulkiri and Stung Treng and are present in substantial numbers in Kratie Province. Approximately\n\nChina (), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's second-most-populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, tied with Russia as having the most of any country in the world. With an area of nearly , it is the world's third-largest country by total land area. The country is divided into 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two semi-autonomous special administrative regions. The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and largest financial center is Shanghai. The region that is now China has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era. The earliest Chinese dynastic states, such as the Shang and the Zhou, emerged in the basin of the Yellow River before the late second millennium BCE. The eighth to third centuries BCE saw\n\nQuestion: The Han ethnic group of people, the largest in the world, is native to which country?", "output": "China"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Stotch on South Park. Life and career Stough was born in Evergreen, Colorado, and has characterized his upbringing as \"well-rounded, sheltered and I did what I was told.\" He met Trey Parker at age 13; the two later acted in school musicals and made short films together at Evergreen High School. Stough grew up interested in animation and aspired to be a \"great Disney animator\", but was not the best at drawing. He attended the University of Colorado at Boulder (UCB), where he initially studied in their art department. Parker convinced him to instead join their film department, as he would be able to make animated films rather than spend his time perfecting his drawing. He had an internship with Jim Henson Productions in college. He graduated with a film degree in 1995, and subsequently worked with Parker and Matt Stone on the short film The Spirit of Christmas (1995).\n\nEric \"Butters\" Stough (born July 31, 1972) is an American animator and producer. He is best known as the animation director and a producer on the television series South Park. Born in Evergreen, Colorado, Stough attended the University of Colorado at Boulder and graduated in 1995 with a degree in film. A longtime friend of Trey Parker, he has worked with him and Matt Stone on most of their projects, including South Park, South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, Orgazmo, Team America: World Police and the Broadway musical The Book of Mormon. Stough has won five Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on South Park, as well as a Peabody Award. He was the inspiration for the character of Butters Stotch on South Park. Life and career Stough was born in Evergreen, Colorado, and has characterized his upbringing as \"well-rounded, sheltered and I did what I was told.\" He met\n\nJoe Shmoe (also spelled Joe Schmoe and Joe Schmo), meaning \"Joe Anybody\", or no one in particular, is a commonly used fictional name in American English. Adding a \"Shm\" to the beginning of a word is meant to diminish, negate, or dismiss an argument (for instance, \"Rain, shmain, we've got a game to play\"). It can also indicate that the speaker is being ironic or sarcastic. This process was adapted in English from the use of the \"schm\" prefix in Yiddish to dismiss something; as in, \"Fancy, schmancy\" (thus denying the claim that something is fancy). While \"schmo\" (\"schmoo\", \"schmoe\") is thought by some linguists to be a clipping of Yiddish \u05e9\u05de\u05d5\u05e7 \"schmuck\", that derivation is disputed. See also Average Joe Joe Bloggs John Doe John Q. Public Man on the street Placeholder name Tom, Dick and Harry Z\u00e9 Povinho References Anonymity pseudonyms Placeholder names\n\nQuestion: In the TV show 'South Park', the boys' classmate 'Leopold Stotch', often the butt of many jokes and pranks, is better known by what one word nickname?", "output": "'BUTTERS'"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Moritz von Rohr (4 April 1868 \u2013 20 June 1940) was an optical scientist at Carl Zeiss in Jena, Germany. A street in Jena is named after him: Moritz-von-Rohr-Stra\u00dfe, near Carl-Zeiss-Promenade and Otto-Schott-Stra\u00dfe. Life Moritz von Rohr was born in Lonzyn near Hohensalza, then part of the Prussian Grand Duchy of Posen, but now in Poland and known as \u0141\u0105\u017cyn, near Inowroc\u0142aw. He obtained a doctorate of philosophy at the University of Berlin in 1892. Inventions Von Rohr is usually credited with the design of the first aspheric lenses for eyeglasses. He invented the eyeglass lens designs that became the Zeiss Punktal lenses. He also developed a method of computing depth of field from a camera's entrance pupil location and diameter, without reference to focal length and f-number (see his 1904 and 1906 books). He says, \"At this point it will be sufficient to note that all these formulae involve\n\nThe Infantry Regiment Gro\u00dfdeutschland (; ) was an \u00e9lite German Army ceremonial and combat unit which saw action during World War II. Originally formed in 1921 it was known as the Wachregiment Berlin. Renamed Infanterie-Regiment Gro\u00dfdeutschland in 1939, the regiment served in the campaigns in France and the Low Countries. It then served exclusively on the Eastern Front until the end of the war. It was destroyed near Pillau in May 1945. Gro\u00dfdeutschland is sometimes mistakenly perceived to be part of the Waffen-SS, whereas it was actually a unit of the regular German Army (Heer). In 1942 it was expanded into the Gro\u00dfdeutschland Division, the best-equipped division in the Wehrmacht, which received equipment before all other units, including some Waffen-SS units; however it remained a regiment within the division and was renamed to Grenadier-Regiment Gro\u00dfdeutschland. It received its final name, Panzergrenadier-Regiment Gro\u00dfdeutschland, in 1943. Creation and early history - Wachregiment\n\nThe Battle of Haslach-Jungingen, also known as the Battle of Albeck, fought on 11 October 1805 at Ulm-Jungingen north of Ulm at the Danube between French and Austrian forces, was part of the War of the Third Coalition, which was a part of the greater Napoleonic Wars. The outcome of this battle was a French victory. Background During the Ulm Campaign, Napoleon's Grand Army had executed a massive right wheel to trap the Austrian army led by Karl Mack von Lieberich. Starting on the Rhine River, facing east, the various French corps arrived on the Danube River, facing south. From the Danube, using Marshal Michel Ney's VI Corps as a pivot, the Grand Army continued its right wheel until most of Napoleon's corps were facing west. The bulk of the Austrian army was now trapped, though Napoleon did not know exactly where most of the enemy units were located. The\n\nQuestion: In which German town did Napoleon decisively defeat the Prussian army in 1806, and Carl Zeiss open an optical workshop in 1846?", "output": "JENA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Opium is an Oriental-spicy perfume created for fashion brand Yves Saint Laurent (YSL) by perfumer Jean Amic and Jean-Louis Sieuzac of Roure, first marketed in 1977. Its top notes are a mixture of fruit and spices, with mandarin orange, plum, clove, coriander and pepper, as well as bay leaf. Its floral middle notes consist predominantly jasmine, rose and Lily of the Valley, in addition to carnation, cinnamon, peach and orris root. It is underlined by the sweet woody base note containing sandalwood, cedarwood, myrrh, opopanax, labdanum, benzoin and castoreum, in addition to amber, incense, musk, patchouli, tolu and vetiver. Naming and theme Opium caused a stir with its controversial name and brought accusations that brand designer Yves Saint Laurent was condoning drug use. In the United States, a group of Chinese Americans demanded a change of the name and a public apology from Saint Laurent for \"his insensitivity to Chinese\n\nShilajit ( \"conqueror of mountain, conqueror of the rocks, destroyer of weakness\") or salajeet () or mumijo or mumie is natural organic-mineral product of predominantly natural biological origin, formed in the mountains (in mountain crevices and caves). A blackish-brown powder or an exudate from high mountain rocks, often found in the Himalayas, the Pamir Mountains (primarily in Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan), Karakoram, Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, the Caucasus Mountains within Russia, Altai, Central Asia, Iran, Mongolia and in southern Peru, where it is called Andean shilajit. The powder is also known as \u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 (in Greek), mumiyo or mumie (Russian: \u041c\u0443\u043c\u0438\u0451), brag-shun or barakhshin (\"oil of the mountains\" in Mongolia and southern Russian Siberian regions near the Sayan Mountains such as Khakassia and Buryatia), rock sap or rock juice (in Tibet, Central Asia, Himalaya, Pamir and Altai), asphalt, mineral pitch, Jew\u2019s pitch, slag or mineral wax (in English), silajita or silajatu (in\n\nThe tabasco pepper is a variety of the chili pepper species Capsicum frutescens originating in Mexico. It is best known through its use in Tabasco sauce, followed by peppered vinegar. Like all C. frutescens cultivars, the tabasco plant has a typical bushy growth, which commercial cultivation makes stronger by trimming the plants. The tapered fruits, around 4 cm long, are initially pale yellowish-green and turn yellow and orange before ripening to bright red. Tabascos rate from 30,000 to 50,000 on the Scoville scale of heat levels,. Tabasco fruits, like all other members of the C. frutescens species, remain erect when mature, rather than hanging down from their stems. A large part of the tabasco pepper stock fell victim to the tobacco mosaic virus in the 1960s; the first resistant variety (Greenleaf tabasco) was not cultivated until around 1970. Naming The peppers are named after the Mexican state of Tabasco. The\n\nQuestion: Which spice is known as the \u2018Master Spice\u2019?", "output": "Pepper"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "and resulted in the \"balance of power\". Chancellor Engelbert Dollfu\u00df was murdered by Nazis in his office in 1934. His successor Kurt von Schuschnigg gave his farewell speech shortly before Austria was annexed by Nazi-Germany in 1938 with his famous closing words \"Gott sch\u00fctze \u00d6sterreich\" (\"God save Austria\"). After 1945 and the restoration of independence the offices of the Federal Chancellor were once again located here. During the Sch\u00fcssel coalition between the conservative \u00d6VP and the far-right FP\u00d6 in the years 2000 to 2007, regular demonstrations against this government have been held in front of the Chancellor's office. Ballhausplatz 1 is the address of the Office of the President of Austria (\u00d6sterreichische Pr\u00e4sidentschaftskanzlei). The offices of the president himself are located in the Hofburg Imperial Palace. Memorial for the Victims of Nazi Military Justice In 2011, Vienna decided to honour Austrian Wehrmacht deserters. On 24 October 2014, a Memorial for\n\nErwin Konrad Eduard Bumke (7 July 1874 \u2013 20 April 1945) was the last president of the Reichsgericht, the supreme civil and criminal court of the German Reich, serving from 1929 to 1945. As such, according to the Weimar Constitution, he should have become acting President of Germany upon the death of Paul von Hindenburg in August 1934, and thus the acting Head of State of Nazi Germany. The Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich, passed by the Nazi-controlled Reichstag, unconstitutionally prevented that by combining the presidency with the chancellorship, making Adolf Hitler the undisputed ruler of Germany. Life Born in the small town of Stolp in the Prussian Province of Pomerania (now S\u0142upsk, Poland), he had a family that was middle class. His father was a doctor and his mother a factory owner's daughter. His brother Oswald Bumke (1877\u20131950) became a noted psychiatrist. After studying\n\nEdmund Glaise-Horstenau (also known as Edmund Glaise von Horstenau; 27 February 1882 \u2013 20 July 1946) was an Austrian Nazi politician who became the last Vice-Chancellor of Austria, appointed by Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg under pressure from Adolf Hitler, shortly before the 1938 Anschluss. During the Second World War Glaise-Horstenau became a general in the German Wehrmacht and served as Plenipotentiary General to the Independent State of Croatia. Dismayed by the atrocities committed by the Usta\u0161e, he was involved in the Lorkovi\u0107-Voki\u0107 plot, with the purpose of overthrowing Ante Paveli\u0107's regime and replacing it with a pro-Allied government. Early life and career Born in Braunau am Inn, the son of an officer, Glaise-Horstenau attended the Theresian Military Academy and served in World War I on the Austro-Hungarian General Staff of the Austro-Hungarian Army. From 1915, he headed the press department of the Supreme Command of the Armed Forces. After the war,\n\nQuestion: Who was the Austrian Chancellor assassinated in 1934 by Nazis?", "output": "ENGELBERT DOLLFUSS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Levon\" is a song written by English musician Elton John and songwriter Bernie Taupin, and performed by John. It was recorded on 27 February 1971, and was released on John's 1971 album, Madman Across the Water. Backing vocals are provided by Tony Burrows. Paul Buckmaster wrote the orchestral arrangements and directed the orchestra. The song reached number 24 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and peaked at number six on the Canadian RPM singles chart. History According to Gus Dudgeon, Taupin named the character in the song after The Band's co-founder, drummer and singer Levon Helm. The Band were apparently John and Taupin's favourite group at the time. In 2013, however, Taupin said that the song was unrelated to Helm. According to fellow Band member, Robbie Robertson, Levon Helm didn't like the song, quoting him as saying \"Englishmen shouldn't fuck with Americanisms\". The \"Alvin Tostig\" mentioned in the song (Levon's\n\nJeoffrey Benward (born January 10, 1952) is an American Contemporary Christian music singer and songwriter. He has been involved in the Christian music business since the 1970s, but achieved attention when he formed a duo with his son, Aaron, called Aaron Jeoffrey in 1995. His grandson is actor and singer Luke Benward. Life and career Benward was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. His father, Keith Benward, was also a singer. In the 1970s, Jeoffrey actively toured and recorded, garnering a reputation as one of the industry's most accomplished singer-songwriters. During his early solo career, he released four albums for Forefront Records. He also co-wrote Phillips, Craig and Dean's No. 1 hit \"The Concert of the Age.\" In the early 1990s, Jeoffrey was surprised to find out his son Aaron wanted to follow his steps. They decided to form a duo debuting in 1995. They ended up releasing three successful albums\n\nhas been covered by several artists, including, Myles Kennedy, Jon Bon Jovi (who covered the song on the tribute album Two Rooms, and says that \"Levon\" is his favourite song of all time, saying that he looks up to Elton John as his idol) and Canadian rock singer-songwriter Billy Klippert. Mary McCreary recorded a version of \"Levon\" on her highly regarded LP Jezebel, Shelter Records SR-2110 (1974). Phil Lesh and Friends started playing the song in April 2012, shortly after Levon Helm's death. Since 1971, John regularly performed this song alongside \"Tiny Dancer\" on his concert tours in various decades. References General Notes External links Myles Kennedy SiriusXM Octane performance 1971 singles 1972 singles Elton John songs Songs with music by Elton John Songs with lyrics by Bernie Taupin Song recordings produced by Gus Dudgeon Levon Helm DJM Records singles Uni Records singles\n\nQuestion: Which English singer has a son called Zachary Jackson Levon?", "output": "Elton John"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Tabasco is a Mexican state. Tabasco may also refer to: In food Tabasco pepper, chili pepper Tabasco sauce, sauce made in part from the peppers In geography Mexico Tabasco, Francisco Z. Mena Tabasco, Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Morelos Tabasco, Las Margaritas Tabasco, Zacatecas Tabasco River, Mexico Tabasco (former state), a Chontal Maya Nation United States Tabasco, New York, a hamlet Tobasco, Ohio, an unincorporated community Tabasco Creek, Alaska Other uses Tabasco mud turtle Burlesque Opera of Tabasco by George Whitefield Chadwick Simona Tabasco (born 1994), Italian actress\n\nThe tabasco pepper is a variety of the chili pepper species Capsicum frutescens originating in Mexico. It is best known through its use in Tabasco sauce, followed by peppered vinegar. Like all C. frutescens cultivars, the tabasco plant has a typical bushy growth, which commercial cultivation makes stronger by trimming the plants. The tapered fruits, around 4 cm long, are initially pale yellowish-green and turn yellow and orange before ripening to bright red. Tabascos rate from 30,000 to 50,000 on the Scoville scale of heat levels,. Tabasco fruits, like all other members of the C. frutescens species, remain erect when mature, rather than hanging down from their stems. A large part of the tabasco pepper stock fell victim to the tobacco mosaic virus in the 1960s; the first resistant variety (Greenleaf tabasco) was not cultivated until around 1970. Naming The peppers are named after the Mexican state of Tabasco. The\n\nTrappey's Hot Sauce is an American brand of hot sauce that was originally produced by the New Iberia, Louisiana-based company Trappey's Fine Foods, Inc. Trappey's was purchased by B&G Foods in 1997. Trappey's makes Red Devil Cayenne Pepper Sauce, Bull Louisiana Hot Sauce, Indi-Pep Pepper Sauce, Chef Magic Jalape\u00f1o Sauce, Trappey's Cut Okra, Trappey's Creole Okra Gumbo, Trappey's Cocktail Okra (mild and hot varieties) and pickled jalape\u00f1os. Trappey's is called Louisiana-style as it is no longer produced in Louisiana, but imported from Colombia. With a Scoville rating of 1,200 to 1,600, Trappey's Louisiana Hot Sauce is noticeably milder than some other Louisiana-style sauces. The company was founded in 1898, when Louisiana entrepreneur (and former McIlhenny Company employee) B.F. Trap\u00e9 grew tabasco chilies from Avery Island seed. B.F. Trap\u00e9 founded the company B.F. Trappey and Sons and, with the help of his ten sons and one daughter, began producing his own\n\nQuestion: The state of Tabasco, where the sauce gets its name, is in which country?", "output": "Mexico"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "No Angels is a British comedy-drama television series, produced by the independent production company World Productions for Channel 4, which ran for three series from 2004 to 2006. It was devised by Toby Whithouse. Premise The programme centres on the lives of three nurses and a healthcare assistant in the city of Leeds. The four main characters are Kate Oakley (played by Kaye Wragg), Lia Costoya (Louise Delamere), Anji Mittel (Sunetra Sarker), and Beth Nicholls (Jo Joyner). Additional main characters were played by Derek Riddell, James Frost, Francis Magee and Matt Bardock. The show deals with the women's lives both in and out of the hospital. Cast Louise Delamere as Lia Costoya - A nurse (and acting ward sister in Series One) at the hospital. She is a single mother; her daughter Emma lives with her father. Lia lives in hospital accommodation with Anji, Kate and Beth and attended college\n\nNeighbours is an Australian television soap opera, which has aired since 18 March 1985. It was created by television executive Reg Watson. The Seven Network commissioned the show following the success of Watson's earlier soap Sons and Daughters. Although successful in Melbourne, Neighbours underperformed in the Sydney market and was cancelled by Seven four months after it began airing. It was immediately commissioned by rival Network Ten for a second production season, which began screening on 20 January 1986. Neighbours became the longest-running drama series in Australian television history. In 2005, it was inducted into the Logie Hall of Fame. The storylines concern the lives of the people who live and work in Erinsborough, a fictional suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. The series centres on the residents of Ramsay Street, a cul-de-sac, and its neighbouring area, the Lassiters complex, which includes a bar, hotel, caf\u00e9, police station, lawyers' office and park.\n\n, abbreviated as Toraha, is a series of eroge by Janis and OVAs by Mook and Seven Arcs that is best known for its spin-off series, Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha. The name comes from the fact that each game focuses on a \"triangle\" of one boy and two girls, though there are many other heroines. The first game in the trilogy was published December 18, 1998. The 2000 - 2002 adult OVA, based on the game Triangle Heart 2, focuses on an all-girl dorm and Kousuke, its male temporary manager. The 2003 OVA, based on the game Triangle Heart 3, focuses on a boy named Ky\u014dya Takamachi who, with his cousin-turned-sister, vows to protect a childhood friend from a mysterious terrorist organization. There have also been two fanbox games, Love Love Toy Box, based on Triangle Heart and Triangle Heart 2, and Lyrical Toy Box, based on Triangle Heart 3.\n\nQuestion: Which series was a spin off from the Golden Girls spin-off, Empty Nest?", "output": "Nurses"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Lamborghini LMA002 (Lamborghini Mimran Anteriore 002; Lamborghini, Mimran, front-engined 002) was a prototype offroad vehicle designed and built by Lamborghini while the company was headed by the then 26-year-old Patrick Mimran. It was a follow-up to the LM001 and was first presented at the 1982 Geneva Auto Show. Finally seeing the problems with their initial designs (the Cheetah, and the LM001), Lamborghini decided to move the engine to the front. This required a redesign of the entire chassis. This was also the first time the V12 engine from the Countach was actually used in an offroad vehicle, producing and of torque, significantly more power than its predecessors. The redesign used a tubular steel spaceframe and increased the overall weight by about 500 kg to . Moving the engine also freed up a large amount of space in the rear, which allowed for enough room to fit 6 more passengers,\n\nThe Honda Vamos is a leisure vehicle originally produced by Japanese automaker Honda from 1970 to 1973, and reintroduced again as a trim level of the Honda Acty microvan starting in 1999. Its name, \"Vamos\", is Spanish language for \"let's go\". 1970-1973 Available as a kei truck, it was based on the Honda TN360. The Vamos used a 354 cc 2-cylinder, mid mounted, air-cooled, overhead camshaft gasoline engine shared with the Honda TN360, N360, and the Z360. The Vamos was a competitor at the time to the Suzuki Jimny and the Daihatsu Fellow buggy. According to the article for this vehicle at Japanese Wikipedia, only 2,500 were sold. Honda had hoped the popularity of the Honda Dax minibike with its off-road image would be associated with the Vamos. Because of the installation of the spare tire on the front of the vehicle and the sound from the air-cooled engine, it\n\nThe Rinspeed Presto is a concept car from the Swiss company Rinspeed, unveiled in 2002. At the touch of a button, it would expand it from a 2.7 metre, two-seat cabrio to a 3.6 metre, four-seater. It has a Pre-Peg Composite plastic body and runs on natural gas. The transformation is made possible by a centrally located electric motor, which stretches the vehicle with the help of two mechanical screw-and-nut gears by exactly 746 millimetres to its full extended length of 3.74 metres. The longitudinal members run on low-friction precision rollers and disappear like a drawer in the rear of the floor pan. Despite its variable length the engineers succeeded in designing the adjustable floor pan with the torsional rigidity necessary for a roadster. To ensure absolute operational safety the extension mechanism also features self-locking safety latches. The car lacks a roof and doors. Conversion: A four-cylinder, 1.7-litre common-rail turbo\n\nQuestion: Who produced the V12 powered Miura \u2013 the fastest production car around in the 1970s?", "output": "Lamborghini"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Candlemas, also known as the Feast of the Presentation of Jesus Christ, the Feast of the Purification of the Blessed Virgin Mary, or the Feast of the Holy Encounter, is a Christian holiday commemorating the presentation of Jesus at the Temple. It is based upon the account of the presentation of Jesus in Luke 2:22\u201340. Under Leviticus 12, a woman was to be purified by presenting a lamb as a burnt offering, and either a young pigeon or dove as sin offering, 33 days after a boy's circumcision. It falls on 2 February, which is traditionally the 40th day (postpartum period) of and the conclusion of the Christmas\u2013Epiphany season. While it is customary for Christians in some countries to remove their Christmas decorations on Twelfth Night (Epiphany Eve), those in other Christian countries historically remove them after Candlemas. On Candlemas, many Christians (especially Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholics, and some mainline\n\nBoxing Day is a holiday celebrated after Christmas Day, occurring on the second day of Christmastide (26 December). Though it originated as a holiday to give gifts to poor people, today, Boxing Day forms part of Christmas celebrations, with many people choosing to take advantage of Boxing Day sales. It originated in Great Britain and is celebrated in several countries that previously formed part of the British Empire. The attached bank holiday or public holiday may take place on 28 December if necessary to ensure it falls on a weekday. Boxing Day is also concurrent with the Christian festival Saint Stephen's Day. In parts of Europe, such as several regions of Spain, the Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, Hungary, the Netherlands, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Croatia, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, Belgium, Norway, and Ireland, 26 December is Saint Stephen's Day, which is considered the second day of Christmas. Etymology There are competing theories\n\nAn Advent candle is a candle marked with the days of December up to Christmas Eve. It is typically used in a household rather than a church setting: each day in December the candle is burnt down a little more, to the mark for the day, to show the passing of the days leading up to Christmas. As with reusable Advent calendars, some Advent candles start marking the days from 1 December, rather than the exact beginning of Advent. Some households will make a Christmas decoration out of sprigs of evergreen and Christmas ornaments, with the candle at its center; others will simply put it in a candlestick. It is usually burned at the family evening meal each day. Advent candles are traditionally white, though other Christmas-themed colors have become popular. The custom of having an Advent candle seems to have started in Germany, where children traditionally insert a small\n\nQuestion: On what date is Candlemas Day?", "output": "FEBRUARY 2"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ray Lowry (28 August 1944 \u2013 14 October 2008) was an English cartoonist, illustrator and satirist, possessing a highly distinctive style and wit. He contributed to The Guardian, Private Eye, Punch, Tatler and NME, among many other publications. In his later years he lived in Rossendale, Lancashire. Life and work Lowry was born the son of a bricklayer in Cadishead, Salford, and attended Urmston Grammar School. He worked in Manchester and London, and, although he had no formal art education, he became known as a cartoonist during the 1970s. It was less well known that he was also a painter of urban landscapes, following in the footsteps of his unrelated namesake L. S. Lowry. Ray Lowry drew cartoons for a wide range of publications. With the emergence of the underground press in the 1960s his work was published in Oz and International Times, which led to a long and better-paid\n\ncreated the artwork for the sleeve of their album London Calling, using a photograph by Pennie Smith. During the 1980s Lowry wrote a column in The Face and was a regular contributor to The Guardian. He remained obsessed with rock and roll. Near the end of his life, he produced a long series of colour images inspired by the tour of the UK by the American rockers Eddie Cochran and Gene Vincent. Lowry eventually moved to Rossendale in Lancashire. Although he no longer worked for periodicals, he never stopped painting and drawing. Near the end of his life he was taken up by the See Gallery in Crawshawbooth, Rossendale. An exhibition at the See in 2008 proved very successful and he began to plan new schemes, including paintings inspired by the novel Under the Volcano, by another unrelated namesake, Malcolm Lowry. After years of ill health, Ray Lowry died suddenly\n\nBolton is a hamlet and the third smallest parish in East Lothian, Scotland. It lies approximately south of Haddington and east of Edinburgh, and is an entirely agricultural parish, long by about wide. The most notable buildings in the hamlet are the Parish Church, an 18th-century dovecote or \"doo'cot\" and the former Bolton Primary School, which now serves as the village hall. History Chalmers' Caledonia states that \"the most prominent objects which attract the antiquarian eye are the hills forts above Bolton of the earliest people. On Bolton Muir there had been an ancient camp in the field called \"Chesters\". In 1389 the feudal barony of Bolton was possessed by Sir John Haliburton of Dirleton. In 1494 ownership of the barony of Bolton was disputed between George Home of Ayton and his wife Marion Haliburton, Lady Dirleton and Bolton, and Patrick Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell and his brother Adam Hepburn.\n\nQuestion: In which UK city was artist L S Lowry born?", "output": "Manchester"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "An urban mine is the stockpile of rare metals in the discarded waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) of a society. Urban mining is the process of recovering these rare metals through mechanical and chemical treatments. In 1997, recycled gold accounted for approximately 20% of the 2700 tons of gold supplied to the market. The name was coined in the 1980s by Professor Hideo Nanjyo of the Research Institute of Mineral Dressing and Metallurgy at Tohoku University and the idea has gained significant traction in Japan (and in other parts of Asia) in the 21st century. Research published by the Japanese government's National Institute of Materials Science in 2010 estimated that there were 6,800 tonnes of gold recoverable from used electronic equipment in Japan. References Sources Further reading Electronic waste Mining Recycling\n\nconcentrate from the bulk sand, in most ore deposits of this type is around 1% heavy minerals, although several are higher grade. Of this total heavy mineral concentrate (THM), the components are typically Zircon, from 1% of THM to upwards of 50% of THM, Ilmenite, generally of 10% to 60% of THM Rutile, from 5% to 25% of THM Leucoxene, from 1% to 10% of THM Gangue, typically quartz, magnetite, garnet, chromite and kyanite, which usually account for the remaining bulk of the THM content Slimes, typically minerals as above and heavy clay minerals, too fine to be economically extracted. Generally, as zircon is the most valuable component and a critical ore component, high-zircon sands are the most valuable. Thereafter, rutile, leucoxene and then ilmenite in terms of value given to the ore. As a generality, typically the valuable components of the THM concentrate rarely exceed 30%. Being ancient stranded\n\nAfrica. Its bright blue color is the mineral's most notable characteristic. It is used as a gemstone. References Calcium minerals Copper(II) minerals Aluminium minerals Cyclosilicates Monoclinic minerals Minerals in space group 12 Gemstones\n\nQuestion: India mines/produces 60% of the world's (what mineral?), used in hi-tech industries for its properties of insulation, transparency, and machining tolerance?", "output": "Mica"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "bowel movement. The stools gradually solidify as they move along into the descending colon. Clinical significance There are several diseases associated with the descending colon. Among the most common are the inflammatory bowel diseases (such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn\u2019s disease) and colon cancer. Ulcerative colitis Ulcerative colitis can affect any part of the colon (and other mucosa, such as the mouth), but when it affects the descending colon, it is called left-sided colitis. Inflammation and ulcers on the lining of the intestine mark its presence. Symptoms of ulcerative colitis include diarrhea, bleeding, fever, abdominal pain, too much mucus in fecal material, and appetite and weight loss. Treatment methods can vary widely, ranging from changes in diet to drug therapy to corrective surgery, depending on the severity of the condition and the overall health of the patient. Crohn\u2019s disease When a person has Crohn\u2019s disease or Crohn\u2019s colitis, they have\n\nto corrective surgery, depending on the severity of the condition and the overall health of the patient. Crohn\u2019s disease When a person has Crohn\u2019s disease or Crohn\u2019s colitis, they have lesions on the tissues of the intestine; this makes it hard for the intestine to absorb water and salt. The symptoms which may develop from this disease include abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation, nausea and vomiting, fever, blood in the stool, weight loss, abscesses and fatigue. There is no cure for Crohn\u2019s disease although many treatments are available. Symptomatic treatment with antidiarrhoeals is common in low level cases where the inflammation is reasonably under control. Steroid and/or sulphasalazine treatment are usually the first line of drug based management, although newer drugs along the TNF inhibitor line (such as infliximab and adalimumab) are becoming more widespread in the treatment of inflammatory colonic conditions. Diet and lifestyle changes can also be useful,\n\nthe ventral abdominal region, that herniation most commonly occurs. Spigelian hernias are rare compared to other types of hernias because they do not develop under abdominal layers of fat but between fascia tissue that connects to muscle. The Spigelian hernia is generally smaller in diameter, typically measuring 1\u20132 cm., and the risk of tissue becoming strangulated is high. Signs and symptoms Individuals typically present with either intermittent pain (coming and going), a lump, or mass all which are classic signs of a bowel obstruction. The patient may have a protuberance when standing in an upright position although discomfort can sometimes be confused by its anatomical region for a peptic ulceration. The bulge may be painful when the patient stretches but then goes away when they are lying down in a resting position. However, a number of patients present with no obvious symptoms but vague tenderness along the area in which\n\nQuestion: Crohn\u2019s Disease affects which part of the body?", "output": "Intestines"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chess is a board game for two players, called White and Black, each controlling an army of chess pieces, with the objective to checkmate the opponent's king. It is sometimes called international chess or Western chess to distinguish it from related games such as (Chinese chess) and (Japanese chess). The recorded history of chess goes back at least to the emergence of a similar game, chaturanga, in seventh century India. The rules of chess as they are known today emerged in Europe at the end of the 15th century, with standardization and universal acceptance by the end of the 19th century. Today, chess is one of the world's most popular games played by millions of people worldwide. Chess is an abstract strategy game that involves no hidden information and no elements of chance. It is played on a chessboard with 64 squares arranged in an 8\u00d78 grid. At the start,\n\nabstract strategy game that involves no hidden information and no elements of chance. It is played on a chessboard with 64 squares arranged in an 8\u00d78 grid. At the start, each player controls sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. White moves first, followed by Black. The game is won by checkmating the opponent's king, i.e. threatening it with inescapable capture. There are also several ways a game can end in a draw. Organized chess arose in the 19th century. Chess competition today is governed internationally by FIDE (the International Chess Federation). The first universally recognized World Chess Champion, Wilhelm Steinitz, claimed his title in 1886; Ding Liren is the current World Champion. A huge body of chess theory has developed since the game's inception. Aspects of art are found in chess composition, and chess in its turn influenced Western culture and\n\n\u00c9checs; \"International Chess Federation\"), chess's world governing body, in its Handbook. Rules published by national governing bodies, or by unaffiliated chess organizations, commercial publishers, etc., may differ in some details. FIDE's rules were most recently revised in 2023. Setup Chess sets come in a wide variety of styles. The Staunton pattern is the most common, and is usually required for competition. Chess pieces are divided into two sets, usually light and dark colored, referred to as white and black, regardless of the actual color or design. The players of the sets are referred to as White and Black, respectively. Each set consists of sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. The game is played on a square board of eight rows (called ) and eight columns (called ). By convention, the 64 squares alternate in color and are referred to as and\n\nQuestion: In a standard game of chess, how many queens does each player start with?", "output": "One"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bloody Mary originally referred to: Mary I of England (1516\u20131558), Queen of England and Ireland, so called because of her persecution of Protestants Bloody Mary may also refer to: Film Urban Legends: Bloody Mary, a 2005 horror film Bloody Mary (2006 film), a 2006 horror film Bloody Mary (2022 film), a 2022 crime drama film Dead Mary or Bloody Mary, a 2007 horror film Literature Bloody Mary (DC Comics), a fictional extraterrestrial vampire Bloody Mary (Helix), a comic book Bloody Mary (Marvel Comics), a fictional telekinetic supervillain Bloody Mary (South Pacific), a character in Tales of the South Pacific by James Michener Music \"Bloody Mary\" (song), a 2011 song by Lady Gaga \"Bloody Mary (Nerve Endings)\", a 2012 song by Silversun Pickups \"Bloody Mary\", a song from the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical South Pacific \"Bloody Mary\", a 2008 song by the Alice Rose \"Bloody Mary (A note on Apathy)\", a\n\nMary (cocktail), a cocktail made with tomato juice, vodka, and typically spices Bloody Mary (folklore), a ghost said to appear in mirrors when a person repeats her name Bloody Mary, a boss in the 1995 action role-playing game Terranigma Typhoon Mary (1960), a deadly typhoon nicknamed \"Bloody Mary\" by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center See also Agent 077: Mission Bloody Mary, a 1965 adventure film The Legend of Bloody Mary, a 2008 horror film Mary, Mary, Bloody Mary, a 1974 horror film Mary, Bloody Mary, a 1999 YA novel \"Un Blodymary\", a 2006 song by Las Ketchup Bloody (disambiguation) Mary (disambiguation)\n\nDeep Red (), also known as The Hatchet Murders, is a 1975 Italian giallo film directed by Dario Argento and co-written by Argento and Bernardino Zapponi. It stars David Hemmings as a musician who investigates a series of murders performed by a mysterious figure wearing black leather gloves. The cast also stars Daria Nicolodi, Gabriele Lavia, Macha M\u00e9ril, and Clara Calamai. The film's score was composed and performed by Goblin, the first in a long-running collaboration with Argento. The film was released during the height of the \"giallo craze\" of Italian popular cinema, and was a critical and commercial success. Retrospective reviews have been equally positive, and the film is considered one of the genre's definitive entries, as well as one of Argento's best works. Plot During Christmas at a family home, one figure stabs another to death. A bloody knife falls to the floor at a child's feet. Twenty\n\nQuestion: 'Bloody Mary' is a character in which film musical?", "output": "'SOUTH PACIFIC'"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Transnistria conflict (; ; ) is an ongoing frozen conflict between Moldova and the unrecognized state of Transnistria. Its most active phase was the Transnistria War. There have been several attempts to resolve the conflict, although none have been successful. The conflict may be considered as having started on 2 September 1990, when Transnistria made a formal sovereignty declaration from Moldova (then part of the Soviet Union). Transnistria is internationally recognised as a part of Moldova. It obtained diplomatic recognition only from three post-Soviet unrecognized states: Abkhazia, South Ossetia and Artsakh. Historical status of Transnistria Until the Second World War The Soviet Union in the 1930s had an autonomous region of Transnistria inside Ukraine, called the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MASSR), where nearly half of the population were Romanian-speaking people, and with Tiraspol as its capital. During World War II, when Romania, aided by Nazi Germany, took control\n\nKalmuk Steppe, or Kalmyk Steppe is a steppe with a land area of approximately 100,000 km\u00b2, bordering the northwest Caspian Sea, bounded by the Volga on the northeast, the Manych on the southwest, and the territory of the Don Cossacks on the northwest. The historic home to the Kalmuck or Kalmyks, it is in the Federal subject of Astrakhan Oblast in Russia. Before the appearance of the Kalmyks to this region, the area was long known as the Povoletsk steppe by the Russians. The western Kalmuck Steppe occupied by the Yergeni hills, is deeply trenched by ravines and rises 300 and occasionally 630 ft. above the sea. It is built up of Tertiary deposits, belonging to the Sarmatian division of the Miocene period and covered with bess and black earth, and its escarpments represent the old shore-line of the Caspian. No Caspian deposits are found on or within the Yergeni.\n\nThe Crimea Germans () were ethnic German settlers who were invited to settle in the Crimea as part of the East Colonization. History From 1783 onwards, there was a systematic settlement of Russians, Ukrainians, and Germans to the Crimean Peninsula (in what was then the Crimean Khanate) in order to weaken the Crimean Tatar population. The first planned settlements of Germans in Crimea were founded over 1805\u20131810 with the support of Czar Alexander I. The first settlements were: Friedental \u2013 in the district of Simferopol; formed in 1806 by Lutherans Heilbrunn \u2013 in the district of Feodosiya; formed in 1809 by Lutherans Kronental \u2013 in the district of Simferopol; formed in 1810 by Lutherans and Catholics Neusatz \u2013 in the district of Simferopol; formed in 1806 by Lutherans Rosental \u2013 in the district of Simferopol; formed in 1806 by Catholics Staryj Krim (old Crimea) \u2013 in the district Feodosiya; formed\n\nQuestion: The site of a mid-19th century conflict, in which modern day country is the Crimean peninsula?", "output": "Ukraine"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alexander III (; 10 March 18451 November 1894) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. He was highly reactionary in domestic affairs and reversed some of the liberal reforms of his father, Alexander II. This policy is known in Russia as \"counter-reforms\" (). Under the influence of Konstantin Pobedonostsev (1827\u20131907), he opposed any socio-economic moves that limited his autocratic rule. During his reign, Russia fought no major wars as well. He therefore came to be known as \"The Peacemaker\" (), with that laudatory title enduring into the 21st Century among historians (as the Tsar\u2019-Mirotvorets). Outside of politics, Alexander was additionally known for his striking appearance, with an American historian later noting how he stood out as being a \"tall, heavy-set man, of enormous muscular strength.\" Alexander's major foreign policy achievement was helping forge the Russo-French\n\nAlexander or Aleksandr Mikhailovich (; 7 October 1301 \u2013 29 October 1339) was Prince of Tver and Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1326 to 1327 and Grand Prince of Tver from 1338 to 1339. His rule was marked by the Tver Uprising in 1327. He was executed in Sarai by the Mongols, together with his son Fyodor. Life Aleksandr was a second son of Prince Mikhail of Tver by his wife, Anna of Kashin. As a young man, his appanages included Kholm and Mikulin. In 1322, he continued the Tver princes' opposition to the rise of Moscow when he rather spectacularly waylaid Grand Prince Yury of Moscow (who had schemed against Aleksandr's father to gain the yarlyk or patent of office from the khan of the Golden Horde, the Mongol kingdom which ruled Russia and much of central Asia in the 13th and 14th centuries) as Yury journeyed with the\n\nmilitary conquests of King Alexander III, commonly known as \"Alexander the Great\". Most later Alexanders in various countries were directly or indirectly named after him. People known as Alexander Alexander has been the name of many rulers, including kings of Macedon, of Scotland, emperors of Russia and popes. Rulers of antiquity Alexander (Alexandros of Ilion), more often known as Paris of Troy Alexander of Corinth, 10th king of Corinth (816\u2013791 BC) Alexander I of Macedon Alexander II of Macedon Alexander III of Macedon, commonly known as Alexander the Great Alexander IV of Macedon Alexander V of Macedon Alexander of Pherae despot of Pherae between 369 and 358 BC Alexander I of Epirus king of Epirus about 342 BC Alexander II of Epirus king of Epirus 272 BC Alexander of Corinth, viceroy of Antigonus Gonatas and ruler of a rump state based on Corinth c. 250 BC Alexander (satrap) (died 220\n\nQuestion: The Romanov Dynasty (Peter I, Catherine I, Peter II, Anna, Ivan VI, Elizabeth, Peter III, Catherine II the Great, Paul I, Alexander I, Constantine I, Nicholas I, Alexander II , Alexander III and Nicholas II) ruled which country?", "output": "Russia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The AK-47, officially known as the Avtomat Kalashnikova (; also known as the Kalashnikov or just AK), is a gas-operated assault rifle that is chambered for the 7.62\u00d739mm cartridge. Developed in the Soviet Union by Russian small-arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov, it is the originating firearm of the Kalashnikov (or \"AK\") family of rifles. After more than seven decades since its creation, the AK-47 model and its variants remain one of the most popular and widely used firearms in the world. Design work on the AK-47 began in 1945. It was presented for official military trials in 1947, and, in 1948, the fixed-stock version was introduced into active service for selected units of the Soviet Army. In early 1949, the AK was officially accepted by the Soviet Armed Forces and used by the majority of the member states of the Warsaw Pact. The model and its variants owe their global popularity\n\nAn assault gun (from , , meaning \"assault gun\") is a type of self-propelled artillery which uses an infantry support gun mounted on a motorized chassis, normally an armored fighting vehicle, which are designed to provide direct fire support for infantry attacks, especially against other infantry or fortified positions. Assault guns were pioneered by the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany during the 1930s, initially being self-propelled guns with direct fire in mind (such as the Soviet SU-5-1), with Germany introducing the first purpose-built (and purpose-named) assault gun, the , in 1940. Historically, the concept of assault guns was very similar to that of the infantry tank, as both were combat vehicles intended to accompany infantry formations into battle. However, during World War II assault guns were more mobile than tanks and could be utilized as both direct and indirect fire artillery. Although they could approximate the firepower of a tank,\n\nThe AA-12 (Auto Assault-12), originally designed and known as the Atchisson Assault Shotgun, is an automatic combat shotgun developed in 1972 by Maxwell Atchisson (however, the original development by Atchisson seems to have produced only a few guns at prototype-level, with the development that ultimately lead to the gun entering the market being done later by Military Police Systems, Inc.). The most prominent feature is reduced recoil. The current 2005 version has been developed over 18 years since the patent was sold to Military Police Systems, Inc. The original design was the basis of several later weapons, including the USAS-12 combat shotgun. The shotgun fires in fully automatic mode only. However, the relatively low cyclic rate of fire of around 300 rounds per minute enables the shooter to fire semi-automatically de facto with brief trigger pulls. It is fed from either an 8-round box magazine, 20-round drum magazine, or a\n\nQuestion: What is the most widely-produced assault rifle of all time?", "output": "AK-47"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Barry Lyndon is a 1975 historical drama film written, directed, and produced by Stanley Kubrick, based on the 1844 novel The Luck of Barry Lyndon by William Makepeace Thackeray. Starring Ryan O'Neal, Marisa Berenson, Patrick Magee, Leonard Rossiter, and Hardy Kr\u00fcger, the film recounts the early exploits and later unravelling of an 18th-century Anglo-Irish rogue and golddigger who marries a rich widow to climb the social ladder and assume her late husband's aristocratic position. Kubrick began production on Barry Lyndon after his 1971 film A Clockwork Orange. He had originally intended to direct a biopic on Napoleon, but lost his financing because of the commercial failure of the similar 1970 Dino De Laurentiis-produced Waterloo. Kubrick eventually directed Barry Lyndon, set partially during the Seven Years' War, utilising his research from the Napoleon project. Filming began in December 1973 and lasted roughly eight months, taking place in England, Ireland, and Germany.\n\nFinal Analysis is a 1992 American neo-noir erotic thriller film directed by Phil Joanou and written by Wesley Strick from a concept by forensic psychiatrist Robert H. Berger. It stars Richard Gere, Kim Basinger, Uma Thurman, Eric Roberts, Keith David, and Paul Guilfoyle. The executive producers were Gere and Maggie Wilde. The film received mixed critical reviews, but was positively compared to the works of Alfred Hitchcock, particularly Vertigo. It was the final film of director of photography Jordan Cronenweth. Plot Psychiatrist Isaac Barr treats Diana Baylor for obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder. Diana suggests Isaac meet her sister, Heather Evans, who may be able to shed light on her neuroses. Heather tells him that Diana was sexually abused by their father after their mother left. She further reveals that she is unhappily married to gangster Jimmy Evans. Isaac confesses that he finds her irresistible, and the two have sex. Afterwards, Heather divulges\n\nSunshine is a 1999 historical drama film directed by Istv\u00e1n Szab\u00f3 and written by Israel Horovitz and Szab\u00f3. It follows five generations of a Hungarian Jewish family, originally named Sonnenschein (), later changed to Sors (), during changes in Hungary, focusing mostly on the three generations from the late 19th century through the mid-20th century. The family story traverses the creation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire through to the period after the 1956 Revolution, while the characters are forced to surrender much of their identity and endure family conflict. The central male protagonist of all three generations is portrayed by Ralph Fiennes. The film's stars include Rachel Weisz and John Neville, with the real-life daughter and mother team of Jennifer Ehle and Rosemary Harris playing the same character across a six-decade storyline. The film was an international co-production among companies from Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Canada. It won three European Film\n\nQuestion: Which director\u2019s last film was Family Plot in 1975?", "output": "Alfred Hitchcock"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alberto Giacometti (, , ; 10 October 1901 \u2013 11 January 1966) was a Swiss sculptor, painter, draftsman and printmaker. Beginning in 1922, he lived and worked mainly in Paris but regularly visited his hometown Borgonovo to see his family and work on his art. Giacometti was one of the most important sculptors of the 20th century. His work was particularly influenced by artistic styles such as Cubism and Surrealism. Philosophical questions about the human condition, as well as existential and phenomenological debates played a significant role in his work. Around 1935 he gave up on his Surrealist influences to pursue a more deepened analysis of figurative compositions. Giacometti wrote texts for periodicals and exhibition catalogues and recorded his thoughts and memories in notebooks and diaries. His critical nature led to self-doubt about his own work and his self-perceived inability to do justice to his own artistic vision. His insecurities\n\nAristodemo Costoli (1803\u20131871) was an Italian sculptor who spent his entire career in the city of Florence. He is also known for attempting in 1843 to clean and conserve the famed Renaissance-era sculpture David by Michelangelo; unfortunately his hydrochloric acid cleaning solution removed the stone's waxy protective coating and left the surface pitted and porous. His students included Emilio Zocchi, Girolamo Masini, Augusto Rivalta and his son Leopoldo Costoli. Partial anthology of works Florence Galileo in Tribune of Galileo, at Museo della Specola (1832); Christophe Colomb, at mus\u00e9e du Nouveau Monde, La Rochelle (France); Pegasus, in Giardino di Boboli; tondo dedicated to Arnolfo di Cambio in Duomo di Firenze; bust of Cosimo Buonarroti and Rosina Vendramin, in Casa Buonarroti; Monument to L. Matteucci (1845), in Badia Fiorentina; Discovery of America, in Hall 5 of Galleria d'arte moderna (Firenze) in Palazzo Pitti; Monument to Galileo, niche in the ground-floor courtyard of\n\nThe Doni Tondo or Doni Madonna, is the only finished panel painting by the mature Michelangelo to survive. (Two other panel paintings, generally agreed to be by Michelangelo but unfinished, The Entombment and the so-called Manchester Madonna, are both in the National Gallery in London.) Now in the Uffizi in Florence, Italy, and still in its original frame, the Doni Tondo was probably commissioned by Agnolo Doni to commemorate his marriage to Maddalena Strozzi, the daughter of a powerful Tuscan family. The painting is in the form of a tondo, meaning in Italian, 'round', a shape which is frequently associated during the Renaissance with domestic ideas. The work was probably created during the period after Doni's marriage in 1503 or 1504, and before the Sistine Chapel ceiling frescoes were begun in 1508. The Doni Tondo portrays the Holy Family (the child Jesus, Mary, and Joseph) in the foreground, along with\n\nQuestion: What was the family name of the Italian artist, Michelangelo?", "output": "BUONAROTTI"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Algae (, ; : alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular microalgae, such as Chlorella, Prototheca and the diatoms, to multicellular forms, such as the giant kelp, a large brown alga which may grow up to in length. Most are aquatic and lack many of the distinct cell and tissue types, such as stomata, xylem and phloem that are found in land plants. The largest and most complex marine algae are called seaweeds, while the most complex freshwater forms are the Charophyta, a division of green algae which includes, for example, Spirogyra and stoneworts. Algae that are carried by water are plankton, specifically phytoplankton. Algae constitute a polyphyletic group since they do not include a common ancestor, and although their plastids seem to have\n\nThe large kelpfish (Chironemus marmoratus), the Eastern kelpfish, hiwihiwi, surgefish or kelpfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a kelpfish belonging to the family Chironemidae. It is found in southern Australia, and off the North Island of New Zealand, at depths down to 30 m. Taxonomy The large kelpfish was first formally described in 1860 by the German born British ichthyologist Albert G\u00fcnther with the type locality given as the Swan River and Erub on the western coast of Australia, an error, this is outside of the known range of this species. The specific name marmoratus means \u201cmarbled\u201d a reference to the pattern of colouration on this fish\u2019s body. Description The large kelpfish has a pointed snout and a small mouth. There are 14-15 spines and 16-20 soft rays in the dorsal fin while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 6-8 soft rays. The maximum standard length recorded\n\nThe dottybacks are a family, Pseudochromidae, of fishes which were formerly classified in the order Perciformes, but this has been revised and the family is regarded as of uncertain affinities, or incertae sedis within the Ovalentaria, a clade within the Percomorpha. Around 152 species belong to this family. They are found in the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific, where most inhabit coral reefs. Many species are brightly coloured fish, often showing striking sexual dimorphism. They are generally small, mostly less than in length, and some less than . The largest by far, at up to , is Congrogadus subducens. Dottybacks are distinguished from other families by the presence of three or less spines in the dorsal fin and an incomplete lateral line organ. Several of the brightly coloured members of the family are often seen in the marine aquarium trade, although some species are aggressively territorial. Genera Family Pseudochromidae Subfamily Anisochrominae\n\nQuestion: Kelp and Wrack are types of what?", "output": "Seaweed"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Acer ( ) is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples. The genus is placed in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae, along with lychee and horse chestnut. There are approximately 132 species, most of which are native to Asia, with a number also appearing in Europe, northern Africa, and North America. Only one species, Acer laurinum, extends to the Southern Hemisphere. The type species of the genus is the sycamore maple, Acer pseudoplatanus, the most common maple species in Europe. Maples usually have easily recognizable palmate leaves (Acer negundo is an exception) and distinctive winged fruits. The closest relatives of the maples are the horse chestnuts. Maple syrup is made from the sap of some maple species. It is one of the most common genera of trees in Asia. Many maple species are grown in gardens where they are valued for their autumn colour. Evolutionary history The closest\n\nApiaceae () or Umbelliferae is a family of mostly aromatic flowering plants named after the type genus Apium and commonly known as the celery, carrot or parsley family, or simply as umbellifers. It is the 16th-largest family of flowering plants, with more than 3,800 species in about 446 genera, including such well-known and economically important plants as ajwain, angelica, anise, asafoetida, caraway, carrot, celery, chervil, coriander, cumin, dill, fennel, lovage, cow parsley, parsley, parsnip and sea holly, as well as silphium, a plant whose identity is unclear and which may be extinct. The family Apiaceae includes a significant number of phototoxic species, such as giant hogweed, and a smaller number of highly poisonous species, such as poison hemlock, water hemlock, spotted cowbane, fool's parsley, and various species of water dropwort. Description Most Apiaceae are annual, biennial or perennial herbs (frequently with the leaves aggregated toward the base), though a minority\n\nis not known to have been introduced to North America or Australasia. Etymology The cultivar is named after Saint Zenobius (San Zanobi in Italian), a saint noted for many miracles. After his death in AD 417, his body, whilst being carried from the cathedral for burial, is supposed to have glanced a dead elm, restoring the tree to life. Accessions Europe Grange Farm Arboretum, Lincolnshire, UK. Acc. no. 694. Great Fontley Farm, Fareham, UK. Butterfly Conservation Elm Trials plantation, Home Field. Two whips planted 2004. Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, UK. Acc. nos. 20090116, 20090402. Sir Harold Hillier Gardens, Romsey, UK. One specimen in Plant Centre Field. Acc. no. 2004.0440. Wijdemeren City Council, Netherlands. Elm collection, \u2018s-Gravelandsevaartweg, Loosdrecht, 10 trees planted 2016 References External links Nurseries in Europe Eisele GmbH, Darmstadt, Germany. Hillier Nurseries, Liss, UK. UmbraFlor, Spello, Italy. Hybrid elm cultivar Ulmus articles with images Ulmus\n\nQuestion: What Eurasian winged-fruit maple tree is named after the Greek words sukon (fig) and moron (mulberry)?", "output": "Sycamore"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A common chord, in the theory of harmony, is a chord that is diatonic to more than one key or, in other words, is common to (shared by) two keys. A \"common chord\" may also be defined simply as a triadic chord (e.g., C\u2013E\u2013G), as one of the most commonly used chords in a key (I\u2013IV\u2013V\u2013vi\u2013ii\u2013iii), more narrowly as a triad in which the fifth is perfect (i.e., a major or minor triad), in which sense it is alternatively referred to as a \"perfect chord\" or, more narrowly still (in American practice), as a major triad only. Common chords are frequently used in modulations, in a type of modulation known as common chord modulation or diatonic pivot chord modulation. It moves from the original key to the destination key (usually a closely related key) by way of a chord both keys share. For example, G major and D major have\n\n(1828) Robert Schumann Symphony No. 2, Op. 61 (1846) Dmitri Shostakovich Symphony No. 7, \"Leningrad\", Op. 60 (1942) Jean Sibelius Symphony No. 3, Op. 52 (1907) Symphony No. 7, Op. 105 (1924) Igor Stravinsky Symphony in C (1940) Richard Wagner Symphony in C major, WWV 29 (1832) C minor The key of C minor was, like most other minor keys, associated with the literary Sturm und Drang movement during the Classical period. But ever since Ludwig van Beethoven's famous Symphony No. 5, Op. 67, of 1808, C minor imparts a symphony in the key a character of heroic struggle. Early classical symphonies in the key typically ended in C minor but with a picardy third for the very final chord. Following Beethoven's precedent, most C minor symphonies of the Romantic period end in C major. Another option is to end in E-flat major (the relative key), as Mahler does in\n\nof how closely related they are. A closely related key can be defined as one that has many common chords. A relative major or minor key has all of its chords in common; a dominant or subdominant key has four in common. Less closely related keys have two or fewer chords in common. For example, C major and A minor have 7 common chords while C major and F major have 0 common chords. See also Enharmonic scale Common tone (chord) Common tone (scale) References Chords Harmony\n\nQuestion: The music key signature C Major has no sharps or flats. What is the equivalent minor key?", "output": "A Minor"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "These lectures were later turned into the famous textbook \u201cLectures on Public Economics\u201d. In 1971, at the age of 27, he became full professor of economics at the University of Essex. In 1976 he became professor of political economy at University College London. During the 1980s he was Tooke Professor of Economic Science and Statistics in the Economics Department at the London School of Economics. At the LSE he co-directed for 12 years the research programme \u2018Taxation, incentives and the distribution of income\u2019. His co-directors were Nick Stern and Mervyn King. He stayed there until 1992 when he returned to the University of Cambridge for two more years. In the 1990s he was advisor to the French Prime Minister Lionel Jospin. He served as Warden of Nuffield College, Oxford, from 1994 to 2005. In 1971 he founded the Journal of Public Economics. He co-edited it for the next quarter century.\n\nHe then worked as a lecturer in government and administration at the University of Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland from 1966 to 1974. He completed a PhD on the politics of Botswana, supervised by John Mackintosh. Upon returning to Scotland, he continued his academic career, serving as Staff Tutor in Politics at the Open University from 1975 to 1994. He founded the Unit for the Study of Government in Scotland at the University of Edinburgh, and was elected Rector of the University of Aberdeen. Political career While at the University of Glasgow, he was a founder of the Federation of Student Nationalists in 1961. He was also the founder and Provost of the Scottish Self-Government College. In 1989 he stood as the SNP candidate for North East Scotland in the 1989 European Parliament election where, despite a large increase in the share of the vote, he lost to Labour's Henry McCubbin.\n\nGlyn Conrad Davis, (born 25 July 1959) is an Australian academic and public servant, who serves as the Secretary of the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet. He was appointed by Prime Minister Anthony Albanese on 30 May 2022, and commenced on 6 June 2022. From January 2005 until September 2018, he served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of Melbourne. He was previously a Distinguished Professor at the Australian National University's Crawford School of Public Policy. Personal life Davis was educated at Marist Brothers College, Kogarah. He later studied political science at the University of New South Wales and the Australian National University where he completed a doctoral thesis on the political independence of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, before undertaking post-doctoral appointments as a Harkness Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley, the Brookings Institution in Washington DC and the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Davis\n\nQuestion: As studied by both David Cameron and Ed Miliband, for what does the E in the university degree course PPE stand?", "output": "ECONOMICS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "you were only thirteen or fourteen years old and one day you discovered your entire life that you had been living thus far is only a dream, or a pre-existing hallucination which is a memory from a person who had once been you? A person whom you had been cloned from, whose life you had been living until now. What would you do if you woke up from that life and find yourself on a spaceship, hundreds of years into the future, millions of kilometres from Earth. No one is there to look out for you except an intelligent navigations computer named COL, a handful of unusual-looking teenagers like yourself and a god-like entity named NUN who had raised and educated you but at some point removed its presence for an unknown reason. Welcome to the life of the crew of the spaceship Deepwater, a group of blue, green, red\n\nHijkersmilde is a hamlet in the Dutch province of Drenthe. It is a part of the municipality of Midden-Drenthe, and lies about 13 km southwest of Assen. Between 1913 and 1933, it had a train station. References Midden-Drenthe Populated places in Drenthe\n\nHarsum is a village and a municipality in the district of Hildesheim, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately 6 km north of Hildesheim, and 25 km southeast of Hanover. Subdivisions Besides Harsum proper, the municipality consists of the villages of Adlum, Asel, Borsum, H\u00f6nnersum, H\u00fcddessum, Klein F\u00f6rste, Machtsum and Rautenberg. Personalities Johannes Nordhoff (1870-1950), Chairman of the Employers' Association of German Insurance Companies Joop Bergsma (1928-2011), Roman Catholic clergyman and theologian References Hildesheim (district)\n\nQuestion: What are you if you are hirsute?", "output": "Hairy"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder characterized by periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood that each last from days to weeks. If the elevated mood is severe or associated with psychosis, it is called mania; if it is less severe, it is called hypomania. During mania, an individual behaves or feels abnormally energetic, happy or irritable, and they often make impulsive decisions with little regard for the consequences. There is usually also a reduced need for sleep during manic phases. During periods of depression, the individual may experience crying and have a negative outlook on life and poor eye contact with others. The risk of suicide is high; over a period of 20 years, 6% of those with bipolar disorder died by suicide, while 30\u201340% engaged in self-harm. Other mental health issues, such as anxiety disorders and substance use disorders, are commonly\n\nevery ten major, first-episode, BD-I patients with psychotic features, the prevalence in this group being particularly high in association with a recent suicide attempt, alcohol use disorder, learning disability, or manic polarity in the first episode. Bipolar I disorder often coexists with other disorders including PTSD, substance use disorders, and a variety of mood disorders. Studies suggest that psychiatric comorbidities correlate with further impairment of day-to-day life. Up to 40% of people with bipolar disorder also present with PTSD, with higher rates occurring in women and individuals with bipolar I disorder. A diagnosis of bipolar 1 disorder is only given if bipolar episodes are not better accounted for by schizoaffective disorder or superimposed on schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder, delusional disorder, or a psychotic disorder not otherwise specified. Medical assessment Regular medical assessments are performed to rule-out secondary causes of mania and depression. These tests include complete blood count, glucose, serum chemistry/electrolyte\n\nBipolar I disorder (BD-I; pronounced \"type one bipolar disorder\") is a type of bipolar spectrum disorder characterized by the occurrence of at least one manic episode, with or without mixed or psychotic features. Most people also, at other times, have one or more depressive episodes. It is a type of bipolar disorder and conforms to the classic concept of manic-depressive illness, which can include psychosis during mood episodes. Diagnosis The essential feature of bipolar I disorder is a clinical course characterized by the occurrence of one or more manic episodes or mixed episodes. Often, individuals have had one or more major depressive episodes. One episode of mania is sufficient to make the diagnosis of bipolar disorder; the person may or may not have a history of major depressive disorder. Episodes of substance-induced mood disorder due to the direct effects of a medication, or other somatic treatments for depression, substance use\n\nQuestion: A bipolar illness is another name for what?", "output": "(Manic) Depression"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Brides of March is an annual event that takes place in San Francisco, California and other cities around March 15. Started by the Cacophony Society, the event's name is a pun on the term Ides of March, and is a parody of weddings in western culture. The event, which began in 1999, is part pub crawl and part street theater, while wearing a thrift store wedding dress. Brides may be of any gender, but the wearing of traditional white wedding dresses, or something resembling them, is the point of the event. In recent years there have been a greater number of gothic brides who wear black, alien brides and other variations on the theme. Like its Cacophony Society counterpart \"Santarchy\", the tradition has spread worldwide and now includes gatherings in Austin, Boston, Los Angeles, New York City, Reno, Phoenix (started in 2008), Portland, Seattle,Vegas, London, and Japan, among others.\n\nFor One Night is a 2006 American made-for-TV drama film directed by Ernest Dickerson, written by Denetria Harris-Lawrence, and starring Raven-Symon\u00e9 as Brianna McCallister and Aisha Tyler as Desiree Howard. The film's premise is based on the true story of Gerica McCrary, who made headlines in 2002 by getting Taylor County High School in her hometown of Butler, Georgia, to integrate the prom after thirty-one years of segregation. Plot Inspired by the true story of an African American teenager who shook up a small town where high school proms had been racially segregated for decades. Amid the protests of the community and with the help of a newspaper reporter who returns to her hometown to cover the story, the two women are able to reverse decades of racist tradition and make history, at least for one night. Production For One Night is based on events that occurred in Taylor County,\n\nwith queer themes such as The Glass Menagerie, Hosanna, Kiss of the Spider Woman, and The Gay Heritage Project. In 2006, The Citadel Theatre hosted their first Queer Prom event. In 2009, the annual event drew more than 100 youth to the theatre to celebrate the end of their school year. Artistic directors John Hulburt (1965-1966) Robert Glenn (1966-1968) Sean Mulcahy (1968-1973) John Neville (1973-1978) Peter Coe (1978-1981) Joseph H. Shoctor (1981-1984, as Producer) Gordon McDougall (1984-1987) William Fisher (1987-1989) Richard Dennison (1989-1990, as Producer) Robin Phillips (1990-1995, as Director General) Duncan McIntosh (1995-1999) Bob Baker (director) (1999\u20132016) Daryl Cloran (2016 - ) Productions 2018\u201319 Season Once: September 22 to October 14, 2018 (Mainstage) Redpatch: November 1 to 11, 2018 (Add-On) Miss Bennet: Christmas at Pemberley: November 17 to December 9, 2018 (Mainstage) A Christmas Carol: November 30 to December 23, 2018 (Seasonal Presentation) Sweat: January 12 to February 3,\n\nQuestion: In which month does The Last Night of the Proms take place?", "output": "September."}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nThe Upper Mississippi River is the portion of the Mississippi River upstream of St. Louis, Missouri, United States, at the confluence of its main tributary, the Missouri River. History In terms of geologic and hydrographic history, the Upper Mississippi east and south of Fort Snelling is a portion of the now-extinct Glacial River Warren which carved the valley of the Minnesota River, permitting the immense Glacial Lake Agassiz to join the world's oceans at the Gulf of Mexico. The collapse of ice dams holding back Glacial Lake Duluth and Glacial Lake Grantsburg carved out the Dalles of the St. Croix River at Interstate Park. The Upper Mississippi River valley likely originated as an ice-marginal stream during the Pre-Illinoian Stage. The Driftless Area is a portion of North America left unglaciated at that ice age's height, hence not smoothed out or covered over by previous geological processes. Inasmuch as the Wisconsin\n\nBigbee (also known as Johnsons Mill) is an unincorporated community in Monroe County, Mississippi. Bigbee is located northwest of Amory on Mississippi Highway 6 (close to its intersection with Mississippi Highway 371. History Bigbee derives its name from shortening and alteration of the nearby East Fork Tombigbee River. Bigbee is located along the BNSF Railway and in 1910 had two general stores and a sawmill. In 1892, George and Frank Houston built a sawmill in Bigbee at the junction of the Tombigbee River and the St. Louis\u2013San Francisco Railway. The sawmill was in operation until 1903. The Houston Brothers' sawmill in Bigbee was one of the largest in Monroe County. The sawmill allowed Bigbee to be the second community in the county with electric lights and also operated a hotel and commissary. In 1906, Bigbee had an estimated population of 250. Bigbee is served by the Bigbee Community Center. A\n\nQuestion: What is the largest city on the Mississippi?", "output": "St Louis"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Johns Hopkins News-Letter is the independent student newspaper of the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. Published since 1896, it is one of the nation's oldest continuously published, weekly, student-run college newspapers. Before the COVID-19 pandemic, The News-Letter was published every Thursday in a full-color front and back page broadsheet format, and has two sections: an A section and a B section. Its total circulation was approximately 5,200, including the local campuses of Johns Hopkins, area colleges, and the greater Baltimore region. However, the newspaper's print publication has been paused due to the pandemic, but the paper continues to publish daily on its website. Several times a year, The News-Letter distributes a magazine edition with 20- to 30-page tabloid-sized inserts, such as Best of Baltimore, Cover-Letter (introducing new students to the University), Housing Guide, Lacrosse Guide, and the Dining Guide. The editorial and business boards consist entirely of\n\nThe Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics in Baltimore, Maryland, United States, is an interdisciplinary center serving the entire Johns Hopkins University and Health System. It is dedicated to the study of complex moral and policy issues in biomedical science, health care, and health policy. Established in 1995, the Institute seeks answers to ethical questions by promoting research in bioethics and encouraging moral reflection among a broad range of scholars, professionals, students, and citizens. Contributing to its mission are four divisions of the University: the Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, the Bloomberg School of Public Health, and the Johns Hopkins School of Nursing. Johns Hopkins was the nation's very first research university General information The goals of the Institute are declared in its mission statement: conducting cutting-edge, multidisciplinary research; training the next generation of leaders in bioethics; helping to prepare students and\n\nSouthern New Hampshire University (SNHU) is a private university between Manchester and Hooksett, New Hampshire. The university is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education, along with national accreditation for some hospitality, health, education and business degrees. SNHU is one of the fastest-growing universities nationwide with 135,000 online students and 3,000 on campus. History The university was founded in 1932 by second-generation Russian Americans Harry A.B. \"H.A.B.\" Shapiro, an accountant, and his wife, Gertrude Gittle Crockett Shapiro, as an institution focused on teaching business, under the name New Hampshire School of Accounting and Secretarial Science. H.A.B. Shapiro died in 1952; there were 25 students enrolled at that time, and his widow, who had increasingly administered the school as her husband's health declined, then ran the school until 1971, continuing as president emerita until 1986. In 1961, the school was incorporated and renamed the New Hampshire College of Accounting\n\nQuestion: In which US state will you find Johns Hopkins University?", "output": "Maryland"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "World War I (WWI), also known as the First World War, was a global conflict fought between two coalitions, the Allied Powers and the Central Powers. Fighting took place throughout Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Pacific, and parts of Asia. One of the deadliest wars in history, it resulted in an estimated 9 million soldiers dead and 23 million wounded, plus another 5 million civilian deaths from various causes. Millions more died as a result of genocide, and the war was a major factor in the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic. The first decade of the 20th century saw increasing diplomatic tension between the European great powers. This reached a breaking point on 28 June 1914, when a Bosnian Serb named Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible, and declared war on 28 July. Russia came to Serbia's defence, and by 4\n\n9 November. Fighting ended with the Armistice of 11 November 1918, while the subsequent Paris Peace Conference imposed various settlements on the defeated powers, notably the Treaty of Versailles. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires resulted in the creation of new independent states, including Poland, Finland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. The inability to manage post-war instability contributed to the outbreak of World War II in September 1939. Names The term world war was first coined in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel. He claimed that \"there is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word,\" in The Indianapolis Star on 20 September 1914. The term First World War had been used by Lt-Col. Charles \u00e0 Court Repington, as a title for his memoirs (published in 1920);\n\nThe Serbian campaign was a series of military expeditions launched in 1914 and 1915 by the Central Powers against the Kingdom of Serbia during the First World War. The first campaign began after Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on 28 July 1914. The campaign, euphemistically dubbed \"punitive expedition\" () by the Austro-Hungarian leadership, was under the command of Austrian General Oskar Potiorek. It ended after three unsuccessful Austro-Hungarian invasion attempts were repelled by the Serbians and their Montenegrin allies. The victory of the Serbian army at the battle of Cer is considered the first Allied victory in World War I, and the Austro-Hungarian Army's defeat by Serbia has been called one of the great upsets of modern military history. The second campaign was launched, under German command, almost a year later, on 6 October 1915, when Bulgarian, Austro-Hungarian, and German forces, led by Field Marshal August von Mackensen, successfully invaded\n\nQuestion: The First World War began during which month of 1914?", "output": "July"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The balalaika (, ) is a Russian stringed musical instrument with a characteristic triangular wooden, hollow body, fretted neck and three strings. Two strings are usually tuned to the same note and the third string is a perfect fourth higher. The higher-pitched balalaikas are used to play melodies and chords. The instrument generally has a short sustain, necessitating rapid strumming or plucking when it is used to play melodies. Balalaikas are often used for Russian folk music and dancing. The balalaika family of instruments includes instruments of various sizes, from the highest-pitched to the lowest: the piccolo balalaika, prima balalaika, secunda balalaika, alto balalaika, bass balalaika, and contrabass balalaika. There are balalaika orchestras which consist solely of different balalaikas; these ensembles typically play Classical music that has been arranged for balalaikas. The prima balalaika is the most common; the piccolo is rare. There have also been descant and tenor balalaikas,\n\nAccordions (from 19th-century German , from \u2014\"musical chord, concord of sounds\") are a family of box-shaped musical instruments of the bellows-driven free reed aerophone type (producing sound as air flows past a reed in a frame). The essential characteristic of the accordion is to combine in one instrument a melody section, also called the diskant, usually on the right-hand keyboard, with an accompaniment or Basso continuo functionality on the left-hand. The musician normally plays the melody on buttons or keys on the right-hand side (referred to as the keyboard or sometimes the manual), and the accompaniment on bass or pre-set chord buttons on the left-hand side. A person who plays the accordion is called an accordionist. The accordion belongs to the free-reed aerophone family. Other instruments in this family include the concertina, harmonica, and bandoneon. The concertina and bandoneon do not have the melody\u2013accompaniment duality. The harmoneon is also related\n\nDaf Dayereh Esarkoten Dohol Latin/Afro-Caribbean percussion Afox\u00e9 Alfaia Atabaque Agog\u00f4 Bat\u00e1 drum Bond Bongo drums Cabasa Castanets Caj\u00f3n (box drums) Caxixi Ch\u00e1caras Claves Conga Cowbell Cu\u00edca Djembe Dunun Ganz\u00e1 Gongu\u00ea G\u00fciro (a.k.a. scraper) Hand-repique Ilu Jawbone (instrument) Maracas Pandeiro Repique Ring-repique Shekere Surdo Tambora Tamborim Tan-tan Timbal Timbales Zabumba Zill Indian percussion Thavil Pakhawaj Mridangam Kachhi Dhol Manjeeras Kanjeera Ghungroos Further reading Shen, Sinyan, Acoustics of Ancient Chinese Bells, Scientific American, 256, 94 (1987). See also List of percussion instruments Brass instruments Drum kit Gamelan Latin percussion List of membranophones Percussion instruments String instruments Tuned percussion Untuned percussion Woodwind instruments External links Percussion instruments Type et:L\u00f6\u00f6kpillide loend pt:Anexo:Lista de instrumentos de percuss\u00e3o\n\nQuestion: What sort of musical instrument is a cabasa?", "output": "Percussion"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Great Crash, 1929 is a book written by John Kenneth Galbraith and published in 1955. It is an economic history of the lead-up to the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The book argues that the 1929 stock market crash was precipitated by rampant speculation in the stock market, that the common denominator of all speculative episodes is the belief of participants that they can become rich without work and that the tendency towards recurrent speculative orgy serves no useful purpose, but rather is deeply damaging to an economy. It was Galbraith's belief that a good knowledge of what happened in 1929 was the best safeguard against its recurrence. The idea for the book Galbraith wrote the book during a break from working on the manuscript of what would become The Affluent Society. Galbraith was asked by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. if he would write the definitive work on the\n\nGay's Atomic Mission to Hiroshima (1977) The Day the Bubble Burst: A Social History of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 (1979) Pontiff (1983) Anatomy of an Epidemic: The True Story of a Town, a Hotel, a Silent Killer, and a Medical Detection Team (1984) The Year of Armageddon: The Pope and the Bomb (1984) Sources Source of information is from historic records and from the author's biographical notes External links Futerman, Rose & Associates Literary Agents Edgar Award Best Fact Crime New York Times Three Dot blog University California, Berkeley, The Books of the Century: 1970-1979 British television directors British non-fiction writers Edgar Award winners Living people 1931 births British male writers Male non-fiction writers Canadian emigrants to England\n\nMarketWatch is a website that provides financial information, business news, analysis, and stock market data. Along with The Wall Street Journal and Barron's, it is a subsidiary of Dow Jones & Company, a property of News Corp. History The company was conceived as DBC Online by Data Broadcasting Corp. in the fall of 1995. The marketwatch.com domain name was registered on July 30, 1997. The website launched on October 30, 1997, as a 50/50 joint venture between DBC and CBS News run by Larry Kramer and with Thom Calandra as editor-in-chief. In 1999, the company hired David Callaway and in 2003, Callaway became editor-in-chief. In January 1999, during the dot-com bubble, the company became a public company via an initial public offering. After pricing at $17 per share, the stock traded as high as $130 per share on its first day of trading, giving it a market capitalization of over\n\nQuestion: 'The Wall Street Crash' happened in which year?", "output": "1929"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Kalim Siddiqui, Ph.D. (15 September 1931 - 18 April 1996) was a Pakistani British writer and Islamic activist. He gained notability for his controversial support of the fatwa issued by Iran's Ayatollah Khomeini, which called for the assassination of British author Sir Salman Rushdie amidst the Satanic Verses controversy. Early life Siddiqui was born in the village of Dondi Lohara, CP, British India on 15 September 1931. He became increasing involved in politics as a teenager, when during a small demonstration close to his home town a bullet fired by a British soldier barely missed him, killing the youth behind him. After the creation of the state of Pakistan he briefly joined the Khilafat Movement in Karachi and became the editor of its newspaper, The Independent Leader. Along with other members of the movement, he moved to London in the early 1950s. In the mid 1960s he put himself through\n\nNRK (the state owned TV of Norway). Assassination attempt On 12 April 1989, Aschehoug and William Nygaard were responsible for publishing the Norwegian edition of Salman Rushdie's novel The Satanic Verses. This was two months after Ayatollah Khomeini issued the following fatwa against Salman Rushdie and his publishers: I inform all zealous Muslims of the world that the author of the book entitled The Satanic Verses \u2014 which has been compiled, printed and published in opposition to Islam, the Prophet, and the Qur'an \u2014 and all those involved in its publication who were aware of its content, are sentenced to death. I call on all zealous Muslims to execute them quickly, wherever they may be found, so that no one else will dare to insult the Muslim sanctities. God Willing, whoever is killed on this path is a martyr. Owing to the fatwa, direct threats were made against William Nygaard\n\nMontasser el-Zayat () or Muntasir al-Zayyat ( ) (born 1956) is an Egyptian lawyer and author whose former clients, according to press reports, included Ayman al-Zawahiri, since 2011 the leader of al-Qaeda, the terrorist organization, and al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya. Following the 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat, as a young man, el-Zayat was one of the hundreds of politically active Egyptians who were rounded up. He was detained for three years although he was never tried or convicted. Early life and education Montasser al-Zayat was born in 1956 in Egypt and educated there. His family is of Nubian descent. As a young man of 21, he was arrested along with hundreds of other politically active Egyptians after the assassination of Anwar Sadat. He was detained for three years without trial and finally released. Career Al-Zayyat became an attorney in Egypt. His former clients are said to have included Ayman al-Zawahiri, since 2011\n\nQuestion: 21 years ago today, supreme Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini offered a $3 million bounty for the death of what British author of The Satanic Verses?", "output": "Salman Rushdie"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Abigail () was an Israelite woman in the Hebrew Bible married to Nabal; she married the future King David after Nabal's death (1 Samuel ). Abigail was David's third wife, after Ahinoam and Saul's daughter, Michal, whom Saul later married to Palti, son of Laish, when David went into hiding. Abigail became the mother of one of David's sons, who is listed in the Book of Chronicles under the name Daniel, in the Masoretic Text of the Books of Samuel as Chileab, and in the Septuagint text of 2 Samuel 3:3 as \u0394\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03b9\u03b1, Dalouia. Her name is spelled Abigal in in the American Standard Version. Name Derived from the Hebrew word ab, \"father\", and the Hebrew root g-y-l, \"to rejoice,\" the name Abigail has a variety of possible meanings including \"my father's joy\" and \"source of joy\". Biblical narrative In 1 Samuel 25, Nabal demonstrates ingratitude towards David, the son\n\none of the Tanakh's seven female prophets. Levenson, however, suggests that she \"senses the drift of history\" from intelligence rather than from special revelation. After Abigail reveals to Nabal what she has done, \"God struck Nabal and he died\" (v. 38), after which David married her. Abigail is described as intelligent and beautiful. The Talmud amplifies this idea, mentioning her as being one of the \"four women of surpassing beauty in the world\" (the other three being Rahab, Sarah, and Esther). Being married to the wealthy Nabal, she is also a woman of high socioeconomic status. Whether David married her because he was attracted to her, or as an astute political move, or both is unclear. Abigail and David's second wife, Ahinoam the Jezreelite, accompany David and his war band as they seek refuge in Philistine territory. While David and his men are encamped near Jezreel, the women are captured\n\nwife, Ahinoam the Jezreelite, accompany David and his war band as they seek refuge in Philistine territory. While David and his men are encamped near Jezreel, the women are captured by Amalekites who raided the town of Ziklag and carried off the women and children. David led the pursuit, and they were subsequently rescued. Both wives then settle with David in Hebron, where Abigail gives birth to David's second son, Chileab (also called Daniel). Abigail is also listed as one of the seven Jewish women prophets, the other six being Miriam, Deborah, Hannah, Sarah, Huldah, and Esther. In terms of her moral character, Abraham Kuyper argues that Abigail's conduct indicates \"a most appealing character and unwavering faith,\" but Alice Bach regards her as subversive. Adele Berlin contrasts the story of Abigail with that of Bathsheba. In one, the wife prevents David from murdering her foolish and greedy husband. In the\n\nQuestion: In the Bible what was the name of King David's wife who had been married to Nabal", "output": "Abigail"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "You Wish is an American fantasy sitcom television series created by Michael Jacobs, that ran from September 26, 1997, to June 19, 1998. It started as part of ABC's TGIF programming on Friday nights for the fall of 1997, along with Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, Boy Meets World, and Teen Angel. Synopsis In the show's pilot episode (in which the proposed series was still known under a working title of Genie), Gillian Apple (Harley Jane Kozak) and her two children, Mickey Apple (Alex McKenna) and Travis Apple (Nathan Lawrence) visit a rug shop where they meet the owner, Madman Mustafa (John Rhys-Davies). There they buy a rug, where they unexpectedly release a genie (John Ales), who has been imprisoned for 2,000 years. The genie's name is simply \"Genie\", although in the first episode Gillian refers to him as \"Steve from Canoga Park\", an alias he later uses. Jerry Van Dyke\n\n\"The One with All the Thanksgivings\" (also known as \"The One with the Thanksgiving Flashbacks\") is the eighth episode of the fifth season of Friends. It first aired on the NBC network in the United States on November 19, 1998. In the episode, the main characters spend Thanksgiving at Monica's (Courteney Cox) apartment and begin telling stories about their worst Thanksgivings: Chandler (Matthew Perry) learning of his parents' divorce, Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow) losing arms in past lives and Joey (Matt LeBlanc) having his head stuck in a turkey. Rachel (Jennifer Aniston) reveals Monica's worst Thanksgiving\u2014accidentally cutting off Chandler's toe after he called her \"fat\" in their first encounter. When Monica begs Chandler to forgive her, he accidentally reveals that he loves her. The episode was directed by Kevin S. Bright and written by Gregory S. Malins. It guest-stars Elliott Gould and Christina Pickles as Jack and Judy Geller, with a\n\nCheers is an American sitcom television series that ran on NBC from September 30, 1982, to May 20, 1993, with a total of 275 half-hour episodes across 11 seasons. The show was produced by Charles/Burrows/Charles Productions in association with Paramount Network Television and was created by the team of James Burrows and Glen and Les Charles. The show is set in the titular bar in Boston, where a group of locals meet to drink, relax and socialize. At the center of the show is the bar's owner and head bartender, Sam Malone, who is a womanizing former relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox. The show's ensemble cast introduced in the pilot episode are waitresses Diane Chambers and Carla Tortelli, second bartender Coach Ernie Pantusso, and regular customers Norm Peterson and Cliff Clavin. Later main characters of the show also include Frasier Crane, Woody Boyd, Lilith Sternin, and Rebecca Howe.\n\nQuestion: A character in the sitcom Friends, or a provisioner of candles and soaps?", "output": "Chandler"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Stewart of Darnley, also known as the Lennox Stewarts, were a notable Scots family, a branch of the Clan Stewart, who provided the English Stuart monarchs with their male-line Stuart descent, after the reunion of their branch with the royal Scottish branch. In 1565 the Darnley branch was re-united with the Royal House of Stewart when Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley married his half-first cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots. Despite what their common surname suggests, they were not related closely by virtue of both being Stewarts \u2014 being only ninth cousins once removed in the male line. It was rather through their shared grandmother, Margaret Tudor (daughter of King Henry VII of England) that they were related, and which gave both their claims to the English throne. The son of their union James VI of Scots succeeded to the throne of England and the throne of Ireland as James I. Lord\n\nparsonage of Kinghorn by King Edward I of England. Notes References Ferguson, William. The Identity of the Scottish Nation: A Historic Quest, (Edinburgh, 1998), Medieval Scottish diplomats Medieval Scottish jurists 14th-century jurists Scottish people of the Wars of Scottish Independence 1260s births 1310s deaths Year of birth uncertain Year of death uncertain Clan Bissett People from Fife\n\nBalmoral Castle () is a large estate house in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, and a residence of the British royal family. It is near the village of Crathie, west of Ballater and west of Aberdeen. The estate and its original castle were bought from the Farquharson family in 1852 by Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria. Soon afterwards the house was found to be too small and the current Balmoral Castle was commissioned. The architect was William Smith of Aberdeen, and his designs were amended by Prince Albert. Balmoral remains the private property of the monarch and is not part of the Crown Estate. It was the summer residence of Queen Elizabeth II, who died there on 8 September 2022. The castle is an example of Scottish baronial architecture, and is classified by Historic Environment Scotland as a category A listed building. The new castle was completed in 1856 and the\n\nQuestion: What is the name of the Scottish home of the British Royal Family?", "output": "Balmoral Castle"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Chickasaw Nation () is a federally recognized Native American tribe with headquarters in Ada, Oklahoma, in the United States. They are an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, originally from northern Mississippi, northwestern Alabama, southwestern Kentucky, and western Tennessee. Today, the Chickasaw Nation is the 13th largest tribe in the United States. Currently, the nation's jurisdictional territory and reservation includes about 7,648 square miles of south-central Oklahoma, including Bryan, Carter, Coal, Garvin, Grady, Jefferson, Johnston, Love, McClain, Marshall, Murray, Pontotoc, and Stephens counties. These counties are separated into four districts, the Pontotoc, Pickens, Tishomingo, and Panola, with relatively equal populations. Their population today is estimated to be 38,000, with the majority residing in the state of Oklahoma. In the 17th and 18th centuries, European Americans considered the Chickasaw one of the historic Five Civilized Tribes, along with the Cherokee, Choctaw, Muscogee, and Seminole nations, due to their agrarian culture\n\nThe Nataqua Territory was a short-lived, unofficial territory of the United States. It consisted of a portion of what is now northeastern California and northwestern Nevada. Nataqua Territory was the first incarnation of the proposed \"State of Jefferson\". In 1849, the border between California and the Utah Territory was defined by geographical coordinates that were not surveyed. On April 26, 1856, local residents took advantage of this ambiguity and justified their resistance to tax collectors from Plumas County, California, by proclaiming themselves part of a new \"Territory of Nataqua.\" The twenty men of the Susanville convention who announced the Nataqua Territory had defined a rectangle-shaped territory by latitude and longitude, which inadvertently did not include their own Honey Lake Valley but did encompass most of what soon became western Nevada, along with 600 unsuspecting inhabitants. The Territory of Nataqua was a frontier land club or claim association, designed to protect\n\nThe Indian Appropriations Act is the name of several acts passed by the United States Congress. A considerable number of acts were passed under the same name throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, but the most notable landmark acts consist of the Appropriation Bill for Indian Affairs of 1851 and the 1851 Indian Appropriations Act. 1851 Act The 1851 Indian Appropriations Act allocated funds to move Western tribes onto Indian reservations where they would be protected and enclosed by the United States government. According to the federal government at that time, reservations were to be created in order to protect the Indians from increasing numbers of White Americans moving to the West. This act set the precedent for modern-day Indian reservations. There are differing explanations as to why this act was instituted, one of which is that Indians' control of land and natural resources around the country was regarded\n\nQuestion: Which present-day US state was known officially in the 19th century as Indian territory?", "output": "Oklahoma"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aphodiinae is a subfamily of the scarab beetle family, Scarabaeidae. Members of this subfamily are known commonly as the small dung beetles and many, but not all, are dung beetles. These beetles are found worldwide. These beetles are small scarab beetles, most less than 8 millimeters long. Many have small mandibles that are covered by a widened clypeus, the exoskeleton plate above the mouth. The feet are clawed. This is a diverse subfamily with varied life strategies and habitat types. Many species are dung beetles, which collect and feed on animal dung. Other species are detritivores or saprophages, which feed on dead matter, and some are predatory. Some are known as inquilines, living in ant or termite nests, and some are sand-dwelling beetles. A survey of South American aphodiines found them in diverse habitat types including temperate rainforests, high-elevation Andean grassland, Patagonian steppe, coastal sand dunes, and subantarctic beech forest.\n\nThe scarab beetle subfamily Scarabaeinae consists of species collectively called true dung beetles (there are also dung beetles in other subfamilies and families). Most of the beetles of this subfamily feed exclusively on dung. However, some may feed on decomposing matter including carrion, decaying fruits and fungi. Dung beetles can be placed into three structural guilds based on their method of dung processing namely rollers (telecoprids), dwellers (endocoprids) and tunnelers (paracoprids). Dung removal and burial by dung beetles result in ecological benefits such as soil aeration and fertilization; improved nutrient cycling and uptake by plants, increase in Pasture quality, biological control of pest flies and intestinal parasites and secondary seed dispersal. Well-known members include the genera Scarabaeus and Sisyphus, and Phanaeus vindex. Description Adult dung beetles have modified mouth parts which are adapted to feeding on dung. The clypeus is expanded and covers the mouth parts. The elytra, which cover\n\nThe Hebridean is a breed of small black sheep from Scotland, similar to other members of the Northern European short-tailed sheep group, having a short, triangular tail. They often have two pairs of horns. They were often formerly known as \"St Kilda\" sheep, although unlike Soay and Boreray sheep they are probably not in fact from the St Kilda archipelago. Characteristics Modern Hebrideans have black, rather coarse wool, which fades to brown in the sun and often becomes grey with age; there is no wool on the face or legs. If not shorn the wool may moult naturally in spring. Rams and ewes typically have one pair of horns, but often have two or even more pairs (polycerate), and occasionally none. They are considerably smaller than most other breeds of sheep, fully grown ewes weighing only around , and rams slightly heavier, at around . Hebrideans are hardy and able\n\nQuestion: How many horns does the British minotaur dung beetle have?", "output": "Three"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "An archipelago ( ), sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster, or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands. Examples of archipelagos include: the Indonesian Archipelago, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep Islands, the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, the Japanese archipelago, the Philippine Archipelago, the Maldives, the Balearic Islands, the \u00c5land Islands, The Bahamas, the Aegean Islands, the Hawaiian Islands, the Canary Islands, Malta, the Azores, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the British Isles, the islands of the Archipelago Sea, and Shetland. Archipelagos are sometimes defined by political boundaries. For example, while they are geopolitically divided, the San Juan Islands and Gulf Islands geologically form part of a larger Gulf Archipelago. Etymology The word archipelago is derived from the Ancient Greek \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9-(arkhi-, \"chief\") and \u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 (p\u00e9lagos, \"sea\") through the Italian arcipelago. In antiquity, \"Archipelago\" (from Medieval Greek *\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 and Latin\n\nThe Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about west of Lisbon, about northwest of Morocco, and about southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. Its main industries are agriculture, dairy farming, livestock, fishing, and tourism, which has become a major service activity in the region. The government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors. The largest city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada. The culture, dialect, cuisine, and traditions of the Azorean islands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries. There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups.\n\nThe Seven Brothers Islands, also known as the Sawabi Islands or Seba Islands, is an archipelago in the Dact-el-Mayun section of the Bab-el-Mandeb strait (between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden). They are within the Obock District of Djibouti, and are a notable diving site. Even in English publications, the group is often called by its French name, Sept Fr\u00e8res. Geography The archipelago proper is a chain of six volcanic islands spanning about in a rough east-west line: West Island, or Red Island (H\u0331amra), 62 m high Double Island (Oun\u1e0fa D\u00e2bali), 46 m high Low Island (Tolka), 17 m high Big Island (Ka\u1e0f\u1e0fa D\u00e2bali), 114 m high East Island (H\u0331orod le \u2018Ale), 83 m high South Island (\u2018Oun\u1e0fa K\u00f4maytou), 47 m high The \"seventh brother\" is not an island, but the volcanic hill at the northern tip of the Ras Siyyan peninsula. West Island lies about east from\n\nQuestion: In which sea can the island group known as the Sporades be found?", "output": "THE AEGEAN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where a tetrapod moves by means of its two rear (or lower) limbs or legs. An animal or machine that usually moves in a bipedal manner is known as a biped , meaning 'two feet' (from Latin bis 'double' and pes 'foot'). Types of bipedal movement include walking or running (a bipedal gait) and hopping. Several groups of modern species are habitual bipeds whose normal method of locomotion is two-legged. In the Triassic period some groups of archosaurs (a group that includes crocodiles and dinosaurs) developed bipedalism; among the dinosaurs, all the early forms and many later groups were habitual or exclusive bipeds; the birds are members of a clade of exclusively bipedal dinosaurs, the theropods. Within mammals, habitual bipedalism has evolved multiple times, with the macropods, kangaroo rats and mice, springhare, hopping mice, pangolins and hominin apes (australopithecines, including humans) as well\n\nthe ankle. The study of movement in the human body is known as kinesiology. A categoric list of movements and the muscles involved can be found at list of movements of the human body. Abnormal motion The prefix hyper- is sometimes added to describe movement beyond the normal limits, such as in hypermobility, hyperflexion or hyperextension. The range of motion describes the total range of motion that a joint is able to do. For example, if a part of the body such as a joint is overstretched or \"bent backwards\" because of exaggerated extension motion, then it can be described as hyperextended. Hyperextension increases the stress on the ligaments of a joint, and is not always because of a voluntary movement. It may be a result of accidents, falls, or other causes of trauma. It may also be used in surgery, such as in temporarily dislocating joints for surgical procedures.\n\nMotion, the process of movement, is described using specific anatomical terms. Motion includes movement of organs, joints, limbs, and specific sections of the body. The terminology used describes this motion according to its direction relative to the anatomical position of the body parts involved. Anatomists and others use a unified set of terms to describe most of the movements, although other, more specialized terms are necessary for describing unique movements such as those of the hands, feet, and eyes. In general, motion is classified according to the anatomical plane it occurs in. Flexion and extension are examples of angular motions, in which two axes of a joint are brought closer together or moved further apart. Rotational motion may occur at other joints, for example the shoulder, and are described as internal or external. Other terms, such as elevation and depression, describe movement above or below the horizontal plane. Many anatomical\n\nQuestion: Hinge, Saddle, Pivot and Gliding are all types of what in the human body?", "output": "Joint"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Hotel Gell\u00e9rt is an Art Nouveau hotel on the right river of Danube in Budapest, Hungary. It closed for renovations on December 1, 2021. History Construction on the Hotel Saint Gell\u00e9rt started in 1912. The hotel was named for Saint Gell\u00e9rt (St. Gerard Sagredo) the first bishop of Hungary in the 11th Century. The 176-room hotel was designed by Hungarian architects \u00c1rmin Heged\u0171s, Art\u00far Sebesty\u00e9n and Izidor Sterk. Work on the hotel slowed due to World War I, and it did not open until September 1918, just as the war was ending and the Austro-Hungarian Empire was descending into chaos. The hotel was commandeered for military use throughout 1919, during the Aster Revolution. Once Hungary was established as an independent country, the hotel proved so financially successful that it was expanded in 1927 with 60 more rooms and a wave pool. Noted Hungarian restaurateur K\u00e1roly Gundel took over management\n\nBajcsy-Zsilinszky street () is a principal street in the centre of the Hungarian capital city of Budapest. It runs north from De\u00e1k Ferenc square to outside Nyugati railway station. Towards its southern end it is joined by Andr\u00e1ssy Avenue, and Bajcsy-Zsilinszky \u00fat metro station is located at this junction. The street is named after Endre Bajcsy-Zsilinszky a member of the Independent Smallholders, Agrarian Workers and Civic Party and leader of the resistance who was executed toward the end of the Second World War. Streets in Budapest\n\nThe Church of the Assumption of the Buda Castle (), more commonly known as the Matthias Church (), more rarely the Coronation Church of Buda, is a Roman Catholic church located in the Holy Trinity Square, Budapest, Hungary, in front of the Fisherman's Bastion at the heart of Buda's Castle District. According to church tradition, it was originally built in Romanesque style in 1015, although few references exist. The current building was constructed in the florid late Gothic style in the second half of the 14th century and was extensively restored in the late 19th century. It was the second largest church of medieval Buda and the seventh largest church of the medieval Hungarian Kingdom. It is a historic building with an important history. Two Kings of Hungary were crowned within its walls: Franz Joseph I of Hungary and Elisabeth, and Charles IV of Hungary and Zita of Bourbon-Parma. The\n\nQuestion: Budapest lies on which river?", "output": "Danube"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "and osteocytes are involved in the formation and mineralisation of bone; osteoclasts are involved in the resorption of bone tissue. Modified (flattened) osteoblasts become the lining cells that form a protective layer on the bone surface. The mineralised matrix of bone tissue has an organic component of mainly collagen called ossein and an inorganic component of bone mineral made up of various salts. Bone tissue is mineralized tissue of two types, cortical bone and cancellous bone. Other types of tissue found in bones include bone marrow, endosteum, periosteum, nerves, blood vessels and cartilage. In the human body at birth, there are approximately 300 bones present; many of these fuse together during development, leaving a total of 206 separate bones in the adult, not counting numerous small sesamoid bones. The largest bone in the body is the femur or thigh-bone, and the smallest is the stapes in the middle ear. The\n\nthe adult, not counting numerous small sesamoid bones. The largest bone in the body is the femur or thigh-bone, and the smallest is the stapes in the middle ear. The Greek word for bone is \u1f40\u03c3\u03c4\u03ad\u03bf\u03bd (\"osteon\"), hence the many terms that use it as a prefix\u2014such as osteopathy. In anatomical terminology, including the Terminologia Anatomica international standard, the word for a bone is os (for example, os breve, os longum, os sesamoideum). Structure Bone is not uniformly solid, but consists of a flexible matrix (about 30%) and bound minerals (about 70%) which are intricately woven and endlessly remodeled by a group of specialized bone cells. Their unique composition and design allows bones to be relatively hard and strong, while remaining lightweight. Bone matrix is 90 to 95% composed of elastic collagen fibers, also known as ossein, and the remainder is ground substance. The elasticity of collagen improves fracture resistance.\n\nA bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. Bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, and enable mobility. Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have complex internal and external structures. They are lightweight yet strong and hard and serve multiple functions. Bone tissue (osseous tissue), which is also called bone in the uncountable sense of that word, is hard tissue, a type of specialised connective tissue. It has a honeycomb-like matrix internally, which helps to give the bone rigidity. Bone tissue is made up of different types of bone cells. Osteoblasts and osteocytes are involved in the formation and mineralisation of bone; osteoclasts are involved in the resorption of bone tissue. Modified (flattened) osteoblasts become the lining cells that form a\n\nQuestion: How many bones are there in the human body?", "output": "206"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Radical Socialist Republican Party (PRRS; ), sometimes shortened to Radical Socialist Party (PRS; Partido Radical Socialista), was a Spanish radical political party, created in 1929 after the split of the left-wing in Alejandro Lerroux's Radical Republican Party (PRR, created in 1908, and in decline at the time). Its main leaders were Marcelino Domingo, \u00c1lvaro de Albornoz, and F\u00e9lix Gord\u00f3n Ord\u00e1s. History PRRS was an important force in the elections of 1931, winning 54 seats in the Cortes Generales that proclaimed the Second Spanish Republic on April 14. It suffered a major setback by 1933, when it only gained five seats. In the meantime, it formed part of Prime Minister Manuel Aza\u00f1a's coalition between Left Republican parties and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE); \u00c1lvaro de Albornoz was one of the architects of the secular legislation passed by the Cortes, and also served as Justice Minister. The party was shaken\n\nFalange Espa\u00f1ola (FE; English: Spanish Phalanx) was a Spanish fascist political organization active from 1933 to 1934. History The Falange Espa\u00f1ola was created on 29 October 1933 as the successor of the Movimiento Espa\u00f1ol Sindicalista (MES), a similar organization founded earlier in 1933. (Falange translates as Phalanx in English.) The foundational meeting took place in of Madrid and was conducted by Jos\u00e9 Antonio Primo de Rivera, Julio Ruiz de Alda and Alfonso Garc\u00eda Valdecasas. In February 1934, after poor results at the ballots in the 1933 election, Jos\u00e9 Antonio Primo de Rivera suggested a fusion of Falange Espa\u00f1ola with the Ramiro Ledesma's Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista, which was approved on 15 February. The Falange Espa\u00f1ola de las JONS (FE de las JONS) was subsequently formed. The Falange's first clash with Marxist groups took place on 5 November 1933, when its militants had a rift with socialist sympathizers at a football\n\nthe rupture of the system, the further deepening of the Restoration system crisis in the 1910s, a trio of crises in 1917, the spiral of violence in Morocco, and the lead up to the installment of the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera through a 1923 military coup d'\u00e9tat that won the acquiescence from Alfonso XIII. Upon the political failure of the dictatorship, Alfonso XIII removed support from Primo de Rivera (who was thereby forced to resign in 1930) and favoured (during the so-called dictablanda) a return to the pre-1923 state of affairs. Nevertheless, he had lost most of his political capital along the way. He left Spain voluntarily after the municipal elections of April 1931 \u2013 which was understood as a plebiscite on maintaining the monarchy or declaring a republic \u2013 the result of which led to the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic on 14 April 1931. His\n\nQuestion: Which political organisation was founded by Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933, during the Second Spanish Republic?", "output": "Falange"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Carbon () is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent\u2014its atom making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust. Three isotopes occur naturally, C and C being stable, while C is a radionuclide, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity. Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon's abundance, its unique diversity of organic compounds, and its unusual ability to form polymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth, enables this element to serve as a common element of all known life. It is the second most abundant element in the\n\nA chemical element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances. The basic particle that constitutes a chemical element is the atom, and each chemical element is distinguished by the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms, known as its atomic number. For example, oxygen has an atomic number of 8, meaning that each oxygen atom has 8 protons in its nucleus. This is in contrast to chemical compounds and mixtures, which contain atoms with more than one atomic number. Almost all of the baryonic matter of the universe is composed of chemical elements (among rare exceptions are neutron stars). When different elements undergo chemical reactions, atoms are rearranged into new compounds held together by chemical bonds. Only a minority of elements, such as silver and gold, are found uncombined as relatively pure native element minerals. Nearly all other naturally occurring elements occur in\n\nstructure of a living organism, they will naturally be accompanied by changes in the physiological or biochemical processes. John Griffith Vaughan was one of the pioneers of chemotaxonomy. Biochemical products The body of any animal in the animal kingdom is made up of a number of chemicals. Of these, only a few biochemical products have been taken into consideration to derive evidence for evolution. Protoplasm: Every living cell, from a bacterium to an elephant, from grasses to the blue whale, has protoplasm. Though the complexity and constituents of the protoplasm increases from lower to higher living organism, the basic compound is always the protoplasm. Evolutionary significance: From this evidence, it is clear that all living things have a common origin point or a common ancestor, which in turn had protoplasm. Its complexity increased due to changes in the mode of life and habitat. Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA are the\n\nQuestion: Which atom, with atomic number 6, is present in all known life forms?", "output": "Carbon"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Covering an area of and with a population of 9.2 million, Belarus is the 13th-largest and the 20th-most populous country in Europe. The country has a hemiboreal climate and is administratively divided into six regions. Minsk is the capital and largest city; it is administered separately as a city with special status. Between the medieval period and the 20th century, different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus, including Kievan Rus', the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution in 1917, different states arose competing for legitimacy amid the Civil War, ultimately ending in\n\nThe Minsk Blitz was the heavy bombing of the city of Minsk (population was 270,000), the capital of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic within the Soviet Union during the Second World War. On 24 June 1941, three waves of German Luftwaffe bombers, 47 aircraft each, bombed Minsk. The Soviet anti-aircraft defense of the city was poorly organized, and panic ensued. Because the water supply was destroyed, fires could not be put down, and the city was evacuated. As much as 85% of the city's buildings and the entire infrastructure was destroyed. More than 1,000 people were killed. See also German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II External links Article in newspaper - in Russian Video of the bombing, fire and ruins (as part of multimedia presentation) Minsk. City of Foreign Sun (\u041c\u0456\u043d\u0441\u043a. \u0413\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0434 \u0447\u0443\u0436\u043e\u0433\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430). Belsat. Minsk Military history of Belarus during World War II History of Minsk Minsk\n\nBerlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its more than 3.85 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constituent states, Berlin is surrounded by the State of Brandenburg and contiguous with Potsdam, Brandenburg's capital. Berlin's urban area, which has a population of around 4.5 million, is the most populous urban area in Germany. The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has around 6.2 million inhabitants and is Germany's second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr region. Berlin straddles the banks of the Spree, which flows into the Havel (a tributary of the Elbe) in the western borough of Spandau. Among the city's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree, Havel and Dahme, the largest of which is Lake M\u00fcggelsee. About one-third\n\nQuestion: What is the capital city of Belarus?", "output": "Minsk"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"In My Time of Dying\" (also called \"Jesus Make Up My Dying Bed\" or a variation thereof) is a gospel music song by Blind Willie Johnson. The title line, closing each stanza of the song, refers to a deathbed and was inspired by a passage in the Bible from Psalms 41:3 \"The Lord will strengthen him upon the bed of languishing, thou wilt make all his bed in his sickness\". Numerous artists have recorded variations, including Bob Dylan and Led Zeppelin. Early versions The lyrics \"Jesus goin' a-make up my dyin' bed\" appear in historian Robert Emmet Kennedy's Mellows \u2013 A Chronicle of Unknown Singers published in 1925, on Louisiana street performers, and also listed in the Cleveland Library's Index to Negro Spirituals. The variation \"He is a Dying-bed maker\" appears in the song \"When I's Dead and Gone\" as transcribed in 1924 or 1925 in the south-east. A close\n\nduring leisure hours or during the weekend, people may feel a sense of \"existential vacuum\" and emptiness. In political philosophy, emptiness is associated with nihilism. Literary critic Georg Luk\u00e1cs (born in 1885) argued against the \"spiritual emptiness and moral inadequacy of capitalism\", and argued in favour of communism as an \"entirely new type of civilization, one that promised a fresh start and an opportunity to lead a meaningful and purposeful life.\" The concept of \"emptiness\" was important to a \"certain type of existentialist philosophy and some forms of the Death of God movement\". Existentialism, the \"philosophic movement that gives voice to the sense of alienation and despair\", comes from \"man's recognition of his fundamental aloneness in an indifferent universe\". People whose response to the sense of emptiness and aloneness is to give excuses live in bad faith; \"people who face the emptiness and accept responsibility aim to live 'authentic' lives\".\n\nas being \"one of resignation, perhaps even exhaustion.\" The song starts by describing a man getting away from the big city. Although the singer is traveling, he is reflecting on his past with what Downing describes as being \"full of joy he can't relate to, floating in a dreamy sort of sadness.\" The lyrics then take on the theme of lovers who are lonely because they can't connect. Music critic Nigel Williamson describes the lyrics as reflecting an \"emotional ambivalence.\" There is a contrast between comforting images such as a woman who is \"so fine she is on [the singer's] mind\" and \"her big brass bed\" and a \"brand new day\" against images of \"a lonely boy\" who \"can't relate to joy\" and is \"so down today.\" Young recognized this contrast, stating \"Even when I'm happy it sounds like I'm not and when I try to say I'm happy I\n\nQuestion: \"A quote from Samuel Johnson is that \"\"when a man is tired of London he is tired of ...\"\" what?\"", "output": "Life"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ted Baker is a British high-street clothing retail company known for suits, shirts, and dresses. It was founded in 1988 in Glasgow, Scotland. The company is owned by Authentic Brands Group, after its \u00a3211 million acquisition in October 2022. The brand has over 500 shops and concessions around the world. History Founder Ray Kelvin, who named the company after a self-styled alter ego, an \"intrepid aviator, an all-round sportsman and the consort of princesses and Hollywood beauties\", started his first store in March 1988 in Glasgow, and opened further stores in Manchester and Nottingham. In 1990 Ted Baker opened a store in Covent Garden, London (with additional stores in London's Soho, Nottingham and Leeds) and Kelvin bought the company outright from part-owners Goldberg and Sons. A new range, Ted Baker Woman, was launched in 1995. The company purchased its headquarters in London for \u00a358.25 million in 2017. In October 2022,\n\nStorehouse plc, traded as Storehouse, was a large UK retail business formed by Terence Conran through the merger of various high street chains. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index before it was renamed Mothercare in 2000. History The company was formed in 1986 by the merger of Habitat Mothercare PLC with British Home Stores PLC. The shareholders of BHS held 55% of the resulting company with Habitat Mothercare the remaining 45%. The resulting chain comprised British Home Stores (including their 50% stake in SavaCentre), Habitat, Conran's, Conran Design Group, Conran Studios, Mothercare (including Habitat Mothercare's 20% stake in Fnac and 50% stake in Conran Octopus Publishing), Richard Shops, NOW, Heal's, and The Conran Shop. 1987 saw the group start to expand with the establishment of the Anonymous retail chain, the launch of the firm's in-house credit card ;\n\nJeremy Scott (born August 8, 1975) is an American fashion designer. He is the sole owner of his namesake label, and from October 2013 to March 2023 was the creative director of the fashion house Moschino. Since launching his brand in Paris in 1997, Scott has built a reputation as \"pop culture's most irreverent designer\", and \"fashion's last rebel\". Known for his designs of clothes, accessories and footwear for Adidas and Moschino, Scott has consistently worked with various celebrities such as Bj\u00f6rk, Madonna, Katy Perry, CL and 2NE1, Nicki Minaj, Fergie, Beyonc\u00e9, Lady Gaga, Ariana Grande, Kanye West, Miley Cyrus, Demi Lovato, Selena Gomez, Justin Bieber, ASAP Rocky, M.I.A., Rita Ora, Cardi B, and Grimes. As an early proponent of blending high fashion with street style, he creates designs often incorporating pop-culture icons. Early life and education Scott was born in 1975 in Kansas City, Missouri. He grew up partly\n\nQuestion: The late Jean Muir founded what type of store in London in 1966?", "output": "Fashion house"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Battle of Slim Buttes was fought on September 9\u201310, 1876, in the Great Sioux Reservation between the United States Army and Miniconjou Sioux during the Great Sioux War of 1876. It marked the first significant victory for the army since the stunning defeat of General George Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn in June. Background Following the Little Bighorn debacle, Lieutenant General Philip H. Sheridan, commanding the Department of Missouri, ordered the U.S. Army to convince the hostile Indians to return to their reservations. Generals Alfred Terry and George Crook took up an unsuccessful late summer chase of the Lakota and Cheyenne. The campaign resumed on August 5, and on August 10 the combined force, leaving its wagon train behind to unencumber the pursuit, moved east toward the Black Hills. Bad weather, extreme muddy conditions on the trail, and overtaxed men and animals led to the combined force\n\nAmerican Horse (Oglala Lakota: Wa\u0161\u00ed\u010du\u014b T\u021fa\u0161\u00fa\u014bke in Standard Lakota Orthography) (a/k/a \"American Horse the Elder\") (1830\u2013September 9, 1876) was an Oglala Lakota warrior chief renowned for courage and honor. American Horse is notable in American history as one of the principal war chiefs allied with Crazy Horse during Red Cloud's War (1866\u20131868) and the Battle of the Little Bighorn during the Great Sioux War of 1876\u20131877. Chief American Horse was a son of Old Chief Smoke, an Oglala Lakota head chief and one of the last great Shirt Wearers, a highly prestigious Lakota warrior society. He was a signatory to the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, along with his brothers Chief Red Cloud and Chief Blue Horse. A month or so after the Treaty, American Horse was chosen a \"Ogle Tanka Un\" (Shirt Wearer, or war leader) along with Crazy Horse, Young-Man-Afraid-of-His-Horses and Man That Owns a Sword. On September\n\nThe Battle of Paducah was fought on March 25, 1864, during the American Civil War. A Confederate cavalry force led by Maj. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest moved into Tennessee and Kentucky to capture Union supplies. Tennessee had been occupied by Union troops since 1862. He launched a successful raid on Paducah, Kentucky, on the Ohio River. Events In March 1864, Forrest set out from Columbus, Mississippi, for raiding in West Tennessee and Kentucky, with a force of just under 3,000 men. His object was to recruit soldiers, re-equip his men with supplies, and disrupt Union activities. He reached Paducah on March 25 and quickly occupied the town. The Union garrison of 650 men under Col. Stephen G. Hicks withdrew to Fort Anderson, in the town's west end. The fort was supported by two Union gunboats on the Ohio River, and Hicks began shelling the area with his artillery. Forrest tried\n\nQuestion: Which battle of 1876 was Custer's last stand?", "output": "Little Bighorn"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Energy is defined via work, so the SI unit of energy is the same as the unit of work \u2013 the joule (J), named in honour of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat. In slightly more fundamental terms, is equal to 1 newton metre and, in terms of SI base units An energy unit that is used in atomic physics, particle physics and high energy physics is the electronvolt (eV). One eV is equivalent to . In spectroscopy the unit cm\u22121 \u2248 is used to represent energy since energy is inversely proportional to wavelength from the equation . In discussions of energy production and consumption, the units barrel of oil equivalent and ton of oil equivalent are often used. British imperial / US customary units The British imperial units and U.S. customary units for both energy and work include the foot-pound force (1.3558 J),\n\noil equivalent are often used. British imperial / US customary units The British imperial units and U.S. customary units for both energy and work include the foot-pound force (1.3558 J), the British thermal unit (BTU) which has various values in the region of 1055 J, the horsepower-hour (2.6845 MJ), and the gasoline gallon equivalent (about 120 MJ). Electricity A unit of electrical energy, particularly for utility bills, is the kilowatt-hour (kWh); one kilowatt-hour is equivalent to . Electricity usage is often given in units of kilowatt-hours per year or other time period. This is actually a measurement of average power consumption, meaning the average rate at which energy is transferred. One kilowatt-hour per year is about 0.11 watts. Natural gas Natural gas is often sold in units of energy content or by volume. Common units for selling by energy content are joules or therms. One therm is equal to about\n\nThe Trade Union International of Chemical, Energy, Metal, Oil and Allied Workers (CHEMISTRY-ENERGY) is a sectoral body affiliated to the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU). The international federations of national trade unions are organized in specific industry sectors or occupational groups. History The federation was founded as the Trade Union International of Energy, Metal, Chemical, Oil and Allied Industries in 1998, at a conference in Havana, by the merger of the Trade Unions International of Chemical, Oil and Allied Workers, the Trade Union International of Energy Workers and Trade Union International of Workers in the Metal Industry. It was reorganized as the new Trade Union International of Energy Workers at a conference in Mexico City in 2007. It shortened its name to the Trade Union International of Energy Workers in 2007, but has since lengthened it again. In 2018, the international held its third congress, in Thiruvananthapuram in India.\n\nQuestion: Which is the modern scientific unit of work and energy?", "output": "Joule"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Thomas Joseph Gerard Victory (24 December 1921 \u2013 14 March 1995) was a prolific Irish composer. He wrote over two hundred works across many genres and styles, including tonal, serial, aleatoric and electroacoustic music. Biography Victory was born in Dublin, Ireland, in 1921 the son of a shopkeeper Thomas Victory and his wife, Delia (n\u00e9e Irwin). After schooling, he read Celtic Studies at University College, Dublin and Music at Trinity College Dublin, earning a doctorate in 1972. In April 1948 Victory married Geraldine Herity, they had five children: Alma, Fiona, Isolde, Raymond, and Alan. Victory died in Dublin on 14 March 1995, aged 73. His papers are held in Trinity College and the Contemporary Music Centre hold a number of his scores. Career In terms of composition, Victory was mostly self-taught, although he received some formal training from John F. Larchet, Alan Rawsthorne and Walter Beckett. He also attended the\n\nannounced among the top 10 entries of the semi-final and therefore qualified to compete in the final on 20 May. It was later revealed that Ireland placed ninth out of the 23 participating countries in the semi-final with 79 points. In the final, Ireland performed in position 21 and placed tenth out of the 24 participating countries, scoring 93 points. Background Prior to the 2006 Contest, Ireland had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest thirty-nine times since its first entry in 1965. Ireland has won the contest a record seven times in total. The country's first win came in 1970, with then-18-year-old Dana winning with \"All Kinds of Everything\". Ireland holds the record for being the only country to win the contest three times in a row (in 1992, 1993 and 1994), as well as having the only three-time winner (Johnny Logan, who won in 1980 as a singer, 1987\n\nThe Eurovision Song Contest 1994 was the second time that Estonia had attempted to enter the contest, having failed to qualify from the semi-final stage of the Eurovision Song Contest 1993. The pre-selection process featured multiple artists for the first time, with Silvi Vrait's \"Nagu merelaine\" being selected by the judging panel to represent the nation in Ireland. In the contest, however, Vrait would place 24th second and last, receiving only two points in the scoring process and only beating fellow Baltic nation Lithuania. Before Eurovision Eurolaul 1994 The final took place in Tallinn, Estonia on 26 February 1994, and was hosted by Reet Oja and Guido Kangur. Unlike the previous year, multiple artists entered the preselection show, with ten different songs featured. Pearu Paulus would perform two songs, with Evelin Samuel performing three. Paulus and Hedvig Hanson's \"Kallim kullast\" would ultimately be edged out narrowly by Silvi Vrait's \"Nagu\n\nQuestion: Which Irishman has won the Eurovision song contest twice as a singer and once as a composer?", "output": "Johnny Logan"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "HP4 or variant, may refer to: HP4, a postcode for Berkhamsted, see HP postcode area hP4, a Pearson symbol Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, the fourth Harry Potter novel Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film), the fourth Harry Potter film Handley Page Type D a.k.a. H.P.4, an airplane HP-4, a glider designed by Richard Schreder HP4, a type of photographic stock, see Ilford HP HP4, a version of the BMW S1000RR produced between 2013 and 2014. See also HP (disambiguation)\n\nAlfonso Cuar\u00f3n Orozco ( , ; born 28 November 1961) is a Mexican filmmaker. He is known for directing films in a variety of genres, including the family drama A Little Princess (1995), the romantic drama Great Expectations (1998), the coming of age road film Y tu mam\u00e1 tambi\u00e9n (2001), the fantasy film Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), science fiction films such as Children of Men (2006) and Gravity (2013) and the semi-autobiographical drama Roma (2018). Cuar\u00f3n has received 11 Academy Award nominations, winning four: Best Director for Gravity and Roma, Best Film Editing for Gravity, and Best Cinematography for Roma. He is the first Mexican filmmaker to win the Best Director award, and the second person to have been nominated for an Academy Award in seven different categories after Kenneth Branagh. Early life Cuar\u00f3n was born in Mexico City, the son of Alfredo Cuar\u00f3n, a doctor\n\nThe Fourth of June is the first novel by David Benedictus. The novel was considered controversial when published in 1962 as it describes scenes of violent bullying at Eton College, unrestrained class warfare and suggestions of schoolboy sexuality. It has some parallels with Tom Brown's School Days. It was adapted into a drama, produced in London in 1964 at the St Martin's Theatre. References 1962 British novels Eton College Novels set in Berkshire 1962 debut novels Novels by David Benedictus Anthony Blond books\n\nQuestion: What is the title of the fourth Harry Potter film?", "output": "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Metheringham railway station serves the village of Metheringham in Lincolnshire, England. It lies on the Peterborough\u2013Lincoln line. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by East Midlands Railway, which provides all its rail services. History The station opened to passengers on 1 July 1882 as Blankney and Metheringham. It closed to them on 11 September 1961 but reopened on 6 October 1975 as Metheringham. It was being refurbished in 2019. The signal box at the south end of the station is labelled \"Blankney\". It formerly operated the level crossing on the B1189 road, but it closed in 2014, with its functions passing to the Lincoln Signalling Control Centre.]. Names Blankney & Metheringham Metheringham (from 6 October 1975) Facilities The station is unstaffed, and offers limited facilities. Both platforms have shelters and modern help points. There is a small car park and bicycle storage facility at the station. The full\n\nNetherfield railway station serves the town of Netherfield in the Borough of Gedling in Nottinghamshire, England. It comprises a single island platform with two tracks, with only a single waiting shelter. Access is via a flight of steps down from Chaworth Road, which bridges the line at this point. The station is little-used in comparison with nearby Carlton railway station on the Nottingham to Lincoln Line, which lies barely away. History The station is located on the line first opened by the Ambergate, Nottingham, Boston and Eastern Junction Railway in 1850 and taken over by the Great Northern Railway. From 7 January 1963 passenger steam trains between Grantham, Bottesford, Elton and Orston, Aslockton, Bingham, Radcliffe-on-Trent, Netherfield and Colwick, Nottingham London-road (High Level) and Nottingham (Victoria) were replaced with diesel-multiple unit trains. The station was renamed from Netherfield & Colwick to Netherfield on 6 May 1974. Netherfield station also marks the\n\nDaisy Hill railway station serves the Daisy Hill area of Westhoughton, in the Metropolitan Borough of Bolton, Greater Manchester, England. Daisy Hill is one of the principal stations that lie on the Manchester-Southport Line, between Southport and Manchester. The station is located west of Manchester Victoria with regular Northern services to these towns as well as Salford, Swinton and Hindley, with onward trains to Kirkby and Southport. In the 1970s the service was sporadic, yet the railway station was fully staffed. This continued until recent times. Until 2008, Daisy Hill railway station (unlike the then more frequently used next railway station of Hindley and the railway stations of many other major towns and even cities in Britain) was continuously staffed from before the first train to after the last \u2013 just over 18 hours. Since 2008, however, the railway station ticket office has closed at 7.25pm (having opened at 6.25am).\n\nQuestion: The first stations on the four railway lines out of which city are Saxilby, Hykeham, Metheringham and Market Rasen?", "output": "LINCOLN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "North Australia can refer to a short-lived former British colony, a former federal territory of the Commonwealth of Australia, or a proposed state which would replace the current Northern Territory. Colony (1846\u20131847) A colony of North Australia existed briefly after it was authorised by letters patent of 17 February 1846. The colony comprised all land in the Northern Territory and the present state of Queensland lying north of the 26th parallel. The capital was at Port Curtis, now called Gladstone, under Colonel George Barney as Lieutenant-Governor and Superintendent. Charles Augustus FitzRoy, the Governor of New South Wales, was Governor. The colony was proclaimed at a ceremony at Settlement Point on 30 January 1847. The establishment of the new colony, and its status as a penal colony, attracted much criticism in the New South Wales Legislative Council. The Letters Patent establishing the colony were revoked in December the same year, after\n\nThe Australian Capital Territory (ACT), known as the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) until 1938, is a federal territory of Australia. Canberra, the capital city of Australia, is located in this territory. It is located in southeastern Australian mainland as an enclave completely within the state of New South Wales. Founded after Federation as the seat of government for the new nation, the territory hosts the headquarters of all important institutions of the Australian Government. On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies of Australia was achieved. Section 125 of the new Australian Constitution provided that land, situated in New South Wales and at least from Sydney, would be ceded to the new federal government. Following discussion and exploration of various areas within New South Wales, the Seat of Government Act 1908 was passed in 1908 which specified a capital in the Yass-Canberra region. The territory was transferred to the federal\n\nThe following lists events that happened during 1896 in Australia. Incumbents Monarch - Victoria Governors of the Australian colonies Governor of New South Wales \u2013 Henry Brand, 2nd Viscount Hampden Governor of Queensland \u2013 Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington (from 9 April) Governor of South Australia \u2013 Sir Thomas Buxton, 3rd Baronet Governor of Tasmania \u2013 Jenico Preston, 14th Viscount Gormanston Governor of Victoria \u2013 Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey Governor of Western Australia \u2013 Sir Gerard Smith Premiers of the Australian colonies Premier of New South Wales \u2013 George Reid Premier of Queensland \u2013 Hugh Nelson Premier of South Australia \u2013 Charles Kingston Premier of Tasmania \u2013 Edward Braddon Premier of Western Australia \u2013 John Forrest Premier of Victoria \u2013 George Turner Events 13 February - The Capsize of the ferry Pearl on the Brisbane River, killing 28 27 October Passengers Alighting from Ferry Brighton at Manly the first\n\nQuestion: Which Australian state capital was named after the man who was Governor of New South Wales 1821-25?", "output": "Brisbane"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "|} The Queen Mary Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old fillies. It is run at Ascot over a distance of 5 furlongs (1,006 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in June. The event is named after Queen Mary, the consort of King George V. It was established in 1921, and the inaugural running was won by Wild Mint. The present system of race grading was introduced in 1971, and for a period the Queen Mary Stakes was classed at Group 3 level. It was promoted to Group 2 status in 2004. The Queen Mary Stakes is now staged on day two of the five-day Royal Ascot meeting. Records Leading jockey (5 wins): Sir Gordon Richards \u2013 Supervisor (1932), Maureen (1933), Caretta (1934), Snowberry (1939), Apparition (1946) Leading trainer (7 wins): Fred Darling \u2013 Margeritta (1924), Supervisor (1932), Maureen\n\n1963: Showdown 1964: Silly Season 1965: Young Emperor 1966: Bold Lad * The race was run at Newmarket during the wartime periods of 1915\u201318 and 1941\u201344. See also Horse racing in Great Britain List of British flat horse races References Paris-Turf: , , , , Racing Post: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , galopp-sieger.de \u2013 Coventry Stakes. ifhaonline.org \u2013 International Federation of Horseracing Authorities \u2013 Coventry Stakes (2019). pedigreequery.com \u2013 Coventry Stakes \u2013 Royal Ascot. Flat races in Great Britain Ascot Racecourse Flat horse races for two-year-olds Recurring sporting events established in 1890 1890 establishments in England\n\n|} The Coventry Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old horses. It is run at Ascot over a distance of 6 furlongs (1,207 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in June. History The event was established in 1890, and it was named after the 9th Earl of Coventry, who served as the Master of the Buckhounds at that time. The present system of race grading was introduced in 1971, and for a period the Coventry Stakes was classed at Group 3 level. It was promoted to Group 2 status in 2004. It is usually contested on the opening day of the Royal Ascot meeting. Records Leading jockey (9 wins): Sir Gordon Richards \u2013 Manitoba (1932), Medieval Knight (1933), Hairan (1934), Nasrullah (1942), Khaled (1945), Tudor Minstrel (1946), The Cobbler (1947), Palestine (1949), King's Bench (1951) Leading trainer (10 wins):\n\nQuestion: At which English racecourse was the Derby run during World War II?", "output": "Newmarket"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Modibo Keita International Airport (formerly Bamako\u2013S\u00e9nou International Airport) is Mali's main airport located approximately south of downtown Bamako, the capital of Mali in West Africa. It is the country's only international airport. It is managed by A\u00e9roports du Mali (ADM). Its operations are overseen by the Malian Ministry of Equipment and Transport. History Bamako-S\u00e9nou Airport was opened to traffic in 1974. The airport was upgraded between 2007 and 2012 in a US$181 million project funded by the Millennium Challenge Corporation, a United States foreign aid agency. Military base Bamako\u2013S\u00e9nou International Airport is adjacent to Air Base 101, which is used by the Mali Air Force. Statistics Passenger traffic steadily increased in the early 2000s. Government figures show 403,380 passengers in 1999, 423,506 in 2003, 486,526 in 2004, and 516,000 in 2005. In 2006 it was predicted to reach over 900,000 by 2015 under a low (4%) yearly growth rate scenario.\n\nBenin ( , ; , , ), officially the Republic of Benin (), and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the north-west, and Niger to the north-east. The majority of its population lives on the southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital is Porto-Novo, and the seat of government is in Cotonou, the most populous city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of and its population in was estimated to be approximately million. It is a small, tropical country. It is one of the least developed, with an economy significantly dependent on agriculture, and is an exporter of palm oil and cotton. Some employment and income arise from subsistence farming. From the 17th to the\n\nBurkina Faso ( , ; , ) is a landlocked country in West Africa with an area of , bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and the Ivory Coast to the southwest. As of 2021, the country had an estimated population of 20,321,378. Previously called Republic of Upper Volta (1958\u20131984), it was renamed Burkina Faso by President Thomas Sankara. Its citizens are known as Burkinab\u00e8 ( ), and its capital and largest city is Ouagadougou. Its name is often translated into English as the \"Land of Honest Men\". The largest ethnic group in Burkina Faso is the Mossi people, who settled the area in the 11th and 13th centuries. They established powerful kingdoms such as the Ouagadougou, Tenkodogo, and Yatenga. In 1896, it was colonized by the French as part of French West Africa; in 1958,\n\nQuestion: Bamako is the capital of which West African Republic?", "output": "MALI"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Antioxidants are compounds that inhibit oxidation (usually occurring as autoxidation), a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals. Autoxidation leads to degradation of organic compounds, including living matter. Antioxidants are frequently added to industrial products, such as polymers, fuels, and lubricants, to extend their usable lifetimes. Food are also treated with antioxidants to forestall spoilage, in particular the rancidification of oils and fats. In cells, antioxidants such as glutathione, mycothiol or bacillithiol, and enzyme systems like superoxide dismutase, can prevent damage from oxidative stress. Known dietary antioxidants are vitamins A, C, and E, but the term antioxidant has also been applied to numerous other dietary compounds that only have antioxidant properties in vitro, with little evidence for antioxidant properties in vivo. Dietary supplements marketed as antioxidants have not been shown to maintain health or prevent disease in humans. History As part of their adaptation from marine life, terrestrial plants began\n\nCarotenosis is a benign and reversible medical condition where an excess of dietary carotenoids results in orange discoloration of the outermost skin layer. The discoloration is most easily observed in light-skinned people and may be mistaken for jaundice. Carotenoids are lipid-soluble compounds that include alpha- and beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. The primary serum carotenoids are beta-carotene, lycopene, and lutein. Serum levels of carotenoids vary between region, ethnicity, and sex in the healthy population. All are absorbed by passive diffusion from the gastrointestinal tract and are then partially metabolized in the intestinal mucosa and liver to vitamin A. From there they are transported in the plasma into the peripheral tissues. Carotenoids are eliminated via sweat, sebum, urine, and gastrointestinal secretions. Carotenoids contribute to normal-appearing human skin color, and are a significant component of physiologic ultraviolet photoprotection. Carotenemia most commonly occurs in vegetarians and young children with light skin. Carotenemia\n\nharvested from the coasts of Great Britain and Ireland, where it has a variety of culinary uses, including laverbread. In Hawaii, \"the species is considered a delicacy, called \". Porphyra was also harvested by the Southern Kwakiutl, Haida, Seechelt, Squawmish, Nuu-chah-nulth, Nuxalk, Tsimshian, and Tlingit peoples of the North American Pacific coast. Vitamin B12 Porphyra contains vitamin B12 and one study suggests that it is the most suitable non-meat source of this essential vitamin. In the view of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, however, it may not provide an adequate source of it for vegans. Species Following a major reassessment of the genus in 2011, many species previously included in Porphyra have been transferred to Pyropia, for example Pyropia tenera, Pyropia yezoensis and the species from New Zealand Pyropia rakiura and Pyropia virididentata, leaving only five species out of seventy still within Porphyra itself. See also Green laver References\n\nQuestion: Which is the main vitamin found in Liver Worts, butter-fat, green leaves etc.?", "output": "VITAMIN A"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia. They are a paraphyletic group encompassing all tetrapods excluding the amniotes (tetrapods with an amniotic membrane, such as modern reptiles, birds, and mammals). All extant (living) amphibians belong to the subclass Lissamphibia, with three living orders: Anura (frogs), Urodela (salamanders), and Gymnophiona (caecilians). Evolved to be mostly semiaquatic, amphibians have adapted to inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living in freshwater, wetland or terrestrial ecosystems (such as riparian woodland, fossorial and even arboreal habitats). Their life cycle typically starts out as aquatic larvae with gills known as tadpoles, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this. The young generally undergo metamorphosis from larva with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs. Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely\n\nOtophryne is a small genus of microhylid frogs from northern South America. They are sometimes known as the pancake frogs. Description Adult Otophryne are diurnally active leaf mimics. They tend to walk rather than jump. Tadpoles burrow into the sandy bottom of shallow streams. They are extremely specialized with minute, dagger-like, keratinized teeth, and a long spiracular tube on the left hand side of its body. It is suggested that the tadpole is a suspension feeder, using the spiracular tube extending to the bottom surface to create a current through its oral cavity, using its teeth to prevent sand from entering its mouth. Species Genus Otophryne has three species: References Frogs of South America Amphibian genera Microhylidae Taxa named by George Albert Boulenger\n\nThe moor frog (Rana arvalis) is a slim, reddish-brown, semiaquatic amphibian native to Europe and Asia. Moor frogs are known for their ability to freeze solid and survive thawing. The frog makes use of various cryoprotectants i.e. antifreeze that decrease its internal freezing temperature. The species is distributed over a large range, covering a significant portion of Eurasia. Male moor frogs are known to turn blue temporarily during the height of mating season. This coloration is assumed to signal a mate's fitness. Moor frogs typically mate through multimale amplexus a form of polyandry. The moor frog spawns its eggs in large batches in still bodies of acidic waters. Human-caused pollution is causing excessive acidification of habitat which harms egg health. The moor frog's habitat is also under destruction due to a variety of other anthropogenic means. The species has an IUCN listing of Least Concern. However, a majority of European\n\nQuestion: An eft is a juvenile stage of which amphibian?", "output": "Newt"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Packington is a village and civil parish in the district of North West Leicestershire. It is situated close to the A42 road and the towns of Ashby de la Zouch and Measham. The population of Packington according to the 2001 UK census is 738, reducing slightly to 734 at the 2011 census. Nearby villages include Normanton le Heath and Heather. Packington has a public house called the 'Bull and Lion' (reputedly the only one in Britain) and a local shop called 'Daybreak Services'. It is part of the National Forest and the Gilwiskaw brook runs through the village. History Origins Packington's origins are unknown. Its placename suggests an Anglo-Saxon settlement, possibly established by followers of a leader named Pacca or similar. The settlement may already have been in place in the heyday of the Kingdom of Mercia under Aethelbald and Offa during the eighth century. However, this is merely speculative.\n\nSkelton is a small village and civil parish about north west of Penrith in the English county of Cumbria. It is on the former route of the B5305 road, which is now about to the north. The parish had a population of 1,059 in 2001, increasing slightly to 1,153 at the 2011 Census. The village has a primary school, pub, and Anglican and Methodist churches. Close to the village is the Skelton transmitting station and the stately home of Hutton-in-the-Forest, the family home of Lord Inglewood. Skelton Agricultural Show is one of the largest in Cumbria and takes place on the first Saturday in July at Hutton-in-the-Forest. The large parish of Skelton includes the villages and hamlets of Ellonby, Ivegill, Lamonby, Unthank, Unthank End, Skelton Wood End, Laithes, Hutton End, Hutton Row, New Rent, Braithwaite and Middlesceugh. In 1934 the parish absorbed the former civil parishes of Hutton-in-the-Forest, and Middlesceugh\n\nMelton Mowbray railway station serves the market town of Melton Mowbray in Leicestershire, England. It is owned by Network Rail and operated by East Midlands Railway, though CrossCountry operates most of the services as part of its to route. The station is on the route of the Syston and Peterborough Railway, which is now part of the Birmingham to Peterborough Line. It has a ticket office, which is staffed part-time, a car park, and help points for times when no staff are present. History The station opened as Melton on 1 September 1846, with two sections of the Syston and Peterborough line, from Leicester to Melton and Stamford to Peterborough. The opening of the former had been delayed by opposition from a landowner, Lord Harborough. The building is thought to have been designed by William Parsons and Sancton Wood. It was built by the contractor Herberts at a then cost\n\nQuestion: Melton Mowbray and Ashby-de-la-Zouch are towns in which English county?", "output": "LEICESTERSHIRE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Calculus is the mathematical study of continuous change, in the same way that geometry is the study of shape, and algebra is the study of generalizations of arithmetic operations. It has two major branches, differential calculus and integral calculus; the former concerns instantaneous rates of change, and the slopes of curves, while the latter concerns accumulation of quantities, and areas under or between curves. These two branches are related to each other by the fundamental theorem of calculus, and they make use of the fundamental notions of convergence of infinite sequences and infinite series to a well-defined limit. Infinitesimal calculus was developed independently in the late 17th century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Later work, including codifying the idea of limits, put these developments on a more solid conceptual footing. Today, calculus has widespread uses in science, engineering, and social science. Etymology In mathematics education, calculus denotes courses\n\nBlaise Pascal ( , , ; ; 19 June 1623 \u2013 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic writer. Pascal was a child prodigy who was educated by his father, a tax collector in Rouen. His earliest mathematical work was on conic sections; he wrote a significant treatise on the subject of projective geometry at the age of 16. He later corresponded with Pierre de Fermat on probability theory, strongly influencing the development of modern economics and social science. In 1642, while still a teenager, he started some pioneering work on calculating machines (called Pascal's calculators and later Pascalines), establishing him as one of the first two inventors of the mechanical calculator. Like his contemporary Ren\u00e9 Descartes, Pascal was also a pioneer in the natural and applied sciences. Pascal wrote in defense of the scientific method and produced several controversial results. He made important contributions\n\nHistorians and sociologists have remarked the occurrence, in science, of \"multiple independent discovery\". Robert K. Merton defined such \"multiples\" as instances in which similar discoveries are made by scientists working independently of each other. \"Sometimes,\" writes Merton, \"the discoveries are simultaneous or almost so; sometimes a scientist will make a new discovery which, unknown to him, somebody else has made years before.\" Commonly cited examples of multiple independent discovery are the 17th-century independent formulation of calculus by Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and others, described by A. Rupert Hall; the 18th-century discovery of oxygen by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Joseph Priestley, Antoine Lavoisier and others; and the theory of the evolution of species, independently advanced in the 19th century by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace. Multiple independent discovery, however, is not limited to such famous historic instances. Merton believed that it is multiple discoveries, rather than unique ones, that represent\n\nQuestion: Which German mathematician developed the theory of calculus at about the same time as, but independently of, Isaac Newton?", "output": "(Gottfried) Liebnitz"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "but the lurid headlines in the hours immediately following her win at Miss World, particularly interviews given by the wife of the child's father, created extreme pressure on Morgan and the Miss World organization. Although this did not violate any of the competition rules (which stipulated only that entrants must be unmarried), pressure was placed on her by the Miss World Organisation that she should resign to save them from further potential embarrassment. The first runner-up, Anneline Kriel of South Africa, succeeded her. Morgan became the first winner to resign, and the second Miss World titleholder not to finish her reign. The first case was that of Miss World 1973, Marjorie Wallace, who, according to pageant officials, was stripped of the crown for \"failing to fulfill the basic requirements of the job\" a few months into her reign. After Miss World Threatened with being a named party in a divorce\n\nHelen Elizabeth Morgan (born 29 September 1952) is a British actress, model, TV Host and beauty queen who won the 1974 Miss Wales, Miss United Kingdom and Miss World pageants. Morgan became the first winner to resign, and the second (after Marjorie Wallace) not to finish her reign as Miss World. Biography Born in Walsall, Staffordshire, England she worked in a bank. Entering modelling competitions on a part-time basis, she won the Miss Wales (representing Barry in the competition for that title) and Miss United Kingdom titles in 1974. Miss Universe 1974 Morgan represented Wales in the Miss Universe 1974 pageant, where she finished first runner-up to Amparo Mu\u00f1oz of Spain. When Mu\u00f1oz resigned as Miss Universe before the end of her reign, the crown was not offered to Morgan or any other runner-up. Miss World 1974 Winning Miss United Kingdom earned Morgan the right to represent the United Kingdom\n\nof her reign, the crown was not offered to Morgan or any other runner-up. Miss World 1974 Winning Miss United Kingdom earned Morgan the right to represent the United Kingdom in Miss World. She had originally been reluctant to enter the Miss Wales competition, and was eventually paid \u00a330 as a last-minute stand-in when another competitor dropped out. Morgan became the second Welsh woman and the fourth UK representative to win the competition in 1974. However, she was forced to resign only four days after winning the pageant, upon the media creating extremely negative and lurid headlines as she was an unwed mother with an 18-month-old son. This had never been hidden from the time she was crowned Miss Wales, but the lurid headlines in the hours immediately following her win at Miss World, particularly interviews given by the wife of the child's father, created extreme pressure on Morgan and\n\nQuestion: Name the American winner of the 1973 Miss World contest, whose reign lasted just 104 days, before she was sacked, following a series of high profile liaisons with various famous men of the day.", "output": "MARJORIE WALLACE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "than a landscape empty of people. Gainsborough was later famously given to complaining that well-paid portrait work kept him away from his true love of landscape painting, and his interest probably combined with that of his clients, a couple from two families whose main income was probably not from landowning, to make \u2013 more prominently than was normal in a portrait \u2013 a display of the country estate that had formed part of Mrs Andrews' dowry. Artist Thomas Gainsborough was about twenty-three when he painted Mr and Mrs Andrews in 1750. He had married the pregnant Margaret Burr and returned to Sudbury, Suffolk, his home town as well as that of the Andrews, after an apprenticeship in London with the French artist Hubert-Fran\u00e7ois Gravelot, from whom he learnt the French rococo style. There, he also picked up a love of landscapes in the Dutch style. However, landscape painting was far\n\nportraits of the Stanley family, including one of Sir Robert and Lady Bradshaigh (1746) in front of Haigh Hall two portraits of the Brockman family on its Kent estate, Beachborough, both showing the newly constructed Temple Pond. One of the latter may include the figure of Susanna Highmore, daughter of the portrait painter Joseph Highmore. In addition, he accepted commissions for numerous conventional portraits. Aside from these, his best known works are probably the oil-on-canvas roundels of the Bethlem (1746) and Chelsea (1746) Hospitals, donated to the Foundling Hospital, London. Haytley, like other artists who donated works, was elected a governor of the Hospital. His last recorded work, dated 1764, was a portrait, depicting Sir William Milner, Bt. He is assumed to have died around this date. Images 1744: Elizabeth Montagu and family at Sandleford Priory. 1744: Sarah Scott 1746: Chelsea Hospital roundel Foundling Museum 1746: Bethlem Hospital roundel Foundling\n\nJean-Pierre Norblin de La Gourdaine (; 15 July 1745 \u2013 23 February 1830) was a Polish-French painter, draughtsman, engraver and caricaturist. Born in France, from 1774 to 1804 he resided in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, where he obtained citizenship. He is considered one of the most important painters of the Enlightenment in Poland. He achieved great success in Poland. Given many commissions from some of the most notable families of the country, he stayed there for many years, not returning to Paris until the early 19th century. His style showed the influence of Antoine Watteau, and combined the Rococo tradition of charming f\u00eates galantes and f\u00eates champ\u00eatres with a panorama of daily life and current political events, captured with journalistic accuracy. He created a gallery of portraits of representatives of all social classes in the last years of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth. Life Born in Misy-sur-Yonne in 1745,\n\nQuestion: What was the first name of the English painter Gainsborough, 1727-1788?", "output": "THOMAS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A seedless fruit is a fruit developed to possess no mature seeds. Since eating seedless fruits is generally easier and more convenient, they are considered commercially valuable. Most commercially produced seedless fruits have been developed from plants whose fruits normally contain numerous relatively large hard seeds distributed throughout the flesh of the fruit. Varieties Common varieties of seedless fruits include watermelons, tomatoes, and grapes (such as Termarina rossa). Additionally, there are numerous seedless citrus fruits, such as oranges, lemons and limes. A recent development over the last twenty years has been that of seedless sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum). The seedless plant combines male sterility in the pepper plant (commonly occurring) with the ability to set seedless fruits (a natural fruit-setting without fertilization). In male sterile plants, the parthenocarpy expresses itself only sporadically on the plant with deformed fruits. It has been reported that plant hormones provided by the ovary seed\n\nThompson & Morgan is an independently-owned company based in Ipswich, Suffolk. Founded in 1855, Thompson & Morgan offer English plants, seeds and sundries worldwide through their websites. The U.S. division of the company was sold to Gardens Alive in 2009. Overview The company distributes their products through its mail order catalogues, the Internet and retail outlets. Their various websites feature over 8,000 products, showcasing the entire Thompson and Morgan range. Seed catalogues are distributed to 163 countries worldwide. Thompson and Morgan seeds are stocked in the following countries: Great Britain, Ireland, France, Germany, Holland, Belgium, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Greece, Turkey, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Sweden, USA, Canada, Korea, and Japan. History Thompson & Morgan (T&M) had its origins in a small garden behind a baker's shop in Ipswich, where a young William Thompson's passion for botany grew. His speciality was growing rare and unusual plants whose seeds were sent from countries\n\nunder the seed. Seeds are hairless, smooth, 3\u20134.5 mm long (including arils), and take on a dark brown or dark brown to dark purple brown appearance; seeds are also typically shiny, oval oblong, and compressed. Bog pines are easily recognized when fruiting by the waxy white (very slightly yellowish) arils subtending the seed. Vegetatively compared with other species of Halocarpus, mountain pines have growth habits of smaller multibranched shrubs to small trees, weak keel-shaped leaves, and more slender, initially quadrangular branchlets. The seeds of the mountain pine are distinguished from H. biformis (with which it often confused with) by the ventral and dorsal surfaces which are usually significant longitudinally grooved (sometimes only on the ventral surface). Taxonomy Halocarpus bidwillii was first described by the British botanist Thomas Kirk in 1887, in an article in the Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute, as Dacrydium bidwillii. He identified two variants\n\nQuestion: What is a Thompson seedless?", "output": "Grape"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Personal life Walton married screenwriter Frank Liddell in 1920. She later married Henry M. Herbel in 1923, with whom she had six children. She later married Spiro (Samuel) Dilles and Kenneth James Wells. All the marriages ended in divorce. Death Walton died of cancer on November 15, 1993, aged 90. Filmography References External links gladyswalton.com Gladys Walton at Virtual History 1903 births 1993 deaths American child actresses American film actresses American silent film actresses American stage actresses Deaths from cancer in California Actresses from Boston 20th-century American actresses\n\nearning $600 a week at the peak of her career. After leaving Universal she went on to do a few independent films. Only 5 of her 38 films exist: Pink Tights from 1920, All Dolled Up from 1921, The Untameable and Sawdust both from 1923, and A Little Girl in a Big City, released in 1925. Walton retired from acting in 1925. Gladys has been said to have done theater productions, but this is untrue. There were in fact two Gladys Waltons performing in the early 1920's. One was a theater actress on the East Coast, doing traveling stage productions, while the movie star Gladys was making films on the West Coast. Writers of the time often confused the two. Personal life Walton married screenwriter Frank Liddell in 1920. She later married Henry M. Herbel in 1923, with whom she had six children. She later married Spiro (Samuel) Dilles and\n\nMartha Ann Johnson (also known as Martha Ann Bowen) (born 1955) is an American suspected serial killer from Georgia convicted of smothering to death one of her children in 1982, and suspected of smothering to death three of her other children between 1977 and 1982. Murders By the age of 22, Johnson was on her third marriage. Her first marriage produced a girl, born in 1971. Her second marriage produced a son in 1975 and her third marriage, to Earl Bowen, produced a son and daughter, born 1979 and 1980, respectively. On September 23, 1977, Johnson claimed her 23-month-old James William Taylor was unresponsive when she attempted to wake him up from his nap. He was rushed to the hospital, where he was pronounced dead. The cause of death was determined to be sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). On November 30, 1980, Johnson claimed her three-month-old daughter Tabitha Jenelle Bowen\n\nQuestion: How many babies did Janet Walton give birth to in November, 1983?", "output": "6"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Yoruba literature is the spoken and written literature of the Yoruba people, one of the largest ethno-linguistic groups in Nigeria and the rest of Africa. The Yoruba language is spoken in Nigeria, Benin, and Togo, as well as in dispersed Yoruba communities throughout the world. Writing Yoruba did not have a common written form before the nineteenth century. Many of the early contributions to Yoruba writing and formal study were made by English-educated Anglican priests. The first Yoruba grammar was published in 1843 by Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther. He was of Yoruba origin himself. The written form of the Yoruba language comes from a Conference on Orthography from the Church Missionary Society in Lagos, which took place in 1875. The first history of the Yoruba people was compiled by Reverend Samuel Johnson, who was also of Yoruba origin, in 1897. Thus, the formation of written Yoruba was facilitated by Yoruba\n\nThe Bantu languages (English: , Proto-Bantu: *bant\u028a\u0300) are a language family of about 600 languages that are spoken by the Bantu peoples of Central, Southern, Eastern and Southeast Africa. They form the largest branch of the Southern Bantoid languages. The total number of Bantu languages is estimated at between 440 and 680 distinct languages, depending on the definition of \"language\" versus \"dialect\". Many Bantu languages borrow words from each other, and some are mutually intelligible. The total number of Bantu speakers is estimated to be around 350 million in 2015 (roughly 30% of the population of Africa or 5% of the world population). Bantu languages are largely spoken southeast of Cameroon, and throughout Central, Southern, Eastern, and Southeast Africa. About one-sixth of Bantu speakers, and one-third of Bantu languages, are found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The most widely spoken Bantu language by number of speakers is Swahili,\n\nCameroon ( ; ), officially the Republic of Cameroon (), is a country in Central Africa. It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Its coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. Due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West Africa and Central Africa, it has been categorized as being in both camps. Its nearly 27 million people speak 250 native languages and English or French or both. Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad, and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camar\u00f5es (Shrimp River), which became Cameroon in English. Fulani\n\nQuestion: Yoruba is a language spoken in which country?", "output": "NIGERIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Curium is a transuranic, radioactive chemical element with the symbol Cm and atomic number 96 and its made entirely from curry. This actinide element was named after eminent scientists Marie and Pierre Curie, both known for their research on radioactivity. Curium was first intentionally made by the team of Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, and Albert Ghiorso in 1944, using the cyclotron at Berkeley. They bombarded the newly discovered element plutonium (the isotope 239Pu) with alpha particles. This was then sent to the Metallurgical Laboratory at University of Chicago where a tiny sample of curium was eventually separated and identified. The discovery was kept secret until after the end of World War II. The news was released to the public in November 1947. Most curium is produced by bombarding uranium or plutonium with neutrons in nuclear reactors \u2013 one tonne of spent nuclear fuel contains ~20 grams of curium.\n\nAntoine-Laurent de Lavoisier ( ; ; 26 August 17438 May 1794), also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution, was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology. It is generally accepted that Lavoisier's great accomplishments in chemistry stem largely from his changing the science from a qualitative to a quantitative one. Lavoisier is most noted for his discovery of the role oxygen plays in combustion. He recognized and named oxygen (1778) and hydrogen (1783), and opposed phlogiston theory. Lavoisier helped construct the metric system, wrote the first extensive list of elements, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature. He predicted the existence of silicon (1787) and discovered that, although matter may change its form or shape, its mass always remains the same. His wife and laboratory assistant, Marie-Anne Paulze\n\nan annual nationwide Improvisation competition for high school students in Canada Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum (Berlin, 1825\u20131877), the first attempt at a standard corpus of the Greek inscriptions of Antiquity Computational Infrastructure for Geodynamics, an organization that develops and maintains open-source software for computational geophysics IATA airport code for Craig-Moffat Airport Cig, a village in T\u0103\u015fnad Town, Satu Mare County, Romania Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells, a kind of a flexible, thin film solar cell Career Integration Grants, part of Marie Curie Actions European research grants Converter interfaced generation\n\nQuestion: Which element is named after Pierre and Marie Curie?", "output": "Curium"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 \u2013 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin. His discovery in 1928 of what was later named benzylpenicillin (or penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium rubens has been described as the \"single greatest victory ever achieved over disease\". For this discovery, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. He also discovered the enzyme lysozyme from his nasal discharge in 1922, and along with it a bacterium he named Micrococcus lysodeikticus, later renamed Micrococcus luteus. Fleming was knighted for his scientific achievements in 1944. In 1999, he was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century. In 2002, he was chosen in the BBC's television poll for determining the 100\n\nin India had a marked antibacterial action against cholera and it could pass through a very fine porcelain filter. In 1915, British bacteriologist Frederick Twort, superintendent of the Brown Institution of London, discovered a small agent that infected and killed bacteria. He believed the agent must be one of the following: a stage in the life cycle of the bacteria an enzyme produced by the bacteria themselves, or a virus that grew on and destroyed the bacteria Twort's research was interrupted by the onset of World War I, as well as a shortage of funding and the discoveries of antibiotics. Independently, French-Canadian microbiologist F\u00e9lix d'H\u00e9relle, working at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, announced on 3 September 1917 that he had discovered \"an invisible, antagonistic microbe of the dysentery bacillus\". For d'H\u00e9relle, there was no question as to the nature of his discovery: \"In a flash I had understood: what caused\n\nArthur Duncan Gardner, FRCP, FRCS (28 March 1884 \u2013 28 January 1977) was a British physician and scientist known for his contributions to the development of penicillin and his role as the Regius Professor of Medicine at the University of Oxford from 1948 to 1954. Early life and education Gardner was born on 28 March 1884. He received his education at Rugby School before enrolling at University College, University of Oxford, initially to study Law. However, after completing his degree, he chose to pursue a career in Medicine, diverging from his family's law practice. In 1911, he qualified as a physician and obtained the FRCS (Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons) qualification. Gardner then focused on pathology and began publishing scientific papers. During World War I, he briefly served as a Red Cross surgeon. In 1915, he joined the Standards Council in Oxford as a bacteriologist and became a\n\nQuestion: Which Scottish biologist and pharmacologist who published many articles on bacteriology, immunology and chemotherapy, discovered the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and an antibiotic substance from a fungus in 1928?", "output": "Alexander Fleming"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Al-Malik Al-Aziz Uthman ibn Salah Ad-Din Yusuf (1171 \u2013 29 November 1198) was a Kurdish and the second Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt. He was the second son of Saladin. Before his death, Saladin had divided his dominions amongst his kin: Al-Afdal received Palestine and Syria, al-Aziz was made ruler of Egypt, Al-Zahir received Aleppo, Al-Adil I received Karak and Shawbak, and Turan-Shah retained Yemen. However, conflict soon broke out between them with Al-Adil becoming the undisputed ruler of Syria, Upper Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Yemen. Despite Al-Aziz having specifically inherited suzerainty over the whole Ayyubid empire, soon he had to face revolts by the Zengid emirs of Mosul and by the Artuqids in southern Iraq. When Al-Afdal expelled all the ministers left by his father to support him, they came to Egypt, asking Al-Aziz to reconquer Syria. In 1194, Al-Aziz besieged Damascus. Al-Afdal asked for help from Saladin's brother, Al-Adil I,\n\nThe Akkadian Empire () was the first ancient empire of Mesopotamia, succeeding the long-lived civilization of Sumer. Centered on the city of Akkad () and its surrounding region, the empire would unite Akkadian and Sumerian speakers under one rule and exercised significant influence across Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Anatolia, sending military expeditions as far south as Dilmun and Magan (modern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Oman) in the Arabian Peninsula. The Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC, following the conquests by its founder Sargon of Akkad. Under Sargon and his successors, the Akkadian language was briefly imposed on neighboring conquered states such as Elam and Gutium. Akkad is sometimes regarded as the first empire in history, though the meaning of this term is not precise, and there are earlier Sumerian claimants. Sources Contemporary sources Epigraphic sources from the Sargonic (Akkadian Empire) period are in\n\nBayezid II (; ; 3 December 1447 \u2013 26 May 1512) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512. During his reign, Bayezid consolidated the Ottoman Empire, thwarted a Safavid rebellion and finally abdicated his throne to his son, Selim I. Bayezid evacuated Sephardi Jews from Spain after the proclamation of the Alhambra Decree and resettled them throughout Ottoman lands, especially in Salonica. Early life Bayezid II was the son of Mehmed II (1432\u20131481) and G\u00fclbahar Hatun, an Albanian concubine. There are sources that claim that Bayezid was the son of Sitti\u015fah Hatun, due to the two women's common middle name, M\u00fckrime. This would make Ay\u015fe Hatun, one of Bayezid's consorts, a first cousin of Bayezid II. However, the marriage of Sitti\u015fah Hatun took place two years after Bayezid was born and the whole arrangement was not to Mehmed's liking. Born in Demotika, Bayezid II was educated\n\nQuestion: Which Sultan of Egypt ruled an expanding empire that included Syria, Mesopotamia, and most of Asia Minor until stopped in 1192 by Richard I in the first Crusade?", "output": "Saladin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Heman Marion Sweatt (December 11, 1912 \u2013 October 3, 1982) was an African-American civil rights activist who confronted Jim Crow laws. He is best known for the Sweatt v. Painter lawsuit, which challenged the \"separate but equal\" doctrine and was one of the earliest of the events that led to the desegregation of American higher education. Early life Heman Marion Sweatt (nicknamed \"Bill\") was born on December 11, 1912, in Houston, Texas, the fourth of six children born to James Leonard Sweatt and Ella Rose Perry. James Sweatt had attended Jack Yates High School, graduated in 1930, after which he attended Prairie View Normal School and became a school teacher. Later he worked as a principal in Beaumont and then moved to Houston for better economic opportunity. Heman grew up in a relatively desegregated area of Houston, the third ward on Chenevert Street. Even though it was relatively integrated, he\n\nAmos Bronson Alcott (; November 29, 1799 \u2013 March 4, 1888) was an American teacher, writer, philosopher, and reformer. As an educator, Alcott pioneered new ways of interacting with young students, focusing on a conversational style, and avoided traditional punishment. He hoped to perfect the human spirit and, to that end, advocated a plant-based diet. He was also an abolitionist and an advocate for women's rights. Born in Wolcott, Connecticut, in 1799, Alcott had only minimal formal schooling before attempting a career as a traveling salesman. Worried that the itinerant life might have a negative impact on his soul, he turned to teaching. His innovative methods, however, were controversial, and he rarely stayed in one place very long. His most well-known teaching position was at the Temple School in Boston. His experience there was turned into two books: Records of a School and Conversations with Children on the Gospels. Alcott\n\nLewis Adams (October 27, 1842 \u2013 April 30, 1905) was an African-American former slave in Macon County, Alabama, who is best remembered for his work in helping found the school in 1881 in Tuskegee, Alabama which grew to become the normal school that with its first principal, Booker T Washington, grew to become Tuskegee University. Little is known of Adams' early life. It is known, however, that despite having no formal education, Adams could read, write, and speak several languages. He was an experienced tinsmith, harness-maker, and shoemaker. He was married to \"Sallie\" (Sarah Adams) with whom he had sixteen children. He was an acknowledged leader of the county's African-American community. Adams was especially concerned that, without an education, the recently freed former slaves (and future generations) would not be able to fully support themselves. There were no institutions at that time to teach them essential skills. In partnership with\n\nQuestion: Who was the black educationist who was born a slave but became a leader in the search for civil rights in the early 1900s?", "output": "Booker T. Washington"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Ashford\u2013Ramsgate line is a railway that runs through Kent from Ashford to Ramsgate via Canterbury West. Its route mostly follows the course of the River Great Stour. The line was opened in 1846 by the South Eastern Railway (SER). The SER's route included reversing at Ramsgate to take a branch line to ; this section closed in the 1920s as part of a rationalisation to merge duplicate routes built by the SER and its former competitor the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR). The remainder of the line is double-track and electrified with 750 V DC third rail. At Ashford it links to High Speed 1 for fast services to . Services Services are operated by SE Trains. , the typical off-peak down service per hour is: One high-speed service from London St. Pancras International towards , stopping at Stratford International, , and . One service from London Charing\n\nvehicles and freight trains. It connects end-to-end with high-speed railway lines: the LGV Nord in France and High Speed 1 in England. In 2017, rail services carried 10.3 million passengers and 1.22 million tonnes of freight, and the Shuttle carried 10.4 million passengers, 2.6 million cars, 51,000 coaches, and 1.6 million lorries (equivalent to 21.3 million tonnes of freight), compared with 11.7 million passengers, 2.6 million lorries and 2.2 million cars by sea through the Port of Dover. Plans to build a cross-Channel fixed link appeared as early as 1802, but British political and media pressure motivated by fears of compromising national security had disrupted attempts to build one. An early unsuccessful attempt was made in the late 19th century, on the English side, \"in the hope of forcing the hand of the English Government\". The eventual successful project, organised by Eurotunnel, began construction in 1988 and opened in 1994.\n\nSoutheastern launched full operations of its high-speed services using a purpose-built fleet of British Rail Class 395 high speed trains. Southeastern operated special high speed services using its Class 395s during the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics under the Olympic Javelin brand. Southeastern operated numerous commuter services that served South-East and South London as well as Kent, many of which came under the Metro brand. Between March 2009 and May 2012, due to substantial reconstruction work at London Blackfriars as part of the Thameslink Programme, Southeastern services that previously terminated at Blackfriars, mostly from via the Catford loop, were extended to Kentish Town, St Albans, Luton or Bedford. During 2016, Transport for London (TfL) proposed to take over several Southeastern-ran commuter services within the city. However, the planned redistribution was not approved by the British government. Despite this decision, in the late 2010s, several services formerly operated by Southeastern were\n\nQuestion: What was the name of the high-speed shuttle train that ran during the Olympics and Paralympics from St Pancras to Ebbsfleet via Stratford?", "output": "JAVELIN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "recommended by the Council of Trent. Rubens transformed the representation of the Virgin from a portrayal of frailty and agony to one of fortitude and bravery based on the Gospel of Saint John (Jn.19:25). The painting emphasis the aspect of Counter Reformation Catholicism. In the Co-redemptrix doctrine, the Virgin is a crucial figure. She shares the work of Redemption with her Son and participates in the divine task of saving humanity. Mary's role as a co-Redeemer was emphasized, in contrast to Protestants who limited or even denied the importance of honoring Mary. The piece of art portrays Saint Christopher, who belongs to the group of Fourteen Holy Helpers. It combines the popular story of a devout giant carrying the baby Jesus on his back across a river with a representation that emphasizes humanistic ennoblement. While some humanists regarded the veneration of Saint Christopher as a form of superstition, Saint Christopher\n\nunder Zeus' command, that snatched the young boy; some versions of the myth indicate that the eagle was in fact Zeus transformed. An alternative version of the tale recounts Ganymede's kidnapping by the goddess of the dawn, Eos, motivated by her affection for young men; Zeus then stole him from Eos and employed him as cup-bearer. Yet another figure associated with the water bearer is Cecrops I, a king of Athens who sacrificed water instead of wine to the gods. Depictions In the first century, Ptolemy's Almagest established the common Western depiction of Aquarius. His water jar, an asterism itself, consists of Gamma, Pi, Eta, and Zeta Aquarii; it pours water in a stream of more than 20 stars terminating with Fomalhaut, now assigned solely to Piscis Austrinus. The water bearer's head is represented by 5th magnitude 25 Aquarii while his left shoulder is Beta Aquarii; his right shoulder and\n\nThe Coulonge River (; ) is a predominantly wilderness river in western Quebec, Canada. One of a dozen or so significant tributaries of the Ottawa River, it has a length of and a drainage area of , and runs in a general south-eastern direction from its headwaters in Lac au Barrage (situated in La V\u00e9rendrye Wildlife Reserve) to the Ottawa River at Fort-Coulonge. Over that distance, it drops approximately \u2014 of that over the massive Grandes or Coulonge Chutes, approximately upstream of the confluence with the Ottawa River. A popular river for whitewater canoeing enthusiasts, it is often grouped together with the Dumoine and Noire Rivers as three of a kind. The three rivers share the same watershed, and have similar whitewater characteristics. All three empty into the Ottawa River within a distance of from one another. The historic F\u00e9lix-Gabriel-Marchand Bridge crosses the Coulonge River near Fort-Coulonge. Constructed in 1898,\n\nQuestion: The Christian Saint Christopher is most commonly depicted carrying what across a swollen river?", "output": "Jesus Christ"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "According to FBI reports, several meetings between Mafia leaders are observed in Los Angeles, California, Chicago, Illinois and Mountainside, New Jersey. Arts and literature On the Waterfront (film) starring Marlon Brando. Births Joaquin Guzman-Loera \u2013 Mexican drug baron Deaths Calogero Vizzini, Sicilian mafiosi References Organized crime Years in organized crime\n\nAlaska ( ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. It borders British Columbia and Yukon in Canada to the east and it shares a western maritime border in the Bering Strait with Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean lie to the north and the Pacific Ocean lies to the south. Technically a semi-exclave of the U.S., Alaska is the largest exclave in the world. Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area, comprising more total area than the next three largest states of Texas, California and Montana combined and is the seventh-largest subnational division in the world. It is the third-least populous and most sparsely populated U.S. state, but with a population of 736,081 as of 2020, is the continent's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel, with more than quadruple the combined populations\n\nNorth Shore is a 1987 American action drama surf film about Rick Kane (Matt Adler), a young surfer from a wave tank in Arizona, who heads to surf the season on the North Shore of Oahu to see if he has the skills to cut it as a pro surfer. As he progresses on his journey, he learns the qualities he possesses are not going to pull him through alone. Plot Eighteen year-old Rick Kane has just graduated from high school. He uses his winnings from a wave tank surfing contest in his native state of Arizona to fly to Hawaii for the summer before the start of college, in order to try to become a professional surfer. He takes a plane to Honolulu with plans to stay with a surfer that he met in Arizona six months previously. He finds the friend tending bar at a seedy gentlemen's club.\n\nQuestion: In which state is the waterfront in the film On the Waterfront?", "output": "New Jersey"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Sleeping Father is a novel by Matthew Sharpe first published in 2003 about an average middle-class American family struck by betrayal, separation, and illness. In particular, it is about the coming of age of the two teenage members of the family despite, or rather through, the troubles that befall them. Wisecracking his way through life until he has eventually reached adulthood, 17-year-old Chris Schwartz has provoked comparison with Holden Caulfield, the protagonist of Salinger's novel The Catcher in the Rye. Plot summary The Schwartzes live their ordinary lives in the aptly named (and fictional) small town of Bellwether, Connecticut. When she thinks her two children do not need her any longer, Lila Schwartz, a sexually active woman, leaves behind her family, calls herself Lila Munroe and moves to California, where she trains, and later works, as a lawyer. Faced with the dual challenge of having to raise two teenage\n\n(1951) 1951 S. Fowler Wright. The Amphibians (1925) 1951 S. Fowler Wright. The World Below (1949) 1951 Raymond F. Jones. The Alien (1951) 1951 Clifford D. Simak. Empire (1951) 1952 Olaf Stapledon. Odd John (1936) 1952 William F. Temple. Four Sided Triangle (1949) 1952 Jay Franklin. Rat Race (1950) 1952 Wilson Tucker. The City in the Sea (1951) 1952 Sam Merwin, Jr. The House of Many Worlds (1951) 1953 John Taine. Seeds of Life (1953) 1953 Isaac Asimov. Pebble in the Sky (1950) 1953 Leslie Mitchell. Three Go Back (1932) 1953 James Blish. The Warriors of Day (1953) 1953 Lewis Padgett. Well of the Worlds (1952 in Startling Stories, March 1952) 1953 Edmond Hamilton. City at World's End (1951) 1953 James Blish. Jack of Eagles (1952) 1954 Murray Leinster. The Black Galaxy (1949) 1954 Jack Williamson. The Humanoids (1949, expansion of \"With Folded Hands...\", in Astounding Science Fiction July 1947)\n\n(The Sea Devils and The Twin Dilemma), and All Creatures Great and Small. His film credits include: X the Unknown, Quatermass 2, The Camp on Blood Island, The Face of Fu Manchu and Quatermass and the Pit. He appeared in the Scotland Yard (film series), The Dark Stairway (1953 film) playing Joe Lloyd. Personal life While they were both playing in repertory Richfield met the actress Valerie Jeanne Wilkinson (1931\u20132005), known by her stage name of Jan Holden. They married in 1952, while they were both appearing in a stage version of The Blue Lamp. The couple had three children together: twin girls, one of whom died from a brain tumour, and a boy, Simon. The marriage broke down in 1973. Selected filmography The Jack of Diamonds (1949) \u2013 George Paxton Ha'penny Breeze (1950) \u2013 David King Counterspy ('Undercover Agent', in US) (1953) \u2013 Safecracker (uncredited) Park Plaza 605 (1953)\n\nQuestion: Holden Caulfield is the main character in which 1951 novel?", "output": "Catcher In The Rye"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Friendship Games (, Druzhba), was an international multi-sport event held annually among so called \"socialist\" counties. In politics and popular media the event became better known due to political conflict between the Soviet Union and the United States relating to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and by its 1984 edition Friendship-84 (, Druzhba-84), which was held between 2 July and 16 September 1984 in the Soviet Union and eight other socialist states which boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Although Friendship Games officials denied that the Games were a counter-Olympic event to avoid conflicts with the International Olympic Committee, the competition was often dubbed the Eastern Bloc's \"alternative Olympics\". Some fifty states took part in the competition. While the boycotting countries were represented by their strongest athletes, other states sent their reserve teams, consisting of athletes who failed to qualify for the games in Los Angeles. In\n\nWhile the boycotting countries were represented by their strongest athletes, other states sent their reserve teams, consisting of athletes who failed to qualify for the games in Los Angeles. In May 2023, Russia announced it would be reviving the event as World Friendship Games, to take place after the 2024 Summer Olympics from 15 - 29 September 2024. Chess is to be included, as well as 26 athletic events. Background On 8 May 1984, less than three months before the 1984 Summer Olympics were scheduled to begin, the Soviet Union announced its decision to boycott the Games, citing lack of security for Soviet athletes in Los Angeles. The TASS news agency further accused the United States of trying to \"exploit the Games for its political purposes\" stating that the \"arrogant, hegemonic course of the Washington administration in international relations is at odds with the noble ideals of the Olympic movement\".\n\nThe Olympic Gymnastics Arena (), also known as the KSPO Dome since 2018, is an indoor arena located within the Olympic Park in Seoul, South Korea. It has a capacity of 15,000. It was constructed between 31 August 1984 and 30 April 1986, to host the gymnastics competitions at the 1988 Summer Olympics. The roof was designed by David H. Geiger. It is a self-supporting cable dome \u2013 the first of its kind ever built \u2013 with a four-layer fabric cladding. History Since the Olympics it has hosted a variety of events, notably as a concert venue for both South Korean and international artists. The arena is also infamous due to an incident on 17 February 1992 when American boy band New Kids on the Block abruptly halted their performance after 20 minutes due to a fatal human crush incident where female Korean teenagers swarmed the band to the stage.\n\nQuestion: On March 21, 1980, President Jimmy Carter announced the boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics to protest the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan. Which country was hosting those Olympics?", "output": "U.S.S.R."}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Queen Elizabeth Bridge is a bridge over the River Lagan in Belfast, Northern Ireland, which opened in 1966. History The concept of a new bridge over the Lagan was first officially discussed in August 1959 within the Belfast Corporation Improvement Committee, with the purpose of it being to alleviate the traffic bottlenecks at the current city centre bridges. It was decided that the bridge would be placed beside Queen's Bridge to avoid river flow turbulences, which may have affected the existing bridge's foundations. A tunnel was also considered but was rejected for cost reasons. Over the next few years, the proposals were expanded into a larger programme of works, known as the \"Lagan bridge scheme\", which also included a large gyratory and one-way system to connect the bridges to the Sydenham Bypass (necessitating the demolition of 145 houses at Bridge End), two flyovers and seven pedestrian subways. In March\n\nThe Garden Bridge project was an unsuccessful private proposal for a pedestrian bridge over the River Thames in London, England. Originally an idea of Joanna Lumley, and strongly supported by then-Mayor of London Boris Johnson, the designer Thomas Heatherwick worked with Arup Group on a proposal by Transport for London (TfL) for a new bridge across the Thames between Waterloo Bridge and Blackfriars Bridge. The proposed concrete, steel, cupronickel clad structure was intended to carry pedestrians, with no cycles or other vehicles. It was to have been located some from Waterloo Bridge and from Blackfriars Bridge, and have included some areas of planting. The project was to include a commercial building, built on former green space at the southern end of the bridge. The bridge was intended to be funded by raising over \u00a3140 million of private money (including taxpayer funding through charitable gift aid) and \u00a360 million of promised\n\nChelsea Harbour is a contemporary mixed-use development in West London, situated in its Sands End area, along Chelsea Creek, the historic southeastern boundary of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham with the southwestern boundary of the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea, and opposite the site of the old Lots Road Power Station in Chelsea. The development consists of luxury apartments, the Chelsea Harbour Marina and the Chelsea Harbour Design Centre and a hotel, 'the Chelsea Harbour Hotel'. History \"Chelsea Harbour\" stands on land that was once the 28-acre estate of Sandford Manor House. Among other occupants, it is reputed to have been the residence of Nell Gwyn. At the start of the 19th-century, it was in decline and was bought by a gas company. Part of the land was used as a Victorian-era railway coaling dock on the River Thames. Latterly it had been a coal yard for\n\nQuestion: Which Bridge in Central London, completed in 1945, is often referred to as 'The Ladies' Bridge'", "output": "Waterloo"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Racine Zoological Gardens, or Racine Zoo, is a zoo situated on on the shore of Lake Michigan in Racine, Wisconsin. The zoo is operated by the Racine Zoological Society, a non-profit organization. With more than 100 species of animals, the zoo's collection focuses on species native to Wisconsin, including a building dedicated to reptiles and amphibians that are indigenous to the state. History The Racine Zoo was founded on March 1, 1923, by local businessman Jacob Stoffel, Jr. His donation of three monkeys spurred the city of Racine to build a small zoo in Island Park. By the end of that year, the zoo featured deer, badgers, gray foxes, and Rocky Mountain goats. After it outgrew the space, the zoo's current location at Goold Street and North Main Street, opened in 1925. The site had previously been part of Lakeview Park, which was a former brickyard. The Racine Zoo\n\nThe northwestern wolf (Canis lupus occidentalis), also known as the Mackenzie Valley wolf, Alaskan timber wolf, or Canadian timber wolf, is a subspecies of gray wolf in western North America. Arguably the largest gray wolf subspecies in the world, it ranges from Alaska, the upper Mackenzie River Valley; southward throughout the western Canadian provinces, aside from prairie landscapes in its southern portions, as well as the Northwestern United States. Taxonomy This wolf is recognized as a subspecies of Canis lupus in the taxonomic authority Mammal Species of the World (2005). The subspecies was first written of by Scottish naturalist Sir John Richardson in 1829. He chose to give it the name occidentalis in reference to its geographic location rather than label it by its color, as it was too variable to warrant such. According to one source, phylogenetic analyses of North American gray wolves show that there are three clades\n\nA bison (: bison) is a large bovine in the genus Bison (Greek: \"wild ox\" (bison)) within the tribe Bovini. Two extant and numerous extinct species are recognised. Of the two surviving species, the American bison, B. bison, found only in North America, is the more numerous. Although colloquially referred to as a buffalo in the United States and Canada, it is only distantly related to the true buffalo. The North American species is composed of two subspecies, the Plains bison, B. b. bison, and the wood bison, B. b. athabascae, which is the namesake of Wood Buffalo National Park in Canada. A third subspecies, the eastern bison (B. b. pennsylvanicus) is no longer considered a valid taxon, being a junior synonym of B. b. bison. References to \"woods bison\" or \"wood bison\" from the eastern United States refer to this subspecies, not B. b. athabascae, which was not found\n\nQuestion: What is the state animal of Wisconsin?", "output": "Badger"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Heathrow Terminal 4 is a railway station at Heathrow Terminal 4 served by the Elizabeth line. The separate Heathrow Terminal 4 tube station on the Piccadilly line is adjacent to this station. Journeys to and from Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 railway station are free of charge and can be used by passengers changing terminals at Heathrow. History The station opened on 23 June 1998, together with the Heathrow Express. From 1998 to 2008, the station was the terminus of the Heathrow Express service from London Paddington. All services terminated here after calling at Heathrow Central. In 2005, the Heathrow Connect service was introduced, which provided a slower service to Paddington but calling at local stations along the way, as well as offering cheaper fares. This service also terminated at Terminal 4, together with the Heathrow Express. Upon the opening of the new Heathrow Terminal 5 station in 2008, all\n\nwell as offering cheaper fares. This service also terminated at Terminal 4, together with the Heathrow Express. Upon the opening of the new Heathrow Terminal 5 station in 2008, all Heathrow Express services were re-routed to terminate there, and services to Terminal 4 were replaced with an every 15minute shuttle service, which ran between Heathrow Central and Terminal 4. Most Heathrow Connect services then terminated at Heathrow Central, although on Sundays, they continued to Terminal 4. On 20 May 2018, TfL Rail took over the Heathrow Connect service in readiness for becoming part of the Elizabeth line, which at the time was expected to open in December 2018. From May 2018 until 5 November 2022, trains ran half hourly between London Paddington and Heathrow Terminal 4; an additional shuttle runs between Terminal 4 and Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 railway station to maintain a train service of every 15minutes between\n\nBritish Airways (BA) is the flag carrier of the United Kingdom. It is headquartered in London, England, near its main hub at Heathrow Airport. The airline is the second largest UK-based carrier, based on fleet size and passengers carried, behind easyJet. In January 2011 BA merged with Iberia, creating the International Airlines Group (IAG), a holding company registered in Madrid, Spain. IAG is the world's third-largest airline group in terms of annual revenue and the second-largest in Europe. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and in the FTSE 100 Index. British Airways is the first passenger airline to have generated more than US$1 billion on a single air route in a year (from 1 April 2017, to 31 March 2018, on the New York-JFK - London-Heathrow route). BA was created in 1974 after a British Airways Board was established by the British government to manage the two nationalised\n\nQuestion: The Heathrow Express departs from which London station?", "output": "PADDINGTON"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Air transports for heads of state and government are, in many countries, provided by the air force in specially equipped airliners or business jets. One such aircraft in particular has become part of popular culture: Air Force One, used by the President of the United States and operated by the United States Air Force. Other well known official aircraft include the Russian presidential aircraft, the British Royal Air Force VIP aircraft, the French Cotam 001, the Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft, the German Konrad Adenauer, the Royal Australian Airforce VIP aircraft, the Japanese Air Force One, the South Korean Code One, Air India One, the Brazilian Air Force One, and the Israeli Wing of Zion. Another well-known means of transportation for world leaders is by helicopter. Helicopters are seen as not only cheaper and more cost effective but also more convenient than a motorcade. These include the US President's\n\npurchased 13 aircraft. Although the RAF maintained at least one of these aircraft for a time, the Prince of Wales eventually became solely responsible for them. When the prince ascended to the throne in 1936 as Edward VIII, The King's Flight was formed as the world's first head of state aircraft unit. This unit initially used the King's own de Havilland DH.89 Dragon Rapide; however, this was replaced in May 1937 by an Airspeed AS.6J Envoy III. In the United States, prior to World War II, overseas and cross-country presidential travel was rare. Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first president to fly in an aircraft while in office. During World War II, Roosevelt traveled on the Dixie Clipper, a Pan Am-crewed Boeing 314 flying boat, to the 1943 Casablanca Conference in Morocco. The flight covered 5,500 miles in three legs. The first dedicated aircraft proposed for presidential use was a\n\nUSS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) is an aircraft carrier for the United States Navy and the lead ship of her class. The ship is named after the 38th President of the United States, Gerald Ford, whose World War II naval service included combat duty aboard the light aircraft carrier in the Pacific Theater. Construction began on 11 August 2005, when Northrop Grumman held a ceremonial steel cut for a 15-ton plate that forms part of a side shell unit of the carrier. The keel of Gerald R. Ford was laid down on 13 November 2009. She was christened on 9 November 2013. Gerald R. Ford entered the fleet replacing the decommissioned , which ended her 51 years of active service in December 2012. Originally scheduled for delivery in 2015, Gerald R. Ford was delivered to the Navy on 31 May 2017 and formally commissioned by President Donald Trump on 22\n\nQuestion: What is the call sign of the plane carrying the U.S. president?", "output": "Air Force One"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bromine is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is a volatile red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured vapour. Its properties are intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. Isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob L\u00f6wig (in 1825) and Antoine J\u00e9r\u00f4me Balard (in 1826), its name was derived from the Ancient Greek (bromos) meaning \"stench\", referring to its sharp and pungent smell. Elemental bromine is very reactive and thus does not occur as a free element in nature. Instead, it can be isolated from colourless soluble crystalline mineral halide salts analogous to table salt, a property it shares with the other halogens. While it is rather rare in the Earth's crust, the high solubility of the bromide ion (Br) has caused its accumulation in the oceans. Commercially the element is easily extracted from brine evaporation ponds, mostly\n\nChlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity on the revised Pauling scale, behind only oxygen and fluorine. Chlorine played an important role in the experiments conducted by medieval alchemists, which commonly involved the heating of chloride salts like ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac) and sodium chloride (common salt), producing various chemical substances containing chlorine such as hydrogen chloride, mercury(II) chloride (corrosive sublimate), and hydrochloric acid (in the form of ). However, the nature of free chlorine gas as a separate substance was only recognised around 1630 by Jan Baptist van\n\nBoron is a chemical element with the symbol B and atomic number 5. In its crystalline form it is a brittle, dark, lustrous metalloid; in its amorphous form it is a brown powder. As the lightest element of the boron group it has three valence electrons for forming covalent bonds, resulting in many compounds such as boric acid, the mineral sodium borate, and the ultra-hard crystals of boron carbide and boron nitride. Boron is synthesized entirely by cosmic ray spallation and supernovae and not by stellar nucleosynthesis, so it is a low-abundance element in the Solar System and in the Earth's crust. It constitutes about 0.001 percent by weight of Earth's crust. It is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals. These are mined industrially as evaporites, such as borax and kernite. The largest known deposits are in Turkey, the largest\n\nQuestion: 'Br' is the chemical symbol for which element?", "output": "BROMINE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The ager publicus (; \"public land\") is the Latin name for the state land of Ancient Rome. It was usually acquired via the means of expropriation from enemies of Rome. History In the earliest periods of Roman expansion in central Italy, the ager publicus was used for Roman and (after 338 BC) Latin colonies. Later tradition held that as far back as the 5th century BC, the patrician and plebeian classes disputed the rights of the rich to exploit the land, and in 367 BC two Plebeian Tribunes, Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius Sextinus Lateranus promulgated a law which limited the amount of the ager publicus to be held by any individual to 500 iugera, roughly . In the half century following the Battle of Telamon (c. 225 BC), the Romans fully absorbed Cisalpine Gaul, adding huge swathes of land to the ager publicus, land which was more often\n\nCaesar At the start of his first attempt to conquer Britain in 55 BC Julius Caesar initially tried to land at Dubris, whose natural harbour had presumably been identified by Volusenus as a suitable landing place. However, when he came in sight of shore, the massed forces of the Britons gathered on the overlooking hills and White Cliffs of Dover dissuaded him from landing there, since the cliffs were \"so close to the shore that javelins could be thrown down from\" them onto anyone landing there. After waiting there at anchor \"until the ninth hour\" (about 3pm) waiting for his supply ships from the second port to come up and meanwhile convening a council of war, he ordered his subordinates to act on their own initiative and then sailed the fleet about seven miles along the coast to an open beach. Classis Britannica fort The Roman fleet in British waters,\n\nfor over three hundred and fifty years. Amongst the enemies of Roman Britain were the Picts of central and northern Scotland, and the Gaels known as Scoti, who were raiders from Ireland. Also vexatious were the Saxons, the name Roman writers gave to the peoples who lived in the northern part of what is now Germany and the southern part of the Jutland peninsula. Saxon raids on the southern and eastern shores of England had been sufficiently alarming by the late 3rd century for the Romans to build the Saxon Shore forts, and subsequently to establish the role of the Count of the Saxon Shore to command the defence against these incursions. Roman control of Britain finally ended in the early part of the 5th century; the date usually given as marking the end of Roman Britain is 410, when the Emperor Honorius sent letters to the British, urging them\n\nQuestion: Which Roman landed in Britain in 55 BC?", "output": "Julius Caesar"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "West Brompton is an area of west London, England, that straddles the boundary between the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham and Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. The centuries-old boundary was traced by Counter's Creek, now lost beneath the West London Line railway. History The name refers to the older locality of Brompton to the east, linked to its western namesake through the areas of Earl's Court and South Kensington by the Old Brompton Road. Before the vigorous urbanisation of the second half of the 19th century, Brompton also referred to the area between the Fulham Road, previously known as Little Chelsea and Counter's Creek to the West, on its way to the Thames. The most famous landmark in the area is the Grade I listed Brompton Cemetery, laid out between 1837 and 1839, with magnificent catacombs and a domed chapel by architect, Benjamin Baud. Since the area was\n\nJacob's Island was a notorious slum in Bermondsey, London, in the 19th century. It was located on the south bank of the River Thames, approximately delineated by the modern streets of Mill Street, Bermondsey Wall West, George Row and Wolseley Street. Jacob's Island developed a reputation as one of the worst slums in London, and was popularised by the Charles Dickens novel Oliver Twist, published shortly before the area was cleared in the 1860s. History The origin of the name is not clear, but one possibility is that it derives from a vernacular term for frogs. Swamp Bermondsey was historically a rural parish on the outskirts of London until the 17th century when the area began to be developed as a wealthy suburb following the Great Fire of London. By the 19th century, the once affluent parts of Bermondsey had experienced a serious decline, and became the site of notorious\n\nSudbury () is a suburb in the London Borough of Brent, located in northwest London, United Kingdom. The suburb forms the western part of Wembley and is centred around west of Wembley Central railway station. Sudbury is a historical area, having once extended from the 'South Manor - Sudbury' (thought to have been on Harrow Hill) to the area that is now known as Wembley Central. Much of the land that once formed Sudbury Common until the 1930s has now been developed as a relatively green residential suburb of London. Much of Sudbury was once in the ownership of the Barham family, who give their name to a number of local landmarks, including Barham School and Barham Park. Today, Sudbury covers a narrow area with Wembley to its east, North Wembley to its north, Sudbury Hill to the west, and North Greenford, in the London Borough of Ealing, directly south.\n\nQuestion: What was the location of London's famous 17th century 'Frost Fairs'?", "output": "The River Thames"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "China (), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's second-most-populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, tied with Russia as having the most of any country in the world. With an area of nearly , it is the world's third-largest country by total land area. The country is divided into 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two semi-autonomous special administrative regions. The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and largest financial center is Shanghai. The region that is now China has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era. The earliest Chinese dynastic states, such as the Shang and the Zhou, emerged in the basin of the Yellow River before the late second millennium BCE. The eighth to third centuries BCE saw\n\nand exploiting natural minerals and ores, and succeeded in importing entire industrial plants and sending its personnel to train abroad. The engineers of the National Resources Commission were influenced by Sun Yat-sen's Industrial Development and tied the need for economic \"reconstruction\" with national defense. The NRC successfully moved major industries into the Chinese interior when the Nationalist Government under Chiang Kai-shek retreated to Chongqing. To supply the government-controlled areas with electricity, the NRC proposed to build the Three Gorges Dam (the National Defense Planning Commission had made the first ever engineering survey of the site in 1932), though the project would not come to fruition until the 1990s. In 1938, the NRC discovered the Yumen oil field. After the Nationalists' defeat in the Chinese Civil War, most of the NRC's geologists and engineers remained in mainland China and worked for the newly-founded People's Republic of China. The Yumen Oil Field,\n\nChad ( ), officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the southwest, Nigeria to the southwest (at Lake Chad), and Niger to the west. Chad has a population of 16 million, of which 1.6 million live in the capital and largest city of N'Djamena. Chad has several regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the second-largest wetland in Africa. Chad's official languages are Arabic and French. It is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Islam (55.1%) and Christianity (41.1%) are the main religions practiced in Chad. Beginning in the 7th\n\nQuestion: The Three Gorges Dam is in which country?", "output": "China"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Adrastea (), also known as , is the second by distance, and the smallest of the four inner moons of Jupiter. It was discovered in photographs taken by Voyager 2 in 1979, making it the first natural satellite to be discovered from images taken by an interplanetary spacecraft, rather than through a telescope. It was officially named after the mythological Adrasteia, foster mother of the Greek god Zeus\u2014the equivalent of the Roman god Jupiter. Adrastea is one of the few moons in the Solar System known to orbit its planet in less than the length of that planet's day. It orbits at the edge of Jupiter's main ring and is thought to be the main contributor of material to the rings of Jupiter. Despite observations made in the 1990s by the Galileo spacecraft, very little is known about the moon's physical characteristics other than its size and the fact that\n\nIn Greek mythology, Europa is the name of: Europa (consort of Zeus) one of the Oceanids, the daughters of the Titan Oceanus daughter of the earth giant Tityas and mother of Poseidon's son Euphemus the Argonaut\n\nIn Greek mythology, the primordial deities are the first generation of gods and goddesses. These deities represented the fundamental forces and physical foundations of the world and were generally not actively worshipped, as they, for the most part, were not given human characteristics; they were instead personifications of places or abstract concepts. Hesiod, in his Theogony, considers the first beings (after Chaos) to be Erebus, Gaia, Tartarus, Eros and Nyx. Gaia and Uranus in turn gave birth to the Titans, and the Cyclopes. The Titans Cronus and Rhea then gave birth to the generation of the Olympians, Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Hera and Demeter, who overthrow the Titans, with the reign of Zeus marking the end of the period of warfare and usurpation among the gods. Hesiod's primordial genealogy Hesiod's Theogony, () which could be considered the \"standard\" creation myth of Greek mythology, tells the story of the genesis of\n\nQuestion: Which is the only planet in the solar system named after a Greek god?", "output": "Uranus"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The peso moneda nacional (symbol: m$n) was the currency of Argentina from 5 November 1881 to 1 January 1970, the date in which the peso ley 18.188 was issued to the Argentine public. It was subdivided into 100 centavos, with the argentino worth 5 pesos. The peso was introduced to replace the Argentine peso moneda corriente at a rate of 25 = m$n 1. History The peso moneda nacional replaced the Argentine real at a rate of one to eight. It also replaced the peso fuerte at par and the peso moneda corriente at a rate of 25 pesos moneda corriente = 1 peso moneda nacional. The peso moneda nacional was itself replaced by the peso ley at a rate of one hundred to one. The peso was initially pegged to the French franc at a rate of 1 peso = 5 francs. In 1883, when silver coins ceased production,\n\ndirhams are divided into 100 centimes and one may find prices in the country quoted in centimes rather than in dirhams. Sometimes centimes are known as francs or, in former Spanish areas, pesetas. Usage A centime is one-hundredth of the following basic monetary units: Current Algerian dinar Burundian franc CFP franc CFA franc Comorian franc Congolese franc Djiboutian franc Ethiopian birr (as santim) Guinean franc Haitian gourde Moroccan dirham Rwandan franc Swiss franc (by French and English speakers only; Italian speakers use centesimo. See Rappen) Obsolete Algerian franc Belgian franc (Dutch: ) Cambodian franc French Camerounian franc French Guianan franc French franc Guadeloupe franc Katangese franc Latvian lats (Latvian: sant\u012bms) Luxembourgish franc Malagasy franc Malian franc Martinique franc Monegasque franc Moroccan franc New Hebrides franc R\u00e9union franc Spanish Peseta Tunisian franc Westphalian frank References Marianne (personification)\n\nThe franc was the currency of Lucca, issued between 1805 and 1808. It was equivalent to the French franc, alongside which it circulated, and was subdivided into 100 centesimi. In 1808, the French franc replaced local coins at par. See also Luccan lira Coins In 1805, silver 1 and 5 franc coins were introduced, followed by copper 3 and 5 centesimi in 1806. Currencies of Italy Modern obsolete currencies 1805 establishments in Italy 1808 disestablishments in Europe 1805 in Italy 1808 in Italy 19th-century economic history 19th century in Italy 1800s economic history Lucca\n\nQuestion: Comprising 100 centavos, what is the currency of Brazil?", "output": "Real"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Barium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity, barium is never found in nature as a free element. The most common minerals of barium are baryte (barium sulfate, BaSO4) and witherite (barium carbonate, BaCO3). The name barium originates from the alchemical derivative \"baryta\", from Greek (), meaning 'heavy'. Baric is the adjectival form of barium. Barium was identified as a new element in 1772, but not reduced to a metal until 1808 with the advent of electrolysis. Barium has few industrial applications. Historically, it was used as a getter for vacuum tubes and in oxide form as the emissive coating on indirectly heated cathodes. It is a component of YBCO (high-temperature superconductors) and electroceramics, and is added to steel and cast iron to\n\nThe chalcogens (ore forming) ( ) are the chemical elements in group 16 of the periodic table. This group is also known as the oxygen family. Group 16 consists of the elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and the radioactive elements polonium (Po) and livermorium (Lv). Often, oxygen is treated separately from the other chalcogens, sometimes even excluded from the scope of the term \"chalcogen\" altogether, due to its very different chemical behavior from sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. The word \"chalcogen\" is derived from a combination of the Greek word () principally meaning copper (the term was also used for bronze/brass, any metal in the poetic sense, ore or coin), and the Latinized Greek word , meaning born or produced. Sulfur has been known since antiquity, and oxygen was recognized as an element in the 18th century. Selenium, tellurium and polonium were discovered in the 19th\n\nAntimony is a chemical element with the symbol Sb () and atomic number 51. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the Arabic name kohl. The earliest known description of the metalloid in the West was written in 1540 by Vannoccio Biringuccio. China is the largest producer of antimony and its compounds, with most production coming from the Xikuangshan Mine in Hunan. The industrial methods for refining antimony from stibnite are roasting followed by reduction with carbon, or direct reduction of stibnite with iron. The largest applications for metallic antimony are in alloys with lead and tin, which have improved properties for solders, bullets, and plain bearings. It improves the rigidity of lead-alloy plates in lead\u2013acid batteries. Antimony trioxide is a\n\nQuestion: What chemical element is named from the French for charcoal?", "output": "Carbon"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\n\"Hail! South Dakota!\" is the regional anthem of South Dakota, selected by popular vote as the official state song. It was written and composed by DeeCort Hammitt (1893-1970). It was originally published under The Sunshine State Music Co. Alcester, So. Dakota . Lyrics Original DeeCourt Hammitt Lyrics Hail! South Dakota! a great state of the land; Health, wealth and beauty, that's what makes her grand; She has her Black Hills, and mines with gold so rare, And with her scenery, no other state can compare. Come where the sun shines, and where life's worth your while; You won't be here long, till you'll wear a smile; No state's so healthy, and no folk quite so true. To South Dakota we welcome you. Hail! South Dakota! the state we love the best, Land of our fathers, builders of the west; Home of the Badlands, and Rushmore's ageless shrine, Black Hills and\n\nNew Orleans is a city and a metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Louisiana. New Orleans may also refer to: Film New Orleans (1929 film), an American drama film New Orleans (1947 film), a musical Music New Orleans (album), an album by PJ Morton New Orleans, an album by Bo Kaspers Orkester \"New Orleans\" (Gary U.S. Bonds song), a 1960 song by Gary U.S. Bonds \"New Orleans\" (Hoagy Carmichael song) (1932) \"New Orleans\", a 2011 song by Emmylou Harris from Hard Bargain \"New Orleans\", a song by Rancid from Let the Dominoes Fall \"New Orleans\", a 2007 song by Kid Rock from Rock n Roll Jesus Dixieland or New Orleans jazz, a style of jazz music New Orleans blues, a subgenre of blues music and a variation of Louisiana blues Watercraft New Orleans (steamboat) CSS New Orleans, a floating gun battery on the Mississippi River in the service of\n\nQuestion: \"Licence plates from which U.S. state, include the phrase, \"\"Sweet Home\"\"?\"", "output": "ALABAMA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about west of Lisbon, about northwest of Morocco, and about southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. Its main industries are agriculture, dairy farming, livestock, fishing, and tourism, which has become a major service activity in the region. The government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors. The largest city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada. The culture, dialect, cuisine, and traditions of the Azorean islands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries. There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups.\n\nThe Tangata manu (\"bird-man,\" from \"human beings\" + \"bird\") was the winner of a traditional competition on Rapa Nui (Easter Island). The ritual was an annual competition to collect the first sooty tern () egg of the season from the islet of Motu Nui, swim back to Rapa Nui and climb the sea cliff of Rano Kau to the clifftop village of Orongo. Myth In the Rapa Nui mythology, the deity Make-make was the chief god of the birdman cult, and the other three deities associated with it were Hawa-tuu-take-take (the Chief of the eggs, a male god), his wife Vie Hoa, and another female deity named Vie Kenatea. Each of these four also had a servant god who was associated with them. The names of all eight would be chanted by contestants during the various rituals preceding the egg hunt. Birdman religion Contestants, all men of importance on the\n\nTumu-nui is the name of several figures in Tahitan mythology. In the creation myth of the Society Islands, Ta'aroa creates Tumu-nui and his wife Paparaharaha as foundations for the Earth. Ta'aroa commanded them to approach one another, but they both refused as each had a fixed place in the earth. This is also the name of the uncle of the hero Rata. He was king of Tahiti. When he was lost at sea, his nephew Rata became king. References Tahiti and Society Islands gods\n\nQuestion: The island of Rapa Nui is better known as what?", "output": "Easter Island"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Victoria (commonly abbreviated as Vic) is a state in southeastern Australia. It is the second-smallest state, with a land area of ; the second-most-populated state (after New South Wales), with a population of over 6.7 million; and the most densely populated state in Australia (29 per km2). Victoria is bordered by New South Wales to the north and South Australia to the west, and is bounded by the Bass Strait to the south (with the exception of a small land border with Tasmania located along Boundary Islet), the Great Australian Bight portion of the Southern Ocean to the southwest, and the Tasman Sea (a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean) to the southeast. The state encompasses a range of climates and geographical features from its temperate coastal and central regions to the Victorian Alps in the northeast and the semi-arid north-west. The majority of the Victorian population is concentrated\n\nAustralia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country. Australia is the oldest, flattest, and driest inhabited continent, with the least fertile soils. It is a megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with deserts in the centre, tropical rainforests in the north-east, tropical savannas in the north, and mountain ranges in the south-east. The ancestors of Aboriginal Australians began arriving from south-east Asia 50,000 to 65,000 years ago, during the last ice age. Arriving by sea, they settled the continent and had formed approximately 250 distinct language groups by the time of European settlement, maintaining some of the longest known continuing artistic and religious traditions in the world. Australia's written history commenced\n\nThe states and territories are administrative divisions in Australia, ruled by regional governments that constitute the level of governance between the federal government and local governments. States are self-governing polities with incomplete sovereignty (having ceded some sovereign rights to federation) and their own constitutions, legislatures, departments, and certain civil authorities (e.g. judiciary and law enforcement) that administer and deliver most public policies and programs. Territories can be autonomous and administer local policies and programs much like the states in practice, but are still legally subordinate to the federal government. The Commonwealth of Australia constitutionally consists of six federated states (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania (including Macquarie Island), Victoria, and Western Australia) and ten federal territories, out of which three are internal territories (the Australian Capital Territory, the Jervis Bay Territory, and the Northern Territory) on the Australian mainland and seven are external territories (Ashmore and Cartier Islands, the\n\nQuestion: The Whitsunday Islands lieoff the coast of which Australian state?", "output": "QUEENSLAND"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Volkswagen Golf Plus is a car that was manufactured by Volkswagen between 2004 and 2014. As a small family car (C-segment), it was developed as a taller alternative to the Golf hatchback and positioned below the seven-seater Touran in Volkswagen's product catalogue, the vehicle is based on the Golf Mk5, riding on the PQ35 platform. An alternative appearance package was sold as the Volkswagen CrossGolf in 2006. Throughout its life cycle, it has been sold alongside the Golf Mk5 and Golf Mk6. In 2014, the Golf Plus was replaced by the MQB-based Golf Sportsvan. Overview The Golf Plus was presented to the public at the Bologna Motor Show in December 2004. It is taller than the Golf Mk5, and shorter than the three-row Touran. It offers higher seating position, and more space in the cabin with an extra 50 litres of boot space at 395 litres, which is expandable\n\nAudi AG () is a German automotive manufacturer of luxury vehicles headquartered in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. A subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group, Audi produces vehicles in nine production facilities worldwide. The origins of the company are complex, dating back to the early 20th century and the initial enterprises (Horch and the Audiwerke) founded by engineer August Horch (1868\u20131951). Two other manufacturers (DKW and Wanderer) also contributed to the foundation of Auto Union in 1932. The modern Audi era began in the 1960s, when Auto Union was acquired by Volkswagen from Daimler-Benz. After relaunching the Audi brand with the 1965 introduction of the Audi F103 series, Volkswagen merged Auto Union with NSU Motorenwerke in 1969, thus creating the present-day form of the company. The company name is based on the Latin translation of the surname of the founder, August Horch. , meaning \"listen\", becomes in Latin. The four rings of the\n\nThe Opel Signum is a large front-engine, front-wheel drive, five-passenger, mid-size car manufactured and marketed by the German car manufacturer Opel from 2003 to 2008, exclusively over a single generation, derived from the Opel Vectra. Marketed almost exclusively in Europe, a rebadged Signum was marketed in the United Kingdom as the Vauxhall Signum. The Signum used the long wheelbase version of the GM Epsilon platform also used by the Opel Vectra Caravan. As a very large hatchback with a nearly vertical tailgate, its dimensions placed it between traditional large family cars and executive cars. In most markets, it was also priced accordingly (more expensive than the Opel Vectra, but less than e.g. Audi A6). The Opel Signum was intended to capture a new market segment. General Motors, Opel's then parent, executed a similar concept in North America of a large hatchback with the related 2004 Chevrolet Malibu Maxx, also derived\n\nQuestion: Which car maker has marketed models called Passat and Golf?", "output": "Volkswagen"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "teams - such as the 2003 RWC 3rd place play-off won by New Zealand or the 2007 RWC quarter final won by France and 2011 RWC final won by NZL - do not qualify as challenge matches. France won the 2009 challenge 37\u201336 on aggregate score over two matches, having won the first test 27\u201322 and lost the second 10\u201314. The New Zealand team had assumed the series would be drawn if each team won one test, and were upset to discover that aggregate was taken into account, which their coaching staff had deliberately withheld from them. New Zealand would retain the trophy for 12 years until being defeated 40\u201325 by France in Paris. Matches Results \u2013 Summer Test \u2013 Autumn International Other trophies The All Blacks compete with three other nations for the attribution of a similar kind of trophy. The Bledisloe Cup, versus Australia, being the most famous.\n\nperiod. Every team was guaranteed to play 6 games, and every team would be awarded a rank from 1 to 16 as a result. Pool Stage Points are awarded as follows: \u2022 2 Points for a Win \u2022 1 Points for a Draw \u2022 0 Points for a Loss In the event of a tie, the result of the game between the tied teams would be decided who was ranked higher. Tie situations would be resolved in three tie-breaker scenarios: \u2022 The team with the superior Goal Average (Goals For/Goals Against) will be ranked highest. \u2022 If the Goal Average is identical, the team with the better Goal Difference will be ranked highest. \u2022 If the Goal Difference is identical, the team with the higher Goals For will be ranked highest. All times are New Zealand Time (UCT +13 hours) Pool A Highlighted teams advanced to the quarter-finals. Remaining teams\n\nThis article contains information on rugby league played in 2006. The season commenced with the World Club Challenge in England in February and concluded with the Tri-Nations Final in Australia in November. January World Club Challenge Bradford Bulls won the one-off match against Wests Tigers 30\u201310 at Galpharm Stadium, Huddersfield. February National Rugby League trial matches Week 1 Brisbane def. Nth Qld 36\u20134. Rockhampton, NSW. 11/2/2006. Report Canberra def. New Zealand 28\u201316. Auckland, New Zealand. Report Melbourne def. Parramatta 38\u201318. Ballina, NSW. 11/2/2006 report Week 2 South Sydney Rabbitohs and the St George Illawarra Dragons played their annual Charity Shield match. The Rabbitohs narrowly took the shield with a score of 14\u201312, while most of the Dragons' top grade players were being rested on the bench in preparation for weeks to come. Other results from this week of trials included: Brisbane def. Canberra 28\u201320. Port Macquarie, NSW. Cronulla def. Canterbury\n\nQuestion: How many points are scored for a penalty goal in a game of rugby league?", "output": "Two"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Penn narrated a story and Teller illustrated it with card tricks. Other performers included comedians Kevin Meaney, Don Novello, Otto and George, Bobcat Goldthwait, Eric Idle, and Martin Mull. Each show opened with a solo Penn and Teller performance. Some of their pieces, like \"Cuffed to a Creep\" where Penn finds himself handcuffed to a bizarre stranger (Teller) on a park bench, and \"Balloon of Blood\" in which Penn eloquently describes the strength and vulnerability of humanity, were borrowed from their stage show, while others, like Teller's \"zippo lighter\" piece, were written especially for the TV show. The FX network chose not to renew the show after the first season. Crew Bruce Gowers, Kent Weed, Ron de Moraes, Directors Michael L. Weinberg, Supervising Producer Paul Buccieri, executive producer Robert Weiss, executive producer Carole Propp, coordinating producer Penn & Teller, co-executive producer / writers Martin Olson, producer / writer Colman deKay,\n\n(1907). Book Review: Behind the Scenes with the Mediums. Journal of the American Society for Psychical Research 1: 492-493. Brief Biography at The Magic Nook Karr, Todd. . Excerpt from Teller and Todd Karr, eds., House of Mystery: The Magic Science of David P. Abbott (The Miracle Factory, Los Angeles, 2005). External links Abowitz, Richard. \"A man, a ball, a hoop, a bench (and an alleged thread)\u2026 Teller!\", Las Vegas Weekly, November 20, 2008 A collection of photographs of Mr. and Mrs. D. P. Abbott and their home at Omaha, Nebraska, held by the Billy Rose Theatre Division, New York Public Library for the Performing Arts Omaha Magical Society Donates Library, University of Nebraska at Omaha Libraries. 1863 births 1934 deaths 19th-century American writers 20th-century American male writers American magicians American non-fiction writers American skeptics Deaths from diabetes Harry Houdini People from Falls City, Nebraska Male non-fiction writers\n\nHenry Doyle Haynes (July 27, 1920 \u2013 August 7, 1971) was an American comedy entertainer and musician who gained fame on radio and television as a country and jazz guitarist and as the character Homer of the country music comedy and parody duo Homer and Jethro with Kenneth C. Burns for 35 years beginning in 1936. Biography Haynes was born near Knoxville, Tennessee, on July 29, 1920. He met Kenneth Burns during a WNOX-AM audition in 1936 when they were both 16 years old. Haynes strummed the guitar and Burns played the mandolin. Known as Junior and Dude (pronounced \"dood'-ee\"), the duo was rechristened Homer and Jethro when WNOX Program Director Lowell Blanchard forgot their nicknames during a 1936 broadcast. In 1939 they became regulars on the Renfro Valley Barn Dance radio program. Haynes was drafted into the US Army and served in the medical corps in the Pacific. He\n\nQuestion: Feb 14, 1948 marked the birth of which half of the comedy magic duo known as Penn and Teller, who would tell you his name himself if he ever spoke?", "output": "Teller"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Salat (; ) is a river in southern France, a right tributary of the Garonne. It is long. It rises in nine points above the hamlet Salau in the municipality Couflens, on the slopes of Mont Rouch, central Pyrenees. The former Gascon province of Couserans is based on its valley. Departments and Cities Ari\u00e8ge: Saint-Girons Haute-Garonne: Salies-du-Salat, Boussens. Main tributaries Alet Garbet Arac Lez Baup Arbas References Rivers of France Rivers of Ari\u00e8ge (department) Rivers of Haute-Garonne Rivers of Occitania (administrative region)\n\nBordeaux ( , ; Gascon ; ) is a city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, southwestern France. A port city, it is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called \"Bordelais (masculine) or \"Bordelaises (feminine). The term \"Bordelais\" may also refer to the city and its surrounding region. The city of Bordeaux proper had a population of 259,809 in 2020 within its small municipal territory of , but together with its suburbs and exurbs the Bordeaux metropolitan area had a population of 1,376,375 that same year (Jan. 2020 census), the sixth-most populated in France after Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Lille, and Toulouse. Bordeaux and 27 suburban municipalities form the Bordeaux Metropolis, an indirectly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of wider metropolitan issues. The Bordeaux Metropolis, with a population of 819,604 at the January 2020 census, is\n\nBayonne (; ; ; ) is a city in Southwestern France near the Spanish border. It is a commune and one of two subprefectures in the Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Atlantiques department, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Bayonne is located at the confluence of the Nive and Adour rivers in the northern part of the cultural region of the Basque Country. It is the seat of the Communaut\u00e9 d'agglom\u00e9ration du Pays Basque which roughly encompasses the western half of Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Atlantiques, including the coastal city of Biarritz. This area also constitutes the southern part of Gascony, where the Aquitaine Basin joins the beginning of the Pre-Pyrenees. Together with nearby Anglet, Biarritz, Saint-Jean-de-Luz, as well as several smaller communes, Bayonne forms an urban area with 273,137 inhabitants at the 2018 census; 51,411 residents lived in the commune of Bayonne proper. It is also a part of Basque Eurocity Bayonne-San Sebasti\u00e1n. The site on the left bank of\n\nQuestion: The Armagnac region of France lies between the Adour and Garonne rivers and near which other feature?", "output": "The Pyrenees"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Loutropoli Thermis () is a village and a former municipality on the island of Lesbos, North Aegean, Greece. Since the 2019 local government reform it is part of the municipality Mytilene, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located on the central east coast of the island. It has a land area of 79.468 km\u00b2. Its population was 3,135 at the 2011 census. Loutr\u00f3poli Therm\u00eds (pop. 900) was the seat of the municipality that comprises Loutr\u00f3poli Therm\u00eds, Pigi, Komi, Mistegna and Nees Kydonies. The largest towns are Loutr\u00f3poli Therm\u00eds, Mistegn\u00e1 (407), N\u00e9es Kydon\u00edes (485), and Pig\u00ed (350). History The region of Thermi has a history going back five thousand years. The region takes its name from the thermal springs located there for centuries. Archaeological finds indicate that during the antiquity, the Greek goddess Artemis was worshipped as protector of the curative springs. After archaeological excavations in the past\n\nAn archipelago ( ), sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster, or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands. Examples of archipelagos include: the Indonesian Archipelago, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep Islands, the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, the Japanese archipelago, the Philippine Archipelago, the Maldives, the Balearic Islands, the \u00c5land Islands, The Bahamas, the Aegean Islands, the Hawaiian Islands, the Canary Islands, Malta, the Azores, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the British Isles, the islands of the Archipelago Sea, and Shetland. Archipelagos are sometimes defined by political boundaries. For example, while they are geopolitically divided, the San Juan Islands and Gulf Islands geologically form part of a larger Gulf Archipelago. Etymology The word archipelago is derived from the Ancient Greek \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9-(arkhi-, \"chief\") and \u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 (p\u00e9lagos, \"sea\") through the Italian arcipelago. In antiquity, \"Archipelago\" (from Medieval Greek *\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 and Latin\n\nCyprus (), officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, south of the Anatolian Peninsula and east of the Levant. It is geographically in Western Asia, but its cultural ties and geopolitics are overwhelmingly Southeastern European. Cyprus is the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean. It is located north of Egypt, east of Greece, south of Turkey, and west of Lebanon and Syria. Its capital and largest city is Nicosia. The northeast portion of the island is de facto governed by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains include the well-preserved ruins from the Hellenistic period such as Salamis and Kourion, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves\n\nQuestion: Which country governs the islands called Crete, Lesbos, Rhodes, Corfu, Lemnos, Andros, Naxos and Kos?", "output": "Greece"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its beginnings in prehistoric times. Anatomy is inherently tied to developmental biology, embryology, comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology, and phylogeny, as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated, both over immediate and long-term timescales. Anatomy and physiology, which study the structure and function of organisms and their parts respectively, make a natural pair of related disciplines, and are often studied together. Human anatomy is one of the essential basic sciences that are applied in medicine. Anatomy is a complex and dynamic field that is constantly evolving as new discoveries are made. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of advanced imaging techniques, such\n\nof the functions of the organs and structures of the human body. Methods have also improved dramatically, advancing from the examination of animals by dissection of carcasses and cadavers (corpses) to 20th-century medical imaging techniques, including X-ray, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. Etymology and definition Derived from the Greek anatom\u0113 \"dissection\" (from anat\u00e9mn\u014d \"I cut up, cut open\" from \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac an\u00e1 \"up\", and \u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9 t\u00e9mn\u014d \"I cut\"), anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of organisms including their systems, organs and tissues. It includes the appearance and position of the various parts, the materials from which they are composed, and their relationships with other parts. Anatomy is quite distinct from physiology and biochemistry, which deal respectively with the functions of those parts and the chemical processes involved. For example, an anatomist is concerned with the shape, size, position, structure, blood supply and innervation of an organ such as the\n\nThe stomodeum, also called stomatodeum or stomatodaeum, is a depression between the brain and the pericardium in an embryo, and is the precursor to the mouth and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Development The mouth is developed partly from the stomodeum, and partly from the floor of the anterior portion of the fore-gut. By the growth of the head end of the embryo, and the formation of the cephalic flexure, the pericardial area and the buccopharyngeal membrane come to lie on the ventral surface of the embryo. With the further expansion of the brain, and the forward bulging of the pericardium, the buccopharyngeal membrane is depressed between these two prominences. This depression constitutes the stomodeum. No trace of the membrane is found in the adult; and the communication just mentioned must not be confused with the permanent isthmus faucium. The lips, teeth, and gums are formed from the\n\nQuestion: Stomatology is the branch of medicine concerned with which part of the human body?", "output": "Mouth"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a physical science under natural sciences that covers the elements that make up matter to the compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances. Chemistry also addresses the nature of chemical bonds in chemical compounds. In the scope of its subject, chemistry occupies an intermediate position between physics and biology. It is sometimes called the central science because it provides a foundation for understanding both basic and applied scientific disciplines at a fundamental level. For example, chemistry explains aspects of plant growth (botany), the formation of igneous rocks (geology), how atmospheric ozone is formed and how environmental pollutants are degraded (ecology), the properties of the soil on the moon (cosmochemistry), how medications work (pharmacology), and how to collect DNA evidence at\n\nAmphetamine (contracted from alpha-methylphenethylamine) is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity. Amphetamine was discovered as a chemical in 1887 by Laz\u0103r Edeleanu, and then as a drug in the late 1920s. It exists as two enantiomers: levoamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. Amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free base, which is equal parts of the two enantiomers in their pure amine forms. The term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone. Historically, it has been used to treat nasal congestion and depression. Amphetamine is also used as an athletic performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant. It is a prescription drug in many countries, and unauthorized possession and distribution of amphetamine are often tightly controlled due to the\n\nChemistry is a branch of physical science, and the study of the substances of which matter is composed. Chemistry may also refer to: Science Chemistry (word), the history and use of the word Chemistry: A European Journal, an academic periodical Advanced Placement Chemistry, a course offered in the Advanced Placement Program Film and television Chemistry (2009 film), a Malayalam film by Viji Thampi Chemistry (serial), a 2010 Pakistani television drama serial that aired on Geo Entertainment Chemistry (TV series), a 2011 American erotic comedy/thriller television series that aired on Cinemax Chemistry: A Volatile History, a 2010 BBC documentary \"Chemistry\" (The New Batman Adventures), an episode of The New Batman Adventures \"Chemistry\" (Smash), a 2012 episode of Smash Music Chemistry (band), a Japanese R&B duo Albums Chemistry (Buckshot and 9th Wonder album), 2005 Chemistry (Kelly Clarkson album), 2023 Chemistry (Girls Aloud album), 2005 Chemistry: The Tour, a 2006 concert tour by\n\nQuestion: What name is given to the science or study of drugs?", "output": "Pharmacology"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Elaea or Elaia () was an ancient Greek city located in the foothills southwest of Sidon, Lebanon. References Richard Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, (), p. 69 Hellenistic colonies\n\nAnkara ( , ; ), historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and 5.7 million in Ankara Province, making it Turkey's second-largest city after Istanbul, but first by the urban area (2,767 km2). Serving as the capital of the ancient Celtic state of Galatia (280\u201364 BC), and later of the Roman province with the same name (25 BC\u20137th century), the city is very old, with various Hattian, Hittite, Lydian, Phrygian, Galatian, Greek, Persian, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman archeological sites. The Ottomans made the city the capital first of the Anatolia Eyalet (1393 \u2013 late 15th century) and then the Angora Eyalet (1827\u20131864) and the Angora Vilayet (1867\u20131922). The historical center of Ankara is a rocky hill rising over the left bank of the Ankara River, a tributary\n\nAlalis was a titular see of Phoenicia (Palmyra), whose episcopal list is known from 325 to 451. It was located near the Euphrates, and was a suffragan of Damascus. Ancient Syria\n\nQuestion: In the news recently, in which country is the ancient city of Palmyra?", "output": "Syria"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Right\" is a song by English musician David Bowie from his album Young Americans, released on 7 March 1975. Recorded on 14\u201318 August and 20\u201324 November 1974 at Sigma Sound in Philadelphia, \"Right\" is the last of four tracks on side one of Young Americans, and the B-side of the single \"Fame\", released in August 1975. Music and lyrics The repetition of the main lyrics\u2014\"Taking it all the right way / Never no turning back\"\u2014the prominence of the percussion and bass, and the emphasis on the backing singers made \"Right\" one of the album's \"authentically soulful\" songs, according to professor of music Ian Chapman. Chapman describes it as having \"no hidden Bowie-esque irony, barb, or angst\", although Alex Petridis calls it a \"twitchy, agitated note-to-self\". The backing vocalists included Luther Vandross and an old friend of Bowie's, Geoff MacCormack; it was the only track on Young Americans to feature MacCormack.\n\n\"Another Day\" is a song by English rock musician Paul McCartney that was released as the A-side of a non-album single in February 1971. It was his debut single as a solo artist following the Beatles break-up in 1970. McCartney credited his wife Linda as a co-writer on the song, triggering legal action from ATV on behalf of the publishing companies Northern Songs and Maclen Music. The lyrics describe the daily routine of a lonely woman, using an observational style similar to McCartney's narrative in the 1966 ballad \"Eleanor Rigby\". McCartney recorded \"Another Day\" in New York City during the sessions for his and Linda's 1971 album Ram. The single was an international hit, peaking at number 2 in the United Kingdom, number 5 in the United States, and topping charts in Australia and France. The song was dismissed by many music critics, however, who found it inconsequential and reflective\n\n\"The London Boys\" is a song by English musician David Bowie. It was first released as the B-side of the single \"Rubber Band\" in the United Kingdom on 2 December 1966. It was originally written and demoed in 1965 with the Lower Third for potential release as the artist's debut single for Pye Records but it was rejected. After a year of rewrites, he recorded a new version with a new band, the Buzz, which helped secure him a record contract with Decca-subsidiary Deram Records. Unlike the A-side, \"The London Boys\" retains the Mod feel of Bowie's previous singles. The dark lyrics concern a 17-year-old who leaves home for London and becomes embroiled in the Mod scene (the \"London Boys\" of the title), turning to pills to fit in. Like his previous singles, it failed to chart. Decca later issued it as an A-side in 1975.. Bowie's biographers and other\n\nQuestion: 'Yesterday' and 'Ticket to Ride' first appeared on which Beatles album of 1965?", "output": "HELP!"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In Greek mythology, Andromeda (; or ) is the daughter of Cepheus, the king of Aethiopia, and his wife, Cassiopeia. When Cassiopeia boasts that she (or her daughter) is more beautiful than the Nereids, Poseidon sends the sea monster Cetus to ravage the coast of Aethiopia as divine punishment. Andromeda is chained to a rock as a sacrifice to sate the monster, but is saved from death by Perseus, who marries her and takes her to Greece to reign as his queen. As a subject, Andromeda has been popular in art since classical times; rescued by a Greek hero, Andromeda's narration is considered the forerunner to the \"princess and dragon\" motif. From the Renaissance, interest revived in the original story, typically as derived from Ovid's Metamorphoses. The story has appeared many times in such diverse media as plays, poetry, novels, operas, classical and popular music, film, and paintings. A significant\n\ndark-skinned, despite Ovid's account of her. Others have noted that Perseus's liberation of Andromeda was a popular choice of subject among male artists, reinforcing a narrative of male superiority with its powerful male hero and its submissive female in bondage. Etymology The name Andromeda is from the Greek , perhaps meaning 'mindful of her husband'. The name is from the noun meaning 'man', and a verb, whether , , or , all related to , the likely origin of the name of Medea, the sorceress. Classical mythology Central story In Greek mythology, Andromeda is the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia, king and queen of ancient Aethiopia. Her mother Cassiopeia foolishly boasts that she is more beautiful than the Nereids, a display of hubris by a human that is unacceptable to the gods. To punish the queen for her arrogance, Poseidon floods the Ethiopian coast and sends a sea monster named\n\ndisplay of hubris by a human that is unacceptable to the gods. To punish the queen for her arrogance, Poseidon floods the Ethiopian coast and sends a sea monster named Cetus to ravage the kingdom's inhabitants. In desperation, King Cepheus consults the oracle of Ammon, who announces that no respite can be found until the king sacrifices his daughter, Andromeda, to the monster. She is thus stripped naked and chained to a rock in Jaffa by the sea to await her death. Perseus is just then flying near the coast of Ethiopia on his winged sandals or on Pegasus the winged horse, having slain the Gorgon Medusa and carrying her severed head, which instantly turns to stone any who look at it. Upon seeing Andromeda bound to the rock, Perseus falls in love with her, and he secures Cepheus' promise of her hand in marriage if he can save her.\n\nQuestion: Which hero saved Andromeda from the sea monster Celus?", "output": "Perseus"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of Scotland whose county town was Aberdeen Old Aberdeen, a part of the city of Aberdeen in Scotland North America Canada Aberdeen, community in the township of Champlain, Prescott and Russell County, Ontario Aberdeen, Abbotsford, a neighbourhood in the City of Abbotsford, British Columbia Aberdeen Centre, a shopping mall in Richmond, British Columbia Aberdeen, Grey County, Ontario Aberdeen, Kamloops, an area in the City of Kamloops, British Columbia Aberdeen Lake (Nunavut), a lake in Kivalliq Region, Nunavut, Canada Aberdeen, Nova Scotia, part of the Municipality of Inverness County, Nova Scotia Aberdeen Parish, New Brunswick Rural Municipality of Aberdeen No. 373, Saskatchewan Aberdeen, Saskatchewan Aberdeen Bay, a bay between southern Baffin Island and north-eastern Hector Island in the Nunavut territory Aberdeen Township, Quebec, until 1960 part of Sheen-Esher-Aberdeen-et-Malakoff, now part of Rapides-des-Joachims, Quebec Aberdeen River, a tributary of rivi\u00e8re aux Castors Noirs in Mauricie, Qu\u00e9bec New Aberdeen, Nova Scotia United States\n\nAberdeen is a city in Scotland. Aberdeen may also refer to: Places Africa Aberdeen, Sierra Leone Aberdeen, Eastern Cape, South Africa Asia Hong Kong Aberdeen, Hong Kong, an area and town on southwest Hong Kong Island Aberdeen Channel, a channel between Ap Lei Chau (Aberdeen Island) and Nam Long Shan on the Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong Aberdeen Country Park, a country park in Hong Kong Island Aberdeen floating village, at Aberdeen Harbour, containing approximately 600 junks, which house an estimated 6,000 people Aberdeen Harbour, a harbour between Aberdeen, Hong Kong and Ap Lei Chau (Aberdeen Island) Aberdeen Tunnel, a tunnel in Hong Kong Island Aberdeen Tunnel Underground Laboratory, an underground particle physics laboratory in Hong Kong Island Ap Lei Chau or Aberdeen Island, an island of Hong Kong Aberdeen (Hong Kong constituency), a constituency of Southern District Council India Aberdeen Bazaar, a shopping centre in Port Blair, South\n\nAberdeen (; ; ; ) is a city in North East Scotland, and is the third most populous Scottish city. Aberdeen is one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas (as Aberdeen City), and has a population estimate of for the city of Aberdeen, and for the local council area making it the United Kingdom's 39th most populous built-up area. The city is northeast of Edinburgh and north of London, and is the northernmost major city in the United Kingdom. Aberdeen has a long, sandy coastline and features an oceanic climate, with cool summers and mild, rainy winters. During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeen's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite, which may sparkle like silver because of its high mica content. Since the discovery of North Sea oil in 1969, Aberdeen has been known as the offshore oil capital of Europe. Based upon the discovery of prehistoric villages around\n\nQuestion: In which country is the city of Aberdeen?", "output": "Scotland"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Kingdom of Abkhazia (; ), also known Egrisi-Abkhazia, was a medieval feudal state in the Caucasus which was established in the 780s. Through dynastic succession, it was united in 1008 with the Kingdom of the Iberians, forming the Kingdom of Georgia. Byzantine sources record that in the early years of the 10th century Abkhazia stretched three hundred Greek miles along the Black Sea coast, from the frontiers of the thema of Chaldia to the mouth of the river Nicopsis, with the Caucasus behind it. History Background Abkhazia was a princedom under Byzantine authority. It lay chiefly along the Black Sea coast in what is now the northwestern part of the modern-day Georgia (disputed Republic of Abkhazia) and extended northward into the territory of today's Krasnodar Krai of Russia. It had Anacopia as its capital. Abkhazia was ruled by a hereditary archon who effectively functioned as a Byzantine viceroy. The\n\nAncient Egypt was a civilization in Northeast Africa situated in the Nile Valley. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around 3100BC (according to conventional Egyptian chronology) with the political unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under Menes (often identified with Narmer). The history of ancient Egypt occurred as a series of stable kingdoms, separated by periods of relative instability known as Intermediate Periods: the Old Kingdom of the Early Bronze Age, the Middle Kingdom of the Middle Bronze Age and the New Kingdom of the Late Bronze Age. Egypt reached the pinnacle of its power in the New Kingdom, ruling much of Nubia and a sizable portion of the Levant, after which it entered a period of slow decline. During the course of its history, Egypt was invaded or conquered by a number of foreign powers, including the Hyksos, the Nubians, the Assyrians, the Achaemenid Persians, and the\n\nThe Akkadian Empire () was the first ancient empire of Mesopotamia, succeeding the long-lived civilization of Sumer. Centered on the city of Akkad () and its surrounding region, the empire would unite Akkadian and Sumerian speakers under one rule and exercised significant influence across Mesopotamia, the Levant, and Anatolia, sending military expeditions as far south as Dilmun and Magan (modern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and Oman) in the Arabian Peninsula. The Akkadian Empire reached its political peak between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC, following the conquests by its founder Sargon of Akkad. Under Sargon and his successors, the Akkadian language was briefly imposed on neighboring conquered states such as Elam and Gutium. Akkad is sometimes regarded as the first empire in history, though the meaning of this term is not precise, and there are earlier Sumerian claimants. Sources Contemporary sources Epigraphic sources from the Sargonic (Akkadian Empire) period are in\n\nQuestion: \"The \"\"Hyksos\"\" was the name given to a people who assumed rule in which country in the second millennium BCE?\"", "output": "Egypt"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Board games are tabletop games that typically use . These pieces are moved or placed on a pre-marked board (playing surface) and often include elements of table, card, role-playing, and miniatures games as well. Many board games feature a competition between two or more players. To show a few examples: in checkers (British English name 'draughts'), a player wins by capturing all opposing pieces, while Eurogames often end with a calculation of final scores. Pandemic is a cooperative game where players all win or lose as a team, and peg solitaire is a puzzle for one person. There are many varieties of board games. Their representation of real-life situations can range from having no inherent theme, such as checkers, to having a specific theme and narrative, such as Cluedo. Rules can range from the very simple, such as in snakes and ladders; to deeply complex, as in Advanced Squad Leader.\n\nBackgammon is a two-player board game played with counters and dice on tables boards. It is the most widespread Western member of the large family of tables games, whose ancestors date back nearly 5,000 years to the regions of Mesopotamia and Persia. The earliest record of backgammon itself dates to 17th-century England, being descended from the 16th-century game of Irish. Backgammon is a two-player game of contrary movement in which each player has fifteen pieces known traditionally as men (short for 'tablemen'), but increasingly known as 'checkers' in the US in recent decades, analogous to the other board game of Checkers. The backgammon table pieces move along twenty-four 'points' according to the roll of two dice. The objective of the game is to move the fifteen pieces around the board and be first to bear off, i.e., remove them from the board. The achievement of this while the opponent is\n\nKingsRow is a strong checkers and draughts engine. It was released by Ed Gilbert in 2000. The checkers engine can be used with the CheckerBoard GUI. It is only available as a DLL on Windows since CheckerBoard is a windows-only program. The engine is available as freeware. The engine uses neural networks, opening books, and endgame databses. History In the only Computer Checkers World Championship, KingsRow took second place behind Nemesis. KingsRow was stronger than Cake++ in the early years. Cake++ finally caught up with KingsRow and gradually became stronger. It competed a 624-game match against Cake++ on Thanksgiving 2004; Cake++ won 3 to 1, with 620 games ending in a draw. As of 2023, KingsRow is better than Cake. On July 17, 2005, Ed Gilbert completed building a 10-piece endgame database for use with KingsRow. It had a size of 214 GB, but in July 2016 it was reduced\n\nQuestion: What is the English name of the American game of checkers?", "output": "Draughts"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The modern era is the period of human history that succeeds the Middle Ages (which ended around 1500 AD) up to the present. This terminology is a historical periodization that is applied primarily to European and Western history. The modern era can be further divided as follows: The early modern period lasted from c. AD 1500 to 1800 and resulted in wide-ranging intellectual, political and economic change. It brought with it the Age of Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution and an Age of Revolutions, beginning with those in America and France and later spreading in other countries, partly as a result of upheavals of the Napoleonic Wars. The late modern period began around 1800 with the end of the political revolutions in the late 18th century and involved the transition from a world dominated by imperial and colonial powers into one of nations and nationhood following the two great world wars,\n\nsuch as China, India, Russia, Byzantium and the Middle East). Western civilization has spread to produce the dominant cultures of modern Americas and Oceania, and has had immense global influence in recent centuries in many ways. Following the 5th century Fall of Rome, Europe entered the Middle Ages, during which period the Catholic Church filled the power vacuum left in the West by the fall of the Western Roman Empire, while the Eastern Roman Empire (or Byzantine Empire) endured in the East for centuries, becoming a Hellenic Eastern contrast to the Latin West. By the 12th century, Western Europe was experiencing a flowering of art and learning, propelled by the construction of cathedrals, the establishment of medieval universities, and greater contact with the medieval Islamic world via Al-Andalus and Sicily, from where Arabic texts on science and philosophy were translated into Latin. Christian unity was shattered by the Reformation from\n\nto many reactions against modern development. Optimism and the belief in constant progress have been most recently criticized by postmodernism, while the dominance of Western Europe and North America over the rest of the world has been criticized by postcolonial theory. Terminology Eras can not easily be defined more exactly than by centuries. 1500 is an approximate starting period for the modern era because many major events caused the Western world to change around that time: from the Fall of Constantinople (1453), Gutenberg's moveable type printing press (1450s), completion of the Reconquista (1492) and Christopher Columbus's voyage to the Americas (also 1492), to the Protestant Reformation begun with Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses (1517). The term \"modern\" was coined shortly before 1585 to describe the beginning of a new era. The term \"Early Modern\" was introduced in the English language in the 1930s to distinguish the time between what we call\n\nQuestion: What historical period is commonly dated from the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century to the beginning of the Early Modern Period in the 16th century, marked by the rise of nation-states and the beginnings of European overseas expansion?", "output": "The Middle Ages"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) regime that would be followed by Ant\u00f3nio de Oliveira Salazar's Estado Novo (New State), he was elected President of the General Assembly of S.L. Benfica on 19 January 1946. Morever, he served as the 18th president of Benfica from 25 January 1947 to 15 December 1948. References 1883 births 1948 deaths Prime Ministers of Portugal Portuguese people of Italian descent Government ministers of Portugal Finance ministers of Portugal S.L. Benfica presidents 20th-century Macau people\n\nThe Trial of the Juntas () was the judicial trial of the members of the de facto military government that ruled Argentina during the dictatorship of the Proceso de Reorganizaci\u00f3n Nacional (el Proceso), which lasted from 1976 to 1983. It is so far the only example of such a large scale procedure by a democratic government against a former dictatorial government of the same country in Latin America. The Trial of the Juntas began on 22 April 1985, during the presidential administration of Ra\u00fal Alfons\u00edn, the first elected government after the restoration of democracy in 1983. The main prosecutors were Julio C\u00e9sar Strassera and his assistant Luis Moreno Ocampo (who would go on to become the first Chief Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court). The trial was presided over by a tribunal of six judges: Le\u00f3n Arslani\u00e1n, Jorge Torlasco, Ricardo Gil Lavedra, Andr\u00e9s D'Alessio, Jorge Valerga Ar\u00e1oz, and Guillermo Ledesma.\n\nambitious socioeconomic reforms which included a nationwide literacy campaign, land redistribution to peasants, provided vaccinations to over 2 million children, railway and road construction, equalized access to education, and the outlawing of female genital mutilation, forced marriages, and polygamy. He served as the country's president until 1987 when he was deposed and assassinated in a coup led by Blaise Compaor\u00e9, who became president and ruled the country until his removal on 31 October 2014. Burkina Faso has been severely affected by the rise of Islamist terrorism in the Sahel since the mid-2010s. Several militias, partly allied with the Islamic State (IS) or al-Qaeda, operate in Burkina Faso and across the border in Mali and Niger. More than one million of the country's 21 million inhabitants are internally displaced persons. Burkina Faso's military seized power in a coup d'\u00e9tat on 23\u201324 January 2022, overthrowing President Roch Marc Kabor\u00e9. On 31 January,\n\nQuestion: Which country was ruled for 40 years by the dictator Antonio Salazar?", "output": "Portugal"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Roddenberry is a surname. People with the surname include: Gene Roddenberry (1921\u20131991), American scriptwriter and producer, also creator of the Star Trek franchise 4659 Roddenberry, an asteroid Roddenberry (crater), crater on Mars Majel Barrett-Roddenberry (1932\u20132008), American actress, wife of Gene Roddenberry Rod Roddenberry (born 1974), son of Gene Roddenberry and Majel Barrett-Roddenberry Seaborn Roddenbery (1870\u20131913), U.S. congressman from Georgia\n\nRobert Harris \"Bob\" Justman (July 13, 1926 \u2013 May 28, 2008) was an American television producer, director, and production manager. He worked on many American TV series including Lassie, The Life of Riley, Adventures of Superman, The Outer Limits, Star Trek, Mission: Impossible, Search, and Then Came Bronson. Career Born to a Jewish family in New York City, Justman was one of the pioneers behind Star Trek, working both as an associate and supervising producer on Star Trek: The Original Series and Star Trek: The Next Generation. He was also the assistant director of the first two Star Trek episodes: \"The Cage\" and \"Where No Man Has Gone Before.\" During Star Trek: The Original Series, he served as Gene Roddenberry's right-hand man, who managed the show along with John D. F. Black, Herbert F. Solow, D.C. Fontana, and Gene L. Coon. Justman was reportedly the first to call Gene Roddenberry\n\nJill Jacobson is an American actress, best known for her performances on television. Her credits include the television series Crazy Like a Fox, Falcon Crest, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Quantum Leap, Who's The Boss?, Murphy Brown and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine and the 2001 television movie After the Storm. External links Year of birth missing (living people) Living people American television actresses 21st-century American women Place of birth missing (living people)\n\nQuestion: \"Name the actress, who played the part of Nurse Chappel in the original TV series, \"\"Star Trek\"\", and married the creator Gene Roddenberry in 1969.\"", "output": "MAJEL BARRETT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Posting or postadh (Scottish Gaelic) is a term formerly used in Scotland for a process in washing clothes. It means to trample with the feet, or the act of trampling or treading. In scouring woollen clothing, blankets or coarse linen, when the strength of the arms and manual friction are found insufficient, Highland women put them in a tub with a prop \u2013 or quantity of water, then, with petticoats tucked up, they began to \"post\", which they continued until every part of the clothes received an effectual cleansing. When three women were employed, one usually tramped in the middle, and the other two tramped around her. Treading cloth with the feet, a time-consuming and laborious practice, has long been superseded by mechanical methods, starting in the Industrial Revolution. There is some overlap with the process of making cloth, in that both involve textiles immersed in water. The processing of\n\ninsist that unornamented brown leather belts, sporrans, and shoes should be worn for daywear. Black leather and silver ornamentation are reserved for evening wear (white tie, black tie, or mess dress). A gentleman's Argyll jacket in tweed or solid color is suitable for daywear for those occasions that would usually require a sports jacket or lounge suit, while an Argyll Jacket in black or a Prince Charlie jacket are suitable for evening wear. With some ensembles, a fly plaid is added in the form of a pleated cloth in the same tartan as the kilt, cast over the shoulder and fastened below the shoulder with a plaid brooch. In addition, many kilt wearers have opted for a jacketless approach, especially at hot summer Highland games gatherings. One style of shirt which is quite common at Highland gatherings is the grandfather shirt, or the Jacobite shirt. These are modern reproductions (or\n\nNetherlands). Humanist weddings have since becoming increasingly popular and, in 2010, with over 70 celebrants authorised to conduct them 2,092 legal humanist weddings took place in Scotland, becoming the third most popular form of Wedding in Scotland after Registrars and the Church of Scotland. The Society organises training, mentoring and performance reviews of celebrants, and submits names of celebrants to the Registrar General annually for authorisation. Prior to the Marriage and Civil Partnership (Scotland) Act 2014, the Society performed a similar role for celebrants to conduct same-sex commitment ceremonies and weddings, although formal authorisation by the Registrar is not required for these ceremonies since they had no effect on the legal status of individuals concerned. Since the legalisation of same-sex marriages, both sets of same-sex and opposite-sex marriages are treated the same way. In 2017 the society received official status from the Scottish Parliament as the first non-religious body that\n\nQuestion: In Scotland, what colour petticoat should women wear, and make sure it is partly visible, to ensure success when they propose to a man?", "output": "Red"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the Albertina. Superfund also sponsored Partizan during their 2003/2004 UEFA Champions League campaign. Superfund has been involved in auto racing, briefly sponsoring the Minardi team in Formula One and attempting to start its own formula racing series. A team owned by Austrian driver Alexander Wurz and backed by Superfund applied an entry for the 2010 Formula One season but it never happened. References External links Superfund official site Interview of Baha for the NY Sun Investment management companies of Austria Austrian companies established in 1995\n\nMotor Racing Developments Ltd., commonly known as Brabham (), was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by Australian driver Jack Brabham and British-Australian designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers' and two Constructors' World Championships in its 30-year Formula One history. Jack Brabham's 1966 FIA Drivers' Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the driver's own name. In the 1960s, Brabham was the world's largest manufacturer of open-wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams; by 1970 it had built more than 500 cars. During this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three. Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing. In the 1970s and 1980s, Brabham introduced such innovations as in-race refuelling, carbon brakes, and hydropneumatic suspension. Its unique Gordon Murray-designed 'fan car' won its only race\n\nfuture world champion Nico Rosberg, son of World Champion Keke Rosberg, who raced with the Williams team. He set the fastest lap of the race and, at the age of 20 years and 258 days, broke the record for the youngest driver to do so, which he held until Max Verstappen scored his first fastest lap, at age 19, at the 2016 Brazilian Grand Prix. It was also the debut race for the BMW Sauber, Toro Rosso, Midland F1 and Super Aguri teams, and drivers Scott Speed and Yuji Ide. It also saw the d\u00e9but of the 2.4 litre (146.4 cu in) naturally-aspirated V8 engines which were used by all teams except Toro Rosso, who were still using the 3.0 litre (183 cu in) V10 engines that were used from 1995 to 2005, as the team's chassis, the STR1, was reused from the Red Bull RB1 from the 2005 season.\n\nQuestion: What was the name given to the Minardi Formula One team after it was bought by Red Bull in 2005?", "output": "Scuderia Toro Rosso"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Miller-Boyett Productions (or simply Miller-Boyett) is an American television production company that mainly developed television sitcoms from the 1970s through the 1990s. It was responsible for family-oriented hit series such as Happy Days, Laverne & Shirley, Mork & Mindy, The Hogan Family, Bosom Buddies, Full House, Perfect Strangers, Family Matters and Step by Step. The company traces its roots back to Miller-Milkis Productions, which was formed in 1972. Its original run as a production company remained uninterrupted until its initial shutdown in 1999, having changed from the longtime Miller-Boyett name to Miller-Boyett-Warren two years prior. In 2015, the company was resurrected under the former Miller-Boyett name. History The production company was founded in 1972 by program executive Thomas L. Miller and former film editor Edward K. Milkis as Miller-Milkis Productions. The company had an exclusive deal with Paramount Television to produce television shows. The company bought its first big hit,\n\nThe Beverly Hillbillies is an American television sitcom that was broadcast on CBS from 1962 to 1971. It had an ensemble cast featuring Buddy Ebsen, Irene Ryan, Donna Douglas, and Max Baer Jr. as the Clampetts, a poor, backwoods family from Silver Dollar City in the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, who move to posh Beverly Hills, California, after striking oil on their land. The show was produced by Filmways and was created by Paul Henning. It was followed by two other Henning-inspired \"country cousin\" series on CBS: Petticoat Junction and its spin-off Green Acres, which reversed the rags-to-riches, country-to-city model of The Beverly Hillbillies. The Beverly Hillbillies ranked among the top 20 most-watched programs on television for eight of its nine seasons, ranking as the No. 1 series of the year during its first two seasons, with 16 episodes that still remain among the 100 most-watched television episodes in American\n\nFred G. Sanford is a fictional character portrayed by actor/comedian Redd Foxx on the 1972\u20131977 NBC sitcom Sanford and Son and the 1980\u20131981 NBC sitcom Sanford. Foxx, whose real name was John Elroy Sanford, modeled the character after his real-life older brother, Fred Glenn Sanford, Jr., who had died in 1965, seven years before the show premiered. The role is an adaptation from Albert Steptoe (Wilfrid Brambell) of the series' forebear, Steptoe and Son. The character Fred is an elderly, widowed, sarcastic, and cantankerous junk dealer. He is the proprietor of \"Sanford and Son\", a junk and antique dealership which he runs out of his home, along with his son, Lamont. Foxx appeared in all episodes of the series except nine (due to a contract dispute Foxx had with NBC) in 1974. In 1999, TV Guide ranked him #36 on its list of the 50 Greatest TV Characters of All\n\nQuestion: What American TV comedy of the 70s was based on Steptoe and Son?", "output": "SANFORD and SON"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Jeremy Scott (born August 8, 1975) is an American fashion designer. He is the sole owner of his namesake label, and from October 2013 to March 2023 was the creative director of the fashion house Moschino. Since launching his brand in Paris in 1997, Scott has built a reputation as \"pop culture's most irreverent designer\", and \"fashion's last rebel\". Known for his designs of clothes, accessories and footwear for Adidas and Moschino, Scott has consistently worked with various celebrities such as Bj\u00f6rk, Madonna, Katy Perry, CL and 2NE1, Nicki Minaj, Fergie, Beyonc\u00e9, Lady Gaga, Ariana Grande, Kanye West, Miley Cyrus, Demi Lovato, Selena Gomez, Justin Bieber, ASAP Rocky, M.I.A., Rita Ora, Cardi B, and Grimes. As an early proponent of blending high fashion with street style, he creates designs often incorporating pop-culture icons. Early life and education Scott was born in 1975 in Kansas City, Missouri. He grew up partly\n\nJean-Charles, marquis de Castelbajac (born 28 November 1949), also known as JC/DC, is a Moroccan/French fashion designer. He has enjoyed international success with some of his creations, including a coat of teddy bears worn by pop star Madonna and by supermodel Helena Christensen in the film Pr\u00eat-\u00e0-Porter and a sequin jacket for Beyonce, and a Donald Duck costume for Rihanna. During his career he has befriended and worked with artists such as Andy Warhol, Keith Haring, Jean Michel Basquiat, Malcolm McLaren, Robert Mapplethorpe, M.I.A, Cassette Playa, Curry & Coco, The Coconut Twins and Lady Gaga. His fashion archive was showcased in preparation for his retrospective \"Gallie Rock\" in Paris by photographers Tim and Barry, modelled by Cassette Playa, M.I.A., Jammer, Matthew Stone, Slew Dem Crew, and more. His creations have been displayed at New York's Institute of Fashion and Technology, London's Victoria&Albert Museum and the Galliera Museum in Paris. In\n\nrelease in fall 2013. The collection, Charles David by Emmanuelle Chriqui, featured several styles designed by the actress. In December 2013, according to The Sage Group, Charles David's financial adviser, New York Transit, Inc. has bought Charles David of California Inc. Brands Charles David - women's footwear and accessories Charles David \"Made in Italy\" - women's footwear made exclusively in Italy, consisting mostly of leather boots and booties Charles by Charles David - women's footwear (lower price label) Exchange by Charles David Charles David by Emmanuelle Chriqui - capsule collection designed by actress Emmanuelle Chriqui References Charles David Profile Natalie Portman Wearing Charles David Sandals External links Charles David website Shoe brands Shoe designers Shoemakers Clothing companies established in 1987 Shoe companies of the United States\n\nQuestion: Which fashion items are made by. Christian Louboutin?", "output": "Shoes"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Christopher Marlowe, also known as Kit Marlowe (; baptised 26 February 156430 May 1593), was an English playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. Marlowe is among the most famous of the Elizabethan playwrights. Based upon the \"many imitations\" of his play Tamburlaine, modern scholars consider him to have been the foremost dramatist in London in the years just before his mysterious early death. Some scholars also believe that he greatly influenced William Shakespeare, who was baptised in the same year as Marlowe and later succeeded him as the pre-eminent Elizabethan playwright. Marlowe was the first to achieve critical reputation for his use of blank verse, which became the standard for the era. His plays are distinguished by their overreaching protagonists. Themes found within Marlowe's literary works have been noted as humanistic with realistic emotions, which some scholars find difficult to reconcile with Marlowe's \"anti-intellectualism\" and his catering to\n\nPrivate James Frazer is a fictional Home Guard platoon member and undertaker, first portrayed by John Laurie in the BBC television sitcom Dad's Army. He is noted for his catchphrases \"We're doomed!\" and \"Rubbish!\" Personality Frazer was born in 1872 and is a dour, trouble-stirring, exaggerating, wild-eyed Scottish undertaker (formerly the keeper of a philatelist's shop with a hobby of making coffins). He hails from the \"wild and lonely\" Isle of Barra in the Outer Hebrides, an apparently desolate and bleak place that appears to have informed most of his pessimistic, dark tendencies. He is an old sailor and traveller who claims to have had many adventures in the south seas, describing in Uninvited Guests how an expedition with a friend named Jethro led to Jethro being cursed to die by a witch doctor for stealing a ruby from a jungle temple, and recounting in Don't Forget the Diver how\n\nAeschylus (, ; ; c. 525/524 \u2013 c. 456/455 BC) was an ancient Greek tragedian often described as the father of tragedy. Academic knowledge of the genre begins with his work, and understanding of earlier Greek tragedy is largely based on inferences made from reading his surviving plays. According to Aristotle, he expanded the number of characters in the theatre and allowed conflict among them. Formerly, characters interacted only with the chorus. Only seven of Aeschylus's estimated 70 to 90 plays have survived. There is a long-standing debate regarding the authorship of one of them, Prometheus Bound, with some scholars arguing that it may be the work of his son Euphorion. Fragments from other plays have survived in quotations, and more continue to be discovered on Egyptian papyri. These fragments often give further insights into Aeschylus' work. He was likely the first dramatist to present plays as a trilogy. His\n\nQuestion: Which dramatist and poet was murdered by Ingram Frazer in Deptford in 1593?", "output": "Christopher Marlowe"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "producer in the world, only behind Congo and Ghana); 2.6million tons of palm oil (7th largest producer in the world); 2.3million tons of maize; 1.9million tons of taro (3rd largest producer in the world, second only to Nigeria and China); 1.4million tons of sorghum; 1.2million tons of banana; 1.2million tons of sugarcane; 1million tons of tomato (19th largest producer in the world); 674,000 tonnes of yam (7th largest producer in the world); 594,000 tons of peanut; 410,000 tons of sweet potato; 402,000 tons of beans; 332,000 tons of rice; 310,000 tons of pineapple; 307,000 tons of cocoa (5th largest producer in the world, after Ivory Coast, Ghana, Indonesia and Nigeria); 302,000 tons of potato; 301,000 tons of onion; 249,000 tons of cotton. In addition to smaller productions of other agricultural products, such as coffee (33,000 tons) and natural rubber (55,000 tons). Finance and banking Cameroon's financial system is the largest\n\nto the diet; they were also used in the production of alcohol. This Agricultural Revolution, combined with a \"Fish-stew Revolution\", in which fishing began to take place, and the use of boats, allowed for the transportation of goods. Products were often moved in ceramic pots, which are the first known examples of artistic expression from the region's inhabitants. The Bouar Megaliths in the western region of the country indicate an advanced level of habitation dating back to the very late Neolithic Era (c. 3500-2700 BC). Ironworking arrived in the region by around 1000 BC, likely from early Bantu cultures in what is today southeast Nigeria and/or Cameroon. The site of Gbabiri (in the Central African Republic) has yielded evidence of iron metallurgy, from a reduction furnace and blacksmith workshop; with earliest dates of 896-773 BC and 907-796 BC respectively. Some earlier iron metallurgy dates of 2,000 BC from the site\n\nThe economy of Cameroon was one of the most prosperous in Africa for a quarter of a century after independence. The drop in commodity prices for its principal exports \u2013 petroleum, cocoa, coffee, and cotton \u2013 in the mid-1980s, combined with an overvalued currency and economic mismanagement, led to a decade-long recession. Real per capita GDP fell by more than 60% from 1986 to 1994. The current account and fiscal deficits widened, and foreign debt grew. Yet because of its oil reserves and favorable agricultural conditions, Cameroon still has one of the best-endowed primary commodity economies in sub-Saharan Africa. Agriculture In 2018, Cameroon produced: 5million tons of cassava (13th largest producer in the world); 3.9million tonnes of plantain (3rd largest producer in the world, only behind Congo and Ghana); 2.6million tons of palm oil (7th largest producer in the world); 2.3million tons of maize; 1.9million tons of taro (3rd largest\n\nQuestion: Nigeria is a major (until 1934 the world's largest) producer of what commodity from the Elaeis guineensis plant, used in foods, cooking and soap products?", "output": "Palm oil"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds. They form the building blocks of the DNA double helix and contribute to the folded structure of both DNA and RNA. Dictated by specific hydrogen bonding patterns, \"Watson\u2013Crick\" (or \"Watson\u2013Crick\u2013Franklin\") base pairs (guanine\u2013cytosine and adenine\u2013thymine) allow the DNA helix to maintain a regular helical structure that is subtly dependent on its nucleotide sequence. The complementary nature of this based-paired structure provides a redundant copy of the genetic information encoded within each strand of DNA. The regular structure and data redundancy provided by the DNA double helix make DNA well suited to the storage of genetic information, while base-pairing between DNA and incoming nucleotides provides the mechanism through which DNA polymerase replicates DNA and RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into RNA. Many DNA-binding proteins can recognize specific base-pairing patterns\n\nAvery, working at the Rockefeller Institute of New York, demonstrated that genes are made up of DNA(see Avery\u2013MacLeod\u2013McCarty experiment). In 1952, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase confirmed that the genetic material of the bacteriophage, the virus which infects bacteria, is made up of DNA (see Hershey\u2013Chase experiment). In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the double helical structure of the DNA molecule based on the discoveries made by Rosalind Franklin. In 1961, Fran\u00e7ois Jacob and Jacques Monod demonstrated that the products of certain genes regulated the expression of other genes by acting upon specific sites at the edge of those genes. They also hypothesized the existence of an intermediary between DNA and its protein products, which they called messenger RNA. Between 1961 and 1965, the relationship between the information contained in DNA and the structure of proteins was determined: there is a code, the genetic code, which creates a\n\nJames Watson and Francis Crick. Other researchers made very important, but unconnected findings about the composition of DNA. Ultimately it was Watson and Crick who put all of these findings together to come up with a model for DNA. Later, chemist Alexander Todd determined that the backbone of a DNA molecule contained repeating phosphate and deoxyribose sugar groups. The biochemist Erwin Chargaff found that adenine and thymine always paired while cytosine and guanine always paired. High resolution X-ray images of DNA that were obtained by Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin suggested a helical, or corkscrew like shape. Some of the first scientists to recognize the structures now known as chromosomes were Schleiden, Virchow, and B\u00fctschli. The term was coined by Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz, referring to the term chromatin, was introduced by Walther Flemming. Scientists also discovered plant and animal cells have a central compartment called the nucleus. They\n\nQuestion: On Feb 21, 1953 British scientist Francis Crick and American James D. Watson unlocked the structure of what?", "output": "DNA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "or its title track \"Brotherly Love\", a song written by John Farrar and recorded by Olivia Newton-John on her album Music Makes My Day \"Brotherly Love\", a song recorded by Billy Dean in his album Young Man \"Brotherly Love\", a song written by The Constructus Corporation. Films Brotherly Love (1928 film), a 1928 American film Brotherly Love, a 1936 cartoon film Country Dance (film), a 1970 British film, released as Brotherly Love in the U.S. Brotherly Love (1985 film), a 1985 television film starring Judd Hirsch Brotherly Love (2015 film), a 2015 American film with Keke Palmer and Quincy Other uses Philadelphia, known as the City of Brotherly Love (Philadelphia means \u201cbrotherly love\u201d in Greek)\n\nAlabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nBrotherly love may refer to: General Philia, a Greek word for love Brotherly love (philosophy) The New Commandment of Jesus The Second greatest commandment: \"Love thy neighbor as thyself\" Television Brotherly Love (1995 TV series), an American television series Brotherly Love (1999 TV series), a British television series \"Brotherly Love\" (The Cleveland Show), an episode of The Cleveland Show \"Brotherly Love\", episode of The Golden Girls \"Brotherly Love\", three-episode story arc of the British television programme Cracker \"Brotherly Love\", episode of In the Heat of the Night Music \"Brotherly Love\" (Moe Bandy song), first recorded by Moe Bandy and later as a duet between Keith Whitley and Earl Thomas Conley Brotherly Love, an album by Dean Dillon and Gary Stewart, or its title track \"Brotherly Love\", a song written by John Farrar and recorded by Olivia Newton-John on her album Music Makes My Day \"Brotherly Love\", a song recorded by\n\nQuestion: Which is the USA\u2019s City of Brotherly Love?", "output": "Philadelphia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Centre-Left Grassroots Alliance (CLGA) is a centre-left group of elected members on the Labour Party's National Executive Committee, founded in 1998. They represent members from a broad spectrum of the Labour membership, ranging from the centre-left to those on the left-wing. History Founding The Centre-Left Grassroots Alliance's founding groups were originally Labour Reform, a centre-left democratic group within the Party founded at a meeting in Birmingham in November 1995, and the Campaign for Labour Party Democracy, the left wing democratic grouping, who subsequently brought in other more left-wing groupings from within the Labour Party. Private talks with trades union representatives to build a broader base had failed on union demands and this initiated the inclusion of a much broader left group from the grassroots, including Labour Left Briefing [Liz Davies] and the then-Editor of Tribune, Mark Seddon. Prominent founding members also include Ann Black and Andy Howell. Successful efforts\n\ngovernment. Despite the majority voting procedure and its alliance with the FDP, the SVP failed to attain its goal, losing one seat to the Social Democrats instead. As the FDP also lost one seat to the Greens, the governmental majority changed to the Left. Together with the FDP, the parties right of center (usually referred to in Bern as b\u00fcrgerlich, i.e., bourgeois) had slated six candidates: Urs Gasche, SVP (re-elected) Werner Luginb\u00fchl, SVP (re-elected) Hans-J\u00fcrg K\u00e4ser, FDP (elected) Monique Jametti Greiner, SVP (not elected) Annelise Vaucher, SVP (for the Bernese Jura seat, not elected) Eva Desarzens, FDP (not elected) The parties left of center, in turn, had agreed on a slate of four candidates: Barbara Egger-Jenzer, SP (re-elected) Philippe Perrenoud, SP (for the Bernese Jura seat, elected) Andreas Rickenbacher, SP (elected) Bernhard Pulver, GFL (elected) The other candidates, fielded by minor parties or groups (different Christian parties, nationalists, French-speaking quasi-separatists,\n\nThe Alliance (), formerly the Alliance for Sweden (), was a centre-right liberal-conservative political alliance in Sweden. The Alliance consisted of the four centre-right political parties in the Riksdag. The Alliance was formed while in opposition, and later achieved a majority government in the 2006 general election and a minority government in the 2010 general election, governing Sweden from 2006 to 2014 with Fredrik Reinfeldt of the Moderate Party serving as Prime Minister of Sweden until 2014. The Alliance was co-chaired by every component party's individual leaders. After defeat in the 2014 Swedish general election, the Moderate Party's parliamentary group leader Anna Kinberg Batra announced to the Riksdag that the political alliance \"would operate in opposition\". On 11 January 2019, during the 2018\u20132019 Swedish government formation, the Centre Party and Liberals agreed to tolerate the re-election as Prime Minister of Social Democratic incumbent Stefan L\u00f6fven. Moderate Party leader Ulf Kristersson\n\nQuestion: Which group had most seats in the European Parliament after the 1989 election - the left, the centre or the right?", "output": "The Left"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "purposes. Pliny the Elder noted the use of glass vases filled with water to concentrate sunlight heat intensely enough to ignite clothing, as well as convex lenses that were used to cauterize wounds. Plutarch refers to a burning mirror made of joined triangular metal mirrors installed at the temple of the Vestal Virgins. Aristophanes mentions the burning lens in his play The Clouds (424 BC). The Hellenistic Greek mathematician Archimedes was said to have used a burning glass as a weapon in 212 BC, when Syracuse was besieged by Marcus Claudius Marcellus of the Roman Republic. The Roman fleet was supposedly incinerated, though eventually the city was taken and Archimedes was slain. The legend of Archimedes gave rise to a considerable amount of research on burning glasses and lenses until the late 17th century. Various researchers from medieval Christendom to the Islamic world worked with burning glasses, including Anthemius of\n\nconsiderable amount of research on burning glasses and lenses until the late 17th century. Various researchers from medieval Christendom to the Islamic world worked with burning glasses, including Anthemius of Tralles (6th century AD), Proclus (6th century; who by this means purportedly destroyed the fleet of Vitalian besieging Constantinople), Ibn Sahl in his On Burning Mirrors and Lenses (10th century), Alhazen in his Book of Optics (1021), Roger Bacon (13th century), Giambattista della Porta and his friends (16th century), Athanasius Kircher and Gaspar Schott (17th century), and the Comte de Buffon in 1740 in Paris. While the effects of camera obscura were mentioned by Greek philosopher Aristotle in the 4th century BC, contemporary Chinese Mohists of China's Warring States Period who compiled the Mozi described their experiments with burning mirrors and the pinhole camera. A few decades after Alhazen described camera obscura in Iraq, the Song dynasty Chinese statesman Shen\n\nCleostratus (; b. c. 520 BC; d. possibly 432 BC) was an astronomer of ancient Greece. He was a native of Tenedos. He is believed by ancient historians to have introduced the zodiac (beginning with Aries and Sagittarius) and the solar calendar. According to J. Webb, Cleostratus took his ideas from the Babylonians. There is little primary material to credit any person with the creation or design of the Zodiac. Historical research into this has shown translation issues and coincidences including the Tenedos connection with the Philosopher Thales. Historical writings also refer to Cleostratus as a means of establishing a tradition of authority of Greek accomplishments. Continuation of Babylonian cycles is considered not to be scientific progress as the Greeks improved the accuracy of their cycles, only exercises in the art of combining days, months, and years, of which the relative mean durations had been learned from Babylon. The Greeks\n\nQuestion: Which scientist allegedly used mirrors to focus the sun's rays to burn Roman ships during the Siege of Syracuse around 214212 BC?", "output": "Archimedes"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sailor Moon S: The Movie is a 1994 Japanese animated superhero fantasy film directed by Hiroki Shibata and written by Sukehiro Tomita. It is the second film in the series, following Sailor Moon R: The Movie (1993), and is loosely adapted from a side story of the original Sailor Moon manga series created by Naoko Takeuchi, The Lover of Princess Kaguya. It takes its name from the third arc of the Sailor Moon anime series, Sailor Moon S, as Toei Company distributed it around the same time. The film was released in Japan on December 4, 1994, as part of the Winter '94 Toei Anime Fair. Plot An extraterrestrial ice entity named arrives on Earth in an attempt to freeze it, but a fragment of her comet has been lost and she is unable to proceed without it. She has her henchwomen, the Snow Dancers, search for the missing fragment.\n\n7th CFCA Awards Best Film: Hoop Dreams The 7th Chicago Film Critics Association Awards honored the finest achievements in 1994 filmmaking. Winners Best Actor: Tom Hanks - Forrest Gump Best Actress: Jennifer Jason Leigh - Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle Best Director: Quentin Tarantino - Pulp Fiction Best Film: Hoop Dreams Best Foreign Language Film: Trois couleurs: Rouge (Red), Poland/France/Switzerland Best Score: \"The Lion King\" - Hans Zimmer Best Screenplay: Pulp Fiction - Roger Avary and Quentin Tarantino Best Supporting Actor: Martin Landau - Ed Wood Best Supporting Actress: Dianne Wiest - Bullets over Broadway Most Promising Actor: Hugh Grant - Four Weddings and a Funeral Most Promising Actress: Kirsten Dunst - Interview with the Vampire References http://www.chicagofilmcritics.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49&Itemid=59 1994 1994 film awards\n\nDisney Princess, also called the Princess Line, is a media franchise and toy line owned by the Walt Disney Company. Created by Disney Consumer Products chairman Andy Mooney, the franchise features a lineup of female protagonists who have appeared in various Disney franchises. The franchise does not include all princess characters from the whole of Disney-owned media, but rather refers to select specific characters from the company's animated films, including only protagonists of animated films from Walt Disney Pictures, with twelve characters from the Walt Disney Animation Studios films and one character from a Pixar film. The thirteen characters in the franchise consist of Snow White, Cinderella, Aurora, Ariel, Belle, Jasmine, Pocahontas, Mulan, Tiana, Rapunzel, Merida, Moana, and Raya. The franchise has released dolls, sing-along videos, apparel, beauty products, home decor, toys, and a variety of other products featuring some of the Disney Princesses. Licensees for the franchise include Glidden\n\nQuestion: Which Disney film, released in 1994, is the highest-grossing hand-drawn film in history?", "output": "The Lion King"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "January or February. Spring is known as the \"King of all Seasons\", so the festival commences forty days in advance. It is generally winter-like in northern India, and more spring-like in central and western parts of India on Vasant Panchami, which gives credence to the idea that spring is actually in full bloom 40 days after the Vasant Panchami day. The festival is particularly observed by Hindus in the Indian subcontinent, notably India and Nepal. It has been a historical tradition of Sikhs as well. In southern states, the same day is called Sri Panchami. On the island of Bali and the Hindus of Indonesia, it is known as \"Hari Raya Saraswati\" (great day of Saraswati). It also marks the beginning of the 210-day long Balinese Pawukon calendar. Hinduism Saraswati Puja Vasant Panchami is a festival of Hindus and Sikhs that marks the beginning of preparations for the spring season.\n\nand demographic change after the late 18th century, most surrounding villages and towns are not directly associated with the temple administration and maintenance. However, the villages of Maradankulama and Udappu are associated with organizing the main temple festival. The main festivals celebrated at the temple include Navarathri and Sivarathri. The former is a nine-day long festival in honour of the presiding Goddess, while the latter is an overnight observation in honour of Lord Shiva. In addition to these two Hindu festivals, the temple has a festival of its own, the Munneswaram festival, a four-week-long event attended by Hindus and Buddhists. History Munneswaram temple is situated in Munneswaram village, the center of the spiritual and religious life of the people dwelling in a medieval administrative division called Munneswaram Pattuva (\"Munneswaram division\"). For most of the temple's existence, Munneswaram Pattuva has had over 60 villages for which Maradankulama provided political leadership. The\n\nAsia is the largest and most populous continent and the birthplace of many religions including Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Shinto, Sikhism, Taoism and Zoroastrianism. All major religious traditions are practiced in the region and new forms are constantly emerging. Asia is noted for its diversity of culture. Thus, the religious demographics of Asia are diverse, with no single religion representing an absolute majority of the population. Notwithstanding, Islam is the largest religion in Asia, with approximately 1.3 billion adherents as of 2022. The second largest religion is Hinduism, with about 1.2 billion adherents on the continent. Since the 1970s, the Muslim and Christian share of the Asian population has grown considerably throughout the history. History Asia is the birthplace of 11 major religions, whose written records include Judaism, Hinduism, Taoism, Shintoism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, and the Baha'i Faith. Indian religions Dharmic religions are the\n\nQuestion: Shavout is a major festival in which religion?", "output": "Judaism"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Stupid Girls\" is a song recorded by American singer Pink from her fourth studio album I'm Not Dead (2006). It was released in February 2006 as the first single from her third studio album on LaFace Records. The song marked Pink's return to LaFace Records under Zomba Label Group via Sony BMG, after Arista Records consolidated LaFace's operations into its own in mid-2001. \"Stupid Girls\" was written by Pink, Billy Mann, Niklas Olovson, and Robin Mortensen Lynch. Mann and MachoPsycho both produced the track. The song introduces a more provocative, feminist, and explicit side of Pink. Lyrically, it condemns sexism and encourages intelligence in women. A music video was filmed and premiered on MTV's Overdrive in January 2006. It features Pink in a variety of roles, both as an angel and a demon, a variety of celebrities, a random woman getting plastic surgery, a lady with a purging disorder, and\n\nBethan \"Beth\" Morris (19 July 1943 \u2013 1 March 2018) was a Welsh actress. Born in Gorseinon and a lifetime native of Swansea, she was probably best known for her performance as Julia Drusilla in the 1976 BBC adaptation of I, Claudius. Her career spanned from 1969 to 2004 and other notable TV credits include: Softly, Softly, Dixon of Dock Green, David Copperfield, Blake's 7, Minder, The District Nurse and Time Trumpet. Among her stage roles, she appeared in Bertolt Brecht's Edward II at the Round House Theatre in London. Personal life Bethan Morris was born in 1943 to Charles Emlyn Morris (1915\u201383) and Gwendoline Lillias (John) Morris (1915\u20132011). She married actor Stephen Moore in the Borough of Lewisham, London in 1974. After they divorced in 1986, she was a partner of actor Bill Nighy. She lived in Y Garn, Penllergaer, and was found dead in her home on St\n\n\"Where'd You Go\" is a song by American hip hop ensemble Fort Minor, the side project of rock band Linkin Park's lead vocalist, Mike Shinoda. It is the fourth and final single from Fort Minor's debut album The Rising Tied, released on April 14, 2006. The song features Skylar Grey (who at the time went by her real name Holly Brook) and Jonah Matranga, lead singer of the rock group Far. \"Where'd You Go\" was written and produced by Shinoda. The song is about the consequences of putting one's career before one's family with the lyrics emanating from the perspective of the person left behind in long-distance relationships. \"Where'd You Go\" received generally positive reviews from music critics, with most reviewers noting the song's simplicity, as well as praising Brook's vocals. \"Where'd You Go\" was Fort Minor's most commercially successful single, peaking within the top 10 of several international music\n\nQuestion: \"What is the stage name of Alecia Beth Moore, whose hits include \"\"There You Go\"\", \"\"Stupid Girls\"\", \"\"Who Knew\"\", \"\"Funhouse\"\"and \"\"So What\"\"?\"", "output": "Pink"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "varies from the peaks of the Andes in the West, to the Eastern Lowlands, situated within the Amazon basin. One-third of the country is within the Andean mountain range. With of area, Bolivia is the fifth largest country in South America, after Brazil, Argentina, Peru, and Colombia (and alongside Paraguay, one of the only two landlocked countries in the Americas), the 27th largest in the world, the largest landlocked country in the Southern Hemisphere, and the world's seventh largest landlocked country, after Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Chad, Niger, Mali, and Ethiopia. The country's population, estimated at 12 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Mestizos, Europeans, Asians, and Africans. Spanish is the official and predominant language, although 36 indigenous languages also have official status, of which the most commonly spoken are Guarani, Aymara, and Quechua languages. Before Spanish colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire, while the northern and\n\nto the Incas of the highlands in pre-Conquest times, which became totally forgotten after the fall of the highland Incas to the Spaniards, protected until even now by its remote location, difficulty of access, and the difficulty of life there. References Natural regions of South America Geography of Peru Archaeological sites in Peru\n\nof which the most commonly spoken are Guarani, Aymara, and Quechua languages. Before Spanish colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire, while the northern and eastern lowlands were inhabited by independent tribes. Spanish conquistadors arriving from Cusco and Asunci\u00f3n took control of the region in the 16th century. During the Spanish colonial period Bolivia was administered by the Real Audiencia of Charcas. Spain built its empire in large part upon the silver that was extracted from Bolivia's mines. After the first call for independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar. Over the course of the 19th and early 20th century Bolivia lost control of several peripheral territories to neighboring countries including the seizure of its coastline by Chile in 1879 and Acre territory to Brazil. Bolivia experienced a succession of military and civilian governments\n\nQuestion: In which country did the Incas live", "output": "Peru"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "named after Samuel de Champlain, one of the first French explorers of Canada of the 17th century. References External links Provincial parks of Ontario Parks in Nipissing District Protected areas established in 1990 1990 establishments in Ontario\n\nFort Charlesbourg Royal (1541\u20141543) is a National Historic Site in the Cap-Rouge neighbourhood of Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Established by Jacques Cartier in 1541, it was France's first attempt at a colony in North America, and was abandoned two years later. In 1608, France would establish a successful colony, the Habitation de Qu\u00e9bec, 15 kilometers east of the Cap-Rouge fort. History In the summer of 1541, after arriving on his third and final voyage, French explorer Jacques Cartier established the fort and a settlement of 400 people. It consisted of an upper fort, and lower fort located near the confluence of Rivi\u00e8re du Cap Rouge at the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River. The upper fort, at an elevation of , offered a strategic defensive position, while the lower fort provided a potential anchorage for ships. The two forts had three towers. Charlesbourg Royal was named after Charles II,\n\nBarcelonnette (; , also ; obsolete ) is a commune of France and a subprefecture in the department of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, in the Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d'Azur region. It is located in the southern French Alps, at the crossroads between Provence, Piedmont and the Dauphin\u00e9, and is the largest town in the Ubaye Valley. The town's inhabitants are known as Barcelonnettes. Toponymy Barcelonnette was founded and named in 1231, by Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence. While the town's name is generally seen as a diminutive form of Barcelona in Catalonia, Albert Dauzat and Charles Rostaing point out an earlier attestation of the name Barcilona in Barcelonnette in around 1200, and suggest that it is derived instead from two earlier stems signifying a mountain, *bar and *cin (the latter of which is also seen in the name of Mont Cenis). In the Vivaro-Alpine dialect of Occitan, the town is known as Barcilona de\n\nQuestion: Which city was founded by Samuel De Champlain in 1608?", "output": "Quebec"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Kosher style refers to foods commonly associated with Jewish cuisine but which may or may not actually be kosher. It is a stylistic designation rather than one based on the laws of kashrut. Generally, kosher-style food does not include meat from forbidden animals, such as pigs and shellfish, and does not contain both meat and milk in the same dish; however if such dish includes meat, it might not be kosher slaughtered. In some U.S. states, the use of this term in advertising is illegal as a misleading term under consumer protection laws. Jews who do not keep kosher but wish to restrict themselves to eating \"traditional style\" foods, usually not eating forbidden animals or mixing milk and meat, may consider themselves to keep \"kosher style\". History The term \"kosher style\" was invented by Nathan Handwerker, co-founder of Nathan's Famous. Because Nathan's lacked rabbinic supervision and the meat was not\n\nabove) bread: the body of Christ in Catholicism the challah in Judaism is symbol of divine presence in shabat chestnut: Befana coca leaf: for the Andean cultures Leola's Maize Corn: Amerindian goddess of prosperity in cajun of Louisiana See also Anthropology of religion Canang sari Food and drink prohibitions Libation Religion and alcohol Religion and drugs Sacramental bread List of foods with religious symbolism Anthropology of religion Religious food and drink\n\nThe Orthodox Union certifies Coturnix coturnix as kosher based upon the masorah of Rabbi Shlomo Zev Zweigenhaft. See also Quail eggs References Meat by animal Cuisine of the Southern United States Cuisine of the Western United States French cuisine Indian cuisine Italian cuisine Japanese cuisine Maltese cuisine Mexican cuisine Polish cuisine Portuguese cuisine Spanish cuisine Romani cuisine Types of food\n\nQuestion: Which religion is most associated with kosher food?", "output": "Judaism"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Arkansas ( ) is a landlocked state in the south-central region of the Southern United States. It is bordered by Missouri to the north, Tennessee and Mississippi to the east, Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, and Oklahoma to the west. Its name is from the Osage language, a Dhegiha Siouan language, and referred to their relatives, the Quapaw people. The state's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta. Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 34th most populous state, with a population of just over 3 million at the 2020 census. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, in the central part of the state,\n\nThe Kansas Legislature is the state legislature of the U.S. state of Kansas. It is a bicameral assembly, composed of the lower Kansas House of Representatives, with 125 state representatives, and the upper Kansas Senate, with 40 state senators. Representatives are elected for two-year terms, senators for four-year terms. Prior to statehood, separate pro-slavery and anti-slavery territorial legislatures emerged, drafting four separate constitutions, until one was finally ratified and Kansas became a state in 1861. Republicans hold a long-standing supermajority in both houses of the state legislature, despite a short-lived dominance by the Populist Party. The state legislature approved one of the first child labor laws in the nation. Composed of 165 state lawmakers, the state legislature meets at the Kansas State Capitol in Topeka once a year in regular session. Additional special sessions can be called by the governor. History Pre-statehood The Kansas Territory was created out of the\n\nThe Archdiocese of Kansas City in Kansas () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical province, or archdiocese, of the Catholic Church in eastern Kansas in the United States. The archbishop's episcopal seat is located at the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter in Kansas City, Kansas. The Archdiocese of Kansas City in Kansas is a metropolitan see. Its metropolitan archbishop oversees an ecclesiastical province with three suffragan dioceses: the Dioceses of Dodge City, Salina, and Wichita. Territory The Archdiocese of Kansas City in Kansas comprises the following counties: Anderson Atchison Brown Coffey Doniphan Douglas Franklin Jackson Jefferson Johnson Leavenworth Linn Lyon Marshall Miami Nemaha Osage Pottawatomie Shawnee Wabaunsee Wyandotte History 1800 to 1857 After the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, present-day Kansas became part of the United States. At that time, the Vatican placed Kansas, along with other vast areas of the Great Plains, under the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of New Orleans.\n\nQuestion: What is the capital of the American state of Kansas?", "output": "Topeka"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "approved for both and . 's arms might have been described thus: Per pale argent a cross gules and barry of thirteen of the first and azure, that is to say, with a red cross on a silver background on the dexter (armsbearer's right, viewer's left) side and thirteen horizontal stripes alternating between silver and blue on the sinister (armsbearer's left, viewer's right) side. 's arms might have been described thus: Per pale argent a cross gules and gules a bend argent charged with three roses Or barbed vert, that is to say, with the same dexter side as 's arms, but with the sinister side showing a red field with a silver slanted stripe with three golden roses with green sepals running along it. In 1967, the arms were changed in connection with the merger of the two municipalities. The resulting escutcheon might be described thus: Barry of eleven\n\ntaken over from the former arms of South-West Africa (see below). Blazon The arms are blazoned as follows: Shield: Tierced per bend sinister Azure, and Vert, a bend sinister Gules fimbriated Argent and in dexter chief a Sun with twelve straight rays Or charged with an annulet Azure (the design of the Flag of Namibia). Crest: Upon a traditional head-ring Vert charged with six lozenges conjoined Or, a fish eagle rising wings elevated and displayed proper. Supporters: Two oryx proper. Compartment: A Namib sand dune with a Welwitschia mirabilis on the foreground. Motto: Unity Liberty Justice. Earlier coats of arms Proposed arms 1914 In 1914, the German Empire government decided to assign coats of arms to German colonies, including South-West Africa. Arms were designed, but World War I broke out before the project was finalised, and the arms were never taken into use. The arms proposed for German South-West Africa\n\nIn heraldry, an ordinary is described as quadrate (or more fully nowy quadrate) when it has a square central boss. Only certain ordinaries are usually shown quadrate: the cross, the pale, and the fess \u2013 but not, for example, a bordure or chevron. A saltire quadrate has the square lozengeways: External links Former arms of Freebridge Lynn Rural District Council, showing a cross quadrate. Former arms of Cannock Urban District Council, showing a cross potent quadrate. Heraldic charges Heraldic ordinaries\n\nQuestion: In heraldry what colour is argent?", "output": "Silver"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Central Park is a shopping complex in Fredericksburg, Virginia, with 166 businesses. The complex is located near the intersection of Interstate 95 and State Route 3. Many national big-box stores, restaurants, and smaller local businesses occupy the Central Park complex. The complex has of leased retail space. The complex's developer, the Silver Companies, describes Central Park as \"The East Coast's Largest Power Retail Center\". In the 2004 rankings from the American Studies Department at Eastern Connecticut State University, Central Park was ranked as the largest unenclosed mall (and the second largest mall) on the East Coast, and as the seventh largest mall in the United States. Tenants The many retail anchors of Central Park include Walmart, Target, Lowe's, Kohl's, Best Buy, Barnes & Noble, Buy Buy Baby, Hobby Lobby, Ashley Furniture Industries, Old Navy, Pottery Barn outlet, DSW, Office Depot, East Coast Appliance Source, and PetSmart. Former anchors include H.\n\nThe Bronx () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Bronx County, in the U.S. state of New York. It is south of Westchester County; north and east of the New York City borough of Manhattan, across the Harlem River; and north of the New York City borough of Queens, across the East River. The Bronx has a land area of and a population of 1,472,654 in the 2020 census. If each borough were ranked as a city, the Bronx would rank as the ninth-most-populous in the U.S. Of the five boroughs, it has the fourth-largest area, fourth-highest population, and third-highest population density. It is the only borough of New York City not primarily on an island. With a population that is 54.8% Hispanic as of 2020, it is the only majority-Hispanic county in the Northeastern United States and the fourth-most-populous nationwide. The Bronx is divided by the\n\nCentral Square is a section of the neighborhood of East Boston in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. The square begins at the intersection of Bennington Street and Meridian Street, continues up Meridian to its intersection with White Street, and includes all the area to the left. The square's intersecting streets also include Border, Saratoga, and Eutaw Street. It is within close proximity of the entrance to the Sumner Tunnel, which motorists take to downtown Boston. Education The Mario Umana Middle School Academy is the only school within the confines of Central Square, located at 312 Border Street. It is part of the Boston Public Schools system. Notably, the school's campus features the only recognized skate park in the neighborhood, the Harborside Community Skatepark. The first public branch library in the United States, built in 1870, lies in Central Square. Boston Public Library's East Boston branch is located at 276 Meridian Street.\n\nQuestion: Central Park is in which New York borough?", "output": "Manhattan"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Athletes from the Netherlands competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, United States. Medalists Bobsleigh Men & Women Short track speed skating Men Snowboarding Women Speed skating Men Women References Winter Olympics 2002, Salt Lake City, full results Olympic Winter Games 2002, full results by sports-reference.com Nations at the 2002 Winter Olympics 2002 Winter Olympics\n\nThe 2006 Winter Olympics were held in Turin, Italy, from 10 February to 26 February 2006. Approximately 2,508 athletes from 80 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) participated in these Games. Overall, 84 events in 15 disciplines were contested; 45 events were opened to men, 37 to women and 2 were mixed pairs events. Two disciplines were open only to men: Nordic combined and ski jumping, while figure skating was the only one in which men and women competed together in teams. Eight new events were introduced: snowboard cross, team pursuit (speed skating), team sprint (cross-country skiing), and the mass-start race (biathlon). The team sprint events replaced the classical men's 30 kilometers (km) and women's 15 km cross-country distances, held at the previous Winter Games in 2002. In total, there were six more events than in the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, United States. A total of 451 individual athletes\n\nAt the 2002 Winter Olympics held in Salt Lake City, allegations arose that the pairs' figure skating competition had been fixed. The controversy led to two pairs teams receiving gold medals: the original winners Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze of Russia and original silver-medalists Jamie Sal\u00e9 and David Pelletier of Canada. The scandal was one of the causes for the revamp of scoring in figure skating to the new ISU Judging System. Competition In the figure skating pairs competition, Elena Berezhnaya and Anton Sikharulidze of Russia won the short program over Jamie Sal\u00e9 and David Pelletier of Canada. During the short program, Sal\u00e9 and Pelletier had tripped and fallen on their closing pose. Because the fall was not on an element, it did not receive a deduction, but it marred the program enough to land the pair in second place behind Berezhnaya and Sikharulidze. In the free skate, Berezhnaya and\n\nQuestion: In which city were the 2002 Winter Olympic Games held?", "output": "SALT LAKE CITY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Dried vine fruit is a term given to all the varieties of dried grape produced. The need for this term came from the fact that the United Kingdom is the only country in the European Union which differentiates dried vine fruit into different types. On mainland Europe, they are all simply called raisins, whereas in the UK they are differentiated into raisins, sultanas and currants. In this instance the term currant refers to the Zante currant, not the fruit of the Ribes genus. The sultana was brought to Europe from the Ottoman Empire, and is known for its golden colour and delicate, sweet flavour. \"Golden raisins\" are a Californian attempt to replicate the sultana industrially. They are made from the same variety (sultana=Thompson Seedless), treated with sulfur dioxide (SO2), and flame dried to give them their characteristic colour. A particular variety of seedless grape, the Black Corinth, is also sun\n\nDryness is a property of beverages that describes the lack of a sweet taste. This may be due to a lack of sugars, the presence of some other taste that masks sweetness, or an underabundance of simple carbohydrates that can be converted to sugar by enzymes in the mouth (amylase in particular). The term \"dry\" may be applied to types of beer, wine, cider, distilled spirits, or any other beverage. In a dry martini, \"dry\" originally referred to the inclusion of dry gin, however it is often incorrectly used to refer to the amount of vermouth used in the drink. A \"perfect\" martini \u2013 or any other cocktail that uses vermouth, such as a Perfect Manhattan \u2013 is a martini made with equal parts dry and sweet vermouth. References Alcoholic drinks Wine tasting de:Geschmacksangabe (Wein)\n\ndrug. Fermented grape juice \u2013 what wine is made from Fermentation \u2013 process that turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage. During fermentation yeast interact with sugars in the juice to create ethanol. Grape \u2013 fruit that grows on the perennial and deciduous woody vines of the genus Vitis. Grapes can be eaten raw or used for making jam, juice, vinegar, wine, raisins, and grape seed oil. Juice \u2013 the liquid that is naturally contained in fruit or vegetable tissue. Scientific makeup: Wine chemistry Acids in wine Phenolic compounds in wine Proteins in wine Sugars in wine Yeast assimilable nitrogen Minerals Dissolved gas (CO2) Monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes Glutathione Types of wine Wine styles Aromatized wine \u2013 A fortified wine with added herbs, spices, or flavorings. Dessert wine \u2013 A category of sweet wines served with dessert. Fortified wine \u2013 Fortified wine is a wine that has had a distilled spirit\n\nQuestion: What do you call a dried grape?", "output": "Raisin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Arabian Sea () is a region of sea in the northern Indian Ocean, bounded on the west by the Arabian Peninsula, Gulf of Aden and Guardafui Channel, on the northwest by Gulf of Oman and Iran, on the north by Pakistan, on the east by India, and on the southeast by the Laccadive Sea and the Maldives, on the southwest by Somalia. Its total area is 3,862,000 km2 (1,491,000 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 4,652 meters (15,262 ft). The Gulf of Aden in the west connects the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest, connecting it to the Persian Gulf. Geography The Arabian Sea's surface area is about . The maximum width of the sea is approximately , and its maximum depth is . The biggest river flowing into the sea is the Indus\n\nCornwall (; ) is a ceremonial county in South West England. It is recognised as one of the Celtic nations and is the homeland of the Cornish people. The county is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, Devon to the east, and the English Channel to the south. The largest settlement is Falmouth, and the county town is Truro. The county is rural, with an area of and population of 568,210. The largest settlements are Falmouth (23,061), Newquay (20,342), St Austell (19,958), and Truro (18,766). Most of Cornwall forms a single unitary authority area, and the Isles of Scilly have a unique local authority. The Cornish nationalist movement disputes the constitutional status of Cornwall and seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom. Cornwall is the westernmost part of the South West Peninsula. Its coastline is characterised by steep cliffs and, to the south, several rias, including\n\nAberdeen (; ; ; ) is a city in North East Scotland, and is the third most populous Scottish city. Aberdeen is one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas (as Aberdeen City), and has a population estimate of for the city of Aberdeen, and for the local council area making it the United Kingdom's 39th most populous built-up area. The city is northeast of Edinburgh and north of London, and is the northernmost major city in the United Kingdom. Aberdeen has a long, sandy coastline and features an oceanic climate, with cool summers and mild, rainy winters. During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeen's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite, which may sparkle like silver because of its high mica content. Since the discovery of North Sea oil in 1969, Aberdeen has been known as the offshore oil capital of Europe. Based upon the discovery of prehistoric villages around\n\nQuestion: From what sea does the United Kingdom extract most of its crude oil?", "output": "North Sea"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The New Jersey Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control (Division of ABC or, simply, ABC) is an agency of the government of the state of New Jersey that regulates commerce in alcoholic beverages in that state. The 21st Amendment to the United States Constitution, which ended the Prohibition, permitted the states to regulate matters related to alcohol. Immediately upon the end of Prohibition in 1933, New Jersey instituted the Alcoholic Beverage Control Law, codified as \"Title 33 Intoxicating Liquors\" of the New Jersey Statutes, which established the state ABC. These laws are expanded through administrative regulations in Title 13, Chapter 2 of the New Jersey Administrative Code. After New Jersey's 1947 Constitution was adopted and some departments were consolidated, the department was incorporated into the Division of Law and Public Safety under the New Jersey Attorney General's office. The Division of ABC is headed by a Director, who is appointed by\n\npermits them to cite or arrest the adult who has control of the premises. Due to the difficulty in proving these cases, some states make this an affirmative defense that the defendant must prove consumption was legally permissible. Drinking age Most states decided on 21 as the drinking age after Prohibition, but the 26th Amendment allowed individuals 18 and older to vote and serve in the military, so several states lowered the drinking age as well. However, President Ronald Reagan, influenced by groups such as Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) and Remove Intoxicated Drivers (RID), decided to federally enforce a 21+ drinking age by signing the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984. He believed that doing so would decrease the number of crashes related to drunk driving, because, he claimed, states with a drinking age of 21+ did not have as many drunk driving crashes. Reagan said that although\n\ngenerous terms. 1926 \u2013 Violet Gibson attempts to assassinate Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini. 1927 \u2013 AT&T engineer Herbert Ives transmits the first long-distance public television broadcast (from Washington, D.C., to New York City, displaying the image of Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover). 1933 \u2013 Prohibition in the United States is repealed for beer of no more than 3.2% alcohol by weight, eight months before the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution. (Now celebrated as National Beer Day in the United States.) 1933 \u2013 Nazi Germany issues the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service banning Jews and political dissidents from civil service posts. 1939 \u2013 Benito Mussolini declares an Italian protectorate over Albania and forces King Zog I into exile. 1940 \u2013 Booker T. Washington becomes the first African American to be depicted on a United States postage stamp. 1943 \u2013 The Holocaust in\n\nQuestion: What was abolished by the 21st Amendment to the US constitution in 1933?", "output": "PROHIBITION"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Call My Name\" is a song by Welsh singer Charlotte Church from her fifth studio album, Tissues and Issues (2005). The song was released as the album's second single on 26 September 2005. It was co-written by Church, Wayne Hector and Eg White; with White producing it alongside Fitzgerald Scott. Track listing CD1 single CD2 single / Australian CD single UK 12\" single Credits and personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Tissues and Issues. Charlotte Church \u2013 lead vocals, songwriting Eg White \u2013 songwriting, production, drums, percussion, bass synths, guitars, keyboards Pete Davis \u2013 drums, keyboards Wayne Hector \u2013 background vocals Fitzgerald Scott - production Yvonne John-Lewis \u2013 background vocals Marion Powell \u2013 background vocals Steve Fitzmaurice \u2013 audio engineering Stephen Sedgewick \u2013 audio engineering Charts Weekly charts References 2005 singles Charlotte Church songs Songs written by Wayne Hector Songs written by Eg White 2005 songs\n\nHeart is the eighth studio album by American rock band Heart, released on June 21, 1985, by Capitol Records. The album continued the band's transition into mainstream rock, a genre that yielded the band its greatest commercial success. Marking the band's Capitol Records debut, it became Heart's only album to top the US Billboard 200 to date. The album was eventually certified quintuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)\u2014in contrast to Heart's previous two releases, Private Audition and Passionworks, which remain uncertified\u2014proving that adopting a glam metal direction helped resurrect the band. The album yielded the band's first number-one single, \"These Dreams\", along with four other singles: \"What About Love\", \"Never\", \"Nothin' at All\", and \"If Looks Could Kill\", with the first four singles reaching the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100. At the 28th Annual Grammy Awards, the album was nominated for a Grammy Award\n\nIn early February 2006, Blabbermouth.net reported that Pain had signed with Roadrunner Records. Currently, Pain is under the Nuclear Blast Records banner. In 2008, Pain was on tour as a supporting performer for the Finnish symphonic power metal band Nightwish. During this tour singer Peter T\u00e4gtgren, drummer David Wallin, and bassist Johan Husgafvel were assaulted by a gang in Leipzig. T\u00e4gtgren received 10 stitches in his face, Wallin suffered a concussion and stitches to his head, and Husgafvel had his nose broken. Pain supported Nightwish on the second half of their Dark Passion Play World Tour, along with Finnish pop rock band Indica, beginning with the first show in London, UK on 11 March 2009. Pain released their seventh album, You Only Live Twice, on 3 June 2011 via Nuclear Blast. They released their eighth studio album entitled Coming Home on 9 September 2016. Discography Studio albums Singles Video albums\n\nQuestion: \"Who released the album \"\"Tissues and Issues\"\" in 2005?\"", "output": "Charlotte Church"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sir Thomas Metham (died 1573 in York Castle) was an English Roman Catholic knight, imprisoned with his second wife for their beliefs. Life Metham was the eldest son of Thomas Metham, of Metham, Yorkshire, by his marriage to Grace, a daughter of Thomas Pudsey, of Barford and Bolton. He married twice: first to Dorothy, daughter of George, Baron Darcy of Aston, and then to Edith, daughter of Nicholas Palmes of Naburn. Metham was knighted on 2 October 1553, the day after the coronation of Queen Mary I. Through George, his second son by his first wife, he was the grandfather of Father Thomas Metham, S.J., one of the Dilati, who died in 1592. By 16 August 1565, Sir Thomas and his second wife had been imprisoned \"for contempt of Her Majesty's ordinances concerning the administration of divine service and the sacraments\". On 6 February 1569\u201370 an unknown correspondent wrote to\n\nLady Jane Grey ( \u2013 12 February 1554), also known as Lady Jane Dudley after her marriage and as the \"Nine Days' Queen\", was an English noblewoman who claimed the throne of England and Ireland from 10 to 19 July 1553. Jane was the great-granddaughter of Henry VII through his daughter, Mary Tudor, and was therefore a grandniece of Henry VIII, and a first cousin once removed of Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I. She had an excellent humanist education, and a reputation as one of the most learned young women of her day. In May 1553, she married Lord Guildford Dudley, a younger son of Edward's chief minister John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland. In June 1553, the dying Edward VI wrote his will, nominating Jane and her male heirs as successors to the Crown, in part because his half-sister Mary was Catholic, while Jane was a committed Protestant\n\nViolant of Hungary (; ; ; c. 1215 \u2013 c. 1251) was the queen of Aragon from 1235 until 1251 as the second wife of King James I of Aragon. A member of the Hungarian House of \u00c1rp\u00e1d, Queen Violant was a valuable and influential advisor of her husband. She remains in folk memory in Catalonia and Valencia. Family Violant was born at Esztergom circa 1215, the only child of King Andrew II of Hungary and his second wife, Yolanda of Courtenay. Violant married King James I of Aragon in 1235. James had already been married to Eleanor of Castile, but he had this marriage annulled on the basis of consanguinity in 1229. He and Eleanor had a son, Alfonso, who was considered legitimate, but who died before James. James and Violant had ten children: Violant (1236\u20131301), Queen of Castile by her marriage to Alfonso X of Castile Constance (1239\u20131269)\n\nQuestion: Who was crowned Queen of England at Westminister Abbey on this day in 1553 ?", "output": "MARY I"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Ottawa National Forest is a national forest that covers in the Upper Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan. It includes much of Gogebic and Ontonagon counties, as well as slices of Iron, Houghton, Baraga, and Marquette counties. The forest is under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Forest Service. The headquarters are in Ironwood, Michigan, on the Wisconsin border, and the principal visitor center is located in Watersmeet, Michigan, in the southern section of the Forest. These and other towns within and adjacent to the Forest are served by U.S. Highway 2, one of the principal highways of the Western Upper Peninsula. There are local ranger district offices in Bessemer, Iron River, Kenton, Ontonagon, and Watersmeet. Topography Wooded slopes mark the south shore of Lake Superior within the Ottawa National Forest, particularly within the Black River country between Little Girl's Point and the Presque Isle River. As the Black\n\nPittsburgh is a former incorporated and now geographic township in Ontario, Canada. Located within Frontenac County, it was surveyed in 1787\u20131788 and named for William Pitt the Younger, the British prime minister. It was incorporated on January 1, 1850. The township was amalgamated into the city of Kingston effective January 1, 1998. The community still retains the name \"Pittsburgh\" within the government of Kingston. Pittsburgh Township is home to Fort Henry, Canadian Forces Base Kingston, the Royal Military College of Canada and the historic community of Barriefield, Ontario. It includes the east side of the UNESCO-listed Rideau Canal at Kingston Mills (site of the Shafia family murders), hosts a handful of motels serving Ontario Highway 15 and former Ontario Highway 2, a federal prison (Pittsburgh and Joyceville Institutions in Joyceville, Ontario) and three museums (Military Communications and Electronics Museum, RMC Museum and MacLachlan Woodworking Museum). Pittsburgh Township, separated from Kingston\n\nTunney's Pasture is a campus in the Canadian capital of Ottawa, Ontario, that is exclusively developed for federal government buildings. It is bordered by Scott Street to the south, Parkdale Avenue to the east, the Kichi Zibi Mikan to the north, and the Champlain Park neighbourhood to the west. While strictly speaking it is confined to this area, people living in the vicinity of it will often call the wider neighbourhood Tunney's Pasture. The complex is served by Tunney's Pasture station, a stop on the Transitway bus rapid transit system and the western terminus on the Confederation Line of Ottawa's O-Train light rail system. History Before development, this area, officially known as \"Lot 35, Concession A, Township of Nepean\", was used as a farmer's pasture, as the name still indicates, and named after Anthony Tunney who pastured his cows on the empty land. As a young man, Anthony Tunney emigrated\n\nQuestion: Ottawa is the national capitol of Canada. In what province is Ottawa located?", "output": "Ontario"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Herman Frasch [or Hermann Frasch] (December 25, 1851 \u2013 May 1, 1914) was a chemist, mining engineer and inventor known for his work with petroleum and sulfur. Biography Early life He was the son of Johannes and Frieda Henrietta (Bauer) Frasch. Both his parents were natives of Stuttgart. His father was burgomaster of Gaildorf. Herman attended the Latin school in Gaildorf and was then apprenticed to a bookseller in nearby Schw\u00e4bisch Hall. At the age of 16 or 19, he left the apprenticeship and sailed from Bremen to New York, then took the train to Philadelphia. After his arrival in the United States, he became a lab assistant to John Michael Maisch at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. Engineering career Oil career In 1875, Frasch invented a recovery process for tin scrap and process to make white lead from galena. He patented a process for refining paraffin wax in 1876,\n\nthe elements are available industrially in varying amounts. The discovery and synthesis of further new elements is an ongoing area of scientific study. Description The lightest chemical elements are hydrogen and helium, both created by Big Bang nucleosynthesis during the first 20 minutes of the universe in a ratio of around 3:1 by mass (or 12:1 by number of atoms), along with tiny traces of the next two elements, lithium and beryllium. Almost all other elements found in nature were made by various natural methods of nucleosynthesis. On Earth, small amounts of new atoms are naturally produced in nucleogenic reactions, or in cosmogenic processes, such as cosmic ray spallation. New atoms are also naturally produced on Earth as radiogenic daughter isotopes of ongoing radioactive decay processes such as alpha decay, beta decay, spontaneous fission, cluster decay, and other rarer modes of decay. Of the 94 naturally occurring elements, those with\n\nConverting is a type of metallurgical smelting that includes several processes; the most commercially important form is the treatment of molten metal sulfides to produce crude metal and slag, as in the case of copper and nickel converting. A now-uncommon form is batch treatment of pig iron to produce steel by the Bessemer process. The vessel used was called the Bessemer converter. Modern steel mills use basic oxygen process converters. Equipment The converting process occurs in a converter. Two kinds of converters are widely used: horizontal and vertical. Horizontal (which are an improvement of the ) prevail in the metallurgy of non ferrous metals. Such a converter is a horizontal barrel lined with refractory material inside. A hood for the purpose of the loading/unloading operations is located on the upper side of the converter. Two belts of tuyeres come along the axis on either sides of the converter. Molten sulfide\n\nQuestion: Which non-metallic element is obtained via the 'Frasch Process'?", "output": "SULPHUR"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Budweiser () is an American-style pale lager, a brand of Belgian company AB InBev. Introduced in 1876 by Carl Conrad & Co. of St. Louis, Missouri, Budweiser has become a large selling beer company in the United States. Budweiser is a filtered beer, available on draft and in bottles and cans, made with up to 30% rice in addition to hops and barley malt. There is an ongoing series of trademark disputes between Anheuser-Busch and the Czech company Budweiser Budvar Brewery over the use of the name. Usually, either Anheuser-Busch or Budweiser Budvar is granted the exclusive use of the Budweiser name in a given market. The Anheuser-Busch lager is available in over 80 countries, but is marketed as \"Bud\" in areas where Budvar has use of the Budweiser name. Name origin and dispute The name Budweiser is a German derivative adjective, meaning \"of Budweis\". Beer has been brewed in\n\nSkinner's is a British brewery founded in 1997 by Steve Skinner in Truro, Cornwall, England. The company produces cask ales and bottled beers, the names of which often come from Cornish folklore. Several ales have a connection to surfing culture, such as Skin Dog Cornish lager, which is named after the owner's son, Ben \"Skindog\" Skinner who is a surfer. Several beers have won Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) and SIBA awards. The company's pub, the Skinner's Ale House in Newquay, was sold, and is now called Leadbelly's. Skinners' new pub, The Old Ale House in Truro, serves their own ales, regular guest beers and ciders. In 2010\u201311, the company closed two of its sites at Chacewater and Devoran after purchasing a site next to its headquarters for storage and distribution. On 30 September 2022, the company announced via social media that it would enter administration from 3 October 2022.\n\nBunn-O-Matic Corporation is an American manufacturer of dispensed beverage equipment (including coffee and tea) headquartered in Springfield, Illinois with a plant in Creston, Iowa. The company was founded in 1957 by George R. Bunn, who designed his own versions of equipment that had been in existence for nearly fifty years: paper coffee filters (Bunn's version had a flat bottom and fluted sides) and pour-over drip coffee brewers. Today, the corporation's products are sold under the BUNN and Bunn-O-Matic brands. The company's home coffeemakers are used throughout the United States and Canada, but the company's primary customers are institutional foodservice providers worldwide. The company introduced their first automatic drip-brew coffee maker in 1963. The company introduced their first drip brewer for the home market in 1972. The current president and CEO is Arthur H. Bunn. Bunn is the American distributor of the Tiger Super Automatic Espresso Machine made by Thermoplan AG.\n\nQuestion: The Leffe beer company was founded and is headquartered in?", "output": "Belgium"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Karim Mostafa Benzema (born 19 December 1987) is a French professional footballer who plays as a striker for Saudi Pro League club Al-Ittihad. Regarded as one of the best strikers of all time, he is a creative forward renowned for his goal-scoring ability, as well as his technical skills, vision, and versatility on the field. He is Real Madrid's all-time second-highest goalscorer and top assist provider. Benzema won 24 trophies with Real Madrid, including four La Liga, three Copa del Rey, and five UEFA Champions League titles. Born in Lyon to parents of Algerian descent, Benzema began his career with hometown club Olympique Lyonnais in 2005, contributing sporadically to three Ligue 1 title wins. In 2008, he was named the league's Player of the Year and in the Team of the Year having finished as the league's top goalscorer and winning his fourth league title and first Coupe de France.\n\nAlex Rodrigo Dias da Costa (; born 17 June 1982), known as Alex, is a Brazilian former professional footballer who played as a centre-back. He was known for his physical strength and the power of his shot, which has gained him the nicknames of \"The Tank\" and Canh\u00e3o da Vila (\"Cannon of Vila Belmiro\"). Having been bought by the Premier League club Chelsea in 2004, Alex was loaned to Dutch team PSV and he won 3 Eredivisie titles with them. Alex finally joined the Chelsea squad in the summer of 2007 after three years in the Netherlands. In his time at Chelsea, he won the FA Cup in 2009 and a league and FA Cup \"double\" in 2010, as well as reaching the 2008 UEFA Champions League Final. He joined Paris Saint-Germain for \u00a34.2 million in January 2012 and won Ligue 1 twice with the club, moving to A.C. Milan\n\n24 goals in 27 games and adding three in the season's Champions League. On 20 April 2008, he netted twice \u2013 also being booked \u2013 in a 2\u20130 home win against Benfica; an offer from Zenit Saint Petersburg was rejected midway through the campaign, and the Portuguese club eventually bought the remaining economic rights of the player for \u20ac4.4 million. L\u00f3pez only scored ten goals in 2008\u201309, but finished fourth in the scoring list in the Champions League with six, only trailing Lionel Messi, Steven Gerrard and Miroslav Klose. Porto wrapped up the season with the conquest of the Ta\u00e7a de Portugal, and he netted the game's only goal in a victory over Pa\u00e7os de Ferreira. Lyon After the sale of Karim Benzema to Real Madrid in the summer of 2009, L\u00f3pez replaced him at Lyon, being transferred for a fee of \u20ac24 million, plus a \u20ac4 million bonus subject\n\nQuestion: With eight goals which Barcelona player was the leading scorer in the 2009-10 Champions League?", "output": "LIONEL MESSI"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Arc de Triomphe de l'\u00c9toile (, , ; ) is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, France, standing at the western end of the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es at the centre of Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly named Place de l'\u00c9toile\u2014the \u00e9toile or \"star\" of the juncture formed by its twelve radiating avenues. The location of the arc and the plaza is shared between three arrondissements, 16th (south and west), 17th (north), and 8th (east). The Arc de Triomphe honours those who fought and died for France in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, with the names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I. The central cohesive element of the Axe historique (historic axis, a sequence of monuments and grand thoroughfares on a route running from the courtyard of the\n\nfrom World War I. The central cohesive element of the Axe historique (historic axis, a sequence of monuments and grand thoroughfares on a route running from the courtyard of the Louvre to the Grande Arche de la D\u00e9fense), the Arc de Triomphe was designed by Jean Chalgrin in 1806; its iconographic programme pits heroically nude French youths against bearded Germanic warriors in chain mail. It set the tone for public monuments with triumphant patriotic messages. Inspired by the Arch of Titus in Rome, Italy, the Arc de Triomphe has an overall height of , width of and depth of , while its large vault is high and wide. The smaller transverse vaults are high and wide. Paris's Arc de Triomphe was the tallest triumphal arch until the completion of the Monumento a la Revoluci\u00f3n in Mexico City in 1938, which is high. The Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang, completed in\n\nwas the tallest triumphal arch until the completion of the Monumento a la Revoluci\u00f3n in Mexico City in 1938, which is high. The Arch of Triumph in Pyongyang, completed in 1982, is modeled on the Arc de Triomphe and is slightly taller at . The Grande Arche in La D\u00e9fense near Paris is 110 metres high. Although it is not named an Arc de Triomphe, it has been designed on the same model and from the perspective of the Arc de Triomphe. It qualifies as the world's tallest arch. History Construction and late 19th century The Arc de Triomphe is located on the right bank of the Seine at the centre of a dodecagonal configuration of twelve radiating avenues. It was commissioned in 1806, after the victory at Austerlitz by Emperor Napoleon at the peak of his fortunes. Laying the foundations alone took two years and, in 1810, when Napoleon\n\nQuestion: How many avenues start from the circle of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris?", "output": "12"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Young Irelander Rebellion was a failed Irish nationalist uprising led by the Young Ireland movement, part of the wider Revolutions of 1848 that affected most of Europe. It took place on 29 July 1848 at Farranrory, a small settlement about 4.3 km north-northeast of the village of Ballingarry, South Tipperary. After being chased by a force of Young Irelanders and their supporters, an Irish Constabulary unit took refuge in a house and held those inside as hostages. A several-hour gunfight followed, but the rebels fled after a large group of police reinforcements arrived. It is sometimes called the Famine Rebellion (since it took place during the Great Irish Famine), the Battle of Ballingarry or the Battle of Widow McCormack\u2019s Cabbage Patch. Background As with the earlier United Irishmen, who sought to emulate the French Revolution, the Young Irelanders were inspired by Republicanism in America and in Europe. The year\n\nPhilip Shanahan (27 October 1874 \u2013 21 November 1931) was an Irish Sinn F\u00e9in politician, who was elected to the United Kingdom House of Commons in 1918 and served as a Teachta D\u00e1la (TD) in D\u00e1il \u00c9ireann from 1919 to 1922. He lived in Dublin, where he was a licensed vintner, maintaining an Irish pub in the notorious Monto red light district. He was involved in the Easter Rising in Dublin in 1916. This led to him having legal difficulties over the licence of his public house. Shanahan consulted the lawyer and politician Tim Healy who commented: \"I had with me to-day a solicitor with his client, a Dublin publican named Phil Shanahan, whose licence is being opposed, and whose house was closed by the military because he was in Jacob's during Easter week. I was astonished at the type of man - about 40 years of age, jolly and\n\nThis is a timeline of the Irish War of Independence (or the Anglo-Irish War) of 1919\u201321. The Irish War of Independence was a guerrilla conflict and most of the fighting was conducted on a small scale by the standards of conventional warfare. Although there were some large-scale encounters between the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the state forces of the United Kingdom (Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC)/Auxiliary Division and Dublin Metropolitan Police (DMP) paramilitary units\u2014the Black and Tans, the Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) and the regular British Army), most of the casualties were inflicted in assassinations and reprisals on either side. The war began with an unauthorised ambush by IRA volunteers Dan Breen and Se\u00e1n Treacy at Soloheadbeg in 1919 and officially ended with a truce agreed in July 1921. However, violence continued, particularly in the disputed territory of Northern Ireland, until mid-1922 (see The Troubles in Northern Ireland (1920\u20131922)). In\n\nQuestion: In which year was the Easter Uprising in Ireland?", "output": "1916"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alois Alzheimer ( , , ; 14 June 1864 \u2013 19 December 1915) was a German psychiatrist and neuropathologist and a colleague of Emil Kraepelin. Alzheimer is credited with identifying the first published case of \"presenile dementia\", which Kraepelin would later identify as Alzheimer's disease. Early life and education Alzheimer was born in Marktbreit, Bavaria, on 14 June 1864, the son of Anna Johanna Barbara Sabina and Eduard Rom\u00e1n Alzheimer. His father served in the office of notary public in the family's hometown. The Alzheimers moved to Aschaffenburg when Alois was still young in order to give their children an opportunity to attend the Royal Humanistic Gymnasium. After graduating with Abitur in 1883, Alzheimer studied medicine at University of Berlin, University of T\u00fcbingen, and University of W\u00fcrzburg. In his final year at university, he was a member of a fencing fraternity, and even received a fine for disturbing the peace\n\npathological anatomy of the cerebral cortex. Alzheimer was the co-founder and co-publisher of the journal Zeitschrift f\u00fcr die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, though he never wrote a book that he could call his own. While at the Frankfurt asylum, Alzheimer also met Emil Kraepelin, one of the best-known German psychiatrists of the time. Kraepelin became a mentor to Alzheimer, and the two worked very closely for the next several years. When Kraepelin moved to Munich to work at the Royal Psychiatric Hospital in 1903, he invited Alzheimer to join him. At the time, Kraepelin was doing clinical research on psychosis in senile patients; Alzheimer, on the other hand, was more interested in the lab work of senile illnesses. The two men would face many challenges involving the politics of the psychiatric community. For example, both formal and informal arrangements would be made among psychiatrists at asylums and universities to receive\n\nmen would face many challenges involving the politics of the psychiatric community. For example, both formal and informal arrangements would be made among psychiatrists at asylums and universities to receive cadavers. In 1904, Alzheimer completed his habilitation at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, where he was appointed as a professor in 1908. Afterwards, he left Munich for the Silesian Friedrich Wilhelm University in Breslau in 1912, where he accepted a post as professor of psychiatry and director of the Neurologic and Psychiatric Institute. His health deteriorated shortly after his arrival so that he was hospitalized. Alzheimer died three years later. Auguste Deter In 1901, Alzheimer observed a patient at the Frankfurt asylum named Auguste Deter. The 51-year-old patient had strange behavioral symptoms, including a loss of short-term memory; she became his obsession over the coming years. Auguste Deter was a victim of the politics of the time in the psychiatric\n\nQuestion: Which form of dementia is named after a German psychiatrist who first described it in 1906?", "output": "Alzheimer's Disease"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Coronary artery disease (CAD), also called coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), myocardial ischemia, or simply heart disease, involves the reduction of blood flow to the heart muscle due to build-up of atherosclerotic plaque in the arteries of the heart. It is the most common of the cardiovascular diseases. Types include stable angina, unstable angina, and myocardial infarction. A common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw. Occasionally it may feel like heartburn. Usually symptoms occur with exercise or emotional stress, last less than a few minutes, and improve with rest. Shortness of breath may also occur and sometimes no symptoms are present. In many cases, the first sign is a heart attack. Other complications include heart failure or an abnormal heartbeat. Risk factors include high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor\n\nin 2010, about 20% of those over 65 had CAD, while it was present in 7% of those 45 to 64, and 1.3% of those 18 to 45; rates were higher among men than women of a given age. Signs and symptoms The most common symptom is chest pain or discomfort that occurs regularly with activity, after eating, or at other predictable times; this phenomenon is termed stable angina and is associated with narrowing of the arteries of the heart. Angina also includes chest tightness, heaviness, pressure, numbness, fullness, or squeezing. Angina that changes in intensity, character or frequency is termed unstable. Unstable angina may precede myocardial infarction. In adults who go to the emergency department with an unclear cause of pain, about 30% have pain due to coronary artery disease. Angina, shortness of breath, sweating, nausea or vomiting, and lightheadedness are signs of a heart attack, or myocardial infarction,\n\nBradycardia (also sinus bradycardia) is a slow resting heart rate, commonly under 60 beats per minute (BPM) as determined by an electrocardiogram. It is considered to be a normal heart rate during sleep, in young and healthy or elderly adults, and in athletes. In some people, bradycardia below 60 BPM may be associated with fatigue, weakness, dizziness, sweating, and fainting. The term \"relative bradycardia\" is used to refer to a heart rate slower than an individual's typical resting heart rate. Athletes may have athletic heart syndrome, which includes bradycardia as part of the cardiovascular adaptations to training and participation. The word \"bradycardia\" is from the Greek \u03b2\u03c1\u03b1\u03b4\u03cd\u03c2 bradys \"slow\", and \u03ba\u03b1\u03c1\u03b4\u03af\u03b1 kardia \"heart\". Classification Sinus Atrial bradycardias are divided into three types. The first, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, is usually found in young and healthy adults. Heart rate increases during inhalation and decreases during exhalation. This is thought to be caused\n\nQuestion: What is the common term for Myocardial Infarction?", "output": "Heart Attack"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "but can tolerate light frosts. The leaves are elliptic-oblong, tapered at both ends, dark green, glossy and long. Some trees bear only male flowers. Others have both male and female flowers, though some of these are self-incompatible. Fruiting takes about 3\u20134 years from seed and the trees are heavy bearers. Fruit Black sapote fruit are tomato-like and measure in diameter, with an inedible skin that turns from olive to a deep yellow-green when ripe and a pulp which is white and inedible when unripe but assumes a flavor, color and texture often likened to chocolate pudding when ripe. Fruits usually contain seeds, up to a maximum of 12. The texture has been likened to that of a papaya. Boning (2006) describes the ripe fruit as having \"the taste and consistency of chocolate pudding.\" Unripe fruits are astringent, caustic, bitter, irritating, and have been used as fish poison in the Philippines.\n\nA seedless fruit is a fruit developed to possess no mature seeds. Since eating seedless fruits is generally easier and more convenient, they are considered commercially valuable. Most commercially produced seedless fruits have been developed from plants whose fruits normally contain numerous relatively large hard seeds distributed throughout the flesh of the fruit. Varieties Common varieties of seedless fruits include watermelons, tomatoes, and grapes (such as Termarina rossa). Additionally, there are numerous seedless citrus fruits, such as oranges, lemons and limes. A recent development over the last twenty years has been that of seedless sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum). The seedless plant combines male sterility in the pepper plant (commonly occurring) with the ability to set seedless fruits (a natural fruit-setting without fertilization). In male sterile plants, the parthenocarpy expresses itself only sporadically on the plant with deformed fruits. It has been reported that plant hormones provided by the ovary seed\n\nfruits) Cider (made from apple juice or other fruit juice) Perry (made from pears) Plum jerkum (made from plums) Desi daru (made by fermenting molasses or high sugar containing fruits) Kilju (Finnish) Huangjiu (made from rice, millet, or wheat using a special starter culture of yeast, mold, and bacteria) Icariine liquor Kasiri (made from cassava) Kumis (Central Asia, traditionally made from horse milk but now primarily cow milk) Makgeolli (Korean, made from rice) Mead (made from honey) Nihamanchi (South America) a.k.a. nijimanche (Ecuador and Peru) (made from cassava) Palm wine (made from the sap of various palm trees) Parakari (made from cassava) Pulque (originally made by the natives of Mexico, made from the sap of the maguey plant) Sake (made from (polished) rice) Sakur\u00e1 (made from cassava) Sato Sonti Tapuy (Philippines, made from glutinous rice) Tepache Tiswin (made from corn or saguaro, a large cactus) Tonto Wine Coca wine Fortified\n\nQuestion: What small fruit is the main ingredient of a tapenade?", "output": "Olive"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Erasure are an English synth-pop duo that have released 19 studio albums, six live albums, nine compilation albums, seven box sets, 14 extended plays, 62 singles, 14 video albums and 50 music videos. Erasure consists of keyboardist Vince Clarke and singer Andy Bell. Erasure made their debut in 1985. Their third studio album, The Innocents (1988), reached number one on the UK Albums Chart, becoming the first of four consecutive albums to reach the top position. From 1986 to 2007, the duo achieved 32 consecutive top-40 singles on the UK Singles Chart, while attaining three top-20 singles on the US Billboard Hot 100: \"A Little Respect\", \"Chains of Love\", and \"Always\". By 2009, 34 of their 45 singles and EPs (eight of which were not eligible to chart in England) had made the UK top 40, with 17 climbing into the top 10. Albums Studio albums Compilation albums Live albums\n\nfeaturing \"On the Rebound\" and two non-album tracks, Small Faces cover \"Tin Soldier\" and \"Son of a Bitch\". Lineup When the previous lineup disintegrated, guitarist Mick Box briefly considered forming a new group entirely, but ultimately decided to continue with the Heep name. Abominog was the first of three albums to feature both vocalist Peter Goalby and keyboard player John Sinclair. It also marked the return of drummer Lee Kerslake to the band; his previous departure had been due to his unhappiness with the band's management, rather than the personnel. Coming along with Kerslake was bassist Bob Daisley; the two musicians had been in Ozzy Osbourne's Blizzard of Ozz-era band before being fired by Sharon Osbourne. Cover versions Half of the 10 tracks are cover versions of recordings by other artists: \"On the Rebound\" was originally recorded by Russ Ballard, on his Russ Ballard & the Barnet Dogs album (1980).\n\ndrums Peter Gordeno \u2013 keyboards, piano, backing vocals Jordan Bailey \u2013 backing vocals Georgia Lewis \u2013 backing vocals Charts Certifications References External links Depeche Mode video albums 2002 video albums Live video albums 2002 live albums\n\nQuestion: Which musician and songwriter was a member of the groups Depeche Mode, Yazoo and Erasure?", "output": "Vince Clark"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The inner cell mass (ICM) or embryoblast (known as the pluriblast in marsupials) is a structure in the early development of an embryo. It is the mass of cells inside the blastocyst that will eventually give rise to the definitive structures of the fetus. The inner cell mass forms in the earliest stages of embryonic development, before implantation into the endometrium of the uterus. The ICM is entirely surrounded by the single layer of trophoblast cells of the trophectoderm. Further development The physical and functional separation of the inner cell mass from the trophectoderm (TE) is a special feature of mammalian development and is the first cell lineage specification in these embryos. Following fertilization in the oviduct, the mammalian embryo undergoes a relatively slow round of cleavages to produce an eight-cell morula. Each cell of the morula, called a blastomere, increases surface contact with its neighbors in a process called\n\ndevelopment of most vertebrates, other systems are occasionally used for the common model organisms in developmental biology, such as the Hamburger\u2013Hamilton stages in the chick. Stages Days are approximate and reflect the days since the last ovulation before pregnancy (\"Postovulatory age\"). Stage 1: 1 days fertilization polar bodies Carnegie stage 1 is the unicellular embryo. This stage is divided into three substages. Stage 1 a Primordial embryo. All the genetic material necessary for a new individual, along with some redundant chromosomes, are present within a single plasmalemma. Penetration of the fertilising sperm allows the oocyte to resume meiosis and the polar body is extruded. Stage 1 b Pronuclear embryo. Two separate haploid components are present - the maternal and paternal pronuclei. The pronuclei move towards each other and eventually compress their envelopes where they lie adjacent near the centre of the wall. Stage 1 c Syngamic embryo. The last phase\n\nIn embryology, Carnegie stages are a standardized system of 23 stages used to provide a unified developmental chronology of the vertebrate embryo. The stages are delineated through the development of structures, not by size or the number of days of development, and so the chronology can vary between species, and to a certain extent between embryos. In the human being only the first 60 days of development are covered; at that point, the term embryo is usually replaced with the term fetus. It was based on work by Streeter (1942) and O'Rahilly and M\u00fcller (1987). The name \"Carnegie stages\" comes from the Carnegie Institution of Washington. While the Carnegie stages provide a universal system for staging and comparing the embryonic development of most vertebrates, other systems are occasionally used for the common model organisms in developmental biology, such as the Hamburger\u2013Hamilton stages in the chick. Stages Days are approximate and\n\nQuestion: What science is concerned with the development of an embryo from the fertilization of the ovum to the foetus stage?", "output": "Embryology"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "are on other blood thinners. Aspirin is not recommended in the last part of pregnancy. It is not generally recommended in children with infections because of the risk of Reye syndrome. High doses may result in ringing in the ears. A precursor to aspirin found in the bark of the willow tree (genus Salix) has been used for its health effects for at least 2,400 years. In 1853, chemist Charles Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Gerhardt treated the medicine sodium salicylate with acetyl chloride to produce acetylsalicylic acid for the first time. Over the next 50 years, other chemists established the chemical structure and devised more efficient production methods. Aspirin is available without medical prescription as a proprietary or generic medication in most jurisdictions. It is one of the most widely used medications globally, with an estimated (50 to 120 billion pills) consumed each year, and is on the World Health Organization's List of\n\nShilajit ( \"conqueror of mountain, conqueror of the rocks, destroyer of weakness\") or salajeet () or mumijo or mumie is natural organic-mineral product of predominantly natural biological origin, formed in the mountains (in mountain crevices and caves). A blackish-brown powder or an exudate from high mountain rocks, often found in the Himalayas, the Pamir Mountains (primarily in Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan), Karakoram, Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan, the Caucasus Mountains within Russia, Altai, Central Asia, Iran, Mongolia and in southern Peru, where it is called Andean shilajit. The powder is also known as \u03bc\u03bf\u03cd\u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 (in Greek), mumiyo or mumie (Russian: \u041c\u0443\u043c\u0438\u0451), brag-shun or barakhshin (\"oil of the mountains\" in Mongolia and southern Russian Siberian regions near the Sayan Mountains such as Khakassia and Buryatia), rock sap or rock juice (in Tibet, Central Asia, Himalaya, Pamir and Altai), asphalt, mineral pitch, Jew\u2019s pitch, slag or mineral wax (in English), silajita or silajatu (in\n\nSideritis, also known as ironwort, mountain tea, and shepherd's tea, is a genus of flowering plants known for their use as herbal medicine, commonly as a herbal tea. They are abundant in Mediterranean regions, the Balkans, the Iberian Peninsula and Macaronesia, but can also be found in Central Europe and temperate Asia. History and etymology In Greek, \"sideritis\" (Gr: \u03c3\u03b9\u03b4\u03b7\u03c1\u03af\u03c4\u03b9\u03c2) can be literally translated as \"he who is made of iron\". The plant was known to ancient Greeks, specifically Pedanius Dioscorides and Theophrastus. Although Dioscorides describes three species, only one (probably S. scordioides) is thought to belong to Sideritis. In ancient times \"sideritis\" was a generic reference for plants capable of healing wounds caused by iron weapons during battles. However, others hold that the name stems from the shape of the sepal, which resembles the tip of a spear. Taxonomy In 2002, molecular phylogenetic research found Sideritis and five other\n\nQuestion: The bark of which tree was the original source of making aspirin?", "output": "Willow"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Capital Circle is a three-quarter, non-limited-access beltway around the western, southern and eastern sides of Tallahassee, Florida in the United States. For the western half, see State Road 263 For the eastern half, see U.S. Route 319/State Road 261 Roads in Leon County, Florida Transportation in Tallahassee, Florida Beltways in the United States U.S. Route 19\n\nAlabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nTallahassee-St. Marks Historic Railroad State Trail is a rail trail and Florida State Park located on of the historic railbed of the Tallahassee Railroad, which ran between Tallahassee and St. Marks, Florida. The trail ends near the confluence of the St. Marks and Wakulla Rivers. The portion of the trail south of US 98 is designated as a portion of the Florida National Scenic Trail. A paved extension of the trail extends north for approximately into the City of Tallahassee. Recreational activities Activities include bicycling, skating, walking, jogging, and horseback riding. Amenities include a paved surface for those on foot or wheels and an unpaved trail for those on horseback. Parking is available at the trail head on SR 363/Woodville Hwy., just south of Tallahassee, as well as at the J. Lewis Hall Park in Woodville, the Wakulla Station Trailhead in Wakulla County, and the city park at the end\n\nQuestion: Of which American state is Tallahassee the state capital?", "output": "Florida"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Batman Returns is a 1992 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and written by Daniel Waters. Based on the DC Comics character Batman, it is the sequel to Batman (1989) and the second installment in the 1989\u20131997 Batman series. In the film, the superhero vigilante Batman comes into conflict with wealthy industrialist Max Shreck and deformed crime boss Oswald Cobblepot / The Penguin, who seek power, influence, and respect regardless of the cost to Gotham City. Their plans are complicated by Selina Kyle, Shreck's formerly-meek secretary, who seeks vengeance against Shreck as Catwoman. The cast includes Michael Keaton, Danny DeVito, Michelle Pfeiffer, Christopher Walken, Michael Gough, Pat Hingle, and Michael Murphy. Burton had no interest in making a sequel to the successful Batman, believing that he was creatively restricted by the expectations of Warner Bros. He agreed to return in exchange for significant creative control, including replacing original writer\n\nto the successful Batman, believing that he was creatively restricted by the expectations of Warner Bros. He agreed to return in exchange for significant creative control, including replacing original writer Sam Hamm with Daniel Waters and hiring many of his previous creative collaborators. Waters' script focused more on characterization than on overarching plot, and Wesley Strick was hired to complete an uncredited re-write which (among other elements) provided a master plan for the Penguin. Filming was done from September 1991 to February 1992, on a $50\u201380million budget, on sets and sound stages at Warner Bros. Studios and the Universal Studios Lot in California. Special effects primarily involved practical applications and makeup, with some animatronics and computer-generated imagery. The film's marketing campaign was substantial, including brand collaborations and a variety of merchandise to replicate Batman success. Released on June 19, 1992, Batman Returns broke several box-office records and earned about $266.8million\n\nBatman Forever is a 1995 American superhero film directed by Joel Schumacher and produced by Tim Burton, based on the DC Comics character Batman by Bob Kane and Bill Finger. The third installment of Warner Bros.' initial Batman film series, it is a stand-alone sequel to Batman Returns starring Val Kilmer, replacing Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman, alongside Tommy Lee Jones, Jim Carrey, Nicole Kidman, and Chris O'Donnell, while Michael Gough, and Pat Hingle reprise their roles. The film's story focuses on Batman trying to stop Two-Face and the Riddler in their scheme to extract information from all the minds in Gotham City while adopting an orphaned acrobat named Dick Grayson\u2014who becomes his sidekick, Robin\u2014and developing feelings for psychologist Dr. Chase Meridian. Schumacher mostly eschewed the dark, dystopian atmosphere of Burton's films by drawing inspiration from the Batman comic books of the Dick Sprang era, as well as\n\nQuestion: Who played the Penguin in the 1992 film Batman Returns?", "output": "Danny Devito"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Star City is a family leisure and entertainment complex in Nechells, Birmingham, England. It is located in the north east of the city very close to Junction 6 of the M6 motorway (Spaghetti Junction), and Aston railway station. Development This former derelict industrial land was developed as part of a regeneration scheme for the Heartlands area and to change Birmingham's image for the 21st century. Its centrepiece is the 25-screen (formerly 30-screen) Vue cinema, at the time the largest cinema in Europe and originally opened as Warner Brothers Cinema. The construction was carried out by Wolverhampton based firm Carillion. The complex was formally opened in July 2000 by actors George Clooney and Mark Wahlberg to coincide with the UK premier of The Perfect Storm. With some of leisure space, it is one of the largest leisure complexes in the United Kingdom. Attractions A 22-lane Megabowl (now branded as 'Tenpin') bowling\n\nand New Kingston gypsum mine. There has been local pressure to open it. However a new station, East Midlands Parkway has now been built at Ratcliffe-on-Soar. Currently only taxis serve to connect it to the nearby East Midlands Airport, forcing the majority of people to use the Skylink (bus service) from Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicester or Derby, but with improvements to the Erewash Valley Line has the potential to be a hub for local services from Nottingham and Derby to connect with a high speed service from London to Sheffield and the North. Station masters John Sykes ca. 1846 - 1853 (emigrated to Australia) John Beckwith 1853 - ???? (formerly of the Leicestershire County Police Force) Joseph Kilby 1860 - 1863 John Antill 1863 - 1864 S. Hudson 1864 - ???? Robert Cross 1868 - 1895 H.L. Bailey 1895 - 1900 (afterwards station master at Bath) Charles Ravenhall 1900 - 1905\n\npark is linked to the Birmingham main line canal via a route through Avery Road that connects it to the West Midlands Sustrans Cycle Route 5, running along the canal towpath, part of a National Cycle Network running from the Cotswolds via Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwick, Birmingham, and Stafford to Stoke-on-Trent in Staffordshire. Black Patch Park is edged by Foundry Lane to the west and south, Woodburn Road to the north, and to the east, Perrott Street, beyond which, as far as Handsworth New Road, stretches the triangle of Merry Hill Allotment Gardens. The West Midlands Metro has two stops nearby; Winson Green Outer Circle and Handsworth Booth Street. Kitchener Street which, until they were demolished in 1980, ran between terraced houses, was gated in January 2009 under section 129A of the Highways act 1980 - a measure intended by Sandwell MBC to prevent extensive fly-tipping. Industrial Revolution In 1769 James Brindley\n\nQuestion: The Sentinel serves which Midlands city?", "output": "Stoke-on-Trent"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Natalia Nikolayevna Pushkina-Lanskaya (; 8 September 1812 \u2013 26 November 1863) ( Goncharova) (\u0413\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430) was the wife of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin from 1831 until his death in 1837 in a duel with Georges d'Anth\u00e8s. Natalia was married to Major-General Petr Petrovich Lanskoy from 1844 until her death in 1863. Prior to marriage Natalia (Natalya) Goncharova was born on 8 September 1812 (27 August 1812 Old Style) in Karian village in Tambov Governorate (in present-day Znamensky District, Tambov Oblast), where her family lived during the occupation of Moscow by the forces of Napoleon. Her father, Nikolay Afanasievich Goncharov, a scion of the family of paper manufacturers from Kaluga, was pronounced demented in 1815; the household was managed by his wife, Natalia Ivanovna Zagriajskaya, an imperious lady with connections within Muscovite nobility. Her ancestors included Euphrosine Ulrike von Liphart and Ivan Aleksandrovich Zagryazhskij Natalie (as she was familiarly known) met\n\nto translate these magic lines into English. Aleksandr Blok metamorphosed Pushkin's poem into his own \"O podvigakh, o doblestyakh, o slave...\", while Mikhail Glinka set the poem to music and dedicated the result to Kern's daughter Catherine. \"Every night I stroll through a garden and repeat in my mind: she was there - a boulder she stumbled upon rests on my desk, beside a withered branch of heliotrope; I write a lot of poems - and this, you may be sure, has all the symptoms of love...\" Pushkin wrote to Kern's sister several days after her departure. He kept up a correspondence with Kern for a year and a half, but this was largely facetious. Although Pushkin's biographers tend to idealise their relationship, it is known that he referred to her later as the \"whore of Babylon\" and wrote to one of his friends that \"with God's help I screwed\n\nAnna Petrovna Kern (, (\u041f\u043e\u043b\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u043a\u0430\u044f), name after second marriage: Markova-Vinogradskaya (\u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430-\u0412\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f); \u2013 ) was a Russian socialite and memoirist, best known as the addressee of what is probably the best known love poem in the Russian language, written by Aleksandr Pushkin in 1825. Biography Anna was born in Oryol at the mansion of her grandfather, the local governor. She was brought up in Lubny in the Poltava Governorate (present-day Ukraine). On 8 January 1817 she was married by her parents to the 56-year-old General Kern, whom she professed to detest thoroughly. After they settled in Saint Petersburg, Anna flirted with a number of Romantic poets, but her chief claim to fame was a love affair with Pushkin in the summer of 1825, during her stay with relatives in Trigorskoe, a manor adjacent to Mikhailovskoye, where the great poet was living in exile. \"Lately, our land has been visited by a\n\nQuestion: How did poet Alexander Pushkin die in 1837?", "output": "In A Duel"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Macau was under Portuguese rule from 1557 until 1999. During the final period of colonial administration prior to the handover to China, Portugal retained only limited numbers of military personnel in Macau for liaison and support purposes; the last major units having been withdrawn following the Carnation Revolution of 1974. The Macao Garrison of the People's Liberation Army was established in 1999. Military installations Fortaleza do Monte 1616\u20131762 Barra Fort \u2014 1620s it once had 22 cannons and now site of Pousada De S\u00e3o Tiago Macau S\u00e3o Francisco Barracks 1864 \u2014 now home to the Office of the Secretary for Security Mong-H\u00e1 Fort 1864\u20131960s \u2014 fort consisted of barracks with 10 artillery pieces Army Historic The permanent Portuguese military garrison of Macau dates from March 1691, replacing the employment as needed of sailors from warships based in the colony. During much of the colonial period, the Portuguese garrison of Macau\n\nMacau (Regi\u00e3o Aut\u00f3noma de Macau) in Asia. Macau, by far the most populous and the wealthiest of the three regions, was handed over to China in 1999, leaving Portugal with two Autonomous Regions. Constitution Although the regions are politically and administratively autonomous, the Portuguese constitution specifies both a regional and national connection, obliging their administrations to maintain democratic principles and promote regional interests, while still reinforcing national unity. The third clause of article 255 of the Portuguese Constitution specifically points to maintenance of national integrity and sovereignty of the Portuguese State. Administration As defined by the Portuguese constitution and other laws, an autonomous region possesses its own political and administrative statute and has its own government. The branches of Government are the regional executive (Governo Regional) and the legislative assembly (known as the Assembleia Regional). The assembly is elected by universal suffrage, using the D'Hondt method of proportional representation. Originally,\n\nThe two Autonomous Regions of Portugal from 1999 () are the Azores (Regi\u00e3o Aut\u00f3noma dos A\u00e7ores) and Madeira (). Together with Continental Portugal (Portugal Continental), they form the Portuguese Republic. History The autonomous regions were established in 1976 in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution, which saw Portugal end its colonial empire. Some areas, such as the Azores, Madeira and Macau, were deemed either impractical to decolonise or too close in ties to Continental Portugal to make independent. However, due to their distinct geography, economy, social and cultural situation, as well as historical aspirations of autonomy in Madeira and the Azores, the autonomous regions were formed. When formed in 1976, there were three autonomous regions - the Azores, Madeira, and Macau (Regi\u00e3o Aut\u00f3noma de Macau) in Asia. Macau, by far the most populous and the wealthiest of the three regions, was handed over to China in 1999, leaving Portugal with\n\nQuestion: What country controlled Macau prior to 1999?", "output": "Portugal"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\u00c6lfheah ( \u2013 19 April 1012), more commonly known today as Alphege, was an Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Winchester, later Archbishop of Canterbury. He became an anchorite before being elected abbot of Bath Abbey. His reputation for piety and sanctity led to his promotion to the episcopate and, eventually, to his becoming archbishop. \u00c6lfheah furthered the cult of Dunstan and also encouraged learning. He was captured by Viking raiders in 1011 during the siege of Canterbury and killed by them the following year after refusing to allow himself to be ransomed. \u00c6lfheah was canonised as a saint in 1078. Thomas Becket, a later Archbishop of Canterbury, prayed to \u00c6lfheah just before his own murder in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170. Life \u00c6lfheah was born around 953, supposedly in Weston on the outskirts of Bath, and became a monk early in life. He first entered the monastery of Deerhurst, but then moved to\n\nJohn Bradford (1510\u20131555) was an English Reformer, prebendary of St. Paul's, and martyr. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London for alleged crimes against Queen Mary I. He was burned at the stake on 1 July 1555. Life Bradford was born in the village of Blackley, near Manchester in 1510. He was educated at a grammar school. Talented with numbers and money, he later served under Sir John Harington of Exton in Rutland as a servant. Through his good influence and abilities in auditing and writing, he gained favour and trust with his employer and at the Siege of Montreuil in 1544, occupied the office of paymaster of the English army during the wars of Henry VIII. Later, he became a law student at the Inner Temple in London. Through the contact and preachings of a fellow student, he became acquainted with and converted to the Protestant faith. This\n\nfrom the Pope. The various prerogatives of Henry VIII\u2014emerging parallel with the spread of Protestantism on the continent\u2014culminated in the English Reformation, wherein the Crown broke communion with Rome and seized leadership of the church, and with it the right to appoint bishops. Henry appointed Thomas Cranmer as the first Protestant archbishop of Canterbury in 1533, who would ultimately become one of the most important figures in the development of Anglicanism. The ascent of Henry's daughter Mary to the throne would bring with it a brief restoration of Catholic rule in England, with Cranmer replaced by Reginald Pole as archbishop in 1556. For his role in the Reformation, Cranmer was tried for heresy, and ultimately burned at the stake. Pole would be the final Roman Catholic to hold the office. Before the modern era, there was a considerable variety in who appointed church offices, depending on era and political happenstance.\n\nQuestion: Who was Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI, was then imprisoned for over two years and burnt at the stake for heresy?", "output": "Thomas Cranmer"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The New York Giants, an American football team which currently plays in the National Football League (NFL)'s National Football Conference (NFC), has a history dating back more than 80 seasons, with 4 Super Bowl victories. The Giants were founded in 1925 by Tim Mara in the then five-year-old NFL. Mara owned the team until his death in 1959, when it was passed on to his sons, Wellington and Jack. During their history, the Giants have won eight NFL championships, four of which came in Super Bowls. In just its third season, the team finished with the best record in the league at 11\u20131\u20131 and was awarded the NFL title. In a 14-year span beginning in 1933, New York qualified to play in the NFL championship game eight times, winning twice (1934 and 1938). They did not win another championship until 1956, aided by several future Hall of Fame players such\n\nThe Arizona Cardinals are a professional American football team based in the Phoenix metropolitan area. The Cardinals compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the National Football Conference (NFC) West division, and play their home games at State Farm Stadium in Glendale, a suburb northwest of Phoenix. The team was established in Chicago in 1898 as the Morgan Athletic Club, and joined the NFL as a charter member on September 17, 1920. The Cardinals are the oldest continuously run professional football franchise in the United States, as well as one of only two NFL charter member franchises still in operation since the league's founding, the other also from Chicago, the Chicago Bears (the Green Bay Packers were an independent team and did not join the NFL until a year after its creation in 1921). The team moved to St. Louis in and played there until .\n\nSoccer, also known as football, is the most played outdoor club sport in Australia, and ranked in the top ten for television audience as of 2015. The national governing body of the sport is Football Australia (FA), which until 2019, organised the A-League Men, A-League Women, and still organises the Australia Cup, as well as the men's and women's national teams (known as the Socceroos and the Matildas, respectively). The FA comprises nine state and territory member federations, which oversee the sport within their respective region. Modern soccer was introduced in Australia in the late 19th century by mostly British immigrants. The first club formed in the country, Wanderers, was founded on 3 August 1880 in Sydney, while the oldest club in Australia currently in existence is Balgownie Rangers, formed in 1883 in Wollongong. Wanderers were also the first known recorded team to play under the Laws of the Game.\n\nQuestion: What sport did Jossie's Giants play?", "output": "Football"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Lisztomania is a 1975 British surreal biographical musical comedy film written and directed by Ken Russell about the 19th-century composer Franz Liszt. The screenplay is derived, in part, from the book N\u00e9lida by Marie d'Agoult (1848), about her affair with Liszt. Depicting the flamboyant Liszt as the first classical pop star, Lisztomania features contemporary rock star Roger Daltrey (of The Who) as Franz Liszt. The film was released the same year as Tommy, which also starred Daltrey and was also directed by Russell. Rick Wakeman, from the progressive rock band Yes, composed the Lisztomania soundtrack, which included synthesiser arrangements of works by Liszt and Richard Wagner. He also appears in the film as Thor, the Nordic god of thunder. Daltrey and Russell wrote the lyrics for the soundtrack, and Daltrey provided vocals. Of the other rock celebrities appearing in the film, Ringo Starr appears as the Pope. The term Lisztomania\n\nLieutenant Pigeon were an English novelty musical group popular in the early 1970s, originating in Coventry. Career A spin-off from an experimental music band Stavely Makepeace, the group was fronted by Rob Woodward and managed by him and drummer Nigel Fletcher. Other members included bassist Steven Johnson. The group's sound was dominated by a heavy honky-tonk-style piano played by Woodward's mother, Hilda. Lieutenant Pigeon (an anagram of Genuine Potential) achieved two UK hits: \"Mouldy Old Dough\", written by Woodward with bandmate Fletcher, which reached number one in 1972, followed by \"Desperate Dan\" (number 17 in 1973). Both tracks were largely instrumental, with the titles providing virtually the only lyrics. \"Mouldy Old Dough\" (the title being an adaptation of the 1920s jazz phrase, \"vo-de-o-do\") became the second biggest selling UK single of the year, behind The Band of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards' bagpipe version of \"Amazing Grace\". Lieutenant Pigeon scored\n\nBand of the Hand is a 1986 American action crime neo noir thriller film directed by Paul Michael Glaser starring Stephen Lang, Leon Robinson, James Remar, Lauren Holly, and Laurence Fishburne. The film's score was composed and performed by Michel Rubini and the title track was written and performed by Bob Dylan, backed by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. Plot A group of five juvenile delinquents in their teens are doomed to be prosecuted as adults for their crimes unless they take part in a new and experimental \"program\" led by a Vietnam veteran Native American named \"Indian Joe\" Tegra (Stephen Lang). The five teens include two rival gang leaders, Ruben Pacheco (Michael Carmine), the leader of the Home Boys serving a three-year sentence for aggravated assault and armed robbery; Moss Roosevelt (Leon Robinson), the leader of the 27th Avenue Players, also serving a three-year sentence, for assault and armed\n\nQuestion: Which musical instrument does Jack Nicholson\u2019s character  play in the 1970 film \u2018Five Easy Pieces\u2019?", "output": "Piano"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Geoffrey Wright (born 1959) is an Australian film director and screenwriter, who gained cult success with the 1992 film Romper Stomper, starring Russell Crowe. In 1994 he directed the gritty suburban thriller film Metal Skin, starring Ben Mendelsohn, and later directed the teen horror film Cherry Falls, starring Brittany Murphy. In 2006 he adapted Shakespeare's Macbeth for film, starring Sam Worthington and Lachy Hulme. Filmography Film Television References External links 1959 births Living people Australian screenwriters Film directors from Melbourne\n\nMoby Dick (sometimes referred to as Moby Dick\u2014Rehearsed) is a two-act drama by Orson Welles. The play was staged June 16\u2013July 9, 1955, at the Duke of York's Theatre in London, in a production directed by Welles. The original cast included Welles, Christopher Lee, Kenneth Williams, Joan Plowright, Patrick McGoohan, Gordon Jackson, Peter Sallis, and Wensley Pithey. The play was published by Samuel French in 1965. Welles used minimal stage design. The stage was bare, the actors appeared in contemporary street clothes, and the props were minimal. For example, brooms were used for oars, and a stick was used for a telescope. The actors provided the action, and the audience's imagination provided the ocean, costumes, and the whale. Welles filmed approximately 75 minutes of the production, with the original cast, at the Hackney Empire and Scala Theatres in London. He hoped to sell the film to Omnibus, the United States\n\nBilly Bob Thornton (born August 4, 1955) is an American film actor, writer and director. He had his first break when he co-wrote and starred in the 1992 thriller One False Move, and received international attention after writing, directing, and starring in the independent drama film Sling Blade (1996), for which he won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. He appeared in several major film roles in the 1990s following Sling Blade, including Oliver Stone's neo-noir U Turn (1997), political drama Primary Colors (1998), science fiction disaster film Armageddon (1998), the highest-grossing film of that year, and the crime drama A Simple Plan (1998), which earned him his third Oscar nomination. In the 2000s, Thornton achieved further success starring in dramas Monster's Ball (2001), The Man Who Wasn't There (2001), and Friday Night Lights (2004); and comedy films, Intolerable\n\nQuestion: Which Shakespearean play is the basis for films directed by Orson Welles in 1948, Roman Polanski (1971), Geoffrey Wright (2006), Akira Kurosawa (1958), Billy Morrissette (2001), and Vishal Bharadwaj (2004)?", "output": "Macbeth"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Luigi Ricci (8 July 1805 \u2013 31 December 1859), was an Italian composer, particularly of operas. He was the elder brother of Federico Ricci, with whom he collaborated on several works. He was also a conductor. Life Ricci was born and educated in Naples, where he wrote his first opera at the conservatory in 1823. His triumphs in 1831 at La Scala with Chiara di Rosembergh and in 1834 with Un'avventura di Scaramuccia made him famous throughout Europe, and in 1835 he and his younger brother Federico collaborated in the first of the four operas they wrote together. In 1837 Ricci ran into financial problems, brought about mainly by his extravagant life-style. He was forced to accept a job at Trieste, and he composed no operas for seven years. Then, however, he fell in love, at the same time, with both Francesca and Ludmila, the 17-year-old identical twin sisters of\n\nand Da Ponte's Don Giovanni (1787) and Cos\u00ec fan tutte (1790), Rossini's L'italiana in Algeri (1813) and La Cenerentola (1817), and Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore (1832). See also Opera semiseria References Italian opera terminology Opera genres\n\n(The Love of the Three Kings) is an opera in three acts by Italo Montemezzi. Its Italian-language libretto was written by playwright Sem Benelli who based it on his play of the same title. Performance history L'amore de tre re premiered at La Scala in Milan on 10 April 1913. It received mixed reviews, but quickly became an international success, especially in the United States, where it became a staple of the repertory for several decades. The opera was given its American premiere in New York at the Metropolitan Opera on 14 March 1918 with Enrico Caruso, Claudia Muzio and Pasquale Amato. After the Second World War, the frequency of performances declined dramatically, and it was not performed in the US for nearly 30 years. It is still performed only rarely. Roles Synopsis Time: The Dark Ages Place: Italy Archibaldo, the blind king, conquered the kingdom of Altura forty years\n\nQuestion: Which Italian composed the 1832 opera 'The Elixir of Love' (L'elisir d'amore')?", "output": "Donizetti"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A skin infection is an infection of the skin in humans and other animals, that can also affect the associated soft tissues such as loose connective tissue and mucous membranes. They comprise a category of infections termed skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs), or skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), and acute bacterial SSSIs (ABSSSIs). They are distinguished from dermatitis (inflammation of the skin), although skin infections can result in skin inflammation. Causes Bacterial Bacterial skin infections affected about 155 million people and cellulitis occurred in about 600 million people in 2013. Bacterial skin infections include: Cellulitis, a diffuse inflammation of connective tissue with severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin. Further, cellulitis can be classified based into purulent and non-purulent cellulitis, based on the most likely causative agent and the symptoms presentation. Purulent cellulitis is often caused by Staphylococcus aureus, including both methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant\n\nLiver spots (also known as age spot, solar lentigo, \"lentigo senilis\", \"old age spot\", \"senile freckle\") are blemishes on the skin associated with aging and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun. They range in color from light brown to red or black and are located in areas most often exposed to the sun, particularly the hands, face, shoulders, arms and forehead, and the scalp if bald. The spots derive their name from the fact that they were once incorrectly believed to be caused by liver problems, but they are physiologically unrelated to the liver, save for a similar color. From the age of 40, the skin is less able to regenerate from sun exposure, and liver spots are very common in this age group, particularly in those who spend time in the sun. In the overwhelming majority of cases, liver spots pose no threat and require no treatment, though\n\nAcrodermatitis enteropathica is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder affecting the uptake of zinc through the inner lining of the bowel, the mucous membrane. It is characterized by inflammation of the skin (dermatitis) around bodily openings (periorificial) and the tips of fingers and toes (acral), hair loss (alopecia), and diarrhea. It can also be related to deficiency of zinc due to other, i.e. congenital causes. Other names for acrodermatitis enteropathica include Brandt syndrome and Danbolt\u2013Cross syndrome. Signs and symptoms Individuals with acrodermatitis enteropathica may present with the following: Blistering of skin Dry skin Emotional lability Glossitis Pustule Alopecia (loss of hair from the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes) may occur. Skin lesions may be secondarily infected by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or fungi such as Candida albicans. These skin lesions are accompanied by diarrhea. Genetics Acrodermatitis enteropathica, in terms of genetics, indicates that a mutation of the SLC39A4 gene on chromosome\n\nQuestion: Dermatitis affects what part of the body?", "output": "Skin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "(1975) looked at the changes in the Catholic Church since the Second Vatican Council. The Year of Three Popes covered the dramatic papal events of 1978, and was later followed by two papal biographies: John XXIII: Pope of the Council appeared in 1984 and Paul VI: The First Modern Pope in 1993. Death Peter Hebblethwaite died in Oxford on 18 December 1994, aged 64. Publications Books Bernanos: An introduction (Studies in modern European literature and thought series). London: Bowes & Bowes, 1965. Understanding the Synod. Dublin and Sydney: Gill & Son, 1968. The Runaway Church. London: Collins, 1975. The Christian-Marxist Dialogue: beginnings, present status, and beyond. London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1977. The Year of Three Popes. London: Collins, 1978. with Ludwig Kaufmann, John Paul II: A Pictorial Biography. New York: McGraw-Hill, c1979. (hbk.), (pbk.) The New Inquisition? Schillebeeckx and K\u00fcng. London: Fount Paperbacks, 1980. The Papal Year. London: Chapman,\n\nBenedict of Nursia (; ; 2 March AD 480 \u2013 21 March AD 547), often known as Saint Benedict, was an Italian Christian monk, writer, and theologian - venerated in the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion, and Old Catholic Churches. In 1964 Pope Paul VI declared Benedict a patron saint of Europe. Benedict founded twelve communities for monks at Subiaco in present-day Lazio, Italy (about to the east of Rome), before moving further south-east to Monte Cassino in the mountains of central Italy. The present-day Order of Saint Benedict emerged later and, moreover, is not an \"order\" as the term is commonly understood, but a confederation of autonomous congregations. Benedict's main achievement, his Rule of Saint Benedict, contains a set of rules for his monks to follow. Heavily influenced by the writings of John Cassian ( \u2013 ), it shows strong affinity\n\n<onlyinclude> This is a list of encyclicals of Pope Pius XII. Pius XII promulgated 41 papal encyclicals, during his reign as pope for over 19 years, from his election of March 2, 1939, until his death on October 9, 1958. The 41 encyclicals of Pius XII exceed the 32 encyclicals written by all his successors (John XXIII, Paul VI, John Paul I, John Paul II, and Benedict XVI) during the fifty years that followed (1958\u20132008). The encyclicals of Pius XII Background An encyclical (from Latin encyclia, from the Greek \"en kyklo, \", meaning \"general\" or \"encircling\") was a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Christian church. For the modern Roman Catholic Church, a Papal Encyclical, in the strictest sense, is a letter sent by the pope which is explicitly addressed to Roman Catholic bishops of a particular area or to the world,\n\nQuestion: \"\"\"The Year of Three Popes\"\", involving Pope Paul VI, Pope John Paul I and Pope John Paul II, is the name given to which year?\"", "output": "1978"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Milkshake\" is a song by American singer Kelis from her third studio album, Tasty (2003). Written and produced by the Neptunes, the song was originally offered to Britney Spears for her fourth studio album, In the Zone, but was instead given to Kelis. It was released as the lead single from Tasty in the United States on August 25, 2003, by Star Trak and Arista Records, and internationally on November 24, 2003. According to Kelis, \"milkshake\" in the song is used as a metaphor for \"something that makes women special\". The song is noted for its euphemistic chorus and low-beat R&B sound. \"Milkshake\" peaked at number three on the US Billboard Hot 100 in December 2003, becoming Kelis' highest-charting single to date. Elsewhere, the single topped the charts in Ireland and peaked inside the top 10 of the charts in Australia, Denmark, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden and the United\n\nBlaque featuring JC Chasez \"Sex Bomb\" - Tom Jones & Mousse T. \"Absolutely (Story of a Girl)\" - Nine Days Volume 3 \"I'm Outta Love\" - Anastacia \"Freestyler\" - Bomfunk MC's \"Come On Over Baby (All I Want Is You)\" - Christina Aguilera \"Spinning Around\" - Kylie Minogue \"Lucky\" - Britney Spears \"Jumpin', Jumpin'\" - Destiny's Child \"Shackles (Praise You)\" - Mary Mary \"Don't Think I'm Not\" - Kandi \"It's Gonna Be Me\" - NSYNC \"The One\" - Backstreet Boys \"There You Go\" - Pink \"Why Didn't You Call Me\" - Macy Gray \"Porcelain\" - Moby \"Fill Me In\" - Craig David \"I Will Love Again\" - Lara Fabian \"You Sang to Me\" - Marc Anthony \"I Think I'm in Love with You\" - Jessica Simpson \"He Wasn't Man Enough\" - Toni Braxton \"Maria Maria\" - Santana \"Don't Stop the Revolution\" - Breathe Volume 4 \"Love Don't Cost a Thing\"\n\n\"Supermodel (You Better Work)\" is a song by American dance music singer and drag queen RuPaul. It was released as a double A-sided single alongside \"House of Love\" in November 1992. The song served as the lead single from his debut major label album, Supermodel of the World. The song became a dance club anthem that, though particularly popular within the gay handbag house scene, found mainstream success. The song consists of RuPaul giving advice to a young black supermodel, and briefly several other models, largely consisting of \"sashay, shantay!\", \"work, turn to the left\", \"work, now turn to the right\", and \"you better work\". The music video for the song, featuring RuPaul in various outfits cavorting around town, became a staple on MTV. Singer Kurt Cobain of Nirvana cited the song as one of his favorites of 1993, and the two were photographed together at the MTV Video Music\n\nQuestion: \"Who had a hit in 2009 singing \"\"Womanizer woman-womanizer youre a womanizer oh womanizer oh youre a womanizer baby you you you are you you you are womanizer womanizer womanizer\"\"?\"", "output": "Britney Spears"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aquarius is an equatorial constellation of the zodiac, between Capricornus and Pisces. Its name is Latin for \"water-carrier\" or \"cup-carrier\", and its old astronomical symbol is (\u2652\ufe0e), a representation of water. Aquarius is one of the oldest of the recognized constellations along the zodiac (the Sun's apparent path). It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is found in a region often called the Sea due to its profusion of constellations with watery associations such as Cetus the whale, Pisces the fish, and Eridanus the river. At apparent magnitude 2.9, Beta Aquarii is the brightest star in the constellation. History and mythology Aquarius is identified as \"The Great One\" in the Babylonian star catalogues and represents the god Ea himself, who is commonly depicted holding an overflowing vase. The Babylonian star-figure appears on entitlement\n\nAquarius () (, Latin for \"water-bearer\") is the eleventh astrological sign in the zodiac, originating from the constellation Aquarius. Under the tropical zodiac, the Sun is in the Aquarius sign between about January 20 and February 18. Myth The water carrier represented by the constellation Aquarius is Ganymede, a beautiful Phrygian youth. Ganymede was the son of Tros, king of Troy (according to Lucian, he was also the son of Dardanus). While tending to his father's flocks on Mount Ida, Ganymede was spotted by Zeus. The king of gods fell in love with him and flew down to the mountain in the form of a large bird, whisking Ganymede away to the heavens. Ever since, the boy has served as cupbearer to the gods. Ovid has Orpheus sing the tale in his Metamorphoses. Gallery See also Astronomical symbols Chinese zodiac Circle of stars Cusp (astrology) Elements of the zodiac References\n\nLibra () (, Latin for \"scales\") is the seventh astrological sign in the zodiac. It spans 180\u00b0\u2013210\u00b0 celestial longitude. The Sun transits this sign on average between September 23 and October 23. The symbol of the scales is based on the Scales of Justice held by Themis, the Greek personification of divine law and custom. She became the inspiration for modern depictions of Lady Justice. The ruling planet of Libra is Venus along with Taurus. Libra is the only zodiac sign that is represented by an object; with the other eleven signs represented by either an animal or mythological character. Astrological associations Libra is the cardinal modality of the three air signs, the others being Gemini and Aquarius. Libra is symbolized by the scales and is associated with the Roman deity Iustitia. According to the writer Manilius, Roman judges are born under the sign of Libra. The Moon was said\n\nQuestion: Which sign of the zodiac is represented by the Fishes ?", "output": "Pisces"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aberdeen (; ; ; ) is a city in North East Scotland, and is the third most populous Scottish city. Aberdeen is one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas (as Aberdeen City), and has a population estimate of for the city of Aberdeen, and for the local council area making it the United Kingdom's 39th most populous built-up area. The city is northeast of Edinburgh and north of London, and is the northernmost major city in the United Kingdom. Aberdeen has a long, sandy coastline and features an oceanic climate, with cool summers and mild, rainy winters. During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeen's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite, which may sparkle like silver because of its high mica content. Since the discovery of North Sea oil in 1969, Aberdeen has been known as the offshore oil capital of Europe. Based upon the discovery of prehistoric villages around\n\nKincardine ( ; ) or Kincardine-on-Forth is a small town on the north shore of the Firth of Forth, in Fife, Scotland. The town was given the status of a burgh of barony in 1663. It was at one time a reasonably prosperous minor port. The townscape retains many good examples of Scottish vernacular buildings from the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries, although it was greatly altered during the construction of Kincardine Bridge in 1932\u20131936. It is in the civil parish of Tulliallan. Etymology The name Kincardine, recorded in 1540 as Kincarne, may be of either Pictish or Gaelic origin (It is also recorded as Kincarnyne). The second element is Pictish *carden, conceivably loaned into Gaelic, meaning \"woodland\" or perhaps \"enclosure, encampment\" (Middle Welsh cardden). The first element is the Gaelic ceann, \"head end\", but in view of the second element's \"Pictish\" distribution, it is most appropriately seen as\n\nthe country's main export to Flanders and the Low Countries. Scottish merchants from Aberdeen and Dundee had close trading links to Baltic ports in Poland and Lithuania. It is possible, therefore, that Jews may have come to Scotland to do business with their Scottish counterparts, but no direct evidence of that exists. The late-18th-century author Henry Mackenzie speculated that the high incidence of biblical place names around the village of Morningside near Edinburgh might indicate that Jews had settled in the area during the Middle Ages. This belief has, however, been shown to be incorrect, with the names originating instead from the presence of a local farm named \"Egypt\" mentioned in historical documents from the 16th century and believed to indicate a Romani presence. 17th\u201319th centuries The first recorded Jew in Edinburgh was one David Brown who made a successful application to reside and trade in the city in 1691.\n\nQuestion: Which Scottish city is promoted as \u2018One City, Many Discoveries\u2019?", "output": "Dundee"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"The Waking\" is a poem written by Theodore Roethke in 1953 in the form of a villanelle. It comments on the unknowable with a contemplative tone. It also has been interpreted as comparing life to waking and death to sleeping. In popular culture The poem appears as an object in Kurt Vonnegut's novel Slaughterhouse-Five. An excerpt of the poem also appears at the beginning of Dean Koontz's novel Odd Hours. Kurt Elling sings the poem on his 2007 album Nightmoves. Quoted by the psycho cop in Stephen King's novel Desperation. Quoted in Dana Simpson's \"Ozy and Millie.\" References External links Source text Secondary source of the text American poems 1953 poems\n\nGeorge Lippard (April 10, 1822February 9, 1854) was a 19th-century American novelist, journalist, playwright, social activist, and labor organizer. He was a popular author in antebellum America. A friend of Edgar Allan Poe, Lippard advocated a socialist political philosophy and sought justice for the working class in his writings. He founded a secret benevolent society, Brotherhood of the Union, investing in it all the trappings of a religion; the society, a precursor to labor organizations, survived until 1994. He authored two principal kinds of stories: Gothic tales about the immorality, horror, vice, and debauchery of large cities, such as The Monks of Monk Hall (1844), reprinted as The Quaker City (1844); and historical fiction of a type called romances, such as Blanche of Brandywine (1846), Legends of Mexico (1847), and the popular Legends of the Revolution (1847). Both kinds of stories, sensational and immensely popular when written, are mostly forgotten\n\nRaven's Gate is the first book in The Power of Five series, written by Anthony Horowitz. It was published and released in the United Kingdom on 1 August 2005, by Walker Books Ltd and in the United States (1 June 2005) by Scholastic Press under the adjusted series title The Gatekeepers. It is followed by Evil Star, released in 2006, Nightrise in 2007, and Necropolis in 2008, with the final book Oblivion in 2012. Plot After being arrested for breaking and entering an Ipswich warehouse, 14-year-old delinquent Matthew 'Matt' Freeman is enrolled in a teenage rehabilitation program and sent to a farm in the village of Lesser Malling, Yorkshire. The farm is run by the stern spinster, Jayne Deverill, whose sister, Claire, is also a spinster and the local primary school's headmistress. While there, Matt experiences various unexplained phenomena and discovers a confidential file suggesting he possesses psychic abilities. A\n\nQuestion: Who wrote the novel 'Slaughterhouse Five'?", "output": "Kurt Vonnegut"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the state as Forest Preserve and made part of the Catskill Park in the 1920s and 1930s. Today the area is managed by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation as the Indian Head Wilderness Area. References External links Catskill High Peaks hiking information (Catskill 3500 Club) Mountains of Greene County, New York Catskill Park Mountains of New York (state)\n\nEsopus Creek is a tributary of the Hudson River that drains the east-central Catskill Mountains in the U.S. state of New York. From its source at Winnisook Lake on the slopes of Slide Mountain, the Catskills' highest peak, it flows across Ulster County to the Hudson at Saugerties. Many tributaries extend its watershed into neighboring Greene County and a small portion of Delaware County. Midway along its length, it is impounded at Olive Bridge to create Ashokan Reservoir, the first of several built in the Catskills as part of New York City's water supply system. Its own flow is supplemented above the reservoir by the Shandaken Tunnel, which carries water from the city's Schoharie Reservoir into the creek. The creek, originally known by the Native Americans in the area as Atkarkaton or Atkankarten and by Dutch settlers as the \"Esopus Kill\", takes its name from the Esopus tribe of the\n\nThe Ashokan Reservoir (; Iroquois for \"place of fish\") is a reservoir in Ulster County, New York. It is at the eastern end of the Catskill Park, and is one of several in the region created to provide the City of New York with water. It is the city's deepest reservoir at near the dam at the former site of Bishop Falls. History New York City turned to the Catskill Mountains for water in the early 20th century after discovering that a group of speculators calling itself the Ramapo Water Company had bought up riparian rights to many water sources further south in Rockland, Orange and Ulster counties. The Catskills were more desirable, as state-owned Forest Preserve land in the region could not, under the state constitution, be sold to any other party. A recent amendment to that section of the state constitution also allowed up to 3 percent of\n\nQuestion: The Catskill Mountains lie mainly in which state?", "output": "NEW YORK"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of rocks, including Garachico and Anaga. In ancient times, the island chain was often referred to as \"the Fortunate Isles\". The Canary Islands are the southernmost region of Spain, and the largest and most populous archipelago of Macaronesia. Because of their location, the Canary Islands have historically been considered a link between the four continents of Africa, North America, South America, and Europe. In 2019, the Canary Islands had a population of 2,153,389, with a density of 287.39 inhabitants per km2, making it the eighth most populous autonomous community of Spain. The population is mostly concentrated in the two capital islands: around 43% on the island of Tenerife and 40% on the island of Gran Canaria. The Canary Islands, especially Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, and Lanzarote, are a major tourist destination, with over 12 million visitors per year. This is due to their beaches, subtropical climate, and important natural attractions,\n\nThe Canary Islands (; , ), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish autonomous community and archipelago in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. At their closest point to the African mainland, they are west of Morocco. They are the southernmost of the autonomous communities of Spain. The islands have a population of 2.2 million people and are the most populous special territory of the European Union. The eight main islands are (from largest to smallest in area) Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro and La Graciosa. The archipelago includes many smaller islands and islets, including Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Monta\u00f1a Clara, Roque del Oeste, and Roque del Este. It also includes a number of rocks, including Garachico and Anaga. In ancient times, the island chain was often referred to as \"the Fortunate Isles\". The Canary Islands are the southernmost region of Spain, and\n\nThe Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about west of Lisbon, about northwest of Morocco, and about southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. Its main industries are agriculture, dairy farming, livestock, fishing, and tourism, which has become a major service activity in the region. The government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors. The largest city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada. The culture, dialect, cuisine, and traditions of the Azorean islands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries. There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups.\n\nQuestion: In terms of both population and area, which is the largest of the Canary Islands?", "output": "Tenerife"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Valchava is a village in the Val M\u00fcstair (M\u00fcstair valley) of the canton of Graub\u00fcnden (Grisons), Switzerland. It was an independent municipality in the district of Inn until on 1 January 2009 Valchava merged with Fuldera, L\u00fc, M\u00fcstair, Santa Maria Val M\u00fcstair and Tschierv to form Val M\u00fcstair. History Valchava is first mentioned in 1331 as Valchava. Geography Valchava has an area, , of . Of this area, 46% is used for agricultural purposes, while 33.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 1.4% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (18.7%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). The village is located in the Val M\u00fcstair sub-district (now Val M\u00fcstair municipality) of the Inn district. It consists of the linear village of Valchava above Santa Maria Val M\u00fcstair and the alpine settlements of Chaunt and Valpaschun. Until 1943 Valchava was known as Valcava. Demographics Valchava has a population\n\nThe canton of Valr\u00e9as, sometimes called the enclave des Papes (\"Enclave of the Popes\"), is a canton of the Vaucluse department, a part of the Provence-Alpes-C\u00f4te d'Azur (PACA) region in Southern France. It consists of four communes: Grillon, Richerenches, Valr\u00e9as and Visan. Location The Enclave des Papes is surrounded by the Dr\u00f4me d\u00e9partement, separated from the Vaucluse proper by roughly 2.5 km at the closest point. Its four towns, Valr\u00e9as, Visan, Grillon and Richerenches have a rich history. For the Vaucluse, the Enclave des Papes is an exclave; for the Dr\u00f4me, it is an enclave. History From 1305 to 1378, the Popes lived in Avignon, in what is now France, and were under the influence of the French kings. During this period, known as the Avignon Papacy, the city of Avignon and the adjacent Comtat Venaissin were added to the Papal States. In 1316 the Cardinals chose a sickly man,\n\nThe Tarentaise Valley (, ; ) is a valley of the Is\u00e8re River in the heart of the French Alps, located in the Savoy region of France. The valley is named for the ancient town of Darantasia, the capital of the pre-Roman Centrones tribe. Description At the foot of the valley, in the west, is the city of Albertville. Going east up the valley, Mo\u00fbtiers is reached, then Aime, and finally the last large town, Bourg-Saint-Maurice. The area is internationally best known for its world-renowned ski resorts, including Les Trois Vall\u00e9es (Courchevel, M\u00e9ribel, Val Thorens etc.\u2014off a side valley from Mo\u00fbtiers), Paradiski with La Plagne above Aime, and Les Arcs above Bourg-Saint-Maurice. Espace Killy with Tignes and Val-d'Is\u00e8re is further up the valley. These communities hosted most of the events for the 1992 Albertville Winter Olympics. A weekly lift ticket in any of the described systems gives skiers a choice\n\nQuestion: The Valais is a canton of which European country?", "output": "Switzerland"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon ; ) is a city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, southwestern France. A port city, it is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called \"Bordelais (masculine) or \"Bordelaises (feminine). The term \"Bordelais\" may also refer to the city and its surrounding region. The city of Bordeaux proper had a population of 259,809 in 2020 within its small municipal territory of , but together with its suburbs and exurbs the Bordeaux metropolitan area had a population of 1,376,375 that same year (Jan. 2020 census), the sixth-most populated in France after Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Lille, and Toulouse. Bordeaux and 27 suburban municipalities form the Bordeaux Metropolis, an indirectly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of wider metropolitan issues. The Bordeaux Metropolis, with a population of 819,604 at the January 2020 census, is\n\nAachen ( , ; ; French and traditional English: Aix-la-Chapelle ) is the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 249,000 inhabitants. It is the westernmost city in Germany, and borders Belgium and the Netherlands to the west, the triborder area. It is located between Maastricht (NL) and Li\u00e8ge (BE) in the west, and Bonn and Cologne in the east. The Wurm River flows through the city, and together with M\u00f6nchengladbach, Aachen is the only larger German city in the drainage basin of the Meuse. Aachen is the seat of the City Region Aachen (). Aachen developed from a Roman settlement and (bath complex), subsequently becoming the preferred medieval Imperial residence of Emperor Charlemagne of the Frankish Empire, and, from 936 to 1531, the place where 31 Holy Roman Emperors were crowned Kings of the Germans. One of Germany's leading institutes of higher education\n\nBarcelona ( , , ) is a city on the northeastern coast of Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second-most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within city limits, its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the province of Barcelona and is home to around 4.8 million people, making it the fifth most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, the Ruhr area, Madrid and Milan. It is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea, located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Bes\u00f2s, bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range. Founded as a Roman city, in the Middle Ages Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. After joining with the Kingdom of Aragon to form the confederation\n\nQuestion: Which French city was was the 2013 European Capital of Culture?", "output": "Marseilles"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the bee hummingbird to the common ostrich. There are about ten thousand living species, more than half of which are passerine, or \"perching\" birds. Birds have whose development varies according to species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moa and elephant birds. Wings, which are modified forelimbs, gave birds the ability to fly, although further evolution has led to the loss of flight in some birds, including ratites, penguins, and diverse endemic island species. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly seabirds and some waterbirds, have further evolved for swimming.\n\nessential that the hood fits the raptor in a comfortable way or the raptor will reject the hood outright, making training very difficult. A bell, or pair of bells, on its legs (attached via small leather strips called bewits), which can be heard from a fair distance. An identity band on the leg, in most countries. Strips of strong leather (nowadays often kangaroo) called jesses on both legs. Very often, a telemetry transmitter, so that it may be recovered if lost during free flight. Falcons (the long-wing family of raptors) are tethered perched on a block; large owls (during training only) and short-winged and broad-winged hawks are tethered to a bow perch or round perch, when not allowed to fly free in their mews, an Old English word for a raptor's chamber. (The term is \"mews\" whether singular or plural; the word \"mews\" came from French muer which means \"to\n\ndinosaurs, the theropods. Within mammals, habitual bipedalism has evolved multiple times, with the macropods, kangaroo rats and mice, springhare, hopping mice, pangolins and hominin apes (australopithecines, including humans) as well as various other extinct groups evolving the trait independently. A larger number of modern species intermittently or briefly use a bipedal gait. Several lizard species move bipedally when running, usually to escape from threats. Many primate and bear species will adopt a bipedal gait in order to reach food or explore their environment, though there are a few cases where they walk on their hind limbs only. Several arboreal primate species, such as gibbons and indriids, exclusively walk on two legs during the brief periods they spend on the ground. Many animals rear up on their hind legs while fighting or copulating. Some animals commonly stand on their hind legs to reach food, keep watch, threaten a competitor or predator,\n\nQuestion: Which bird has legs but cant walk?", "output": "Hummingbird"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "B\u00e9la Viktor J\u00e1nos Bart\u00f3k (; ; 25 March 1881 \u2013 26 September 1945) was a Hungarian composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist. He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century; he and Franz Liszt are regarded as Hungary's greatest composers. Through his collection and analytical study of folk music, he was one of the founders of comparative musicology, which later became known as ethnomusicology. Biography Childhood and early years (1881\u20131898) Bart\u00f3k was born in the Banatian town of Nagyszentmikl\u00f3s in the Kingdom of Hungary (present-day S\u00e2nnicolau Mare, Romania) on 25 March 1881. On his father's side, the Bart\u00f3k family was a Hungarian lower noble family, originating from Borsodszir\u00e1k, Borsod. His paternal grandmother was a Catholic of Bunjevci origin, but considered herself Hungarian. Bart\u00f3k's father (1855\u20131888) was also named B\u00e9la. Bart\u00f3k's mother, Paula (n\u00e9e Voit) (1857\u20131939), also spoke Hungarian fluently. A native of Tur\u00f3cszentm\u00e1rton (present-day Martin, Slovakia), she\n\nfor some time. He died at Post Graduate Hospital there on 10 June 1916. His works include the operas Vanda (1875), Lanzelot (1890), King Arthur (1893), and Buddha (1904); an oratorio, The Captivity (1891); the cantatas The Young King and the Sheperdess and The Diver; several masses, symphonies, violin and pianoforte concertos, and sonatas, besides duets, songs, and chamber music. References External links Pianists from Austria-Hungary Male classical pianists Composers from Austria-Hungary 1852 births 1916 deaths Opera composers Pupils of Ignaz Moscheles Pupils of Moritz Hauptmann Pupils of Carl Reinecke [[Category:Emigrants from Austria-Hungary 19th-century classical pianists Immigrants to the United States\n\nvirtuoso solo performer playing a solo work for violin, piano, flute, or another instrument, accompanied by an orchestra. Vocal music, such as songs for a singer and piano (notably the work of Schubert), choral works, and opera (a staged dramatic work for singers and orchestra) were also important during this period. The best-known composers from this period are Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, and Franz Schubert; other names in this period include: Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Johann Christian Bach, Luigi Boccherini, Domenico Cimarosa, Joseph Martin Kraus, Muzio Clementi, Christoph Willibald Gluck, Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf, Andr\u00e9 Gr\u00e9try, Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny, Leopold Mozart, Michael Haydn, Giovanni Paisiello, Johann Baptist Wanhal, Fran\u00e7ois-Andr\u00e9 Danican Philidor, Niccol\u00f2 Piccinni, Antonio Salieri, Etienne Nicolas Mehul, Georg Christoph Wagenseil, Georg Matthias Monn, Johann Gottlieb Graun, Carl Heinrich Graun, Franz Benda, Georg Anton Benda, Johann Georg Albrechtsberger, Mauro Giuliani, Christian Cannabich and the Chevalier de Saint-Georges.\n\nQuestion: Which famous composer is depicted on the 1Euro coin issued by Austria?", "output": "MOZART"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Adivar is an impact crater on Venus, named in honor of Turkish writer Halide Edib Ad\u0131var. The crater is located just north of the western Aphrodite highland (9 degrees north latitude, 76 degrees east longitude). Surrounding the crater rim is ejected material which appears bright in the radar image due to the presence of rough fractured rock. A much broader area has also been affected by the impact, particularly to the west of the crater. Radar-bright materials, including a jet-like streak just west of the crater, extend for over across the surrounding plains. A darker streak, in a horseshoe or paraboloidal shape, surrounds the bright area. Radar-dark (i.e., smooth) paraboloidal streaks were observed around craters in earlier Magellan images, but this is a rare bright crater streak. These unusual streaks, seen only on Venus, are believed to result from the interaction of crater materials (the meteoroid, ejecta, or both) and\n\n10370 Hylonome (; prov. designation: ) is a minor planet orbiting in the outer Solar System. The dark and icy body belongs to the class of centaurs and measures approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 27 February 1995, by English astronomer David C. Jewitt and Vietnamese American astronomer Jane Luu at the U.S. Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii, and later named after the mythological creature Hylonome. Classification and orbit Centaurs are a large population of icy bodies in transition between trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) and Jupiter-family comets (JFCs), their orbits being unstable due to perturbations by the giant planets. Currently, Uranus controls Hylonomes perihelion and Neptune its aphelion. Hylonome is a carbonaceous C-type body that orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 18.9\u201331.4 AU once every 126 years and 2 months (46,073 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with\n\nOften called lunar mansion, a lunar station or lunar house is a segment of the ecliptic through which the Moon passes in its orbit around the Earth. The concept was used by several ancient cultures as part of their calendrical system. Stations in different cultures In general, though not always, the zodiac is divided into 27 or 28 segments relative to the vernal equinox point or the fixed stars \u2013 one for each day of the lunar month. (A sidereal month lasts about days.) The Moon's position is charted with respect to those fixed segments. Since the Moon's position at any given stage will vary according to Earth's position in its own orbit, lunar stations are an effective system for keeping track of the passage of seasons. Various cultures have used sets of lunar stations astrologically; for example, the Jyotisha astrological nakshatras of Hindu culture, the Arabic manzils (manazil al-qamar),\n\nQuestion: Oberon is a moon of which planet in our solar system?", "output": "URANUS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Paintings by Hieronymus Bosch, as well as paintings attributed to him or his school, have been compiled by various organizations. An investigation undertaken by The Bosch Research and Conservation Project of a multitude of Bosch's paintings included dendrochronological research and made an approximate dating of the paintings possible. The findings of this investigation were published in a book in 2016. The book describes the other findings of the investigation as well, such as painting technique, layer structure and pigment analyses. Bosch's works are generally organized into three periods of his life dealing with the early works (), the middle period (), and the late period ( until his death). According to Stefan Fischer, thirteen of Bosch's surviving paintings were completed in the late period, with seven surviving paintings attributed to his middle period. Bosch's early period is studied in terms of his workshop activity and possibly some of his drawings.\n\nwrestling with Pan; an allegory (1808) Venus recumbent and Cupids (1809) Clorinda (1811) Cupid and Psyche (1811) The Second Appearance of the Messiah (1834) The Judgement of Hercules (1834) The Prism (1838) Phaeton driving the Chariot of the Sun (1838) References 1781 births 1845 deaths 19th-century British painters British male painters 19th-century painters of historical subjects 19th-century British male artists\n\ncollection includes 600 paintings and 5,000 prints, drawings and photographs. The collection, assembled in the 1980s and early 1990s through a multimillion-dollar bequest, spans the history of American art. Its strength centers on The Eight. Other strengths include the world's largest collection of sculptures of William Edmondson, photographs by Louise Dahl-Wolfe, and a vast variety of post-Second World War prints. Recently, the Museum has pursued a consciously focused acquisition process, having added paintings by James Hamilton, William Bradford, and new contemporary sculpture for the Trail. The core holdings of the decorative arts collection include the third-largest Worcester porcelain in the United States, and a 650-piece silver collection, spanning the 18th-20th centuries. The Cheek Mansion is itself considered part of the collection. A year-long renovation, completed in June 2017, restored much of the original building, which revealed authentic features (wood and marble floors that had been carpeted), and conserved historical architectural\n\nQuestion: How many paintings make up William Hogarth\u2019s \u2018A Rake\u2019s Progress\u2019?", "output": "Eight"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The BTSB anti-D scandal triggered an general examination of the BTSB's procedures for screening blood products for the treatment of Hemophilia and exposed the unwitting infection of many Hemophiliacs with HIV, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. This resulted in the closure of the BTSB's main laboratory, curtailment in the production of some blood products, widespread changes to the management and structure of the organization and its eventual renaming in 2000. About blood The frequency of blood groups in Ireland is as follows: It is important that the IBTS collects enough O Rh D positive blood as almost half the population are that blood type. Donors with O Rh D negative are known as universal donors. Their blood can be transfused to patients of any other blood group in an emergency or if the patient's own blood group is unavailable. Because any patient can receive O Rh D negative blood, the\n\n100,212 units of blood in single day and got their name registered in the Guinness Book of Records 2016 - Conducted marathon world longest blood donation drive by organizing nonstop blood donation camps from 01 Jan 2016 to 31 December 2016 in parts of country. 2020 - Devoted their teams for Plasma Donation. 2021 - Involved themselves for SDP & RDP availability. 2022 - Collected 166539 units on 17th September. Rotary Blood Bank Friends2support Indian Red Cross Society Sankalp India Foundation Athar Blood Bank National Blood Transfusion Council Indonesia Indonesian Red Cross Society Ireland Irish Blood Transfusion Service Israel Magen David Adom Italy Associazione Volontari Italiani Sangue (AVIS) Italian Red Cross Japan Japanese Red Cross Malaysia National Blood Centre Nepal Nepal Red Cross Society Youth For Blood New Zealand New Zealand Blood Service Philippines Philippine Red Cross Singapore Health Sciences Authority South Africa South African National Blood Service South Korea\n\nThis is a list of blood donation agencies in different countries. Australia Australian Red Cross Lifeblood Bangladesh Bangladesh Red Crescent Society Sandhani Roktodane Sirajganj (RS) Belgium Belgian Red Cross Canada Canadian Blood Services H\u00e9ma-Qu\u00e9bec, provincial (Quebec only), independent from the Canadian Blood Services. Finland Veripalvelu (Finnish Red Cross Blood Service) Germany German Red Cross Hong Kong Hong Kong Red Cross Blood Transfusion Service India Akhil Bhartiya Terapanth Yuvak Parishad A social organization, which has active involvement in blood donation in India. It has been involved in blood donation through major camps since 2010. Detail of the Major Blood units collection through voluntary blood donation camps are:- 2012 - 96600 units of blood in single day 2014 - They have collected 100,212 units of blood in single day and got their name registered in the Guinness Book of Records 2016 - Conducted marathon world longest blood donation drive by organizing nonstop\n\nQuestion: Including the positives and negatives, there are eight blood groups. Which is the rarest?", "output": "AB negative"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Apolipoprotein B (ApoB) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the gene. It is commonly used to detect risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Function Apolipoprotein B is the primary apolipoprotein of chylomicrons, VLDL, Lp(a), IDL, and LDL particles (LDL\u2014commonly known as \"bad cholesterol\" when in reference to both heart disease and vascular disease in general), which is responsible for carrying fat molecules (lipids), including cholesterol, around the body to all cells within all tissues. While all the functional roles of ApoB within the LDL (and all larger) particles remain somewhat unclear, it is the primary organizing protein (of the entire complex shell enclosing/carrying fat molecules within) component of the particles and is absolutely required for the formation of these particles. What is also clear is that the ApoB on the LDL particle acts as a ligand for LDL receptors in various cells throughout the body (i.e., less formally,\n\nLipoprotein-X (Lp-X) is an abnormal low density lipoprotein found in cholestasis. Structure Lipoprotein-X is a lamellar particle of 30 to 70 nm in diameter as revealed by electron microscopy. It is characterized by its high content of phospholipids (66% by weight) and unesterified cholesterol (22%), and its low content of protein (6%), cholesterol esters (3%), and triglycerides (3%). The protein component is dominated by albumin, located in the core, and by apolipoprotein C, located on the surface of the particle. Using zonal ultracentrifugation, lipoprotein-X can be divided into three distinct populations: Lp-X1, Lp-X2, and Lp-X3, differing in density and apolipoprotein composition. Pathogenesis The pathogenesis of lipoprotein-X in cholestasis is not totally resolved. Normally, the liver excretes lipoprotein complexes into the bile showing phospholipid and unesterified cholesterol concentrations similar to Lipoprotein-X. The in vitro incubation of these bile lipoproteins with serum or albumin leads to the appearance of Lp-X\u2013like particles. These\n\nApolipoprotein E (Apo-E) is a protein involved in the metabolism of fats in the body of mammals. A subtype is implicated in the Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular diseases. It is encoded in humans by the gene APOE. Apo-E belongs to a family of fat-binding proteins called apolipoproteins. In the circulation, it is present as part of several classes of lipoprotein particles, including chylomicron remnants, VLDL, IDL, and some HDL. APOE interacts significantly with the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), which is essential for the normal processing (catabolism) of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. In peripheral tissues, APOE is primarily produced by the liver and macrophages, and mediates cholesterol metabolism. In the central nervous system, Apo-E is mainly produced by astrocytes and transports cholesterol to neurons via APOE receptors, which are members of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. Apo-E is the principal cholesterol carrier in the brain. Apo-E is required for cholesterol transportation\n\nQuestion: HDL and LDL lipoproteins are commonly classified as what?", "output": "Cholesterol"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sefer ha-Chinuch (, \"Book of Education\") is a Jewish rabbinic text which systematically discusses the 613 commandments of the Torah. It was published anonymously in 13th-century Spain. History The work's enumeration of the commandments (; sing. mitzvah) is based upon Maimonides' system of counting as per his Sefer Hamitzvot; each is listed according to its appearance in the weekly Torah portion and the work is structured correspondingly. The book separately discusses each of the 613 commandments, both from a legal and a moral perspective. For each, the Chinuch's discussion starts by linking the mitzvah to its Biblical source, and then addresses the philosophical underpinnings of the commandment (here, termed the \"shoresh\", or \"root\"). Following this, the Chinuch presents a brief overview of the halakha (practical Jewish law) governing its observance - usually based on Maimonides' Mishneh Torah - and closes with a summary as to the commandment's applicability. Because of\n\nKedoshim, K'doshim, or Qedoshim (\u2014Hebrew for \"holy ones,\" the 14th word, and the first distinctive word, in the parashah) is the 30th weekly Torah portion (, parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the seventh in the Book of Leviticus. It constitutes Leviticus 19:1\u201320:27. The parashah tells of the laws of holiness and ethical behavior, repeats the ten commandments, and describes penalties for sexual transgressions. The parashah is made up of 3,229 Hebrew letters, 868 Hebrew words, 64 verses, and 109 lines in a Torah Scroll (, Sefer Torah). Jews generally read it in late April or May. The lunisolar Hebrew calendar contains up to 55 weeks, the exact number varying between 50 in common years and 54 or 55 in leap years. In leap years (for example, 2024), Parashat Kedoshim is read separately. In common years (for example, 2025 and 2026), Parashat Kedoshim is combined with\n\nTorah Scroll (, Sefer Torah). (Parashah Vayikra has the most letters and words of any weekly Torah portion in Leviticus.) Jews generally read it in early May, or rarely in late April. Jews also read parts of the parashah, Leviticus 22:26\u201323:44, as the initial Torah readings for the second day of Passover and the first and second days of Sukkot. Readings In traditional Sabbath Torah reading, the parashah is divided into seven readings, or , aliyot. First reading\u2014Leviticus 21:1\u201315 In the first reading, God told Moses to tell the priests the priestly laws. None were to come in contact with a dead body except for that of his closest relatives: his parent, child, brother, or virgin sister. They were not to shave any part of their heads or the side-growth of their beards or gash their flesh. They were not to marry a harlot or divorcee. The daughter of a\n\nQuestion: How many commandments does the Jewish Torah contain?", "output": "613"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Jacob Denner (1681 \u2013 1735) was a woodwind instrument maker of Nuremberg. He was the son of Johann Christoph Denner, improver of the chalumeau and credited with the invention of the clarinet. Jacob is also well known for his recorders which have become the model for many modern instruments. He is reported to have worked for the Medici court in Florence in 1708. Jacob was also a performer and member of the Nuremberg Stadtpfeiferei. References External links Jacob Denner The clarinet history Jacob Denner - All Things Denner Recorder makers German musical instrument makers Musicians from Nuremberg 1681 births 1735 deaths\n\nAntoine-Joseph \"Adolphe\" Sax (; 6 November 1814 \u2013 7 February 1894) was a Belgian inventor and musician who invented the saxophone in the early 1840s, patenting it in 1846. He also invented the saxotromba, saxhorn and saxtuba. He played the flute and clarinet. Early life Antoine-Joseph Sax was born on 6 November 1814 in Dinant, in what is now Belgium, to Charles-Joseph Sax and his wife Marie-Joseph (Masson). While his given name was Antoine-Joseph, he was referred to as Adolphe from childhood. His father and mother were instrument designers themselves, who made several changes to the design of the French horn. Adolphe began to make his own instruments at an early age, entering two of his flutes and a clarinet into a competition at the age of 15. He subsequently studied performance on those two instruments as well as voice at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels. Sax faced many brushes\n\nThe philomel (; or Stahlgeige ) is a musical instrument similar to the violin, but having four steel wire strings. The fingerboard is fretless, like the violin. It was invented around Monaco di Baviera in the middle of the nineteenth century and has similarities with the Bowedmelodion also known as Streichmelodion. The philomel has a body with incurvations similar to those of the guitar; therefore, without corner blocks, the outline of the upper lobe forms a wavy shoulder reminiscent of the viols but more ornate and fanciful. The peg-box sometimes terminates in a fancy head instead of a scroll. The philomel, never used in the orchestra, is considered by some the instrument of the dilettanti, frequently played in Germany with the bowed zither. The accordance of the philomel is the same as for the violin; the timbre is shrill and crystal-like. There is also an alto philomel corresponding to the\n\nQuestion: What musical instrument was invented by Johann Christophe Denner", "output": "Clarinet"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The 1959 Hola massacre was a massacre committed by British colonial forces during the Mau Mau Uprising at a colonial detention camp in Hola, Kenya. Event Hola camp was established to house detainees classified as \"hard-core.\" By January 1959 the camp had a population of 506 detainees of whom 127 were held in a secluded \"closed camp.\" This more remote camp was reserved for the most uncooperative of the detainees. They often refused, even when threats of force were made, to join in the colonial \"rehabilitation process\" or perform manual labour or obey colonial orders. The camp commandant outlined a plan that would force 88 of the detainees to bend to work. On 3 March 1959, the camp commandant put this plan into action \u2013 as a result of which 11 of the detainees were clubbed to death by guards. All the 77 surviving detainees sustained serious permanent injuries. Attempted\n\nThe British Raj ( ; from Hindi , 'kingdom', 'realm', 'state', or 'empire') was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent; it is also called Crown rule in India, or Direct rule in India, and lasted from 1858 to 1947. The region under British control was commonly called India in contemporaneous usage and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom, which were collectively called British India, and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British paramountcy, called the princely states. The region was sometimes called the Indian Empire, though not officially. As India, it was a founding member of the League of Nations, a participating nation in the Summer Olympics in 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, and 1936, and a founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945. This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the Indian Rebellion of\n\nAhmadu Ibrahim Bello , also known as Sardauna of Sokoto KBE (12 June 1910 \u2013 15 January 1966), knighted as Sir Ahmadu Bello, was a conservative Nigerian statesman who masterminded Northern Nigeria through the independence of Nigeria in 1960 and served as its first and only premier from 1954 until his assassination in 1966, in which capacity he dominated national affairs for over a decade. He was also the leader of the Northern People's Congress, the ruling party at the time consisting of the Hausa\u2013Fulani elite. He had previously been elected into the regional legislature and later became a government minister. A member of the Sokoto Caliphate dynasty, he made attempts at becoming Sultan of Sokoto before later joining politics. Early years Bello was born in Rabah c. 1910 to the family of Mallam Ibrahim Bello. His father held the title of Sarkin Rabah. He was a descendant of Uthman\n\nQuestion: The failed Mau Mau uprising of the 1950s preceded eventual independence from British colonial rule of what nation in 1963?", "output": "Kenya"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alfred the Great (also spelled \u00c6lfred; \u2013 26 October 899) was King of the West Saxons from 871 to 886, and King of the Anglo-Saxons from 886 until his death in 899. He was the youngest son of King \u00c6thelwulf and his first wife Osburh, who both died when Alfred was young. Three of Alfred's brothers, \u00c6thelbald, \u00c6thelberht and \u00c6thelred, reigned in turn before him. Under Alfred's rule, considerable administrative and military reforms were introduced, prompting lasting change in England. After ascending the throne, Alfred spent several years fighting Viking invasions. He won a decisive victory in the Battle of Edington in 878 and made an agreement with the Vikings, dividing England between Anglo-Saxon territory and the Viking-ruled Danelaw, composed of Scandinavian York, the north-east Midlands and East Anglia. Alfred also oversaw the conversion of Viking leader Guthrum to Christianity. He defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest,\n\n\u00c6thelred (; c. 762 \u2013 18 April 796), was the king of Northumbria from 774 to 779 and again from 790 until he was murdered in 796. He was the son of \u00c6thelwald Moll and \u00c6thelthryth and possibly became king while still a child after Alhred was deposed. Family and early life The origin of \u00c6thelred's family isn't recorded, but his father \u00c6thelwald, who was also called Moll, seems to have come from a noble background. \u00c6thelwald first appears in the historical records in a letter written by Pope Paul I to king Eadberht, ordering him to return lands taken from an Abbot Fothred, which were given to his brother Moll. After the abdication of king Eadberht in 758, his son Oswulf took his place but despite his father's long reign and his powerful uncle Ecgbert, he was murdered just a year later in 759 at Market Weighton by his\n\nIsabella, Countess of Gloucester (1173/1174 \u2013 14 October 1217), was an English noblewoman who was married to King John prior to his accession. Lineage Isabella was the daughter of William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester, and his wife Hawise. Her paternal grandfather, Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester, was the illegitimate son of King Henry I. Her father died in 1183, at which time she became Countess of Gloucester suo jure. Royal marriage and annulment On 28 September 1176, King Henry II betrothed Isabella, an infant at most three years old, to his youngest son, John. John and Isabella were half-second cousins as great-grandchildren of Henry I, and thus within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity. But in the marriage agreement, the King agreed to find the best husband possible for Isabella should the Pope refuse to grant a dispensation for the proposed marriage. Henry also declared Isabella the sole heir\n\nQuestion: English monarch King John, who died in 1216, was the youngest son of which king?", "output": "Henry II"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Maldonado () is the capital of Maldonado Department of Uruguay. As of the census of 2021, it is the ninth most populated city in the country. Maldonado is also the name of the municipality to which the city belongs. It includes the following zones: Maldonado, Punta Ballena, Portezuelo, Barrio Hip\u00f3dromo, Canteras de Marelli, Los Ceibos, Abra de Perdomo, Laguna del Diario, El Placer, Cantegril, Maldonado Nuevo, Cerro Pelado, San Francisco, Los Pelotas, San Fernando, Estaci\u00f3n, Leonel, Perlita, Dominitez, El Molino, and Biarritz. History The origin of Maldonado's name dates back to January 1530, when Sebastian Cabot, an Italian explorer, departed for Castilla and left his Lieutenant, Francisco Maldonado, in what is now the bay of Maldonado. After the Treaty of Madrid, when they started to divide Spanish and Portuguese properties in that region of America, the military governor of Montevideo, Jos\u00e9 Joaqu\u00edn de Viana, suggested to the King that they\n\nUruguay is a Christian majority country, with Islam being a minority religion. Due to the secular nature of Uruguay's constitution, Muslims are free to proselytize and build places of worship in the country. The statistics for Islam in Uruguay estimate a total Muslim population of 1,000, representing 0.02 percent of the population. A significant Muslim population lives in Chuy, near the Brazilian border, as well as Rivera, Artigas and Montevideo. There are three Islamic centers in Montevideo: 1) Musallah Al Haazimi 2) Egyptian Cultural Islamic Center 3) Islamic Center Uruguay References Urug Uruguay\n\nLuque () is a city in Central Department of Paraguay, part of the Gran Asunci\u00f3n metropolitan area. Both 1635 and 1750 have been recorded as dates of its founding. It was temporarily the capital of Paraguay in 1868 during the Paraguayan War before relocation to San Estanislao. It is located at around . Luque is one of the most important cities in the country. The city counts as home of Paraguay's main international airport, Silvio Pettirossi International Airport and the \u00d1u Guas\u00fa Park, which is where the Paraguayan Olympic Committee is also located. The continental governing body of association football in South America, CONMEBOL, has its headquarters approximately 3 minutes from the Airport, consisting of the South American Football Museum and walking distance from the Bourbon CONMEBOL Asunci\u00f3n Convention Hotel. When it existed, ARPA \u2013 Aerol\u00edneas Paraguayas had its headquarters in the ARPA Terminal on the grounds of the airport.\n\nQuestion: What is the capital of Uruguay?", "output": "Montevideo"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "dream is substantially longer: I was walking about in a town which I did not know. I saw streets and squares which were strange to me. Then I came into a house where I lived, went to my room, and found a letter from Mother lying there. She wrote saying that as I had left home without my parents' knowledge she had not wished to write to me to say Father was ill. \"Now he is dead, and if you like you can come.\" I then went to the station and asked about a hundred times: \"Where is the station?\" I always got the answer: \"Five minutes.\" I then saw a thick wood before me which I went into, and there I asked a man whom I met. He said to me: \"Two and a half hours more.\" He offered to accompany me. But I refused and went alone. I\n\nwere descended from a family of Anglo-Irish landlords, and her grandfather, Henry Vee Macnamara, was the squire of two estates in County Clare. Caitlin's maternal grandfather, Edouard Majolier, was a French Quaker corn merchant in London, whilst her grandmother, Susannah Cooper, was the daughter of an Anglo-Irish landlord, and a sister-in-law to Alfred Perceval Graves and an aunt to Joseph Maunsel Hone and Philip Graves. Anton Dolin was another, more distant, relation. Caitlin's father, a would-be poet, moved in literary circles and was friendly with a number of artists. When Caitlin was about four or five, her father began to live apart from his family. Caitlin's mother left London, and she and the girls settled in Blashford, near Ringwood and the New Forest, where they were close friends to Welsh artist Augustus John and his family. In her early teens, Caitlin fell in love with Augustus's son, Caspar John, who\n\nthe two families with the fact that the ancestors of the Taulil and Butam people had migrated from New Ireland and so presumably would have their closest relatives there. Pronouns The pronouns Ross (2001) compares for East New Britain are as follows. {| class=wikitable ! colspan=2| || 1sg || 2sg || 3msg || 3fsg || 1pl || 2pl || 3pl || 1du || 2du || 3du |- ! colspan=2| proto-ENB |*\u014b(u)a || *\u014bi(a) || *a || *E || || *\u014ban(i) || *ta || *Nun || || *i |- !rowspan=2| Baining !free | \u014bua || \u014bia || ka || ki || uut || \u014ben || ta~ra || uun || uin || ian~iam |- !poss. | gua || gia || aa || colspan=7| |- !rowspan=3|Taulil !free sbj | \u014ba || \u014bi || aa || e || daa || yaa || taa || \u014bu || yu || |- !free obj |\u014baa\u014b||\u014bi\u014b||aa||e||undu||\u014ban||taa||\u014bun||yu||ip (3mdu), vitam\n\nQuestion: \"How many nouns are in the sentence \"\"My mother and father visited my sister in Wellington\"\"?\"", "output": "4"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "relinquished the title in 1935 to concentrate on regaining the welterweight championship. A few commissions recognized bouts in the 1940s as being for the light welterweight title, but the modern beginnings of this championship date from 1959 when Carlos Ortiz won the vacant title with a victory over Kenny Lane. Both the World Boxing Association (WBA) and the World Boxing Council (WBC) recognized the same champions until 1967, when the WBC stripped Paul Fuji of the title and matched Pedro Adigue and Adolph Pruitt for their version of the championship. Adigue won a fifteen-round decision. The International Boxing Federation (IBF) recognized Aaron Pryor as its first champion in 1984. Hector Camacho became the first World Boxing Organization (WBO) champion with his victory against Ray Mancini in 1989. Current world champions Current world rankings The Ring As of June 20, 2023. Keys: Current The Ring world champion BoxRec . Amateur boxing\n\nWilliam \"Henry\" Hall (August 29, 1922 \u2013 May 25, 2016) was an American professional boxer who competed from 1942 to 1960. His birth name was William Hall. Early life Born in Napoleonville, Louisiana, Hall was the second of five children of Louis and Ida Hall. After his mother's death, the family moved to New Orleans, where he began boxing at the Rampart Street gym. Professional career Hall turned professional in 1942 and adopted \"Henry\" Hall as his ring name at the suggestion of his manager, who said the name sounded more sporty. On October 15, 1948, he defeated Archie Moore, the future world light-heavyweight champion, in New Orleans. Hall was ranked as the ninth-best light heavyweight in the world that year in The Ring's annual ratings. He fought in exhibition bouts against Joe Louis and Ezzard Charles in 1950 and 1951, respectively. He also held Heinz Neuhaus to a ten-round\n\nDonald Glen Wilson (born September 10, 1954), nicknamed \"The Dragon\", is an American martial artist, film actor, and former professional kickboxer. An 11-time world champion who scored 47 knockouts in four decades, he has been called by the STAR System Ratings as \"perhaps the greatest kickboxer in American history. He has disposed of more quality competition than anyone we've ever ranked\". In 2015, he was inducted into the International Sports Hall of Fame. Biography Early life Wilson was born to a Japanese mother and American father in Alton, Illinois. He utilized his mother's family name, Hoshino (\u661f\u91ce), as a ring name while competing in Japan. He attended Saint Andrew's School in Boca Raton, where he was an MVP in football and basketball. Wilson also tried his hand at wrestling, in which he excelled enough to score a 4th place in the Florida State Collegiate Wrestling competition. After high school, Wilson\n\nQuestion: Who was world heavyweight boxing champion from 1937 to 1950?", "output": "Joe Louis"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Abner Doubleday (June 26, 1819 \u2013 January 26, 1893) was a career United States Army officer and Union major general in the American Civil War. He fired the first shot in defense of Fort Sumter, the opening battle of the war, and had a pivotal role in the early fighting at the Battle of Gettysburg. Gettysburg was his finest hour, but his relief by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade caused lasting enmity between the two men. In San Francisco, after the war, he obtained a patent on the cable car railway that still runs there. In his final years in New Jersey, he was a prominent member and later president of the Theosophical Society. In 1908, 15 years after his death, the Mills Commission declared that Doubleday had invented the game of baseball, although Doubleday never made such a claim. This claim has been thoroughly debunked by baseball historians. Early\n\nAbraham Lincoln ( ; February 12, 1809 \u2013 April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the Union through the American Civil War to defend the nation as a constitutional union and succeeded in defeating the insurgent Confederacy, abolishing slavery, expanding the power of the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy. Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky and was raised on the frontier, primarily in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. congressman from Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his successful law practice in Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, he was angered by the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, causing him to re-enter politics. He soon became a leader of the\n\nthe first abolition society in North America, is organized in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin and Benjamin Rush. 1793 \u2013 The French troops led by L\u00e9ger-F\u00e9licit\u00e9 Sonthonax defeat the slaves settlers in the Siege of Port-au-Prince. 1816 \u2013 Bussa, a slave in British-ruled Barbados, leads a slave rebellion, for which he is remembered as the country's first national hero. 1849 \u2013 Hungary declares itself independent of Austria with Lajos Kossuth as its leader. 1865 \u2013 U.S. President Abraham Lincoln is shot in Ford's Theatre by John Wilkes Booth; Lincoln dies the following day. 1865 \u2013 William H. Seward, the U.S. Secretary of State, and his family are attacked at home by Lewis Powell. 1881 \u2013 The Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight occurs in El Paso, Texas. 1890 \u2013 The Pan-American Union is founded by the First International Conference of American States in Washington, D.C. 1894 \u2013 The first ever commercial\n\nQuestion: Who was president of the USA when the first shots were fired in the American Civil War at First Sumter?", "output": "Abraham Lincoln"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "is a Japanese seinen manga series written and illustrated by Kou Yaginuma. The \"realistic, slice-of-life science fiction series\" tells the story of a group of Japanese high school students training to become astronauts in the early 21st century after the country's first human spaceflight launch ends in a disaster that causes many civilian casualties. It was serialized in the seinen manga magazine Comic Flapper from September 2001 to August 2009 and was later published in 16 tank\u014dbon volumes by Media Factory from January 2002 to October 2009. The series is named after Spica, a binary star system and the brightest star in the constellation Virgo. In the manga, Yaginuma includes many references to historical events related to the development of human spaceflight as well as literary works such as Kenji Miyazawa's novel Night on the Galactic Railroad. American publishing company Vertical announced acquisition of the manga's license for English-language translation\n\nA constellation is an area on the celestial sphere in which a group of visible stars forms a perceived pattern or outline, typically representing an animal, mythological subject, or inanimate object. The origins of the earliest constellations likely go back to prehistory. People used them to relate stories of their beliefs, experiences, creation, or mythology. Different cultures and countries invented their own constellations, some of which lasted into the early 20th century before today's constellations were internationally recognized. The recognition of constellations has changed significantly over time. Many changed in size or shape. Some became popular, only to drop into obscurity. Some were limited to a single culture or nation. Naming constellations also helped astronomers and navigators identify stars more easily. Twelve (or thirteen) ancient constellations belong to the zodiac (straddling the ecliptic, which the Sun, Moon, and planets all traverse). The origins of the zodiac remain historically uncertain; its\n\nAB Pictoris (abbreviated AB Pic, also catalogued as HD 44627) is a K-type star, approximately 163 light-years away in the constellation of Pictor. It has been identified as a member of the young (30 million years old) Tucana\u2013Horologium association. The star has also been classified as a BY Draconis variable. In 2005 it was announced that an astronomical object (AB Pictoris b, abbreviated AB Pic b) had been imaged in 2003 and 2004 close to and apparently in orbit around the star. Its mass suggests that it is at the borderline between being a brown dwarf or a planet. Possible planetary system In 2003 and 2004, an object (now catalogued as AB Pictoris b) was observed close to the star by a team of astronomers at the European Southern Observatory. Since it had common proper motion with AB Pictoris, it was concluded that it was physically close to the star.\n\nQuestion: In which constellation is the star Spica?", "output": "Virgo"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\u2013 a partnership between the H.O. Brewer Company, a trading company of Mobile, Alabama, Confederate States of America, Emile Erlanger & Co., bankers from Paris, France, and J. H. Schr\u00f6der & Co., bankers of Manchester. The company bought ships to run the United States' naval blockade of Southern ports. The United States Consul in Liverpool, Thomas Dudley, immediately noted the Denbigh and sent a report to the State Department which included the description: Schooner rigged, side wheel steamer \"Denbigh\" of Liverpool -- 162 tons. Captain McNevin Carriers -- Northe Dock for Bermuda & Havannah. Mose & Co. Cosignees. The following is her present description, subject to alteration: Built of Iron. Marked draft of water -- fore & aft. Hull painted black. Artificial quarter galleries. Elliptic stern. Straight stem. Name at the bows gilt, on a blue ground. Wheel; binnacle. House with skylight on top. Boat painted white in iron swing\n\nThe first USS Casco was the first of a class of twenty 1,175-ton light-draft monitors built by Atlantic Works, Boston, Massachusetts for the Union Navy during the American Civil War. Launch and refitting Upon her launching in May 1864, it was found that the design of these ships was seriously flawed. She was pronounced unseaworthy when nearly completed and on 25 June 1864 she was ordered to be converted to a torpedo vessel, without a turret or heavy guns. Casco was commissioned 4 December 1864. John Ericsson developed the original design for the Casco-class monitors, but Chief Engineer Alban C. Stimers, the General Inspector of Ironclads, elaborated it. When bids were requested for the ships, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Gustavus Fox wrote to Ericsson to confirm that Stimers had arranged the details with Ericsson's approval. Ericsson replied that he had been kept in the dark and that Stimers had\n\nUSS Peosta\u2014also known as \"Tinclad\" # 36\u2014was a steamboat acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. Peosta was outfitted as an armed gunboat, with heavy guns for battles at sea, and large howitzers for shore bombardment. She served on the rivers and other waterways of the Confederate States of America enforcing the Union blockade on the South. Service history Peosta, a side-wheel wooden gunboat, was built in 1857 at Cincinnati, Ohio, for civilian employment. She was purchased at Dubuque, Iowa, 13 June 1863; fitted out at Cairo, Illinois, and commissioned 2 October 1863, Lt. Thomas E. Smith in command. Assigned to the Naval forces on the Tennessee River, Peosta departed Cairo 28 October and arrived at Paducah, Kentucky, 3 November. Remaining on the Tennessee River throughout the Civil War, she cruised between Paducah and Eastport, Mississippi, to protect Union shipping and support Union Army activities. In the\n\nQuestion: During the American Civil War as what were the battleships Monitor and Merrimac classed ?", "output": "IRONCLADS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "W. S. \"Fluke\" Holland (April 22, 1935 \u2013 September 23, 2020) was an American drummer who played with Carl Perkins, and later for Johnny Cash in the bands The Tennessee Three, The Great Eighties Eight, and The Johnny Cash Show Band. Holland was born in Saltillo, Tennessee in April 1935 and graduated from J.B. Young High School in Bemis. He played drums on the 1955 Sun Records recording of \"Blue Suede Shoes\" and performed on the \"Million Dollar Quartet\" session that featured Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Perkins, and Cash. Holland appeared with the Carl Perkins band in the 1957 rock and roll movie Jamboree, performing \"Glad All Over.\" In 2014, Holland was honored at the Carl Perkins Center in Jackson, Tennessee for his 60 years of musical contributions. In 2018, Holland was honored with the \"Lifetime Achievement\" award during the annual Tennessee Music Awards event at the University of\n\n\"Sneakers\" is a short story by American author Stephen King. It was published in the compilation book Dark Visions and in his collection Nightmares & Dreamscapes. Plot summary Recording studio executive John Tell notices a pair of old dirty sneakers in an adjacent stall while using the restroom at work. He, at first, assumes that the shoes belong to a fellow employee or a delivery person. However, when he visits the bathroom again throughout the week, he notices that not only have the shoes not moved, they are now surrounded by the bodies of dead flies and other bugs. Eventually, Tell discovers that the shoes were the trademark of a dealer who supplied the local talent with cocaine, and who was killed in the bathroom stall during an apparent robbery. Tell finally confronts the man's ghost, who informs him that he was brutally killed by Jannings, Tell's boss, a drug\n\n\"Boogie Shoes\" is a funk/disco song by KC and the Sunshine Band, which first appeared on their 1975 self-titled album. The song became a hit after it appeared on the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack in 1977. It was subsequently released as a single and peaked at number 35 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 29 on the soul chart in 1978. Before its 1978 release as an A-side, the song was the B-side to the 1976 single \"Shake Your Booty\". Structurally, it uses the sixteen-bar blues chord progression. As with several of KC's disco songs, some of the lyrics are playfully suggestive: \"I want to do it till the sun comes up / I want to do it till I can't get enough.\" In addition to Saturday Night Fever, the song is featured in numerous other films, including No Escape (1994), Mallrats (1995), Boogie Nights (1997), Detroit Rock City\n\nQuestion: What type of shoes did Carl Perkins and Elvis Presley sing about?", "output": "Blue Suede Shoes"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Get Close is the fourth studio album by rock band the Pretenders, released on 20 October 1986 in the United Kingdom by Real Records and on 4 November 1986 in the United States by Sire Records. The album contains the band's two highest-charting Mainstream Rock Tracks entries, \"Don't Get Me Wrong\" and \"My Baby\", both of which reached number one. Background The Pretenders' previous album, Learning to Crawl (1984), was a critical and commercial success. On the heels of its success the band performed at Live Aid in 1985. The same year Chrissie Hynde appeared with UB40 on their number-one single \"I Got You Babe\". Get Close, recorded during a particularly transitional period of the band's career, consisted of a variety of sessions and included multiple personnel. The early recording sessions, produced by Steve Lillywhite, started with the Learning to Crawl lineup put together by Chrissie Hynde and Martin Chambers\n\nBetween the Days is the second album by Australian singer Merril Bainbridge, released in Australia on 5 October 1998 (see 1998 in music) by Gotham Records. Bainbridge co-wrote most of the album with Owen Bolwell, who also produced the album with Siew and Sam Melamed. The album is a mix between alternative pop songs and features a cover of the Sonny & Cher song \"I Got You Babe\", sung with the Jamaican rapper Shaggy. The album produced Bainbridge's fifth top forty single on the ARIA Charts, and another top one hundred single. Bainbridge started writing again when she was completing her first international tour. She states that title of the album \"refers to a place I found myself when I was working on this album. I went through a period where I was very much secluded, and my only distractions were my vivid dreams which became a form of escapism\".\n\nIt Ain't Me Babe is the debut studio album by the American rock band the Turtles. It was released in October 1965 on White Whale Records. Background Prior to recording, the band members required written permission from their parents due to being underage. Included on the album is original work from the band's high school performing days and their own interpretations of popular songs from other musicians. The most successful track \"It Ain't Me Babe\" reached #8 on the national charts. Sundazed Records licensed the rights to the Turtles' library and has re-released most of the group's early albums. In 2016, a remastered edition was issued as part of the box set The Complete Original Album Collection featuring both the mono and stereo mixes of the album on a single CD; this edition was also issued separately in 2017. Track listing Personnel Al Nichol \u2013 lead guitar, keyboards, vocals, bass\n\nQuestion: \"Who sang with UB40 on their hit record \"\"I Got You Babe\"\"?\"", "output": "Chrissy Hynde"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aloe (; also written Alo\u00eb) is a genus containing over 650 species of flowering succulent plants. The most widely known species is Aloe vera, or \"true aloe\". It is called this because it is cultivated as the standard source for assorted pharmaceutical purposes. Other species, such as Aloe ferox, are also cultivated or harvested from the wild for similar applications. The APG IV system (2016) places the genus in the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Asphodeloideae. Within the subfamily it may be placed in the tribe Aloeae. In the past, it has been assigned to the family Aloaceae (now included in the Asphodeloidae) or to a broadly circumscribed family Liliaceae (the lily family). The plant Agave americana, which is sometimes called \"American aloe\", belongs to the Asparagaceae, a different family. The genus is native to tropical and southern Africa, Madagascar, Jordan, the Arabian Peninsula, and various islands in the Indian Ocean (Mauritius,\n\nmarattioides (=Gonatopus m.) by A. Peter (1930), Nachr. Ges. Wiss. G\u00f6ttingen 1929, Math.-Phys. Kl. 3: 222-225. (Latin and German) Plant of the Week University of Connecticut External links Araceae Araceae genera Taxa named by Adolf Engler\n\nbut is here considered to be paraphyletic. In addition, a high proportion of genera is not at present assigned to a specific tribe as their relationships require further study. These genera incertae sedis are: Acanthodelta Acanthodica Alapadna Allotria Alophosoma Amphiongia Anereuthina Anisoneura Anydrophila Argyrostrotis Arsacia Artena Arthisma Athyrma Attatha Attonda Axiocteta Bamra Batracharta Blasticorhinus Bocula Calesia Calliodes Celiptera Chalciope Chrysopera Coenipeta (Catocalini: Ophiusina?) Crioa Ctenusa Cutina Cyligramma Dasypodia Delgamma Dermaleipa (sometimes in Thyas) Dinumma Donuca Dordura Doryodes Ecphysis Egybolis Entomogramma Ercheia Erygia Eubolina (Catocalini: Ophiusina?) Euclystis (Catocalini: Ophiusina?) Euparthenos (Catocalini: Ophiusina?) Felinia Focillidia Gesonia Hamodes Hexamitoptera Homodes Hypopyra Iontha Ischyja Lacera Loxioda Lygniodes Matigramma (Catocalini: Ophiusina?) Metria (Catocalini: Ophiusina?) Mocis Niguza Ocalaria Ommatophora Pantydia Parallelia (Catocalini: Ophiusina?) Phoberia Phyllodes Platyja Plecoptera Pseudanthracia (Catocalini: Ophiusina?) Pseudoarcte Pseudosphetta Pterocyclophora Ptichodis Remigiodes Sciatta Scolecocampa Serrodes Speiredonia Spiloloma Spirama Sympis Tephriopis Thyas (Catocalini: Ophiusina?) Trigonodes Varicosia Zale (Catocalini: Ophiusina?) In addition, some little-known noctuoid\n\nQuestion: In scientific classification if Taraxacum Officinale is a species what is Taraxacum?", "output": "GENUS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Polar Beverages is a soft drink company based in Worcester, Massachusetts. It is a manufacturer and distributor of sparkling fruit beverages, seltzer, ginger ale, drink mixers, and spring water to customers in the United States. It is the largest independent soft-drink bottler in the United States. It markets beverages under its flagship brand, Polar Beverages, and under the brands Adirondack Beverages, Polar Seltzer, and Cape Cod Dry. In addition to its own drinks, Polar bottles and distributes national brands for companies such as Keurig Dr Pepper. The company has two bottling plants and six distribution facilities; it also offers corporate water services and beverage vending equipment. It is a fourth-generation, family-owned business that traces its roots to 1882; and is run by Ralph Crowley Jr., the great-grandson of founder Dennis M. Crowley. History Polar was founded by Ralph\u2019s great-grandfather, Dennis Mark \"Boss\" Crowley. The business began in the 1880s as\n\nAn alcopop (or cooler) is any of certain mixed alcoholic beverages with relatively low alcohol content (e.g., 3\u20137% alcohol by volume), including: Malt beverages to which various fruit juices or other flavorings have been added Wine coolers: beverages containing wine to which ingredients such as fruit juice or other flavorings have been added Mixed drinks containing distilled alcohol and sweet liquids such as fruit juices or other flavourings The term alcopop (a portmanteau of the words alcohol and pop) is used commonly in the United Kingdom and Ireland to describe these drinks. In English-speaking Canada, \"cooler\" is more common but \"alcopop\" may also be used. Other terms include flavored alcoholic beverage (FAB), flavored malt beverage (FMB), \"pre-packaged\" or \"premium packaged\" spirit (PPS). In Australia and New Zealand \"premix\" and ready to drink (RTD) are both commonly used terms. \"Malternative\" is an exclusively American term for the malt-based alcopops. \"Spirit cooler\"\n\nGrapette is a grape-flavored soft drink that was first produced and marketed in 1939 by Benjamin \"Tyndle\" Fooks. Grapette is now produced by Grapette International, and is marketed in the United States by Walmart as part of its Sam's Choice line of soft drinks. Development Grapette was developed by Benjamin \"Tyndle\" Fooks (1901-1981) when, while working as a traveling salesman selling a product known as \"Fooks Flavors\", he noticed the popularity of his grape flavor. From this, Fooks, dissatisfied with existing grape sodas on the market, sought to develop a grape soda that tasted the way he believed that a grape soda should taste. Over the course of two years and tens of thousands of taste tests, by 1939, he had developed a flavor that he believed was superior to all other grape sodas available at the time. To name the drink, Fooks turned to Hubert Owen. Owen and an\n\nQuestion: Which soft drink, formulated by pharmacist Charles Alderton in Waco, Texas, was first marketed nationally in 1904?", "output": "DR PEPPER"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alexander III (; 10 March 18451 November 1894) was Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 1894. He was highly reactionary in domestic affairs and reversed some of the liberal reforms of his father, Alexander II. This policy is known in Russia as \"counter-reforms\" (). Under the influence of Konstantin Pobedonostsev (1827\u20131907), he opposed any socio-economic moves that limited his autocratic rule. During his reign, Russia fought no major wars as well. He therefore came to be known as \"The Peacemaker\" (), with that laudatory title enduring into the 21st Century among historians (as the Tsar\u2019-Mirotvorets). Outside of politics, Alexander was additionally known for his striking appearance, with an American historian later noting how he stood out as being a \"tall, heavy-set man, of enormous muscular strength.\" Alexander's major foreign policy achievement was helping forge the Russo-French\n\nThe Monument to the Tsar Liberator (, Pametnik na Tsar Osvoboditel) is an equestrian monument in the centre of Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. It was erected in honour of Russian Emperor Alexander II who liberated Bulgaria from Ottoman rule during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78. The Neoclassical memorial's author is Italian sculptor Arnoldo Zocchi, who won the project in competition with 31 other artists from 12 countries (and with a total of 90 artists from 15 countries being interested) in the end of the 19th century. Bulgarian architect Nikola Lazarov participated in the monument's architectural design. The foundation stone was laid on 23 April 1901, St George's Day, in the presence of Knyaz Ferdinand I of Bulgaria, and the monument was completed on 15 September 1903. Ferdinand also attended the monument's inauguration on 30 August 1907 together with his sons Boris and Kiril, Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich of Russia,\n\nThe Moscow uprising of 1682, also known as the Streltsy uprising of 1682 (), was an uprising of the Moscow Streltsy regiments that resulted in supreme power devolving on Sophia Alekseyevna, the daughter of the late Tsar Aleksey Mikhailovich and of his first wife Maria Miloslavskaya. Behind the uprising lurked the rivalry between the Miloslavsky and Naryshkin relatives of the two wives of the late Tsar Aleksey, who died in 1676, for dominant influence on the administration of the Tsardom of Russia. Course of events The death of Tsar Feodor III of Russia on 27 April (7 May N.S.) 1682 triggered the uprising. The Naryshkin brothers of Tsarina Natalia Naryshkina availed themselves of the interregnum and persuaded the Patriarch to proclaim her ten-year-old son Peter as the new Tsar of Russia. The Miloslavsky party, which comprised the relatives of the late Tsarina Maria Miloslavskaya, spread rumours that the Naryshkins had\n\nQuestion: Which Russian Tsar, known as 'The Liberator', was assassinated in March 1881?", "output": "ALEXANDER II"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nWUBT (101.1 FM, \"101.1 The Beat\") is an American mainstream urban radio station broadcasting in the Nashville, Tennessee market, under ownership of iHeartMedia. Though the station is licensed to Russellville, Kentucky, its studios are located in Nashville's Music Row district and the transmitter site is in White House, Tennessee. History The Russellville years On September 16, 1964, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) authorized South Kentucky Broadcasters, owner of WRUS (610 AM), to build a new FM radio station at 92.1 MHz, to broadcast with 3,000 watts, in Russellville. The station debuted as WRUS-FM February 27, 1965, as a full-time simulcast with its AM sister station. In 1974, the FCC approved WRUS-FM to increase its effective radiated power to 100,000 watts on 101.1 MHz, giving it much wider regional coverage. When the upgraded facility went into effect on December 10, 1974, the station changed its call sign to WAKQ and adopted\n\nClair Shelby Sumter Tuscaloosa Walker Winston Cities and towns: Alabaster Birmingham Bessemer Brent Brilliant Butler Calera Carbon Hill Centreville Chelsea Clanton Columbiana Double Springs Eutaw Fairfield Fayette Fultondale Gardendale Gilbertown Greensboro Guin Haleyville Hamilton Helena Homewood Hoover Hueytown Irondale Jasper Jemison Leeds Lisman Livingston Montevallo Moundville Mountain Brook Needham Northport Oneonta Pelham Pell City Pennington Pleasant Grove Silas Sumiton Toxey Trussville Tuscaloosa Vestavia Hills Vincent Warrior Winfield York See also List of Alabama area codes List of NANP area codes References External links Telecommunications-related introductions in 1947 205 205\n\nQuestion: In which US State are the cities of Chattanooga, Lynchburg and Shelbyville?", "output": "Tennessee"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In linguistics, a blend\u2014sometimes known, perhaps more narrowly, as a blend word, lexical blend, portmanteau ( or ; pl. portmanteaux), or portmanteau word\u2014is a word formed, usually intentionally, by combining the sounds and meanings of two or more words. English examples include smog, coined by blending smoke and fog, as well as motel, from motor (motorist) and hotel. The component word fragments within blends are called splinters. A blend is similar to a contraction, but contractions are formed, usually non-intentionally, from words whose sounds gradually drift together over time due to them commonly appearing together in sequence, such as do not naturally becoming don't. A blend also differs from a compound, which fully preserves the stems of the original words. The 1973 Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation explains that \"In words such as motel, boatel and Lorry-Tel, hotel is represented by various shorter substitutes \u2013 otel, tel, or el \u2013\n\nfollowed by the beginning of another: teleprinter + exchange \u2192 telex American + Indian \u2192 Amerind Some linguists do not regard beginning+beginning concatenations as blends, instead calling them complex clippings, clipping compounds or clipped compounds. Unusually in English, the end of one word may be followed by the end of another: Red Bull + margarita \u2192 bullgarita Hello Kitty + delicious \u2192 kittylicious A splinter of one word may replace part of another, as in three coined by Lewis Carroll in \"Jabberwocky\": chuckle + snort \u2192 chortle slimy + lithe \u2192 slithy They are sometimes termed intercalative blends; these words are among the original \"portmanteaus\" for which this meaning of the word was created. Partial blends In a partial blend, one entire word is concatenated with a splinter from another. Some linguists do not recognize these as blends. An entire word may be followed by a splinter: dumb + confound\n\nThe 1973 Introduction to Modern English Word-Formation explains that \"In words such as motel, boatel and Lorry-Tel, hotel is represented by various shorter substitutes \u2013 otel, tel, or el \u2013 which I shall call splinters. Words containing splinters I shall call blends\". Thus, at least one of the parts of a blend, strictly speaking, is not a complete morpheme, but instead a mere splinter or leftover word fragment. For instance, starfish is a compound, not a blend, of star and fish, as it includes both words in full. However, if it were called a \"stish\" or a \"starsh\", it would be a blend. Furthermore, when blends are formed by shortening established compounds or phrases, they can be considered clipped compounds, such as romcom for romantic comedy. Classification Blends of two or more words may be classified from each of three viewpoints: morphotactic, morphonological, and morphosemantic. Morphotactic classification Blends may be\n\nQuestion: What is the term for a word, such as frenemy, that is created by merging two other words?", "output": "Portmanteau"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, (21 December 1804 \u2013 19 April 1881) was a British statesman, Conservative politician and writer who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies and its broad outreach. Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs, his political battles with the Liberal Party leader William Ewart Gladstone, and his one-nation conservatism or \"Tory democracy\". He made the Conservatives the party most identified with the British Empire and military action to expand it, both of which were popular among British voters. He is the only British prime minister to have been born Jewish. He was also a novelist, publishing works of fiction even as prime minister. Disraeli was born in Bloomsbury, then a part of Middlesex. His father left Judaism after a dispute at his synagogue;\n\nThe Liberal Party was one of the two major political parties in the United Kingdom, along with the Conservative Party, in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Beginning as an alliance of Whigs, free trade\u2013supporting Peelites, and reformist Radicals in the 1850s, by the end of the 19th century, it had formed four governments under William Gladstone. Despite being divided over the issue of Irish Home Rule, the party returned to government in 1905 and won a landslide victory in the 1906 general election. Under prime ministers Henry Campbell-Bannerman (1905\u20131908) and H. H. Asquith (1908\u20131916), the Liberal Party passed reforms that created a basic welfare state. Although Asquith was the party leader, its dominant figure was David Lloyd George. Asquith was overwhelmed by the wartime role of coalition prime minister and Lloyd George replaced him in late 1916, but Asquith remained as Liberal Party leader. The split between Lloyd George's\n\nThe Bedford Whigs (or Bedfordites) were an 18th-century British political faction, led by John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford. Other than Bedford himself, notable members included John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich; Granville Leveson-Gower, 2nd Earl Gower; Richard Rigby, who served as principal Commons manager for the group; Thomas Thynne, 3rd Viscount Weymouth; Edward Thurlow; and George Spencer, 4th Duke of Marlborough History The Bedfordites emerged as a specific faction in the wake of Bedford's dismissal as Secretary of State in 1751. Initially, Bedford opposed the ministry, dominated by the Old Corps Whigs led by Prime Minister Henry Pelham and his brother the Duke of Newcastle. Following Pelham's death in 1754, Bedford aligned himself with Henry Fox, and after Fox became Secretary of State in late 1755, some of Bedford's followers accepted jobs in the new administration. When the Devonshire-Pitt ministry was formed in November 1756, Bedford gave it his\n\nQuestion: Who was the last Whig Prime Minister of Great Britain (1846- 1852)?", "output": "JOHN RUSSELL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Malpai Borderlands is a region, or areal feature, along the U.S.-Mexico border at the Arizona and New Mexico state line. It encompasses the extreme southeast corner of Arizona and the southwest corner of New Mexico describe the general vicinity. It includes areas inside the U.S. states of Arizona and New Mexico as well as the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora. The lowest elevations in this area are about 3,700 feet in the San Bernardino National Wildlife Refuge area. Highest elevation is roughly 8,500 feet above mean sea level (AMSL). Mountain ranges generally run north-south. Terrain is described as including desert shrub, Tobosa grassland, Ponderosa Pine forest, and Douglas Fir. Some cattle ranching takes place in the region. The geomorphic provinces include Madrean and Chihuahuan deserts. The name \"Malpai\", relates to a type of \"desert pavement\", formed by wind (eolian) processes, and is called Malapai. Variant names The Borderlands are\n\nThe Sonoran Desert is a North American desert and ecoregion which covers large parts of the southwestern United States and of northwestern Mexico. With an area of , it is the hottest desert in Mexico. The western portion of the Mexico\u2013United States border passes through the Sonoran Desert. The Sonoran Desert region includes the Sonoran Desert and some surrounding areas. All of Sonora, the Baja California Peninsula, and the islands of the Gulf of California are included. Also included are parts of Sinaloa and Chihuahua, some Pacific islands off the coast of Baja California (excluding Guadalupe Island), and southern Arizona and southern California in the United States. This region has 4,004 species of plants from 1201 genera in 182 families. Many lack common names. Many have more than one common name, but only one is listed. Native and non-native taxa are included. Flora with common names Flora of the Sonoran\n\nThe Arizona National Scenic Trail is a National Scenic Trail from Mexico to Utah that traverses the whole north\u2013south length of the U.S. state of Arizona. The trail begins at the Coronado National Memorial near the US\u2013Mexico border and moves north through parts of the Huachuca, Santa Rita, and Rincon Mountains. The trail continues through the Santa Catalina north of Tucson and the Mazatzal Mountains before ascending the Mogollon Rim north of Payson, and eventually leading to the higher elevations of Northern Arizona and the San Francisco Peaks. The trail then continues across the Coconino Plateau and in and out of the Grand Canyon. The Arizona Trail terminates near the Arizona\u2013Utah border in the Kaibab Plateau region. The long Arizona Trail was completed on December 16, 2011. The trail is designed as a primitive trail for hiking, equestrians, mountain biking, and even cross country skiing, showcasing the wide variety of\n\nQuestion: Which desert straddles the border between the USA and Mexico?", "output": "SONORAN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The 100 metres hurdles, or 100-meter hurdles, is a track and field event run mainly by women (the male counterpart is the 110 metres hurdles). For the race, ten hurdles of a height of are placed along a straight course of . The first hurdle is placed after a run-up of 13 metres from the starting line. The next 9 hurdles are set at a distance of 8.5 metres from each other, and the home stretch from the last hurdle to the finish line is 10.5 metres long. The hurdles are set up so that they will fall over if bumped into by the runner, but weighted so this is disadvantageous. Fallen hurdles do not count against runners provided that they do not run into them on purpose. Like the 100 metres sprint, the 100 m hurdles begins with athletes in starting blocks. The fastest 100 m hurdlers run the\n\nA hurdle race in Great Britain and Ireland is a National Hunt horse race where the horses jump over obstacles called hurdles or flights that are over three and a half feet high. They are typically made of a series of panels made of brush and are flexible. Hurdle races always have a minimum of eight hurdles and a minimum distance of two miles (3.2 km). National Hunt horses that have the size and scope to jump higher than the height of a hurdle use these types of races in order to gain experience of jumping obstacles so they can later be sent to jump bigger obstacles called fences. Hurdle races tend to be run at a faster pace than Chases as the height of the hurdle is much lower than a chasing fence. The best hurdlers have a low and efficient style of jumping, which means they do not\n\nThe men's 400 metres race was the second-shortest of the flat-track events on the Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. The competition's preliminary round was the last held on the first day, 6 April. The competitors were split into two groups. The top two runners in each heat advanced to the final, which was held on the second day, 7 April. 7 athletes from 4 nations competed. 5 of those athletes were also in the 100 metres. Background Thomas Burke of the United States and Edgar Bredin of Great Britain were the \"two best one-lap runners in 1896\"; Burke came to Athens, but Bredin did not (having become a professional earlier that year). Bredin was the co-holder of the unofficial world record at 48.5 seconds (440 yards). Burke had beaten Bredin in 1895. Competition format The 400 metres consisted of two rounds: heats and a final. Each race was\n\nQuestion: How many hurdles are jumped in a men's 400 metres hurdle race", "output": "Ten"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Villa Traful is a hamlet of the Argentine province of Neuqu\u00e9n located at the shore of the Traful Lake, at 720 metres above mean sea level. It is located inside the Nahuel Huapi National Park on the Road of the Seven lakes, 60 km from Villa La Angostura and 100 km from Bariloche, at . The main access is Provincial Route 65. The town was founded in 1936 by the Argentine National Park Administration (DPN). It's composed of about 80 houses, built in traditional Alpine-Andine architecture that combines wood with stone, and its population is over 400 inhabitants. The most important part of the economy is based on tourism, especially sport fishing, trekking, horseback riding and mountaineering. Since Villa Traful is inside a National Park, fishing and mountaineering are allowed only with authorisation. Tourism is concentrated generally in summer and spring, while in winter there are almost no tourist. Sources\n\nTraben-Trarbach () on the Middle Moselle is a town in the Bernkastel-Wittlich district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is the seat of the like-named Verbandsgemeinde and a state-recognized climatic spa (Luftkurort). The city lies in the so-called \"Valley of Dawn\". Geography Location Traben-Trarbach lies some 40 km northeast of Trier and some 60 km southwest of Koblenz in the valley of the Middle Moselle. North of the town is found the mountain inside a bend in the Moselle, Mont Royal. Frankfurt-Hahn Airport in the Hunsr\u00fcck lies some 10 km away towards the east (in each case, as the crow flies). The municipal area spreads over a total of 31,350,000 m\u00b2 with a great share of this being wooded. This makes Traben-Trarbach the biggest town by land area on the Middle Moselle. Traben lies on the Moselle\u2019s left bank at the foot of the former fort of Mont Royal, and Trarbach lies\n\nViviers (, also Viviers-sur-Rh\u00f4ne; ) is a village in the department of Ard\u00e8che in southern France. It is famed for its medieval catherdral and views over the Rhone river The administrative and religious capital of Vivarais, the town of Viviers, on the right bank of the Rh\u00f4ne, in southern Ard\u00e8che, retains an important heritage from its rich past, including many listed monuments. These include the Town Hall, in the former bishops' palace; the 18th-century H\u00f4tel de Roqueplane, now the seat of the diocese; the Cathedral of St Vincent, Romanesque, flamboyant Gothic and 18th-century in style, with its choir decorated by Gobelins tapestries and its marble high altar; the 16th-century Knights' House (Maison des Chevaliers) with its Renaissance fa\u00e7ade, decorated with medallioned busts; and the Grande Rue with the elegant mansions of Beaulieu and Tourville, both dating from the 18th century. Population History Viviers became the capital of the Gaulish Helvii\n\nQuestion: The resort of St Tropez is in which department of France?", "output": "Var"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Glenn Morshower (born April 24, 1959) is an American actor and inspirational speaker. He is best known for playing Secret Service Agent Aaron Pierce in 24 and Colonel (later General) Sharp Morshower in the Transformers film series. Morshower's Aaron Pierce was the only character (other than Jack Bauer) to appear in each of the first seven seasons of 24. He has appeared in many feature films and television series. Early life and family Morshower was born in Dallas, Texas. He was raised Jewish, studied with a Jehovah's Witness, went to a Religious Science church, and taught at a Baptist church. Morshower and his wife Carolyn have two children. Filmography Film Television Video games Inspirational seminars Since the late 1980s, Morshower has been a speaker at seminars. His speaking career began with his audition mastery course, The Extra Mile, which he took across the country on the advice of his agent.\n\nSean Harland Murray (born November 15, 1977) is an American actor known for his role as Special Agent Timothy McGee on the American TV drama NCIS. He also played Thackery Binx in Disney's Halloween film Hocus Pocus and Danny Walden in the military drama series JAG. Early life Sean Harland Murray was born on November 15, 1977, in the Bethesda Navy Hospital in Maryland, and grew up on several military bases all over the world including Australia, Singapore, London and the United States. When he was 15, Murray's parents divorced and he and his mother moved to Los Angeles. Murray's father is retired Navy Captain Craig Harland Murray (surface warfare) with over 30 years of service, and his Australian mother Vivienne Lee holds dual citizenship with the United States. In 1998, she married American television producer and screenwriter Donald P. Bellisario, who became Murray's stepfather. He has one brother, NCIS:\n\nMatthew Jacobs (born 1 July 1956) is a British writer, director, producer and actor. He is known best for his extensive career writing for television shows like Doctor Who and The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. He also directed two prize-winning TV movies for BBC films, Hallelujah Anyhow (1992) and Mothertime (1998). As an actor, he starred alongside Danny Huston in Boxing Day, Bernard Rose's 2012 adaptation of Leo Tolstoy's novella \"Master and Man\". Life and career Jacobs worked as one of the many writers for George Lucas's The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. His episodes included \"Passion for Life,\" \"The Perils of Cupid,\" \"Travels with Father,\" \"Spring Break Adventure,\" \"Attack of the Hawkmen\" and \"Hollywood Follies.\" Jacobs is perhaps best remembered for writing and co-producing the 1996 Doctor Who television movie, which featured Paul McGann as the Doctor and Eric Roberts as the Master. Jacobs was responsible for writing the first\n\nQuestion: What is the name of the special agent played by Keifer Sutherland in the drama series '24'?", "output": "'JACK BAUER'"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Papilio arcturus, the blue peacock, is a species of swallowtail butterfly found in the Indian subcontinent. Description Male has the upper wings brownish black, somewhat paler on the forewing than on the hindwing. Forewing irrorated (sprinkled) with brilliant golden-green scales that on the posterior half of the wing form a broad, not well-defined subterminal band; the veins and elongate streaks between them on the outer half of the wing velvety black. Hindwing has the posterior three-fourths irrorated with brilliant golden-green scales as on the forewing but towards the base anteriorly these are blue; a conspicuous brilliant blue patch somewhat irregular in shape occupies the apex of the cell and the bases of interspaces 5 and 6, prolonged as a broad streak in the latter interspace up to the terminal margin; below this a more or less triangular patch on the disc and above it the whole of the costal margin\n\nLamproptera curius, the white dragontail, is a species of swallowtail butterfly native to parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia where it is common. It belongs to the dragontails genus, Lamproptera, of the swallowtail family, Papilionidae. Description Upperside dull brownish black. Forewing: a broad outwardly oblique white transverse band that crosses from a little beyond the basal third of the costal margin to the dorsum, its outer half hyaline (glass like), followed by a hyaline triangular area that does not reach the costa or the termen but is traversed by conspicuously black veins. Between the semihyaline transverse band and the hyaline area the black forms a more or less even band slightly narrower in the middle; the black edging to the costa and termen broad, broadened towards the apex; cilia black. Hindwing: the transverse white band of the forewing is continued straight across and ends in a point on the\n\nPapilio crino, the common banded peacock, is a species of swallowtail (Papilionidae) butterfly found in parts of the Indian subcontinent, including India, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka. Description This species resembles Papilio palinurus, but the male generally has, on the upperside of the outer half of the forewing, cottony or hairy scent-streaks similar to those in Papilio polyctor, only the streak in interspace 1 is always missing. Other differences are seen in the upper wing. The forewing has the discal transverse bluish-green band slightly sinuous, narrower, more curved than in P. palinurus and more distinctly decreasing in width towards the costal margin; in the female it is more sinuous than in the male. The hindwing has the transverse bluish-green band very variable in width but the inner margin is much straighter than in P. polyctor; this band that in P. polyctor stops short of vein 7, continues to the costal\n\nQuestion: Comma, Peacock and Swallowtail are all types of which insect?", "output": "Butterfly"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "built in the area between 1913 and 1914. Notable people James Callaghan, who served as prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 until 1979 and was in parliament from 1945 until 1987, was born at 38 Funtington Road in Copnor on 27 March 1912. He lived there until around 1930, and at the time of his death in March 2005 was living in Ringmer, East Sussex. References Areas of Portsmouth\n\nSince the mid-1970s, a variety of conspiracy theories have emerged regarding British Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson, who served as the prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1970 and 1974 to 1976. These range from Wilson having been a Soviet agent (a claim which MI5 investigated and found to be false), to Wilson being the victim of treasonous plots by conservative-leaning elements in MI5 and the British military (e.g., the Clockwork Orange plot), claims which Wilson himself made. Background Soviet defector Anatoliy Golitsyn is said to have told a British intelligence officer that Wilson was a KGB operative and that former Labour Party leader Hugh Gaitskell had been assassinated by the KGB to have the pro-US Gaitskell replaced as party leader by Wilson. However, Christopher Andrew, the official historian for Britain's MI5, has described Golitsyn as an \"unreliable conspiracy theorist\". In his memoir Spycatcher (1987), former MI5\n\nArchdeacon of Bermuda James Hutchinson Davidson (1902-1982), Australian bandleader commonly known as Jim Davidson See also James Davidson Geddes (died 1895), politician Jim Davidson (disambiguation) Jimmy Davidson (disambiguation) James Davison (disambiguation)\n\nQuestion: Which British prime minister was known as Sunny Jim?", "output": "Jim Callaghan"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Scotland, martyred by the Danes together with other monks (ca. 875) Saint Felix of Rhuys, a monk at Fleury Abbey (Saint-Benoit-sur-Loire) in France (1038) Post-Schism Orthodox saints Saint Gregory, Bishop of Assos near Ephesus (1150) Venerable Gerasimus, monk of Vologda, founder of the Holy Trinity Monastery (1178) Blessed Basil (Basilko), Prince of Rostov (1238) Saints of Pskov martyred by the Latins: Saint Ioasaph of Snetogorsk Monastery, and St. Basil of Mirozh Monastery (1299) Saint Daniel of Moscow, Great Prince (1303) Saint Peter (Michurin), youth of Tobolsk (Peter of Tomsk) (1820) New martyrs and confessors New Hieromartyr Michael Kargopolov, Priest of Krasnoyarsk (1919) New Hieromartyr Dimitry Ivanov of Kiev, Archpriest (1933) New Hieromartyr Vyacheslav Leontiev of Nizhegorod, Priest (1937) New Martyr John of Al-Sindiyana, Palestine (1937) New Hieromartyr Alexander, Priest (1938) Other commemorations Translation of the relics (938) of Martyr Wenceslaus (Vaclav), Prince of the Czechs (935) Repose of Schemamonk Mark\n\nAlexander I (medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Ma\u00edl Coluim; modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim; c. 1078 \u2013 23 April 1124), posthumously nicknamed The Fierce, was the King of Scotland from 1107 to his death. He succeeded his brother, King Edgar, and his successor was his brother David. He was married to Sybilla of Normandy, an illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England. Life Alexander was the fifth (some sources say fourth) son of Malcolm III and his wife Margaret of Wessex, grandniece of Edward the Confessor. Alexander was named after Pope Alexander II. He was the younger brother of King Edgar, who was unmarried, and his brother's heir presumptive by 1104 (and perhaps earlier). In that year, he was the senior layman present at the examination of the remains of Saint Cuthbert at Durham prior to their re-interment. He held lands in Scotland north of the Forth and in Lothian.\n\nhis two brothers being King James IV of Scotland and John Stewart, Earl of Mar. It may seem surprising that there were two brothers both called James, but in late medieval Scotland it was not uncommon to have two brothers, or occasionally even three, with the same Christian name. Arms The arms of James of Ross were: Quarterly 1st and 4th: Royal Arms of Scotland, 2nd: Gules, three lions rampant argent (Ross) 3rd: Or, three piles gules (Brechin) References James Lord chancellors of Scotland Court of James IV of Scotland Abbots of Arbroath Abbots of Dunfermline Archbishops of St Andrews James James Stewart Earls of Ross Peers created by James III 15th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Scotland 16th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in Scotland Chancellors of the University of St Andrews 1476 births 1504 deaths 101 Sons of kings\n\nQuestion: What name has been used by three Scottish kings, eight Popes and three Russian Tsars?", "output": "Alexander"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"The Music of the Night\" (also labelled as just \"Music of the Night\" and originally labeled as \"Married Man\") is a major song from the 1986 musical The Phantom of the Opera. The music was written by Andrew Lloyd Webber with lyrics by Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe. Initially made famous by Michael Crawford, the actor who originated the role of the Phantom both in the West End and on Broadway, \"The Music of the Night\" has appeared on many cast recordings of the musical, sold millions of copies worldwide, and has been translated into many languages. Synopsis \"The Music of the Night\" is sung after the Phantom lures Christine Daa\u00e9 to his lair beneath the Opera House. He seduces Christine with \"his music\" of the night, his voice putting her into a type of trance. He sings of his unspoken love for her and urges her to forget the\n\nLaurence Olivier (1907\u20131989) was an English actor who, along with his contemporaries Ralph Richardson and John Gielgud, dominated the British stage of the mid-20th century. He also worked in films throughout his career, playing more than fifty cinema roles. From 1935 he performed in radio broadcasts and, from 1956, had considerable success in television roles. After attending drama school, Olivier began his professional career with small touring companies before being taken on in 1925 by Sybil Thorndike and her husband, Lewis Casson, as a bit-part player, understudy and assistant stage manager for their London company. In 1926 he joined the Birmingham Repertory Company, where he was given the chance to play a wide range of key roles. In 1930 he had his first important West End success in No\u00ebl Coward's Private Lives, and in 1935 he played in a celebrated production of Romeo and Juliet alongside Gielgud and Peggy Ashcroft,\n\nMarina Prior (born 18 October 1963) is an Australian soprano and actress with a career mainly in musical theatre. From 1990 to 1993, she starred as the original Christine Daa\u00e9 in the Australian premiere of The Phantom of the Opera, opposite Anthony Warlow and later Rob Guest. Early life Prior was born in Port Moresby in the Territory of Papua and New Guinea, Australia, where her father was working in the shipping industry. Her parents were members of the local Gilbert and Sullivan Society. The family returned to Australia when she was a young child and she grew up in Melbourne, where she attended Syndal South Primary School and Korowa Anglican Girls' School. She began to take singing lessons at the age of twelve and also learnt piano, flute and guitar. In 1982 Prior started studying for a Bachelor of Music degree at the Melbourne State College (which later became\n\nQuestion: Who originally played the title role in the Phantom of the Opera on the London stage?", "output": "Michael Crawford"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the disaster which overcame his polar party. In the final quarter of the 20th century the expedition came under closer scrutiny, and more critical views were expressed about its organization and management. The degree of Scott's personal culpability and, more recently, the culpability of certain expedition members, remains controversial. Preparations Background After RRS Discovery's return from the Antarctic in 1904, Captain Robert Falcon Scott eventually resumed his naval career but continued to nurse ambitions of returning south, with the conquest of the South Pole as his specific target. The Discovery Expedition had made a significant contribution to Antarctic scientific and geographical knowledge, but in terms of penetration southward had reached only 82\u00b0 17' and had not traversed the Great Ice Barrier. In 1909, Scott received news that Ernest Shackleton's Nimrod expedition had narrowly failed to reach the Pole. Starting from a base close to Scott's Discovery anchorage in McMurdo Sound,\n\nThe Terra Nova Expedition, officially the British Antarctic Expedition, was an expedition to Antarctica which took place between 1910 and 1913. Led by Captain Robert Falcon Scott, the expedition had various scientific and geographical objectives. Scott wished to continue the scientific work that he had begun when leading the Discovery Expedition from 1901 to 1904, and wanted to be the first to reach the geographic South Pole. He and four companions attained the pole on 17 January 1912, where they found that a Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen had preceded them by 34 days. Scott's party of five died on the return journey from the pole; some of their bodies, journals, and photographs were found by a search party eight months later. The expedition, named after its supply ship, was a private venture financed by public contributions and a government grant. It had further backing from the Admiralty, which\n\nThe Discovery Expedition of 1901\u20131904, known officially as the British National Antarctic Expedition, was the first official British exploration of the Antarctic regions since the voyage of James Clark Ross sixty years earlier (1839\u20131843). Organized on a large scale under a joint committee of the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), the new expedition carried out scientific research and geographical exploration in what was then largely an untouched continent. It launched the Antarctic careers of many who would become leading figures in the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, including Robert Falcon Scott who led the expedition, Ernest Shackleton, Edward Wilson, Frank Wild, Tom Crean and William Lashly. Its scientific results covered extensive ground in biology, zoology, geology, meteorology and magnetism. The expedition discovered the existence of the only snow-free Antarctic valleys, which contains the longest river of Antarctica. Further achievements included the discoveries of the Cape Crozier emperor\n\nQuestion: When Robert Falcon Scott reached the south pole in June 1912, he discovered that who had reached it before him?", "output": "Roald Amundsen"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ballarat ( ) (Wathaurong: balla arat) is a city in the Central Highlands of Victoria, Australia. At the 2021 census, Ballarat had a population of 111,973, making it the third largest city in Victoria. Within months of Victoria separating from the colony of New South Wales in 1851, gold was discovered near Ballarat, sparking the Victorian gold rush. Ballarat subsequently became a thriving boomtown that for a time rivalled Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, in terms of wealth and cultural influence. In 1854, following a period of civil disobedience in Ballarat over gold licenses, local miners launched an armed uprising against government forces. Known as the Eureka Rebellion, it led to the introduction of white male suffrage in Australia, and as such is interpreted as the origin of Australian democracy. The rebellion's symbol, the Eureka Flag, has become a national symbol. Proclaimed a city on 9 September 1870, Ballarat's prosperity,\n\nThe following lists events that happened during 1896 in Australia. Incumbents Monarch - Victoria Governors of the Australian colonies Governor of New South Wales \u2013 Henry Brand, 2nd Viscount Hampden Governor of Queensland \u2013 Charles Cochrane-Baillie, 2nd Baron Lamington (from 9 April) Governor of South Australia \u2013 Sir Thomas Buxton, 3rd Baronet Governor of Tasmania \u2013 Jenico Preston, 14th Viscount Gormanston Governor of Victoria \u2013 Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey Governor of Western Australia \u2013 Sir Gerard Smith Premiers of the Australian colonies Premier of New South Wales \u2013 George Reid Premier of Queensland \u2013 Hugh Nelson Premier of South Australia \u2013 Charles Kingston Premier of Tasmania \u2013 Edward Braddon Premier of Western Australia \u2013 John Forrest Premier of Victoria \u2013 George Turner Events 13 February - The Capsize of the ferry Pearl on the Brisbane River, killing 28 27 October Passengers Alighting from Ferry Brighton at Manly the first\n\nAdelaide ( ; ) is the capital city of South Australia, the state's largest city and the fifth-most populous city in Australia. \"Adelaide\" may refer to either Greater Adelaide (including the Adelaide Hills) or the Adelaide city centre. The demonym Adelaidean is used to denote the city and the residents of Adelaide. The Traditional Owners of the Adelaide region are the Kaurna. The area of the city centre and surrounding Park Lands is called in the Kaurna language. Adelaide is situated on the Adelaide Plains north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, between the Gulf St Vincent in the west and the Mount Lofty Ranges in the east. Its metropolitan area extends from the coast to the foothills of the Mount Lofty Ranges, and stretches from Gawler in the north to Sellicks Beach in the south. Named in honour of Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen of King William IV, the city was founded\n\nQuestion: Which. Australian city is named after the Scotsman who was Governor of New South Wales between 1821 and 1825?", "output": "Brisbane"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Allan Havey is an American stand-up comic and actor. He started his career as a comedian in New York City in 1981. Overview Havey made his national debut in 1986 on Late Night with David Letterman and made many appearances on the show throughout the 1980s and 1990s. When Letterman left NBC for CBS after not being chosen to replace Johnny Carson as host of The Tonight Show, Havey was one of several comedians considered by NBC to replace Letterman on Late Night (Conan O'Brien was chosen as Letterman's successor on the latter show). In November 1989, he was chosen by HBO Downtown Productions to host a show on The Comedy Channel (later known as Comedy Central). The show, Night After Night with Allan Havey, which initially ran for three hours nightly, presented Allan's unique stream of consciousness, celebrity interviews, news and film clips (with commentary), and unusual \"on location\"\n\nCheers is an American sitcom television series that ran on NBC from September 30, 1982, to May 20, 1993, with a total of 275 half-hour episodes across 11 seasons. The show was produced by Charles/Burrows/Charles Productions in association with Paramount Network Television and was created by the team of James Burrows and Glen and Les Charles. The show is set in the titular bar in Boston, where a group of locals meet to drink, relax and socialize. At the center of the show is the bar's owner and head bartender, Sam Malone, who is a womanizing former relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox. The show's ensemble cast introduced in the pilot episode are waitresses Diane Chambers and Carla Tortelli, second bartender Coach Ernie Pantusso, and regular customers Norm Peterson and Cliff Clavin. Later main characters of the show also include Frasier Crane, Woody Boyd, Lilith Sternin, and Rebecca Howe.\n\nSaturday Night Live with Howard Cosell was an American television variety show that aired on ABC from September 20, 1975, to January 17, 1976, hosted by Howard Cosell and executive-produced by Roone Arledge. The series ran for 18 episodes before being cancelled. The show was later remembered by its director Don Mischer as \"one of the greatest disasters in the history of television\", largely because Cosell and Arledge\u2014both veterans of sports broadcasting\u2014did not have any experience with comedy and variety programming. Despite having highly notable celebrities both as cast members and guests, Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell has never been made available on home video. Saturday Night Live with Howard Cosell is consistently confused with the sketch comedy program Saturday Night Live. In October 1975, rival network NBC began airing the late night comedy show NBC's Saturday Night, the creation of producer Lorne Michaels. The shows did not compete\n\nQuestion: Who had a morning show from June to October 1980 and a late night show from 1982 to 1993 weeknights at 12:30 a.m. at NBC in New York, then moved to CBS where the show screens at 11:30 p.m.?", "output": "David Letterman"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "George Washington Carmack (September 24, 1860 \u2013 June 5, 1922) was an American prospector in the Yukon. He was originally credited with registering Discovery Claim, the discovery of gold that set off the Klondike Gold Rush on August 16, 1896. Today, historians usually give the credit to his Tagish brother-in-law, Skookum Jim Mason. Early years Carmack's mother died when he was 8 years old and his father when he was 11. His great-grandfather was Abraham Blystone. Carmack briefly served in the United States Marine Corps aboard the USS Wachusett and in Alaska before deserting in California in 1882 when he was refused leave to visit his sick sister. Carmack returned to Alaska in 1885 to engage in trading, fishing and trapping. In 1887, he entered a common-law marriage to Shaaw Tl\u00e1a, a Tagish First Nation woman known as \"Kate\". Prospector Carmack was not popular with other miners, who nicknamed him\n\nspring and summer, it was the site of an important Arctic grayling and salmon fishery. Although this was not the location of the first encounter between local First Nations people and non-natives, it is the place where H\u00e4n-speaking people had their first extended interactions with European culture. In 1886 Jack McQuesten, Alfred Mayo and Arthur Harper of the Alaska Commercial Company (ACCo) established a post here, after gold was discovered on the Fortymile River. Most of the miners who staked the original claims in the Klondike came from this area. Yukon's first mission school was established here in 1887 by the Anglican Church. That same year, North-West Mounted Police Inspector Charles Constantine established the territory's first police detachment. It is also likely that the Forty Mile farm was the site of the first agriculture in Yukon. By 1894, Forty Mile boasted two well-equipped stores (ACCo and the North American Transportation\n\nThe Forks () is a historic site, meeting place, and green space in downtown Winnipeg located at the confluence of the Red River and the Assiniboine River. The Forks was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1974 due to its status as a cultural landscape that had borne witness to six thousand years of human activity. The site's grounds are open year-round. History Pre-colonial era Numerous archaeological digs have shown that early Indigenous groups arrived at The Forks site around 6,000 years ago. The digs conducted between 1989 and 1994 discovered several Indigenous camps. Artifacts related to the bison hunt and fishing were unearthed. Evidence showed that Nakoda (Assiniboins), Cree, Anishinaabe (Ojibwa) and Sioux (Dakota) visited the site. Seasonal migration routes from northern forests to southern plains featured the Forks area as a rest stop, and the location became a key transcontinental trade link. The Assiniboine River has\n\nQuestion: What was discovered in Klondike, Canada, in 1896?", "output": "Gold"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "as a respectful title for any monk, but it was soon restricted by canon law to certain priestly superiors. At times it was applied to various priests, e.g. at the court of the Frankish monarchy the (\"of the palace\"') and (\"of the camp\") were chaplains to the Merovingian and Carolingian sovereigns' court and army respectively. The title of abbot came into fairly general use in western monastic orders whose members include priests. Monastic history An abbot (from , , from (\"father\"), from (), from / (, \"father\"); compare ; ) is the head and chief governor of a community of monks, called also in the East hegumen or archimandrite. The English version for a female monastic head is abbess. Early history In Egypt, the first home of monasticism, the jurisdiction of the abbot, or archimandrite, was but loosely defined. Sometimes he ruled over only one community, sometimes over several, each\n\nHis/Her Illustrious Highness (abbreviation: H.Ill.H.) is the usual English-language translation for , a style historically attributed to certain members of the European aristocracy. It is not a literal translation, as the German word for \"Highness\" is , a higher style that appertained to sovereign dukes and other royalty. Usage Ancient \"Illustrious Highness\" is used to translate the Middle High German word () eventually borne by Imperial counts, similar to the later (\"Serene Highness\") which was reserved for the (Princes of the Holy Roman Empire). Modern From the early modern period, the style has been used by the members of those comital families () who, like the , held the status of Imperial immediacy. They retained it even after the German Mediatisation of 1802/03, confirmed by the of the German Confederation in 1828. The style was also adopted by the cadet members of some princely families like Colloredo-Mansfeld, Fugger, Khevenh\u00fcller, Salm,\n\nGreek Basileus (Gr. \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03cd\u03c2), which had formerly meant sovereign, though Augustus continued to be used in a reduced capacity. Following the establishment of the rival Holy Roman Empire in Western Europe, the title \"Autokrator\" (Gr. \u0391\u1f50\u03c4\u03bf\u03ba\u03c1\u03ac\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1) was increasingly used. In later centuries, the Emperor could be referred to by Western Christians as the \"Emperor of the Greeks\". Towards the end of the Empire, the standard imperial formula of the Byzantine ruler was \"[Emperor's name] in Christ, Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans\" (cf. \u1fec\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u1fd6\u03bf\u03b9 and R\u00fbm). Dynasties were a common tradition and structure for rulers and government systems in the medieval period. The principle or formal requirements for hereditary succession, however, was not a formal part of the Empire's governance, hereditary succession was a custom and tradition, carried on as habit and benefitted from some sense of legitimacy, but not as a \"rule\" or inviolable or unchallengeable requirement of for\n\nQuestion: In male nobility what title is conventionally regarded to be the next level below that of Emperor?", "output": "King"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California. , Apple is the world's biggest company by market capitalization, and with the largest technology company by 2022 revenue. , Apple is the fourth-largest personal computer vendor by unit sales; the largest manufacturing company by revenue; and the second-largest mobile phone manufacturer in the world. It is considered one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet (parent company of Google), Amazon, Meta Platforms, and Microsoft. Apple was founded as Apple Computer Company on April 1, 1976, by Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs and Ronald Wayne to develop and sell Wozniak's Apple I personal computer. It was incorporated by Jobs and Wozniak as Apple Computer, Inc. in 1977. The company's second computer, the Apple II, became a best seller and one of the first mass-produced microcomputers. Apple went public in 1980 to instant financial success. The company\n\nThe CERT (Centre of Excellence for Applied Research and Training) Group of Companies began as the commercial arm of the Higher Colleges of Technology in the United Arab Emirates, and has grown to be the largest private education provider in the Middle East. CERT is also the largest MENA (Middle East North Africa) investor in the discovery and commercialization of technology, investing US$35 million in 2006. In 2005, CERT signed Telematics with IBM, that has led to the development of Telematics technology in the United Arab Emirates. CERT provides the only super computing center in the South Asia, Middle East, North Africa region. The CERT Blue Gene supercomputer offers 5.7 teraflops calculating speed to corporate clients for use in biotechnology, nanotechnology, and genetics research as well as oil and gas simulation. CERT Technology Park in the UAE is home to international companies such as Intel, Honeywell and Lucent Technologies. See\n\nKingston Technology Corporation is an American multinational computer technology corporation that develops, manufactures, sells and supports flash memory products, other computer-related memory products, as well as the HyperX gaming division (now owned by HP). Headquartered in Fountain Valley, California, United States, Kingston Technology employs more than 3,000 employees worldwide as of Q1 2016. The company has manufacturing and logistics facilities in the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Taiwan, and China. It is the largest independent producer of DRAM memory modules, owning approximately 68% of the third-party worldwide DRAM module market share in 2017, according to DRAMeXchange. In 2018 the company generated $7.5 billion in revenue and made #53 on the Forbes Lists of \"America's Largest Private Companies 2019.\" Kingston serves an international network of distributors, resellers, retailers and OEM customers on six continents. The company also provides contract manufacturing and supply chain management services for semiconductor manufacturers and system OEMs.\n\nQuestion: What high-tech manufacturing corporation agreed to buy the security software company McAfee for $7.7bn in summer 2010?", "output": "Intel"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the term \"clone\" often has a negative connotation and can be seen as controversial, reviewers have come up with other names for the subgenre. Similar terminology for other genres, such as \"[[Platform game#Naming|Donkey Kong-type]]\" and \"Doom clone\", has given way to more neutral language. Names such as \"sandbox game,\" however, are applied to a wider range of games that do not share key features of the Grand Theft Auto series. Definition A Grand Theft Auto clone is a video game that falls within the genre popularized by the 2001 title Grand Theft Auto III, where players are given the ability to drive any vehicle or fire any weapon as they explore an open world. These games are sometimes treated as a 3D action-adventure game, or third-person shooter. They are noted for frequently bearing strong violent or criminal themes, though exceptions like The Simpsons: Hit & Run and American McGee Presents:\n\nA Grand Theft Auto clone (often shortened to GTA clone) is a subgenre of open world action-adventure video games, characterized by their likeness to the Grand Theft Auto series in either gameplay, or overall design. In these types of open world games, players may find and use a variety of vehicles and weapons while roaming freely in an open world setting. The objective of Grand Theft Auto clones is to complete a sequence of core missions involving driving and shooting, but often side-missions and minigames are added to improve replay value. The storylines of games in this subgenre typically have strong themes of crime, violence and other controversial elements such as drugs and sexually explicit content. The subgenre has its origins in open world action adventure games popularized in Europe (and particularly the United Kingdom) throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The release of Grand Theft Auto (1997) marked a major\n\nBo Stefan M. Eriksson (born December 14, 1961) is a Swedish video game developer and criminal from Uppsala involved in the British gaming company Gizmondo with his business partner Carl Freer, until it became insolvent in 2005. In February 2006, he became known for wrecking an Enzo Ferrari in Malibu, California, USA. He was the leader of the loose criminal organization \"Uppsalamaffian\" (The Uppsala mafia) until he began to develop the Gizmondo. Early life Eriksson became known by the Swedish police as Tjock-Steffe (\"Fat Steve\") or, The Banker, by the local mob in Sweden's fourth largest city of Uppsala, roughly 60 km north of Stockholm. An auto body shop worker, he started his criminal career with thefts and a three-month prison term in 1981, followed in 1988 by another term of 3\u00bd years for cocaine and arms-related convictions. In the early 90s, Eriksson became the head of a group the\n\nQuestion: In computer gaming what famous and controversial franschise does GTA represent?", "output": "Grand Theft Auto"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Buckingham Palace () is a royal residence in London and the administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning. Originally known as Buckingham House, the building at the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became known as The Queen's House. During the 19th century it was enlarged by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, who constructed three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch\n\n19th century it was enlarged by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, who constructed three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch on the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. The last major structural additions were made in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the East Front, which contains the well-known balcony on which the royal family traditionally appears to greet crowds. A German bomb destroyed the palace chapel during the Second World War; the Queen's Gallery was built on the site and opened to the public in 1962 to exhibit works of art from the Royal Collection. The original early-19th-century interior designs, many of which survive, include widespread use of brightly coloured scagliola and blue and pink lapis, on the advice of Charles Long. King Edward VII oversaw a partial redecoration in a Belle \u00c9poque cream and gold colour\n\nWindsor Castle is a royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is strongly associated with the English and succeeding British royal family, and embodies almost a millennium of architectural history. The original castle was built in the 11th century, after the Norman invasion of England by William the Conqueror. Since the time of Henry I (who reigned 1100\u20131135), it has been used by the reigning monarch and is the longest-occupied palace in Europe. The castle's lavish early 19th-century state apartments were described by the art historian Hugh Roberts as \"a superb and unrivalled sequence of rooms widely regarded as the finest and most complete expression of later Georgian taste\". Inside the castle walls is the 15th-century St George's Chapel, considered by the historian John Martin Robinson to be \"one of the supreme achievements of English Perpendicular Gothic\" design. Originally designed to project Norman dominance around the\n\nQuestion: Who was the first British monarch to live in Buckingham Palace?", "output": "Queen VICTORIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Euronext Paris, formerly known as the Paris Bourse, is a securities market which merged with the Amsterdam, Lisbon and Brussels exchanges in September 2000 to form Euronext NV. As of 2022, the 795 companies listed had a combined market capitalization of over US$4.58 trillion. Euronext Paris, the French branch of Euronext which was formerly seated at the Palais Brongniart in Paris, is Europe's largest stock exchange market as of November 2022, when it overtook the London Stock Exchange (LSE) for the first time since 2003. History In the early 19th century, the Paris Bourse's activities found a stable location at the Palais Brongniart, or Palais de la Bourse, built to the designs of architect Alexandre-Th\u00e9odore Brongniart from 1808 to 1813 and completed by \u00c9loi Labarre from 1813 to 1826. Brongniart had spontaneously submitted his project, which was a rectangular neoclassical Roman temple with a giant Corinthian colonnade enclosing a vaulted\n\nNYSE Euronext, Inc. was a transatlantic multinational financial services corporation that operated multiple securities exchanges, including the New York Stock Exchange, Euronext and NYSE Arca (formerly known as ArcaEx). NYSE merged with Archipelago Holdings on March 7, 2006, forming NYSE Group, Inc. On April 4, 2007, NYSE Group, Inc. merged with Euronext N.V. to form the first global equities exchange, with its headquarters in Lower Manhattan. The corporation was then acquired by Intercontinental Exchange, which subsequently spun off Euronext. Overview NYSE Euronext offers a broad and growing array of financial products and services in cash equities, futures, options, exchange-traded products (ETPs), bonds, market data, and commercial technology. Spanning multiple asset classes and six countries, the company's exchanges include the New York Stock Exchange, Liffe, Euronext and NYSE Arca. With more than 8,000 listed issues (which includes 90% of the Dow Jones Industrial Average and 80% of the S&P 500, trading\n\nThe Brussels Stock Exchange (, ), abbreviated to BSE, was founded in Brussels, Belgium, by decree of Napoleon in 1801. In 2002, the BSE merged with the Amsterdam, Lisbon and Paris stock exchanges into Euronext, renaming the BSE Euronext Brussels. The most well known stock market index on the BSE is the BEL20. The former Brussels Stock Exchange building (, ), usually shortened to or , is located on the Place de la Bourse/Beursplein along the Boulevard Anspach/Anspachlaan. This area is served by the premetro (underground tram) station Bourse/Beurse on lines 3 and 4. History Inception and construction Created in 1801 by decree of Napoleon, the Stock Exchange () established in Brussels successively occupied different premises. From 1858, a time when it experienced considerable development following the country's economic and industrial growth, the cramped and unsanitary conditions of the various premises led the business community to demand, from the municipal\n\nQuestion: The AEX is the stock exchange in which European city?", "output": "Amsterdam"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "On the evening of August 4, 1962, American actress Marilyn Monroe died at age 36 of a barbiturate overdose inside her home at 12305 Fifth Helena Drive in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California. Her body was discovered before dawn the following morning, on August 5. Monroe had been one of the most popular Hollywood stars during the 1950s and early 1960s, and was a top-billed actress for the preceding decade. Her films had grossed $200 million by the time of her death. Monroe had suffered from mental illness and substance abuse, and she had not completed a film since The Misfits, released on February 1, 1961, which was a box-office disappointment. Monroe had spent 1961 preoccupied with her various health problems, and in April 1962 had begun filming Something's Got to Give for 20th Century Fox, but the studio fired her in early June. Fox publicly blamed Monroe for the production's\n\nMarilyn Hanold (born June 9, 1938) is an American model and actress. Biography Hanold was Playboy magazine's Playmate of the Month for its June 1959 issue. Her centerfold was photographed by Bruno Bernard. Hanold was the second of six children and is of German ancestry. Her father was a lieutenant with the New York City police. Hanold appeared in a number of films and television programs in the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s. She was married to Rulon Keaton Neilson, president of Skyline Oil Company from 1967 until his 1993 death at the age of 83. They had three children, Elisabeth R (b. 1969), Sabrina C (b. 1971) and Valerie M. Filmography The Solid Gold Cadillac (1956) (uncredited) as Miss L'Arriere Back from Eternity (1956) (uncredited) casino showgirl Official Detective - \"The Brunette\" (as Marilyn Harold) Space Ship Sappy (1957) as Amazon The Garment Jungle (1957) (uncredited) as Model\n\napproximately 3 a.m. on Sunday, August 5, Murray noticed that Monroe had locked herself in her bedroom and appeared unresponsive when she looked inside through a window. Murray alerted Greenson, who arrived soon after, entered the room by breaking a window, and found Monroe dead. Her death was officially ruled a probable suicide by the Los Angeles County coroner's office, based on information about her overdosing and being prone to mood swings and suicidal ideation. No evidence of foul play was found, and accidental overdose was ruled out because of the large amount of barbiturates she had ingested. Despite the coroner's findings, several conspiracy theories suggesting murder or accidental overdose have been proposed since the mid-1960s. Many of these involve U.S. President John F. Kennedy and his brother Robert F. Kennedy, as well as union leader Jimmy Hoffa and mob boss Sam Giancana. Because of the prevalence of these theories\n\nQuestion: Before being supposedly discovered at the counter of Schwab's Drug store, Marilyn Monroe was known as who?", "output": "Norma Jean Baker"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cue sports are a wide variety of games of skill played with a cue, which is used to strike billiard balls and thereby cause them to move around a cloth-covered table bounded by elastic bumpers known as . There are three major subdivisions of games within cue sports: Carom billiards, played on tables without , typically ten feet in length, including straight rail, balkline, one-cushion carom, three-cushion billiards, artistic billiards, and four-ball Pocket billiards (or pool), played on six-pocket tables of seven, eight, nine, or ten-foot length, including among others eight-ball (the world's most widely played cue sport), nine-ball (the dominant professional game), ten-ball, straight pool (the formerly dominant pro game), one-pocket, and bank pool Snooker, English billiards, and Russian pyramid, played on a large, six-pocket table (dimensions just under 12 ft by 6 ft), all of which are classified separately from pool based on distinct development histories, player culture,\n\nBowls, also known as lawn bowls or lawn bowling, is a sport in which the objective is to roll biased balls so that they stop close to a smaller ball called a \"jack\" or \"kitty\". It is played on a bowling green, which may be flat (for \"flat-green bowls\") or convex or uneven (for \"crown green bowls\"). It is normally played outdoors (although there are many indoor venues) and the outdoor surface is either natural grass, artificial turf or cotula (in New Zealand). History Bowls is a variant of the boules games (Italian Bocce), which, in their general form, are of ancient or prehistoric origin. Ancient Greek variants are recorded that involved throwing light objects (such as flat stones, coins, or later also stone balls) as far as possible. The aspect of tossing the balls to approach a target as closely as possible is recorded in ancient Rome. This game\n\notherwise noted. The labels \"British\" and \"UK\" as applied to entries in this glossary refer to terms originating in the UK and also used in countries that were fairly recently part of the British Empire and/or are part of the Commonwealth of Nations, as opposed to US (and, often, Canadian) terminology. The terms \"American\" or \"US\" as applied here refer generally to North American usage. However, due to the predominance of US-originating terminology in most internationally competitive pool (as opposed to snooker), US terms are also common in the pool context in other countries in which English is at least a minority language, and US (and borrowed French) terms predominate in carom billiards. Similarly, British terms predominate in the world of snooker, English billiards, and blackball, regardless of the players' nationalities. The term \"blackball\" is used in this glossary to refer to both blackball and eight-ball pool as played in\n\nQuestion: In the conventional game of pool ('eight-ball', or 'spots and stripes') what colour are the 3 and 11 balls?", "output": "Red"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov () is a fictional character from the 1879\u20131880 novel The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoevsky. He is the father of Alexei, Ivan, and Dmitri Karamazov, and rumoured also to be the father of his house servant Pavel Fyodorovich Smerdyakov. His conflict with the eldest son\u2014Dimitri\u2014comprises a major part of the book's overt plot, although it becomes clear as events unfold that Ivan's relation to him is equally significant. Each of the sons represents a distinct character, life orientation and filial attitude that allows Dostoevsky to examine the theme of the father-son relationship in all its complexity and moral ambiguity. Fyodor Pavlovich is a self-indulgent and shameless libertine, apparently not concerned in any way with the normal responsibilities of fatherhood or the welfare of his children. Moral questions, particularly those arising from notions of filial obligation, are thus tested in great depth, and the consideration of their relation\n\nThe Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years (, \"And longer than a century lasts a day\"), originally published in Russian in the Novy Mir literary magazine in 1980, is a novel written by the Kyrgyz author Chinghiz Aitmatov. The title of the novel In an introduction written in 1990, during perestroika, the author wrote that the original title was The Hoop (\"\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0443\u0447\"), which was rejected by censors. The title The Day Lasts More Than a Hundred Years, taken from the poem \"Unique Days\" (\"\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043d\u0438\") by Boris Pasternak, used for the magazine version (Novy Mir, #11, 1980), was also criticized as too complicated, and the first \"book-size\" version of the novel was printed in Roman-Gazeta in a censored form under the title The Buranny Railway Stop (\u0411\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u043a). Introduction The novel takes place over the course of a day, which encompasses the railman Burranyi Yedigei's endeavor to bury his\n\nHillel Halkin (; born 1939) is an American-born Israeli translator, biographer, literary critic, and novelist who has lived in Israel since 1970. Biography Hillel Halkin was born in New York City two months before the outbreak of World War II. He was the son of Abraham S. Halkin, then a professor of Jewish literature, history, and culture at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, and his wife Shulamit, a daughter of Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan. In 1970, he made aliyah to Israel and settled in Zikhron Ya'akov. He studied English literature at Columbia University. Halkin is married to Marcia and is the father of two daughters. Literary career Halkin translates Hebrew and Yiddish literature into English. He has translated Sholem Aleichem's Tevye the Dairyman, and major Hebrew and Israeli novelists, among them Yosef Haim Brenner, S. Y. Agnon, Shulamith Hareven, A. B. Yehoshua, Amos Oz, and Meir Shalev. Halkin won a\n\nQuestion: \"Which writer's final novel was \"\"The Brothers Karamazov\"\"?\"", "output": "Fyodor Dostoyevsky"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In relativity, rapidity is commonly used as a measure for relativistic velocity. Mathematically, rapidity can be defined as the hyperbolic angle that differentiates two frames of reference in relative motion, each frame being associated with distance and time coordinates. For one-dimensional motion, rapidities are additive whereas velocities must be combined by Einstein's velocity-addition formula. For low speeds, rapidity and velocity are proportional but, for higher velocities, rapidity takes a larger value, with the rapidity of light being infinite. Using the inverse hyperbolic function , the rapidity corresponding to velocity is where c is the velocity of light. For low speeds, is approximately . Since in relativity any velocity is constrained to the interval the ratio satisfies . The inverse hyperbolic tangent has the unit interval for its domain and the whole real line for its image; that is, the interval maps onto . History In 1908 Hermann Minkowski explained how\n\nIn mechanics, acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to time. Acceleration is one of several components of kinematics, the study of motion. Accelerations are vector quantities (in that they have magnitude and direction). The orientation of an object's acceleration is given by the orientation of the net force acting on that object. The magnitude of an object's acceleration, as described by Newton's Second Law, is the combined effect of two causes: the net balance of all external forces acting onto that object \u2014 magnitude is directly proportional to this net resulting force; that object's mass, depending on the materials out of which it is made \u2014 magnitude is inversely proportional to the object's mass. The SI unit for acceleration is metre per second squared (, ). For example, when a vehicle starts from a standstill (zero velocity, in an inertial frame of\n\nFor classical dynamics at relativistic speeds, see relativistic mechanics. Relativistic dynamics refers to a combination of relativistic and quantum concepts to describe the relationships between the motion and properties of a relativistic system and the forces acting on the system. What distinguishes relativistic dynamics from other physical theories is the use of an invariant scalar evolution parameter to monitor the historical evolution of space-time events. In a scale-invariant theory, the strength of particle interactions does not depend on the energy of the particles involved. Twentieth century experiments showed that the physical description of microscopic and submicroscopic objects moving at or near the speed of light raised questions about such fundamental concepts as space, time, mass, and energy. The theoretical description of the physical phenomena required the integration of concepts from relativity and quantum theory. Vladimir Fock was the first to propose an evolution parameter theory for describing relativistic quantum phenomena,\n\nQuestion: In physics, what is defined as the rate of change of velocity with time?", "output": "ACCELERATION"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "and 1860s significantly increased Victoria's population and wealth. By the time of Australian Federation in 1901, Melbourne had become the largest city in Australasia, and served as the federal capital of Australia until Canberra was opened in 1927. The state continued to grow strongly through various periods of the 20th and early 21st centuries as a result of high levels of international and interstate migration. Victoria has 38 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate. At state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. The Labor Party, led by Jacinta Allan as premier, has governed Victoria since 2014. The Governor of Victoria, the representative of the Monarchy of Australia in the state, is currently Margaret Gardner. Victoria is divided into 79 local government areas, as well as several unincorporated areas which the state administers directly. Victoria's\n\nBallarat ( ) (Wathaurong: balla arat) is a city in the Central Highlands of Victoria, Australia. At the 2021 census, Ballarat had a population of 111,973, making it the third largest city in Victoria. Within months of Victoria separating from the colony of New South Wales in 1851, gold was discovered near Ballarat, sparking the Victorian gold rush. Ballarat subsequently became a thriving boomtown that for a time rivalled Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, in terms of wealth and cultural influence. In 1854, following a period of civil disobedience in Ballarat over gold licenses, local miners launched an armed uprising against government forces. Known as the Eureka Rebellion, it led to the introduction of white male suffrage in Australia, and as such is interpreted as the origin of Australian democracy. The rebellion's symbol, the Eureka Flag, has become a national symbol. Proclaimed a city on 9 September 1870, Ballarat's prosperity,\n\nVictoria (commonly abbreviated as Vic) is a state in southeastern Australia. It is the second-smallest state, with a land area of ; the second-most-populated state (after New South Wales), with a population of over 6.7 million; and the most densely populated state in Australia (29 per km2). Victoria is bordered by New South Wales to the north and South Australia to the west, and is bounded by the Bass Strait to the south (with the exception of a small land border with Tasmania located along Boundary Islet), the Great Australian Bight portion of the Southern Ocean to the southwest, and the Tasman Sea (a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean) to the southeast. The state encompasses a range of climates and geographical features from its temperate coastal and central regions to the Victorian Alps in the northeast and the semi-arid north-west. The majority of the Victorian population is concentrated\n\nQuestion: What is the state capital and largest city of Victoria, Australia?", "output": "Melbourne"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Storm Across Europe is a grand strategy video game written by Dan Cermak and released for the Commodore 64 in 1989 by Strategic Simulations. Versions for the Amiga and MS-DOS followed in 1990. The game covers World War II in Europe on a grand strategic scale between 1939 and 1945. Gameplay Three major powers are playable: Germany (Axis), the Allies and the Soviet Union. However, Germany cannot be played by the computer. In the game you are in charge of your chosen major power and its land, air and naval forces. You also control production and research of military equipment. The map covers Europe, North Africa and Middle East and the Baltic, North Sea, eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, Black Sea and Persian Gulf. The map covers 224 areas and 37 different countries. Each area has different terrain (affecting combat), and possible manpower, raw materials and industry (needed for production and research).\n\nCentral Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe. The concept of \"Central Europe\" emerged in Germany and Austria in the 19th century as \"Mitteleuropa\". Central Europe is known for its cultural diversity; however, countries in this region also share certain historical and cultural similarities. The region comprises most of the former territories of the Holy Roman Empire and those of the two neighboring kingdoms of Poland and Hungary. At its height, the Ottoman Empire controlled the vast majority of the Kingdom of Hungary, engulfing southern parts of present-day Slovakia. By the 18th century, the Habsburg monarchy extended its dominion to include Hungary and parts of Poland, at which point the monarchy also reigned over the territories of Austria, Slovenia, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, alongside parts of Italy, Switzerland and Germany. The countries that make up Central Europe have historically been, and in\n\nBulgaria (; ), officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe. Sofia is the nation's capital and largest city; other major cities include Burgas, Plovdiv, and Varna. One of the earliest societies in the lands of modern-day Bulgaria was the Neolithic Karanovo culture, which dates back to 6,500 BC. In the 6th to 3rd century BC the region was a battleground for ancient Thracians, Persians, Celts and Macedonians; stability came when the Roman Empire conquered the region in AD 45. After the Roman state splintered, tribal invasions in the region resumed. Around the 6th century, these territories were settled by\n\nQuestion: Which European country has often been referred to as the 'Playground Of Europe'?", "output": "SWITZERLAND"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Bank of China Tower (BOC Tower) is a skyscraper located in Central, Hong Kong. Located at 1 Garden Road on Hong Kong Island, the tower houses the headquarters of the Bank of China (Hong Kong) Limited. One of the most recognisable landmarks in Hong Kong, the building is notable for its distinct shape and design, consisting of triangular frameworks covered by glass curtain walls. The building was designed by Chinese-American architect I. M. Pei and L. C. Pei of I. M. Pei and Partners. At a height of , reaching high including a spire, the building is the fourth tallest skyscraper in Hong Kong, after International Commerce Centre, Two International Finance Centre and Central Plaza. It was the tallest building in Hong Kong and Asia from 1990 to 1992, and it was the first supertall skyscraper outside the United States, the first to break the 305 m (1,000 ft)\n\nthe creation of the Second Bank of the United States. 1821 \u2013 Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is hanged by the Ottoman government from the main gate of the Patriarchate and his body is thrown into the Bosphorus. 1821 \u2013 Greek War of Independence: the island of Psara joins the Greek struggle for independence. 1826 \u2013 The 10,500 inhabitants of the Greek town of Missolonghi begin leaving the town after a year's siege by Turkish forces. Very few of them survive. 1858 \u2013 After the original Big Ben, a bell for the Palace of Westminster, had cracked during testing, it is recast into the current bell by Whitechapel Bell Foundry. 1864 \u2013 Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg is proclaimed emperor of Mexico during the French intervention in Mexico. 1865 \u2013 American Civil War: A day after his surrender to Union forces, Confederate General Robert E. Lee addresses his troops for the\n\nThe Golan Heights Law () is the Israeli law which applies Israel's government and laws to the Golan Heights. It was ratified by the Knesset by a vote of 63\u201521, on December 14, 1981. Although the law did not use the term, it was considered by the international community and some members of the Israeli opposition as an annexation of the territory and illegitimate. The law was passed half a year after the peace treaty with Egypt which included Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula. In February 2018, the Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu stated that \"the Golan Heights will remain Israel's forever\", after his political rival Yair Lapid called on the international community to recognize Israeli sovereignty over the Golan Heights two months earlier. On March 25, 2019, the United States recognized the Golan Heights as sovereign Israeli territory while the UN reaffirmed that the \"..status of Golan\n\nQuestion: By what patriotic name was the tower containing Big Ben renamed in 2012?", "output": "ELIZABETH TOWER"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "some to Nebraska. The balance were removed to Minnesota in 1848 and a second removal occurred in 1850 which brought in another portion of the Ho-Chunk to the area. Due to frequent skirmishes by Ojibwe and Dakota bands against one another the Ho-Chunk could not avoid being attacked at times. The Ho-Chunk were unhappy with the land and were eventually relocated to an area near the Blue Earth River in southern Minnesota in 1855. After the Dakota rose up against whites in 1862 and the U.S.-Dakota war caused depopulation of southern Minnesota, many remaining Minnesota citizens were in no mood to allow the Ho-Chunk Nation to remain in the state, despite their neutrality during the hostilities. The Winnebago subsequently ceded their Minnesota lands to the United States per Treaty of Washington (1865) for relocation to South Dakota and then Nebraska. Meanwhile, the Ojibwe land ceded in 1847 remained in U.S.\n\nAlaska ( ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. It borders British Columbia and Yukon in Canada to the east and it shares a western maritime border in the Bering Strait with Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean lie to the north and the Pacific Ocean lies to the south. Technically a semi-exclave of the U.S., Alaska is the largest exclave in the world. Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area, comprising more total area than the next three largest states of Texas, California and Montana combined and is the seventh-largest subnational division in the world. It is the third-least populous and most sparsely populated U.S. state, but with a population of 736,081 as of 2020, is the continent's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel, with more than quadruple the combined populations\n\nThe Ural State University (, , often shortened to USU, \u0423\u0440\u0413\u0423) is a public university located in the city of Yekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russian Federation. Founded in 1920, it was an exclusive educational establishment made of several institutes (educational and scientific divisions) which later became independent universities and schools. Established in 1936 the university was named after one of its founders, Russian author Maxim Gorky. It is the second oldest University in the Middle Urals (the oldest being Urals State University of Mines) and one of the most prestigious universities in Russia; preparing research, educational and managerial elite on the basis of the integration of academic process and scientific research. It offers education in dozens of scientific and educational fields including 53 graduate programs. In 2007 Dmitriy Bugrov was elected new rector, while the incumbent Vladimir Tretyakov took the office of the President, representing the university in international affairs. The\n\nQuestion: Which US State achieved statehood in 1858 and is known as the 'Gopher' state?", "output": "MINNESOTA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bosnia and Herzegovina (; sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia) is a country in Southeast Europe, in the Balkans, bordering Serbia to the east, Montenegro to the southeast, and Croatia to the north and southwest. In the south it has a long coast on the Adriatic Sea. Bosnia has a moderate continental climate with hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In the central and eastern regions, the geography is mountainous, in the northwest it is moderately hilly, and in the northeast it is predominantly flat. Herzegovina, the smaller, southern region, has a Mediterranean climate and is mostly mountainous. Sarajevo is the capital and the largest city. The area has been inhabited since at least the Upper Paleolithic, but evidence suggests that during the Neolithic age, permanent human settlements were established, including those that belonged to the Butmir, Kakanj, and Vu\u010dedol cultures. After the arrival of the first Indo-Europeans,\n\nThe Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina () was a state in Southeastern Europe, existing from 1992 to 1995. It is the direct legal predecessor to the modern-day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosnia and Herzegovina seceded from the disintegrating Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992. The Bosnian War broke out soon after its Declaration of Independence and lasted for 3 years. Leaders from two of the three main ethnicities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, namely the Serbs and the Croats, separately established the entities of the Republika Srpska and the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, respectively, which were unrecognized by the Bosnian state and international governments. Informally, these events were considered as evidence that the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina represented primarily its Bosniak (mainly Muslim) population, though formally, the presidency and government of the republic was still composed of Serbs and Croats along with Bosniaks. Under the Washington\n\nIn Bosnia and Herzegovina, the smallest administrative unit is the municipality (\"op\u0161tina/\u043e\u043f\u0448\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0430\" or \"op\u0107ina/\u043e\u043f\u045b\u0438\u043d\u0430\" in the official languages and scripts of the country). Prior to the 1992\u201395 Bosnian War there were 109 municipalities in what was then Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Ten of these formed the area of the capital Sarajevo. After the war, the number of municipalities was increased to 142, grouped in the following way: 79 municipalities constitute the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH), which comprises 51% of the country's total territory. The municipalities within the federation are grouped into ten cantons. 64 municipalities constitute the Republika Srpska (RS), which comprises 49% of the country's total territory. In addition, Br\u010dko District does not belong to either entity and is governed as a condominium of both FBiH and RS entities. The district corresponds to the pre-war Br\u010dko municipality. Although technically not called a municipality, it is\n\nQuestion: What is the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina?", "output": "Sarajevo"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Devil Wears Prada is a 2006 American comedy-drama film directed by David Frankel and produced by Wendy Finerman. The screenplay, written by Aline Brosh McKenna, is based on Lauren Weisberger's 2003 novel of the same name. The film adaptation stars Meryl Streep as Miranda Priestly, a powerful fashion magazine editor, and Anne Hathaway as Andrea \"Andy\" Sachs, a college graduate who goes to New York City and lands a job as Priestly's co-assistant. Emily Blunt and Stanley Tucci co-star as co-assistant Emily Charlton and art director Nigel Kipling, respectively. Simon Baker and Adrian Grenier play pivotal supporting roles. In 2003, 20th Century Fox bought the rights to a film adaptation of Weisberger's novel before it was completed for publication; the project was not greenlit until Streep was cast in the lead role. Principal photography lasted 57 days, primarily taking place in New York City from October to December 2005.\n\nCzes\u0142awa Gospodarek (n\u00e9e Cie\u015blak; 10 June 1938 \u2013 5 December 2011), known by her stage name Violetta Villas, was a Polish and international cabaret star, singer, actress, composer and songwriter. Her voice was characterized as coloratura soprano, which spanned over four octaves. She could play the piano, violin, and trombone and had absolute pitch. Characterisations of her included \"the voice of the atomic age\", \"the singing toast of the continent\", \"a voice like French champagne\", and the \"Polish Yma Sumac\". Villas was the first star of the Casino de Paris at Dunes Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas (1966\u20131970). Villas was known for her conspicuous wardrobe and number-one hits. During her show business career, Villas acted in six films, performed in numerous musical shows, and recorded almost three hundred songs in ten languages, including Polish, English, French, German, Italian, Latin, Neapolitan, Russian, Spanish and Portuguese. She was an animal rights\n\nNatalie Dessay (; born 19 April 1965) is a French soprano, best known as an opera singer before her retirement from opera stage in 2013. She gained wide recognition after her portrayal of Olympia in The Tales of Hoffmann in 1992, and then performing at leading stages, such as the Paris Opera, Vienna State Opera, and the Metropolitan Opera. Since her earlier career she had been known in coloratura soprano roles in the German and French repertoire, such as Olympia in The Tales of Hoffmann, the title role in Lakm\u00e9, Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos and the Queen of the Night in The Magic Flute. After two vocal surgeries she turned her focus to heavier bel canto roles, such as Amina in La sonnambula, Lucia in Lucia di Lammermoor, Marie in La fille du r\u00e9giment, Violetta in La traviata, and further explored Baroque music with her collaborations with Emmanuelle Ha\u00efm.\n\nQuestion: Perhaps best known for her role in 'The Devil Wears Prada', which actress provided the voice for 'Juliet' in 'Gnomeo and Juliet'?", "output": "EMILY BLUNT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "17 April 1942. New Zealander Les Munro (the last surviving pilot who flew on 617 Squadron's Dambuster raid), served with 97 Squadron at Woodhall Spa before being posted to Scampton to join 617 in early 1943. He came back to Woodhall Spa in January 1944 when 617 moved there for the rest of the war. 97 Squadron moved to RAF Bourn in 1943 leaving behind 3 crews. 619 Squadron were formed here on 18 April 1943. They moved to RAF Coningsby on 1 January 1944. 617 Squadron who arrived with 34 Avro Lancasters and 2 de Havilland Mosquitoes, the latter being used for low level target marking. 617 Squadron remained here until the end of hostilities and pioneered the use of the Tallboy and Grand Slam bombs from the airfield. 627 Squadron The low level target marking that had been developed by 617 Squadron was so successful that 627 Squadron,\n\n(the \"Dambusters\") Commanding officers See also List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons References Notes Bibliography External links No. 619 Squadron history No. 619 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history No. 619 Squadron bases Nos. 611 - 620 Squadron Histories Bomber squadrons of the Royal Air Force in World War II 619 Squadron Military units and formations established in 1943 Military units and formations disestablished in 1945\n\nin the Oslo Fjord near Horten. After that mission the squadron ferried ex-prisoners of war back to the United Kingdom from Belgium (Operation Exodus). The squadron operated out of various Lincolnshire stations, before being disbanded at RAF Skellingthorpe on 18 July 1945. Members of the squadron were awarded 1 DSO, 76 DFCs and 37 DFMs. The squadron was mentioned 10 times in despatches. Aircraft operated Squadron bases Notable people Charles Clarke: served as a bomb aimer, shot down in 1944, interned in Stalag Luft III, was a spotter and forger for the Great Escape, retired from RAF as an Air Commodore. Nick Knilans: American who served with the squadron from 1943 to 1944, later served with No. 617 Squadron RAF (the \"Dambusters\") Commanding officers See also List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons References Notes Bibliography External links No. 619 Squadron history No. 619 Squadron RAF movement and equipment history\n\nQuestion: In which year did 617 Squadron's Dambusters Raid take place?", "output": "1943"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Vermilion Cliffs National Monument is located in northern Coconino County, Arizona, United States, immediately south of the Utah state line. This national monument, in area, protects the Paria Plateau, Vermilion Cliffs, Coyote Buttes, and Paria Canyon. Elevations in the monument range from 3,100 feet to 6,500 feet above sea level (944 to 1,981 meters). Creation and designation Established on November 9, 2000 by a presidential proclamation by President Bill Clinton, Vermilion Cliffs National Monument was carved from existing lands already under the management of the U.S. Government in extreme northern Coconino County, Arizona, immediately south of the border with the state of Utah. The monument is administered by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, an agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The Vermilion Cliffs themselves run along the southern and eastern edges of the monument. Much of the monument's land consists of the Paria Plateau, a flat area\n\nFort Proctor is a ruined 19th century fort in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, USA. It is also known as Fort Beauregard or Beauregard's Castle (after P.G.T. Beauregard, who supervised its construction with the architect J.G. Totten). The fort is on the shore of Lake Borgne just north of the mouth of Bayou Yscloskey. At the time it was built in the 1850s, there was also an adjacent railroad port called \"Proctorville\". The fort was intended to be part of the fortifications protecting water routes towards New Orleans. In 1814, the British Army had attacked New Orleans after their navy advanced up Lake Borgne and defeated a small flotilla of gunboats belonging to the New Orleans Squadron of the U.S. Navy, in the Battle of Lake Borgne. Due to delays caused by hurricane damage, and then the outbreak of the American Civil War, the fort was never garrisoned. By the end\n\nFort Fillmore, located at 32\u00b013\u203230\u2033N 106\u00b042\u203252\u2033W, was a United States military fortification established by Colonel Edwin Vose Sumner in September 1851 near Mesilla in what is now New Mexico, primarily for the purpose of protecting settlers and traders traveling to California. Early frontier migrants were under constant threat from attack by local Native Americans, and a network of forts was eventually created by the U.S. government to protect and encourage westward expansion. Fort Fillmore was intended to protect a corridor plagued by hostile Apaches, where several migration routes converged between El Paso and Tucson to take advantage of Apache Pass. Construction Fort Fillmore was originally constructed in the jacal style with upright wood posts plastered over with adobe; later, more substantial adobe walls were erected. Much of the work on the fort was done by the soldiers with the assistance of local Mexican laborers who made the adobe bricks. The\n\nQuestion: The Gila Cliff Dwellings and Fort Union National Monuments are in which US State?", "output": "New Mexico"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sarkis) has participated in the United Nations Conference to create the Sustainable Development Plan. This plan was created as an effort to combat desertification, biodiversity, and climate change. Unfortunately, at the General Assembly, it was declared that the plan had failed in terms of the setbacks that were found within the degrading land and eroding development gains. These environmental issues were ultimately related to the Syrian war. Introduction The Syrian government under the Ba'ath party has been around since 1970, and has managed to stay in power until the present day by instilling an authoritarian rule on Syria and its people. The ideology of fear and violence against Syria's people was perpetrated by former President Hafez al Assad (1971\u20132000). Upon Hafez al-Assad's death, his son \u2013 Bashar al-Assad \u2013 was named head of the Arab Socialist Ba\u2019ath Party, and is the current President of Syria (2000\u2013present). Syria has various ethnic\n\nMajor environmental issues in Syria include deforestation, overgrazing, soil erosion, desertification, water pollution from the dumping of raw sewage and wastes from petroleum refining, and inadequate supplies of potable water. Water shortages, exacerbated by population growth, industrial expansion, and water pollution, are a significant long-term constraint on economic development. The water shortages in Syria turned into five successive years of drought, prolonging the environmental issues that Syria already had. The Assad government (Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party \u2013 Syrian Region) came into power in Syria in 1970. Hafez al-Assad ruled as President from 1971 to 2000, and following his death the presidency passed to his son, Bashar al-Assad. The lack of change in environmental policies contributed to the five successive years of drought. Also, the continuous \u2018stability and peace\u2019 movement for four decades that was instilled by the Assad government transformed into institutionalizing fear and violence amongst its own people had\n\nHafez al-Assad's death, his son \u2013 Bashar al-Assad \u2013 was named head of the Arab Socialist Ba\u2019ath Party, and is the current President of Syria (2000\u2013present). Syria has various ethnic and religious cleavages that divided but also instilled a sense of loyalty amongst certain parts of the country. The main minorities in Syria include the Alawites (12 percent), the Greek Orthodox Christians and other Christian sects (9 percent), the Kurds (9 percent), and the Druze (3 percent). The Sunni religious group is considered to be the majority amongst the Syrian population. The ethnic and religious diversity in Syria has caused an unequal distribution of power. The Sunni Muslims dominated politically and ensured that the Alawites were denied any political input. The Alawites \u2013 a minority \u2013 wanted to have an input in their country, causing them to claim the armed forces and the Ba\u2019ath Party. This created a secular and\n\nQuestion: Hafez al Assad was the first democratically elected President of which country?", "output": "Syria"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Rare Birds Committee (Republic of Ireland) The Comitato di Omologazione Italiano (Italy) Latvijas Ornithofaunistikas Komisijas (Latvia) Lithuanian Raritie Commitie (Lietuvos ornitofaunistin\u0117 komisija) (Lithuania) The Luxemburger Homologations-Kommission (Luxembourg) Birdlife Malta (Malta) The Commissie Dwaalgasten Nedelerlandse Avifauna (Netherlands) The Norsk Sjeldenhetskomite for Fugle (Norway) The Komisja Faunistyczna (Poland) The Comit\u00e9 Portugu\u00eas de Raridades (Portugal) The Societatea Ornitologica Rom\u00e2na (Romania) The Slovenska Ornithologicka Spolocnost (Slovakia) The Bird Watching & Bird Study Association of Slovenia (Slovenia) The Comite de Rarezas de SEO (Spain) The Sveriges Ornitologiska F\u00f6renings Raritetskommitte (Sweden) The Schweizerische Avifaunistische Kommission (Switzerland) The Ukrainian Avifaunistic Commission (Ukraine)\n\nSaliega was an Iberian lynx who in 2005 became the first of her species to give birth in captivity. Saliega was born in the wild in March 2002 in Sierra Morena (Spain). As a one-month-old with little chance of survival in the wild, she was taken by the Andalusian authority and arrived at the Jerez zoo on 17 April 2002. There she was raised together with Aura, a female of the same age born in Do\u00f1ana, until both were transferred to El Acebuche Breeding Center, in the Do\u00f1ana Nature Park in Huelva, on 21 February 2003. On 28 March 2005, Saliega became the first Iberian lynx to breed in captivity, giving birth to three healthy kittens. Prior attempts at captive breeding had failed because the mothers ate their kittens immediately after birth. The father was Garfio, a three-year-old male from Sierra Morena, who was taken to El Acebuche in February\n\nIn British folklore and urban legend, British big cats refers to the subject of reported sightings of non-native, typically large felids feral in the United Kingdom. Many of these creatures have been described as \"panthers\", \"pumas\" or \"black cats\". There have been rare isolated incidents of recovered individual animals, often medium-sized species such as the Eurasian lynx, though in one 1980 case, a puma was captured alive in Scotland. These are generally believed to have been escaped or released exotic pets that had been held illegally, possibly released after the animals became too difficult to manage or after the introduction of the Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976. The existence of a population of \"true big cats\" in Britain, however, especially a breeding population, has been rejected by experts and the British government owing to a lack of convincing evidence for the presence of these animals. Supposed sightings made from a\n\nQuestion: After which extensive region of Europe is a rare but distinct local species of lynx named?", "output": "Iberia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "supply of water was required for use in the manufacturing processes. To manufacture 150 tons of cordite per week the factory would need 3 million imperial gallons (14,000 m\u00b3) of drinking quality water per day. In the latter part of the 19th century, the Great Western Railway (GWR) had undertaken the engineering feat of constructing the Severn Tunnel under the River Severn. One of the major difficulties encountered underground was the 'Great Spring', which necessitated the pumping of over 9 million gallons (41,000 m\u00b3) of water per day, at Sudbrook, from the western end of the tunnel, conveniently located only three miles (5 km) away from the proposed site at Caerwent. Even during the great drought of 1934 the lowest daily return was 9.1 million imperial gallons (41,000 m\u00b3). The GWR used about 1.5 million imperial gallons (6,800 m\u00b3) per day themselves, so there was always a guaranteed daily surplus\n\nThis is a reverse-chronological list of oil spills that have occurred throughout the world and spill(s) that are currently ongoing. Quantities are measured in tonnes of crude oil with one tonne roughly equal to 308 US gallons, 256 Imperial gallons, 7.33 barrels, or 1165 litres. This calculation uses a median value of 0.858 for the specific gravity of light crude oil; actual values can range from 0.816 to 0.893, so the amounts shown below are inexact. They are also estimates, because the actual volume of an oil spill is difficult to measure exactly. Confirmed spills Investigation underway Note: The \"flow rate\" column applies to leaking wells, pipelines, etc., and is often used to estimate the total amount of oil spilled. The \"full cargo\" column applies to vessels, vehicles, etc., and represents the maximum amount of oil that could be spilled. The \"spilled\" columns indicate the total amount of oil that\n\nA stock tank is used to provide drinking water for animals such as cattle or horses. Stock tanks can range in size from 100 liters to over 5500 liters (30 to 1500 gallons) and typically are made of galvanized steel. These tanks are filled either by a pump, windpump, creek, spring, rely on runoff water from rain or melting snow, or from water hauled to them in a truck. In some parts of Texas, ranchers refer to ponds and watering holes as stock tanks. Trick tank A trick tank is type of stock tank. It collects precipitation, holds the water in a covered tank to minimize evaporation and maintain adequate water quality, and dispenses water on demand into a basin from which animals can drink. Dispensing may be regulated by a mechanical float device similar to a ballcock in the tank of a flush toilet. Trick tanks are manufactured in\n\nQuestion: How much does ten gallons of water weigh in pounds?", "output": "100"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Kong Fuzi (), more usually Kongzi (; , \u2013 ), commonly Latinized as Confucius, was a Chinese philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period who is traditionally considered the paragon of Chinese sages. Confucius's teachings and philosophy underpin East Asian culture and society, and remain influential across China and East Asia to this day. His philosophical teachings, called Confucianism, emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, kindness, and sincerity, as well as an emphasis on a ruler's duty to their subjects. Confucius considered himself a transmitter for the values of earlier periods which he claimed had been abandoned in his time. The time immediately following Confucius's life saw a rich diversity of thought, and was a formative period in China's intellectual history. His ideas gained in prominence during the Warring States period, but experienced setback immediately following the Qin conquest. Under Emperor Wu of Han, Confucius's ideas\n\nAristotle (; Aristot\u00e9l\u0113s, ; 384\u2013322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science. Little is known about Aristotle's life. He was born in the city of Stagira in northern Greece during the Classical period. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, and he was brought up by a guardian. At 17 or 18 he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there till the age of 37 (). Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored his son Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC. He established\n\nArthur Schopenhauer ( , ; 22 February 1788 \u2013 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is best known for his 1818 work The World as Will and Representation (expanded in 1844), which characterizes the phenomenal world as the manifestation of a blind and irrational noumenal will. Building on the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant (1724\u20131804), Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that rejected the contemporaneous ideas of German idealism. He was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant tenets of Indian philosophy, such as asceticism, denial of the self, and the notion of the world-as-appearance. His work has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism. Though his work failed to garner substantial attention during his lifetime, Schopenhauer had a posthumous impact across various disciplines, including philosophy, literature, and science. His writing on aesthetics, morality, and psychology have influenced many\n\nQuestion: Which philosopher was born in 551 BC in China?", "output": "Confucius"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "creation: Calliope (the 'beautiful of speech'): chief of the muses and muse of epic or heroic poetry Clio (the 'glorious one'): muse of history Erato (the 'amorous one'): muse of love or erotic poetry, lyrics, and marriage songs Euterpe (the 'well-pleasing'): muse of music and lyric poetry Melpomene (the 'chanting one'): muse of tragedy Polyhymnia or Polymnia (the '[singer] of many hymns'): muse of sacred song, oratory, lyric, singing, and rhetoric Terpsichore (the '[one who] delights in dance'): muse of choral song and dance Thalia (the 'blossoming one'): muse of comedy and bucolic poetry Urania (the 'celestial one'): muse of astronomy No muse was identified with the visual arts of painting and sculpture. In ancient Greece sculptors and painters were held in low regard, somewhere between freemen and slaves, their work regarded as mere manual labour. The word art derives from the Latin \"\" (stem art-), which, although literally defined\n\nStudi e Testi 15. (1999) Ancient Aetolians Ancient Greek dramatists and playwrights Ancient Greek poets Tragic poets Ancient Greek epic poets Ancient Greek epigrammatists Ancient Greek elegiac poets 3rd-century BC Greek people 3rd-century BC poets Ptolemaic court Year of birth unknown Year of death unknown Hellenistic poets\n\nAlcaeus of Mytilene (; , Alkaios ho Mutil\u0113naios; \u2013 BC) was a lyric poet from the Greek island of Lesbos who is credited with inventing the Alcaic stanza. He was included in the canonical list of nine lyric poets by the scholars of Hellenistic Alexandria. He was a contemporary of Sappho, with whom he may have exchanged poems. He was born into the aristocratic governing class of Mytilene, the main city of Lesbos, where he was involved in political disputes and feuds. Biography The broad outlines of the poet's life are well known. He was born into the aristocratic, warrior class that dominated Mytilene, the strongest city-state on the island of Lesbos and, by the end of the seventh century BC, the most influential of all the North Aegean Greek cities, with a strong navy and colonies securing its trade-routes in the Hellespont. The city had long been ruled by\n\nQuestion: According to Greek legend, which of the 9 Muses was the muse of Lyric poetry?", "output": "Erato"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (; 29 January 1860 \u2013 15 July 1904) was a Russian playwright and short-story writer who is considered to be one of the greatest writers of all time. His career as a playwright produced four classics, and his best short stories are held in high esteem by writers and critics. Along with Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg, Chekhov is often referred to as one of the three seminal figures in the birth of early modernism in the theatre. Chekhov was a physician by profession. \"Medicine is my lawful wife\", he once said, \"and literature is my mistress.\" Chekhov renounced the theatre after the reception of The Seagull in 1896, but the play was revived to acclaim in 1898 by Konstantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre, which subsequently also produced Chekhov's Uncle Vanya and premiered his last two plays, Three Sisters and The Cherry Orchard. These four works present\n\n1898 by Konstantin Stanislavski's Moscow Art Theatre, which subsequently also produced Chekhov's Uncle Vanya and premiered his last two plays, Three Sisters and The Cherry Orchard. These four works present a challenge to the acting ensemble as well as to audiences, because in place of conventional action Chekhov offers a \"theatre of mood\" and a \"submerged life in the text\". The plays that Chekhov wrote were not complex, but easy to follow, and created a somewhat haunting atmosphere for the audience. Chekhov at first wrote stories to earn money, but as his artistic ambition grew, he made formal innovations that influenced the evolution of the modern short story. He made no apologies for the difficulties this posed to readers, insisting that the role of an artist was to ask questions, not to answer them. Biography Childhood Anton Chekhov was born into a Russian family on the feast day of St.\n\nVictoria Holt Travels with My Aunt by Graham Greene Rich Man, Poor Man by Irwin Shaw 1971 Wheels by Arthur Hailey The Exorcist by William P. Blatty The Passions of the Mind by Irving Stone The Day of the Jackal by Frederick Forsyth The Betsy by Harold Robbins Message from Malaga by Helen MacInnes The Winds of War by Herman Wouk The Drifters by James A. Michener The Other by Tom Tryon Rabbit Redux by John Updike 1972 Jonathan Livingston Seagull by Richard Bach August 1914 by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn The Odessa File by Frederick Forsyth The Day of the Jackal by Frederick Forsyth The Word by Irving Wallace The Winds of War by Herman Wouk Captains and the Kings by Taylor Caldwell Two from Galilee by Marjorie Holmes My Name is Asher Lev by Chaim Potok Semi-Tough by Dan Jenkins 1973 Jonathan Livingston Seagull by Richard Bach Once Is Not\n\nQuestion: \"Who wrote the plays \"\"The Seagull\"\", \"\"The Cherry Orchard\"\", \"\"The Three Sisters\"\" and \"\"Uncle Vanya\"\"?\"", "output": "Chekhov"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Fleetwood Sheppard (sometimes spelled as \"Shepphard,\" \"Sheppheard,\" and \"Sheppeard\") (1 January 1634 \u2013 25 August 1698) was a British courtier and literary wit who was instrumental in the courts of Charles II of England and William of Orange. He was an educated man known for his lively wit and honesty, and he was an important figure in the poetry of the 1680s and 1690s. Life Education and introduction to royal court He was born in Oxfordshire, attended Magdalen Hall and Christ Church, Oxford, gaining the Bachelor of Arts in 1654 and Master of Arts in 1657. When all persons attaining an M.A. were required to join the Church of England, King Charles intervened and said that Sheppard had a background in civil law (having studied at Gray's Inn) and was \"not prepared to take orders, he being a person of much ability\" (Ellis 255). Instead, Sheppard became a courtier. He\n\nEdward James Eliot (24 August 1758 \u2013 20 September 1797) was an English Member of Parliament. Life Eliot was born in Cornwall, the son of Catherine (c.1735\u20131804), daughter and heir of Edward Elliston of Gestingthorpe, Essex, an East India Company captain, and Edward Craggs-Eliot (1727\u20131804), politician, created Baron Eliot in 1784. He went to Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1775, becoming friends with the future Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, and graduated with an MA in 1780. He was elected Member of Parliament for St Germans, Cornwall from 1780 and for Liskeard from 1784. He soon became a Treasury minister from 1782, and was a member of the government of the Younger Pitt from 1783, being appointed King's Remembrancer in the Exchequer of pleas in 1785. On 24 September 1785 he married Harriot Pitt, the younger daughter of William Pitt the Elder and sister to the Younger Pitt. One year\n\nthe daisy's fate to that of humankind, first, in stanza six, to a young girl taken in by her lover and then, in stanza seven, to himself. The final stanza is in some ways reminiscent of Andrew Marvell's poem To His Coy Mistress: But at my back I always hear Time's wing\u00e8d chariot drawing near; References Scottish poems 1786 poems 1786 in Scotland Scots-language works\n\nQuestion: Who was the 17th century English poet and Member of Parliament, who is best remembered for his poem entitled 'To His Coy Mistress'?", "output": "ANDREW MARVELL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "best he might. On the first flight attempt, October 7, 1903, the craft failed to fly and dropped into the Potomac River immediately after launch. On the second attempt, December 8, the craft collapsed after launch and again fell into the river. Rescuers pulled Manly unhurt from the water each time. Langley blamed the calamities on a problem with the launch mechanism, not the aircraft. The real problem lay in his failure to consider the problems of calculating stress on an airframe and correct control of an aircraft. He made no further tests, and his experiments became the object of scorn in newspapers and the U.S. Congress. Nine days after the December 8, 1903, failure, the Wright brothers conducted four successful flights near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. 1914 modification and flight tests At the Smithsonian's instigation, Glenn Curtiss extensively modified the Aerodrome in an attempt to bypass the Wright brothers'\n\nClarence Duncan Chamberlin (November 11, 1893 \u2013 October 31, 1976) was an American pioneer of aviation, being the second man to pilot a fixed-wing aircraft across the Atlantic Ocean, from New York to the European mainland, while carrying the first transatlantic passenger. Early years Clarence Duncan Chamberlin was born on November 11, 1893, in the small town of Denison, Iowa, to Elzie Clarence and Jessie Duncan Chamberlin. Elzie, or \"EC\" as he was known around Denison, was the local jeweler and the owner of the first automobile in Denison. This automobile was notorious throughout Crawford County for the racket it emitted while in operation. Indeed, maintenance of the vehicle was a near constant endeavor; however, it was in maintaining the family automobile that Chamberlin first developed an interest in all things mechanical. Additionally, he found great delight in using his mechanical skills to repair the clocks and watches that would\n\nat a height of on May 6, 1896. In November, model \"Number 6\" flew almost . Both aircraft were launched by catapult from a houseboat in the Potomac River near Quantico, Virginia, south of Washington, D.C. The flights impressed Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt enough for him to assert that \"the machine has worked\" and to call for the United States Navy to create a four-officer board to study the utility of Langleys \"flying machine\" in March 1898, the first documented U.S. Navy expression of interest in aviation. The group approved the idea, although the Navy did not take on the project. Instead, the Board of Ordnance and Fortification of the U.S. Department of War acted on the recommendation and made $50,000 in grants to the Smithsonian for construction of a full-scale man-carrying version. Langley's technical team also built a gasoline-powered quarter-scale unmanned model, which flew successfully twice\n\nQuestion: The Wright Brothers' first powered flight, in 1903, took place where?", "output": "Kitty Hawk"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Black Russian is a cocktail of vodka and kahlua. It contains 50 ml vodka and 20 ml coffee liqueur, per IBA specified ingredients. The drink is made by pouring the vodka and coffee liqueur over ice cubes or cracked ice in an old-fashioned glass and stirring. The Black Russian is often garnished with a lemon slice and a Luxardo maraschino cherry on a stick. History The Black Russian cocktail first appeared in 1949 and is ascribed to Gustave Tops, a Belgian barman, who created it at the Hotel Metropole in Brussels in honor of Perle Mesta, then United States Ambassador to Luxembourg. The cocktail owes its name to the use of vodka, a typical Russian spirit, and the blackness of the coffee liqueur. Variations Dirty Black Russian, tall Black Russian, Australian Black Russian or Colorado bulldog: served in a highball glass and topped up with cola. Black magic: served\n\nof the coffee liqueur. Variations Dirty Black Russian, tall Black Russian, Australian Black Russian or Colorado bulldog: served in a highball glass and topped up with cola. Black magic: served with a dash of lemon juice and a lemon twist to garnish. Irish Russian or smooth Black Russian: served with a head of Guinness. Brown Russian: served in a highball glass and topped with ginger ale. Belarusian or white Russian: served with milk or cream. Mudslide: served with Irish cream, either fresh cream or ice cream, with or without chocolate sauce rim. Mind eraser: topped up with sparkling water. Paralyzer: Made with cola and milk in addition to vodka and coffee liqueur. See also List of cocktails References Cocktails with vodka Cocktails with coffee liqueur Coffee culture Coffee drinks Alcoholic coffee drinks Two-ingredient cocktails\n\nthe word \"dansk\", simply meaning Danish, and the use of Z instead of S and \"ka\"-ending, that makes the word sound Russian. Types Danzka is available in 7 flavours: Danzka Vodka (red) - the original (40% ABV) Danzka Vodka Fifty (black) - increased alcohol content (50% ABV) Danzka Vodka Apple (green) - apple flavoured (40% ABV) Danzka Vodka Citrus (yellow) - lemon flavoured (40% ABV) Danzka Vodka Cranraz (fuchsia) - cranberry and raspberry flavoured (40% ABV) Danzka Vodka Currant (purple) - blackcurrant flavoured (40% ABV) Danzka Vodka Grapefruit (orange) - grapefruit flavoured (40% ABV) External links Danzka Vodka References Danish vodkas Danish brands Products introduced in 1989\n\nQuestion: In drinks, what ingredient is the difference between a White Russian and a Black Russian?", "output": "Milk"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Elsinore Theatre is a 1,290-seat theatre located in Salem, Oregon, United States, that first opened on May 28, 1926. Early years Owner George Guthrie enlisted the firm of Lawrence and Holford to design the theatre in a Tudor Gothic style meant to resemble the castle in the city of Elsinore from Shakespeare's play Hamlet. Ellis F. Lawrence, the first dean of the University of Oregon school of architecture, was the project's principal architect. The building features stained glass by the Povey Brothers and a Mighty Wurlitzer theatre organ similar to the original, which was dismantled in 1962. Originally the Elsinore was designed for live performances and silent films. Three years after its construction in 1926, Guthrie leased the theatre to Fox West Coast Theatres. It was at this time that sound movies came to the theatre. Decline and restoration In 1954, the theater began a general decline from its\n\nAn ekkykl\u00eama or eccyclema (; ; \"roll-out machine\") was a wheeled platform rolled out through a sk\u00ean\u00ea in ancient Greek theatre. It was used to bring interior scenes out into the sight of the audience. Some ancient sources suggest that it may have been revolved or turned. It is mainly used in tragedies for revealing dead bodies, such as Hippolytus' dying body in the final scene of Euripides' play of the same name, or the corpse of Eurydice draped over the household altar in Sophocles' Antigone. Other uses include the revelation in Sophocles' Ajax of Ajax surrounded by the sheep he killed whilst under the delusion that they were Greeks. The ekkykl\u00eama is also used in comedy to parody the tragic effect. An example of this is in Aristophanes' Thesmophoriazusae when Agathon, portrayed as an effeminate, is wheeled onstage on an ekkykl\u00eama to enhance the comic absurdity of the scene.\n\nThe Infernal Machine, or La Machine Infernale is a French play by the dramatist Jean Cocteau, based on the ancient Greek myth of Oedipus. The play initially premiered on April 10, 1934 at the Theatre Louis Jouvet in Paris, France, under the direction of Louis Jouvet himself, with costumes and scene design by Christian B\u00e9rard. The Infernal Machine, as translated by Albert Bermel, was first played at the Phoenix Theatre, New York, on February 3, 1958, under the direction of Herbert Berghof, with scenery by Ming Cho Lee, costumes by Alvin Colt, and lighting by Tharon Musser. Plot summary Prologue The Voice presents a brief prologue and information about events that have occurred before the action of the play takes place. The Voice recounts that a baby is abandoned on a mountainside. The baby, Oedipus, is adopted by the King of Corinth. Oedipus questions the Oracle of Delphi who says\n\nQuestion: Which famous play was set in Elsinor?", "output": "Hamlet"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "special interest in the Harvard Medical School during his terms as a Harvard overseer (1875\u20131887). Corporal Punishment The whipping of a 16-year-old girl named Josephine Foster in a Cambridge school in 1866 gave Wyman a new cause. Convinced that it was harmful to use corporal punishment on young women and girls, Wyman led a petition drive, spoke and wrote on the subject, and ultimately served terms on the Cambridge School Board. He soon allied with others such as Bostonian John P. Ordway who wished to ban corporal punishment in the public schools for both sexes. Wyman testified at a hearing in 1868 on a bill to abolish all corporal punishment in public schools in Massachusetts - a bill which passed the lower house of the General Court, but failed in the Senate. (Corporal punishment in public schools was ultimately prohibited by law in Massachusetts in 1972.) His efforts did not\n\nstrict discipline, adopting to 1950s/1960s diet and following a strict uniform dress code, the only difference being the absence of corporal punishment as it was made illegal in all state schools in Britain in 1986, and in all private schools in England and Wales in 1998. Because of that, other strict punishments, most notably writing lines and essays and holding up heavy items for a certain amount of time were used instead. Throughout the series, a number of students have either been expelled for misconduct, or have chosen to leave the school voluntarily. After four weeks, the students then take their final exams, produced to the same standard as contemporary GCE O Levels and CSEs. There were three series of the show, the first airing in August 2003 (recreating a 1950s grammar school and featuring academically high-achieving pupils), the second in August 2004 (a 1960s secondary modern and the academically\n\nErmysted's Grammar School is an 11-18 boys' voluntary aided grammar school in Skipton, North Yorkshire, England. It was founded by Peter Toller in the 15th century and is the seventh oldest state school in Britain. The first official record of the school was seen in Peter Toller's will in 1492; the school records its establishment as the same year, though its history could possibly be dated to 1468. The school operates a house system. The four houses \u2014 Toller, Ermysted, Petyt, and Hartley \u2014 are named after key figures in the school's history; when the school operated a boarding house, its boarders were members of School House. There are 840 currently enrolled students. The Sixth Form is formed from boys graduating Key Stage 4, as well as 20 additional boys. The current headmaster is Michael Evans; his predecessor, Graham Hamilton, retired at the end of the 2015-2016 school year. In\n\nQuestion: In which year was corporal punishment officially banned in British State Schools ?", "output": "1986"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Physical cosmology is a branch of cosmology concerned with the study of cosmological models. A cosmological model, or simply cosmology, provides a description of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and allows study of fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate. Cosmology as a science originated with the Copernican principle, which implies that celestial bodies obey identical physical laws to those on Earth, and Newtonian mechanics, which first allowed those physical laws to be understood. Physical cosmology, as it is now understood, began with the development in 1915 of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, followed by major observational discoveries in the 1920s: first, Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe contains a huge number of external galaxies beyond the Milky Way; then, work by Vesto Slipher and others showed that the universe is expanding. These advances made it possible to speculate about the origin of\n\nIn astronomy, aberration (also referred to as astronomical aberration, stellar aberration, or velocity aberration) is a phenomenon where celestial objects exhibit an apparent motion about their true positions based on the velocity of the observer: It causes objects to appear to be displaced towards the observer's direction of motion. The change in angle is of the order of v/c where c is the speed of light and v the velocity of the observer. In the case of \"stellar\" or \"annual\" aberration, the apparent position of a star to an observer on Earth varies periodically over the course of a year as the Earth's velocity changes as it revolves around the Sun, by a maximum angle of approximately 20 arcseconds in right ascension or declination. The term aberration has historically been used to refer to a number of related phenomena concerning the propagation of light in moving bodies. Aberration is distinct\n\nSir Arthur Stanley Eddington (28 December 1882 \u2013 22 November 1944) was an English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician. He was also a philosopher of science and a populariser of science. The Eddington limit, the natural limit to the luminosity of stars, or the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object, is named in his honour. Around 1920, he foreshadowed the discovery and mechanism of nuclear fusion processes in stars, in his paper \"The Internal Constitution of the Stars\". At that time, the source of stellar energy was a complete mystery; Eddington was the first to correctly speculate that the source was fusion of hydrogen into helium. Eddington wrote a number of articles that announced and explained Einstein's theory of general relativity to the English-speaking world. World War I had severed many lines of scientific communication, and new developments in German science were not well known in England. He also\n\nQuestion: Whose Law states that galaxies are moving apart at a rate that increases with their distance ? A telescope was named after him ?", "output": "HUBBLE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Archaeopteryx (; ), sometimes referred to by its German name, \"\" ( Primeval Bird), is a genus of avian dinosaurs. The name derives from the ancient Greek (archa\u012bos), meaning \"ancient\", and (pt\u00e9ryx), meaning \"feather\" or \"wing\". Between the late 19th century and the early 21st century, Archaeopteryx was generally accepted by palaeontologists and popular reference books as the oldest known bird (member of the group Avialae). Older potential avialans have since been identified, including Anchiornis, Xiaotingia, and Aurornis. Archaeopteryx lived in the Late Jurassic around 150 million years ago, in what is now southern Germany, during a time when Europe was an archipelago of islands in a shallow warm tropical sea, much closer to the equator than it is now. Similar in size to a Eurasian magpie, with the largest individuals possibly attaining the size of a raven, the largest species of Archaeopteryx could grow to about in length. Despite\n\nThe aardwolf (Proteles cristatus) is an insectivorous species of hyena, native to East and Southern Africa. Its name means \"earth-wolf\" in Afrikaans and Dutch. It is also called the maanhaar-jackal (Afrikaans for \"mane-jackal\"), termite-eating hyena and civet hyena, based on its habit of secreting substances from its anal gland, a characteristic shared with the African civet. Unlike many of its relatives in the order Carnivora, the aardwolf does not hunt large animals. It eats insects and their larvae, mainly termites; one aardwolf can lap up as many as 300,000 termites during a single night using its long, sticky tongue. The aardwolf's tongue has adapted to be tough enough to withstand the strong bite of termites. The aardwolf lives in the shrublands of eastern and southern Africa \u2013 open lands covered with stunted trees and shrubs. It is nocturnal, resting in burrows during the day and emerging at night to seek\n\nCarnivora is an order of placental mammals that have specialized in primarily eating flesh, whose members are formally referred to as carnivorans. The order Carnivora is the fifth largest order of mammals, comprising at least 279 species. Carnivorans live on every major landmass and in a variety of habitats, ranging from the cold polar regions to the hyper-arid region of the Sahara Desert to the open seas. They come in a very large array of different body plans with a wide diversity of shapes and sizes. Carnivora can be divided into two suborders: the Feliformia, containing the true felines and several feline-like forms, and the Caniformia, containing the true canids (such as wolves and dingos) and many somewhat \"dog-like\" forms such as sea lions and bears. The feliforms include families such as the cats, the hyenas, the mongooses and the civets. The majority of feliform species are found in the\n\nQuestion: The bird group Merops Apiaster is more commonly named after what creature that it eats?", "output": "Bee"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Tire (; ) is a municipality and district of \u0130zmir Province, Turkey. Its area is 716 km2, and its population is 87,462 (2022). It is largely urbanized at the rate of 55.8%. Tire's center is situated at a distance of to the south-east from the point of departure of the traditional center of \u0130zmir (Konak Square in Konkak) and lies at a distance of inland from the nearest seacoast in the Gulf of Ku\u015fadas\u0131 to its west. Tire district area neighbors the district areas of Sel\u00e7uk (west) Torbal\u0131 (north-west), Bay\u0131nd\u0131r (north) and \u00d6demi\u015f (east), all part of \u0130zmir Province, while to the south it is bordered by Ayd\u0131n Province. The district area's physical features are determined by the alluvial plain of K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Menderes River in its northern part and in its south by the mountains delimiting the parallel alluvial valley of B\u00fcy\u00fck Menderes River flowing between Ayd\u0131n and the Aegean\n\nCyprus (), officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, south of the Anatolian Peninsula and east of the Levant. It is geographically in Western Asia, but its cultural ties and geopolitics are overwhelmingly Southeastern European. Cyprus is the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean. It is located north of Egypt, east of Greece, south of Turkey, and west of Lebanon and Syria. Its capital and largest city is Nicosia. The northeast portion of the island is de facto governed by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains include the well-preserved ruins from the Hellenistic period such as Salamis and Kourion, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves\n\nAnkara ( , ; ), historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and 5.7 million in Ankara Province, making it Turkey's second-largest city after Istanbul, but first by the urban area (2,767 km2). Serving as the capital of the ancient Celtic state of Galatia (280\u201364 BC), and later of the Roman province with the same name (25 BC\u20137th century), the city is very old, with various Hattian, Hittite, Lydian, Phrygian, Galatian, Greek, Persian, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman archeological sites. The Ottomans made the city the capital first of the Anatolia Eyalet (1393 \u2013 late 15th century) and then the Angora Eyalet (1827\u20131864) and the Angora Vilayet (1867\u20131922). The historical center of Ankara is a rocky hill rising over the left bank of the Ankara River, a tributary\n\nQuestion: In which Eastern Mediterranean country is the city of Tyre ?", "output": "LEBANON"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Arthur Wood (24 January 1875 \u2013 18 January 1953) was an English composer and conductor, particularly famous for \"Barwick Green\", the signature theme for the BBC Radio 4 series The Archers. Life Wood was born in Heckmondwike, Yorkshire, the son of a tailor. His father was a violinist in a local amateur orchestra and as a boy, Wood began to learn the violin, the flute and piccolo. After his family moved to Harrogate in 1882 he was given flute lessons from Arthur Brookes, a member of a local spa orchestra. He left school at the age of twelve and two years later became organist of St Paul's Presbyterian Church in Harrogate. By age sixteen he had become the lead flautist, pianist and deputy conductor of the Harrogate Municipal Orchestra. Later he moved onto the Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra. In 1903, at the age of twenty-eight, he progressed to become the director\n\n1902. After this he became a staff composer for Boosey & Hawkes, for whom he wrote many orchestral suites and single works, many related to his upbringing. These include Three Dale Dances, the Yorkshire Moors Suite, A Lancashire Clog Dance and My Native Heath, from which his most famous piece \"Barwick Green\" came. Other orchestral works include his Concertino in A major, Widow Malone, An Oriental Scene and Fairy Dreams. He also composed for a number of stage musicals, such as Yvonne, Petticoat Fair, and Fancy Fair, the latter two dating from about 1918. Apart from \"Barwick Green\", his works are now rarely performed. References External links 1875 births 1953 deaths 20th-century classical composers English classical composers Light music composers People from Heckmondwike The Archers English male classical composers Musicians from Yorkshire 20th-century English composers 20th-century British male musicians\n\nDoug Barwick (born 6 February 1962) is a former Australian rules footballer who represented Fitzroy and Collingwood in the Australian Football League. Recruited from East Launceston, Barwick made his debut in Round 1 of the 1984 VFL season against Geelong at Kardinia Park. A strong mark and a long kick for his size, Barwick was a tough half-forward who was a handy goalkicker. He played 76 games for Fitzroy before moving to Collingwood in 1988. Barwick played in the Magpies' 1990 drought-breaking premiership, kicking two goals. He retired in 1991 at the age of 29, with 147 games and 217 goals to his name, along with a premiership medallion. He also represented Victoria in 1987 and Tasmania in 1990 and 1991. He was named a life member of the Collingwood in 2010. References External links 1962 births Living people Australian rules footballers from Launceston, Tasmania Collingwood Football Club players Collingwood\n\nQuestion: 'Barwick Green' is the signature tune for which radio programme?", "output": "THE ARCHERS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Lamprophyres and melilitic rocks Kimberlite Lamproite Orangeite (see Group II kimberlite) Feldspathoid-bearing rocks such as leucitites K-feldspar enriched leucogranites Vaugnerite and Durbachite Economic importance The economic importance of ultrapotassic rocks is wide and varied. Kimberlites, lamproites and perhaps even lamprophyres are known to contain diamond. These rocks are all produced at depths in excess of 120 km and thus can bring diamond to the surface as xenocrysts. Ultrapotassic granites are a known host for much granite-hosted gold mineralisation. Significant porphyry-style mineralisation is won from highly potassic to ultrapotassic granites. Ultrapotassic A-type intracontinental granites may be associated with fluorite and columbite \u2013 tantalite mineralization. References Ultrapotassic rocks Igneous petrology Geochemistry\n\nBrownmillerite is a rare oxide mineral with chemical formula . It is named for Lorrin Thomas Brownmiller (1902\u20131990), chief chemist of the Alpha Portland Cement Company, Easton, Pennsylvania. Discovery and occurrence The chemical compound was first recognized in 1932 and named for the chemist who identified it. The naturally occurring mineral form of the compound was first recognized in 1964 for occurrences in the Bellerberg volcano, Ettringen, Mayen-Koblenz, Germany. At the type locality the mineral occurs within limestone blocks that are contained in a volcanic flow. The limestone blocks had undergone thermal metamorphism. The mineral also occurs in the thermally altered strata of the Hatrurim Formation of Israel. Minerals associated with brownmillerite in the Mayen locality include calcite, ettringite, wollastonite, larnite, mayenite, gehlenite, diopside, pyrrhotite, grossular, spinel, afwillite, jennite, portlandite and jasmundite. In an Austrian occurrence near Kloch, melilite, mayenite, wollastonite, kalsilite and corundum are found. Within the Hatrurim area\n\nit was an unmistakably colourless gem. The diamond did not display a definite crystallographic habit and was often incorrectly referred to as a 'cleavage piece'. If a resin model of the diamond is studied however, one would find no evidence of mechanical or natural cleavage on the diamond. The morphology of this diamond was due to plastic deformation during the eruption phase of the kimberlite. The diamond did not exhibit any trigons on the octahedral faces (111) or noticeable striae on the dodecahedral faces (110) and the crystallographic orientation was derived from the presence of two orthogonal inversions on one of the hexahedral faces (100). See also List of diamonds External links Premier Rose Diamond at Jacques Mouw website De Beers Diamonds originating in South Africa Individual diamonds\n\nQuestion: \"What is looked for in the blue-tinged igneous rock called \"\"kimberlite\"\"?\"", "output": "Diamonds"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The little black cormorant (Phalacrocorax sulcirostris) is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. It is common in smaller rivers and lakes throughout most areas of Australia and northern New Zealand, where it is known as the little black shag. It is around sixty centimetres long, and is all black with blue-green eyes. Taxonomy The little black cormorant was formally described in 1837 by the German born naturalist Johann Friedrich von Brandt. He placed it in the genus Carbo and coined the binomial name Carbo sulcirostris. The species is now placed in the genus Phalacrocorax that was introduced by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760. The genus name Phalacrocorax is the Latin word for a cormorant. The specific epithet sulcirostris combines the Latin sulcus meaning \"furrow\" with -rostris meaning \"-billed\". The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised. The common name in New Zealand is the little\n\nMorag () is the nickname given to a loch monster believed by many to live in Loch Morar, Scotland. After Nessie, it is among the most written about of Scotland's legendary monsters. \"Morag\", a Scottish female name, is a pun on the name of the loch. Reported sightings date back to 1887, and numbered 34 incidents by 1981. Sixteen of these involved multiple witnesses. A widely reported claim involved two local men, Duncan McDonell and William Simpson, and their boat, with which they claimed to have accidentally struck the creature, prompting it to attack them. McDonell defended with an oar, and Simpson opened fire with his rifle, whereupon it sank slowly out of sight. They described it as being brown, long, with rough skin, three dorsal humps rising above the loch's surface, and a head a foot wide, held out of the water. See also Muc-sheilch (Loch Maree and environs)\n\nThe eastern whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus) is an insectivorous passerine bird native to the east coast of Australia. Its whip-crack song is a familiar sound in forests of eastern Australia. Two subspecies are recognised. Heard much more often than seen, it is dark olive-green and black in colour with a distinctive white cheek patch and a crest. The male and female are similar in plumage. Taxonomy The eastern whipbird was mistakenly described by John Latham as two separate species in 1801 from early colonial illustrations, first as the white-cheeked crow (Corvus olivaceus) and as the coachwhip flycatcher (Muscicapa crepitans). The bird became commonly known as coachwhip bird or stockwhip bird. John Gould recorded the aboriginal term Djou from the Hunter Region of New South Wales. Its specific name is derived from its olive colouration, though it was soon placed in the new genus Psophodes by Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield,\n\nQuestion: Which sea bird found around the shores of Britain is a larger relative of the Shag?", "output": "Cormorant"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Board games are tabletop games that typically use . These pieces are moved or placed on a pre-marked board (playing surface) and often include elements of table, card, role-playing, and miniatures games as well. Many board games feature a competition between two or more players. To show a few examples: in checkers (British English name 'draughts'), a player wins by capturing all opposing pieces, while Eurogames often end with a calculation of final scores. Pandemic is a cooperative game where players all win or lose as a team, and peg solitaire is a puzzle for one person. There are many varieties of board games. Their representation of real-life situations can range from having no inherent theme, such as checkers, to having a specific theme and narrative, such as Cluedo. Rules can range from the very simple, such as in snakes and ladders; to deeply complex, as in Advanced Squad Leader.\n\nLexiko was a word game invented by Alfred Mosher Butts. It was a precursor of Scrabble. The name comes from the Greek , meaning \"of or for words\". Lexiko was played with a set of 100 square cardboard tiles, with the same letter distribution later used by Scrabble (see Scrabble letter distributions), but no board. Players drew nine tiles at random, and attempted to construct words from them. History In 1931, Butts wrote a paper entitled \"Study of Games.\" In his paper, he described three categories of games: board, number games using playing cards or dice, and letter games (or games that fell into more than one). He noted that, although the most popular games were of the first two (e.g., chess and backgammon), the best letter game readily available was Anagrams. Around that time, he was reading \"The Gold-Bug\" by Edgar Allan Poe and noticed a line containing the\n\n(e.g., chess and backgammon), the best letter game readily available was Anagrams. Around that time, he was reading \"The Gold-Bug\" by Edgar Allan Poe and noticed a line containing the English letter distribution. This gave him an epiphany: Anagrams would be more fun if the most common letters in English were more common in the game. He carefully analyzed letter frequencies in newspapers and other printed works to determine the ideal letter distribution for the game. With a few other changes, he named his project Lexiko. The game design was rejected by games manufacturers such as Parker Brothers and Milton Bradley, but Butts was able to sell copies on his own, though not enough to recoup his development expenses. In 1938, he began work on a board game based on Lexiko, which he called Criss-Cross Words, which was eventually renamed Scrabble. References External links NPR: history of Scrabble and Lexiko\n\nQuestion: \"What is the name used in the USA for the board game that the English call \"\"draughts\"\"?\"", "output": "Checkers"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Port of Rotterdam is the largest seaport in Europe, and the world's largest seaport outside of East Asia, located in and near the city of Rotterdam, in the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. From 1962 until 2004, it was the world's busiest port by annual cargo tonnage. It was overtaken first in 2004 by the port of Singapore, and since then by Shanghai and other very large Chinese seaports. In 2020, Rotterdam was the world's tenth-largest container port in terms of twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) handled. In 2017, Rotterdam was also the world's tenth-largest cargo port in terms of annual cargo tonnage. Covering , the port of Rotterdam now stretches over a distance of . It consists of the city centre's historic harbour area, including Delfshaven; the Maashaven/Rijnhaven/Feijenoord complex; the harbours around Nieuw-Mathenesse; Waalhaven; Vondelingenplaat; Eemhaven; Botlek; Europoort, situated along the Calandkanaal, Nieuwe Waterweg and Scheur (the\n\nterms of total cargo tonnage handled. Hutchison Port Holdings (Hong Kong, People's Republic of China) PSA International (Singapore) DP World (Dubai, United Arab Emirates) APM Terminals (The Hague, Netherlands) COSCO (Beijing, People's Republic of China) EUROGATE (Bremen, Germany) International Container Terminal Services (Manila, Philippines) Adani Ports & SEZ (Gujarat, India) Dubai Ports World was the 6th largest port operator before acquiring then 4th-placed Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company in 2006. External links How a port operator operates on Slate.com.\n\nA port operator is a port authority or company that contracts with the port authority to move cargo through a port at a contracted minimum level of productivity. They may be state-owned (particularly for port authorities) or privately run. The work involves managing the movement of cargo containers between cargo ships, trucks and freight trains and optimizing the flow of goods through customs to minimize the amount of time a ship spends in port. Maintaining efficiency involves managing and upgrading gantry cranes, berths, waterways, roads, storage facilities, communication equipment, computer systems and dockworkers' union contracts. The port operator also manages paperwork, leases, safety and port security. Largest port operators This is a list of the world's largest port operators in terms of total cargo tonnage handled. Hutchison Port Holdings (Hong Kong, People's Republic of China) PSA International (Singapore) DP World (Dubai, United Arab Emirates) APM Terminals (The Hague, Netherlands) COSCO\n\nQuestion: Which port handles the greatest amount of trade in the world?", "output": "ROTTERDAM"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Men's Ashes is a Test cricket series played biennially between England and Australia. The term originated in a satirical obituary published in a British newspaper, The Sporting Times, immediately after Australia's 1882 victory at The Oval, its first Test win on English soil. The obituary stated that English cricket had died, and that \"the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia\". The mythical ashes immediately became associated with the 1882\u201383 series played in Australia, before which the English captain Ivo Bligh had vowed to \"regain those ashes\". The English media therefore dubbed the tour the quest to regain the Ashes. After England had won two of the three Tests on the tour, a small urn was presented to Bligh in Melbourne. The contents of the urn are reputed to be the ashes of a wooden bail, and were humorously described as \"the ashes of Australian cricket\".\n\nat a cost of \u00a329 million. It was the first entirely new outdoor sporting arena built in Great Britain since Wembley in 1923. With a capacity of 25,000, it was twice as large as the second-biggest athletics arena in the country, Crystal Palace. Ponds Forge, named for the former steelworks demolished to make way for it, hosted the watersports events. Sheffield Arena opened in May 1991 as a multi-purpose venue and took on the role of the Gymnastics Hall for the Games. Other venues included the Concord Sports Center in Shiregreen and Hillsborough Stadium. The football tournament was held across Yorkshire; at Huddersfield, Chesterfield, Wakefield, Bradford, Scunthorpe and Stocksbridge, with the final played at Hillsborough. Accommodation Hyde Park flats near Sheffield City Centre were used for accommodation for the athletes during the games. Built in the 1960s, many had been demolished, with those left being specially refurbished for the Games.\n\nwas built in 1984 and consisted solely of terracing. The East Stand was formed of uncovered terraces. Floodlights were first installed in 1961. The ground also hosted football games for the 1948 Olympic Games, one of only two grounds outside London (the other being Fratton Park). On 23 September 1992, David Beckham made his professional d\u00e9but at this stadium, coming on as a substitute for Manchester United in a League Cup second round tie. The ground was used as the home venue for both Tottenham Hotspur and Wimbledon for their pre-season 1995 UEFA Intertoto Cup campaigns, whereafter both clubs received one season bans from European football by UEFA for fielding under-strength teams. The bans were later overturned on appeal. Closure and sale The Taylor Report of January 1990 required all English clubs in the top two divisions to have an all-seater stadium by August 1994. Brighton were in the Second\n\nQuestion: What venue links the first FA Cup final and the first cricket test in England?", "output": "THE OVAL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "is expected to decline further during the coming years. German-speaking countries In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, two German words of somewhat different meaning are used to describe business or working days. One is Werktag, a legal term applied to all calendar days except Sundays and public holidays; it includes most Saturdays. Werktage are days on which businesses such as retail shops and institutions such as schools are generally allowed to operate (see also Ladenschlussgesetz). In contrast, Arbeitstag refers to a day on which someone actually works. For most employees, these are Monday to Friday. However, for example, a firefighter might have an Arbeitstag on Sunday even though it is legally not a Werktag. See also Calendar day Day count convention Workweek and weekend References Working time\n\non Friday together to the movies.' Wegen ihres Jahrestages bereiten wir unseren Eltern einen Ausflug nach M\u00fcnchen vor. Literally, 'Because of their anniversary plan we our parents a trip to Munich.' In conversational past tense, comparisons can be put after both parts of the verb. So:Er ist gr\u00f6\u00dfer gewesen als ich. / Er war gr\u00f6\u00dfer als ich. OREr ist gr\u00f6\u00dfer als ich gewesen 'He was greater than me.' German often structures a sentence according to increasing importance of the phrase towards the conversation. So: Wir gehen am Donnerstag ins Kino. 'We're going to the movies on Thursday.' BUT An welchem Tag gehen wir ins Kino? '(On) What day are we going to the movies?' Am Donnerstag gehen wir ins Kino. OR Wir gehen am Donnerstag ins Kino. 'On Thursday we're going to the movies.' OR 'We're going on Thursday to the movies.' In ditransitive sentences, pronouns usually go between the\n\nThe Carnival of Basel () is the biggest carnival in Switzerland and takes place annually between February and March in Basel. It has been listed as one of the top fifty local festivities in Europe. Since 2017, the Carnival of Basel has been included in UNESCO's intangible cultural heritage. Overview The Basler Fasnacht starts on the Monday after Ash Wednesday at precisely 4:00 am with the so-called Morgestraich (see below). The carnival lasts for exactly 72 hours and, therefore, ends on Thursday morning at 4:00 am. During this time the Fasn\u00e4chtler (the participants) dominate the old town of central Basel, running free in the streets and restaurants. Basler Fasnacht is often referred to as die drey scheenschte D\u00e4\u00e4g (\"the three most beautiful days\"). Unlike the Carnival celebrations held in other cities on the Rhine (such as those in Cologne, Mainz and D\u00fcsseldorf), the Basel Carnival features a clear and well-maintained\n\nQuestion: \u2018Donnerstag\u2019 is German for which day of the week?", "output": "Thursday"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Benz, an old Germanic clan name dating to the fifth century (related to \"bear\", \"war banner\", \"gau\", or a \"land by a waterway\") also used in German () as an alternative for names such as Berthold, Bernhard, or Benedict, may refer to: People Surname Amy Benz (born 1962), American golfer Bertha Benz (1849\u20131944), German marketing entrepreneur who was the first to drive an automobile for a long distance, wife of Carl Benz Carl Benz (1844\u20131929), German engineer, inventor, and entrepreneur who built the first patented automobile Derek Benz (born 1971), American author of fantasy fiction for children Edward J. Benz, Jr., professor of genetics Joe Benz (1886\u20131957), American Major League Baseball pitcher Joseph Benz (born 1944), Swiss former bobsledder, Olympic and world champion Julie Benz (born 1972), American actress Kafi Benz (born 1941), American author, artist, and environmental and historic preservationist Larry Benz (born 1941), American former National Football League\n\nNick Berk, American wrestler Nikki Benz (born 1981), stage name of Alla Montchak, Canadian pornographic actress and director Spragga Benz (born 1969), stage name of Carlton Grant, Jamaican deejay and musician Places Benz (Usedom), Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, a municipality Benz, Nordwestmecklenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, a municipality Benice, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (Benz in German), Poland, a village Benz Pass, Trinity Peninsula, Antarctica Mathematics and science Benz (unit), a proposed unit of velocity Benz, an abbreviated form of Benzo, a functional group in chemistry Benz plane, in geometry Other uses Benz & Cie., a manufacturer of steam engines co-founded by Carl Benz in 1883 Benz (group), a British band Benz series, a series of paintings and drawings created by Lyonel Feininger See also Benzz, the \"Calabria\" sampling West London drill rapper known for \"Je M'appelle\" Bendz, a surname Bentz, a surname\n\nCharles Babbage (; 26 December 1791 \u2013 18 October 1871) was an English polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer. Babbage is considered by some to be \"father of the computer\". Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer, the Difference Engine, that eventually led to more complex electronic designs, though all the essential ideas of modern computers are to be found in Babbage's Analytical Engine, programmed using a principle openly borrowed from the Jacquard loom. Babbage had a broad range of interests in addition to his work on computers covered in his 1832 book Economy of Manufactures and Machinery. His varied work in other fields has led him to be described as \"pre-eminent\" among the many polymaths of his century. Babbage, who died before the complete successful engineering of many of his designs, including his Difference Engine and\n\nQuestion: What was invented by Karl Benz?", "output": "Automobile"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "not Thorogood \u2013 for making him into an immortal martyr. The film also paints a picture of Jones's use of alcohol and drugs, his estrangement from his bandmates, and his relationships with Anita Pallenberg and Anna Wohlin. Cast Leo Gregory as Brian Jones Paddy Considine as Frank Thorogood David Morrissey as Tom Keylock Ben Whishaw as Keith Richards Luke de Woolfson as Mick Jagger Tuva Novotny as Anna Wohlin Amelia Warner as Janet Monet Mazur as Anita Pallenberg Ras Barker as The Lodger Gary Love as Jeff Will Adamsdale as Andrew Loog Oldham Josef Altin as Bill Wyman Reception The film was poorly received by critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds a rating of 16% from 51 reviews with the consensus: \"Poorly cast and sloppily assembled, Stoned turns one of rock 'n' roll's most darkly fascinating mysteries into a cinematic tragedy all its own.\" References External links Stoned at British\n\nSo\", Cynthia Richards, Gregory Isaacs from 1974 to 1977 (including his debut In Person album, and the two Best of volumes), The Starlites featuring Stanley Beckford (\"Soldering\" in 1975), Jah Thomas in the mid 1970s (\"Midnight Rock\"), Dennis Brown in 1975, I-Roy in 1977, Dennis Alcapone, Mike Brooks in 1977 (\"Guiding Star\" launched his career), between 1977 and 1978 Jah Stone & Freddie McKay (\"The Right Time\"), in 1979 Lone Ranger (\"Barnabas Collins\" became a No. 1 in the UK reggae chart in 1980) plus Barrington Levy, with whom he enjoyed a string of hits in the early 1980s. Isaacs gave Ranglin his first international hit with \"Love is Overdue\", and in the four-year period that the two worked together in the 1970s, Isaacs status rose to that of a superstar. Ranglin worked with him again in 1995 on the Dreaming album, and again in 2002 on I Found Love.\n\nPhilip Stone (14 April 1924 \u2013 15 June 2003) was an English actor, well known for portraying film characters such as \"Pa\", the father of Alex DeLarge, in A Clockwork Orange; General Alfred Jodl in Hitler: The Last Ten Days; Delbert Grady in The Shining; and Captain Phillip Blumburtt in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom. Stone's final film role was as the Bishop in The Baby of M\u00e2con. In television, Stone is known for his roles as Detective-Sergeant Sowman in Coronation Street, Brigadier Davidson in The Rat Catchers and Sir John Gallagher in Justice. Early life Philip Stone (n\u00e9 Stones) was born in Kirkstall, Leeds. Stone was the youngest of four children and his father was a secondary school headmaster. Career He was the only actor to appear in three consecutive Stanley Kubrick films. First, he played the central character Alex's \"P\" (as in \"M\" and \"P\" for\n\nQuestion: Which of the Rolling Stones has a cameo role as Captain Jack Teague, father of Jack Sparrow in 'Pirates of the Caribbean, At World's End'?", "output": "Keith Richards"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the Domesday Book survey. The abbey held the land until the Dissolution of the Monasteries, at which time it was granted to William Stumpe. It then passed into the family of the Earl of Berkshire and Suffolk, until it was sold privately between 1858 and 1960. It is likely that the other estate of Brinkworth mentioned in the Domesday, that held by Tochi, survived through the ensuing centuries as separate, smaller estates within the northern section of the parish (probably including Clitchbury Farm, Waldron's Farm and Whitehouse Farm). Grittenham is mentioned separately in the survey and was held at the time by Malmesbury Abbey. Following the dissolution it was granted to John Aycliffe, from whom it descended to the Lords Holland, who sold it privately at the end of the nineteenth century. Geography The village stands on a ridge overlooking the Dauntsey Vale to the south. Two tributaries of the\n\nDomesday In the time of Domesday Book (1086), Damerham was a large settlement of 80 households. Glastonbury Abbey still held the manor, which remained with the abbey until the Dissolution of the Monasteries. It then passed to the Crown, and in 1540 Henry VIII leased part of the demesne land and certain farms belonging to the manor for 21 years to Richard Snell \u2013 these premises were in 1608 granted to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, and remained with his descendants. In 1544 Henry VIII granted the manor of Damerham to his sixth wife, Catherine Parr, but it passed back to the Crown on her death in 1548. In 1575 Elizabeth I granted it to the Bishop of Salisbury, and, except for the temporary sale by Parliament to William Lytton in 1649, it remained in the possession of successive bishops until 1863. In 1565, Damerham was the birthplace of\n\nhistory of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803 (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808) The Constitutional Year Book for 1913 (London: National Union of Conservative and Unionist Associations, 1913) F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results 1832\u20131885 (2nd edition, Aldershot: Parliamentary Research Services, 1989) Montgomeryshire Historic parliamentary constituencies in Mid Wales Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1542 Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1918\n\nQuestion: In what year was 'The Domesday Book' completed?", "output": "1086"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "and 5000 churches internationally. He has appeared on the Christian TBN channel in the United States and won the World Pastors Prestigious Award 2005 in January 2006; only one of two annual recipients is allowed to be from outside the United States. 2000 and 2006 coup Pastor Suli condemned the overthrow of the governments of Mahendra Chaudhry and Laisenia Qarase by George Speight in 2000 and by the Republic of Fiji Military Forces on 5 December 2006 respectively. The Fiji Times quoted him on 8 December as calling the coup \"the manifestation of darkness and evil.\" He was also vocal in condemning the detention and alleged physical mistreatment of six pro-democracy activists by the Military in the early hours of Christmas morning, with the Fiji Sun quoting him on 26 December as saying that the Military should be ashamed of themselves. Pastor Kurulo made a blistering attack on President Ratu\n\nFiji was represented at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne. They would win one bronze medal in Rugby 7s, the only medal they would win in 2006. Medals Bronze Rugby 7s References Nations at the 2006 Commonwealth Games 2006 in Fiji Fiji at the Commonwealth Games\n\nnation selected to host the competition. New Zealand debuted the distinction having hosted in 1975 and followed in 1999. During eleven days from 10 July to 21 July 2007, 16 teams contested for the title. Hosting costs became an issue with a forecast of F$3 million. the International Netball Federation (INFA) noted in a press release that the economic gain is significant, as Jamaica's economy had benefited significantly from a commensurate influx of sports tourists. In December 2006, following months of tension, Commander Voreqe (Frank) Bainimarama staged a military coup to unseat the government of Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase. As a direct result of the coup and the political and economic uncertainty it created, on December 8, 2006 the IFNA withdrew Fiji's hosting rights for the 2007 edition. The popularity of netball was expected to have a significant impact in Fiji so withdrawal of hosting rights was a significant action.\n\nQuestion: In a coup in 2006, who seized power in Fiji?", "output": "Frank Bainimarama"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A propane torch is a tool normally used for the application of flame or heat which uses propane, a hydrocarbon gas, for its fuel and ambient air as its combustion medium. Propane is one of a group of by-products of the natural gas and petroleum industries known as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). Propane and other fuel torches are most commonly used in the manufacturing, construction and metal-working industries. Fuels Propane is often the fuel of choice because of its low price, ease of storage and availability, hence the name \"propane torch\". The gasses MAPP gas and Map-pro are similar to propane, but burn hotter. They are usually found in a yellow canister, as opposed to propane's blue, black, or green. Alternative fuel gases can be harder to store and more dangerous for the user. For example, acetylene needs a porous material mixed with acetone in the tank for safety reasons\n\nWater gas is a kind of fuel gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It is produced by \"alternately hot blowing a fuel layer [coke] with air and gasifying it with steam\". The caloric yield of this is about 10% of a modern syngas plant. Further making this technology unattractive, its precursor coke is expensive, whereas syngas uses cheaper precursor, mainly methane from natural gas. Production Synthesis gas is made by passing steam over a red-hot carbon fuel such as coke: (\u0394H = +131 kJ/mol) The reaction is endothermic, so the fuel must be continually re-heated to maintain the reaction. To do this, an air stream, which alternates with the vapor stream, is introduced to combust some of the carbon: (\u0394H = -393 kJ/mol) Theoretically, to make 6 L of water gas, 5 L of air is required. Alternatively, to prevent contamination with nitrogen, energy can be provided by\n\ncombustion is almost impossible to achieve, since the chemical equilibrium is not necessarily reached, or may contain unburnt products such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen and even carbon (soot or ash). Thus, the produced smoke is usually toxic and contains unburned or partially oxidized products. Any combustion at high temperatures in atmospheric air, which is 78 percent nitrogen, will also create small amounts of several nitrogen oxides, commonly referred to as NOx, since the combustion of nitrogen is thermodynamically favored at high, but not low temperatures. Since burning is rarely clean, fuel gas cleaning or catalytic converters may be required by law. Fires occur naturally, ignited by lightning strikes or by volcanic products. Combustion (fire) was the first controlled chemical reaction discovered by humans, in the form of campfires and bonfires, and continues to be the main method to produce energy for humanity. Usually, the fuel is carbon, hydrocarbons, or more\n\nQuestion: Which dangerous gas is given off when coke burns?", "output": "Carbon Monoxide"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "some time where he had a touring theatre company. His son, Justin Brett, also an actor, said that his father was offered the role of James Bond in Diamonds Are Forever, but that Sean Connery changed his mind and returned to the role. Other sources suggest that Oates was in the running before Roger Moore was confirmed as 007 for Live and Let Die. In tandem with his straight acting career, Simon also appeared many times as a stand-up comic and compere, working with such stars as Tom Jones, Sandie Shaw and the Who. He also appeared at the London Palladium with Dorothy Squires. He directed Woman in a Dressing Gown, starring Brenda Bruce at the Vaudeville Theatre. He also directed many musicals and straight plays on the touring circuit. Simon died on Wednesday 20 May 2009, following a protracted illness. References External links Obituary in The Times Obituary in\n\nVladek Sheybal (born W\u0142adys\u0142aw Rudolf Zbigniew Sheybal; 12 March 1923 \u2013 16 October 1992) was a Polish character actor, singer and director of both television and stage productions. He was well known for his portrayal of the chess grandmaster Kronsteen in the James Bond film From Russia with Love (1963), a role for which he had been personally recommended by his friend Sean Connery, and as Otto Leipzig in Smiley's People (1982). He also had notable recurring roles as Dr. Douglas Jackson in Gerry Anderson's UFO, and Captain Ferreira in the NBC miniseries Sh\u014dgun. He became a naturalised British citizen, but remained \"fiercely proud of his homeland and its culture.\" Life and career Sheybal was born in Zgierz, near \u0141\u00f3d\u017a, in the Second Polish Republic. The son of a university professor, he was attracted to acting at an early age. At the age of 16, he was imprisoned in a\n\nRoy Stewart (15 May 1925 \u2013 27 October 2008) was a Jamaican-born British actor. He began his career as a stuntman and went on to work in film and television. In 1954 he founded Roy Stewart's Gym in Powis Square, North Kensington, and ran the Caribbean club and restaurant The Globe, in Talbot Road until his death. Stewart played Quarrel Junior in the James Bond film Live and Let Die (1973). Other film appearances include Carry On Up the Jungle (1970), Leo the Last (1970), Games That Lovers Play (1971), Twins of Evil (1971), Lady Caroline Lamb (1972), Stand Up, Virgin Soldiers (1977) and Arabian Adventure (1979). He was also active on television, with credits including: Out of the Unknown, Adam Adamant Lives!, Doctor Who (in the serials The Tomb of the Cybermen and Terror of the Autons), Doomwatch, Up Pompeii!, The Troubleshooters, Space: 1999 and I, Claudius. Early life\n\nQuestion: Who played James Bond in the 1973 film \u2018Live and Let Die\u2019?", "output": "Roger Moore"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "State Route 75 (SR 75) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Alabama that travels northeastward from Birmingham to the Georgia state line. The highway travels west of U.S. Route 11 (US 11) and roughly parallels that highway, as well as Interstate 59 (I-59). Other cities and towns along the highway include Center Point, Pinson, Oneonta, Albertville, Geraldine, and Rainsville. Route description SR 75 begins at an interchange with I-59 and US 11 at the intersection of Parkway East, Roebuck Drive, and Gadsden Road in eastern Birmingham. Until the 1990s, SR 75 overlapped US 11 along 1st Avenue North into downtown Birmingham, continuing to the intersection of the two highways with US 78. Traveling up to SR-51 in Pinson, the route travels along Roebuck Drive - a major thoroughfare for the far northeastern suburbs of Birmingham. Turning onto SR 151's right of way, the route continues as a\n\nInterstate 95 (I-95) is an Interstate Highway running along the East Coast of the United States from Miami, Florida, north to the Canada\u2013United States border at Houlton, Maine. In Maryland, the route is a major highway that runs diagonally from southwest to northeast, entering from the District of Columbia and Virginia at the Woodrow Wilson Bridge over the Potomac River, northeast to Maryland's border with Delaware near Elkton. It is the longest Interstate Highway within Maryland and is one of the most traveled Interstate Highways in the state, especially between Baltimore and Washington, D.C., despite alternate routes along the corridor, such as the Baltimore\u2013Washington Parkway, U.S. Route 1 (US 1), and US 29. I-95 also has eight auxiliary routes in the state, the most of any state along the I-95 corridor. Portions of the highway, including the Fort McHenry Tunnel and the Millard E. Tydings Memorial Bridge, are tolled. From\n\nU.S. Route 80 (US 80) is a major U.S. Highway in the American state of Alabama. The Alabama Department of Transportation internally designates the majority of US 80 throughout the state as State Route 8 (SR 8), save for parts of the route throughout Selma and near the Mississippi border. Serving as the main east to west highway through Alabama's Black Belt region, US 80 became well known as the main route for the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches; it was the route along which the Civil Rights demonstrators walked, from Selma to Alabama, and the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma was the site of Bloody Sunday. The highway was also once a major transcontinental highway (the Dixie Overland Highway) reaching from Tybee Island, Georgia, to San Diego, California, but has since been truncated to Dallas, Texas because it was largely replaced by the Interstate Highway System. Route description U.S.\n\nQuestion: Alligator Alley (on Interstate 75) in which US state?", "output": "Florida"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Traditionally, a linen-press (or just press) is a cabinet, usually of woods such as oak, walnut, or mahogany, and designed for storing sheets, table-napkins, clothing, and other textiles. Such linen-presses were made chiefly in the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries and are now considered decorative examples of antique furniture. Early versions were often simple, with some exhibiting carving characteristic of Jacobean designs. Examples made during the 18th and 19th centuries often featured expensive veneers and intricate inlays, and were designed to occupy prominent places in early bedrooms as storage closets for clothing. In modern houses, a linen press is often a built-in cabinet near a bedroom or bathroom, for easy access to fresh bed sheets and towels. Analogous terms are laundry cupboard or linen cupboard. In Ireland the term hot press describes an airing cupboard used for storing linen. See also Cupboard Closet References Clothing containers Cabinets (furniture)\n\nSideritis syriaca, commonly known as ironwort, is a plant similar to chamomile, used in the Balkans (where it is known as \"mountain tea\") to make a tisane. It grows on a high altitude in the mountains. It is commonly found on wet grounds, on the high pastures, above . References syriaca Plants described in 1753 Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus\n\nLinsey-woolsey (less often, woolsey-linsey or in Scots, ) is a coarse twill or plain-woven fabric woven with a linen warp and a woollen weft. Similar fabrics woven with a cotton warp and woollen weft in Colonial America were also called linsey-woolsey or wincey. The name derives from a combination of lin (an archaic word for flax, whence \"linen\") and wool. This textile has been known since ancient times; known as () in Hebrew, the Torah and hence Jewish law explicitly forbade wearing it. History Mentions of a linsey-woolsey appear in late medieval sources in the Netherlands, as well as in other north-western European areas in the proceeding couple hundred years. In French, it went by \"tiretaine\", Danish \"thirumtej\", and by other names in other languages. These names were anglicised as \"turtein\" or \"tartan\" (not to be confused with tartan patterns). Hemp would also have been used together with the linen\n\nQuestion: What plant is linen made from?", "output": "Flax"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The second metacarpal bone (metacarpal bone of the index finger) is the longest, and its base the largest, of all the metacarpal bones. Human anatomy Its base is prolonged upward and medialward, forming a prominent ridge. It presents four articular facets, three on the upper surface and one on the ulnar side: Of the facets on the upper surface: the intermediate is the largest and is concave from side to side, convex from before backward for articulation with the lesser multangular; the lateral is small, flat and oval for articulation with the greater multangular; the medial, on the summit of the ridge, is long and narrow for articulation with the capitate. The facet on the ulnar side articulates with the third metacarpal. The extensor carpi radialis longus muscle is inserted on the dorsal surface and the flexor carpi radialis muscle on the volar surface of the base. The shaft gives\n\nIn human anatomy, the extensor indicis [proprius] is a narrow, elongated skeletal muscle in the deep layer of the dorsal forearm, placed medial to, and parallel with, the extensor pollicis longus. Its tendon goes to the index finger, which it extends. Structure It arises from the distal third of the dorsal part of the body of ulna and from the interosseous membrane. It runs through the fourth tendon compartment together with the extensor digitorum, from where it projects into the dorsal aponeurosis of the index finger. Opposite the head of the second metacarpal bone, it joins the ulnar side of the tendon of the extensor digitorum which belongs to the index finger. Like the extensor digiti minimi (i.e. the extensor of the little finger), the tendon of the extensor indicis runs and inserts on the ulnar side of the tendon of the common extensor digitorum. The extensor indicis lacks the\n\nsuited for a hinge-like articulation. The distal articular surface is quadrilateral, wide, and flat; thicker and broader transversely and extends much further palmarly than dorsally. On the palmar aspect of the articular surface there is a pair of eminences or tubercles which articulate with the radial and ulnar sesamoid bones of the thumb metacarpophalangeal joint; the lateral eminence is larger than the medial. Body/Shaft The body or shaft is thick and broad \u2014 averaging . On its dorsal side, the shaft is flat and wide, while the anteroposterior side is less pronounced; usually resulting in an oval-triangular cross-section. The dorsal surface of the shaft is weakly convex longitudinally, while its palmar, radial, and ulnar surfaces tend to be concave. The palmar and medial surface exhibits a blunt ridge which separates a larger lateral part \u2013 the insertion of the opponens pollicis muscle \u2013 and a smaller medial part \u2013 the\n\nQuestion: What is the inner and larger of the two bones in the human forearm?", "output": "Ulna"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Fran\u00e7ois Auguste Ren\u00e9 Rodin (12 November 184017 November 1917) was a French sculptor, generally considered the founder of modern sculpture. He was schooled traditionally and took a craftsman-like approach to his work. Rodin possessed a unique ability to model a complex, turbulent, and deeply pocketed surface in clay. He is known for such sculptures as The Thinker, Monument to Balzac, The Kiss, The Burghers of Calais, and The Gates of Hell. Many of Rodin's most notable sculptures were criticized, as they clashed with predominant figurative sculpture traditions in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic. Rodin's most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory. He modeled the human body with naturalism, and his sculptures celebrate individual character and physicality. Although Rodin was sensitive to the controversy surrounding his work, he refused to change his style, and his continued output brought increasing favor from the government and\n\nis a 1953 Japanese jidaigeki film directed by Teinosuke Kinugasa. It tells the story of a samurai (Kazuo Hasegawa) who tries to marry a woman (Machiko Ky\u014d) he rescues, only to discover that she is already married. Filmed using Eastmancolor, Gate of Hell was Daiei Film's first color film and the first Japanese color film to be released outside Japan. It was digitally restored in 2011 by the National Film Center of the National Museum of Modern Art, Tokyo and Kadokawa Shoten Co., LTD. in cooperation with NHK. Plot During the Heiji Rebellion, samurai End\u014d Morito is assigned to escort lady-in-waiting Kesa away from the palace once she volunteers to disguise herself as the daimy\u014d\u2019s sister, buying the daimy\u014d\u2019s father and real sister time to escape unseen. Kesa is knocked unconscious when the rebels attack their caravan, and Morito takes her to his brother\u2019s home. When Morito\u2019s brother arrives, he\n\nwith Kevin Derkin and the Yale technical department under Rick Johnson. The scene, this time, was 'Satan and the Creation of the Pandemonium Palace in Hell', by the poet John Milton from his Paradise Lost. A small exhibition on the Eidophusikon and the work of Philip James de Loutherbourg was held at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California in 2006. The exhibit featured a working example of an Eidophusikon with docents working the levers. In 2006, an Eidophusikon was created by Robert Poulter for the Nouveau Mus\u00e9e National de Monaco. Another Mediterranean scene was created with a volcano, moonlight, a storm and a shipwreck. This Eidophusikon is part of the permanent collection of the museum. A full Eidophusikon, described also as a \"small, mechanical theatre\", was on display from June to November 2014 at the exhibition \"Underworlds\" (Unterwelten) in Dortmund, Germany. See also Cyclorama Diorama Myriorama Panorama Panoramic painting\n\nQuestion: \"Who sculpted \"\"The Gates of Hell\"\" depicting a scene from Dante's Inferno from 1880 until his death in 1917?\"", "output": "Auguste Rodin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chorography (from \u03c7\u1ff6\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2 kh\u014dros, \"place\" and \u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd graphein, \"to write\") is the art of describing or mapping a region or district, and by extension such a description or map. This term derives from the writings of the ancient geographer Pomponius Mela and Ptolemy, where it meant the geographical description of regions. However, its resonances of meaning have varied at different times. Richard Helgerson states that \"chorography defines itself by opposition to chronicle. It is the genre devoted to place, and chronicle is the genre devoted to time\". Darrell Rohl prefers a broad definition of \"the representation of space or place\". Ptolemy's definition In his text of the Geographia (2nd century CE), Ptolemy defined geography as the study of the entire world, but chorography as the study of its smaller parts\u2014provinces, regions, cities, or ports. Its goal was \"an impression of a part, as when one makes an image of just\n\nIn cartography, map coloring is the act of choosing colors as a form of map symbol to be used on a map. In mathematics, map coloring is the act of assigning colors to features of a map such that no two adjacent features have the same color using the minimum number of colors. Cartography Color is a very useful attribute to depict different features on a map. Typical uses of color include displaying different political divisions, different elevations, or different kinds of roads. A choropleth map is a thematic map in which areas are colored differently to show the measurement of a statistical variable being displayed on the map. The choropleth map provides an easy way to visualize how a measurement varies across a geographic area or it shows the level of variability within a region. In addition to choropleth maps, a cartographer should strive to depict colors effectively on\n\nworld, but chorography as the study of its smaller parts\u2014provinces, regions, cities, or ports. Its goal was \"an impression of a part, as when one makes an image of just an ear or an eye\"; and it dealt with \"the qualities rather than the quantities of the things that it sets down\". Ptolemy implied that it was a graphic technique, comprising the making of views (not simply maps), since he claimed that it required the skills of a draftsman or landscape artist, rather than the more technical skills of recording \"proportional placements\". Ptolemy's most recent English translators, however, render the term as \"regional cartography\". Renaissance revival Ptolemy's text was rediscovered in the west at the beginning of the fifteenth century, and the term \"chorography\" was revived by humanist scholars. John Dee in 1570 regarded the practice as \"an underling, and a twig of Geographie\", by which the \"plat\" [plan or\n\nQuestion: What is cartography the study of", "output": "Map making"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "British Parliamentary style is a major form of academic debate that originated in Liverpool in the mid 1800s. It has gained wide support globally and is the official format of the World Universities Debating Championship (WUDC). Rules British Parliamentary debates consist of four teams, containing two speakers each, which are divided into two sides that speak for and against the motion. Due to the style's origins in British parliamentary procedure, the two sides are called the Government and the Opposition. Similarly, sides are known as benches, consisting of two teams - an opening team and a closing team. Teams compete against all three other teams in the round, including against its own opening or closing team, which it is not expected to help. The order of speeches alternates between the two benches, starting with the first government speaker, until all eight participants have spoken. Speeches are usually either five (high-school\n\nto the tendency to attribute one's own behaviour to situational factors while attributing other people's behaviour to their disposition. Jones and Nisbett's own explanation for this was that our attention is focused on the situation when we are actors, but on the person when we are observers, although other explanations have been advanced for the actor-observer bias. In popular culture In an interview with The New York Times, Malcolm Gladwell said, \"The most influential thinker, in my life, has been the psychologist Richard Nisbett. He basically gave me my view of the world.\" Books and significant papers Nisbett, R. and T. Wilson (1977). \"Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.\" Psychological Review 84(3): 231\u2013259. Ross, L and Nisbett, R.E. The Person and the Situation. McGraw Hill, 1991. Reissued with new foreword by Malcolm Gladwell and afterword by the authors, 2011 Culture of Honor: The Psychology of\n\nshowed, among other findings, how people can use relatively simple pieces of information to make complex political decisions. Specifically, they examined when uninformed voters can use cues from polls and endorsements to cast the same votes they would have cast if they were more informed. One experiment focused on whether these cues could lead otherwise uninformed voters to have a thought like \u201cif that many voters are voting for the [rightist candidate], he can\u2019t be too liberal\u201d and use that fact to figure out how they would vote if they knew more about the issues (McKelvey and Ordeshook 1985). Political economist Thomas Palfrey describes their main finding as follows: \u201cPerhaps the most striking experiment\u2026 only a few of the voters in the experiments knew where the candidates located... they proved that this information alone is sufficient to reveal enough to voters that even uninformed voters behave optimally \u2013 i.e., as\n\nQuestion: University of Portsmouth (UK) psychologists researching the quality of juries determined what to be the optimum number of people for effective debate?", "output": "Four"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The MI\u00c9P\u2013Jobbik Third Way Alliance of Parties (MI\u00c9P\u2013Jobbik a Harmadik \u00dat p\u00e1rtsz\u00f6vets\u00e9g) was an electoral alliance in Hungary led by Istv\u00e1n Csurka (Hungarian Justice and Life Party) and D\u00e1vid Kov\u00e1cs (Jobbik). In 2005, the Hungarian Justice and Life Party (MI\u00c9P) joined forces with a newer political party, namely the Jobbik (Movement for a Better Hungary), and some members of the agricultural Independent Smallholders Party. The new political formation was registered under the name \"Third Way\" (Harmadik \u00dat). Program The common program of the electoral alliance from the Campaign Diary came out in 2006. The unfair EU accession treaty needs to be reviewed. Hungary can not be a colony! Hungarian land must be kept in Hungarian hands. The work of a nurturing mother of her children has to be recognized as a full-time profession. The party initiates family tax benefits and a total tax exemption for families with three or more\n\nThe Marco Polo Front (, FMP) was an autonomist and Venetist political party active in Veneto, named after explorer Marco Polo. Fabio Padovan, leader of the European Federalist Free Entrepreneurs (LIFE) and former deputy of Liga Veneta\u2013Lega Nord, and Giorgio Vido, another former deputy of LV\u2013LN, formed FMP in 1999 in view of the 2000 regional election. Padovan gained 1.7% of the vote in the election, while FMP stopped at 1.3%. In 2001 the party was merged into Liga Fronte Veneto. References Sources Francesco Jori, Dalla \u0141iga alla Lega. Storia, movimenti, protagonisti, Marsilio, Venice 2009 Ezio Toffano, Short History of the Venetian Autonomism, Raixe Venete Political parties in Veneto Venetian nationalism Political parties established in 1999 Political parties disestablished in 2001 1999 establishments in Italy 2001 disestablishments in Italy\n\nAssembly References Sources External links \"Third way\" platform: The nationalist right gets together (HVG) Jobbik Defunct political party alliances in Hungary Far-right political parties in Hungary Nationalist parties in Hungary Third Position Right-wing parties in Europe 2005 establishments in Hungary 2006 disestablishments in Hungary Defunct nationalist parties Defunct conservative parties National conservative parties Social conservative parties Conservative parties in Hungary Political parties established in 2005 Antiziganism in Hungary Political parties disestablished in 2006\n\nQuestion: Jobbik is a far-right political party in which EC country?", "output": "Hungary"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Tote is a British gambling company founded in 1928. It is the world\u2019s largest pool betting operator. Its product offering also includes sports betting and online casino. It is headquartered in Wigan. The Tote was established and owned by the UK Government until July 2011 when it was sold to Betfred for \u00a3265m. It was later sold to UK Tote Group in October 2019 for \u00a3115m. The Tote has retail outlets on most of the UK's 60 racecourses, as well as an online division. Under the brand totesport, the Tote previously owned 514 high street betting shops. These were rebranded to Betfred as part of the sale in 2011. History The Racehorse Betting Control Board was created by the Racecourse Betting Act 1928, as a statutory corporation. It was set up by Winston Churchill as a government-appointed board, with the intention of providing a safe, state-controlled alternative to illegal\n\nemploy more than 4,000 staff. Tote Direct was set up in 1992 to channel tote bets from other high street bookmakers into tote pools. Now tote betting is accepted in more than 7,000 betting shops across the UK (the majority of which are non-Tote owned shops) as well as via other online gambling websites. In 1999, the Tote linked up with Channel 4 Racing to introduce the popular Scoop6 bet which involves bettors trying to select the winner of six televised races. This bet produced the first horserace betting millionaire. More millionaires followed. A record single-day turnover, in excess of \u00a34 million, was bet into the Scoop6 pool on 22 November 2008. The Tote has formal pool betting links from similar organisations in Ireland, Germany, France, Holland, Cyprus, Sweden, Denmark, Canada, the US and South Africa. Privatisation Privatisation was first suggested in 1989 by the then Conservative government following a\n\nRacing Board costs. TAB wagering channels The TAB has several different wagering channels, tailored to meet the requirements of its vastly varying customers: Betting at racetracks on race day A national network of street front and social venue betting shops, one of New Zealand's largest retail networks A national chain of call centres. The Phonebet centres handle more operator-assisted calls than any other New Zealand call centre New Zealand's only betting website, www.tab.co.nz A Touch Tone phone betting service A mobile application on Android and iOS Other betting channels exploiting emerging new technologies are in development. Wagering channels are constantly evolving to provide a premium standard of customer service. TAB wagering products The TAB initiated the world's first Government-run totalisator wagering service in 1951. Today a growing range of tote bet types is on offer, from win, place and each way to Poker and All Up bets, Easybets where the\n\nQuestion: What name is given to the French version of the Tote betting system?", "output": "Pari-Mutuel"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Kilmacthomas or Kilmactomas (), often referred to locally as \"Kilmac\", is a town on the River Mahon in County Waterford, Ireland. It lies on the R677, a road north of the N25 national primary road from Dungarvan to Waterford. History During the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, in December 1649, Oliver Cromwell marched from Waterford to Kilmacthomas during the Siege of Waterford. The weather was wet and stormy and the river was in flood, so the army couldn't cross. Two nights were spent in the field that is now the public park. Cromwell was said to have described Waterford county on his march from Waterford to Kilmacthomas in the winter of 1649 as being a craggy and desolate place. After returning to Ireland after several years in Newfoundland, 18th-century Irish-language poet Donnchadh Ruadh Mac Conmara converted to Protestantism and joined the Church of Ireland parish at Rossmire, Newtown near Kilmacthomas. He\n\nLlandovery Castle () is a late thirteenth-century, Grade II*-listed, castle ruin in the town of Llandovery in Carmarthenshire, Wales. It occupies a knoll overlooking the River Towy and the land surrounding it. The Normans built a castle in the current location in the early twelfth century and this was rebuilt in stone. It was burnt in the early sixteenth century and never repaired. History A Norman knight, Richard Fitz Pons, received the lordship of Cantref Bychan in 1116 and he probably began construction of a motte-and-bailey castle in 1116. It was repeatedly lost to the Princes of Deheubarth over the next several generations. King Henry II of England spent a great deal of money repairing the castle in 1159\u201362, but the Welsh captured it regardless. It finally fell to the English under Edward I in 1277. It was briefly recaptured by Welsh forces under Llywelyn ap Gruffudd five years later.\n\nThe city of Waterford in southeastern Ireland was besieged twice during 1649 and 1650 during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. The town was held by Irish Confederate Catholic under General Richard Farrell and English Royalist troops under general Thomas Preston. It was besieged by English Parliamentarians under Oliver Cromwell, Michael Jones and Henry Ireton. Waterford - a Catholic city 1641\u201349 Waterford was a Catholic city and like most other towns in Ireland's southeast, the populace had supported the Confederate Catholic cause since the Irish Rebellion of 1641. Late in 1641, Protestant refugees, displaced by the insurgents, began to arrive in the town, creating tension among the Catholic townspeople. The city's mayor wanted to protect the refugees, but the recorder and several of the Aldermen on the city council wanted to strip them of their property and let in the rebels, who arrived outside the walls in early 1642. At first,\n\nQuestion: What northern city was the site for a victory for Oliver Cromwell in 1648 and a defeat for the Jacobites in 1715?", "output": "PRESTON"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Spiegel was an American direct marketing retailer founded in 1865 by Joseph Spiegel. Spiegel published a catalog, like its competitors Sears and Montgomery Ward, which advertised various brands of apparel, accessories, and footwear, as well as housewares, toys, tools, firearms, and electronics. Their company brands included Newport News, Shape FX, and Old Kraftsman, among others. They also operated brick-and-mortar stores. Spiegel delivered its first mail order catalog in 1905 and by 1925, the retailer had 10 million customers. Spiegel's buyers, who went to Paris fashion shows, introduced American women to European fashion trends. After encountering financial difficulty in the early 2000s, the company was purchased by Patriarch Partners and focused on women's style and fashion products. The catalog was eventually discontinued in favor of digital marketing. In 2019, the company website was removed without notice and the company ceased to operate. History Early years For the first 100 years of\n\nTesco Organisation is a German record label, mail order company and distributor, specialising in industrial, noise, neofolk and ambient music. Tesco has also organised music festivals in the past such as \"Heavy Electronics\", \"Tesco Disco\" and \"Festival Karlsruhe\" History Formation Tesco Organisation started as a mail order company in 1987 releasing music from the Industrial music genre. The organisation had noticed there was a gap between the music they liked and what was being released by other record labels. In 1989 the label released their first Genocide Organ album, titled \"Leichenlinie\". Shortly after this release, Tesco expanded and created their sub-label, Functional Organisation, primarily for the re-release of unknown cassette recordings.The label's early releases were packaged in special covers such as oversized card folders and sleeves, influenced by the LP covers of the band Zoviet France. Early releases were recorded by the organisations members and their friends. The music Tesco\n\nEsselte is a manufacturer and marketer of office products and business supplies with subsidiaries in 25 countries and sales in over 120 countries. Esselte makes files, binders, folders, covers, staplers, letter trays and computer accessories under the Esselte, Leitz, Oxford, Pendaflex, Rapid and Xyron brands. Customers range from wholesalers and direct marketers to office superstores and mass retailers. Founded in 1913 in Stockholm, Sweden, Esselte is today owned by American office supplies manufacturer ACCO Brands. History Founded in 1913, when 13 Swedish printing and graphic businesses joined forces to create the company \u2014abbreviated SLT\u2014in 1970, the company renamed itself Esselte, reflecting the pronunciation of the abbreviation. In 2002, the Boston, Massachusetts-based US private equity investment firm J. W. Childs Associates purchased Esselte for approximately $560 million in a transaction originated and introduced by Jonathan Slater of Sequel Management, a Boston-based transaction sponsor. At the time of the Esselte acquisition by\n\nQuestion: Which company produced the first mail order catalogue?", "output": "Sears and Roebuck"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Argon is a chemical element with the symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. Argon is the third-most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere, at 0.934% (9340 ppmv). It is more than twice as abundant as water vapor (which averages about 4000 ppmv, but varies greatly), 23 times as abundant as carbon dioxide (400 ppmv), and more than 500 times as abundant as neon (18 ppmv). Argon is the most abundant noble gas in Earth's crust, comprising 0.00015% of the crust. Nearly all of the argon in Earth's atmosphere is radiogenic argon-40, derived from the decay of potassium-40 in Earth's crust. In the universe, argon-36 is by far the most common argon isotope, as it is the most easily produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in supernovas. The name \"argon\" is derived from the Greek word , neuter singular form\n\nInternational Atomic Time (abbreviated TAI, from its French name ) is a high-precision atomic coordinate time standard based on the notional passage of proper time on Earth's geoid. TAI is a weighted average of the time kept by over 450 atomic clocks in over 80 national laboratories worldwide. It is a continuous scale of time, without leap seconds, and it is the principal realisation of Terrestrial Time (with a fixed offset of epoch). It is the basis for Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), which is used for civil timekeeping all over the Earth's surface and which has leap seconds. UTC deviates from TAI by a number of whole seconds. , when another leap second was put into effect, UTC is currently exactly 37 seconds behind TAI. The 37 seconds result from the initial difference of 10 seconds at the start of 1972, plus 27 leap seconds in UTC since 1972. TAI\n\nthese atomic weights of elements (in comparison to hydrogen) that were the quantities measurable by chemists in the 19th century. The conventional symbol Z comes from the German word 'number', which, before the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table, whose order was then approximately, but not completely, consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights. Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this Z number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms, did the word (and its English equivalent atomic number) come into common use in this context. The rules above do not always apply to exotic atoms which contain short-lived elementary particles other than protons, neutrons and electrons. History The periodic table and a natural number for each element Loosely speaking, the existence or construction of a periodic table\n\nQuestion: Reading down group 18 (noble gases) on the periodic table, the symbols for elements 10 and 18 form which word defined as 'at a time or place not far away'?", "output": "NEAR"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\u1e60 (lowercase: \u1e61 or \u1e9b) is a letter of the extended Latin alphabet, formed by S with the addition of a dot above. In Irish orthography, the dot was used only for \u1e9b and \u1e61, while a following h was used for ch ph th; lenition of other letters was not indicated. Later the two systems spread to the entire set of lenitable consonants and competed with each other. Eventually the standard practice was to use the dot when writing in Gaelic script and the following h when writing in antiqua. Thus \u010b and ch represent the same phonetic element in Modern Irish. Usage in various languages Emilian \u1e60 is used in Emilian to represent [z], e.g. fa\u1e61\u00fb [fa\u02c8zu\u02d0] \"beans\" (Bolognese dialect). References Cite dot Phonetic Symbol Guide S dot, Irish. Latin letters with diacritics Phonetic transcription symbols\n\nSaints Academy may refer to: Saints Academy (Mississippi), a school in Mississippi Southampton F.C. Under-23s and Academy, English football club\n\nThis glossary of education-related terms is based on how they commonly are used in Wikipedia articles. This article contains terms starting with S. Select a letter from the table of contents to find terms on other articles. S Sail training: From its modern interpretations to its antecedents when maritime nations would send young naval officer candidates to sea (e.g., see Outward Bound), sail training provides an unconventional and effective way of building many useful skills on and off the water. Through the unique environment of the sea, contemporary sail trainees learn that what they are doing is important and that their efforts are essential to the operation and safety of the ship. School: A place designated for learning. The range of institutions covered by the term varies from country to country. School bus:, A bus used to transport children and adolescents to and from school. The first school bus was\n\nQuestion: In the acronym OFSTED, what one word do the letters ST represent?", "output": "STANDARDS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Twilight (stylized as twilight) is a 2005 young adult vampire-romance novel by author Stephenie Meyer. It is the first book in the Twilight series, and introduces seventeen-year-old Isabella \"Bella\" Swan, who moves from Phoenix, Arizona, to Forks, Washington. She is endangered after falling in love with Edward Cullen, a 103-year-old vampire frozen in his 17-year-old body. Additional novels in the series are New Moon, Eclipse, and Breaking Dawn. Twilight received lukewarm reviews. Some praised the novel's tone and its portrayal of common teenage emotions such as alienation and rebellion. Others criticized Meyer's prose and argued the story was lacking in character development. It reached number five on the New York Times bestseller list within a month of its release and eventually reached first place. The novel was named one of Publishers Weekly's Best Children's Books of 2005. The film adaptation, released in 2008, was a commercial success, grossing more than\n\nStephenie Meyer (; n\u00e9e Morgan; born December 24, 1973) is an American novelist and film producer. She is best known for writing the vampire romance series Twilight, which has sold over 160 million copies, with translations into 37 different languages. Meyer was the bestselling author of 2008 and 2009 in the U.S., having sold over 29 million books in 2008 and 26.5 million in 2009. Meyer received the 2009 Children's Book of the Year award from the British Book Awards for Breaking Dawn, the Twilight series finale. An avid young reader, she attended Brigham Young University, marrying at the age of twenty-one before graduating with a degree in English in 1997. Having no prior experience as an author, she conceived the idea for the Twilight series in a dream. Influenced by the work of Jane Austen and William Shakespeare, she wrote Twilight soon thereafter. After many rejections, Little, Brown and\n\nbewilderment. He disappears for a few days but when he returns, he is unexpectedly friendly to Bella. Their newfound relationship is interrupted after Bella is nearly struck by a van in the school parking lot. Edward saves Bella, narrowly stopping the van with his bare hands. Bella questions Edward about how he saved her life but he refuses to tell her anything. During a campout, Bella meets Jacob Black, a local boy from the Quileute tribe. She learns from stories told at a bonfire with his tribe that Edward and his family are \"the cold ones\" (vampires) who consume only animal blood. Disturbed and riddled by recurring nightmares, Bella researches vampires. She compares the characteristics of the vampires in mythology to the Cullens and becomes convinced that Edward is a vampire. Bella is saved by Edward again in Port Angeles when she is almost attacked by a group of men.\n\nQuestion: Jacob Black, Edward Cullen, and Bella Swan are characters in what fictional book series?", "output": "Twilight"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Appomattox, shorthand for the surrender of Robert E. Lee to Ulysses S. Grant in the American Civil War, may refer to: Battle of Appomattox Court House, a battle of the American Civil War that was a culmination of the Appomattox Campaign and resulted in the surrender of Robert E. Lee Appomattox Court House National Historical Park, a National Historical Park in Virginia at the site of the surrender Appomattox may also refer to: Appomattox County, Virginia, in the United States Appomattox, Virginia, a town and the seat of that county Appomattox Court House (disambiguation), several courthouses in Appomattox, Virginia Appomattox River, a tributary of the James River in Virginia Appomattox Basin, a name for the Tri-Cities, Virginia region Appomattox Manor, a manor in City Point, Hopewell, Virginia Battle of Appomattox Station, a battle of the American Civil War in Appomattox, Virginia, a day before the Battle of Appomattox Court House\n\na manor in City Point, Hopewell, Virginia Battle of Appomattox Station, a battle of the American Civil War in Appomattox, Virginia, a day before the Battle of Appomattox Court House SS Appomattox, a large American wooden steamship operated mainly on the Great Lakes SS Appomattox (1893), a British steamship of the early 20th century Appomattox (opera), a 2007 opera in based on the American Civil War, composed by Philip Glass Appomattox (statue), a bronze Confederate soldier memorial in Alexandria, Virginia See also Appomattoc (people)\n\nfollowed by his March to the Sea. The last significant battles raged around the ten-month Siege of Petersburg, gateway to the Confederate capital of Richmond. The Confederates abandoned Richmond, and on April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant following the Battle of Appomattox Court House, setting in motion the end of the war. A wave of Confederate surrenders followed. On April 14, just five days after Lee's surrender, Lincoln was assassinated. On May 26, the last military department of the Confederacy, the Department of the Trans-Mississippi, effectively surrendered, but the conclusion of the American Civil War lacks a clear end date, and Appomattox is often symbolically referred to. Small confederate ground forces continued surrendering past the May 26 surrender date until June 23. By the end of the war, much of the South's infrastructure was destroyed, especially its railroads. The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and four million enslaved black\n\nQuestion: What came to an end in Appomattox Court House, Virginia?", "output": "The Civil War"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "at around August 10, and the Southern Delta Aquariids take place from mid-July to mid-August, with the peak usually around July 28\u201329. The Perseids, a major meteor shower, typically takes place between July 17 and August 24, with the days of the peak varying yearly. The star cluster of Messier 30 is best observed around August. Among the aborigines of the Canary Islands, especially among the Guanches of Tenerife, the month of August received in the name of Be\u00f1esmer or Be\u00f1esmen, which was also the harvest festival held this month. The month was originally named Sextilis in Latin because it was the 6th month in the original ten-month Roman calendar under Romulus in 753 BC, with March being the first month of the year. About 700 BC, it became the eighth month when January and February were added to the year before March by King Numa Pompilius, who also gave\n\nMehlella (), also Amata Saww (, 'Grouping Day') or Sigd (, 'Prostration', , also romanized Sig'd), is one of the unique holidays of the Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) community, and is celebrated on the 29th of the Hebrew month of Marcheshvan. Since 2008, it has been an official Israeli state holiday. Date Previously, Sigd was celebrated on the 29th of Kislev, and after a calendar reform in the mid-19th century it was moved to its present day, 50 days after Yom Kippur. Etymology The word Sigd itself is Ge'ez for \"prostration\" and is related to sg\u0113d \"to prostrate oneself (in worship)\". The Semitic root \u221asgd is the same as in mesgid, one of the two Beta Israel Ge'ez terms for \"synagogue\" (etymologically related to masjid \"mosque\", literally \"place of prostration\"), and from the same Semitic root we also have the Hebrew verb \u05dc\u05e1\u05d2\u05d5\u05d3 lisgod, \"to worship\". Significance There are two\n\nThe 19 Kislev () refers to the 19th day of the Jewish month of Kislev. The date is celebrated by Hasidic Jews as the Yom Hillula (anniversary of death) of the Maggid of Mezritch, successor of the Baal Shem Tov (the founder of Hasidism), who died on this date in 1772, and more significantly within the Chabad movement, as the date of the liberation of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (1798). Festival of the liberation of Rabbi Shneur Zalman History Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (), the first Rebbe of Chabad (also known as the \"Alter Rebbe\" in Yiddish), was informed upon by a misnaged named Avigdor and arrested on charges of supporting the Ottoman Empire by urging his followers to send money to the Land of Israel as \"evidence\" of his alleged insurrectionist aspirations (in fact, the money was sent to support poor Jews). At the time, the Land\n\nQuestion: In which month is Orangeman's Day?", "output": "JULY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nThe Baltimore Ravens are a professional American football team based in Baltimore. The Ravens compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the American Football Conference (AFC) North division. The team plays its home games at M&T Bank Stadium and is headquartered in Owings Mills, Maryland. The Baltimore Ravens were established in 1996 after Art Modell, then owner of the Cleveland Browns, announced plans in 1995 to relocate the franchise from Cleveland to Baltimore. As part of a settlement between the league and the city of Cleveland, Modell was required to leave the Browns' history, team colors, and records in Cleveland for a replacement team and replacement personnel that would resume play in 1999. In return, he was allowed to take his own personnel and team to Baltimore, where such personnel would form an expansion team. The team is now owned by Steve Bisciotti and valued at\n\nInterstate 95 (I-95) is an Interstate Highway running along the East Coast of the United States from Miami, Florida, north to the Canada\u2013United States border at Houlton, Maine. In Maryland, the route is a major highway that runs diagonally from southwest to northeast, entering from the District of Columbia and Virginia at the Woodrow Wilson Bridge over the Potomac River, northeast to Maryland's border with Delaware near Elkton. It is the longest Interstate Highway within Maryland and is one of the most traveled Interstate Highways in the state, especially between Baltimore and Washington, D.C., despite alternate routes along the corridor, such as the Baltimore\u2013Washington Parkway, U.S. Route 1 (US 1), and US 29. I-95 also has eight auxiliary routes in the state, the most of any state along the I-95 corridor. Portions of the highway, including the Fort McHenry Tunnel and the Millard E. Tydings Memorial Bridge, are tolled. From\n\nQuestion: Baltimore is the largest city in which American state?", "output": "Maryland"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Frankenstein: The True Story is a 1973 British television movie loosely based on the 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley. It was directed by Jack Smight, and the screenplay was written by novelist Christopher Isherwood and his longtime partner Don Bachardy. The film stars Leonard Whiting as Victor Frankenstein, Jane Seymour as Prima, David McCallum as Henry Clerval, James Mason as Dr. Polidori and Michael Sarrazin as the Creature. James Mason's wife Clarissa Kaye-Mason appeared in the film. Plot Victor Frankenstein (Leonard Whiting) is a newly trained doctor, engaged to Elizabeth Fanshawe (Nicola Pagett). After Victor's younger brother, William, dies in a boating accident, Victor renounces God and declares his ideal of being able to restore his brother to life. Victor leaves the Fanshawe estate for further medical training. Studying in London, he meets the charismatic Henry Clerval (David McCallum), who has discovered how to restore\n\nThe Bride is a 1985 period horror film directed by Franc Roddam, and starring Sting, Jennifer Beals, Geraldine Page, and Clancy Brown. Based on Mary Shelley's 1818 novel Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, the film follows Baron Charles Frankenstein who creates a woman, Eva, while his original monster\u2014believed to have been killed in a laboratory accident\u2014escapes into the countryside. The film, an international co-production between the United Kingdom and the United States, was released theatrically on August 16, 1985 by Columbia Pictures to generally negative reviews from critics. It was a commercial failure, grossing only $3.6 million. Plot Baron Charles Frankenstein, Dr. Zalhus, and Frankenstein's assistant, Paulus, attempt to create a female mate, Eva, for his creation. The team of scientists succeed in creating Eva, who is physically identical to a human and lacking the deformities of the monster. As such, she is revolted by the monster and rejects him.\n\nIn literary criticism, a Bildungsroman (, plural Bildungsromane, ) is a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from childhood to adulthood (coming of age), in which character change is important. The term comes from the German words (\"education\", alternatively \"forming\") and (\"novel\"). Origin The term was coined in 1819 by philologist Johann Karl Simon Morgenstern in his university lectures, and was later famously reprised by Wilhelm Dilthey, who legitimized it in 1870 and popularized it in 1905. The genre is further characterized by a number of formal, topical, and thematic features. The term coming-of-age novel is sometimes used interchangeably with bildungsroman, but its use is usually wider and less technical. The birth of the bildungsroman is normally dated to the publication of Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in 1795\u201396, or, sometimes, to Christoph Martin Wieland's of 1767. Although the bildungsroman\n\nQuestion: What was the subtitle of the book Frankenstein by Mary Shelley?", "output": "The Modern Prometheus"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Look Back in Anger\" is a song written by English artists David Bowie and Brian Eno for the album Lodger (1979). It concerns \"a tatty 'Angel of Death'\", and features a guitar solo by Carlos Alomar. RCA Records was unsure if America was ready for the sexual androgyny of \"Boys Keep Swinging\", the lead-off single from Lodger in most territories, and \"Look Back in Anger\" was issued instead. The B-side was another track from Lodger called \"Repetition\", a story of domestic violence. The single failed to chart. Beyond the shared title, the song has nothing to do with the John Osborne play Look Back in Anger. Bowie performed the song on his 1983 Serious Moonlight Tour (it is the opening number on the Serious Moonlight film) and reworked it in the mid-1990s as a heavy rock song for the Outside, Earthling, Heathen tours. Critical reception \"Look Back in Anger\" has\n\nwas a student of Lorna Sage and Malcolm Bradbury. Wilson's early plays, the one-act Girl Mad as Pigs and the two-act Ella Daybellfesse's Machine, were first produced at UEA in, respectively, June and November 1967. Two years later, a second one-act play, Between the Acts, was first produced in Canterbury, at the University of Kent. In 1969, Wilson embarked on a writing career. Together with Tony Bicat and David Hare, Wilson founded the Portable Theatre Company, a touring company concentrating on experimental theatre, and was its associate director from 1970 to 1975. His plays from these years included four one-act works, Charles the Martyr (1970), Device of Angels (1970), Pericles, The Mean Knight (1970) and Reason (1972), most of which dealt with overtly political subjects. 1970s Wilson's first full-length works to attract notice were Pignight and Blow-Job, both produced in 1971, in which \"Horror and farce sat side by side.\"\n\nChristopher Marlowe, also known as Kit Marlowe (; baptised 26 February 156430 May 1593), was an English playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. Marlowe is among the most famous of the Elizabethan playwrights. Based upon the \"many imitations\" of his play Tamburlaine, modern scholars consider him to have been the foremost dramatist in London in the years just before his mysterious early death. Some scholars also believe that he greatly influenced William Shakespeare, who was baptised in the same year as Marlowe and later succeeded him as the pre-eminent Elizabethan playwright. Marlowe was the first to achieve critical reputation for his use of blank verse, which became the standard for the era. His plays are distinguished by their overreaching protagonists. Themes found within Marlowe's literary works have been noted as humanistic with realistic emotions, which some scholars find difficult to reconcile with Marlowe's \"anti-intellectualism\" and his catering to\n\nQuestion: Who wrote the play, Look Back In Anger?", "output": "John Osborne"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Isaac \"Bougie\" Herzog (; born 22 September 1960) is an Israeli politician who has been serving as the 11th president of Israel since 2021. He is the first president to be born in Israel after its Declaration of Independence. Son of former Israeli president Chaim Herzog, he is a lawyer by profession and had served as Government Secretary from 1999 to 2001. He was a member of the Knesset from 2003 to 2018. He has held several ministerial posts between 2005 and 2011, including serving as Minister of Welfare and Social Services from 2007 to 2011 under prime ministers Ehud Olmert and Benjamin Netanyahu. Herzog had also served as Chairman of the Labor Party and the Zionist Union alliance from 2013 to 2017. He served as Leader of the Opposition from 2013 to 2018 and was the Labor Party candidate for prime minister during the 2015 legislative election. Herzog was\n\nAtid Ehad () is a political party in Israel. History Atid Ehad was established in order to contest the 2006 Knesset elections, and was headed by Avraham Neguise. It primarily represented the interests of Ethiopian Jews living in Israel, though its membership included non-Ethiopians such as Yitzakael Shtetzler and Yosef Abramowitz, who were second and third members on its Knesset List in the 2006 campaign. The party supported bringing to Israel the remaining Jews in Ethiopia and strengthening integration efforts for the community. In the 2006 elections, the party received 14,005 votes (0.45% of the total), not enough to cross the 2% threshold required to enter the Knesset. The party did not run in the 2009 elections. After being taken over by Yehezkel Shteltzer, the party registered to contest the 2013 elections, but withdrew from the elections less than a week before election day. It registered for the 2015 elections\n\n2013 to 2017. He served as Leader of the Opposition from 2013 to 2018 and was the Labor Party candidate for prime minister during the 2015 legislative election. Herzog was elected in the 2021 presidential election and was inaugurated on 7 July 2021. He is the first son of an Israeli president to become president himself. Early life and education Isaac (Yitzhak) \"Bougie\" Herzog was born in Tel Aviv. He is the son of Major-General Chaim Herzog, who served two terms as the Sixth President of Israel from 1983 to 1993, and Aura Ambache, founder of the Council for a Beautiful Israel. Herzog's father was born and raised in Ireland and his mother was born in Egypt; their families were of Eastern European Jewish descent (from Poland, Russia, and Lithuania). He has two brothers and a sister. His paternal grandfather, Rabbi Yitzhak HaLevi Herzog, was the first Chief Rabbi of\n\nQuestion: If I need to raise shekels to win election to the Knesset, which country am I in?", "output": "Israel"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cust\u00f3dio Miguel Dias de Castro (born 24 May 1983), known simply as Cust\u00f3dio, is a Portuguese football coach and a former player who played as a defensive midfielder. He is the manager of Braga B. Over 12 seasons, he amassed Primeira Liga totals of 209 matches and 12 goals, representing in the competition Sporting CP, Vit\u00f3ria de Guimar\u00e3es and Braga. He reached the 2011 Europa League final with the latter club, and also competed professionally in Russia and Turkey. Cust\u00f3dio was part of the Portugal squad at Euro 2012, earning a total of ten caps in one year. Club career Cust\u00f3dio was born in the village of Brito, Guimar\u00e3es. From 2001 to 2007 he played for Sporting CP, making his Primeira Liga debut on 23 March 2002 in a 2\u20130 home win against S.C. Salgueiros; he finished the 2003\u201304 season with 27 league appearances. In the 2006\u201307 campaign, coach Paulo\n\nArsenal Football Club is an English professional football club based in Holloway, North London. Arsenal compete in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 league titles (including one unbeaten title), a record 14 FA Cups, two League Cups, 17 FA Community Shields, the Football League Centenary Trophy, one European Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. In terms of trophies won, it is the third-most successful club in English football. Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join the Football League in 1893, and they reached the First Division in 1904. Relegated only once, in 1913, they continue the longest streak in the top division, and have won the second-most top-flight matches in English football history. In the 1930s, Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups, and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war.\n\nGon\u00e7alo Jardim Brand\u00e3o (born 9 October 1986) is a Portuguese former professional footballer. Mainly a central defender, he also appeared as a left back. Club career Belenenses A product of hometown C.F. Os Belenenses' academy, Lisbon-born Brand\u00e3o scored in his second match in the Primeira Liga aged 17, against FC Porto in a 1\u20134 home loss on 18 October 2003 when he still had not finished his youth career. He only managed another seven first-team appearances over the next three seasons, with a loan to Charlton Athletic in 2005\u201306 in between (no Premier League games played). Brand\u00e3o played his first league match after his Belenenses return on 4 February 2007, in a 1\u20130 away win over Vit\u00f3ria F.C. where he started. Siena In June 2008, it was announced Brand\u00e3o had signed a four-year contract with Serie A's A.C. Siena. After a shaky start \u2013 he only made his league debut\n\nQuestion: Braga and Belenenses are football clubs from which country?", "output": "PORTUGAL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Burh\u0101nudd\u012bn Rabb\u0101n\u012b (Persian: ; 20 September 1940 \u2013 20 September 2011) was an Afghan politician and teacher who served as President of Afghanistan from 1992 to 1996, and again from November to December 2001 (in exile from 1996 to 2001). Born in the Badakhshan Province, Rabbani studied at Kabul University and worked there as a professor of Islamic theology. He formed the Jamiat-e Islami (Islamic Society) at the university which attracted then-students Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and Ahmad Shah Massoud, both of whom would eventually become the two leading commanders of the Afghan mujahideen in the Soviet\u2013Afghan War from 1979. Rabbani was chosen to be the President of Afghanistan after the end of the former communist regime in 1992. Rabbani and his Islamic State of Afghanistan government was later forced into exile by the Taliban, and he then served as the political head of the Northern Alliance, an alliance of various political\n\nremote regions deep within the Hindu Kush. In December 2001, the United Nations Security Council established the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to oversee military operations in Afghanistan and also train the new Afghan National Security Forces. At the Bonn Conference that same month, Hamid Karzai was selected to lead the Afghan Interim Administration. Simultaneously, the Taliban's founding leader Muhammad Umar reorganized the movement to wage asymmetric warfare against the coalition, and by 2002, the group had launched an insurgency against the American-led war effort. Protracted fighting continued for the next two decades, and by mid-2021, the international coalition and the United States had begun to withdraw from the country amidst a nationwide Taliban offensive. In August 2021, the Taliban captured Kabul and toppled the Afghan government, re-establishing their rule in the form of a second Islamic emirate. Background In 2001, Afghanistan had been at war for over 20 years.\n\nwar effort, the Taliban had seized around 85% of Afghanistan's territory as well as the capital city of Kabul, effectively confining the Northern Alliance to Badakhshan Province and smaller surrounding areas. The American-led invasion in October 2001 marked the first phase of what would become the 20-year-long War in Afghanistan. After the September 11 attacks, American president George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban government extradite Osama bin Laden to the United States and also expel al-Qaeda militants from Afghanistan; bin Laden had been active in Afghanistan since the Soviet\u2013Afghan War and was already wanted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation for his role in the 1998 United States embassy bombings. The Taliban declined to extradite bin Laden and further ignored demands to shut down terrorist bases or extradite other suspected terrorists. In response, the United States launched Operation Enduring Freedom on 7 October 2001, alongside the United Kingdom. The\n\nQuestion: Who became president of Afghanistan in December 2004?", "output": "Hamid Karzai"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Erich Zeisl (May 18, 1905 \u2013 February 18, 1959) (often spelled Eric) was an Austrian-born American composer. Life and music Born to a middle class Jewish family in Vienna, then capital of the Austro-Hungarian empire, Zeisl was the son of Kamilla (Feitler) and Siegmund Zeisl. His musical precocity enabled him to gain a place at the Vienna State Academy (against the wishes of his family) when he was 14, at which age his first song was published. While there, he studied with Richard St\u00f6hr, Joseph Marx and Hugo Kauder. He won a state prize for a setting of the Requiem mass in 1934, but his Jewish background made it difficult to obtain work and publication. After the Anschluss in 1938, he fled first to Paris, where he began work on an opera based on Joseph Roth's Job, and then to New York City. Eventually he went to Hollywood, where he\n\nThe Requiem of Reconciliation was a collaborative work written to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II. It sets the Catholic mass for the dead in fourteen sections, each written by a different composer from a country involved in the war. It was commissioned by the Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart in Stuttgart, Germany, and first performed by the G\u00e4chinger Kantorei, the Krak\u00f3w Chamber Choir and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Helmuth Rilling. A two-CD set documenting this performance was released in 1995. Sections of the work Prolog: H\u00f6r (by Luciano Berio, Italy) Introitus and Kyrie (by Friedrich Cerha, Austria) Dies irae (by Paul-Heinz Dittrich, Germany) Judex ergo (by Marek Kopelent, Czech Republic) Juste judex (by John Harbison, US) Confutatis (by Arne Nordheim, Norway) Interludium (by Bernard Rands, UK/US) Offertorium (by Marc-Andr\u00e9 Dalbavie, France) Sanctus (by Judith Weir, UK) Agnus Dei (by Krzysztof Penderecki, Poland) Communio I\n\nEin deutsches Requiem, it shows a similar approach of consolation of those who mourn a death. Other compositions Hermann Goetz also set the text to music in 1874 as Nenie, Op. 10. References External links \"Auch das Sch\u00f6ne mu\u00df sterben!\", text and various translations, lieder.net N\u00e4nie, free scores at the Brahms Institut , University of Memphis Chamber Orchestra and University Singers, April 2011 Compositions by Johannes Brahms Choral compositions Funerary and memorial compositions 1881 compositions Musical settings of poems by Friedrich Schiller Poetry by Friedrich Schiller 1800 poems\n\nQuestion: \"Which German composer wrote \"\"A German Requiem\"\"?\"", "output": "BRAHMS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "this period, known as the Avignon Papacy, the city of Avignon and the adjacent Comtat Venaissin were added to the Papal States. In 1316 the Cardinals chose a sickly man, hoping that his reign as Pope would be short. Pope John XXII surprised them; he died at the age of 89 after 18 years of pontifical reign. All of this, so the story goes, thanks to the excellent wines of the Valr\u00e9as region. When he had travelled through Valr\u00e9as, he liked the wine so much that, in 1317, he purchased the estate of Valr\u00e9as. Pope Clement VI later added the villages of Visan, Grillon and Richerenches. The Enclave des Papes was born. Papal control persisted until the French Revolution; in 1791, an unauthorized plebiscite was held, and the inhabitants voted for annexation by France. The papacy did not, however, recognise this formally until 1814. The Enclave des Papes was incorporated\n\nThe Italian Catholic Church, or Catholic Church in Italy, is part of the worldwide Catholic Church in communion with the Pope in Rome, under the Conference of Italian Bishops. The pope serves also as Primate of Italy and Bishop of Rome. In addition to Italy, two other sovereign nations are included in Italian-based dioceses: San Marino and the Vatican City. There are 225 dioceses in the Catholic Church in Italy, see further in this article and in the article List of Catholic dioceses in Italy. The pope resides in the Vatican City, enclaved in Rome. Having been a major center for Christian pilgrimage since the Roman Empire, Rome is commonly regarded as the \"home\" of the Catholic Church, since it is where Saint Peter settled, ministered, served as bishop, and died. His relics are located in Rome along with Saint Paul's, among many other saints of Early Christianity. Owing to\n\nThe Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy (and Malta from until the creation of the Exarchate of Malta in 2021), officially the Sacred Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Exarchate of Southern Europe (), is a diocese of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople with see in Venice. The diocese was created in 1991. The current archbishop and exarch is Polykarpos Stavropoulos. History The Italo-Byzantine Monastery of St Mary of Grottaferrata, 20 kilometers south of Rome, was founded by Saint Nilus the Younger in 1004. After the fall of Constantinople, many Greeks sought refuge in Italy and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople appointed a series of Metropolitans, who resided in Venice from 1537 to 1797. But it was not until 1539 that the Greek community of Venice was authorised to begin building the church of San Giorgio dei Greci which still stands in the centre of the city on the canal known as\n\nQuestion: In which city did Popes officially reside from 1309 to 1378?", "output": "Avignon"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The bombard (, ) is a contemporary conical-bore double-reed instrument widely used to play traditional Breton music. The bombard is a woodwind instrument, and a member of the shawm family. Like most shawms, it has a broad and very powerful sound, vaguely resembling a trumpet. It is played as other shawms are played, with the double reed placed between the lips. The second octave is 'over-blown'; achieved via increased lip and air pressure or through the use of an octave key. It plays a diatonic scale of up to two octaves, although contemporary instruments frequently have added keywork permitting some degree of chromaticism. A bombard player is known as a talabarder after 'talabard', the older Breton name for the bombard. The tradition: Sonneurs de Couple Traditional Breton musicians are referred to as Sonerien (in Breton) or Sonneurs (in French). Musicians playing in pairs are also referred to as \"sonneurs de\n\nIn music, a section is a complete, but not independent, musical idea. Types of sections include the introduction or intro, exposition, development, recapitulation, verse, chorus or refrain, conclusion, coda or outro, fadeout, bridge or interlude. In sectional forms such as binary, the larger unit (form) is built from various smaller clear-cut units (sections) in combination, analogous to stanzas in poetry or somewhat like stacking Lego. Some well known songs consist of only one or two sections, for example \"Jingle Bells\" commonly contains verses (\"Dashing through the snow...\") and choruses (\"Oh, jingle bells...\"). It may contain \"auxiliary members\" such as an introduction and/or outro, especially when accompanied by instruments (the piano starts and then: \"Dashing...\"). A section is, \"a major structural unit perceived as the result of the coincidence of relatively large numbers of structural phenomena.\" An episode may also refer to a section. This term is particularly common in analysis\n\nThe Bruckner Orchester Linz is an Austrian orchestra based in Linz. Named for Anton Bruckner, the orchestra is the concert orchestra for the state of Upper Austria, and also the opera orchestra at the Landestheater Linz (Upper Austrian State Theatre). Consisting of 110 musicians, the orchestra participates in the Bruckner Festival, the Ars Electronica Festival and the Linzer Klangwolke. History The parent ensemble of the orchestra is the Linz Theater Orchestra. The orchestra acquired its current name in 1967, under conductor and musicologist Kurt W\u00f6ss, who subsequently served as chief conductor. From 2002 to 2017, the orchestra's chief conductor was Dennis Russell Davies. During his tenure, the orchestra began to perform the music of Philip Glass, including the premiere of his Symphony No. 8. In February 2015, the orchestra announced the appointment of Markus Poschner as its next chief conductor, effective with the 2017\u20132018 season. Past resident conductors of the\n\nQuestion: If a shawm were a member of the modern orchestra what section would it be in?", "output": "Woodwind"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "over 400 varieties planted throughout Spain, though 88 percent of the country's wine production is from only 20 grapes \u2014 including the reds Tempranillo, Bobal, Garnacha, and Monastrell; the whites Albari\u00f1o, Air\u00e9n, Verdejo, Palomino, and Macabeo; and the three Cava grapes Parellada, Xarel\u00b7lo, and Macabeo. Major Spanish wine regions include the Rioja and Ribera del Duero, which are known for their Tempranillo production; Jumilla, known for its Monastrell production; Jerez de la Frontera, the home of the fortified wine Sherry; R\u00edas Baixas in the northwest region of Galicia that is known for its white wines made from Albari\u00f1o and Catalonia which includes the Cava and still wine-producing regions of the Pened\u00e8s as well the Priorat region. History The abundance of native grape varieties fostered an early start to viticulture with evidence of grape pips dating back to the Tertiary period. Archaeologists believe that these grapes were first cultivated sometime between\n\nCaparrones is a Spanish stew made of caparr\u00f3n, a variety of red kidney bean, and a spicy sausage chorizo, both of which are local specialties of the Spanish La Rioja region. The shape of caparr\u00f3n bean is shorter and rounder than common red kidney beans. The stew is regarded as one of the most important dishes in Riojan cooking. Its cultural importance in the region can be compared to Asturian fabada. Caparrones are associated with strength, as well as with flatulence. There are some restaurants and inns in La Rioja that take this name (Mes\u00f3n los Caparrones, etc.). This plant is widely cultivated in groves around La Rioja, and the most famous are from Anguiano where a yearly festival is held honoring these beans. Rods obtained from branches of trees like poplar or bushes like elder and used for guiding the plant's growth are called palos de caparr\u00f3n (caparr\u00f3n staves).\n\nTeinturier grapes are grapes whose flesh and juice are red in colour due to anthocyanin pigments accumulating within the pulp of the grape berry itself. In non-teinturier red grapes, anthocyanin pigments are confined to the outer skin tissue only, and the squeezed grape juice of most dark-skinned grape varieties is clear. The red color of red wine normally comes from anthocyanins extracted from the macerated (crushed) skins, over a period of days during the fermentation process. The name teinturier comes from French, meaning \"dyer\". Wines Teinturier varieties, while containing a lot of color, usually make special wines, perhaps due to a higher level of tannins, compounds structurally related to the anthocyanins. Many winemakers blend small volumes of teinturier juices into their wines, to boost the colour, without dramatically impacting the taste. In addition, with the rise of regular forest fires and the resulting smoke taint risk in winemaking, tenteurier grapes\n\nQuestion: What is the main grape used in the production of Rioja red wine?", "output": "TEMPRANILLO"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "SATC may refer to: Inmarsat-C, a satellite communications system sometimes called SATC or SAT-C Reserve Officers' Training Corps, US military training academy, formerly Student Army Training Corps (during World War I) Salina Area Technical College, a technical college in Salina, Kansas, US. Sabena Airline Training Center, airline transport pilot school located in Mesa, Arizona, US Sex and the City (book), by Candace Bushnell. Sex and the City, a TV series that was shown on HBO from 1998 until 2004, based on the book. Sex and the City (film), based on the TV show Sex and the City: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack, soundtrack to the film Software Assurance Technology Center South Atlantic tropical cyclone South Australian Tourism Commission State Theatre Company of South Australia, formerly South Australian Theatre Company or SATC\n\nMiranda Hobbes is a fictional character on the American HBO television series Sex and the City, its subsequent film spinoffs, and HBO Max revival And Just Like That.... She is played by actress Cynthia Nixon. Nixon received an Emmy Award and has received two Screen Actors Guild Awards for her performance. Character information Miranda Hobbes first appeared in Candace Bushnell's newspaper column \"Sex and the City\" as a cable television executive in her early thirties. The television Sex and the City version of Miranda Hobbes is a fiery career-minded red-head, a Harvard-educated lawyer with a cynical take on relationships and men. As the series progresses, Miranda's cynicism softens, particularly after she becomes pregnant by her on-again, off-again bartender boyfriend, Steve Brady, whom she eventually marries. The birth of her son, Brady Hobbes, brings up new issues for her Type A, workaholic personality as she finds her way to balance career\n\nOff Centre is an American sitcom that aired on The WB network from October 14, 2001, to October 31, 2002. Created by Chris Weitz, Paul Weitz, and Danny Zuker, the series was heavily promoted as \"from the guys who brought you American Pie\". Synopsis The series is centered on the lives of two twentysomething friends, British stud Euan Pierce and play-it-safe American Mike Platt, after they move into the posh Hadley Building on New York's Centre Street. Rounding out the cast are Mike's girlfriend, Liz Lombardi, their wacky friend, Vietnamese restaurant owner Chau Presley, and secretly sensitive gangsta rapper Status Quo. Characters Main Euan Pierce (played by Sean Maguire) \u2013 A womanizing graduate of Oxford University, suave Brit Euan works as an investment banker and is reckless with money, as seen in the lavish apartment he shares with Mike, which includes of all things, a $2,000 airplane propeller. Among the\n\nQuestion: \"The TV series \"\"Sex and the City\"\" was set where?\"", "output": "New York"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "most of its stem. The cap ranges from in width and in height. It is mostly white with shaggy scales, which are more pale brown at the apex. The free gills change rapidly from white to pink, then to black. It is deliquescent. The white and fairly thick stipe measures high by in diameter and has a loose ring near the bottom. Microscopically, the mushroom lacks pleurocystidia. The spore print is black-brown and the spores measure 10\u201313 by 6.5\u20138 \u00b5m. The flesh is white and the taste mild. Similar species The mushroom can sometimes be confused with the magpie fungus which is poisonous. In America, the 'vomiter' mushroom Chlorophyllum molybdites is responsible for most cases of mushroom poisoning due to its similarity with shaggy mane and other edible mushrooms. Coprinopsis atramentaria (the common Ink Cap) is similar, and contains coprine and can induce coprine poisoning, particularly when consumed with alcohol.\n\nphalloides), hence the name. Distribution and habitat The false death cap is found in deciduous and coniferous woodlands in Autumn in Europe. It is also found in North American oak and pine forests. Toxicity It has been shown that this mushroom contains the alpha-amanitin toxin. However, the amounts of this toxin were found to be very small and would not cause any adverse effects unless the mushroom was ingested in very large amounts. It also contains the toxin bufotenin. Although it is considered inedible, the biggest danger with this species is its marked similarity to the death cap. This mushroom is not eaten, having a smell of rapeseed or potato. Gallery See also List of Amanita species References External links Amanita citrina on Mushroomexpert.com citrina Poisonous fungi Fungi of North America Fungi of Europe Fungi described in 1797\n\nmartini are also squelchers, but are distantly related. The species U. mjobergi, U. micromeles, U. micra, and U. daviesae are distinct from these other groups. Species Following the Amphibian Species of the World, there are 29 species: Note that the AmphibiaWeb recognizes the small-headed toadlet (Uperoleia capitulata ), a species that the Amphibian Species of the World, following Catullo and Keogh (2014), treats as a synonym of the wrinkled toadlet (Uperoleia rugosa). References Myobatrachidae Amphibian genera Taxa named by John Edward Gray\n\nQuestion: The \u2018what\u2019 Cap is one of the most poisonous toadstools in the world?", "output": "Death"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Benzodiazepines (BZD, BDZ, BZs), colloquially called \"benzos\", are a class of depressant drugs whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. They are prescribed to treat conditions such as anxiety disorders, insomnia, and seizures. The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955 and was made available in 1960 by Hoffmann\u2013La Roche, who soon followed with diazepam (Valium) in 1963. By 1977, benzodiazepines were the most prescribed medications globally; the introduction of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), among other factors, decreased rates of prescription, but they remain frequently used worldwide. Benzodiazepines are depressants that enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at the GABAA receptor, resulting in sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant properties. High doses of many shorter-acting benzodiazepines may also cause anterograde amnesia and dissociation. These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating\n\nCamazepam is a benzodiazepine psychoactive drug, marketed under the brand names Albego, Limpidon and Paxor. It is the dimethyl carbamate ester of temazepam, a metabolite of diazepam. While it possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, skeletal muscle relaxant and hypnotic properties it differs from other benzodiazepines in that its anxiolytic properties are particularly prominent but has comparatively limited anticonvulsant, hypnotic and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Pharmacology Camazepam, like others benzodiazepines, produce a variety of therapeutic and adverse effects by binding to the benzodiazepine receptor site on the GABAA receptor and modulating the function of the GABA receptor, the most prolific inhibitory receptor within the brain. The GABA chemical and receptor system mediates inhibitory or calming effects of camazepam on the nervous system. Compared to other benzodiazepines, it has reduced side effects such as impaired cognition, reaction times and coordination, which makes it best suited as an anxiolytic because of these reduced sides effects.\n\nFludiazepam, marketed under the brand name Erispan (\u30a8\u30ea\u30b9\u30d1\u30f3) is a potent benzodiazepine and 2\u02b9-fluoro derivative of diazepam, originally developed by Hoffmann-La Roche in the 1960s. It is marketed in Japan and Taiwan. It exerts its pharmacological properties via enhancement of GABAergic inhibition. Fludiazepam has 4 times more binding affinity for benzodiazepine receptors than diazepam. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, hypnotic and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. Fludiazepam has been used recreationally. See also Diazepam Diclazepam (the 2\u02b9-chloro analog) Difludiazepam (the 2',6'-difluoro derivative) Flunitrazepam (the 7-nitro analog) Flualprazolam (the triazolo derivative) Ro20-8552 References External links Official Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Website Benzodiazepines Sedatives Hypnotics Anticonvulsants Anxiolytics Lactams Chloroarenes Fluoroarenes GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators\n\nQuestion: What is the more common name for diazepam?", "output": "Valium"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Anaxarchus (; ; c. 380 \u2013 c. 320 BC) was a Greek philosopher of the school of Democritus. Together with Pyrrho, he accompanied Alexander the Great into Asia. The reports of his philosophical views suggest that he was a forerunner of the Greek skeptics. Life Anaxarchus was born at Abdera in Thrace. He was the companion and friend of Alexander the Great in his Asiatic campaigns. His relationship with Alexander, however, was ambiguous, owing to contradictory sources. Some paint Anarxchus as a flatterer, among them Plutarch, who tells a story that at Bactra, in 327 BC in a debate with Callisthenes, Anaxarchus advised all to worship Alexander as a god even during his lifetime. In contrast, others paint Anaxarchus as scathingly ironic towards the monarch. According to Diogenes Laertius, in response to Alexander's claim to have been the son of Zeus-Ammon, Anaxarchus pointed to his bleeding wound and remarked, \"See\n\nAristotle (; Aristot\u00e9l\u0113s, ; 384\u2013322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science. Little is known about Aristotle's life. He was born in the city of Stagira in northern Greece during the Classical period. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, and he was brought up by a guardian. At 17 or 18 he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there till the age of 37 (). Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored his son Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC. He established\n\nAlexander of Aphrodisias (; AD) was a Peripatetic philosopher and the most celebrated of the Ancient Greek commentators on the writings of Aristotle. He was a native of Aphrodisias in Caria and lived and taught in Athens at the beginning of the 3rd century, where he held a position as head of the Peripatetic school. He wrote many commentaries on the works of Aristotle, extant are those on the Prior Analytics, Topics, Meteorology, Sense and Sensibilia, and Metaphysics. Several original treatises also survive, and include a work On Fate, in which he argues against the Stoic doctrine of necessity; and one On the Soul. His commentaries on Aristotle were considered so useful that he was styled, by way of pre-eminence, \"the commentator\" (). Life and career Alexander was a native of Aphrodisias in Caria (present-day Turkey) and came to Athens towards the end of the 2nd century. He was a\n\nQuestion: Which Greek philosopher left Athens for the island of Euboea after the death of his pupil Alexander the Great, in fear of anti-Macedonian feeling?", "output": "Aristotle"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ballarat ( ) (Wathaurong: balla arat) is a city in the Central Highlands of Victoria, Australia. At the 2021 census, Ballarat had a population of 111,973, making it the third largest city in Victoria. Within months of Victoria separating from the colony of New South Wales in 1851, gold was discovered near Ballarat, sparking the Victorian gold rush. Ballarat subsequently became a thriving boomtown that for a time rivalled Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, in terms of wealth and cultural influence. In 1854, following a period of civil disobedience in Ballarat over gold licenses, local miners launched an armed uprising against government forces. Known as the Eureka Rebellion, it led to the introduction of white male suffrage in Australia, and as such is interpreted as the origin of Australian democracy. The rebellion's symbol, the Eureka Flag, has become a national symbol. Proclaimed a city on 9 September 1870, Ballarat's prosperity,\n\nAccrington is a town in the Hyndburn borough of Lancashire, England. It lies about east of Blackburn, west of Burnley, east of Preston, north of Manchester and is situated on the culverted River Hyndburn. Commonly abbreviated by locals to \"Accy\", the town has a population of 35,456 according to the 2011 census. Accrington is a former centre of the cotton and textile machinery industries. The town is famed for manufacturing the hardest and densest building bricks in the world, \"The Accrington NORI\" (iron), which were used in the construction of the Empire State Building and for the foundations of Blackpool Tower; famous for Accrington Stanley F.C. and the Haworth Art Gallery which holds Europe's largest collection of Tiffany glass. History Etymology The name \"Accrington\" likely has Anglo-Saxon origins. The earliest known recording of the name is found in the Parish of Whalley records from 850, where it is written as\n\nMelbourne Central is a large shopping centre, office, and public transport hub in the city of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It was designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa, and opened in 1991. The complex includes the Melbourne Central Shopping Centre, which was refurbished in 2005 by architects ARM Architecture; Melbourne Central railway station (part of the City Loop underground railway and formerly called Museum Station); and the high Melbourne Central Office Tower with its distinctive pair of communications masts. The shopping centre features a large glass cone, which houses the heritage-listed Coop's Shot Tower. The Melbourne Central shopping and office development was constructed between 1986 and 1991 by Japanese firm Kumagai Gumi at a cost of $1.2 billion. The original anchor tenant was the Japanese department store Daimaru, which opened its first Australian store over six floors located between the shot tower and La Trobe Street. The centre features a gross\n\nQuestion: In which city would you find the Eureka Tower, The Royal Exhibition Building and the Docklands Stadium?", "output": "MELBOURNE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ingleby Arncliffe is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It is situated between the A172 and A19 roads, north-east from Northallerton and south-east from the small market town of Stokesley, and is on the edge of the North York Moors National Park. The village is conjoined to its smaller neighbour, Ingleby Cross. Ingleby Arncliffe lies in the historic county of the North Riding of Yorkshire. History According to A Dictionary of British Place Names, Ingleby is derived from the Old Scandinavian \"Englar + by\", meaning \"farmstead or village of the Englishmen\", and Arncliffe, Old English \"earn + cliff\", meaning \"eagles' cliff\". Ingleby Arncliffe Grade II* listed Anglican church is dedicated to All Saints. It dates from 1821 but includes 14th-century effigies. The church is situated less than south-east from the centre of the village, and from the church is Arncliffe Hall, a Grade\n\nIrchester is a village and civil parish in North Northamptonshire, two miles (3 km) south-east of Wellingborough and two miles south-west of Rushden. The population of the village at the 2011 Census was 5,706 and estimated in 2019 at 5,767. Little Irchester and Knuston also lie in the parish. Toponym Irchester was spelt Yranceaster in 973 and Irencestre in the 1086 Domesday Book. A. D. Mills wrote that name was formed from the Old English personal name Ira or *Yra with the suffix ceaster denoting a Roman station, but another theory is that Iren Ceastre was an Anglo-Saxon name meaning \"iron fortress\". In the 11th century, it was spelt Erncestre or Archester and had evolved to Erchester by the 12th century. History Chester Farm is one mile (1.6 km) north of the village of Irchester, with the A45 road to its south and the River Nene to the north. It\n\nStamford railway station serves the town of Stamford in Lincolnshire, England, and is located in St Martin's. The station is west of Peterborough. It was opened by the Syston and Peterborough Railway, part of the present day Birmingham to Peterborough Line. CrossCountry operate the majority of services as part of their Birmingham to Stansted Airport route. It is owned by Network Rail and managed by East Midlands Railway The station was formerly known as Stamford Town to distinguish it from the now closed Stamford East station in Water Street. It is often printed on timetables and train tickets as Stamford (Lincs) to distinguish it from either Stamford Hill station in London or Stanford-le-Hope station in Essex. The station building is a fine stone structure in Mock Tudor style, influenced by the nearby Burghley House, and designed by Sancton Wood. It was upgraded to Grade II* listed building status in March\n\nQuestion: Gainsborough and Stamford are towns in which English county?", "output": "LINCOLNSHIRE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Antimony is a chemical element with the symbol Sb () and atomic number 51. A lustrous gray metalloid, it is found in nature mainly as the sulfide mineral stibnite (Sb2S3). Antimony compounds have been known since ancient times and were powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, often known by the Arabic name kohl. The earliest known description of the metalloid in the West was written in 1540 by Vannoccio Biringuccio. China is the largest producer of antimony and its compounds, with most production coming from the Xikuangshan Mine in Hunan. The industrial methods for refining antimony from stibnite are roasting followed by reduction with carbon, or direct reduction of stibnite with iron. The largest applications for metallic antimony are in alloys with lead and tin, which have improved properties for solders, bullets, and plain bearings. It improves the rigidity of lead-alloy plates in lead\u2013acid batteries. Antimony trioxide is a\n\nBarium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity, barium is never found in nature as a free element. The most common minerals of barium are baryte (barium sulfate, BaSO4) and witherite (barium carbonate, BaCO3). The name barium originates from the alchemical derivative \"baryta\", from Greek (), meaning 'heavy'. Baric is the adjectival form of barium. Barium was identified as a new element in 1772, but not reduced to a metal until 1808 with the advent of electrolysis. Barium has few industrial applications. Historically, it was used as a getter for vacuum tubes and in oxide form as the emissive coating on indirectly heated cathodes. It is a component of YBCO (high-temperature superconductors) and electroceramics, and is added to steel and cast iron to\n\nBoron arsenide (or Arsenic boride) is a chemical compound involving boron and arsenic, usually with a chemical formula BAs. Other boron arsenide compounds are known, such as the subarsenide . Chemical synthesis of cubic BAs is very challenging and its single crystal forms usually have defects. Properties BAs is a cubic (sphalerite) semiconductor in the III-V family with a lattice constant of 0.4777 nm and an indirect band gap of 1.82 eV. Cubic BAs is reported to decompose to the subarsenide B12As2 at temperatures above 920 \u00b0C. Boron arsenide has a melting point of 2076 \u00b0C. The thermal conductivity of BAs is very high: around 1300 W/(m\u00b7K) at 300 K. The basic physical properties of cubic BAs have been experimentally measured: Band gap (1.82 eV), optical refractive index (3.29 at wavelength 657 nm), elastic modulus (326 GPa), shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, thermal expansion coefficient (3.85\u00d710\u22126/K), and heat capacity. It can\n\nQuestion: Sb is the symbol for which chemical element?", "output": "Antimony"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Physical cosmology is a branch of cosmology concerned with the study of cosmological models. A cosmological model, or simply cosmology, provides a description of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and allows study of fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate. Cosmology as a science originated with the Copernican principle, which implies that celestial bodies obey identical physical laws to those on Earth, and Newtonian mechanics, which first allowed those physical laws to be understood. Physical cosmology, as it is now understood, began with the development in 1915 of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, followed by major observational discoveries in the 1920s: first, Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe contains a huge number of external galaxies beyond the Milky Way; then, work by Vesto Slipher and others showed that the universe is expanding. These advances made it possible to speculate about the origin of\n\nAstrobiology is a scientific field within the life and environmental sciences that studies the origins, early evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe by investigating its deterministic conditions and contingent events. As a discipline, astrobiology is founded on the premise that life may exist beyond Earth. Research in astrobiology comprises three main areas: the study of habitable environments in the Solar System and beyond, the search for planetary biosignatures of past or present extraterrestrial life, and the study of the origin and early evolution of life on Earth. The field of astrobiology has its origins in the 20th century with the advent of space exploration and the discovery of exoplanets. Early astrobiology research focused on the search for extraterrestrial life and the study of the potential for life to exist on other planets. In the 1960s and 1970s, NASA began its astrobiology pursuits within the Viking program, which\n\nAn astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies \u2013 in either observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies. A related but distinct subject is physical cosmology, which studies the Universe as a whole. Types Astronomers usually fall under either of two main types: observational and theoretical. Observational astronomers make direct observations of celestial objects and analyze the data. In contrast, theoretical astronomers create and investigate models of things that cannot be observed. Because it takes millions to billions of years for a system of stars or a galaxy to complete a life cycle, astronomers must observe snapshots\n\nQuestion: Which science is the study of the origin of the Universe?", "output": "Cosmology"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of which the most commonly spoken are Guarani, Aymara, and Quechua languages. Before Spanish colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was part of the Inca Empire, while the northern and eastern lowlands were inhabited by independent tribes. Spanish conquistadors arriving from Cusco and Asunci\u00f3n took control of the region in the 16th century. During the Spanish colonial period Bolivia was administered by the Real Audiencia of Charcas. Spain built its empire in large part upon the silver that was extracted from Bolivia's mines. After the first call for independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Sim\u00f3n Bol\u00edvar. Over the course of the 19th and early 20th century Bolivia lost control of several peripheral territories to neighboring countries including the seizure of its coastline by Chile in 1879 and Acre territory to Brazil. Bolivia experienced a succession of military and civilian governments\n\nBolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west. The seat of government and administrative capital is La Paz, which contains the executive, legislative, and electoral branches of government, while the constitutional capital is Sucre, the seat of the judiciary. The largest city and principal industrial center is Santa Cruz de la Sierra, located on the Llanos Orientales (tropical lowlands), a mostly flat region in the east of the country. The sovereign state of Bolivia is a constitutionally unitary state, divided into nine departments. Its geography varies from the peaks of the Andes in the West, to the Eastern Lowlands, situated within the Amazon basin. One-third of the country is within the Andean mountain range. With\n\nColombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country mostly in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogot\u00e1 is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urbes include Medell\u00edn, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, C\u00facuta, Ibagu\u00e9, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage\u2014including language, religion, cuisine, and art\u2014reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by mass immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those\n\nQuestion: In 1825 Simon Bolivar was president of 3 South American countries. Columbia and Bolivia were two of the countries. What was the third?", "output": "PERU"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alexander I (medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Ma\u00edl Coluim; modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim; c. 1078 \u2013 23 April 1124), posthumously nicknamed The Fierce, was the King of Scotland from 1107 to his death. He succeeded his brother, King Edgar, and his successor was his brother David. He was married to Sybilla of Normandy, an illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England. Life Alexander was the fifth (some sources say fourth) son of Malcolm III and his wife Margaret of Wessex, grandniece of Edward the Confessor. Alexander was named after Pope Alexander II. He was the younger brother of King Edgar, who was unmarried, and his brother's heir presumptive by 1104 (and perhaps earlier). In that year, he was the senior layman present at the examination of the remains of Saint Cuthbert at Durham prior to their re-interment. He held lands in Scotland north of the Forth and in Lothian.\n\n1891), Princess of Greece and Denmark, and Grand Duchess of Russia Grand Duchess Alexandra Mikhailovna of Russia (1831\u2013 1832), Grand Dychess of Russia Grand Duchess Alexandra Pavlovna of Russia (1783 \u2013 1801), Grand Duchess of Russia, Archduchess of Austria, and Palatina of Hungary Princess Alexandra of Kent (1936- present), Grand Daughter of King George V, Daughter of Prince George, Duke of Kent and Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark. Styled Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy after her marriage. Saints Saint Alexandra, martyr of the Diocletianic persecutions Alexandra Alexandra (singer) (1942\u20131969), German singer Alexandra of Antioch, Greek noblewoman and the sister of Calliopius of Antioch Alexandra Aikhenvald (born 1957), Russian\u2013Australian linguist Alexandra Aldridge (born 1994), American ice dancer Alexandra Allred (born 1965), American author and fitness instructor Alexandra Anghel (born 1997), Romanian freestyle wrestler Alexandra Ansanelli, American ballet dancer Alexandra Anstrell (born 1974), Swedish politician Alexandra Antonova (born 1991), Russian\n\nAlexander III (Medieval ; Modern Gaelic: ; 4 September 1241 \u2013 19 March 1286) was King of Scots from 1249 until his death. He concluded the Treaty of Perth, by which Scotland acquired sovereignty over the Western Isles and the Isle of Man. His heir, Margaret, Maid of Norway, died before she could be crowned. Life Alexander was born at Roxburgh, the only son of Alexander II by his second wife Marie de Coucy. Alexander's father died on 6 July 1249 and he became king at the age of seven, inaugurated at Scone on 13 July 1249. The years of his minority featured an embittered struggle for the control of affairs between two rival parties, the one led by Walter Comyn, Earl of Menteith, the other by Alan Durward, Justiciar of Scotia. The former dominated the early years of Alexander's reign. At the marriage of Alexander to Margaret of England\n\nQuestion: Alexandra, the Queen of Edward VII, was the daughter of the king of which country?", "output": "Denmark"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A tactical nuclear weapon (TNW) or non-strategic nuclear weapon (NSNW) is a nuclear weapon that is designed to be used on a battlefield in military situations, mostly with friendly forces in proximity and perhaps even on contested friendly territory. Generally smaller in explosive power, they are defined in contrast to strategic nuclear weapons, which are designed mostly to be targeted at the enemy interior far away from the war front against military bases, cities, towns, arms industries, and other hardened or larger-area targets to damage the enemy's ability to wage war. As of 2023, tactical nuclear weapons have never been used. Details Tactical nuclear weapons include gravity bombs, short-range missiles, artillery shells, land mines, depth charges, and torpedoes which are equipped with nuclear warheads. Also in this category are nuclear armed ground-based or shipborne surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and air-to-air missiles. Small, two-man portable or truck-portable tactical weapons (sometimes misleadingly referred\n\noperational issue with planned usage of the T4 was the poor projected success rate of parachuting five team members into hostile territory at sea with a heavy load, having them all land close together, while being sufficiently uninjured to be able to finish transporting the weapon's components and assemble them. Several practice exercises failed to complete when one or more team members landed too far away or were injured. Future ADM units were single-component and while they might require several people's codes to arm, were a single physical unit which did not need field assembly. See also W54 Special Atomic Demolition Munition List of nuclear weapons References External links Allbombs.html list of nuclear weapons at nuclearweaponarchive.org Atomic demolition munitions Gun-type nuclear bombs Nuclear weapons of the United States Land mines of the United States Cold War weapons of the United States Military equipment introduced in the 1950s\n\n14 warheads; at the peak deployment, there were 31 US Poseidon submarines with 16 missiles each, for a total of 496 deployed missiles, at a density of about 10 warheads per missile. Safety issues and later service Aging of the LX-09 polymer-bonded explosive used in the W68 led to decomposition of the explosive, separating the binder and plasticizer, which then caused deterioration of the detonators. This required the whole production run to be retired or remanufactured with LX-10 and LX-10-1 as new explosives from November 1978 through 1983; about 2,000 units were retired starting in 1977 rather than rebuilt. The remaining 3,200 warheads remained in service longer, with the last units retired in 1991. See also UGM-73 Poseidon List of nuclear weapons References External links Allbombs.html list of all US nuclear weapons at nuclearweaponarchive.org Lawrence Livermore Labs accomplishments in the 1970s Nuclear warheads of the United States Military equipment introduced\n\nQuestion: How many nuclear weapons have been used in the course of warfare?", "output": "Two"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "and Seth Rogen, respectively. Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella first came to audition for the roles of the hyenas, but when the producers saw how well they worked together, they decided to cast them as Timon and Pumbaa. As with many characters in The Lion King, Pumbaa's name derives from the East African language Swahili. In Swahili, pumbaa (v.) means \"to be foolish, silly, weakminded, careless, negligent.\" Timon is one of the few characters whose name has no meaning in Swahili; Timon is a historical Greek name, taken to mean \"he who respects.\" Timon's name may derive from Shakespeare's tragedy Timon of Athens, another Shakespeare reference in a film which derives its plot from Hamlet. The tragedy is based in the history of the real Timon of Athens, a famous misanthrope during the era of the Peloponnesian War, who refused life in Athens to live isolated. Another explanation is that\n\nTimon and Pumbaa are an animated meerkat and warthog duo introduced in Disney's 1994 animated feature film The Lion King and its franchise. Timon was played through his many appearances by Nathan Lane (in all three films and early episodes of the show), Max Casella (the original actor in Broadway musical), Kevin Schon (in certain episodes of the show), Quinton Flynn (in certain episodes of the show), Bruce Lanoil in the Wild About Safety shorts and Kingdom Hearts II, while Pumbaa is voiced by Ernie Sabella (in all of his traditionally animated speaking appearances), and was portrayed by Tom Alan Robbins in the original cast of the Broadway musical. In the CGI remake, the characters are portrayed by Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen, respectively. Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella first came to audition for the roles of the hyenas, but when the producers saw how well they worked together, they\n\nJohn Xintavelonis (also known as John X) is a Tasmanian actor and comedian, known in Australia for his performance as Pumbaa the warthog in the Australian production of the stage musical, The Lion King. Career John played Mr. Braithwaite in Billy Elliot the Musical in Sydney and Melbourne. References External links Living people Australian male film actors Australian male stage actors Australian male television actors Australian male comedians Year of birth missing (living people)\n\nQuestion: What sort of animal is 'Pumbaa' in 'The Lion King' film and stage show?", "output": "WARTHOG"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "paintbrushes is featured, as well as a relief carved to look like a bookcase. Main works include: Sala Terrena (complete list) Annunciation Adoration of the Magi The Flight into Egypt The Slaughter of the Innocents Presentation in the Temple The Assumption of Mary St Mary Magdalen St Mary of Egypt Sala Superiore (ceiling) Adam and Eve Jacob's Ladder God Appears to Moses The Passover The Pillar of Fire The Fall of Manna in the Desert Moses Strikes Water from the Rock Miracle of the Bronze Serpent Elijah is Fed by the Angels Elisha Distributes Bread The Vision of the Prophet Ezekiel Sala Superiore (walls) The Adoration of the Shepherds The Baptism Christ Tempted by Satan Christ Heals the Paralytic Multiplication of Bread and Fishes The Resurrection of Lazarus The Last Supper The Agony in the Garden The Resurrection The Ascension Wooden: episodes of the Old Testament by Giuseppe Angeli Sala\n\nand Attilio Tamburrini (who will manage, together with Alfredo Mantovano, the Pontifical Foundation of the Catholic Church \u201cAid to the Church in Need\u201d) and his brother Renato Tamburrini took part to the event. The Casino dell'Aurora and L'Aurora fresco by Guido Reni The palace's main attraction, beside the art gallery, is the Casino dell'Aurora. The casino was designed by Vasanzio is located overlooking the Piazza del Quirinale. On the walls are four frescoes of the Seasons by Paul Bril, and two Triumphs by Antonio Tempesta. Its ceiling displays what is considered the Bolognese painter Guido Reni's fresco masterpiece (1614), commonly called L'Aurora. It is surrounded by a painted frame or quadro riportato and depicts Apollo in his Chariot preceded by Dawn (Aurora) bringing light to the world. The incorporated heraldic symbols were meant to link Scipione with Apollo. The work is classically restrained and mimics poses from ancient Roman sarcophagi,\n\nAlbrecht D\u00fcrer (; ; 21 May 1471 \u2013 6 April 1528), sometimes spelled in English as Durer, was a German painter, printmaker, and theorist of the German Renaissance. Born in Nuremberg, D\u00fcrer established his reputation and influence across Europe in his twenties due to his high-quality woodcut prints. He was in contact with the major Italian artists of his time, including Raphael, Giovanni Bellini, and Leonardo da Vinci, and from 1512 was patronized by Emperor Maximilian I. D\u00fcrer's vast body of work includes engravings, his preferred technique in his later prints, altarpieces, portraits and self-portraits, watercolours and books. The woodcuts series are more Gothic than the rest of his work. His well-known engravings include the three Meisterstiche (master prints) Knight, Death and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514), and Melencolia I (1514). His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his woodcuts\n\nQuestion: Who painted 'The Adoration of the Magi' and 'The Last Supper'?", "output": "Leonardo da Vinci"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 \u2013 September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was the military conflict of the American Revolution in which American Patriot forces under George Washington's command defeated the British, resulting in the Treaty of Paris (1783) recognizing the independence and sovereignty of the United States. Fighting began on April 19, 1775, at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The war was formalized and intensified following passage of the Lee Resolution, which asserted that the Thirteen Colonies were \"free and independent states\", by the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia on July 2, 1776, and the unanimous ratification of the Declaration of Independence two days later, on July 4, 1776. American patriot forces eventually gained the support of the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Spain. The British and Loyalist forces also included Hessian soldiers from Germany. The\n\nThe following is a synopsis of the land campaigns of the War of 1812. Canada, 18 June 1812 \u2013 17 February 1815 This campaign includes all operations in the Canada-US border region except the battle of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane. The invasion and conquest of western Canada was a major objective of the United States in the War of 1812. Among the significant causes of the war were the continuing clash of British and American interests in the Northwest Territory and the desire of frontier expansionists to seize Canada as a bargaining chip while Great Britain was preoccupied with the Napoleonic Wars. In the first phase of the war along the border in 1812, the United States suffered a series of reverses. Fort Mackinac fell (6 August), Fort Dearborn was evacuated (15 August), and Fort Detroit surrendered without a fight (16 August). American attempts to invade Canada across the Niagara\n\nIndia Company establishes a factory in Calcutta, an event formerly considered the founding of the city (in 2003 the Calcutta High Court ruled that the city's foundation date is unknown). 1743 \u2013 The War of the Hats: The Swedish army surrenders to the Russians in Helsinki, ending the war and starting Lesser Wrath. 1781 \u2013 American Revolutionary War: A small force of Pennsylvania militia is ambushed and overwhelmed by an American Indian group, which forces George Rogers Clark to abandon his attempt to attack Detroit. 1789 \u2013 The first naval battle of the Svensksund began in the Gulf of Finland. 1812 \u2013 Peninsular War: A coalition of Spanish, British, and Portuguese forces succeed in lifting the two-and-a-half-year-long Siege of C\u00e1diz. 1814 \u2013 British troops invade Washington, D.C. and during the Burning of Washington the White House, the Capitol and many other buildings are set ablaze. 1815 \u2013 The modern Constitution\n\nQuestion: June 18, 1812 saw the start of the War of 1812 when the US Congress declared war on who?", "output": "Great Britain"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Isomaltulose (trade name Palatinose, chemical name 6-O-\u03b1-D-glucopyranosyl-D-fructose) is a disaccharide carbohydrate composed of glucose and fructose. It is naturally present in honey and sugarcane extracts and is also produced industrially from table sugar (sucrose) and used as a sugar alternative. It tastes similar to table sugar with half the sweetness. It has the same energy as table sugar, but is digested slower and thus leads to a lower blood glucose and insulin response. In comparison with sucrose and most other carbohydrates, isomaltulose is not a significant substrate for oral bacteria. Consequently, acid production from isomaltulose in the mouth is too slow to promote tooth decay. Its physical properties closely resemble those of sucrose, making it easy to use in existing recipes and processes. It is manufactured by enzymatic rearrangement (isomerization) of sucrose from beet sugar. Since the 1950s its physiological role and physical properties have been studied extensively. Isomaltulose has\n\nAllose is an aldohexose sugar. It is a rare monosaccharide that occurs as a 6-O-cinnamyl glycoside in the leaves of the African shrub Protea rubropilosa. Extracts from the fresh-water alga Ochromas malhamensis contain this sugar but of unknown absolute configuration. It is soluble in water and practically insoluble in methanol. Allose is a C-3 epimer of glucose. Notes References Carbohydrates, edited by P.M. Collins, Chapman and Hall, Aldohexoses Pyranoses\n\nTalose is an aldohexose sugar. It is an unnatural monosaccharide, that is soluble in water and slightly soluble in methanol. Some etymologists suggest that talose's name derives from the automaton of Greek mythology named Talos, but the relevance is unclear. Talose is a C-2 epimer of galactose and a C-4 epimer of mannose. References Aldohexoses Pyranoses\n\nQuestion: Which carbohydrate is also called 'milk sugar'?", "output": "LACTOSE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Stewart of Darnley, also known as the Lennox Stewarts, were a notable Scots family, a branch of the Clan Stewart, who provided the English Stuart monarchs with their male-line Stuart descent, after the reunion of their branch with the royal Scottish branch. In 1565 the Darnley branch was re-united with the Royal House of Stewart when Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley married his half-first cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots. Despite what their common surname suggests, they were not related closely by virtue of both being Stewarts \u2014 being only ninth cousins once removed in the male line. It was rather through their shared grandmother, Margaret Tudor (daughter of King Henry VII of England) that they were related, and which gave both their claims to the English throne. The son of their union James VI of Scots succeeded to the throne of England and the throne of Ireland as James I. Lord\n\nMary of Scotland may refer to: People Mary, Queen of Scots (1542\u20131587), Queen regnant of Scotland from 1542 to 1567 Mary II of England (1662\u20131694), Queen regnant of Scotland, England and Ireland from 1689 until her death Mary of Scotland, Countess of Boulogne (1082\u20131116), daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland (M\u00e1el Coluim III) and Saint Margaret of Scotland; wife of Eustace III of Boulogne Mary of Scotland (\u2013), daughter of Robert III of Scotland and Annabella Drummond Mary Stewart, Countess of Buchan (?\u20131465), daughter of James I of Scotland and Joan Beaufort; wife of Jan van Borselen, Lord of Campvere Mary of Guelders (1434\u20131463), Queen consort to James II of Scotland, and the regent of Scotland 1460\u20131463 Mary Stewart, Countess of Arran (1453\u20131488), daughter of James II of Scotland and Mary of Guelders; married Thomas Boyd, 1st Earl of Arran and James Hamilton Mary of Guise (1515\u20131560), Queen consort to\n\nof Arran (1453\u20131488), daughter of James II of Scotland and Mary of Guelders; married Thomas Boyd, 1st Earl of Arran and James Hamilton Mary of Guise (1515\u20131560), Queen consort to James V of Scotland and mother of Mary, Queen of Scots; regent of Scotland 1544\u20131560 Henrietta Maria of France (1609\u20131669), Queen consort of Scotland, England and Ireland, also known as Queen Mary Mary of Modena (1658\u20131718), Queen consort of Scotland, England and Ireland Other uses Mary of Scotland (play), 1933 Broadway play by Maxwell Anderson Mary of Scotland (film), a 1936 film about Mary, Queen of Scots, based on the Maxwell Anderson stage play of the same name See also Mary Tudor (disambiguation) Mary of England (disambiguation)\n\nQuestion: What was the famous two word title that was given to Henry Stewart who was King Consort Of Scotland between 1565 and 1567 and was married to Mary Queen Of Scots ?", "output": "LORD DARNLEY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\n\"Hail! South Dakota!\" is the regional anthem of South Dakota, selected by popular vote as the official state song. It was written and composed by DeeCort Hammitt (1893-1970). It was originally published under The Sunshine State Music Co. Alcester, So. Dakota . Lyrics Original DeeCourt Hammitt Lyrics Hail! South Dakota! a great state of the land; Health, wealth and beauty, that's what makes her grand; She has her Black Hills, and mines with gold so rare, And with her scenery, no other state can compare. Come where the sun shines, and where life's worth your while; You won't be here long, till you'll wear a smile; No state's so healthy, and no folk quite so true. To South Dakota we welcome you. Hail! South Dakota! the state we love the best, Land of our fathers, builders of the west; Home of the Badlands, and Rushmore's ageless shrine, Black Hills and\n\nNew Orleans is a city and a metropolitan area in the U.S. state of Louisiana. New Orleans may also refer to: Film New Orleans (1929 film), an American drama film New Orleans (1947 film), a musical Music New Orleans (album), an album by PJ Morton New Orleans, an album by Bo Kaspers Orkester \"New Orleans\" (Gary U.S. Bonds song), a 1960 song by Gary U.S. Bonds \"New Orleans\" (Hoagy Carmichael song) (1932) \"New Orleans\", a 2011 song by Emmylou Harris from Hard Bargain \"New Orleans\", a song by Rancid from Let the Dominoes Fall \"New Orleans\", a 2007 song by Kid Rock from Rock n Roll Jesus Dixieland or New Orleans jazz, a style of jazz music New Orleans blues, a subgenre of blues music and a variation of Louisiana blues Watercraft New Orleans (steamboat) CSS New Orleans, a floating gun battery on the Mississippi River in the service of\n\nQuestion: \"Licence plates from which U.S. state, include the phrase, \"\"Sweet Home\"\"?\"", "output": "ALABAMA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "microbiota are clinically important for edentulous people. For example, bone resorption in the jaw is frequently how the teeth were able to detach in the first place. The jaw in an edentulous area undergoes further resorption even after the teeth are gone; and the insertion of dental implants can elicit new bone formation, leading to osseointegration. Meanwhile, bacteria and yeasts of the oral cavity and the immune system of their host create an immensely complicated and constantly changing interplay that presents clinically as gingivitis, caries, stomatitis, and other periodontal pathology. Signs and symptoms For people, the relevance and functionality of teeth can be easily taken for granted, but a closer examination of their considerable significance will demonstrate how they are actually very important. Among other things, teeth serve to: support the lips and cheeks, providing for a fuller, more aesthetically pleasing appearance maintain an individual's vertical dimension of occlusion along\n\ndura mater overlying the trigeminal impression near the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone. Structure The trigeminal ganglion is somewhat crescent-shaped, with its convexity directed anterolaterally. From its convex border arise the ophthalmic nerve (V1), maxillary nerve (V2), and mandibular nerve (V3). The ganglion receives, on its medial side, filaments from the carotid plexus of the sympathetic. It issues minute branches to the tentorium cerebelli, and the dura mater in the middle cranial fossa. Relations Medially to the trigeminal ganglion are the internal carotid artery, and the posterior part of the cavernous sinus. The motor root of the trigeminal nerve passes beneath the trigeminal ganglion to exit the skull through the foramen ovale. The greater petrosal nerve passes underneath the trigeminal ganglion to reach the foramen lacerum. Clinical significance Herpes virus dormancy After recovery from a primary herpes infection, the virus is not cleared from the body,\n\nbone. Some branches pass anterior-ward across the alveolar process to supply the gingiva. See also Anterior superior alveolar arteries Posterior superior alveolar nerve Additional images References External links () Arteries of the head and neck\n\nQuestion: What part of the body is afflicted by gingivitis?", "output": "Gums"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Brandenburg (; ; Polabian: Branibor ), officially the State of Brandenburg (German: Land Brandenburg; Low German: Land Brannenborg; ), is a state in the northeast of Germany bordering the states of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Lower Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, and Saxony, as well as the country of Poland. With an area of 29,480 square kilometres (11,382 square miles) and a population of 2.5 million residents, it is the fifth-largest German state by area and the tenth-most populous. Potsdam is the state capital and largest city, and other major towns are Cottbus, Brandenburg an der Havel and Frankfurt (Oder). Brandenburg surrounds the national capital and city-state of Berlin, and together they form the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, the third-largest metropolitan area in Germany with a total population of about 6.2 million. There was an unsuccessful attempt to unify both states in 1996 and the states cooperate on many matters to this day. Brandenburg originated in the\n\nNowe Warpno (; ) is a historic town in northwestern Poland, within Police County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship. It lies on the shore of the Szczecin Lagoon, at the border with Germany. It is the seat of the urban-rural administrative district called Gmina Nowe Warpno. The town, located in the historic Western Pomerania, is known for its lagoon marina, a seventeenth-century timber-framed town hall and old core. The town's population is 1,170 (according to figures for 2006). The rural part of its gmina has the lowest population density of any such division in Poland, with only 2.09 persons/km2; the town's density (48.8/km2) raises the overall population density of the gmina to 7.88/km2, still the fourth lowest in Poland. The town is on the inlet of Nowe Warpno Bay on the southern shore of the Szczecin Lagoon. Across an 800 m wide strait lies the village of Altwarp in the German\n\nSouthern Germany () is a region of Germany that included the areas in which Upper German dialects are spoken, which includes the stem duchies of Bavaria and Swabia (present-day Bavaria, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, and the southern portion of Hesse and Rhineland-Palatinate that were part of the Duchy of Franconia). German-speaking Switzerland, Austria, Liechtenstein, Alsace and South Tyrol are historically, culturally, and linguistically associated with the region. Boundaries Southern Germany primarily contrasts with Northern Germany and defines the territories of modern Germany that did not form part of the North German Confederation in the 19th century. Between Northern and Southern Germany is the loosely defined area known as Central Germany (Mitteldeutschland), roughly corresponding to the areal of Central German dialects (Franconia, Thuringia, Saxony). The boundary between the spheres of political influence of Prussia (Northern Germany) and Austria (Southern Germany) within the German Confederation (1815\u20131866) was known as the \"Main line\" (Mainlinie, after the\n\nQuestion: The historical area of Pomerania is in which country?", "output": "Poland"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Real Life is the debut studio album by English rock band Magazine. It was released in June 1978 by record label Virgin. The album includes the band's debut single \"Shot by Both Sides\", and was also preceded by the non-album single \"Touch and Go\", a song from the album's recording sessions. Real Life has received critical acclaim and is considered a pioneering post-punk record. It has also been described as new wave and art rock. Background and recording The album was written over the preceding year by the band, with Howard Devoto providing all of the lyrics. The two earliest songs, \"Shot by Both Sides\" and \"The Light Pours Out of Me\", were co-written with Devoto's former Buzzcocks bandmate Pete Shelley. The majority of the material on the album was written by Devoto in collaboration with guitarist and founding member John McGeoch. \"Motorcade\" was co-written with the group's keyboardist, the\n\n\"Bodies\" is a song by the Sex Pistols, from their 1977 album Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols. The song tackles the subject of abortion with lyrics described as \"some of the most uncompromising, gut-wrenching lyrics imaginable\". Lyrical content The lyrics contain very graphic imagery about a terminated foetus and feature a great deal of profanity for the time: the third and final verse begins with a couplet in which the word fuck is repeated five times in rapid succession. The song is mostly about a fan named Pauline, who was (as the song states) from Birmingham. She had been in a mental institution, where she apparently lived in a tree house in its garden. This was where the line 'Her name was Pauline, she lived in a tree' comes from. The institution was also where she seems to have been raped by one of the male nurses.\n\nBernard Rhodes is a designer, band manager, studio owner, record producer and songwriter who was integral to the development of the punk rock scene in the United Kingdom from the middle 1970s. He is most associated with two of the UK's best known and influential punk bands, the Sex Pistols and The Clash. According to John Lydon, Rhodes was responsible for discovering him in the Kings Road and arranging the audition which led to his joining the Sex Pistols. Rhodes introduced Joe Strummer to Mick Jones and Paul Simonon, who with Keith Levene then formed The Clash. Rhodes was an important force behind The Clash not only managing their business but also guiding their marketing and creative direction. Disagreement with the group about direction led to his sacking by the Clash in 1979. Rhodes meantime continued with other successful signings to his label Oddball Productions and major record companies. In\n\nQuestion: The Sex Pistols' initial career lasted two and a half years. How many studio albums of frsh material did they issue officially in that period?", "output": "1"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Olympic Gymnastics Arena (), also known as the KSPO Dome since 2018, is an indoor arena located within the Olympic Park in Seoul, South Korea. It has a capacity of 15,000. It was constructed between 31 August 1984 and 30 April 1986, to host the gymnastics competitions at the 1988 Summer Olympics. The roof was designed by David H. Geiger. It is a self-supporting cable dome \u2013 the first of its kind ever built \u2013 with a four-layer fabric cladding. History Since the Olympics it has hosted a variety of events, notably as a concert venue for both South Korean and international artists. The arena is also infamous due to an incident on 17 February 1992 when American boy band New Kids on the Block abruptly halted their performance after 20 minutes due to a fatal human crush incident where female Korean teenagers swarmed the band to the stage.\n\nIsraeli athletes competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. Competitors The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games. Results by event Boxing Gymnastics Sailing Shooting Swimming Tennis Wrestling References Nations at the 1988 Summer Olympics 1988 Summer Olympics\n\nPanama competed at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. Competitors The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games. Swimming Men Weightlifting Wrestling Greco-Roman Freestyle References Official Olympic Reports Nations at the 1988 Summer Olympics 1988 1988 in Panamanian sport\n\nQuestion: The summer Olympic Games of 1988 were held in which city?", "output": "Seoul"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Hyundai Terracan is a mid-size SUV produced by the South Korean manufacturer Hyundai Motor Company from 2001 to 2007. Overview The design of the Hyundai Terracan was originally previewed by the Hyundai Highland concept and featured a chassis derived from the second generation Mitsubishi Pajero. It was powered by one of three engines: a 2.9 liter diesel inline-four Hyundai J engine, a 2.5 liter diesel inline-four licensed from Mitsubishi (4D56), and a 3.5 liter petrol V6 Hyundai Sigma engine. The car's name derives from Tarascan, a Mesoamerican empire state was located in west central Mexico. The Terracan was replaced by the Hyundai Veracruz. Markets Australia Australian specification Terracans were available in three trim levels - base and Highlander. Highlander models came standard with leather seats, climate control airconditioning and an automatic 4wd differential that engaged 4wd on the fly. All models came with low range gearing and a separate\n\nThe is a compact crossover SUV with four-wheel drive capabilities produced from November 1994 to August 2000 by Nissan. A prototype was first shown at the October 1993 Tokyo Motor Show. It was offered with three different inline-four engines: from the original 1.5-liter GA15DE, to a larger 1.8-liter SR18DE, and finally a 2.0-liter SR20DE in the Rasheen Forza. The car has five seats and a rugged, quirky and angularly styled body. It is a very small and short four-wheel drive that is often compared to Eastern European cars in design, particularly the Wartburg 353, but is also reminiscent of Nissan's \"Pike\" cars (Be-1, Pao, Figaro, and S-Cargo). As for the Be-1 and Figaro, Rasheen production was carried out by contract manufacturer Takada Kogyo. It was exclusive to Nissan Japanese dealership network called Nissan Red Stage. The Rasheen shared its platform with the Nissan Sunny (B14), including adopting the chassis NB14.\n\nmodels came standard with leather seats, climate control airconditioning and an automatic 4wd differential that engaged 4wd on the fly. All models came with low range gearing and a separate ladder frame chassis. China The Terracan has also been built and sold in China from 2004 to 2011 under the Hawtai brand in a joint venture with Hyundai that lasted up to 2010. The facelifted version was only available and came with the 2.4 liter 4G64, a 2.5 liter diesel, 2.9 liter J-Series diesel and the 3.5 liter Sigma V6 as standard. Transmission choices were a 5 speed manual or 4 speed automatic. 2001 In the first year of production (2001), the Terracan was offered with three engines: a 3.5 liter V6 gasoline, a 2.5 liter diesel licensed from Mitsubishi, and a more fuel-efficient 2.9 liter Diesel. Europe, Australia and New Zealand received the 2.9 Diesel. 2002 When the Terracan\n\nQuestion: Which car company produces the four-wheel-drive Terrano?", "output": "NISSAN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Alps () are the highest and most extensive mountain range that is entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia. The Alpine arch extends from Nice on the western Mediterranean to Trieste on the Adriatic and Vienna at the beginning of the Pannonian Basin. The mountains were formed over tens of millions of years as the African and Eurasian tectonic plates collided. Extreme shortening caused by the event resulted in marine sedimentary rocks rising by thrusting and folding into high mountain peaks such as Mont Blanc and the Matterhorn. Mont Blanc spans the French\u2013Italian border, and at is the highest mountain in the Alps. The Alpine region area contains 128 peaks higher than . The altitude and size of the range affect the climate in Europe; in the mountains, precipitation levels vary greatly and climatic\n\nThe Andes ( ), Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18\u00b0S \u2013 20\u00b0S latitude), and has an average height of about . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. Along their length, the Andes are split into several ranges, separated by intermediate depressions. The Andes are the location of several high plateaus\u2014some of which host major cities such as Quito, Bogot\u00e1, Cali, Arequipa, Medell\u00edn, Bucaramanga, Sucre, M\u00e9rida, El Alto and La Paz. The Altiplano Plateau is the world's second-highest after the Tibetan Plateau. These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate: the Tropical Andes, the Dry Andes, and the Wet Andes. The Andes\n\nJezerc\u00eb ( 'Jezerca') is the highest peak in the Dinaric Alps, the fourth highest in Albania and the sixth highest in the Balkans, standing at above sea level. It is the 28th most prominent mountain peak in Europe, and is regarded as one of the toughest and most dangerous climbs in the Albanian Alps. Etymology The toponym Jezerca derives from the slavic word jezero, meaning \"lake\", in reference to the cirque lakes in the lower part of the Buni i Jezerc\u00ebs on the northern side of the mountain. During communist rule, it was given the name Maja e Rinis\u00eb (), which never stuck. Geology Jezerc\u00eb is situated within the Accursed Mountains range, which is noted for several small glaciers - among the southernmost glacial masses in Europe after Snezhnika glacier (latitude of 41\u00b046\u203209\u2033 N) and Banski Suhodol Glacier in Pirin mountain in Bulgaria. Apart from certain areas north of the\n\nQuestion: Monte Rosa is the highest mountain in which European country?", "output": "Switzerland"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "1976 singles Songs written by Bon Scott Songs written by Angus Young Songs written by Malcolm Young Song recordings produced by Harry Vanda 1975 songs Song recordings produced by George Young (rock musician) Albert Productions singles\n\nThe Beach Boys are an American rock band who was formed in Hawthorne, California, in 1961. The group's original lineup consisted of brothers Brian, Dennis, and Carl Wilson, their cousin Mike Love, and friend Al Jardine. Distinguished by their vocal harmonies, adolescent-oriented lyrics, and musical ingenuity, they are one of the most influential acts of the rock era. They drew on the music of older pop vocal groups, 1950s rock and roll, and black R&B to create their unique sound. Under Brian's direction, they often incorporated classical or jazz elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways. The Beach Boys formed as a garage band centered on Brian's songwriting and managed by the Wilsons' father, Murry. In 1963, the band enjoyed their first national hit with \"Surfin' U.S.A.\", beginning a string of top-ten singles that reflected a southern California youth culture of surfing, cars, and romance, dubbed the \"California sound\".\n\nThe Spektors were an Australian beat, pop and rock 'n' roll band active in Perth from 1964 to mid-1966. Their co-drummer and part-time lead singer, Bon Scott, was later lead vocalist with hard rock band AC/DC, from 1974 until his death in 1980. History The Spektors were formed in 1964 by co-vocalists and co-drummers John Collins and Bon Scott, along with Brian Gannon on bass guitar, Murray Gracie on rhythm guitar and vocals, and Wyn Milsom on guitar. Collins and Scott would each play half a set as drummer and the other half as lead vocalist. They performed beat, pop and rock 'n' roll music. The Spektors enjoyed local acclaim by winning the Perth heat of the national Hoadley's Battle of the Sounds competition. Their repertoire included popular songs, often originally by The Rolling Stones and The Beatles. As the band developed, Scott would step up and sing occasionally while\n\nQuestion: For which band did Bon Scott, who died in 1980, sing?", "output": "AC/DC"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Three Pashas also known as the Young Turk triumvirate or CUP triumvirate consisted of Mehmed Talaat Pasha (1874\u20131921), the Grand Vizier (prime minister) and Minister of the Interior; Ismail Enver Pasha (1881\u20131922), the Minister of War; and Ahmed Cemal Pasha (1872\u20131922), the Minister of the Navy, who effectively ruled the Ottoman Empire after the 1913 Ottoman coup d'\u00e9tat. According to historian Hans-Lukas Kieser, Talaat's power increased over time and eclipsed the others after 1913\u20131914. The Three Pashas, all members of the Committee of Union and Progress, were largely responsible for the Empire's entry into World War I in 1914 and also largely responsible for the genocide of over one million Armenians. The Turkish public widely criticised the Three Pashas for drawing the Ottoman Empire into World War I. All three met violent deaths after the war\u2014Talaat and Cemal were assassinated, whilst Enver died leading the Basmachi Revolt near Dushanbe,\n\na pre-emptive strike. Ismail Enver had only once taken control of any military activity (Battle of Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f), and left the Third Army in ruins. The First Suez Offensive and the Arab Revolt are Ahmed Cemal's most significant failures. Historiography While the triumvirate consisted of Talat, Enver, and Cemal, some say Halil Bey was a fourth member of this clique. Historian Hans-Lukas Kieser asserts that this state of rule by the Three Pashas is only accurate for the year 1913\u20131914, and that Talat Pasha would increasingly become a more central figure within the Union and Progress party state, especially once he also became Grand Vizier in 1917. Alternatively, it would also be accurate to call the Unionist regime a clique or even an oligarchy, as many prominent Unionists held some form of de jure or de facto power. Other than the Three Pashas and Halil Bey, personalities such as Dr. Naz\u0131m,\n\nThe Karakol society (), was a Turkish clandestine intelligence organization that fought on the side of the Turkish National Movement during the Turkish War of Independence. Formed in November 1918, it refused to merge itself with Association for the Defense of the Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia under Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk. Its leadership was decapitated in the aftermath of the 1920 Turkish Grand National Assembly election, leading to its eventual dissolution in 1926. Operation The Karakol Society, also known as the Black Arm, Sentinel Association or Guard Society, was founded in November 1918, as the first clandestine organization fighting against the Allied Occupation of Constantinople. It served as a continuation of the Committee of Union and Progress' intelligence agency, the Special Organization, with the majority of its members coming from the latter. It was founded by Kara V\u00e2s\u0131f Bey and Kara Kemal on Talaat Pasha's orders, soon after he fled\n\nQuestion: The Three Pashas of the Ottoman Empire organized what 'fledgling' political group during the early 20th century whose name has now become synonymous with any internal reform group?", "output": "Young Turks"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "[[File:Edouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Berg\u00e8re.jpg|thumb|A Bar at the Folies-Berg\u00e8re (1882) by \u00c9douard Manet.]]The Bar is a 1954 painting by Australian artist John Brack. The subject of the painting directly references \u00c9douard Manet's 1882 work A Bar at the Folies-Berg\u00e8re. It depicts a barmaid working in an Australian pub at the time of the \"six o'clock swill\". As in Manet's work, the patrons of the bar are shown in a reflection behind the barmaid. The work is considered a companion piece to Brack's 1955 work Collins St., 5 pm. A Melbourne art collector acquired The Bar for 90 guineas in 1954. In 2006, the painting sold for $3.12m, a then record price for an Australian artwork at auction. The anonymous buyer was later revealed to be David Walsh, owner of the Museum of Old and New Art in Hobart. He sold the painting to the National Gallery of Victoria\n\nRen\u00e9 Berger (April 29, 1915, Brussels \u2013 January 29, 2009, Lausanne) was a Swiss writer, philosopher and a historian of art. Titles \"Docteur \u00e8s lettres\" of the University of Paris (Sorbonne) Honorary professor at the University of Lausanne and the \u00c9cole des Beaux-Arts. Former Director-Curator of the Mus\u00e9e des Beaux-Arts. Honorary President of the International Association of Art Critics (AICA) and the International Association for Video in the Arts and Culture (AIVAC). Founder of the cultural movement Pour l'Art. Originator-producer of the Colloquia of the International Video Festival of Locarno. Consulting expert to UNESCO and the Council of Europe. Member of the Kuratorium of the Zentrum f\u00fcr Kunst und Medientechnologie (ZKM Karlsruhe). Member of the Academy of the International Centre of Contemporary Art, Chateau de Beychevelle (GMF Group, France, Suntory Group, Japan). Select publications D\u00e9couverte de la peinture (1958, reedited in 1969) Connaissance de la peinture (1963) Art et communication\n\nGustave Clarence Rodolphe Boulanger (25 April 1824 \u2013 22 September 1888) was a French figurative painter and academic artist and teacher known for his Classical and Orientalist subjects. Education and career The N\u00e9o-Grecs and the Prix de Rome Boulanger was born in Paris in 1824. He never knew his father, and when his mother's death left him orphaned at the age of fourteen, he became the ward of his uncle, Constant Desbrosses, who in 1840 sent him to study first under the history painter Pierre-Jules Jollivet and then at the atelier of Paul Delaroche, where Boulanger met and befriended his fellow student Jean-L\u00e9on G\u00e9r\u00f4me. Boulanger and G\u00e9rome would become leading lights of the N\u00e9o-Grec movement in French art, which revisited the fascination of previous generations for the Classical world, but brought to its austere subject matter subversive touches of whimsy, sensuality, and eroticism. \"When they appear on the contemporary art\n\nQuestion: Who painted 'A Bar At The Folies Bergere'?", "output": "EDOUARD MANET"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Tarzan is a musical based on the Walt Disney Animation Studios 1999 film of the same name. The songs are written by Phil Collins with a book by David Henry Hwang. The musical follows Tarzan, who is raised by gorillas in West Africa. He meets Jane, a young English naturalist, and falls in love, unknowing that Jane's entourage plans to kill the gorillas. The original Broadway production opened in 2006, directed and designed by Bob Crowley with choreography by Meryl Tankard. The production ran for 35 previews and 486 performances. Subsequently, the show has been staged in several other countries and by regional theatres. Background A workshop was held in 2004, with Daniel Manche as the Child Tarzan, Matthew Morrison as the Adult Tarzan, Adam Pascal as Tarzan Storyteller and Laura Bell Bundy as Jane. Pascal's part was cut from the production when it opened on Broadway. The original production\n\nLa is a character in Edgar Rice Burroughs's series of Tarzan novels, the queen and high priestess of Opar, a lost city in the jungles of Africa. Opar is portrayed as a surviving colony of ancient Atlantis in which incredible riches have been stockpiled down through the ages. The city's population exhibits extreme sexual dimorphism caused by a combination of excessive inbreeding, cross-breeding with apes (which Burroughs treated as possible), and selective culling of offspring. Consequently, female Oparians are physically perfect, while male Oparians are hideous bestial creatures. La first appeared in the second Tarzan novel, The Return of Tarzan (1913), and reappeared in the fifth, Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar (1916), the ninth, Tarzan and the Golden Lion (1923), and the fourteenth, Tarzan the Invincible (1930). She is also mentioned in the juvenile Tarzan story Tarzan and the Tarzan Twins, with Jad-Bal-Ja, the Golden Lion (1936), the events\n\nTarzan's Greatest Adventure is a 1959 American Eastmancolor adventure film directed by John Guillermin, produced by Sy Weintraub and Harvey Hayutin, and written by Les Crutchfield, based on the character created by Edgar Rice Burroughs. With a strong supporting cast that included Anthony Quayle and Sean Connery, and a focus on action and suspense, the film won critical praise as a Tarzan film that appealed to adults as well as children. The film features a literate Tarzan portrayed by Gordon Scott. The character of Jane, Tarzan's wife, does not appear and is not mentioned. At one point, Tarzan briefly romances a female character, suggesting that he is a loner, not a family man. Cheeta, Tarzan's chimp companion in many films, appears only a few times near the start of the film, and the kind of comic relief that Cheeta represents is generally absent from the film. Plot At night, the\n\nQuestion: Who wrote the Tarzan books?", "output": "Edgar Rice Burroughs"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"The Magpies\" is the most famous poem by New Zealand poet Denis Glover (1912\u20131980). It helped define New Zealand's distinctive style of poetry. The poem was first published in Glover's 1964 anthology Enter Without Knocking. Over the course of six short stanzas, the life of a farming couple from young man and wife through to their death of old age is recounted, each verse finishing with the couplet: And Quardle oodle ardle wardle doodle/The magpies said, except for the last verse, in which the last word is \"say\". The intention of the poem is to indicate the passage of time and yet the timelessness of nature. A human lifetime passes, yet the underlying natural life - symbolised by the unchanging backdrop of the magpies' call - remains unchanging. The phrase imitating the call of the Australian magpie is one of the most well-known lines in New Zealand poetry. Bill Manhire\n\nThe Hedgehog and the Fox is an essay by philosopher Isaiah Berlin that was published as a book in 1953. It was one of his most popular essays with the general public. However, Berlin said, \"I meant it as a kind of enjoyable intellectual game, but it was taken seriously. Every classification throws light on something\". It has been compared to \"an intellectual's cocktail-party game\". Summary The title is a reference to a fragment attributed to the Ancient Greek poet Archilochus: (\"a fox knows many things, but a hedgehog knows one big thing\"). In Erasmus's Adagia from 1500, the expression is recorded as Multa novit vulpes, verum echinus unum magnum. (The fable of The Fox and the Cat embodies the same idea.) Berlin expands upon this idea to divide writers and thinkers into two categories: hedgehogs, who view the world through the lens of a single defining idea (examples given\n\nGirolamo Maggi (1523, in Anghiari \u2013 27 March 1572 in Constantinople), also known by his Latin name Hieronymus Magius, was an Italian scholar, jurist, poet, military engineer, urban planner, philologist, archaeologist, mathematician, and naturalist who studied at Bologna under Francis Robortello. He authored several works, including a collection of poems on the Flemish wars, (Cinque primi canti della guerra di Fiandra, 1551), one detailing military fortifications (Della fortificatione delle citt\u00e0, by his friend Giacomo Fusto Castriotto, but edited, annotated, and published posthumously by Maggi in 1564), and several on the subject of philosophy. Early life and education Maggi was born in Anghiari, Tuscany. Little is known about his youth. His year of birth is unknown; several authors have speculated, based on varying access to information. Maggi specifically mentioned how, in infancy, he was attacked by the same pestilence which, in 1563, he states was the most recent one to occur.\n\nQuestion: Who first spoke the words known as The Magnificat\u201d?", "output": "MARY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Royal Observatory of Belgium (, ), has been situated in the Uccle municipality of Brussels, Belgium, since 1890. It was first established in Saint-Josse-ten-Noode in 1826 by King William I of the Netherlands under the impulse of Adolphe Quetelet. It was home to a diameter aperture Zeiss reflector in the first half of the 20th century, one of the largest telescopes in the world at the time. It now owns a variety of other astronomical instruments, such as astrographs, as well as a range of seismograph equipment (for detecting earthquakes). Its main activities are: Reference systems and geodynamics; Astrometry and dynamics of celestial bodies; Astrophysics; Solar physics. The asteroid 1276 Ucclia is named in honour of the city and the observatory and 16908 Groeselenberg is named for the hill the observatory is located on. History 19th century Adolphe Quetelet first petitioned the government of the United Kingdom of the\n\nBuckingham Palace () is a royal residence in London and the administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning. Originally known as Buckingham House, the building at the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became known as The Queen's House. During the 19th century it was enlarged by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, who constructed three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch\n\nAstronomer royal is a senior post in the Royal Households of the United Kingdom. There are two officers, the senior being the astronomer royal dating from 22 June 1675; the junior is the astronomer royal for Scotland dating from 1834. The post was created by King Charles II in 1675, at the same time as he founded the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. He appointed John Flamsteed, instructing him \".\" The astronomer royal was director of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich from the establishment of the post in 1675 until 1972. The astronomer royal became an honorary title in 1972 without executive responsibilities, and a separate post of director of the Royal Greenwich Observatory was created to manage the institution. The astronomer royal today receives a stipend of 100 GBP per year and is a member of the royal household, under the general authority of the Lord Chamberlain. After the separation of the\n\nQuestion: Name the London borough and Royal Observatory site which marks international time?", "output": "Greenwich"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Dr Pandora Louise Elizabeth Braithwaite is a fictional character in the Adrian Mole series of books by Sue Townsend. In the books, Pandora is the love of Adrian's life. Pandora is beautiful (Adrian especially loves her 'treacle-coloured' hair) and intelligent, and in the first books, she and Adrian Mole are happy together. In the later books, Pandora resists Adrian's advances in favour of physically and intellectually powerful men, although Adrian remains attached to her. Character As a youth she is precocious and outspoken with firmly feminist and hard-left views. As she ages, she becomes successful but also manipulative and devious. Pandora's portrayal throughout the novel could be likened to that of a 'champagne socialist'. Pandora was a very important character in the series Life Pandora's parents were called Ivan and Tania. She came to Leicester at the age of 13 and sat with Adrian during geography classes, and soon became\n\nher expensive French wardrobe and shows little concern for her constituents, declaring that 'democracy is wasted on them'. Her autobiography, 'Out Of The Box', sells poorly. An organised signing at Mr Carlton-Hayes' book shop orders 750 copies, almost all of which remain unsold, and the police escort decides his presence is unnecessary. The book's index has 112 entries under 'lovers' but only two references to Adrian. Nicknames Box (in book 1) Pan (in private) The People's Pan (in media) Pan National (in media) The Shiniest Star in Blair's Sky (in media) Portrayals Lindsey Stagg in The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13\u00be (1985\u20141987) Helen Baxendale in Adrian Mole: The Cappuccino Years (2001) See also List of Adrian Mole characters References The Secret Diary Of Adrian Mole, Aged 13\u00be, BBC. Adrian Mole\u2014Fictional Diarist, BBC, 2002. External links Official Website of Adrian Mole Pandora Braithwaite at IMDb Fictional legislators Characters in\n\nThe Wandering Fire is a 1986 novel by Canadian fantasy author Guy Gavriel Kay and the second novel of The Fionavar Tapestry trilogy. It follows The Summer Tree. Plot summary Six months have passed since the end of The Summer Tree, and Kim is waiting for the dream that will tell her how to summon the Warrior to aid them in their battle against Maugrim. Jennifer is pregnant with Rakoth Maugrim's child and, surprisingly, is determined to have the baby\u2014aware that Maugrim wanted her dead, she is determined not only to live but to have the child, believing that it will be both an answer and a threat to him. She and Paul are menaced in their own world by Galadan; Paul, tapping the potent but unreliable power of M\u00f6rnir that lives in him since his three nights on the Summer Tree, takes the two of them back to Fionavar.\n\nQuestion: In the Sue Townsend novels, what is the first name of the love of 'Adrian Mole's' life?", "output": "'PANDORA'"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The men's rings was one of eight gymnastics events on the Gymnastics at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. The fifth event, it was held on 9 April. There were eight competitors from three nations. The Greeks won the gold and bronze medals, with Hermann Weing\u00e4rtner winning his fifth medal. Places 1\u20133 and 5 are known, but 4th place is not\u2014any of the four athletes whose places are not known may have occupied the fourth position. Background This was the first appearance of the event, which is one of the five apparatus events held every time there were apparatus events at the Summer Olympics (no apparatus events were held in 1900, 1908, 1912, or 1920). The field consisted of 5 Germans, 2 Greeks, and possibly one Hungarian. Competition format Judges awarded the prizes, but little is known of the scoring and rankings. Each gymnast performed a routine two minutes long. Schedule\n\nhexagon yellow 24-pointed star purple ring Tiles are in the shape of two conjoined hexagons, with one of the coloured symbols in each hexagon. There are six tiles for each two-colour combination (e.g. red/orange) and five for each double (e.g. blue/blue). The combination of colours and symbols aids visually impaired players. Rules Basics The game can be played by two, three or four players, with additional rules provided for solo and four-player partnership play. Each player has a rack of six randomly chosen tiles which are concealed from the other players. The board is also made up of a number of hexagons, with the two outermost rings reserved for three- and four-player games respectively. The rules state that the youngest player takes the first turn, although where multiple games are played it is common practice for the first turn to rotate clockwise around the board in subsequent games. Tile placement\n\nthe IOC's meeting in Durban, South Africa. A fifth event, parallel slalom, was added only for 2014. Big air was added for 2018. Six athletes have won at least two medals. Shaun White of the United States is the only triple gold medalist. Philipp Schoch of Switzerland, along with Chloe Kim and Seth Wescott of the United States, are the only double gold medalists. Karine Ruby of France and Americans Ross Powers and Danny Kass also won two medals. As of the 2014 Winter Olympics, 90 medals (30 of each color) have been awarded since 1998, and have been won by snowboarders from 21 National Olympic Committees. Summary Events Men's Women's Mixed Note 1. Giant slalom in 1998; parallel giant slalom since 2002. Medal table Sources (after the 2022 Winter Olympics): Accurate as of 2022 Winter Olympics. Number of athletes by nation See also List of Olympic venues in snowboarding\n\nQuestion: How many coloured rings are on the Olympic flag?", "output": "Five"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Martino was renamed San Martino della Battaglia and a tower, museum and ossuary have been erected as a monument to the battle and its fallen. The site is a few kilometres to the South of Lago di Garda. Nowadays the village is a frazione (hamlet) of the comune of Desenzano del Garda (province of Brescia). Businessman Henri Dunant was so affected by the plight of the wounded in the aftermath, that he embarked on a path that led to the formation of the Red Cross and the writing of the Geneva Convention. Each year, San Martino holds a festival to remember this battle. See also Battle of Solferino, where a fuller account of the 1859 action can be read. External links Battle of San Martino 1482 The Red Cross and the Battle of Solferino San Martino Solferino 1859 Solferino 1859 Solferino 1859 1859 in Italy 1859 in the Austrian Empire\n\nlinks Battle of San Martino 1482 The Red Cross and the Battle of Solferino San Martino Solferino 1859 Solferino 1859 Solferino 1859 1859 in Italy 1859 in the Austrian Empire 1859 in France San Martino June 1859 events San Martino\n\nSir Arthur Stanley (18 November 1869 \u2013 4 November 1947) was a British Conservative politician, humanitarian, and Chairman of the Joint War Organisation of the British Red Cross Society and the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem in England during World War I and World War II. Biography Arthur Stanley was born on 18 November 1869, the third son of Lord Frederick Stanley (later 16th Earl of Derby) and Lady Constance Villiers (later Countess of Derby). He was one of ten siblings, though two did not survive childhood: his twin brother, Geoffrey, died on 16 March 1871 and his sister, Katherine Mary, died later that same year on 21 October. He relocated to Canada with his family after his father was appointed Governor General of Canada in 1888 and became an avid ice hockey player. He was a member of the Rideau Hall Rebels, one of the first ice hockey\n\nQuestion: Henri Dunant founded the Red Cross after which 1859 battle?", "output": "Solferino"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Seal of the City of Milwaukee is a civic seal that displays various symbols of the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The first version of Milwaukee's seal was developed around the time of the city's incorporation in 1846 and was used on land deeds. The original seal, depicting the city's first lighthouse, appears on at least one deed that predates the city's actual incorporation. The original now resides in the collection of the Milwaukee County Historical Society, having been donated by the \"Old Settlers\u2019 Club\", a group formed in 1869 consisting of people who lived in Milwaukee prior to January 1839 and who were devoted to preserving the city's early history. The seal was later revised to include other elements. At the center of the current version is a lighthouse scene showing a sunrise over Lake Michigan. This image is surrounded by seven stars and an abbreviation for Wisconsin, WIS.\n\nMilwaukee Magazine is a monthly city magazine serving the Milwaukee metropolitan area in Wisconsin, United States. It bills itself as \"Southeastern Wisconsin's most authoritative source for Events and Dining,\" and reports a readership of 200,000. History and profile A magazine named Milwaukee (sometimes Milwaukee, the metropolitan magazine) was established in 1977 (), and its final edition (volume 8, issue 4) was published in May 1983. It was continued by Milwaukee Magazine (), which designated its first edition, published in June 1983, as volume 8, issue 5. Its office is located in the Historic Third Ward neighborhood of downtown Milwaukee. It is printed by its parent company, Quad, and is a member of the City and Regional Magazine Association (CRMA). The magazine is the recipient of various awards for its design and editorials. References External links Milwaukee Magazine website 1983 establishments in Wisconsin Monthly magazines published in the United States News\n\nThis list comprises buildings, sites, structures, districts, and objects in Milwaukee County, which are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There are 287 NRHP sites listed in Milwaukee County, including 214 in the City of Milwaukee included in the National Register of Historic Places listings in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and 73 outside of the city, listed below. Eight previously listed sites (outside of Milwaukee) have been removed. Current listings |} Former listings |} See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Milwaukee, Wisconsin List of National Historic Landmarks in Wisconsin National Register of Historic Places listings in Wisconsin Listings in neighboring counties: Ozaukee, Racine, Washington, Waukesha References Milwaukee\n\nQuestion: On which of the Great Lakes does the city of Milwaukee lie?", "output": "Michigan"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Geert Albert Bourgeois (; born 6 July 1951) is a Belgian politician of the New Flemish Alliance (N-VA), which he founded in 2001, who is currently serving as a Member of the European Parliament since 2019. He previously served as the Minister-President of Flanders from 2014 to 2019. Prior to this, he was a member of the federal Chamber of Representatives for the People's Union from 1995 to 2001, and then for the N-VA from 2001 to 2004. He has been involved in local and regional politics in Flanders since 1976. Biography Geert Bourgeois's father, Emiel Bourgeois, was born in Hulste on 10 October 1918, towards the end of the First World War. He went on to work as a primary school teacher. After the Second World War he was accused of collaboration and spent some time in prison. He was subsequently rehabilitated and appointed headmaster at the primary school\n\nin 2003 and on gender identity and expression in 2014. Transgender people have been allowed to change their legal gender since 2007, though under certain restrictions which were repealed in 2018. Conversion therapy also was banned in 2023. Belgium has frequently been referred to as one of the most gay-friendly countries in the world, with recent polls indicating that a majority of Belgians support same-sex marriage and adoption rights. The previous Prime Minister of Belgium, Elio Di Rupo, is an openly gay man, and was one of the few heads of government in the world to identify as LGBT. Pascal Smet, the former Flemish Minister of Education and Brussels Minister of Mobility, is also openly gay. With the appointment of Petra De Sutter as Minister of Civil Service in 2020, Belgium is one of the first countries in the world to have an openly transgender woman as a government minister.\n\nPrince of Li\u00e8ge (French: Prince de Li\u00e8ge, Dutch: Prins van Luik, German: Prinz von L\u00fcttich) is a substantive title awarded by King Leopold III of the Belgians to his younger son, Prince Albert (the future King Albert II), while he was second in line to the throne of Belgium on 7 June, 1934. The title was used from that date until his accession as King of the Belgians on 9 August 1993. His wife, the former Queen Paola, was known as the Princess of Li\u00e8ge from their marriage in 1959 until their accession in 1993. Albert's elder brother Prince Baudouin (the future King Baudouin) was known as the Duke of Brabant at the time of Albert's birth. The title Count of Hainaut was traditionally reserved for the eldest son of the crown prince and King Leopold's brother held the title of Count of Flanders. This meant that all the commonly\n\nQuestion: Who is the current monarch of Belgium?", "output": "KING ALBERT II"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The acre ( ) is a unit of land area used in the British imperial and the United States customary systems. It is traditionally defined as the area of one chain by one furlong (66 by 660 feet), which is exactly equal to 10 square chains, of a square mile, 4,840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet, and approximately 4,047 m2, or about 40% of a hectare. Based upon the international yard and pound agreement of 1959, an acre may be declared as exactly 4,046.8564224 square metres. The acre is sometimes abbreviated ac but is usually spelled out as the word \"acre\". Traditionally, in the Middle Ages, an acre was conceived of as the area of land that could be ploughed by one man using a team of 8 oxen in one day. The acre is still a statutory measure in the United States. Both the international acre and the\n\nto \"use for trade\" if given as supplementary information and is not used for land registration. Description One acre equals (0.0015625) square mile, 4,840 square yards, 43,560 square feet, or about (see below). While all modern variants of the acre contain 4,840 square yards, there are alternative definitions of a yard, so the exact size of an acre depends upon the particular yard on which it is based. Originally, an acre was understood as a strip of land sized at forty perches (660 ft, or 1 furlong) long and four perches (66 ft) wide; this may have also been understood as an approximation of the amount of land a yoke of oxen could plough in one day (a furlong being \"a furrow long\"). A square enclosing one acre is approximately 69.57 yards, or 208 feet 9 inches (), on a side. As a unit of measure, an acre has no\n\n\"a furrow long\"). A square enclosing one acre is approximately 69.57 yards, or 208 feet 9 inches (), on a side. As a unit of measure, an acre has no prescribed shape; any area of 43,560 square feet is an acre. US survey acres In the international yard and pound agreement of 1959, the United States and five countries of the Commonwealth of Nations defined the international yard to be exactly 0.9144 metre. The US authorities decided that, while the refined definition would apply nationally in all other respects, the US survey foot (and thus the survey acre) would continue 'until such a time as it becomes desirable and expedient to readjust [it]'. By inference, an \"international acre\" may be calculated as exactly square metres but it does not have a basis in any international agreement. Both the international acre and the US survey acre contain of a square mile\n\nQuestion: How many square yards in a UK acre?", "output": "4,840"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Auto racing (also known as car racing, motor racing, or automobile racing) is a motorsport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Auto racing has existed since the invention of the automobile. Races of various sorts were organised, with the first recorded as early as 1867. Many of the earliest events were effectively reliability trials, aimed at proving these new machines were a practical mode of transport, but soon became an important way for automobile makers to demonstrate their machines. By the 1930s, specialist racing cars had developed. There are now numerous different categories, each with different rules and regulations. History The first prearranged match race of two self-powered road vehicles over a prescribed route occurred at 4:30 A.M. on August 30, 1867, between Ashton-under-Lyne and Old Trafford, England, a distance of . It was won by the carriage of Isaac Watt Boulton. Internal combustion auto racing events began soon\n\nPress coverage of the event first aroused significant American interest in the automobile. The Targa Florio was an open road endurance automobile race held in the mountains of Sicily, Italy near the island's capital of Palermo. Founded in 1906, it was the oldest sports car racing event, part of the World Sportscar Championship between 1955 and 1973. The oldest surviving sports car racing event is the 24 Hours of Le Mans, begun in 1923. It is run by the Automobile Club of the West (ACO). Team Ferrari won the race in 2023. With auto construction and racing dominated by France, the French automobile club ACF staged a number of major international races, usually from or to Paris, connecting with another major city, in France or elsewhere in Europe. Aspendale Racecourse, in Australia, was the world's first purpose-built motor racing circuit, opening in January 1906. The pear-shaped track was close to\n\nmajor city, in France or elsewhere in Europe. Aspendale Racecourse, in Australia, was the world's first purpose-built motor racing circuit, opening in January 1906. The pear-shaped track was close to a mile in length, with slightly banked curves and a gravel surface of crushed cement. Brooklands, in Surrey, England, was the first purpose-built 'banked' motor racing venue, opening in June 1907. It featured a concrete track with high-speed banked corners. One of the oldest existing purpose-built automobile racing circuits in the United States, still in use, is the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. It is the largest capacity sports venue of any variety worldwide, with a top capacity of some 257,000+ seated spectators. NASCAR was founded by Bill France Sr. on February 21, 1948, with the help of several other drivers of the time. The first NASCAR \"Strictly Stock\" race ever was held on June 19, 1949, at Daytona\n\nQuestion: Where was the first motor race to regularly carry the name Grand Prix, the first of which took place in 1906 on a circuit roughly triangular in shape, each lap covering 105 kilometres (65 miles)?", "output": "Le Mans"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "When Bugs rushes back to the Easter Bunny telling him he quits, the Easter Bunny gets him to \"try once more\". Unfortunately, the next house is that of Elmer Fudd, the veteran wabbit hunter. Intent on making \"Easter Wabbit Stew\" out of the bunny, Fudd sets up an elaborate welcome and, disguised as a baby, hides his gun in a bassinet and climbs in. Just then Bugs arrives, but this time he's prepared for toddler resistance: he cracks the egg in Elmer's hands. Thus commences the classic chase and gags until Bugs manages to dump the Dead End Kid with Elmer (who beats Elmer on the head repeatedly with a hammer after Bugs paints Elmer's head to look like an Easter egg). Finally, Bugs plants a bomb painted like an Easter egg and leaves it for the Easter Bunny. When the Easter Bunny picks it up to finish his job,\n\nBunker Hill Bunny is a 1950 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies theatrical cartoon short directed by Friz Freleng and written by Tedd Pierce. The short was released on September 23, 1950 and stars Bugs Bunny and Yosemite Sam as a Hessian mercenary in the American Revolution. Plot The story opens with a title card indicating a time setting of 1776, before switching to footages of the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege of Yorktown. The scene then transitions to the Battle of Bagle Heights, where Bugs, dressed as an American Minuteman, is defending a wooden fort against the red-coated Sam von Schamm (or Schmamm), the Hessian, attacking from a large stone fortress. Sam's fortress is heavily armored, bristling with artillery; by contrast, Bugs' defenses are rather pathetic, with only one cannon. Even then, Sam is the only one manning his fort, which makes capturing Bugs' difficult, considering the rabbit is\n\nconservation organizations, including the United States Forestry Service and the Maine Department of Conservation. Other work includes fantasy illustration, commercial licensed character picture book illustration, and video work for Andrew Gutelle's What's a Gonzo and Baby Kermit's Birthday Surprise. She created model sheets, templates, and character designs of Johnny Gruelle\u2019s Raggedy Ann and Andy for Macmillan Publishing and the Highlights for Children characters, Timbertoes, and cartoon model books for characters appearing in Highlights for Children's \"Funzone\" and \"Which Way USA\" educational puzzle series. Biography Comics From 1980\u20131985, Hunt co-created and wrote cartoon and comic books with her then-husband, Chuck Dixon, including Evangeline and Winnie-the-Pooh word books, besides being the designer and illustrator on these projects. She also worked on Robotech Defenders with writer Andrew Helfer. In 1987 Hunt pencilled three issues of Conan the King, including an entire issue inked by Al Williamson; issues #3 and #4 of First Comics'\n\nQuestion: Who tries to hunt Bugs Bunny during wabbit season?", "output": "Elmer Fudd"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Sligo Champion is a weekly regional newspaper published every Tuesday in Sligo, Ireland. It was purchased by Independent News & Media (INM) in 2008. In a 2011 article in the Irish Independent, also owned by INM, it was described as one of Ireland's \"leading regional newspaper[s]\". The newspaper contains local news about County Sligo and surrounding counties, including neighbouring parts of Counties Leitrim and Roscommon. History The Sligo Champion was founded in 1836. The first edition was published on 4 June 1836. It was acquired by Independent News & Media in 2008. In 2009, the newspaper featured in the British soap opera Coronation Street when character Peter Barlow told his grandmother Blanche Hunt that his girlfriend had \"an aunt who knew all about the headlines in The Sligo Champion\". Writer Simon Crowther wished to mention an Irish newspaper (as Peter's girlfriend was of Irish extraction) and Crowther had recalled\n\ndecades to become more suburban in nature. For administrative purposes, it is still classed as part of Morley in the census; sitting within the governance of Morley Town Council and the Morley North ward of Leeds City Council. It also has a primary school. Etymology The name Churwell is first attested in 1226 in the forms Churlewell and Churlewall. The names comes from the Old English words ceorla (the genitive plural of ceorl, 'free man of the lower class, peasant') and wella ('well, spring, stream'). Thus the name once meant 'spring of the peasants'. Historical landmarks Churwell is centred on \"Churwell Hill\" which is made up of the A643. About three-quarters of the way up Churwell Hill, the road changes name from Elland Road to Victoria Road. There have historically been three local public houses, of which two remain: The Commercial, the Golden Fleece (demolished) and the New Inn. These\n\nbe mistaken for the Scots , pronounced the same, meaning hall. History At its height, from 1880 to the 1970s, Sauchiehall Street was one of the most famous streets in Glasgow, and known internationally, due to its panoply of entertainment venues, galleries and high quality stores. The desire of wealthy merchants from 1800 onwards to own property on the outskirts of the city meant that Blythswood Hill and Garnethill started to be developed as part of the 'New Town of Blythswood'. Its first major developer was William Harley of Bath Street fame, who also planned and developed Blythswood Square in the 1810s onwards. As a consequence, the meandering country road from the cathedral to Partick through the willows, and between these hills, acquired the name of the Saughie-haugh road. The first terraces of townhouses were built in the 1810s by William Harley. After it was widened in the 1840s it\n\nQuestion: What was Coronation Street originally to be called?", "output": "Florizel Street"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Professor Henry Walton Jones Sr. is a fictional character in the Indiana Jones franchise. He is the Scottish father of Indiana Jones and is a professor of medieval studies at Princeton University. Alongside his academic teachings, Jones Sr. is an author of many books and a professional speaker on his historical subject at many conferences throughout the world. His relationship to his son in the franchise is noted as indifferent due to conflicts on their approaches to their situations, despite the fondness they share for history and archaeology. Much of his life was dedicated to research into the Holy Grail of Christian legend. Sean Connery portrays Dr. Jones in his debut in the 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade, while Lloyd Owen portrays him in The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles. Alongside appearances in live-action media, the character has featured in Indiana Jones novels and comic books. Characterization The\n\nas Cowboy Awards In 1980, the film shared the Golden Bear award for Best Film at the 30th Berlin International Film Festival, and one year later on the Top Ten Films from National Board of Review alongside cinematic heavyweights like Academy Award for Best Picture winner Chariots of Fire and the Steven Spielberg blockbuster Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark. See also Elinore Pruitt Stewart Homestead, Wyoming, listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places American Midwest Days of Heaven, the 1978 Terrence Malick film similar in content References External links 1979 films Films set in the 1910s Films set in Wyoming Films shot in Montana Golden Bear winners 1979 drama films Films directed by Richard Pearce American drama films American Playhouse 1970s English-language films 1970s American films\n\nDavid Tattersall, (born 14 November 1960) is a British cinematographer. He has worked on many big-budget films and was nominated for an Emmy Award for his cinematography on The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles television series. Three of his most noted collaborations include having worked with film directors George Lucas, Frank Darabont and Martin Campbell. Tattersall studied at Barrow-in-Furness Grammar School for Boys before moving on to Goldsmiths College in London, receiving a first class BA in Fine Arts. He went on to study at Britain's National Film and Television School at Beaconsfield in Buckinghamshire. The first film Tattersall worked on was Salette in 1986. Filmography Film Television References External links The Starwars.com profile 1960 births Living people British cinematographers Emmy Award winners Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London Alumni of the National Film and Television School\n\nQuestion: What was the name of the first Indiana Jones movie?", "output": "Raiders of the Lost Ark"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bj\u00f6rn Kristian Ulv\u00e6us (; born 25 April 1945) is a Swedish musician, singer, songwriter, and producer best known as a member of the musical group ABBA. He is also the co-composer of the musicals Chess, Kristina fr\u00e5n Duvem\u00e5la, and Mamma Mia! He co-produced the films Mamma Mia! and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again with fellow ABBA member and close friend Benny Andersson. He is the oldest member of the group. Early life Bj\u00f6rn Kristian Ulv\u00e6us was born in Gothenburg on 25 April 1945. In 1951, he moved with his family to V\u00e4stervik, Kalmar County. His parents were Aina Eliza Viktoria (n\u00e9e Bengtsson; 1909\u20132005) and Erik Gunnar Ulvaeus (1912\u20131999). Ulvaeus has one sister, Eva Margareta (born 1948). Ulvaeus studied business and law at Lund University after undertaking his military service, alongside comedian Magnus Holmstr\u00f6m. Career Pre-ABBA Before gaining international recognition with ABBA, Ulvaeus was a member of the Swedish folk-schlager\n\nABBA ( , ; formerly named Bj\u00f6rn & Benny, Agnetha & Anni-Frid or Bj\u00f6rn & Benny, Agnetha & Frida) are a Swedish pop supergroup formed in Stockholm in 1972 by Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog, Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson, and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. The group's name is an acronym of the first letters of their first names arranged as a palindrome. They are one of the most popular and successful musical groups of all time, and are one of the best-selling music acts in the history of popular music, topping the charts worldwide from 1974 to 1982, and in 2022. In , ABBA were 's first winner of the Eurovision Song Contest with the song \"Waterloo\", which in 2005 was chosen as the best song in the competition's history as part of the 50th anniversary celebration of the contest. During the band's main active years, it consisted of two married couples: F\u00e4ltskog and Ulvaeus,\n\nG\u00f6ran Bror Benny Andersson (; born 16 December 1946) is a Swedish musician, composer and producer best known as a member of the pop group ABBA and co-composer of the musicals Chess, Kristina fr\u00e5n Duvem\u00e5la, and Mamma Mia! For the 2008 film version of Mamma Mia! and its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, he worked also as an executive producer. Since 2001, he has been active with his own band Benny Anderssons orkester. Early life G\u00f6ran Bror Benny Andersson was born 16 December 1946 in the Vasastan district of Stockholm to civil engineer G\u00f6sta Andersson (1912\u20131973) and his wife Laila (1920\u20131971). His sister Eva-Lis Andersson followed in 1948. Andersson's musical background comes from his father and grandfather (Efraim); they both enjoyed playing the accordion, and at six, Benny got his own. His father and grandfather taught him Swedish folk music, traditional music, and schlager. The first records\n\nQuestion: Weird Al Yankovic, Phil Cunningham, Benny Andersson of Abba and Sharon Shannon are all noted exponents of what musical instrument?", "output": "Accordion"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The FIFA World Cup was first held in 1930, when FIFA, the world's football governing body, decided to stage an international men's football tournament under the era of FIFA president Jules Rimet who put this idea into place. Jules Rimet was the president of FIFA from 1921 to 1954. Rimet was appreciated so much for bringing the idea of FIFA to life that 1946 the trophy was named the Jules Rimet Cup instead of the World Cup Trophy. The inaugural edition, held in 1930, was contested as a final tournament of only thirteen teams invited by the organization. Since then, the World Cup has experienced successive expansions and format remodeling, with its current 48-team final tournament preceded by a two-year qualifying process, involving over 200 teams from around the world. International football before 1930 The first official international football match was played in 1872 in Glasgow between Scotland and England,\n\nsame time as those for the 2018 tournament. Only Mexico, Italy, France, Germany (West Germany until shortly after the 1990 World Cup) and Brazil have hosted the event on two occasions. Mexico City's Estadio Azteca and Rio de Janeiro's Maracan\u00e3 are the only venues ever to have hosted two FIFA World Cup finals. Only the 2002 FIFA World Cup had more than one host, being split between Japan and South Korea, and in 2026 there will be three hosts: the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Uruguay in 1930, Italy in 1934, England in 1966, West Germany in 1974, Argentina in 1978 and France in 1998 are the countries which organized an edition of the World Cup and won it. Upon the selection of Canada\u2013Mexico\u2013United States bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, the tournament will be the first to be hosted by more than two countries. Mexico becomes the first\n\nEighteen countries have been FIFA World Cup hosts in the competition's twenty-two tournaments since the inaugural World Cup in 1930. The organization at first awarded hosting to countries at meetings of FIFA's congress. The choice of location was controversial in the earliest tournaments, given the three-week boat journey between South America and Europe, the two centers of strength in football at the time. The decision to hold the first cup in Uruguay, for example, led to only four European nations competing. The next two World Cups were both held in Europe. The decision to hold the second of these, the 1938 FIFA World Cup, in France was controversial, as the South American countries had been led to understand that the World Cup would rotate between the two continents. Both Argentina and Uruguay thus boycotted the tournament. The first tournament following World War II, held in Brazil in 1950, had three\n\nQuestion: Which was the first country to host the football World Cup twice?", "output": "Mexico"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Brass is an alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), in proportions which can be varied to achieve different colours and mechanical, electrical, acoustic, and chemical properties, but copper typically has the larger proportion. In use since prehistoric times, it is a substitutional alloy: atoms of the two constituents may replace each other within the same crystal structure. Brass is similar to bronze, another copper alloy that uses tin instead of zinc. Both bronze and brass may include small proportions of a range of other elements including arsenic (As), lead (Pb), phosphorus (P), aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn), and silicon (Si). Historically, the distinction between the two alloys has been less consistent and clear, and increasingly museums use the more general term \"copper alloy.\" Brass has long been a popular material for its bright gold-like appearance and is still used for drawer pulls and doorknobs. It has also been widely used\n\nalloy constituents are usually measured by mass percentage for practical applications, and in atomic fraction for basic science studies. Alloys are usually classified as substitutional or interstitial alloys, depending on the atomic arrangement that forms the alloy. They can be further classified as homogeneous (consisting of a single phase), or heterogeneous (consisting of two or more phases) or intermetallic. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase, where all metallic grains (crystals) are of the same composition) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions, forming a microstructure of different crystals within the metal). Examples of alloys include red gold (gold and copper), white gold (gold and silver), sterling silver (silver and copper), steel or silicon steel (iron with non-metallic carbon or silicon respectively), solder, brass, pewter, duralumin, bronze, and amalgams. Alloys are used in a wide variety of applications, from the steel\n\nAn alloy is a mixture of chemical elements of which at least one is a metal. Unlike chemical compounds with metallic bases, an alloy will retain all the properties of a metal in the resulting material, such as electrical conductivity, ductility, opacity, and luster, but may have properties that differ from those of the pure metals, such as increased strength or hardness. In some cases, an alloy may reduce the overall cost of the material while preserving important properties. In other cases, the mixture imparts synergistic properties to the constituent metal elements such as corrosion resistance or mechanical strength. In an alloy, the atoms are joined by metallic bonding rather than by covalent bonds typically found in chemical compounds. The alloy constituents are usually measured by mass percentage for practical applications, and in atomic fraction for basic science studies. Alloys are usually classified as substitutional or interstitial alloys, depending on\n\nQuestion: What is the name for the common alloy of silver that consists of 92.5% by mass of silver and 7.5% by mass of other metals, usually copper?", "output": "Sterling silver"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Andaman Islands () are an archipelago in the northeastern Indian Ocean about southwest off the coasts of Myanmar's Ayeyarwady Region. Together with the Nicobar Islands to their south, the Andamans serve as a maritime boundary between the Bay of Bengal to the west and the Andaman Sea to the east. Most of the islands are part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a Union Territory of India, while the Coco Islands and Preparis Island are part of the Yangon Region of Myanmar. The Andaman Islands are home to the Andamanese, a group of indigenous people that includes a number of tribes, including the Jarawa and Sentinelese. While some of the islands can be visited with permits, entry to others, including North Sentinel Island, is banned by law. The Sentinelese are generally hostile to visitors and have had little contact with any other people. The government protects their right to\n\nMount Harriet National Park, officially renamed as Mount Manipur National Park, is a national park located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands union territory of India. The park, established in 1969, covers about 4.62 km2 (18.00 mi2). Mount Manipur (Mount Harriet) (), which is a part of the park, is the third-highest peak in the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago next to Saddle Peak () in North Andaman and Mount Thullier () in Great Nicobar. The park is named in commemoration of Harriet C. Tytler, the second wife of Robert Christopher Tytler, a British army officer, an administrator, naturalist and photographer, who was appointed Superintendent of the Convict Settlement at Port Blair in the Andamans from April 1862 to February 1864. Harriet is remembered for her work in documenting the monuments of Delhi and for her notes at the time of the Revolt of 1857 in India. The park's well-known faunal\n\ntraveller Marco Polo (12th\u201313th century) also referred to this island as 'Necuverann' and a corrupted form of the Tamil name Nakkavaram would have led to the modern name Nicobar during the British colonial period.<ref name=\"goi1908\">{{Cite journal|author=Government of India|year=1908|title=The Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Local Gazetteer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrwBAAAAYAAJ|publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta|quote=... In the great Tanjore inscription of 1050 CE, the Andamans are mentioned under a translated name along with the Nicobars, as Nakkavaram or land of the naked people.}}</ref> British colonial era In 1789, the Bengal Presidency established a naval base and penal colony on Chatham Island in the southeast bay of Great Andaman. The settlement is now known as Port Blair (after the Bombay Marine lieutenant Archibald Blair who founded it). After two years, the colony was moved to the northeast part of Great Andaman and was named Port Cornwallis after Admiral William Cornwallis. However, there was much disease and death in\n\nQuestion: The Andaman and Nicobar Islands is a territory of which country?", "output": "INDIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), also known as the white fox, polar fox, or snow fox, is a small fox that belongs to the family of Canidae, native to the Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and common throughout the Arctic tundra biome. It is well adapted to living in cold environments, and is best known for its thick, warm fur that is also used as camouflage. It has a large and very fluffy tail. In the wild, most individuals do not live past their first year but some exceptional ones survive up to 11 years. Its body length ranges from , with a generally rounded body shape to minimize the escape of body heat. The Arctic fox preys on many small creatures such as lemmings, voles, ringed seal pups, fish, waterfowl, and seabirds. It also eats carrion, berries, seaweed, and insects and other small invertebrates. Arctic foxes form monogamous\n\nComplex, and Paiway in Vandread. In video game franchises, she provides the English voice of Mistral and A-20 in the .hack series, Peashy in Hyperdimension Neptunia, and Flonne in Disgaea. In cartoons, she voices Harmony in Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi and Mipsy Mipson in As Told by Ginger. In 2014, she was announced as the voice of Chibiusa/Black Lady/Sailor Chibi Moon in the Viz Media dubs of Sailor Moon and Sailor Moon Crystal. Early life and career Fox was born in Monroeville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Swissvale. She performed in musicals in high school, and worked at Kennywood amusement park during some of the summers. In the early 1980s, she worked for the Walt Disney Company in Orlando where she would participate in their live stage shows. She was working as a hostess at a Bennigan's Irish pub when she was asked to audition with the 1920s-themed jazz band\n\nfuscous pubescence, mixed on the thorax and abdomen with long white hairs. Female similar, but in the specimen in the collection of the British Museum marked as the type, on the upperside of the hindwing the red in the discal spot in interspace 5 has disappeared, the same colour in the spot in interspace 7 is reduced to a minute speck, and on the underside the middle red spot of the basal three only is present, much reduced in size. Antennae, head, thorax and abdomen as in the male. Range It is known from Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, mountainous parts of Pakistan and Kashmir, northern India (including Sikkim), Nepal, western China and Mongolia. Status It is not known to be threatened. Identification The Parnassius species of butterflies are often hard to identify and can sometimes only be identified by dissection of the genitalia. P. R. Ackery (1975) provides a key available online.\n\nQuestion: What is a female fox called", "output": "Vixen"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the Albertina. Superfund also sponsored Partizan during their 2003/2004 UEFA Champions League campaign. Superfund has been involved in auto racing, briefly sponsoring the Minardi team in Formula One and attempting to start its own formula racing series. A team owned by Austrian driver Alexander Wurz and backed by Superfund applied an entry for the 2010 Formula One season but it never happened. References External links Superfund official site Interview of Baha for the NY Sun Investment management companies of Austria Austrian companies established in 1995\n\nMotor Racing Developments Ltd., commonly known as Brabham (), was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by Australian driver Jack Brabham and British-Australian designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers' and two Constructors' World Championships in its 30-year Formula One history. Jack Brabham's 1966 FIA Drivers' Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the driver's own name. In the 1960s, Brabham was the world's largest manufacturer of open-wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams; by 1970 it had built more than 500 cars. During this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three. Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing. In the 1970s and 1980s, Brabham introduced such innovations as in-race refuelling, carbon brakes, and hydropneumatic suspension. Its unique Gordon Murray-designed 'fan car' won its only race\n\nfuture world champion Nico Rosberg, son of World Champion Keke Rosberg, who raced with the Williams team. He set the fastest lap of the race and, at the age of 20 years and 258 days, broke the record for the youngest driver to do so, which he held until Max Verstappen scored his first fastest lap, at age 19, at the 2016 Brazilian Grand Prix. It was also the debut race for the BMW Sauber, Toro Rosso, Midland F1 and Super Aguri teams, and drivers Scott Speed and Yuji Ide. It also saw the d\u00e9but of the 2.4 litre (146.4 cu in) naturally-aspirated V8 engines which were used by all teams except Toro Rosso, who were still using the 3.0 litre (183 cu in) V10 engines that were used from 1995 to 2005, as the team's chassis, the STR1, was reused from the Red Bull RB1 from the 2005 season.\n\nQuestion: What was the name given to the Minardi Formula One team after it was bought by Red Bull in 2005?", "output": "Scuderia Toro Rosso"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Diocese of Great Falls\u2013Billings () is a Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church in eastern Montana in the United States. The Diocese of Great Falls was established in 1904; it became the Diocese of Great Falls-Billings in 1980. The bishop of Great Falls-Billings is Jeffrey Fleming. The diocese has two cathedrals: St Ann's Cathedral in Great Falls, dedicated in 1907, and St Patrick's Co-Cathedral in Billings, dedicated in 1908. History 1800 to 1883 The earliest Catholic presence in present-day Montana was the arrival of Catholic Iroquois/Haudenosaunee fur traders who settled with the Flathead Nation in western Montana around 1811. The Flathead sent emissaries to St. Louis, Missouri four times in the 1830s to petition the Diocese of St. Louis for their own missionaries. At that time, the diocese was responsible for large territories east of the Rocky Mountains. Finally, in 1840, the Diocese of St. Louis sent missionary\n\nExternal links USGS water flows and Statistical Data Mystery of the Megaflood at PBS.org Rivers of Montana Bodies of water of Missoula County, Montana Rivers of Lewis and Clark County, Montana Bodies of water of Powell County, Montana\n\nLivingston The Local Rag - Red Lodge Lone Peak Lookout - Big Sky The Madisonian - Ennis Meagher County News - White Sulphur Springs Miles City Star - Miles City Mineral Independent - Plains The Missoula Independent - Missoula Missoulian - Missoula The Montana Catholic - Helena Montana Free Press - Helena Montana Kaimin - Missoula Montana Standard - Butte The Montanian - Libby The Mountaineer - Big Sandy Phillips County News - Malta The Philipsburg Mail - Philipsburg Powder River Examiner - Broadus Ravalli Republic - Hamilton The River Press - Fort Benton The Roundup - Sidney Roundup Record-Tribune - Roundup Sanders County Ledger - Thompson Falls The Searchlight - Culbertson Seeley Swan Pathfinder - Seeley Lake Shelby Promoter - Shelby Sheridan County News - Plentywood Sidney Herald - Sidney Silver State Post - Deer Lodge Stillwater County News - Columbus Terry Tribune - Terry Three Forks Herald -\n\nQuestion: In which US state are the cities of Billings, Great Falls and Missoula?", "output": "Montana"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "course (river Seine) and was blocked or diverted by trees and buildings. Final results Notes Two competitors, \u201cMamie\u201d and \u201cCarabinier\u201d, were disqualified for using \u201cother means of propulsion than the sail.\u201d This made them the first sailors ever to be disqualified in an Olympic regatta. Other information Yachting World states the races were open to yachts up to 30 tons; however, no 30 ton boats were entered. Further reading References Open class Ton class\n\npoints are given by best time regardless of heat, the Pupilles de Neptune and the Tritons switch places, though the Germans still win and the Parisian team still takes fourth. Each race was 200 metres long. This swimming event used freestyle swimming, which means that the method of the stroke is not regulated (unlike backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly events). Schedule Results Round 1 Each team had one swimmer in each of the five first-round heats. These heats determined in which final heat the swimmer would swim and thus the point range that the swimmer could achieve. No times are known from the results of this round. Round 1 heat 1 Round 1 heat 2 Round 1 heat 3 Round 1 heat 4 Round 1 heat 5 Final Final heat 1 Final heat 2 Final heat 3 Final heat 4 Did not start The following two swimmers did not compete and\n\ntemporary pool. Open water swimming The open water swimming competition saw men and women competing in events over 5 km, 10 km and 25 km distances. Events were held at St Kilda Beach. Synchronised swimming The synchronised swimming competition featured a solo, a duet, and a team competition. There was also a combination routine, consisting of a mixture of the solo, duet and team routine. Events were held at the 15,000-seat Rod Laver Arena using a temporary pool. Diving The diving competition saw athletes competing for 10 gold medals. Athletes contested the 1 m and 3 m Springboard events, as well as the 10 m Platform as individuals. There were 3 m and 10 m synchronised events for men and women competing as a team. Events were held at the indoor diving pool at the Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre. Water polo The water polo competition featured 16 men's teams\n\nQuestion: How many strokes at the start and the turn are competitive breast strokers allowed to take while under water", "output": "One"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "western roll, since it is possible to clear a bar that is higher relative to the jumper's center of mass. In simple terms, the western roll jumper has to raise the width of the body above the bar; the straddle jumper has only to get the thickness of the body above it. There are two variants of the straddle: the parallel straddle and a more diving version. With the parallel straddle, the lead leg is kicked high and straight, and head and trunk pass the bar at the same time. Charles Dumas, the first high jumper to clear , and John Thomas (silver medalist at the 1964 Summer Olympics) used this technique. Valeriy Brumel (gold in 1964) dived, his head going over the bar before his trunk. Probably the most extreme exponent of the dive straddle was Bob Avant, who cleared in 1961. Avant's technique was close to a pure\n\nThe straddle technique was the dominant style in the high jump before the development of the Fosbury Flop. It is a successor of the Western roll, with which it is sometimes confused. Unlike the scissors or flop style of jump, where the jumper approaches the bar so as to take off from the outer foot, the straddle jumper approaches from the opposite side, so as to take off from the inner foot. In this respect the straddle resembles the western roll. However, in the western roll the jumper's side or back faces the bar; in the straddle the jumper crosses the bar face down, with legs straddling it. With this clearance position, the straddle has a mechanical advantage over the western roll, since it is possible to clear a bar that is higher relative to the jumper's center of mass. In simple terms, the western roll jumper has to raise\n\neffectively ended his career the next year. Yashchenko's record was improved upon in 1980 by a flopper, Jacek Wszo\u0142a of Poland, who had already won the 1976 Montr\u00e9al Olympics. On the female side, straddle jumper Rosemarie Ackermann of East Germany raised the world record from to during 1974 to 1977, and she was the first female high jumper ever to clear 2 meters. Her record was surpassed by her long-term rival, the Italian flopper Sara Simeoni, by 1 cm in 1978. Ackermann was also the gold medalist of the 1976 Montr\u00e9al Olympics, which was the last time for a straddle jumper (male or female) to win an Olympic medal. After Yashchenko and Ackermann, all world record holders and Olympics medalists in high jump have used the flop style. There is some debate over which of the two techniques is more efficient in the take-off and the clearance of the bar.\n\nQuestion: Most elite high jumpers used the Straddle technique, Western Roll, Eastern cut-off or Scissors-Jump until the development of which technique, when its inventor's gold medal in the 1968 Summer Olympics brought it to the world's attention?", "output": "The Fosbury flop"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Howard Wayne \"Red\" Hickey (February 14, 1917 \u2013 March 30, 2006) was an American football player and coach. He played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) with the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1941 and the Cleveland / Los Angeles Rams from 1945 to 1948. Hickey served as head coach for the NFL's San Francisco 49ers from 1959 to 1963. He devised the shotgun formation in 1960. Early years and education A native of Clarksville, Arkansas, Hickey attended the University of Arkansas, competing as a member of the football and basketball teams, where he won All-Conference accolades in both sports. In 1941, he was a forward on the Razorback team that reached the Final Four teams, although the tournament format was different from today and did not end in a four team final. While at the University of Arkansas, Hickey was a member of Xi chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity.\n\ndifferent from today and did not end in a four team final. While at the University of Arkansas, Hickey was a member of Xi chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity. NFL playing career Hickey was drafted by the Philadelphia Eagles in the sixth round (41st overall) of the 1941 NFL Draft. His rights were transferred to the Pittsburgh Steelers due to the events later referred to as the Pennsylvania Polka. He also played for the Cleveland Rams, then missed the next three years while serving as a U.S. Navy gunnery officer during World War II. Upon his return, he was part of the 1945 Rams championship squad, then shifted with the team to Los Angeles to play from 1946 to 1948. During his first season back, he also married his high school sweetheart, Cecelia Surina. NFL coaching career Despite having finished the 1948 NFL season as the team's second-leading receiver\n\nEagles, a minor league professional hockey team based in Salt Lake City, Utah, from 1969 to 1994 Shanghai Golden Eagles, a member of the China Baseball League Tohoku Rakuten Golden Eagles, a Japanese baseball team Other uses Golden Eagle, Illinois, United States, an unincorporated community Kineubenae (fl. 1797\u20131812), Ojibwa chief called \"Golden Eagle\" in English Order of the Golden Eagle, the highest order of Kazakhstan The Golden Eagle, thought to be the largest solid gold and diamond encrusted statue ever created SS Golden Eagle, a prior name of the , a cargo ship sunk in World War II Golden Eagle Regional Park & Sports Complex, Sparks, Nevada, United States Golden Eagle Oilfield See also Gold Eagle (disambiguation) Berkut (disambiguation)\n\nQuestion: What do we call what the Americans call a 'hickey'?", "output": "Love bite"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "January is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between . July and August are the warmest months in the region with mean daily maxima around . In general, December is the dullest month and June the sunniest. The south west of England enjoys a favoured location, particularly in summer, when the Azores High extends its influence north-eastwards towards the UK. Cloud often forms inland, especially near hills, and reduces exposure to sunshine. The average annual sunshine totals around 1600 hours. Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection. In summer, convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds and a large proportion of the annual precipitation falls from showers and thunderstorms at this time of year. Average rainfall is around . About 8\u201315 days of snowfall is typical. November to March have the highest mean wind speeds, with June to August having the lightest.\n\nAutumn, also known as fall in North American English, is one of the four temperate seasons on Earth. Outside the tropics, autumn marks the transition from summer to winter, in September (Northern Hemisphere) or March (Southern Hemisphere). Autumn is the season when the duration of daylight becomes noticeably shorter and the temperature cools considerably. Day length decreases and night length increases as the season progresses until the Winter Solstice in December (Northern Hemisphere) and June (Southern Hemisphere). One of its main features in temperate climates is the striking change in colour for the leaves of deciduous trees as they prepare to shed. Date definitions Some cultures regard the autumnal equinox as \"mid-autumn\", while others with a longer temperature lag treat the equinox as the start of autumn. In the English-speaking world of high latitude countries, autumn traditionally began with Lammas Day and ended around Hallowe'en, the approximate mid-points between midsummer,\n\nApril is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars. It is the first of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the second of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. April is commonly associated with the season of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere, where it is the seasonal equivalent to October in the Northern Hemisphere and vice versa. History The Romans gave this month the Latin name Aprilis but the derivation of this name is uncertain. The traditional etymology is from the verb aperire, \"to open\", in allusion to its being the season when trees and flowers begin to \"open\", which is supported by comparison with the modern Greek use of \u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03b9\u03be\u03b7 (\u00e1nixi) (opening) for spring. Since some of the Roman months were named in honor of divinities, and as April\n\nQuestion: St Luke\u2019s Summer is a name given to exceptionally warm weather in which month?", "output": "October"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Neognathae (; ) is an infraclass of birds, called neognaths, within the class Aves of the clade Archosauria. Neognathae includes the majority of living birds; the exceptions being the tinamous and the flightless ratites, which belong instead to the sister taxon Palaeognathae. There are nearly 10,000 living species of neognaths. The earliest fossils are known from the very end of the Cretaceous but molecular clocks suggest that neognaths originated sometime in the first half of the Late Cretaceous, about 90 million years ago. Since then, they have undergone adaptive radiation, producing the diversity of form, function, and behavior that exists today. Neognathae includes the order Passeriformes (perching birds), one of the largest orders of land vertebrates, containing some 60% of living birds. Passeriformes is twice as species-rich as Rodentia and about five times as species-rich as Chiroptera (bats), which are the two largest orders of mammals. Neognathae also contains some\n\nis no longer in Florida, but exists elsewhere Tinamous Order: TinamiformesFamily: Tinamidae The tinamous are one of the most ancient groups of bird. Although they look similar to other ground-dwelling birds like quail and grouse, they have no close relatives and are classified as a single family, Tinamidae, within their own order, the Tinamiformes. They are distantly related to the ratites (order Struthioniformes), that includes the rheas, emus, and kiwis. Great tinamou, Tinamus major (A?) Screamers Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anhimidae The screamers are a small family of birds related to the ducks. They are large, bulky birds, with a small downy head, long legs and large feet which are only partially webbed. They have large spurs on their wings which are used in fights over mates and in territorial disputes. Horned screamer, Anhima cornuta (A) (not on the AOS checklist) Ducks, geese, and waterfowl Order: AnseriformesFamily: Anatidae The family Anatidae includes\n\nand coots Order: GruiformesFamily: Rallidae Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. Tahiti rail, Gallirallus pacificus- (E), extinct Spotless crake, Zapornia tabuensis Plovers and lapwings Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Charadriidae The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. Pacific golden-plover, Pluvialis fulva Masked lapwing, Vanellus miles (A) Sandpipers and allies Order: CharadriiformesFamily: Scolopacidae Scolopacidae is a large\n\nQuestion: Which birds belong to the order 'Strigiformes'?", "output": "Owls"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A bunker is a defensive military fortification. Bunker and its variants may also refer to: Places Bunker, Missouri, U.S. Bunker (Berlin), an air raid shelter in Germany Bunker Creek (New Hampshire), a stream in New Hampshire, U.S. Bunker Hill (disambiguation) People Bunker (surname) Bunker Roy (born 1945), Indian social activist Arts, entertainment, and media Film and television The Bunker (1981 film), a film based on the 1975 book The Bunker (2001 film), horror film featuring Jason Flemying Der Bunker, a 2015 German comedy-horror film Bunker (2022 film), American horror film The Bunker (2023 film), an American film starring Tony Todd and Tobin Bell \"The Bunker\", a 2016 episode of the American television series Documentary Now! Other arts, entertainment, and media Bunker (character), a DC comics superhero The Bunker (book), a 1975 history book about the last days of Adolf Hitler in the F\u00fchrerbunker The Bunker (comics), a comic book published\n\nFAFC may refer to: Fisher Athletic F.C., an English football (soccer) club Forfar Albion F.C., a Scottish football (soccer) club Forfar Athletic F.C., a Scottish football (soccer) club Formic acid fuel cell Frickley Athletic F.C., an English football (soccer) club\n\nA sand trap can be: Bunker (golf), a hazard in the game of golf Catch points, designed to stop runaway railroad cars Run-off area, designed to stop runaway race cars\n\nQuestion: Bunker, Birdie and Fore are all terms used in which sport?", "output": "Golf"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the playoff. The gold and silver medals were lost to New Zealand and Fiji respectively. The Australian men's hockey team won gold, defeating Malaysia in the finals and the women's team won gold, defeating England in the finals. Australia won gold in the netball final against New Zealand, this was one of the first major netball tournaments that Australia took part in. Results by event Athletics Men Track and Road Events Field Events Combined Events - Decathlon Women Track and Road Events Field Events Combined Events - Heptathlon Badminton Boxing Cricket The 1998 Commonwealth Games was the first and only games that cricket has been included in. Matches were 50 overs a side. Australia came second , losing the gold medal to South Africa by 4 wickets. Australia placed first in pool B, against Antigua and Barbuda, India and Canada. Players Steve Waugh Mark Waugh Michael Bevan Glenn McGrath Andy\n\nThe Opening Ceremony of the 2006 Commonwealth Games was held on 15 March 2006 at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The ceremony was conceived and produced by Jack Morton Worldwide Description Countdown A 1930 Hamilton-1934 London-1938 Sydney-1950 Auckland-1954 Vancouver-1958 Cardiff-1962 Perth-1966 Kingston-1970 Edinburgh-1974 Christchurch-1978 Edmonton-1982 Brisbane-1986 Edinburgh-1990 Auckland-1994 Victoria-1998 Kuala Lumpur-2002 Manchester-2006 Melbourne countdown projection on the floor of the stage with song \"Salute\" is a song recorded by British girl group Little Mix for their second studio album of the same name was set to the melody of \"Countdown\" was instrumental by Melbourne Symphony Orchestra and label by Sony BMG Music Entertainment Australia as temporary stage on the playing ground of the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia lighting up with previous host cities. Welcome After countdown and ceremony began with the flag of Australia (current host), England (previous host) and India (next host) were\n\nThe Opening Ceremony of the 1982 Commonwealth Games was held on 30 September 1982 at the QEII Stadium in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. The ceremony was directed by Ric Birch. The chairman for the XII Commonwealth Games was Sir Edward Williams, KBE, KCMG. Sir Edward was later decorated Australian of the Year for 1982. Description The opening ceremony was held during a fine and sunny, but extremely windy and somewhat cool, afternoon. The starting of the Opening Ceremony was signaled with a kookaburra's call, followed by the traditional cry of \"cooeee\". Already on the field were two Commonwealth Games logos. After the announcement welcoming the audience to the opening ceremony, thousands of high school students dressed in red, white, or blue came running onto the field. Some of the children carried fabric placards while others picked up coloured boards once they were on the field. While the Opening Prelude / Commonwealth\n\nQuestion: In 1998 which was the first Asian city to host the Commonwealth Games?", "output": "KUALA LUMPUR"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country. Australia is the oldest, flattest, and driest inhabited continent, with the least fertile soils. It is a megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with deserts in the centre, tropical rainforests in the north-east, tropical savannas in the north, and mountain ranges in the south-east. The ancestors of Aboriginal Australians began arriving from south-east Asia 50,000 to 65,000 years ago, during the last ice age. Arriving by sea, they settled the continent and had formed approximately 250 distinct language groups by the time of European settlement, maintaining some of the longest known continuing artistic and religious traditions in the world. Australia's written history commenced\n\nKuringgai (also spelled Ku-ring-gai, Kuring-gai, Guringai, Kuriggai) (,) is an ethnonym referring to an Indigenous Australian peoples occupying the territory between the southern borders of the Gamilaraay and the area around Sydney, and an historical people with its own distinctive language, located in part of that territory. Origins of the ethnonym In 1892, ethnologist John Fraser edited and republished the work of Lancelot Edward Threlkeld on the language of the Awabakal people, An Australian Grammar, with lengthy additions. In his \"Map of New South Wales as occupied by the native tribes\" and text accompanying it, he deploys the term Kuringgai to refer to the people inhabiting a large stretch of the central coastline of New South Wales. He regarded the language described by Threlkeld as a dialect of a larger language, variations of which were spoken by many other tribes in New South Wales, and, in order to define this\n\nin the archaeological record of their ancestors. Torres Strait Islander religion bore similarities to broader Melanesian spirituality. Christianity came to Australia in 1788 with British colonial settlement. Of the convicts and free settlers, most were members of the established Church of England with lesser numbers of Nonconformist Protestants, Catholics and other faiths. The first religious census in 1828 divided the early colony into four groups: Protestants, Catholics, Jews and Pagans. Other smaller groups also arrived and established their churches. Jews started arriving in the early 19th century. The Australian gold rushes brought in workers from China and the Pacific islands, as well as specialised workers from British India, such as the mainly Muslim \"Afghan Cameleers\". Indigenous Australian religion Dreaming (spirituality) has been practised for tens of thousands of years. It is at once a collection of stories of an ancient view of creation and present day spirituality. It places significant\n\nQuestion: What are the native people of Australia called?", "output": "Aborigines"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The geography of Alabama describes a state in the Southeastern United States in North America. It extends from high mountains to low valleys and sandy beaches. Alabama is 30th in size and borders four U.S. states: Mississippi, Tennessee, Georgia, and Florida. It also borders the Gulf of Mexico. Physical features Extending entirely across the state of Alabama for about northern boundary, and in the middle stretching farther north, is the Cumberland Plateau, or Tennessee Valley region, broken into broad tablelands by the dissection of rivers. In the northern part of this plateau, west of Jackson county, there are about of level highlands from above sea level. South of these highlands, occupying a narrow strip on each side of the Tennessee River, is a country of gentle rolling lowlands varying in elevation from . To the northeast of these highlands and lowlands is a rugged section with steep mountain-sides, deep narrow\n\nAlaska ( ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. It borders British Columbia and Yukon in Canada to the east and it shares a western maritime border in the Bering Strait with Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean lie to the north and the Pacific Ocean lies to the south. Technically a semi-exclave of the U.S., Alaska is the largest exclave in the world. Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area, comprising more total area than the next three largest states of Texas, California and Montana combined and is the seventh-largest subnational division in the world. It is the third-least populous and most sparsely populated U.S. state, but with a population of 736,081 as of 2020, is the continent's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel, with more than quadruple the combined populations\n\nAlabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nQuestion: What ocean gulf borders 5 states, including Florida and Texas?", "output": "The Gulf of Mexico"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the term \"clone\" often has a negative connotation and can be seen as controversial, reviewers have come up with other names for the subgenre. Similar terminology for other genres, such as \"[[Platform game#Naming|Donkey Kong-type]]\" and \"Doom clone\", has given way to more neutral language. Names such as \"sandbox game,\" however, are applied to a wider range of games that do not share key features of the Grand Theft Auto series. Definition A Grand Theft Auto clone is a video game that falls within the genre popularized by the 2001 title Grand Theft Auto III, where players are given the ability to drive any vehicle or fire any weapon as they explore an open world. These games are sometimes treated as a 3D action-adventure game, or third-person shooter. They are noted for frequently bearing strong violent or criminal themes, though exceptions like The Simpsons: Hit & Run and American McGee Presents:\n\nA Grand Theft Auto clone (often shortened to GTA clone) is a subgenre of open world action-adventure video games, characterized by their likeness to the Grand Theft Auto series in either gameplay, or overall design. In these types of open world games, players may find and use a variety of vehicles and weapons while roaming freely in an open world setting. The objective of Grand Theft Auto clones is to complete a sequence of core missions involving driving and shooting, but often side-missions and minigames are added to improve replay value. The storylines of games in this subgenre typically have strong themes of crime, violence and other controversial elements such as drugs and sexually explicit content. The subgenre has its origins in open world action adventure games popularized in Europe (and particularly the United Kingdom) throughout the 1980s and 1990s. The release of Grand Theft Auto (1997) marked a major\n\ngames PlayStation 2 games Racing video games Windows games Xbox games Street racing video games Video games developed in the United Kingdom Video games scored by Tom Salta Video games set in Los Angeles Video games set in Miami Video games set in Pennsylvania\n\nQuestion: Which video game series is sometimes referred to as GTA?", "output": "Grand Theft Auto"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Fort Erie and, perhaps unsurprisingly, Queenston. In 1816, a young man called William Hamilton Merritt bought a rundown sawmill on the Twelve Mile Creek, and added a grist mill and a store. The Twelve flowed from its source south of the Escarpment to Lake Ontario, but its water levels varied considerably, creating difficulties for Merritt and his mills. In 1818, when the flow was especially low, Merritt pursued the idea of bringing water to his mills from the Welland River. On a bigger scale, the Erie Canal, dug from the Hudson River through northern New York, was about to reach Lake Erie. The impending completion meant the cargo from upper Great Lakes was about to head down the canal and Hudson River to New York City, bypassing its previous destination, Montreal. At the time, a considerable rivalry existed between Montreal and New York for cargo headed to Europe via ocean-going\n\nThe Congress Street Bridge carries NY 2 across the Hudson River connecting Watervliet, New York with Troy, New York. The bridge has slated improvements to bring multimodal transportation to this bridge. See also List of fixed crossings of the Hudson River References Bridges over the Hudson River Bridges in Rensselaer County, New York Road bridges in New York (state) Steel bridges in the United States Girder bridges in the United States\n\nCayuga Creek is a small stream in western New York, United States, with stretches in both Erie County and Wyoming County. The creek enters Buffalo Creek in the northwest corner of the Town of West Seneca in Erie County, just upstream from the New York State Thruway crossing. At that point, Buffalo Creek becomes the Buffalo River and flows into Lake Erie near Buffalo, New York. The creek is named after the Cayuga nation, one of the constituent members of the Iroquois Confederacy. Cities and settlements The watershed of Cayuga Creek includes the towns of Alden, Cheektowaga, Elma, Lancaster, and Marilla in Erie County and the towns of Bennington and Sheldon in Wyoming County. Village centers along Cayuga Creek include Lancaster and Depew. A sewage treatment facility in the Town of Cheektowaga discharges into Cayuga Creek upstream of Borden Road. Downstream from Borden Road the creek runs along the Indian\n\nQuestion: What connects Lake Erie to the Hudson River?", "output": "Erie Canal"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "April 1999 \"heute in Europa\" (today in Europe) was released and only Europe News a shown. In the year 2000 a new News Show with the name \"heute - in Deutschland\" (today - in Germany) came up. It shows news only from Germany. It is always 14:00 on ZDF, after the Mittagsmagzin. Since 2014, the main presenters of the 7pm broadcast have been Petra Gerster and Christian Sievers, who alternate weekly; Barbara Hahlweg acts as a stand-in if neither Gerster or Sievers are available. Present-day The main program usually has a length of 20 minutes (including a weather forecast). It is also broadcast on 3sat. Around 21:45 CET, a longer, more in-depth show called heute-journal is broadcast, which is similar to Tagesthemen airing on Das Erste alongside the Tagesschau. Identity Since 1973, the program's title music was preceded by the letters h-e-u-t-e in morse code (\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7 \u00b7 \u00b7\u00b7- - \u00b7).\n\nThe Daily Prothom Alo () is a daily newspaper in Bangladesh, published from Dhaka in the Bengali language. It is the largest circulated newspaper in Bangladesh. According to the National Media Survey of 2018, conducted by Kantar MRB Bangladesh, Prothom Alo has a daily readership of more than 6.6 million online. According to Alexa Internet, an American web traffic analysis company, the online portal of Prothom Alo is the most visited Bengali website in the world. History Prothom Alo was founded on 4 November 1998. The circulation of Prothom Alo grew from an initial circulation of 42,000 to a circulation of a half million copies. The newspaper distinguished itself by its investigations of acid attacks and violence against women and pushing for tougher laws against the sale of acid. From press facilities located in Dhaka, Chittagong and Bogra, around 5,00,000 copies (as of March '2014) are circulated each day. According\n\nBieler Tagblatt is a Swiss Standard German language daily newspaper, published by Gassmann AG in Biel/Bienne, Canton of Bern. History and operations It was established in 1850 under the name Seel\u00e4nder Bote. Gassmann AG, the publisher of the paper, also publishes the French-language newspaper Journal du Jura. The newspaper's estimated readership in 2013 was 54,000 according to WEMF AG. See also List of newspapers in Switzerland References External links Official website Digitised version of Bieler Tagblatt on the Swiss platform of digitised newspapers e-newspaperarchives.ch 1850 establishments in Switzerland Mass media in Biel/Bienne Daily newspapers published in Switzerland German-language newspapers published in Switzerland Newspapers established in 1850\n\nQuestion: \u2018Tages-Anzeiger\u2019 is a daily newspaper published in which European country?", "output": "Switzerland"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alpha (uppercase , lowercase ; , , or ) is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of one. Alpha is derived from the Phoenician letter aleph , which is the West Semitic word for \"ox\". Letters that arose from alpha include the Latin letter A and the Cyrillic letter \u0410. Uses Greek In Ancient Greek, alpha was pronounced and could be either phonemically long ([a\u02d0]) or short ([a]). Where there is ambiguity, long and short alpha are sometimes written with a macron and breve today: . = \"a time\" = \"tongue\" In Modern Greek, vowel length has been lost, and all instances of alpha simply represent the open front unrounded vowel . In the polytonic orthography of Greek, alpha, like other vowel letters, can occur with several diacritic marks: any of three accent symbols (), and either of two\n\nA, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is a (pronounced ), plural aes. It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter Alpha, from which it derives. The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version can be written in two forms: the double-storey a and single-storey \u0251. The latter is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic type. In English grammar, \"a\", and its variant \"an\", are indefinite articles. History The earliest known certain ancestor of \"A\" is aleph (also written 'aleph), the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet, which\n\nunrounded vowel . In the polytonic orthography of Greek, alpha, like other vowel letters, can occur with several diacritic marks: any of three accent symbols (), and either of two breathing marks (), as well as combinations of these. It can also combine with the iota subscript (). Greek grammar In the Attic\u2013Ionic dialect of Ancient Greek, long alpha fronted to (eta). In Ionic, the shift took place in all positions. In Attic, the shift did not take place after epsilon, iota, and rho (; ). In Doric and Aeolic, long alpha is preserved in all positions. Doric, Aeolic, Attic \u2013 Ionic , \"country\" Doric, Aeolic \u2013 Attic, Ionic , \"report\" Privative a is the Ancient Greek prefix or , added to words to negate them. It originates from the Proto-Indo-European * (syllabic nasal) and is cognate with English un-. Copulative a is the Greek prefix or . It comes\n\nQuestion: Omega is the last letter of the Greek alphabet, which is the penultimate letter?", "output": "Psi"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "in 2002, winning the Junior National time trial championships, among other races. In 2003 he joined , the continental team of , winning two stages of Ster Elekrotoer, and the national under-23 titles in the Road Race and Time Trial disciplines. He also finished third in the Men's under-23 road race of the 2003 UCI Road World Championships. In 2004 he won the Tour de Normandie, Olympia's Tour, the Dutch National Time Trial Championships and also participated in the 2004 Summer Olympics at the age of 19, finishing 21st in the individual time trial. Later in the season he also won the Grand Prix Eddy Merckx with Koen de Kort but crashed out of the Tour de l'Avenir while he was leading the race. In September he joined the UCI ProTeam for the rest of the 2004 season as a stagiaire. He won a stage of Rheinland-Pfalz Rundfahrt, finished second\n\nTime (previously known as: Time Sport) (stylized as TIME) is a manufacturer of pedals and bicycles. History Time was founded in 1987 by Roland Cattin. Time products became popular in the early 1990s, through sponsorship of Pedro Delgado in 1988, then multiple Tour de France winner Greg LeMond in his 1989 Tour de France victory, followed by multiple Tour de France winner Miguel Indurain. Sponsorship Time has sponsored several professional cycling teams, most recently ProTour teams Quick Step-Innergetic, Cofidis and Bouygues Telecom. Several other professionals and teams use Time shoes and/or pedals, including Saunier-Duval, Ag2r, and 2008 Beijing Olympic mountain biking gold medalist Julien Absalon. Pedro Delgado used Time clipless pedals and Time cycling shoes in the 1988 Tour de France and Greg Lemond won the Tour the following year wearing Time Equipe cycling shoes. During the 2004 Tour de France, Thomas Voeckler used a Time VXRS bicycle with Time\n\nThomas Dekker (born 6 September 1984) is a Dutch former professional road racing cyclist. His career highlights included winning Tirreno\u2013Adriatico in 2006 and Tour de Romandie in 2007. He won two Dutch National Time Trial Championships and represented his country at the 2004 Summer Olympics held in Athens, Greece. A few days before the start of the 2009 Tour de France, it was announced that Dekker had tested positive for EPO in a retroactive test carried out on a urine sample taken in December 2007. Dekker initially protested his innocence but he later admitted to using EPO, claiming it was a one-time mistake. He eventually admitted to using EPO over at least parts of the 2007 and 2008 seasons, although he declined to give exact dates. Dekker was suspended for two years, from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2011. Dekker's career has been marked by other doping allegations. He\n\nQuestion: After failing to win his sixth Tour de France, who made up for his disappointment by winning the inaugural Olympic road time trial in 1996?", "output": "MIGUEL INDURAIN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ares (; , \u00c1r\u0113s ) is the Greek god of war and courage. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, and the son of Zeus and Hera. The Greeks were generally ambivalent towards him. He embodies the physical valor necessary for success in war but can also personify sheer brutality and bloodlust, in contrast to his sister, the armored Athena, whose martial functions include military strategy and generalship. An association with Ares endows places, objects, and other deities with a savage, dangerous, or militarized quality. Although Ares' name shows his origins as Mycenaean, his reputation for savagery was thought by some to reflect his likely origins as a Thracian deity. Some cities in Greece and several in Asia Minor held annual festivals to bind and detain him as their protector. In parts of Asia Minor, he was an oracular deity. Still further away from Greece, the Scythians were said to\n\nAlala (Ancient Greek: (alal\u00e1); \"battle-cry\" or \"war-cry\") was the personification of the war cry in Greek mythology. Her name derives from the onomatopoeic Greek word (alal\u1e17), hence the verb (alal\u00e1z\u014d), \"to raise the war-cry\". Greek soldiers attacked the enemy with this cry in order to cause panic in their lines and it was asserted that Athenians adopted it to emulate the cry of the owl, the bird of their patron goddess Athena. According to Pindar, Alala was the daughter of Polemos, the personification of war, and was characterised by the poet as \"prelude to spears, to whom men offer a holy sacrifice of death on behalf of their city\". A poetic epithet of the war god Ares is Alal\u00e1xios (). Alala is one of the attendants of Ares out on the battlefield, along with the rest of his entourage: Phobos and Deimos (his sons); Eris/Discordia, with the Androktasiai, Makhai, Hysminai,\n\nIn Greek mythology, Achilles ( ) or Achilleus () was a hero of the Trojan War who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors. A central character in Homer's Iliad, he was the son of the Nereid Thetis and Peleus, king of Phthia and famous Argonaut. Achilles was raised in Phthia along his childhood companion Patroclus and received his education by the centaur Chiron. In the Iliad, he is presented as the commander of the mythical tribe of the Myrmidons. Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan prince Hector outside the gates of Troy. Although the death of Achilles is not presented in the Iliad, other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the Trojan War by Paris, who shot him with an arrow. Later legends (beginning with Statius' unfinished epic Achilleid, written in the 1st\n\nQuestion: According to Greek mythology, who is the god of war?", "output": "Ares"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "western terminus at Forest City is now beneath the waters of Lake Oahe. References Hufstetler, Mark and Michael Bedeau. South Dakota's Railroads: An Historic Context. Pierre, South Dakota: South Dakota State Historic Preservation Office, 1998. Defunct South Dakota railroads Transportation in Potter County, South Dakota\n\nUs () is a commune in the Val-d'Oise department and \u00cele-de-France region of France. Geography The village lies in a rural setting in the valley of the River Viosne, some 40 km north-west of Paris, within the Vexin Regional Nature Park. The commune is bordered by those of Ableiges, Marines, Santeuil, and Vigny. The nearest shopping centre is at Marines. Sights The church of Notre-Dame, parts of which date from the 13th century. The 19th-century Ch\u00e2teau de Dampont and its park. Transport Us has a railway station on the line from Gisors to Pontoise and Paris (Gare Saint-Lazare). Education The town has a preschool. In 2016 it asked for donations to the school on Facebook. See also Communes of the Val-d'Oise department References External links Official site Association of Mayors of the Val d'Oise Communes of Val-d'Oise\n\nAlabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nQuestion: Pierre is the capital of which US state?", "output": "SOUTH DAKOTA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The efferent arterioles are blood vessels that are part of the urinary tract of organisms. Efferent (from Latin ex + ferre) means \"outgoing\", in this case meaning carrying blood out away from the glomerulus. The efferent arterioles form a convergence of the capillaries of the glomerulus, and carry blood away from the glomerulus that has already been filtered. They play an important role in maintaining the glomerular filtration rate despite fluctuations in blood pressure. In the mammalian kidney they follow two markedly different courses, depending on the location of the glomeruli from which they arise. In the mammalian kidney about 15% of glomeruli lie close to the boundary between the renal cortex and renal medulla and are known as juxtamedullary glomeruli. The rest are simply undifferentiated cortical glomeruli. In undifferentiated cortical glomeruli The efferent arterioles of the undifferentiated cortical glomeruli are the most complex. Promptly on leaving the glomerulus they\n\nAnalgesic nephropathy was once a common cause of kidney injury and end-stage kidney disease in parts of Europe, Australia, and the United States. In most areas, its incidence has declined sharply since the use of phenacetin fell in the 1970s and 1980s. Presentation Common findings in people with analgesic nephropathy include headache, anemia, high blood pressure (hypertension), and white blood cells in the urine (leucocyturia, pyuria). Some individuals with analgesic nephropathy may also have protein in their urine (proteinuria). Complications Complications of analgesic nephropathy include pyelonephritis and end-stage kidney disease. Risk factors for poor prognosis include recurrent urinary tract infection and persistently elevated blood pressure. Analgesic nephropathy also appears to increase the risk of developing cancers of the urinary system. Pathophysiology The scarring of the small blood vessels, called capillary sclerosis, is the initial lesion of analgesic nephropathy. Found in the renal pelvis, ureter, and capillaries supplying the nephrons, capillary\n\nThe afferent arterioles are a group of blood vessels that supply the nephrons in many excretory systems. They play an important role in the regulation of blood pressure as a part of the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism. The afferent arterioles branch from the renal artery, which supplies blood to the kidneys. The afferent arterioles later diverge into the capillaries of the glomerulus. Regulation When renal blood flow is reduced (indicating hypotension) or there is a decrease in sodium or chloride ion concentration, the macula densa of the distal tubule releases prostaglandins (mainly PGI2 and PGE2) and nitric oxide, which cause the juxtaglomerular cells lining the afferent arterioles to release renin, activating the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system, to increase blood pressure and increase reabsorption of sodium ions into the bloodstream via aldosterone. The macula densa cell can also increase the blood pressure of the afferent arterioles by decreasing the synthesis of adenosine or ATP.\n\nQuestion: In medicine, glomerulonephritis affects which part of the body?", "output": "Kidneys"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "may have persuaded Makarios to steer clear of close affiliation with either side. In any case Cyprus became a high-profile member of the Non-Aligned Movement and retained its membership until its entry into the European Union in 2004. At the non-governmental level, Cyprus has also been a member of the popular extension of the Non-Aligned Movement, the Afro-Asian Peoples' Solidarity Organisation hosting several high-level meetings. Immediately after the 1974 Greek-sponsored coup d'\u00e9tat and the Turkish invasion, Makarios secured international recognition of his administration as the legitimate government of the whole island. This was disputed only by Turkey, which currently recognizes only the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, established in 1983. Since the 1974 crisis, the chief aim of the foreign policy of the Republic of Cyprus has been to secure the withdrawal of Turkish forces and the reunification of the island under the most favorable constitutional and territorial settlement possible.\n\nFlorida. A series of rebellions between 1868 and 1898, led by General M\u00e1ximo G\u00f3mez, failed to end Spanish rule and claimed the lives of 49,000 Cuban guerrillas and 126,000 Spanish soldiers. However, the Spanish\u2013American War resulted in a Spanish withdrawal from the island in 1898, and following three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba gained formal independence in 1902. In the years following its independence, the Cuban republic saw significant economic development, but also political corruption and a succession of despotic leaders, culminating in the overthrow of the dictator Fulgencio Batista by the 26th of July Movement, led by Fidel Castro, during the 1953\u20131959 Cuban Revolution. The new government aligned with the Soviet Union and embraced communism. In the early 1960s, Castro's regime withstood invasion, faced nuclear Armageddon, and experienced a civil war that included Dominican support for regime opponents. Following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968), Castro\n\nCyprus (), officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, south of the Anatolian Peninsula and east of the Levant. It is geographically in Western Asia, but its cultural ties and geopolitics are overwhelmingly Southeastern European. Cyprus is the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean. It is located north of Egypt, east of Greece, south of Turkey, and west of Lebanon and Syria. Its capital and largest city is Nicosia. The northeast portion of the island is de facto governed by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains include the well-preserved ruins from the Hellenistic period such as Salamis and Kourion, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves\n\nQuestion: Which year saw Castro create the communist state of Cuba, and Makarios elected President of the newly independent Cyprus?", "output": "1959"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Flamingo proper. Symbolism The colours and objects on the coat of arms carry cultural, political, and regional meanings. The queen conch shell and spiny lobster allude to the islands' primary industry of fishing. The Turk's Head cactus symbolises the territory's biome. Taken altogether, the shell, lobster, and cactus represent the flora and fauna of the islands. The crest at the top depicts a white pelican flanked by two sisal plants \u2013 evoking the islands' past trade of rope-making \u2013 while the supporters grasping the shield on both sides are flamingos. Uses The shield from the arms features on the flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and on the standard of the territory's governor. See also List of coats of arms of the United Kingdom and dependencies References External links Heraldry of the World: Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands\n\nAquarius is an equatorial constellation of the zodiac, between Capricornus and Pisces. Its name is Latin for \"water-carrier\" or \"cup-carrier\", and its old astronomical symbol is (\u2652\ufe0e), a representation of water. Aquarius is one of the oldest of the recognized constellations along the zodiac (the Sun's apparent path). It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and it remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is found in a region often called the Sea due to its profusion of constellations with watery associations such as Cetus the whale, Pisces the fish, and Eridanus the river. At apparent magnitude 2.9, Beta Aquarii is the brightest star in the constellation. History and mythology Aquarius is identified as \"The Great One\" in the Babylonian star catalogues and represents the god Ea himself, who is commonly depicted holding an overflowing vase. The Babylonian star-figure appears on entitlement\n\nLibra () (, Latin for \"scales\") is the seventh astrological sign in the zodiac. It spans 180\u00b0\u2013210\u00b0 celestial longitude. The Sun transits this sign on average between September 23 and October 23. The symbol of the scales is based on the Scales of Justice held by Themis, the Greek personification of divine law and custom. She became the inspiration for modern depictions of Lady Justice. The ruling planet of Libra is Venus along with Taurus. Libra is the only zodiac sign that is represented by an object; with the other eleven signs represented by either an animal or mythological character. Astrological associations Libra is the cardinal modality of the three air signs, the others being Gemini and Aquarius. Libra is symbolized by the scales and is associated with the Roman deity Iustitia. According to the writer Manilius, Roman judges are born under the sign of Libra. The Moon was said\n\nQuestion: Which sign of the Zodiac is represented by a fish", "output": "Pisces"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Brisbane City is the central suburb and central business district of Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. It is colloquially referred to as the \"Brisbane CBD\" or \"the city\". It is located on a point on the northern bank of the Brisbane River, historically known as Meanjin, Mianjin or Meeanjin in the local Aboriginal Australian dialect. The triangular shaped area is bounded by the median of the Brisbane River to the east, south and west. The point, known at its tip as Gardens Point, slopes upward to the north-west where the city is bounded by parkland and the inner city suburb of Spring Hill to the north. The CBD is bounded to the north-east by the suburb of Fortitude Valley. To the west the CBD is bounded by Petrie Terrace, which in 2010 was reinstated as a suburb (after being made a locality of Brisbane City in the 1970s).\n\nChinchilla is a rural town and locality in the Western Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the locality of Chinchilla had a population of 7,068 people. Chinchilla is known as the 'Melon Capital of Australia', and plays host to a Melon Festival every second year in February. Geography The town is approximately west-northwest of Brisbane. History Indigenous The Baranggum people lived in the region for thousands of years before British colonisation. They spoke the now extinct Barunggam language. They appear to have had kinship ties with the neighbouring Mandandanji, Bigambul and Yiman people. The name Chinchilla is a corruption of the Aboriginal word \"tintinchilla\" or \"jinchilla\" indicating cypress pine, possibly recorded by explorer and naturalist Ludwig Leichhardt. British colonisation British exploration through the region began in the 1840s, most notably with the 1844 expedition of Ludwig Leichhardt. Leichhardt named Charleys Creek (upon which the modern town of Chinchilla is\n\nBabinda is a rural town and locality in the Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the locality of Babinda had a population of 1,253 people. Geography Babinda is located south of Cairns. The town is noted for its proximity to Queensland's two highest mountains Mount Bartle Frere (Queensland's highest peak) and Mount Bellenden Ker. Babinda and Tully annually compete for the Golden Gumboot, an award for Australia's wettest town. Babinda is usually the winner, recording an annual average rainfall of over each year. History Babinda takes its name from the local Indigenous Australian language for mountain. Other sources, however, claim it is a Yidinji word for water, possibly referring to the high rainfall of the area. Babinda State School opened on 4 November 1914. Initially occupying temporary premises, the school's first permanent site was 24-34 Church Street (), now Babinda Swimming Pool and adjacent properties. In 1963, it expanded\n\nQuestion: What is the capital of Queensland, Australia?", "output": "Brisbane"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "are allowed to adopt a city form of government without the need to re-incorporate as an inner-city. Connecticut state law also makes no distinction between a consolidated town/city and a regular town. Bolded city names indicate the state's largest cities, with the most populated being Bridgeport. Currently, Tolland County and Windham County are the only counties in Connecticut without a single city in them. List of municipalities in Connecticut Cities Note: There are currently 21 cities in Connecticut and those with a population greater than 100,000 are listed in bold. Former cities Gallery Boroughs See also Borough (Connecticut) Administrative divisions of Connecticut Connecticut List of counties in Connecticut Notes References Connecticut State Register and Manual, Sec. VII External links Census 2000 Gazetteer National Association of Towns and Townships The Connecticut Conference of Municipalities The Connecticut Council of Small Towns Towns Connecticut Connecticut\n\nand Heating Precision Machining Technology Architecture References Education in Bridgeport, Connecticut Schools in Fairfield County, Connecticut Educational institutions established in 1936 Public high schools in Connecticut 1936 establishments in Connecticut Educational institutions accredited by the Council on Occupational Education\n\nThe Yale-Myers Forest is a 7,800-acre (32 km2) forest in Northeastern Connecticut owned by Yale University and administered by the Yale School of the Environment. Located in the towns of Union, Ashford, Eastford, and Woodstock, the forest is reputed to be the largest private landholding in the state. The Yale-Myers Forest is managed according to a philosophy of multiple uses, with scientific research and teaching balanced with commercial timber production. The forest is traversed by the hiking path known as the Nipmuck Trail; this route is the only public access allowed except for permitted hunting in season. The Yale-Myers Forest is a component of the Yale Forests system, which also includes the 1,100-acre (4.5 km2) Yale-Toumey Forest in the towns of Swanzey and Keene in New Hampshire, and the 462-acre (1.9 km2) Bowen Forest in Mount Holly, Vermont. Boston Hollow is part of the Yale-Myers Forest. See also Quiet Corner\n\nQuestion: Bridgeport is the largest city in which New England state?", "output": "CONNECTICUT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ascorbic acid is an organic compound with formula , originally called hexuronic acid. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. It is a mild reducing agent. Ascorbic acid exists as two enantiomers (mirror-image isomers), commonly denoted \"\" (for \"levo\") and \"\" (for \"dextro\"). The isomer is the one most often encountered: it occurs naturally in many foods, and is one form (\"vitamer\") of vitamin C, an essential nutrient for humans and many animals. Deficiency of vitamin C causes scurvy, formerly a major disease of sailors in long sea voyages. It is used as a food additive and a dietary supplement for its antioxidant properties. The \"\" form can be made via chemical synthesis but has no significant biological role. History The antiscorbutic properties of certain foods were demonstrated in the 18th century by James Lind. In\n\nSodium ascorbate is one of a number of mineral salts of ascorbic acid (vitamin C). The molecular formula of this chemical compound is C6H7NaO6. As the sodium salt of ascorbic acid, it is known as a mineral ascorbate. It has not been demonstrated to be more bioavailable than any other form of vitamin C supplement. Sodium ascorbate normally provides 131 mg of sodium per 1,000 mg of ascorbic acid (1,000 mg of sodium ascorbate contains 889 mg of ascorbic acid and 111 mg of sodium). As a food additive, it has the E number E301 and is used as an antioxidant and an acidity regulator. It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA, Australia, and New Zealand. In in vitro studies, sodium ascorbate has been found to produce cytotoxic effects in various malignant cell lines, which include melanoma cells that are particularly susceptible. Production Sodium\n\nCalcium ascorbate is a compound with the molecular formula CaC12H14O12. It is the calcium salt of ascorbic acid, one of the mineral ascorbates. It is approximately 10% calcium by mass. As a food additive, it has the E number E 302. It is approved for use as a food in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand. References Ascorbates Calcium compounds Vitamers Vitamin C E-number additives\n\nQuestion: What, in a word, are retinol, niacin, cobalamin and ascorbic acid?", "output": "Vitamins"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "British rock band Queen have released 15 studio albums, 10 live albums, 16 compilation albums, two soundtrack albums, 2 extended plays, 73 singles, and seven promotional singles. Queen was formed in London by Freddie Mercury (vocals and keyboards), Brian May (guitar), and Roger Taylor (drums), and in 1971, John Deacon (bassist) became a member. Since the 1970s, Queen has sold 300 million records worldwide, making them one of the best-selling artists in history. Billboard ranked them as the 87th Greatest Artist of All Time. According to RIAA, Queen has sold 97.7 million certified records in the US. Founded in 1970, Queen released their self-titled debut album in 1973. Despite not being an immediate success, they quickly gained popularity in Britain with their second album Queen II in 1974. Their 1975 single, \"Bohemian Rhapsody\", was No. 1 in the UK charts for nine weeks (and a further five weeks in 1991\n\n\"Living on My Own\" is a song by British singer-songwriter Freddie Mercury, originally included on his first solo album, Mr. Bad Guy (1985). It was released as a single (backed with \"My Love Is Dangerous\") in September 1985 in the United Kingdom, where it peaked at number 50. The July 1985 release in the United States had \"She Blows Hot and Cold\" as its B-side. Eight years later, in 1993, \"Living on My Own\" was remixed and re-released to widespread chart success. The song's lyrics reflect Mercury's longstanding admiration for Greta Garbo, whose quotations are featured prominently in the lyrics. 1993 No More Brothers' Mix version On 19 July 1993, almost two years after Mercury's death, the No More Brothers Mix of \"Living on My Own\" was released. This remix reached number one in the UK, Ireland, and France (for 15 weeks), becoming Mercury's first solo number-one hit. Meanwhile, in\n\nAfrica. The song was first played live on 20 April 1992, three years after its release, during The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, performed by the three remaining members of Queen, with Roger Daltrey of The Who singing lead vocals and Tony Iommi of Black Sabbath playing rhythm guitar. Freddie Mercury himself never performed the song live, as he died in November 1991 from AIDS at the age of 45, and his final performance with Queen was at the end of The Magic Tour, at Knebworth Park on 9 August 1986. The record is sung mainly by Mercury, with May singing backing vocals on the choruses and a solo-and-duet bit with Mercury on the middle eight. Background The song, according to John Deacon, was one of only a few which was already written before the band entered the studio in the beginning of 1988 for what would become The Miracle album.\n\nQuestion: How many number one singles did Queen have while Freddie Mercury was alive?", "output": "Three"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Montasser el-Zayat () or Muntasir al-Zayyat ( ) (born 1956) is an Egyptian lawyer and author whose former clients, according to press reports, included Ayman al-Zawahiri, since 2011 the leader of al-Qaeda, the terrorist organization, and al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya. Following the 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat, as a young man, el-Zayat was one of the hundreds of politically active Egyptians who were rounded up. He was detained for three years although he was never tried or convicted. Early life and education Montasser al-Zayat was born in 1956 in Egypt and educated there. His family is of Nubian descent. As a young man of 21, he was arrested along with hundreds of other politically active Egyptians after the assassination of Anwar Sadat. He was detained for three years without trial and finally released. Career Al-Zayyat became an attorney in Egypt. His former clients are said to have included Ayman al-Zawahiri, since 2011\n\nHe was detained for three years without trial and finally released. Career Al-Zayyat became an attorney in Egypt. His former clients are said to have included Ayman al-Zawahiri, since 2011 the leader of al-Qaeda, the terrorist organization based in Afghanistan and Pakistan. He also defended al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya. He has written a book entitled Ayman al-Zawahiri as I Knew Him (2006), which is strongly critical of al-Zawahiri. El-Zayat claims that al-Zawahiri responded to his criticism by electronic mail. The Washington Post reported that el-Zayat has said of al-Zawahiri, \"He always thinks he is right, even if he is alone.\" El-Zayat also represented Ahmad Ibrahim al-Sayyid al-Naggar in the 1999 case of the Returnees from Albania. On 1 December 2002 the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review reported that el-Zayat \"accused the United States of 'invading the region and imposing its policies \u2014 it wants to interfere with our life, and it wants us to modify\n\nwhich was established in 1978. His wife was Naalia Ibrahim Kaleyfaan, who passed away in 2021 while receiving treatment at ADK Hospital. She was a teacher at Aminiya School for 25 years, and the first chancellor of the Islamic University of Maldives. Zahir has three children \u2013 Leena Zahir Hussain, Vail Zahir Hussain and Lubna Zahir Hussain. References Maldivian businesspeople Living people Government ministers of the Maldives Year of birth missing (living people)\n\nQuestion: In June 2011, Ayman al-Zawahiri was appointed as the new leader of which organisation?", "output": "AL-QAEDA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Orange peel is a certain kind of finish that may develop on painted and cast surfaces. The texture resembles the surface of the skin of an orange, hence the name \"orange peel\". Gloss paint sprayed on a smooth surface (such as the body of a car) should also dry into a smooth surface. However, various factors can cause it to dry into a bumpy surface. This is typically the result of improper painting technique, and is caused by the quick evaporation of thinner, incorrect spray gun setup (e.g., low air pressure or incorrect nozzle), spraying the paint at an angle other than perpendicular, or applying excessive paint. Such a texture can be smoothed out with ultra-fine sandpaper, but it can be prevented altogether by changing the painting technique or the materials used. In some situations, such as interior house paint, the orange peel texture is desirable. In this case, a\n\nLotion is a low-viscosity topical preparation intended for application to the skin. By contrast, creams and gels have higher viscosity, typically due to lower water content. Lotions are applied to external skin with bare hands, a brush, a clean cloth, or cotton wool. While a lotion may be used as a medicine delivery system, many lotions, especially hand lotions and body lotions and lotion for allergies are meant instead to simply smooth, moisturize, soften and, sometimes, perfume the skin. Some skincare products, such as sunscreen and moisturizer, may be available in multiple formats, such as lotions, gels, creams, or sprays. Medicine delivery Dermatologists can prescribe lotions to treat or prevent skin diseases. It is not unusual for the same drug ingredient to be formulated into a lotion, cream and ointment. Creams are the most convenient of the three but inappropriate for application to regions of hairy skin such as the\n\nRouge (; meaning \"red\" in French), also called blush or blusher, is a cosmetic for coloring the cheeks in a variety of shades, or the lips red. It is applied as a powder, cream or liquid. History The Ancient Egyptians were known for their creation of cosmetics, particularly their use of rouge. Ancient Egyptian pictographs show men and women wearing lip and cheek rouge. They blended fat with red ochre to create a stain that was red in color. Greek men and women eventually mimicked the look, using crushed mulberries, red beet juice, crushed strawberries, or red amaranth to create a paste. Those who wore makeup were viewed as wealthy and it symbolized status because cosmetics were costly. In China, Rouge was used as early as the Shang Dynasty. It was made from the extracted juice of leaves from red and blue flowers. Some people added bovine pulp and pig\n\nQuestion: Gloss is usually applied to what part of the body to provide a sheen?", "output": "Lips"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Vasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa (; c. 1475around January 12\u201321, 1519) was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World. He traveled to the New World in 1500 and, after some exploration, settled on the island of Hispaniola. He founded the settlement of Santa Mar\u00eda la Antigua del Dari\u00e9n in present-day Colombia in 1510, which was the first permanent European settlement on the mainland of the Americas (a settlement by Alonso de Ojeda the previous year at San Sebasti\u00e1n de Urab\u00e1 had already been abandoned). Early life Balboa was born in Jerez de los Caballeros, Spain. He was a descendant of the Lord mason of the castle of Balboa, on the borders of Le\u00f3n and Galicia. His\n\nGabriel de Castilla (1577 \u2013 c. 1620) was a Spanish explorer and navigator. A native of Palencia, it has been argued that he was an early explorer of Antarctica. Biography In March 1603, Castilla was at the head of an expedition that weighed anchor from Valparaiso. Under his control were three ships: the galleon Jes\u00fas Mar\u00eda, of 600 tons and 30 cannons, Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de la Visitaci\u00f3n (which had belonged to Richard Hawkins) and Nuestra Se\u00f1ora de las Mercedes. The expedition was entrusted by the Viceroy of Peru, Luis de Velasco, marqu\u00e9s de Salinas, to suppress the incursions of Dutch privateers in the seas to the south of Chile. Historians conjecture that they penetrated to a latitude of (64\u00b0 S) in the Southern Ocean, south of Drake Passage. If correct, this would be the farthest south that anyone had travelled, at that time. Subsequently, several merchant vessels reported being blown\n\nPorlamar () is a city and major seaport in the state of Nueva Esparta, Venezuela. It is situated on the southern coast of Margarita Island, one of three islands in the Caribbean Sea off the South American mainland which make up the state of Nueva Esparta, at a distance of from the state capital of La Asunci\u00f3n. Porlamar is the capital of Mari\u00f1o, the most populous of the eleven municipalities into which the state of Nueva Esparta is divided. History The city was founded as Puerto de la Mar (now Porlamar) on the southeast coast in 1536, less than 40 years after Christopher Columbus first sailed through. In 1561 it was briefly captured by the Latin American conquistador and rebel Lope de Aguirre. Aguirre and his men executed several of the town's residents, including its governor, and looted the royal treasury. Even after Aguirre's demise on the mainland, the beach\n\nQuestion: Who sailed in the Nina - Pinta and Santa Maria?", "output": "Christopher Columbus"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Stamppot (English: 'mash pot') is a traditional Dutch dish made from a combination of potatoes mashed with one or several vegetables. History and description These vegetable pairings traditionally include sauerkraut, endive, kale, spinach, turnip greens, or carrot and onion (the combination of the latter two is known as hutspot in the Netherlands and as wortelstoemp in Belgium). Leafy greens such as endive may be left raw and added to the potatoes only at the mashing stage. Some less common regional varieties of stamppot are made with fruit and potatoes, such as blauwe bliksem (blue lightning), made with pears, and hete bliksem (hot lightning), made with sweet apples. Pineapple may also be included in sauerkraut or endive stamppot. In recent years, variations on the traditional stamppot have been becoming more and more popular with people adding ingredients such as rocket, leeks, beets, sweet potato, mushrooms and various other vegetables. Sometimes, fish\n\nCarpobrotus, commonly known as pigface, ice plant, sour fig, Hottentot fig, and clawberry is a genus of ground-creeping plants with succulent leaves and large daisy-like flowers. The name comes from the Ancient Greek \"fruit\" and \"edible\", referring to its edible fruits. The genus includes some 12 to 20 accepted species. Most are endemic to South Africa, but there are at least four Australian species and one South American. Distribution and habitat Carpobrotus chiefly inhabits sandy coastal habitats in mild Mediterranean climates, and can be also found inland in sandy to marshy places. In general, they prefer open sandy spaces where their wiry, long roots with shorter side branches form dense underground network, which extends much further than above-ground prostrate branches. Plants thrive well in gardens, but readily escape to other suitable places. They can form wide-area ground cover over a sandy soil, which suppresses indigenous sand dune vegetation when introduced\n\nrange. Pawpaw fruits are the largest edible fruit indigenous to the United States (not counting gourds, which are typically considered vegetables rather than fruit for culinary purposes, although in botany they are classified as fruit). Pawpaw fruits are sweet, with a custard-like texture, and a flavor somewhat similar to banana, mango, and pineapple. They are commonly eaten raw, but are also used to make ice cream and baked desserts. However, the bark, leaves, fruit, and seeds contain the potent neurotoxin annonacin. Names This plant's scientific name is Asimina triloba. The genus name Asimina is adapted from the Native American (probably Miami-Illinois) name or combining the root terms rassi= \u201cdivided lengthwise into equal parts\u201d and min= \u201cseed, fruit, nut, berry, etc.\u201d through the French colonial . The specific epithet triloba in the species' scientific name refers to the flowers' three-lobed calyx (green in photo at right) and doubly three-lobed corollas, the\n\nQuestion: What type of fruit or vegetable is a Pentland Javelin?", "output": "POTATO"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125, is a choral symphony, the final complete symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven, composed between 1822 and 1824. It was first performed in Vienna on 7 May 1824. The symphony is regarded by many critics and musicologists as a masterpiece of Western classical music and one of the supreme achievements in the entire history of music. One of the best-known works in common practice music, it stands as one of the most frequently performed symphonies in the world. The Ninth was the first example of a major composer scoring vocal parts in a symphony. The final (4th) movement of the symphony features four vocal soloists and a chorus in the parallel modulated key of D major. The text was adapted from the \"An die Freude (Ode to Joy)\", a poem written by Friedrich Schiller in 1785 and revised in 1803, with additional\n\n(the German form of Latin naenia, meaning \"a funeral song\" named after the Roman goddess Nenia) is a composition for SATB chorus and orchestra, Op. 82 by Johannes Brahms, which sets to music the poem \"\" by Friedrich Schiller. Brahms composed the piece in 1881, in memory of his deceased friend Anselm Feuerbach. It was first performed by the Tonhalle Gesellschaft Chorus Z\u00fcrich on 6 December 1881, conducted by Brahms. N\u00e4nie is a lamentation on the inevitability of death; the first sentence, \"\", translates to \"Even beauty must die\". Typical duration of a performance is approximately 15 minutes. Poem Schiller's lament is not for a specific person but the death of the abstract \"beautiful\" (\"Das Sch\u00f6ne\"). Schiller mentions three episodes from Greek mythology, but again mostly without names, assuming that the reader with knowledge will make the connections. The first episode refers to Orpheus who tries to rescue Eurydice from\n\n\"Der Wanderer\" (D 489) [formerly D 493] is a lied composed by Franz Schubert in October 1816 for voice and piano. A revised version was published near the end of May 1821 as opus 4, number 1. The words are taken from a German poem by Georg Philipp Schmidt (von L\u00fcbeck). The lied is set in the key of C-sharp minor with the tempo marking sehr langsam (very slow) and the time signature alla breve. The piece has a total of 72 measures. Schubert wrote another lied entitled \"Der Wanderer;\" it is numbered D.649. Detailed description of Der Wanderer The song begins with a recitative, describing the setting: mountains, a steaming valley, the roaring sea. The wanderer is strolling quietly, unhappily, and asks, sighing, the question: \"where?\" The next section, consisting of 8 bars of a slow melody sung in pianissimo, describes the feelings of the wanderer: the sun seems\n\nQuestion: The words of Beethoven\u2019s 9th Symphony (The Choral) were taken from which poem by Friedrich Schiller?", "output": "Ode to Joy"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A royal consort is the spouse of a reigning king or queen. Consorts of British monarchs have no constitutional status or power but many have had significant influence, and support the sovereign in his or her duties. There have been 11 royal consorts since Britain's union of the crowns in 1707, eight women and three men. Prince Philip, the husband of Queen Elizabeth II, is the longest-serving and oldest-ever consort, and served for nearly 70 years until his death in 2021. Since the accession of Charles III on 8 September 2022, his wife Camilla has held the position of queen consort. History Since the union of England and Scotland in 1707, there have been eleven consorts of the British monarch. Queens between 1727 and 1814 were also Electress of Hanover, as their husbands all held the title of Elector of Hanover. Between 1814 and 1837, queens held the title as\n\nBoard meets only twice a year, and the day-to-day running of the Royal Navy is controlled by a Navy Board (not to be confused with the historic Navy Board). It is common for the various authorities now in charge of the Royal Navy to be referred to as simply 'The Admiralty'. The title of Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom was vested in the monarch from 1964 to 2011. The title was awarded to Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh by Queen Elizabeth II on his 90th birthday and since his 2021 death has reverted to the monarch. There also continues to be a Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom and a Rear-Admiral of the United Kingdom, both of which are honorary offices. History The office of Admiral of England (later Lord Admiral, and later Lord High Admiral) was created around 1400; there had previously been Admirals of the northern and\n\nMargarita and Tomislav became engaged on January 2, 1956. Marriage On June 5, 1957, Princess Margarita married Prince Tomislav of Yugoslavia, younger brother of the former King Peter II of Yugoslavia, in a civil ceremony in Salem followed by Lutheran and Serbian Orthodox church services on 6 June. She wore a \"plain white corded silk dress with a V-neckline, long sleeves, and a full skirt, and an old family train\" with an orange blossom garland. Her train was carried by her first cousins Princes Welf and George of Hanover. Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (her maternal uncle), and King Simeon of Bulgaria were among the guests. From this marriage were born: Prince Nikola of Yugoslavia (born 15 March 1958, London) Princess Katarina of Yugoslavia (born 28 November 1959, London) The couple settled in the United Kingdom, running a fruit farm near Billingshurst in Sussex. They were divorced in 1981. Later\n\nQuestion: In the UK, Prince Philip, the Duke of Edinburgh\u2019s, birthday is celebrated during which month?", "output": "June"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "uses the terms \"mimesis\" (via enactment) and \"diegesis\" (via narration). From Thespis' name derives the word \"thespian\". Training Conservatories and drama schools typically offer two- to four-year training on all aspects of acting. Universities mostly offer three- to four-year programs, in which a student is often able to choose to focus on acting, whilst continuing to learn about other aspects of theatre. Schools vary in their approach, but in North America the most popular method taught derives from the 'system' of Konstantin Stanislavski, which was developed and popularised in America as method acting by Lee Strasberg, Stella Adler, Sanford Meisner, and others. Other approaches may include a more physically based orientation, such as that promoted by theatre practitioners as diverse as Anne Bogart, Jacques Lecoq, Jerzy Grotowski, or Vsevolod Meyerhold. Classes may also include psychotechnique, mask work, physical theatre, improvisation, and acting for camera. Regardless of a school's approach, students\n\nOleg Liptsin (born 1960 in Kyiv, Ukraine), is a theatre director and professor of drama. Life and work Liptsin studied theater at Russian University of Theatre Arts, GITIS, in Moscow with Anatoly Vasiliev and Mikhail Butkevich. He worked as an actor and assistant director at the renowned Moscow State Theatre \"School of Dramatic Arts\" Th\u00e9\u00e2tre de l'Europe under artistic direction of Anatoly Vasiliev. For several years Liptsin performed in the worldwide production of Six Characters in Search of an Author by Luigi Pirandello. In 1989 Oleg Liptsin established one of the first independent theatre ensembles in Ukraine, TheaterClub/Kyiv, which became a leading experimental and avant-garde theatre laboratory in the country. TheaterClub/Kyiv has developed its own acting style based on the Russian improvisational tradition established by Michael Chekhov and revised in our times by Mikhail Butkevich. While practicing and exploring modern acting techniques, TheaterClub/Kyiv produced more than a dozen of award-winning\n\nAndrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky (; 4 April 1932 \u2013 29 December 1986) was a Russian film director and screenwriter. Widely considered one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinema history, Tarkovsky's films explore spiritual and metaphysical themes, and are noted for their slow pacing and long takes, dreamlike visual imagery, and preoccupation with nature and memory. Tarkovsky studied film at Moscow's VGIK under filmmaker Mikhail Romm, and subsequently directed his first five features in the Soviet Union: Ivan's Childhood (1962), Andrei Rublev (1966), Solaris (1972), Mirror (1975), and Stalker (1979). A number of his films from this period are ranked among the best films ever made. After years of creative conflict with state film authorities, Tarkovsky left the country in 1979 and made his final two films abroad; Nostalghia (1983) and The Sacrifice (1986) were produced in Italy and Sweden respectively. In 1986, he also published an influential book\n\nQuestion: Method acting is based on the theories of which Russian actor and theatre director?", "output": "KONSTANTIN STANISLAVSKY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Arkansas ( ) is a landlocked state in the south-central region of the Southern United States. It is bordered by Missouri to the north, Tennessee and Mississippi to the east, Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, and Oklahoma to the west. Its name is from the Osage language, a Dhegiha Siouan language, and referred to their relatives, the Quapaw people. The state's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta. Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 34th most populous state, with a population of just over 3 million at the 2020 census. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, in the central part of the state,\n\nThe Sonoran Desert is a North American desert and ecoregion which covers large parts of the southwestern United States and of northwestern Mexico. With an area of , it is the hottest desert in Mexico. The western portion of the Mexico\u2013United States border passes through the Sonoran Desert. The Sonoran Desert region includes the Sonoran Desert and some surrounding areas. All of Sonora, the Baja California Peninsula, and the islands of the Gulf of California are included. Also included are parts of Sinaloa and Chihuahua, some Pacific islands off the coast of Baja California (excluding Guadalupe Island), and southern Arizona and southern California in the United States. This region has 4,004 species of plants from 1201 genera in 182 families. Many lack common names. Many have more than one common name, but only one is listed. Native and non-native taxa are included. Flora with common names Flora of the Sonoran\n\nEastern New Mexico is a physiographic subregion within the U.S. state of New Mexico. The region is sometimes called the \"High Plains,\" or \"Eastern Plains (of New Mexico),\" and was historically referred to as part of the \"Great American Desert\". The region is largely coterminous with the portion of the Llano Estacado in New Mexico. Portions of Eastern New Mexico's elevation extends to over . The region is characterized by flat, largely-featureless terrain with the exception of the Pecos River valley and the abrupt breaks along the Mescalero Ridge and northern caprock escarpments of the Llano Estacado. The region typically lacks the high relief of central and northern New Mexico, such as that in the Sangre de Cristo and Sandia mountain ranges. The climate is semi-arid with hot summers and is characterized by significant wind and dust storms in the springtime. Like much of the Llano Estacado region, Eastern New\n\nQuestion: The Painted Desert lies in which US state?", "output": "Arizona"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Boomer, or baby boomer, is a child born between 1946 and 1964. Boomer may refer to: People Boomers (Oklahoma settlers), two groups of settlers Boomer (surname) Boomer (nickname) Places Boomer Township, Pottawattamie County, Iowa Boomer Township, Wilkes County, North Carolina Boomer, Missouri Boomer, West Virginia, a census-designated place Boomer Lake, an artificial reservoir in Stillwater, Oklahoma Boomer Island (Tasmania), Australia Animals An adult male kangaroo, nicknamed \"boomer\" in Australia An alternate name for the mountain beaver A colloquial name for the American red squirrel The greater prairie chicken, a type of grouse native to North America Marc Maron's cat Characters Comics Owen Mercer, the current Captain Boomerang in the DC Comics universe, nicknamed \"Boomer\" Rotor Walrus, a character from Sonic the Hedgehog, nicknamed \"Boomer\" in early issues Tabitha Smith, a Marvel Comics comic book superhero, formerly called Boomer Boomer, a canine character, Poncho's best friend, in Pooch Caf\u00e9 Video games\n\nPair of Kings Boomer, one of the main protagonists in the TV series Redakai: Conquer the Kairu Sue \"Boomer\" Jenkins, a character in the Australian drama series Wentworth Boomers (TV series), a 2014 BBC One television comedy series Others Boomer, a woodpecker in the 1981 animated Disney film The Fox and the Hound Captain Boomer, a British whaling ship captain who appears briefly in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick Boomer, the redhead tomboy in Burger King Kids Club advertising Boomer, a monument statue by western artist Harold T. Holden, located in Enid, Oklahoma, dedicated in 1987 Boomers, a tentative title for the role-playing game Rifts Coach Boomer, aka Sonic Boom; the coach in the 2005 film Sky High Boomer Badger, character from the National Wildlife Federation's Ranger Rick magazine Sports Teams Australia men's national basketball team, officially nicknamed \"Australian Boomers\" Bulleen Boomers, a basketball club based in Bulleen, a north-eastern suburb of\n\nthe Hedgehog, nicknamed \"Boomer\" in early issues Tabitha Smith, a Marvel Comics comic book superhero, formerly called Boomer Boomer, a canine character, Poncho's best friend, in Pooch Caf\u00e9 Video games Boomers, a faction of xenophobic people in Fallout: New Vegas The Boomer, a recurring Special Infected in the Left 4 Dead series Boomers, heavily armored soldiers of the locust horde in the Gears of War series Boomer, a character in the Skylanders video game, known for wielding explosives enthusiastically Boomer, a playable clown character in the Ballz fighting game Boomer, a character that appeared in Super Mario RPG Boomer, a pixl in the game Super Paper Mario Boomer, a canine side-kick in Far Cry 5 Boomer, a Bot in Rocket League Television Lieutenant Boomer, a character in the 1978 television series Battlestar Galactica Sharon Valerii, a character in the 2004 television series Battlestar Galactica, call-sign \"Boomer\" Dr. Jack \"Boomer\" Morrison,\n\nQuestion: \"What animals travel in groups led by the \"\"Old Man\"\" or \"\"Boomer\"\"?\"", "output": "Kangaroos"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Australian rules football, also called Australian football or Aussie rules, or more simply football or footy, is a contact sport played between two teams of 18 players on an oval field, often a modified cricket ground. Points are scored by kicking the oval ball between the central goal posts (worth six points), or between a central and outer post (worth one point, otherwise known as a \"behind\"). During general play, players may position themselves anywhere on the field and use any part of their bodies to move the ball. The primary methods are kicking, handballing and running with the ball. There are rules on how the ball can be handled; for example, players running with the ball must intermittently bounce or touch it on the ground. Throwing the ball is not allowed, and players must not get caught holding the ball. A distinctive feature of the game is the mark,\n\nThe Australian Football League (AFL) is the pre-eminent and only fully professional competition of Australian rules football. It was originally named the Victorian Football League (VFL) and was founded in 1896 as a breakaway competition from the Victorian Football Association (VFA), with its inaugural season in 1897. It changed its name to Australian Football League in 1990 after expanding its competition to other Australian states in the 1980s. The AFL publishes its Laws of Australian football, which are used, with variations, by other Australian football organisations. The AFL competition currently consists of 18 teams spread over Australia's five mainland states; an unnamed Tasmanian team will join the league in 2028. AFL Premiership Season matches have been played in all states and mainland territories, as well as in New Zealand and China to expand its audience. The AFL Premiership Season currently consists of a 24-round regular (or home-and-away) season, which runs\n\nA free kick in Australian rules football is a penalty awarded by a field umpire to a player who has been infringed by an opponent or is the nearest player to a player from the opposite team who has broken a rule. Protocol When a free kick is paid, the player's opponent stands the mark, by standing on the spot where the umpire indicates that the free kick was paid or mark was taken. The player with the ball then retreats backwards so that the ball can be kicked over the player standing the mark; the player must retreat on the angle such that he, the man on the mark and the centre of the attacking goal are in the same straight line. A player receiving a free kick is not restricted to kicking the ball; he can play on by handballing to another player, or run around the mark\n\nQuestion: In Australian Rules football, how many points are awarded for a field goal?", "output": "Six"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "This amalgamation can continue well beyond the vulnerable aluminium was exposed, potentially reacting with a large amount of the raw aluminium before it finally ends. The net result is similar to the mercury electrodes often used in electrochemistry, however instead of providing electrons from an electrical supply, they are provided by the aluminium which becomes oxidized in the process. The reaction that occurs at the surface of the amalgam may actually be a hydrogenation rather than a reduction. The presence of water in the solution is reportedly necessary; the electron rich amalgam will oxidize aluminium and reduce H+ from water, creating aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) and hydrogen gas (H2). The electrons from the aluminium reduce mercuric Hg2+ ion to metallic mercury. The metallic mercury can then form an amalgam with the exposed aluminium metal. The amalgamated aluminium then is oxidized by water, converting the aluminium to aluminium hydroxide and releasing free\n\na method of hydrogen generation, as the gallium renders the aluminium more reactive by preventing it from forming an oxide layer. Mercury has this same effect on aluminium, but also serves additional functions related to electron transfer that make aluminium amalgams useful for some reactions that would not be possible with gallium. Reactivity Aluminium exposed to air is ordinarily protected by a molecule-thin layer of its own oxide. This aluminium oxide layer serves as a protective barrier to the underlying unoxidized aluminium and prevents amalgamation from occurring. No reaction takes place when oxidized aluminium is exposed to mercury. However, if any elemental aluminium is exposed (even by a recent scratch), the mercury may combine with it to form the amalgam. This amalgamation can continue well beyond the vulnerable aluminium was exposed, potentially reacting with a large amount of the raw aluminium before it finally ends. The net result is similar\n\nAluminium can form an amalgam in solution with mercury. Aluminium amalgam may be prepared by either grinding aluminium pellets or wire in mercury, or by allowing aluminium wire to react with a solution of mercury(II) chloride in water. This amalgam is used as a chemical reagent to reduce compounds, such as the reduction of imines to amines. The aluminium is the ultimate electron donor, and the mercury serves to mediate the electron transfer. The reaction and the waste from it contains mercury, so special safety precautions and disposal methods are needed. As an environmentally friendlier alternative, hydrides or other reducing agents can often be used to accomplish the same synthetic result. An alloy of aluminium and gallium was proposed as a method of hydrogen generation, as the gallium renders the aluminium more reactive by preventing it from forming an oxide layer. Mercury has this same effect on aluminium, but also\n\nQuestion: What is produced by the reaction of mercury with another metal?", "output": "Amalgam"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sai Shan () is a hill behind Mayfair Gardens on Tsing Yi Island, Hong Kong. The hill is east of and beneath the northern peak of Tsing Yi Peak. A village, Sai Shan Village is in the valley between Sai Shan and Tsing Yi Peak. A road, Sai Shan Road between Mayfair Gardens and Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (Tsing Yi) is named after the hill. Mountains, peaks and hills of Hong Kong Tsing Yi\n\nShan Tsuen 23/06/76 (delisted in 2008) Sunset Peak 23/06/76 Mai Po Marshes 15/09/76 Bluff Island & Basalt Island 16/02/79 Port Island 16/02/79 Kat O Chau 16/02/79 (De-Designated on 1.3.2006) Ninepin Group 16/02/79 Ping Chau* 16/02/79 Mai Po Village 16/02/79 Mau Ping 16/02/79 Pak Sha Wan Peninsula 16/02/79 (De-Designated on 1.8.2006) Lai Chi Wo Beach 16/02/79 Ng Tung Chai 16/02/79 Pak Tai To Yan 20/09/79 Chiu Keng Tam 20/09/79 Tai Long Bay 20/09/79 Pok Fu Lam Reservoir Catchment Area 20/09/79 Tai Tam Reservoir Catchment Area 20/09/79 Beacon Hill 20/09/79 Ho Chung Valley 20/09/79 Lung Kwu Chau, Tree Island & Sha Chau 20/09/79 Castle Peak 5/02/80 Tai Mo Shan 5/02/80 Pak Nai 5/02/80 Man Cheung Po 5/02/80 Lantau Peak 5/02/80 Pat Sin Range 5/02/80 Fung Yuen Valley 5/02/80 South Lamma Island 5/02/80 Yim Tin Tsai & Ma Shi Chau* 24/09/82 Tolo Channel (Northern Coast)* 24/09/82 Centre Island* 24/09/82 Nai Chung Coast* 24/09/82\n\nRange 5/02/80 Fung Yuen Valley 5/02/80 South Lamma Island 5/02/80 Yim Tin Tsai & Ma Shi Chau* 24/09/82 Tolo Channel (Northern Coast)* 24/09/82 Centre Island* 24/09/82 Nai Chung Coast* 24/09/82 Tsim Bei Tsui 10/01/85 Ting Kok 1/03/85 Sham Chung Coast* 25/03/85 A Chau 9/04/85 Lai Chi Chong* 26/04/85 Inner Deep Bay 18/03/86 Tsim Bei Tsui Egretry 5/01/89 Hoi Ha Wan 5/01/89 Hok Tsui (Cape D'Aguilar)# 19/07/90 Nam Fung Road Woodland 22/06/93 Sam Mun Tsai Egretry 13/08/94 (De-Designated on 10.2.2010) Shuen Wan Egretry 13/08/94 Tai Po Egretry 13/08/94 Lin Ma Hang Lead Mines 13/08/94 Tseng Tau Coast 13/08/94 Kei Ling Ha Mangal 13/08/94 Pok To Yan & Por Kai Shan 13/08/94 San Tau Beach 19/10/94 Sha Lo Tung 16/01/97 Shek O Headland* 3/02/98 San Chau, Lantau 4/05/99 Ngong Ping, Lantau 4/05/99 Tai Ho Stream, Lantau 5/05/99 Sham Wan, Lamma Island 3/06/99 South Tsing Yi 13/4/2005 Tai Om Fung Shui Woodland 30/12/2005\n\nQuestion: In which city would you find Victoria Peak, Victoria Harbour, Tai Mo Shan, Lantau Island, Cheung Chau, Lamma Island, Peng Chau and Tsing Yi Island?", "output": "Hong Kong"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "in a less oxidized environment than calc-alkaline rocks. Tholeiitic basalt is formed at mid-ocean ridges and makes up much of the oceanic crust. Almost all the basalt found on the Moon is tholeiitic basalt. Geochemical characterization Rocks in the tholeiitic magma series are classified as subalkaline (they contain less sodium than some other basalts) and are distinguished from rocks in the calc-alkaline magma series by the redox state of the magma they crystallized from (tholeiitic magmas are reduced; calc-alkaline magmas are oxidized ). When the parent magmas of basalts crystallize, they preferentially crystallize the more magnesium-rich and iron-poor forms of the silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene, causing the iron content of tholeiitic magmas to increase as the melt is depleted of iron-poor crystals. However, a calc-alkaline magma is oxidized enough to precipitate significant amounts of the iron oxide magnetite, causing the iron content of the magma to remain more steady\n\nTrachyandesite is an extrusive igneous rock with a composition between trachyte and andesite. It has little or no free quartz, but is dominated by sodic plagioclase and alkali feldspar. It is formed from the cooling of lava enriched in alkali metals and with an intermediate content of silica. The term trachyandesite had begun to fall into disfavor by 1985 but was revived to describe extrusive igneous rocks falling into the S3 field of the TAS classification. These are divided into sodium-rich benmoreite and potassium-rich latite. Trachyandesitic magma can produce explosive Plinian eruptions, such as happened at Tambora in 1815. The Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull 2010 eruption (VEI-4), which disrupted European and transatlantic air travel from 14\u201318 October 2010, for some time was dominated by trachyandesite. Petrology Trachyandesite is characterized by a silica content near 58% and a total alkali oxide content near 9%. This places trachyandesite in the S3 field of the TAS\n\nby trachyandesite. Petrology Trachyandesite is characterized by a silica content near 58% and a total alkali oxide content near 9%. This places trachyandesite in the S3 field of the TAS diagram. When it is possible to identify the minerals present, trachyandesite is characterized by a high content of sodic plagioclase, typically andesine, and contains at least 10% alkali feldspar. Common mafic accessory minerals are amphibole, biotite or pyroxene. Small amounts of nepheline may be present and apatite is a common accessory mineral. Trachyandesite is not a recognized rock type in the QAPF classification, which is based on the actual mineral content. However, latite is recognized in this classification, while benmoreite would likely fall into either the latite or the andesite fields. Trachyandesite magmas can have a relatively high sulfur content, and their eruption can inject great quantities of sulfur into the stratosphere. The sulfur may take the form of anhydrite\n\nQuestion: Which rock, formed by the solidification of thin layers of molten lava, comprises much of the surfaces-of Mercury, Venus, Mars and the Moon?", "output": "BASALT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Atlanta Falcons are a professional American football team based in Atlanta. The Falcons compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) South division. The Falcons were founded on June 30, 1965, and joined the NFL in 1966 as an expansion team, after the NFL offered then-owner Rankin Smith a franchise to keep him from joining the rival American Football League (AFL). In their 55 years of existence, the Falcons have compiled a record of 379\u2013487\u20136 ( in the regular season and in the playoffs), winning division championships in 1980, 1998, 2004, 2010, 2012, and 2016. The Falcons have appeared in two Super Bowls, the first during the 1998 season in Super Bowl XXXIII, where they lost to the Denver Broncos and the second 18 years later, a overtime loss to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI. The\n\nGreen Bay Anderson retired from football in 1963 and joined the Tennessee staff as an assistant coach. However, he temporarily put his retirement plans on hold and signed with the Green Bay Packers in 1965. He played 24 games with Green Bay from 1965\u20131966 and averaged 11.9 yards per catch. The comeback was a good thing for him as the Packers won the 1965 and 1966 NFL Championships and he subsequently earned a Super Bowl ring when the Packers defeated the Kansas City Chiefs to win Super Bowl I on January 15, 1967. Broadcasting In 1968, Anderson returned to Tennessee as color analyst for football games on the Vol Network, partnered with play-by-play announcer John Ward. Ward and Anderson would remain together for 31 years, the longest-running broadcast partnership in college football at the time. Their final game was the 1998 national championship game, the first game of the Bowl\n\nmore time as a passer and runner during his senior season. While at Colorado, he was a member of Delta Tau Delta fraternity. The 25th overall pick in the 1959 NFL Draft, Dowler was the NFL rookie of the year in 1959, Vince Lombardi's first season as head coach. Dowler was a two-time Pro Bowler in 1965 and 1967, and a key contributor on the Packers dynasty in the 1960s, assisting the team to five NFL championship wins and victories in Super Bowls I and II. A late hit by Dallas Cowboys defensive back Mike Gaechter in the end zone following a third quarter touchdown catch resulted in a shoulder injury in the 1966 NFL Championship Game. Dowler aggravated the shoulder early in the first quarter of the first Super Bowl two weeks later, allowing seldom-used Max McGee to be a significant contributor in the game with two touchdown catches.\n\nQuestion: Who did the Green Bay Packers defeat in the first Super Bowl in 1967?", "output": "Kansas City Chiefs"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Audi AG () is a German automotive manufacturer of luxury vehicles headquartered in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. A subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group, Audi produces vehicles in nine production facilities worldwide. The origins of the company are complex, dating back to the early 20th century and the initial enterprises (Horch and the Audiwerke) founded by engineer August Horch (1868\u20131951). Two other manufacturers (DKW and Wanderer) also contributed to the foundation of Auto Union in 1932. The modern Audi era began in the 1960s, when Auto Union was acquired by Volkswagen from Daimler-Benz. After relaunching the Audi brand with the 1965 introduction of the Audi F103 series, Volkswagen merged Auto Union with NSU Motorenwerke in 1969, thus creating the present-day form of the company. The company name is based on the Latin translation of the surname of the founder, August Horch. , meaning \"listen\", becomes in Latin. The four rings of the\n\nBentley Motors Limited is a British designer, manufacturer and marketer of luxury cars and SUVs. Headquartered in Crewe, England, the company was founded by W. O. Bentley (1888\u20131971) in 1919 in Cricklewood, North London, and became widely known for winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1924, 1927, 1928, 1929 and 1930. Bentley has been a subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group since 1998 and consolidated under VW's premium brand arm Audi since 2022. Prominent models extend from the historic sports-racing Bentley 4\u00bd Litre and Bentley Speed Six; the more recent Bentley R Type Continental, Bentley Turbo R, and Bentley Arnage; to its current model line, including the Flying Spur, Continental GT, Bentayga and the Mulsanne\u2014which are marketed worldwide, with China as its largest market as of November 2012. Today most Bentley models are assembled at the company's Crewe factory, with a small number assembled at Volkswagen's Dresden factory, Germany,\n\nBayerische Motoren Werke AG, abbreviated as BMW (), is a German multinational manufacturer of luxury vehicles and motorcycles headquartered in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. The company was founded in 1916 as a manufacturer of aircraft engines, which it produced from 1917 to 1918 and again from 1933 to 1945. Automobiles are marketed under the brands BMW, Mini and Rolls-Royce, and motorcycles are marketed under the brand BMW Motorrad. In 2017, BMW was the world's fourteenth-largest producer of motor vehicles, with 2,279,503 vehicles produced and in 2022 the 7th largest by revenue. The company has significant motor-sport history, especially in touring cars, sports cars, and the Isle of Man TT. BMW is headquartered in Munich and produces motor vehicles in Germany, Brazil, China, India, Mexico, the Netherlands, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The Quandt family is a long-term shareholder of the company, following investments by the brothers Herbert\n\nQuestion: Which major car company owns 'Seat'?", "output": "VOLKSWAGEN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bromine is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is a volatile red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured vapour. Its properties are intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. Isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob L\u00f6wig (in 1825) and Antoine J\u00e9r\u00f4me Balard (in 1826), its name was derived from the Ancient Greek (bromos) meaning \"stench\", referring to its sharp and pungent smell. Elemental bromine is very reactive and thus does not occur as a free element in nature. Instead, it can be isolated from colourless soluble crystalline mineral halide salts analogous to table salt, a property it shares with the other halogens. While it is rather rare in the Earth's crust, the high solubility of the bromide ion (Br) has caused its accumulation in the oceans. Commercially the element is easily extracted from brine evaporation ponds, mostly\n\nAlpha (uppercase , lowercase ; , , or ) is the first letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of one. Alpha is derived from the Phoenician letter aleph , which is the West Semitic word for \"ox\". Letters that arose from alpha include the Latin letter A and the Cyrillic letter \u0410. Uses Greek In Ancient Greek, alpha was pronounced and could be either phonemically long ([a\u02d0]) or short ([a]). Where there is ambiguity, long and short alpha are sometimes written with a macron and breve today: . = \"a time\" = \"tongue\" In Modern Greek, vowel length has been lost, and all instances of alpha simply represent the open front unrounded vowel . In the polytonic orthography of Greek, alpha, like other vowel letters, can occur with several diacritic marks: any of three accent symbols (), and either of two\n\nAmbergris ( or , , ), ambergrease, or grey amber is a solid, waxy, flammable substance of a dull grey or blackish colour produced in the digestive system of sperm whales. Freshly produced ambergris has a marine, fecal odor. It acquires a sweet, earthy scent as it ages, commonly likened to the fragrance of isopropyl alcohol without the vaporous chemical astringency. Ambergris has been highly valued by perfume makers as a fixative that allows the scent to last much longer, although it has been mostly replaced by synthetic ambroxide. Dogs are attracted to the smell of ambergris and are sometimes used by ambergris searchers. Etymology The English word amber derives from the Arabic word (ultimately from Middle Persian ambar, also ambergris), via Middle Latin ambar and Middle French ambre. The word \"amber,\" in its sense of \"ambergris,\" was adopted in Middle English in the 14th century. The word \"ambergris\" comes\n\nQuestion: Which element is named after the Greek for \u2018stench\u2019?", "output": "BROMINE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "is high with a diameter base. Sculpted by James Earle Fraser, it features a seated figure of Ericsson high, and three standing figures representing adventure, labor, and vision. The national memorial is managed by National Mall and Memorial Parks. Images See also List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2 References External links John Ericsson Memorial official NPS website 1926 establishments in Washington, D.C. 1926 sculptures Granite sculptures in Washington, D.C. National Mall and Memorial Parks Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C. Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C. Sculptures of men in Washington, D.C. Sculptures of women in Washington, D.C. Southwest (Washington, D.C.) Union (American Civil War) monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C. Works by James Earle Fraser (sculptor)\n\nof funding. A dedication ceremony was held on May 30, 1935. Funding was finally approved by Congress to finish the memorial in 1939 and work began anew the following September, to be completed by the end of the year. Nicknamed \"Waves and Gulls,\" the memorial depicts seven seagulls above the crest of a wave. It is cast from aluminum and the base is made of green granite from New Hampshire (the base was originally concrete but replaced by the Works Progress Administration). It stands 35 feet (10.6 m) tall and 30 feet (9.1 m) wide. It is the first aluminum memorial in Washington, DC. The memorial reads: To the strong souls and ready valor of those men of the United States who in the Navy, the Merchant Marine, and other paths of Activity upon the waters of the world have given life or still offer it in the performance of\n\nThe James A. Garfield Monument stands on the grounds of the United States Capitol in the circle at First Street, S.W., and Maryland Avenue, Washington, D.C. It is a memorial to United States President James A. Garfield, elected in 1880 and assassinated in 1881 after serving only four months of his term, by a disgruntled office-seeker named Charles J. Guiteau. The monument, sculpted by John Quincy Adams Ward (1830\u20131910) and cast by The Henry-Bonnard Co. of New York, with a pedestal designed by Richard Morris Hunt, is an outstanding example of American Beaux-Arts monument. It was unveiled on May 12, 1887. Today it stands as part of a three-part sculptural group near the Capitol Reflecting Pool including the Peace Monument and the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial. The memorial was commissioned in 1884 by the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, of which Garfield had been a member. The Society\n\nQuestion: The 9-inch tall pyramid at the top of the Washington Monument is made of what?", "output": "ALUMINIUM"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Moranbong or Moran Hill (literally \"PeonyHill\", often \"PeonyPeak\") forms a park located in central Pyongyang, the capital of North Korea. Its summit is the location of the Pyongyang TV Tower. There are multiple monumental structures located on Moran Hill. They include the Arch of Triumph, Kim Il-sung Stadium, and Kaeson Revolutionary Site. At the foot of the hill is the Jonsung Revolutionary Site, which conveys the \"revolutionary achievements\" of President Kim Il-sung and the Hungbu Revolutionary Site which is associated with the history of leader Kim Jong-il and includes trees bearing slogans written during the independence revolutionary struggle. The area surrounding the hill is now a recreation area, including the Moranbong Theatre, the Kaeson Youth Park, an open-air theatre in the Youth Park, the Moran Restaurant, an afforestation exhibition and a small zoo. The Okryu Restaurant is also located nearby. See also Pyongyang Castle Moranbong Band Moranbong Sports Club References\n\nThe Taeh\u016dng concentration camp is a North Korean prison camp for political dissidents and those who have committed economic crimes. It is located in the K\u014fmd\u014fk district (chigu) of Tanch'\u014fn-si, South Hamgyong province in eastern North Korea. It has been reported that a number of North Korean nationals who have traveled to sporting events abroad have, on their return, been imprisoned for speaking about their experiences in other countries, particularly South Korea. See also Human rights in North Korea Politics of North Korea References South Hamgyong Concentration camps in North Korea\n\nThe Nagorno-Karabakh conflict is an ethnic and territorial conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh, inhabited mostly by ethnic Armenians until 2023, and seven surrounding districts, inhabited mostly by Azerbaijanis until their expulsion during the 1990s. The Nagorno-Karabakh region has been entirely claimed by and partially controlled by the breakaway Republic of Artsakh, but is recognized internationally as part of Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan gradually re-established control over Nagorno-Karabakh region and the seven surrounding districts since 2020. Throughout the Soviet period, Armenians in the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast were heavily discriminated against. The Soviet Azerbaijani authorities worked to suppress Armenian culture and identity in Nagorno-Karabakh, pressured Armenians to leave the region and encouraged Azerbaijanis to settle within it, although Armenians remained the majority population. During the glasnost period, a 1988 Nagorno-Karabakh referendum was held to transfer the region to Soviet Armenia, citing self-determination laws in the Soviet constitution. This\n\nQuestion: Pyongyang is the capital of which controversial nation?", "output": "North Korea"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The white-browed scrubwren (Sericornis frontalis) is a passerine bird found on the New England Tablelands and coastal areas of Australia. Placed in the family Pardalotidae in the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, this has met with opposition and indeed is now known to be wrong; they rather belong to the independent family Acanthizidae. It is insectivorous and inhabits undergrowth, from which it rarely ventures, though can be found close to urban areas. It is long and predominantly brown in colour with prominent white brows and pale eyes, though the three individual subspecies vary widely. Found in small groups, it is sedentary and engages in cooperative breeding. The larger Tasmanian scrubwren was formerly considered a subspecies of this species. Taxonomy The white-browed scrubwren was originally described by naturalists Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield in 1827. The specific epithet frontalis derived from the Latin frons \"eyebrow\". It is now divided into two subspecies: S.\n\nThe Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), also known as the white fox, polar fox, or snow fox, is a small fox that belongs to the family of Canidae, native to the Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and common throughout the Arctic tundra biome. It is well adapted to living in cold environments, and is best known for its thick, warm fur that is also used as camouflage. It has a large and very fluffy tail. In the wild, most individuals do not live past their first year but some exceptional ones survive up to 11 years. Its body length ranges from , with a generally rounded body shape to minimize the escape of body heat. The Arctic fox preys on many small creatures such as lemmings, voles, ringed seal pups, fish, waterfowl, and seabirds. It also eats carrion, berries, seaweed, and insects and other small invertebrates. Arctic foxes form monogamous\n\nRichard Walter John Montagu Douglas Scott, 10th Duke of Buccleuch and 12th Duke of Queensberry, (born 14 February 1954), styled as Lord Eskdaill until 1973 and as Earl of Dalkeith from 1973 until 2007, is a Scottish landholder and peer. He is the Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry, as well as Chief of Clan Scott. He is the heir of James, Duke of Monmouth (9 April 1649 \u2013 15 July 1685), the eldest illegitimate son of Charles II and his mistress, Lucy Walter, and more remotely in a direct male line from Alan of Dol, who came to Britain in 1066 with William the Conqueror. Scott was once Scotland's largest private landowner, owning of Scottish land, but was surpassed by Anders Holch Povlsen who currently holds in the country. Early life and education Scott was born in 1954, the son of John Scott, 9th Duke of Buccleuch, and his wife,\n\nQuestion: Which British member of the grouse family turns white as a winter camouflage?", "output": "PTARMIGAN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Orr is a surname of Irish and Scottish origin. It is derived from the Gaelic Odhar meaning \"dark, pale\". In Scotland, Orr may be a sept of Clan Campbell. Etymology The primary origin is from the Gaelic odhar, meaning \"dark\", \"dun\". Padraig Mac Giolla Domhnaigh, suggested that the Irish surname originates from an Anglicisation of Gaelic Mac Iomhaire. Mac Giolla Domhnaigh stated that this was an old name from Renfrewshire, and a sept of the Campbells; he stated that the name was earlier spelt Mac Ure. In Ireland the name is common particularly in Ulster, and mainly found in County Antrim, County Down, County Londonderry and County Tyrone. The first recorded evidence of the name in Ulster is of those who came from Scotland with Sir Hugh Montgomery in 1606 to settle in North Down on lands ceded by the O'Neill family. They were chiefly Presbyterian, with some Episcopalians, and\n\nderived from the verb which means \"bend\", \"twist\", or \"wind\" with the suffix -str added to the end. The name is therefore referring to the twisted shape of the lake. The river Vinstra starts from the lake. See also List of lakes in Norway References \u00d8ystre Slidre Vang, Innlandet Lakes of Innlandet\n\nof the name is not definitively known. It could be derived from the word slir which means the narrow depression through which a river runs. References Vestre Slidre Villages in Innlandet\n\nQuestion: The River Avon has an old Celtic name, what does it mean?", "output": "RIVER"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Herbero is a liquor made in the Sierra de Mariola region in the northern part of the Spanish province of Alicante. This mountain range is famous for its abundance of medicinal and aromatic plants, some of which are used to make the herbero liquor. Herbero is often found in a regional cocktail called mesclaet. The drink originated during The Moorish Occupation of Spain, when the Moors brought distilling technology to the peninsula. Herbero is obtained from the distillation or maceration of plants collected in the mountain range with a grain alcohol solution with between 22% and 40% alcoholic content. The color of the resulting liquor may be transparent, or it may vary from yellow to clear green to red. The plants used in the production of herbero include at least four of the following: sage, chamomile, pennyroyal, lemon verbena, the root of the blessed thistle, peppermint, cattail, fennel, anise, melissa,\n\nHuitzila is a small town in Mexico, located in the Sierra Madre Occidental in the far south of Zacatecas state, at 21\u00b013'21.8\" N, 103\u00b036'26.5\" W and at an elevation of some 1900 metres. It is part of the Municipality of Teul de Gonz\u00e1lez Ortega. It is often grouped with its close neighbour, Milpillas de Allende. The two towns are connected by road to Zacatecas, Guadalajara and Benito Ju\u00e1rez. Main economic activity in the town is based around cattle ranching and other agriculture, although the production of tequila is also important to the area, with 6 km2 planted in blue agave for production of this drink. Local mezcal distilleries include El Zacatecano and Huitzila Mezcal. The town's population are predominantly Mestizo and Roman Catholic, with the local church being that of San Antonio de Padua. Population is declining slightly, due to emigration to Guadalajara and the United States. Populated places in\n\nNepenthes distillatoria (; Neo-Latin, from Latin: destillo \"to distill\", -oria, adjectival ending; \"something from which a liquid is distilled\", i.e., pitcher) is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sri Lanka. It was the second Nepenthes species to be described in print and the first to be formally named under the Linnaean system of taxonomy. It is therefore the type species of the genus. Botanical history Nepenthes distillatoria was the second Nepenthes species to be described in print, after N. madagascariensis. In 1677, Danish physician Thomas Bartholin made brief mention of it under the name Miranda herba, Latin for \"marvellous herb\". Three years later, Dutch merchant Jacob Breyne referred to this species as Bandura zingalensium, after a local name for the plant. Bandura subsequently became the most commonly used name for the tropical pitcher plants, until Linnaeus coined Nepenthes in 1737. Nepenthes distillatoria was again described in 1683, this time by\n\nQuestion: From which plant is the Mexican drink tequila distilled ?", "output": "(The blue) AGAVE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\u00c6lfheah ( \u2013 19 April 1012), more commonly known today as Alphege, was an Anglo-Saxon Bishop of Winchester, later Archbishop of Canterbury. He became an anchorite before being elected abbot of Bath Abbey. His reputation for piety and sanctity led to his promotion to the episcopate and, eventually, to his becoming archbishop. \u00c6lfheah furthered the cult of Dunstan and also encouraged learning. He was captured by Viking raiders in 1011 during the siege of Canterbury and killed by them the following year after refusing to allow himself to be ransomed. \u00c6lfheah was canonised as a saint in 1078. Thomas Becket, a later Archbishop of Canterbury, prayed to \u00c6lfheah just before his own murder in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170. Life \u00c6lfheah was born around 953, supposedly in Weston on the outskirts of Bath, and became a monk early in life. He first entered the monastery of Deerhurst, but then moved to\n\nJohn Bradford (1510\u20131555) was an English Reformer, prebendary of St. Paul's, and martyr. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London for alleged crimes against Queen Mary I. He was burned at the stake on 1 July 1555. Life Bradford was born in the village of Blackley, near Manchester in 1510. He was educated at a grammar school. Talented with numbers and money, he later served under Sir John Harington of Exton in Rutland as a servant. Through his good influence and abilities in auditing and writing, he gained favour and trust with his employer and at the Siege of Montreuil in 1544, occupied the office of paymaster of the English army during the wars of Henry VIII. Later, he became a law student at the Inner Temple in London. Through the contact and preachings of a fellow student, he became acquainted with and converted to the Protestant faith. This\n\nfrom the Pope. The various prerogatives of Henry VIII\u2014emerging parallel with the spread of Protestantism on the continent\u2014culminated in the English Reformation, wherein the Crown broke communion with Rome and seized leadership of the church, and with it the right to appoint bishops. Henry appointed Thomas Cranmer as the first Protestant archbishop of Canterbury in 1533, who would ultimately become one of the most important figures in the development of Anglicanism. The ascent of Henry's daughter Mary to the throne would bring with it a brief restoration of Catholic rule in England, with Cranmer replaced by Reginald Pole as archbishop in 1556. For his role in the Reformation, Cranmer was tried for heresy, and ultimately burned at the stake. Pole would be the final Roman Catholic to hold the office. Before the modern era, there was a considerable variety in who appointed church offices, depending on era and political happenstance.\n\nQuestion: Who was Archbishop of Canterbury during the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI, was then imprisoned for over two years and burnt at the stake for heresy?", "output": "Thomas Cranmer"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of the winner, and threw her into the mud with her dress on. Ever since then, it is a tradition for the winner and the queen to jump into the mud pit together. In 1986, the first race at the Florida Sports Park took place. In popular culture In the 1958 James Bond novel Dr. No, as well as the 1962 Eon Productions James Bond film Dr. No, the \"dragon\" of the fictional island of Crab Key is an armored swamp buggy armed with a flamethrower. Ian Fleming based the \"dragon\" on a modified Land Rover swamp buggy used to travel on the island of Inagua. A swamp buggy is often used by Shelby Stanga on the tv series Ax Men on History See also Sea tractor Mud bogging Dune Buggy References Off-road vehicles\n\nof a visit to a pristine barrier island and its ecosystem. Most commonly known for the south tip of the island, where local boaters congregate at the end of the 8 mile long isthmus, where they can park their boat on the shore and enjoy people watching and the beach and scenery. There are 12 homes on the island, and 50 lots, with the most famous house belonging at one time to James Biden, President Joe Biden's brother, who would occasionally visit. The \"Biden Bungalow\", as the house was known, was sold in 2018 for $1.35 million. Wildlife The island is included in the Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve. Mammals such as wild boar, bobcat, and white-tailed deer live on the island. The gopher tortoise, which is threatened by habitat destruction, finds sanctuary on this island, aside from the invasive iguana which feeds on the tortoise's eggs. See also\n\nAsgard is a gaff-rigged yacht. She was owned by the English-born writer and Irish nationalist Erskine Childers and his wife Molly Childers. She is most noted for her use in the Howth gun-running of 1914. Asgard is sometimes mistaken for Dulcibella, the boat in Robert Erskine Childers's classic novel The Riddle of the Sands. This was based on a smaller vessel, Vixen, previously owned by Childers. Design and early use Asgard was bought for \u00a31,000 in 1904 (\u00a384,000 in 2006) from one of Norway's most famous boat designers, Colin Archer. The interior was custom built to the specifications of Childers and his wife Molly. Molly, disabled following a childhood accident, sometimes took the helm of Asgard, strapped onto the deck with harnesses so she could navigate the rough waters of the Irish Sea. Asgards most famous trip was the Howth gun-running in 1914. Childers, his wife and a small crew,\n\nQuestion: Which James Bond villain owns the island of Crab Key?", "output": "Dr. No"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Papilio buddha, the Malabar banded peacock, is a species of swallowtail butterfly found in the Western Ghats of India. The Government of Kerala declared it as the official Kerala state butterfly. Description P. buddha resembles P. palinurus but is larger. The upperside of the wings also differ with the irroration of green scales more restricted, the outer half of the forewing except a triangular patch from the apex of wing downwards, and the outer third of the hindwing except a subterminal series of ill-formed lunules, devoid of green scales; discal transverse bands on both forewing and hindwings similar to those in P. palinurus but very much broader; the discal band of the forewing measured on the dorsum occupies considerably more than one-third of the dorsal length, while the discal band of the hindwing is as broad posteriorly as it is anteriorly (in P. palinurus it is much narrower posteriorly); the\n\nPapilio polyctor, the common peacock, is a swallowtail butterfly found in the Indian subcontinent. It is found in the Himalayas and parts of India from the foothills to between March and October. It has distinct dry- and wet-season forms. The butterfly frequents Buddleia flowers. Its food plant is Zanthoxylum alatum of the family Rutaceae. Papilio polyctor has three subspecies, consisting of Papilio polyctor significans, Papilio polyctor stockleyi, and Papilio polyctor xiei. Description The sexes are very nearly alike, and the difference slight between the dry-season and wet-season broods. Upperside dull black thickly irrorated (sprinkled) with golden-green scales Forewing: a broad subterminal golden-green band that varies in length, but in all specimens is more or less diffuse and obsolescent towards the costal margin; in specimens of the wet-season broods this band is slightly broader than in those of the dry season, also broader in the female than in the male. Hindwing:\n\nPapilio janaka, the tailed redbreast, is a well-marked swallowtail butterfly found in India. The species was first described by Frederic Moore and Thomas Horsfield in 1857. Description The tailed redbreast closely resembles Papilio bootes but differs as follows: Male upperside; ground colour a duller more greyish black, the outer half of the hindwing darker; the elongate discal white series of spots extended into interspace 2, sometimes also into interspace 5; beyond these the dark red markings are as in P. bootes, but there is in addition a postdiscal series of red lunules, that at the tornal angle coalesces with the admarginal spot. Underside; similar to that of P. bootes, but with the additional white spots as on the upperside, these however in many specimens are much irrorated with red scales; the red at the base of the wings are more extended than in P. bootes and continue along the dorsal\n\nQuestion: Flowers of papilionaceous plants resemble what?", "output": "Butterflies"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "by eating inappropriate objects (pica), or overeating, or both. Hyperorality, described by Ozawa et al. as \"an oral tendency, or compulsion to examine objects by mouth\". Hypersexuality, characterized by a heightened libido or a tendency to seek sexual stimulation from unusual or inappropriate objects. Visual agnosia, characterized by an inability to recognize familiar objects or people. While this cluster of syndromes is common to such sources as 1997's The Neuropsychiatry of Limbic and Subcortical Disorders, 2005's Functional Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas and 1997's \"Single-Photon Emission CT and MR Findings in Kl\u00fcver-Bucy after Reye syndrome\", an article in the American Journal of Neuroradiology, the three vary thereafter. Inconsistent criteria include: Hypermetamorphosis, characterized by Ozawa et al. as \"an irresistible impulse to notice and react to everything within sight\". This is included under the classification systems described by The Neuropsychiatry of Limbic and Subcortical Disorders and \"Single-Photon Emission CT and MR Findings\n\nKen Nakayama is an American psychologist and prior to retirement was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University. He is known for his work on prosopagnosia, an inability to recognize faces, and super recognisers, people with significantly better-than-average face recognition ability. A notable contribution is from his work on surface processing by the human visual system. He received his BA from Haverford College and PhD from UCLA. From 1971 to 1990, he was at the Smith Kettlewell Eye Research Institute in San Francisco. Since then, he has been faculty at Harvard University. He helped in the formation of the Vision Sciences Society and served as its first president. In 2016, the Vision Sciences Society, which he also co-founded, established the Ken Nakayama Medal for Excellence in Vision Science in honor of his numerous significant contributions. In 2017, he received the Edgar D. Tillyer Award from The Optical Society.\n\nmovement, marked agitation, or a mixture of both despite having the physical capacity to move normally. These patients may be unable to start an action or stop one. Movements and mannerisms may be repetitive, or purposeless. The most common signs of catatonia are immobility, mutism, withdrawal and refusal to eat, staring, negativism, posturing (rigidity), rigidity, waxy flexibility/catalepsy, stereotypy (purposeless, repetitive movements), echolalia or echopraxia, verbigeration (repeat meaningless phrases). It should not be assumed that patients presenting with catatonia are unaware of their surroundings as some patients can recall in detail their catatonic state and their actions. There are several subtypes of catatonia and they are characterized by the specific movement disturbance and associated features. Although catatonia can be divided into various subtypes, the natural history of catatonia is often fluctuant and different states can exist within the same individual. Subtypes Withdrawn Catatonia: This form of catatonia is characterized by decreased\n\nQuestion: What can sufferers of prosopagnosia not recognize?", "output": "Faces"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The East African mountains are a mountain region in the African Great Lakes, within Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. Location and description The mountains are related to the East African Rift, and are in two chains, the Western Rift includes the Virunga Mountains, Mitumba Mountains, and the Rwenzori Range, while the mountains to the east include the largest peaks in Africa: the snow-covered Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895m, 19,340 ft), and Mount Kenya (5,199m, 17,058 ft). Other mountains in the Eastern Rift area include Mount Elgon in Kenya and Uganda. All but the Ruwenzori are of volcanic origin. The weather at the highest elevations is often cold and wet. Fauna The mountains are rich in wildlife, including animals who migrate to higher altitudes during the hot season in the surrounding savanna. The mountains are home to a number of endemic bird species such as Hinde's babbler\n\nAfrica is a continent comprising 63 political territories, representing the largest of the great southward projections from the main mass of Earth's surface. Within its regular outline, it comprises an area of , excluding adjacent islands. Its highest mountain is Mount Kilimanjaro; its largest lake is Lake Victoria. Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea and from much of Asia by the Red Sea, Africa is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez (which is transected by the Suez Canal), wide. For geopolitical purposes, the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt \u2013 east of the Suez Canal \u2013 is often considered part of Africa. From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia, at 37\u00b021\u2032 N, to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas in South Africa, 34\u00b051\u203215\u2033 S, is a distance approximately of ; from Cap-Vert, 17\u00b031\u203213\u2033W, the westernmost point, to Ras Hafun in the Somali\n\nthe range. It is the highest peak of Southern Africa, and the highest in Africa south of the Kilimanjaro. The high Namahadipiek, the highest mountain in the Free State, is also part of the Maloti Range. The mountains form a continuous upland area of rounded peaks with incised deep valleys on the flanks which drain into the Senqu River. Snow and frost may be found even in summer on the highest peaks. The bioregion is made up of sandstone and shale overlain by basalt. The mountain's rough terrain makes it less accessible to visitors and prevented any significant exploitation of its mineral resources. The topography differs between the two countries. In Lesotho, the mountain range is made up of a continuous landscape of more rounded mountains with deep valleys that drain into Lesotho's Senqu River, known as the Orange River in South Africa. In South Africa, sheer basalt cliffs drop\n\nQuestion: What is the tallest mountain in Africa?", "output": "Kilimanjaro"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "an area derived from the former dukedom of Bourbon, France \u00cele Bourbon, former name for the Island of R\u00e9union Politics and history House of Bourbon, French and Spanish royal dynasties Spanish royal family Duke of Bourbon, a title in the peerage of France Bourbon Reforms, a series of measures taken by the Spanish Crown Bourbon Restoration (disambiguation), the return to monarchs in the Bourbon Dynasty in France and Spain Bourbon Democrat, from 1876 to 1904 a conservative member of the US Democratic Party Other uses USS Bourbon, a frigate Bourbon virus, a tick-borne virus discovered in the summer of 2014 Bourbon (horse) (foaled in 1774), a British Thoroughbred racehorse \"Bourbon\", a 2019 song by Chad Brownlee from Back in the Game See also Barbon, a village in Cumbria, England Bhurban, a small town and a hill station in Punjab province, Pakistan Bourbonism (disambiguation) Borbon (disambiguation) Constable de Bourbon (disambiguation) Bourbon\n\nof any specific or formal group and no one running for office ever ran on a Bourbon Democrat ticket. The term \"Bourbon\" \u2013 Bourbon whisky is a Southern drink \u2013 was mostly used disparagingly by critics complaining of viewpoints they saw as old-fashioned. A number of splinter Democratic parties, such as the Straight-Out Democratic Party (1872) and the National Democratic Party (1896), that actually ran candidates, fall under the more general label of Bourbon Democrats. Factional history Origins of the term The nickname \"Bourbon Democrat\" was first used as a pun, referring to bourbon whiskey from Kentucky and even more to the Bourbon Dynasty of France, which was overthrown in the French Revolution, but returned to power in 1815 to rule in a reactionary fashion until its overthrow in the July Revolution of 1830. A cadet Bourbon branch, the House of Orl\u00e9ans, then ruled France for 18 years (1830\u20131848), until\n\nrule in a reactionary fashion until its overthrow in the July Revolution of 1830. A cadet Bourbon branch, the House of Orl\u00e9ans, then ruled France for 18 years (1830\u20131848), until it too was overthrown in the February Revolution. Other branches of the House of Bourbon ruled Spain from 1700 and the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily) from 1759. The latter was overthrown in 1861 when Italian troops under the command of Giuseppe Garibaldi overthrew Francis II, a major advance for the Italian Risorgimento. Spain's Queen Isabella II was overthrown in 1868 when liberal democrats seized power in the Glorious Revolution. Isabella's son returned to take the throne as King Alfonso XII six years later. A widely quoted aphorism at the time had it that the Bourbons \"have learnt nothing, and forgotten nothing.\" During Reconstruction, the term \"Bourbon\" would have had the connotation of a retrogressive, reactionary dynasty\n\nQuestion: The Bourbon dynasty began to rule which country from 1700 and still do?", "output": "Spain"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Human reproduction is sexual reproduction that results in human fertilization to produce a human offspring. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a sexually mature human male and female. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the ovum by the sperm to form a zygote. These specialized reproductive cells are called gametes, which are created in a process called gametogenesis. While normal cells contain 46 chromosomes (23 pairs), gamete cells only contain 23 single chromosomes, and it is when these two cells merge into one zygote cell that genetic recombination occurs and the new zygote contains 23 chromosomes from each parent, giving it 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). The zygote then undergoes a defined development process that is known as human embryogenesis, and this starts the typical 9-month gestation period that is followed by childbirth. The fertilization of the ovum may be achieved\n\nlactation and breastfeeding. Humans are the only animals with permanent breasts. At puberty, estrogens, in conjunction with growth hormone, cause permanent breast growth in female humans. This happens only to a much lesser extent in other primates\u2014breast development in other primates generally only occurs with pregnancy. Along with their major function in providing nutrition for infants, female breasts have social and sexual characteristics. Breasts have been featured in ancient and modern sculpture, art, and photography. They can figure prominently in the perception of a woman's body and sexual attractiveness. A number of cultures associate breasts with sexuality and tend to regard bare breasts in public as immodest or indecent. Breasts, especially the nipples, are an erogenous zone. Etymology and terminology The English word breast derives from the Old English word ('breast, bosom') from Proto-Germanic (breast), from the Proto-Indo-European base (to swell, to sprout). The breast spelling conforms to the Scottish\n\nThe breast is one of two prominences located on the upper ventral region of a primate's torso. Both females and males develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. In females, it serves as the mammary gland, which produces and secretes milk to feed infants. Subcutaneous fat covers and envelops a network of ducts that converge on the nipple, and these tissues give the breast its size and shape. At the ends of the ducts are lobules, or clusters of alveoli, where milk is produced and stored in response to hormonal signals. During pregnancy, the breast responds to a complex interaction of hormones, including estrogens, progesterone, and prolactin, that mediate the completion of its development, namely lobuloalveolar maturation, in preparation of lactation and breastfeeding. Humans are the only animals with permanent breasts. At puberty, estrogens, in conjunction with growth hormone, cause permanent breast growth in female humans. This happens only to\n\nQuestion: From Greek for gadfly, what is the sex hormonal substance which maintains/develops human female body characteristics?", "output": "Oestrogen"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Yabuli alpine skiing, winter-swimming in the Songhua River, and the ice-lantern exhibition in Zhaolin Garden. Harbin is located in Northeast China and receives cold winter wind from Siberia. The average temperature in summer is 21.2 \u00b0C (70.2 \u00b0F), and \u201316.8 \u00b0C (1.8 \u00b0F) in winter. Annual lows of -25 \u00b0C (\u201313 \u00b0F) are not uncommon. History The festival originated in Harbin's traditional ice lantern show and garden party that takes place in winter, which began in 1963. It was interrupted for a number of years during the Cultural Revolution, but has since been resumed when an annual event at Zhaolin Park was announced on January 5, 1985. In 2001 the Harbin Ice Festival was merged with Heilongjiang's International Ski Festival and got its new formal name, the Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival. In 2007, the festival featured a Canadian themed sculpture, in memory of Canadian doctor Norman Bethune.\n\nThe Harbin International Ice and Snow festival () is an annual winter festival that takes place with a theme in Harbin, Heilongjiang, China, and now is the largest ice and snow festival in the world. At first participants in the festival were mainly Chinese, however it has since become an international festival and competition, with the festival attracting 18 million visitors and generating 28.7 billion yuan ($4.4 billion) of revenue. The festival includes the world's biggest ice sculptures. The festival exhibits open from late December to late February. While ice sculptures are erected throughout the city, there are two main exhibition areas: Sun Island is a recreational area on the opposite side of the Songhua River from the city, which features an expo of enormous snow sculptures. Ice and Snow World is an area open in the afternoon and at night which features illuminated full size buildings made from blocks\n\nfeatures an expo of enormous snow sculptures. Ice and Snow World is an area open in the afternoon and at night which features illuminated full size buildings made from blocks of 2\u20133' thick ice taken directly from the Songhua River. The park usually opens from late December to late February. In 1999, the first Ice and Snow World opened to public to celebrate the millennium. Each year the park has to be rebuilt with newly designed ice buildings and snow and ice sculptures. In recent years, the park has been as large as 800 meters (80 hectares). During the festival, there are ice lantern park touring activities held in many parks in the city. Winter activities during the festival include Yabuli alpine skiing, winter-swimming in the Songhua River, and the ice-lantern exhibition in Zhaolin Garden. Harbin is located in Northeast China and receives cold winter wind from Siberia. The average\n\nQuestion: The Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival was held in which country in January 2011?", "output": "China"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Battle of Gettysburg () was a battle in the American Civil War fought by Union and Confederate forces between July 1 and July 3, 1863, in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. In the Battle of Gettysburg, Union Major General George Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, halting Lee's invasion of the North and forcing his retreat. The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war's turning point, due to the Union's decisive victory and its almost simultaneous concurrence with the victorious conclusion of the Siege of Vicksburg. After his success at Chancellorsville in Virginia in May 1863, Lee led his army through the Shenandoah Valley to begin his second invasion of the North\u2014the Gettysburg Campaign. With his army in high spirits, Lee intended to shift the focus of the\n\nAbner Doubleday (June 26, 1819 \u2013 January 26, 1893) was a career United States Army officer and Union major general in the American Civil War. He fired the first shot in defense of Fort Sumter, the opening battle of the war, and had a pivotal role in the early fighting at the Battle of Gettysburg. Gettysburg was his finest hour, but his relief by Maj. Gen. George G. Meade caused lasting enmity between the two men. In San Francisco, after the war, he obtained a patent on the cable car railway that still runs there. In his final years in New Jersey, he was a prominent member and later president of the Theosophical Society. In 1908, 15 years after his death, the Mills Commission declared that Doubleday had invented the game of baseball, although Doubleday never made such a claim. This claim has been thoroughly debunked by baseball historians. Early\n\nThe First Battle of Middlewich took place on 13 March 1643, during the First English Civil War, and was fought between the Parliamentarians, under Sir William Brereton, and the Royalist supporters of King Charles I of England, under Sir Thomas Aston. Background In the summer of 1642 came the final split between the King and Parliament and both sides made preparations for raising an army. Throughout the summer Commissioners of Array for the King and Deputy Lieutenants for Parliament attempted to raise the Trained Bands and to seize the magazine in every county. During the confusion caused by the troops waiting to be shipped from Chester to Ireland to suppress the rebellion there, Sir William Brereton, the Parliamentary representative in Cheshire, turned to what was virtually recruiting. He found himself opposed by Sir Thomas Aston and all the resident Cheshire nobility and he failed in his attempt to secure Chester\n\nQuestion: In which year was the Battle of Gettysburg; David Lloyd George born; the first section of the London Underground opened?", "output": "1863"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aristotle (; Aristot\u00e9l\u0113s, ; 384\u2013322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath. His writings cover a broad range of subjects spanning the natural sciences, philosophy, linguistics, economics, politics, psychology and the arts. As the founder of the Peripatetic school of philosophy in the Lyceum in Athens, he began the wider Aristotelian tradition that followed, which set the groundwork for the development of modern science. Little is known about Aristotle's life. He was born in the city of Stagira in northern Greece during the Classical period. His father, Nicomachus, died when Aristotle was a child, and he was brought up by a guardian. At 17 or 18 he joined Plato's Academy in Athens and remained there till the age of 37 (). Shortly after Plato died, Aristotle left Athens and, at the request of Philip II of Macedon, tutored his son Alexander the Great beginning in 343 BC. He established\n\nAnaxarchus (; ; c. 380 \u2013 c. 320 BC) was a Greek philosopher of the school of Democritus. Together with Pyrrho, he accompanied Alexander the Great into Asia. The reports of his philosophical views suggest that he was a forerunner of the Greek skeptics. Life Anaxarchus was born at Abdera in Thrace. He was the companion and friend of Alexander the Great in his Asiatic campaigns. His relationship with Alexander, however, was ambiguous, owing to contradictory sources. Some paint Anarxchus as a flatterer, among them Plutarch, who tells a story that at Bactra, in 327 BC in a debate with Callisthenes, Anaxarchus advised all to worship Alexander as a god even during his lifetime. In contrast, others paint Anaxarchus as scathingly ironic towards the monarch. According to Diogenes Laertius, in response to Alexander's claim to have been the son of Zeus-Ammon, Anaxarchus pointed to his bleeding wound and remarked, \"See\n\nJohn Alexander (1736 \u2013 29 December 1765) was a British nonconformist minister and writer. Life He was born in Dublin in 1736, where his father John Alexander, a minister and dissenting tutor at Stratford-upon-Avon, had moved; on the father's death, the widow and family returned to England. After grammar school, John was sent to Daventry Academy, and was afterwards put under the tuition of Dr. George Benson; Benson sometimes took young students under his care, after they had finished their university or academical education, for the purpose of instructing them in a more critical acquaintance with the sacred writings. He afterwards entered the ministry, which he exercised in and near Birmingham, but principally at a small village called Longdon, about twelve miles from that place. On Saturday, December 23, 1765, he returned to rest, in perfect health, between eleven and twelve o'clock, intending to officiate at Longdon next day: but\n\nQuestion: Which philosopher was a tutor to Alexander the Great?", "output": "Aristotle"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of Chicago and Capone, leading influential citizens to demand government action and newspapers to dub Capone \"Public Enemy No. 1\". Federal authorities became intent on jailing Capone and charged him with twenty-two counts of tax evasion. He was convicted of five counts in 1931. During a highly publicized case, the judge admitted as evidence Capone's admissions of his income and unpaid taxes, made during prior (and ultimately abortive) negotiations to pay the government taxes he owed. He was convicted and sentenced to eleven years in federal prison. After conviction, he replaced his defense team with experts in tax law, and his grounds for appeal were strengthened by a Supreme Court ruling, but his appeal ultimately failed. Capone showed signs of neurosyphilis early in his sentence and became increasingly debilitated before being released after almost eight years of incarceration. In 1947, he died of cardiac arrest after a stroke. Early life\n\ncocaine, used by Al Pacino in the 1983 movie Scarface.) With a legal front Kanoninkasso (\"Cannon debt collectors\"), the group collected debts using threats and violence. Establishing a reputation, they started to dress in expensive suits and hold \"business meetings\" in exclusive Stockholm hotels. Attempting to defraud the Swedish Bank Giro Central of 22 million kronor, Eriksson was found guilty of fraud and counterfeiting. In 1993 and 1994, Eriksson was sentenced to ten years in prison, though he only served half his sentence. Court documents show Eriksson and a partner broke into a man's home, destroyed his property, and punched him repeatedly in the face. Eriksson also held a knife to the man's throat, threatened to cut off his fingers, and finally shoved a gun into the man's mouth. The Swedish police had great difficulty finding people who dared to testify, and the head witness later survived two bomb attacks.\n\ninmates Andy Ferrell, former professional footballer who received a four-year sentence in 2013 for drug dealing. References External links Ministry of Justice pages on Kirklevington Grange Category C prisons in England Category D prisons in England Prisons in North Yorkshire 1992 establishments in England Men's prisons\n\nQuestion: For what offence was Al Capone jailed?", "output": "Tax evasion"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Two Sides of the Moon is the only solo studio album by the English rock musician Keith Moon, drummer for the Who. It peaked at No. 155 on the Billboard 200. The album title was credited to Ringo Starr. Rather than using the album as a chance to showcase his drumming skill, Moon sang lead vocals on all tracks, and played drums only on three of the tracks (\"Crazy Like a Fox\", \"The Kids Are Alright\" and \"Move Over Ms. L\"), although he played percussion on \"Don't Worry Baby\". The album features contributions from Ringo Starr, Harry Nilsson, Joe Walsh of the Eagles, Jim Keltner, Bobby Keys, Klaus Voormann, John Sebastian, Flo & Eddie (Mark Volman and Howard Kaylan of the Turtles), Spencer Davis, Dick Dale, Suzi Quatro's sister Patti Quatro, Patti's bandmates from Fanny Jean Millington and Nickey Barclay, and future actor Miguel Ferrer. Background Moon was the last\n\nLeslie William Morrison (born 29 December 1940), known professionally as Lucky Starr, is an Australian pioneer rock and roll, pop and country music singer, guitarist and television presenter. His most popular single, \"I've Been Everywhere\", appeared in early 1962, which peaked at number one in Sydney. Starr became well known through his many TV appearances on show's such as Bandstand and Six O'Clock Rock, in which he briefly hosted taking over from Johnny O'Keefe, he was the first star to entertain troops in Vietnam. Biography Early life Lucky Starr was born as Leslie William Morrison in 1940. His father was a motor mechanic and his mother was a housewife, and he had a younger sister and an adopted older sister (who was his cousin but adopted into the family when her parents passed away). He attended Canterbury High School before starting an apprenticeship as an electrician. The Hepparays Two-and-a-half years\n\nof songs from each of the decades represented in the 2004 version is as follows: The Beatles are the most represented musical act, with 23 songs on the list. John Lennon, Paul McCartney and George Harrison are also represented as solo artists. Lennon is the only artist to appear twice in the top 10, as a member of the Beatles and as a solo artist. The Beatles are followed by the Rolling Stones (14); Bob Dylan (13); Elvis Presley (11); U2 (8); the Beach Boys, Jimi Hendrix (7); Led Zeppelin, Prince, Sly and the Family Stone, James Brown, Chuck Berry (6); Elton John, Ray Charles, the Clash, the Drifters, Buddy Holly, and the Who (5). The artists not included on the list of the top 100 artists but having the most songs featured in the list are the Animals, Blondie, and the Isley Brothers, each with three songs. The album\n\nQuestion: How many Billboard solo NO 1's did ex-Beatle Ringo Starr have?", "output": "Two"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A dast\u0101r (, from ; dast or \"hand\" with the agentive suffix -\u0101r; also known as a \u0a2a\u0a71\u0a17 paga or \u0a2a\u0a71\u0a17\u0a5c\u0a40 paga\u1e5b\u012b in Punjabi) is an item of headwear associated with Sikhism, and is an important part of Sikh culture. The word is loaned from Persian through Punjabi. In Persian, the word dast\u0101r can refer to any kind of turban and replaced the original word for turban, dolband (\u062f\u0644\u0628\u0646\u062f), from which the English word is derived. Among the Sikhs, the dast\u0101r is an article of faith that represents equality, honour, self-respect, courage, spirituality, and piety. The Khalsa Sikh men and women, who keep the Five Ks, wear the turban to cover their long, uncut hair (kesh). The Sikhs regard the dast\u0101r as an important part of the unique Sikh identity. After the ninth Sikh Guru, Tegh Bahadur, was sentenced to death by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, Guru Gobind Singh, the\n\nthus some kinds of places are better than others for prayer. For example, places, buildings, and structures related to Allah and Muhammad are held in the highest regard when it comes to places in which to hold prayer. Significance of Karbala Karbala is especially important to Shi\u2019ah Muslims because the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali is considered one of the major dividing lines between Muslims of the time. Husayn is important because of his relationship with Muhammad, and so therefore the dust from Karbala is considered to be one of the most sacred places to pray. Since there are Muslims located all over the world, Shi\u2019ah Muslims have created small clay tablets called mohr or Turbah from the ground of Karbala. However, since it is an issue of honor and respect, Muslims are allowed to prostrate on other earthen materials. Significance and symbolism Turbah has a primary meaning of 'dirt',\n\nA turbah (), or mohr (), also known as kh\u0101k-e shef\u0101 (, also used in Urdu) and sejde g\u0101h (, also used in Urdu), is a small piece of soil or clay, often a clay tablet, used during salat (Islamic daily prayers) to symbolize earth. The use of a turbah is recommended in the Twelver Shia school of Islam, a unique practice of the sect, and many Hadiths mention the benefits of prostration (Sajda) upon soil or an alternative natural material. The most favoured soil is that of Karbala, the site of the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali; however, soil from anywhere may be used. In the absence of soil, plants or items made from plants may be substituted. This provision has been extended to include the use of paper. Following the instruction from the Quran, Shia Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq stated that \"prostration must be performed on pure earth or\n\nQuestion: What religious group places a great importance on wearing the turban?", "output": "Sikh"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Barmera ( ) is a town in the Riverland region of South Australia. It is on the Sturt Highway A20, 220 kilometres north-east of Adelaide, the capital of the state of South Australia. It is primarily an agricultural and viticultural town and is located on Lake Bonney Riverland, a freshwater lake. The population was 1,914 in 2011. History The original inhabitants were the Barmerara Meru clan of the Ngawadj people. It is not known where the name \"Barmera\" comes from but it is suspected that it means \"water place\" or \"land dwellers\", being a word from the local Aboriginal group. Others postulate it comes from Barmeedjie, the name of the tribe that lived to the north of the Murray River prior to European settlement. Lake Bonney was first seen by Charles Bonney and Joseph Hawdon in 1838 drove cattle along the Murray River. The land however, was settled in 1859\n\nVictoria (commonly abbreviated as Vic) is a state in southeastern Australia. It is the second-smallest state, with a land area of ; the second-most-populated state (after New South Wales), with a population of over 6.7 million; and the most densely populated state in Australia (29 per km2). Victoria is bordered by New South Wales to the north and South Australia to the west, and is bounded by the Bass Strait to the south (with the exception of a small land border with Tasmania located along Boundary Islet), the Great Australian Bight portion of the Southern Ocean to the southwest, and the Tasman Sea (a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean) to the southeast. The state encompasses a range of climates and geographical features from its temperate coastal and central regions to the Victorian Alps in the northeast and the semi-arid north-west. The majority of the Victorian population is concentrated\n\nBrisbane City is the central suburb and central business district of Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. It is colloquially referred to as the \"Brisbane CBD\" or \"the city\". It is located on a point on the northern bank of the Brisbane River, historically known as Meanjin, Mianjin or Meeanjin in the local Aboriginal Australian dialect. The triangular shaped area is bounded by the median of the Brisbane River to the east, south and west. The point, known at its tip as Gardens Point, slopes upward to the north-west where the city is bounded by parkland and the inner city suburb of Spring Hill to the north. The CBD is bounded to the north-east by the suburb of Fortitude Valley. To the west the CBD is bounded by Petrie Terrace, which in 2010 was reinstated as a suburb (after being made a locality of Brisbane City in the 1970s).\n\nQuestion: Which Australian state capital lies on a river of the same name?", "output": "BRISBANE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Paris has hosted several Olympiads: 1900 and 1924 and will host in 2024. Paris will be the second city, in the Modern Games, to have hosted three Olympiads when Paris hosts the 2024 Summer Olympics, the other being London (1908, 1948, 2012). Los Angeles will be the third in 2028 (1932, 1984, 2028). 1900 Summer Olympics The 1900 Summer Olympics (the Games of the II Olympiad) were the second modern Olympics and the inaugural hosted outside of Athens, Greece. The 1900 Summer Olympics were held simultaneously with the 1900 World's Fair. The events took place between 14 May 1900 and 28 October 1900, with 28 nations participating in 95 events. The French team topped the unofficial medal count, finishing with three times as many medals as the second-place United States, while fielding ten times as many athletes. 1924 Summer Olympics The 1924 Summer Olympics (the Games of the VIII Olympiad)\n\nThe Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) was a non-departmental public body of the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, responsible for ensuring the delivery of venues, infrastructure and legacy for the 2012 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games in London. Together with the London Organising Committee of the Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG), the ODA was one of the two main agencies that organised the London Olympic Games. The authority was established by the London Olympic Games and Paralympic Games Act 2006. In advance of the formal establishment of the ODA, the London Development Agency (LDA) and Transport for London (TfL) were asked to undertake the development work necessary for the Olympic Park and the transport infrastructure which will serve the Games, and to build up an interim team. The ODA was based alongside LOCOG at One Churchill Place in Canary Wharf. The ODA appointed a delivery company, CLM, to manage the\n\nThe Herne Hill Velodrome is a velodrome in Herne Hill, in south London. It is one of the oldest cycling tracks in the world, having been built in 1891. It hosted the track cycling events in the 1948 Summer Olympics and was briefly the home of Crystal Palace Football Club during World War I. Between 1987, when the track at Paddington Recreation Ground was demolished, and 2011, when the London Velopark for the 2012 Summer Olympics opened, Herne Hill was the only track in London. History Herne Hill was originally named the London County Grounds, the track of the London County Cycling and Athletic Club. It became popularly known as Herne Hill track or velodrome after its position just off Burbage Road, in Herne Hill, part of the London Borough of Southwark. The velodrome was founded by George Hillier, an amateur racer, in 1891. Before then the leading venue had\n\nQuestion: With the Olympic Games coming up in 2012, can you name one of the two years London has hosted the Olympic Games in the past?", "output": "1908, 1948"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Latvian language is an extensively inflected language, with complex nominal and verbal morphology. Word order is relatively free, but the unmarked order is subject\u2013verb\u2013object. Latvian has pre-nominal adjectives and both prepositions and postpositions. There are no articles in Latvian, but definiteness can be indicated by the endings of adjectives. Nouns and adjectives Latvian has two grammatical genders (masculine and feminine) and seven cases; there are no articles. Adjectives generally precede the nouns they modify, and agree in case, number, and gender. In addition, adjectives take distinct endings to indicate definite and indefinite interpretation: Vi\u0146a nopirka [vecu m\u0101ju]. \"She bought [an old house].\" Vi\u0146a nopirka [veco m\u0101ju]. \"She bought [the old house].\" For details about the nominal morphology of Latvian (inflection of nouns, pronouns, numerals, and adjectives), see Latvian declension. Verbs Latvian has three simple tenses (present, past and future), and three compound perfect constructions: present perfect, past perfect, future\n\nletters are as follows: If a word starts with any of the moon letters, the definite article il- stays the same and does not assimilate, while with the sun letters it assimilates accordingly to: i\u010b-, id-, in-, ir-, is-, it-, ix-, i\u017c-, iz-. It is also worth mentioning that words starting with vowels, and the letters g\u0127, and h get the definite article l- (minus the initial i). When the definite article comes exactly after a word ending in a vowel, the initial <i> of the article always drops, as in \"dak ir-ra\u0121el ra r-ra\u0121el\" (that man saw the man). When a word starts with two consonants, the definite article used is l-, but an i is attached at the beginning of the word: skola > l-iskola and \u017bvezja > l-I\u017cvezja. Orthography In the written language, the \u27e8\u27e9 is retained regardless of how it is pronounced. When full diacritics are\n\n\u2013 \"the dog\" \u2013 remain the same noun form without number agreement in the noun either as subject or object, though an artifact of it is in the verb and has number agreement, which changes to \"sees\". One can also correctly use \"the dog\" as the subject of a sentence: \"The dog sees the cat.\" In a declined language, the morphology of the article or noun changes with gender agreement. For example, in German, \"the dog\" is . This is the form in the nominative case, used for the subject of a sentence. If this article/noun pair is used as the object of a verb, it (usually) changes to the accusative case, which entails an article shift in German \u2013 (The man sees the dog). In German, masculine nouns change their definite article from to in the accusative case. In Nepali, \"Rama sees Shyama.\" Would be translated as \"Rama-le Shyama-lai\n\nQuestion: What word in English is the definite article?", "output": "The"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Storehouse plc, traded as Storehouse, was a large UK retail business formed by Terence Conran through the merger of various high street chains. It was listed on the London Stock Exchange and was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index before it was renamed Mothercare in 2000. History The company was formed in 1986 by the merger of Habitat Mothercare PLC with British Home Stores PLC. The shareholders of BHS held 55% of the resulting company with Habitat Mothercare the remaining 45%. The resulting chain comprised British Home Stores (including their 50% stake in SavaCentre), Habitat, Conran's, Conran Design Group, Conran Studios, Mothercare (including Habitat Mothercare's 20% stake in Fnac and 50% stake in Conran Octopus Publishing), Richard Shops, NOW, Heal's, and The Conran Shop. 1987 saw the group start to expand with the establishment of the Anonymous retail chain, the launch of the firm's in-house credit card ;\n\nNTUC FairPrice is the largest supermarket chain in Singapore. The company is a co-operative of the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC). The group has more than 100 supermarkets across the island, with over 160 outlets of Cheers convenience stores island-wide. NTUC FairPrice has partnered with ExxonMobil to run several stations with a FairPrice branding at the minimarts at their stations. The supermarket has the slogan \"Singapore's very own\". History In November 1972, NTUC announced its news consumer co-operative named Welcome, which opened in February 1973. On 22 July 1973, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew opened the first supermarket at Block 192, Toa Payoh Lorong 4, and it was the first of its kind. In August 2007, FairPrice opened its upmarket outlet at Bukit Timah Plaza named FairPrice Finest, after five months of refurbishment. The move was to cater to the changing tastes of Singaporeans who are increasingly well-travelled. The ,\n\nFine Fare was a chain of supermarkets which operated in the United Kingdom from 1951 until 1988. Their Yellow Pack budget own-label range, introduced in 1980, was the first own brand basic ranges to be introduced in the UK and in 1983 it was the first supermarket to sell organic food. Fine Fare and its subsidiaries were rebranded to Gateway Foodmarkets in the late 1980s. History The company began as one single supermarket in Welwyn Garden City in 1951, as an offshoot of the Welwyn Department Store, owned by Howardsgate Holdings, the company of Ebenezer Howard, the founder of the garden city movement. It was one of a series of convenience store chains established in the 1950s, the others being Premier and Victor Value. In January 1959, it won a court case against Brighton Corporation, which had insisted that its outlets closed on Wednesday afternoons under the Shops Act 1950.\n\nQuestion: Which chain store founded by Terence Conran opened its first outlet in Chelsea in 1964?", "output": "HABITAT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The First Team were the first players known to have played the sport of basketball, having been taught the game in 1891 by James Naismith, who is recognized as the inventor of the sport. The team comprised 18 players who were studying in Springfield, Massachusetts, to become executive secretaries of the YMCA and who, as part of their coursework, studied physical education with Naismith, who is said to have invented the game to teach teamwork skills to his charges. The team was inducted as a group into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as part of that organization's inaugural 1959 induction class for their efforts in popularizing the sport and as the game's first practitioners. T. B. Patten and C. B. Libby were designated captains of the sides, who played a game that looked distinctly different from what fans would see in future years. With nine men to a\n\npyramid, played on a large, six-pocket table (dimensions just under 12 ft by 6 ft), all of which are classified separately from pool based on distinct development histories, player culture, rules, and terminology. Billiards has a long history from its inception in the 15th century, with many mentions in the works of Shakespeare, including the line \"let's to billiards\" in Antony and Cleopatra (1606\u201307), and enthusiasts of the sport include Mozart, Louis XIV of France, Marie Antoinette, Immanuel Kant, Napoleon, Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, George Washington, French president Jules Gr\u00e9vy, Charles Dickens, George Armstrong Custer, Theodore Roosevelt, Lewis Carroll, W. C. Fields, Babe Ruth, Bob Hope, and Jackie Gleason. History All cue sports are generally regarded to have evolved into indoor games from outdoor stick-and-ball lawn games, specifically those retroactively termed ground billiards, and as such to be related to the historical games jeu de mail and palle-malle, and modern\n\nErnest Cosmos Quigley (March 22, 1880 \u2013 December 10, 1960) was a Canadian-born American sports official who became notable both as a basketball referee and as an umpire in Major League Baseball. He also worked as an American football coach and official. Born in Canada and raised in Concordia, Kansas, Quigley attended college and law school at the University of Kansas. There he played college basketball under the game's inventor, James Naismith. He became the head football coach at Kansas Wesleyan University and then the athletic director at the University of Kansas. Quigley refereed college basketball for 40 years and umpired more than 3,000 Major League Baseball games. As a college football official, he worked in several bowl games and served on the Rules Committee of the NCAA for several years. Quigley died in Kansas in 1960. Early life Quigley was born in Newcastle, New Brunswick, and was raised in\n\nQuestion: The invention of what sport is credited to Dr. S. A. Naismith in Massachusetts, USA, in 1891?", "output": "Basketball"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Kermit Unpigged is a comedy album released by The Jim Henson Company through BMG Kidz in 1994, and the last album released by Jim Henson Records. The record's title is a parody of the MTV series MTV Unplugged, and the cover is a parody of Eric Clapton's Unplugged album cover as well. The album consists of Kermit the Frog and the other Muppets getting lost at a recording studio and encountering celebrities including Linda Ronstadt, with whom Kermit sings \"All I Have to Do Is Dream\", Vince Gill who sings \"Daydream\" with Kermit, Jimmy Buffett who sings \"Mr. Spaceman\" with Gonzo, and Ozzy Osbourne with whom Miss Piggy sings \"Born to Be Wild\". The album ends with the Muppets meeting back up and singing the Beatles song \"All Together Now\". Comedian Lily Tomlin also makes appearances as her character Ernestine. The album reached #20 on Billboards Top Kid Audio chart.\n\nBilly Hart (born November 29, 1940) is an American jazz drummer and educator. He is known internationally for his work with Herbie Hancock's \"Mwandishi\" band in the early 1970s, as well as with Shirley Horn, Stan Getz, and Quest, among many others. Biography Hart was born in Washington, D.C. He grew up in close proximity of the Spotlite Club, where he first heard the music of Lee Morgan, Ahmad Jamal, and Miles Davis, among others. Early on in his career he performed with Otis Redding and Sam and Dave, then with Buck Hill. Although he studied mechanical engineering at Howard University, he left school early to tour with Shirley Horn, whom Hart credits with accelerating his musical development. He was a sideman with the Montgomery Brothers (1961), Jimmy Smith (1964\u20131966), and Wes Montgomery (1966\u201368). Following Montgomery's death in 1968, Hart moved to New York City, where he recorded with McCoy\n\nStet Howland (born August 14, 1960) is an American drummer. Early life Howland graduated in 1978 from Duxbury High School. He started playing drums at age seven and has been teaching and playing for a living since age 13. His influences are Buddy Rich, Gene Krupa, Animal from The Muppets, Sam Kinison, and Hulk Hogan. Career Howland played for Temple of Brutality (2004\u20132006), RUN21 (1987\u20131988), Killing Machine (2003\u20132005), JOETOWN (2000-2002) Belladonna (1997\u20131999), The Howlin' Dogs, Impellitteri (1988\u20131990), WASP (1991\u20132005), and Carnival of Souls (2003\u20132005). In February 2006, he announced his departure from W.A.S.P. to concentrate on his own projects. Howland also was a drummer in Blackfoot. He was the drummer for Lita Ford and performed with her at Rocklahoma 2008, and can be found on Lita Ford's album Wicked Wonderland. Drums for the album were recorded at Howland's personal studio in southwest Florida. In 2010 Howland recorded drum tracks at\n\nQuestion: What was the name of the drummer in TV's The Muppet Show ?", "output": "ANIMAL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Stalingrad Front was a front, a military unit encompassing several armies, of the Soviet Union's Red Army during the Second World War. The name indicated the primary geographical region in which the Front first fought, based on the city of Stalingrad on the Volga River. Formation By order of the Stavka on July 12, 1942, Stalingrad Front was formed, under the command of Marshal S.K. Timoshenko, with N.S. Khrushchev as member of the Military Council and Gen. P.I. Bodin as chief of staff. Ostensibly this was simply a renaming of the now-dissolved Southwestern Front, but in fact was a largely new formation, as the only effective units under its command were the new 62nd, 63rd and 64th Armies, formed from the 7th, 5th and 1st Reserve Armies, respectively. The armies of the former front had been badly battered and partly encircled in the German Operation Wilhelm (June 10\u201315), Operation\n\nThe Battle of Stalingrad (23 August 19422 February 1943) was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II where Nazi Germany and its allies unsuccessfully fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (later renamed Volgograd) in Southern Russia. The battle was marked by fierce close-quarters combat and direct assaults on civilians in air raids, with the battle epitomizing urban warfare. It was the bloodiest battle of the Second World War, with both sides suffering enormous casualties. Today, the Battle of Stalingrad is universally regarded as the turning point in the European theatre of war, as it forced the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (German High Command) to withdraw considerable military forces from other areas in occupied Europe to replace German losses on the Eastern Front, ending with the rout of the six field armies of Army Group B, including the destruction of Nazi Germany's 6th\n\nKomsomolskaya Square (), known as Kalanchyovskaya () before 1932, is a square in Moscow, with a blend of revivalist Tsarist and Stalinist architecture. It is referred to informally as Three Station Square () after the three rail termini situated there: Leningradsky, Yaroslavsky, and Kazansky. These stations connect Moscow with Saint Petersburg, northwestern Russia, the Volga region, and Siberia via the Trans-Siberian Railway. Its origins lay in the construction of the Moscow-Saint Petersburg Railway in the 1840s, when Kalanchyovskoye Field, outside the Garden Ring, was selected as location for the Nicholas Railway Station (later renamed Leningradsky). In 1862 the Yaroslavsky Rail Terminal, a terminus of the Trans-Siberian Railway, was constructed nearby. On the opposite side of the field the Kazansky Rail Terminal was inaugurated two years later. Until 1909, a railway line leading to Kursky Rail Terminal traversed the square; it is now elevated so as not to interfere with street\n\nQuestion: \u2018The Motherland Calls\u2019 which commemorates the Battle of Stalingrad, is a statue in which Russian city?", "output": "Volgograd"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "reported to be at least 790,000 years old. Communication between the Old World and the New World in the Columbian Exchange influenced the history of cooking. The movement of foods across the Atlantic from the New World, such as potatoes, tomatoes, maize, beans, bell pepper, chili pepper, vanilla, pumpkin, cassava, avocado, peanut, pecan, cashew, pineapple, blueberry, sunflower, chocolate, gourds, and squash, had a profound effect on Old World cooking. The movement of foods across the Atlantic from the Old World, such as cattle, sheep, pigs, wheat, oats, barley, rice, apples, pears, peas, chickpeas, green beans, mustard, and carrots, similarly changed New World cooking. In the 17th and 18th centuries, food was a classic marker of identity in Europe. In the 19th-century \"Age of Nationalism\", cuisine became a defining symbol of national identity. The Industrial Revolution brought mass-production, mass-marketing, and standardization of food. Factories processed, preserved, canned, and packaged a wide\n\nto be beneficial), though ultimately unwelcome, or when the reverse is the case (not desired originally, but ultimately acceptable), predispose loose fruit moistened by them to Levitical uncleanness. Thus if one shakes a tree to bring down some fruit, or a dead reptile, and at the same time some drops of water fall from the tree on fruit lying near by, the water does not come under the law of ki yuttan, or the fruit under liability to uncleanness by contact with a defiling object; but when one's intention is to shake off the rain-water or the dewdrops, the loose fruit moistened thereby becomes susceptible to uncleanness. Where water is used for other than its ordinary purposes, as where one submerges fruit or vegetables to secrete them from thieves, the effect is not to render the fruit liable to defilement. A precedent under this rule is cited from the history\n\nAscorbic acid is an organic compound with formula , originally called hexuronic acid. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. It is a mild reducing agent. Ascorbic acid exists as two enantiomers (mirror-image isomers), commonly denoted \"\" (for \"levo\") and \"\" (for \"dextro\"). The isomer is the one most often encountered: it occurs naturally in many foods, and is one form (\"vitamer\") of vitamin C, an essential nutrient for humans and many animals. Deficiency of vitamin C causes scurvy, formerly a major disease of sailors in long sea voyages. It is used as a food additive and a dietary supplement for its antioxidant properties. The \"\" form can be made via chemical synthesis but has no significant biological role. History The antiscorbutic properties of certain foods were demonstrated in the 18th century by James Lind. In\n\nQuestion: The American 1893 Nix v Hedden court case determined (and still), for US customs taxation purposes, based on conventional usage, what to be a vegetable and not a fruit?", "output": "Tomato"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "ideal grade, called \"Deep Siberian\", has a primary purple hue of around 75\u201380%, with 15\u201320% blue and (depending on the light source) red secondary hues. \"Rose de France\" is defined by its markedly light shade of the purple, reminiscent of a lavender/lilac shade. These pale colors were once considered undesirable, but have recently become popular due to intensive marketing. Green quartz is sometimes incorrectly called green amethyst; this is a misnomer and not an appropriate name for the material, as the proper terminology is prasiolite. Other names for green quartz are vermarine or lime citrine. Amethyst frequently shows color zoning, with the most intense color typically found at the crystal terminations. One of a gem cutter\u2019s tasks is to make a finished product with even color. Sometimes, only a thin layer of a natural, uncut amethyst is violet colored, or the color is very uneven. The uncut gem may have\n\nAfrica. Its bright blue color is the mineral's most notable characteristic. It is used as a gemstone. References Calcium minerals Copper(II) minerals Aluminium minerals Cyclosilicates Monoclinic minerals Minerals in space group 12 Gemstones\n\ndirect transmitted light, aqua aura displays the following properties: a coppery surface iridescence in tangential illumination diffused dark outlines of some facet junctions a patchy blue colour distribution on some facets white facet junctions, irregular white abrasions and surface pits, where the treatment either did not \"take\" or had been abraded away. The brilliant color of these products is the result of optical interference effects produced by layers of metal. In culture In 2015, American animated series Steven Universe introduced Rainbow Quartz, a personified fusion of two distinct gem characters: Pearl and Rose Quartz. See also Rhinestone References External links Crystals Gemstones\n\nQuestion: What is the normal colour of the gem sapphire? Red, Green or Blue?", "output": "Blue"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Flush: A Biography, an imaginative biography of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's cocker spaniel, is a cross-genre blend of fiction and nonfiction by Virginia Woolf published in 1933. Written after the completion of her emotionally draining The Waves, the work returned Woolf to the imaginative consideration of English history that she had begun in Orlando: A Biography, and to which she would return in Between the Acts. Themes Commonly read as a modernist consideration of city life seen through the eyes of a dog, Flush serves as a harsh criticism of the supposedly unnatural ways of living in the city. The figure of Elizabeth Barrett Browning in the text is often read as an analogue for other female intellectuals, like Woolf herself, who suffered from illness, feigned or real, as a part of their status as female writers. Most insightful and experimental are Woolf's emotional and philosophical views verbalised in Flush's thoughts.\n\nher husband, Robert Browning. From this material, Woolf creates a biography that works on three levels. It is overtly a biography of a dog's life. Since this dog is of interest primarily for its owner, the work is also an impressionistic biography of Elizabeth Barrett during the most dramatic years of her life. At this level, Flush mostly recapitulates the romantic legend of Barrett Browning's life: early confinement by a mysterious illness and a doting but tyrannical father; a passionate romance with an equally talented poet; an elopement that permanently estranges the father, but which allows Barrett Browning to find happiness and health in Italy. On a third level, the book gives Woolf an opportunity to return to some of her most frequent topics: the glory and misery of London; the Victorian mindset; class differences; and the ways in which women oppressed by \"fathers and tyrants\" may find freedom. Woolf\n\nElizabeth Clementine Dodge Stedman (December 10, 1810 \u2013 November 19, 1889) was an American writer. She was the author of Felicita, a Metrical Romance (1855), Poems (1867), and Bianca Cappello, A Tragedy (1873). Biography She was born Elizabeth Clementine Dodge in New York City on December 10, 1810. Her father was David Low Dodge, who helped establish the New York Peace Society. Her mother was Sarah Cleveland, the daughter of minister Aaron Cleveland. Her brother was William E. Dodge, noted abolitionist, Native American rights activist, past president of the National Temperance Society, and founding member of YMCA of the USA. Elizabeth was a contributor to the Knickerbocker and to Blackwood's. During a 14-year stay in Europe she was a friend of Robert Browning and Elizabeth Barrett Browning. She published Felicita, a Metrical Romance (1855), Poems (1867), and Bianco Capello, A Tragedy (1873), written during her time abroad in Italy. Personal\n\nQuestion: What was the name of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's pet golden cocker spaniel ?", "output": "Flush"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Warkari (Marathi: \u0935\u093e\u0930\u0915\u0930\u0940; Pronunciation: [\u028ba\u02d0\u027ek\u0259\u027ei\u02d0]; Meaning: 'The one who performs the Wari') is a sampradaya (religious movement) within the bhakti spiritual tradition of Hinduism, geographically associated with the Indian state of Maharashtra. Warkaris worship Vitthal (also known as Vithoba), the presiding deity of Pandharpur, regarded as a form of Vishnu. Saints and gurus of the bhakti movement associated with the Warkaris include Dnyaneshwar, Namdev, Chokhamela, Eknath, and Tukaram all of whom are accorded the title of Sant. Recent research has suggested that the Varkaris were historically the followers of Krishna. Influence The Warkari tradition has been part of Hindu culture in Maharashtra since the thirteenth-century CE, when it formed as a panth (community of people with shared spiritual beliefs and practices) during the Bhakti movement. Warkaris recognise around fifty poet-saints (sants) whose works over a period of 500 years were documented in an eighteenth-century hagiography by Mahipati. The Warkari tradition\n\nThe Swadhyaya Movement or Swadhyaya Parivara started in mid 20th-century in the western states of India, particularly Maharashtra and Gujarat. Founded by Pandurang Shastri Athavale (1920-2003), the movement emphasizes self-study (swadhyaya), selfless devotion (bhakti) and application of Indian scriptures such as the Upanishads and Bhagavad gita for spiritual, social and economic liberation. The movement focuses on the Upanishadic mah\u0101v\u0101kyas (great teachings) related with Vedic belief that god is within oneself, every human being, all living beings and all of god's creation. It encourages voluntary self-study, self-knowledge, community discourses and action with a responsibility to the god in oneself and others. Its temples typically highlight the deities Yogeshwara Krishna, Parvati, Ganesha and Shiva in a Vriksha Mandir (\"temple of trees\") setting. Deity Surya is recognized in the form of sunlight. Prayers are performed in the Smarta tradition's Panchayatana puja format, attributed to Adi Shankara. Community members participate in Bhavabhakti (emotional devotion\n\nSiddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha ('the awakened'), was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition, he was born in Lumbini, in what is now Nepal, to royal parents of the Shakya clan, but renounced his home life to live as a wandering ascetic (). After leading a life of mendicancy, asceticism, and meditation, he attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya in what is now India. The Buddha thereafter wandered through the lower Indo-Gangetic Plain, teaching and building a monastic order. He taught a Middle Way between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism, leading to Nirvana, that is, freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth, and suffering. His teachings are summarized in the Noble Eightfold Path, a training of the mind that includes ethical training and meditative practices such as sense restraint, kindness\n\nQuestion: From which major religion did the Hare Krishna movement spring?", "output": "Hindu"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Stanford Leonard \"Stan\" Smith is a fictional character and the title character protagonist of the animated television series American Dad!. He is voiced by the series' co-creator and executive producer, Seth MacFarlane. Stan is the patriarch of the Smith family. As the family's breadwinner, he works for the Central Intelligence Agency. Although he once held the position of a case officer at the CIA, he is also weapons expert for this agency. Stan often makes the mistake of applying the same extreme measures suited and used for his job in his personal life and with his family. Stan is portrayed as drastic, endangering, rash, insensitive, inconsiderate, dog-eat-dog, racist, and very masculine. In the series he is emphasized as a conservative Republican. Stan has an exaggeratedly large chin, which has been described satirically as a \"Jay Leno jaw\". He usually wears a blue suit with a lapel pin that is a\n\nPancake Mountain is a children's television show created by filmmaker Scott Stuckey (of the famous Stuckey's family). Described as an \u201calt-rock guerrilla kids' dance party, forged in the crucible of Washington, D.C. cable-access television\u201d, it is notable for featuring many punk rock/indie rock musicians like The White Stripes, Eddie Vedder, Fat Mike, The Melvins, Kings of Leon, Henry Rollins, Shirley Manson, Gerard Way, Daniel Johnston, Tegan and Sara, Katy Perry, Bright Eyes, Deerhoof, Ted Leo and the Pharmacists, The Fiery Furnaces, Thievery Corporation, Arcade Fire, Built to Spill, Jenny Lewis, Metric, Starcrawler and many others. The show is hosted by a goat puppet named Rufus Leaking, superhero Captain Perfect and his slightly more sensible foil Garnett who serve as interviewers and dance-party impresarios. Interviews have included George Clinton, Juliette Lewis, and Chuck Leavell among others. Anti-Flag performed the theme song on the original 12 DVD episodes. History During an interview\n\nLove Monkey is a comic novel by Kyle Smith published in 2004. It is the basis for the 2006 CBS television series of the same name. Love Monkey is Kyle Smith's first novel. Smith is currently a film critic for the New York Post. Plot summary Tom Farrell is a man in his thirties who resides in New York City in 2001 (before, during and after the September 11 attacks). The novel is a slice of life story, briefly visiting several months of his life as he works as an editor of the weekend edition of the New York City newspaper, Tabloid. Although his friends and relatives advance in life (marriage, kids, etc.), Tom believes he is not. He makes around $86,000 a year, but the most expensive item he owns is a several thousand dollar couch (doesn't own a high priced item like a home or car, for example).\n\nQuestion: Which TV cartoon series is about CIA agent Stan Smith and his family?", "output": "American Dad"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Brigitte Anne-Marie Bardot ( ; ; born 28 September 1934), often referred to by her initials B.B., is a French animal rights activist and former actress, singer, and model. Famous for portraying sexually emancipated characters, often with hedonistic lifestyles, she was one of the best known sex symbols of the 1950s\u20131970s. Although she withdrew from the entertainment industry in 1973, she remains a major popular culture icon, and a noted figure in ushering in the sexual revolution. Born and raised in Paris, Bardot was an aspiring ballerina in her early life. She started her acting career in 1952, and achieved international recognition in 1957 for her role in And God Created Woman (1956), catching the attention of many French intellectuals, and earning her the nickname \"sex kitten\". She was the subject of philosopher Simone de Beauvoir's 1959 essay The Lolita Syndrome, which described her as a \"locomotive of women's history\"\n\n\"Bang, Bang, You're Dead\" (1970) .... Miss Parks \"The Wild Wild West\" \"The Night of the Avaricious Actuary\" (1968) .... Girl #1 \"The Night of the Cutthroats\" (1967) .... Waiting Lady \"The Night of the Circus of Death\" (1967) .... Secretary \"Get Smart\" - \"With Love and Twitches (1968) .... Waitress \"The Monkees\" - \"Some Like It Lukewarm\" (1968) .... Maxine \"Burke's Law\" - \"Who Killed Molly?\" (1964) .... 1st Stripper Quote \"I want to be a hair stylist because I like styling hair. And the money is good. Why try to be a starlet and starve?\" See also List of people in Playboy 1960\u20131969 References External links 1945 births 1960s Playboy Playmates Living people People from Perth Amboy, New Jersey\n\n(1964) ... Jeannie My Favorite Martian \u2013 \"Who Am I?\" (1964) ... Nurse The Dick Van Dyke Show \u2013 \"The Man from Emperor\" (1964) ... Sexy Secretary/Florence The Alfred Hitchcock Hour \u2013 \"Goodbye, George\" (1963) ... Starlet The Phantom Planet (1961) ... Juror References External links Marya Carter May 1962 1942 births Living people 1960s Playboy Playmates Place of birth missing (living people)\n\nQuestion: \"Which 1950s-60s sex symbol is reputed to have said, \"\"I started out as a lousy actress and have remained one\"\"?\"", "output": "Brigitte Bardot"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Arthur Wood (24 January 1875 \u2013 18 January 1953) was an English composer and conductor, particularly famous for \"Barwick Green\", the signature theme for the BBC Radio 4 series The Archers. Life Wood was born in Heckmondwike, Yorkshire, the son of a tailor. His father was a violinist in a local amateur orchestra and as a boy, Wood began to learn the violin, the flute and piccolo. After his family moved to Harrogate in 1882 he was given flute lessons from Arthur Brookes, a member of a local spa orchestra. He left school at the age of twelve and two years later became organist of St Paul's Presbyterian Church in Harrogate. By age sixteen he had become the lead flautist, pianist and deputy conductor of the Harrogate Municipal Orchestra. Later he moved onto the Bournemouth Municipal Orchestra. In 1903, at the age of twenty-eight, he progressed to become the director\n\n1902. After this he became a staff composer for Boosey & Hawkes, for whom he wrote many orchestral suites and single works, many related to his upbringing. These include Three Dale Dances, the Yorkshire Moors Suite, A Lancashire Clog Dance and My Native Heath, from which his most famous piece \"Barwick Green\" came. Other orchestral works include his Concertino in A major, Widow Malone, An Oriental Scene and Fairy Dreams. He also composed for a number of stage musicals, such as Yvonne, Petticoat Fair, and Fancy Fair, the latter two dating from about 1918. Apart from \"Barwick Green\", his works are now rarely performed. References External links 1875 births 1953 deaths 20th-century classical composers English classical composers Light music composers People from Heckmondwike The Archers English male classical composers Musicians from Yorkshire 20th-century English composers 20th-century British male musicians\n\nChambers was a BBC radio and television sitcom. It was written by barrister Clive Coleman and starred John Bird and Sarah Lancashire in both versions. The radio version was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in three series between 1996 and 1999, and the television version was broadcast on BBC One. The theme music was \"Dance with Mandolins\" from Prokofiev's Romeo and Juliet. John Bird plays the lead role of John Fuller-Carp, a monstrously egotistical and avaricious barrister heading Forecourt Chambers. His colleagues are Hilary Tripping, a rather ineffectual young man, and Ruth Quirke, initially a rather militantly left wing feminist. After Lesley Sharp left the role after the first series and Sarah Lancashire took over, Ruth became more of comic neurotic, but many of the 'original' Ruth's harder characteristics were later given to the character who replaced her in the second run of the television series, Alex Kahn. Radio cast\n\nQuestion: \"\"\"Barwick Green\"\" is the name of the title music of which serial drama show?\"", "output": "The Archers"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "John Dramani Mahama (; born 29 November 1958) is a Ghanaian politician who served as President of Ghana from 24 July 2012 to 7 January 2017. He previously served as Vice President of Ghana from January 2009 to July 2012, and took office as president on 24 July 2012 following the death of his predecessor, John Evans Fiifi Attah Mills. A member of the National Democratic Congress (NDC), he was Member of Parliament for Bole Bamboi from 1997 to 2009 and served as Deputy Minister for Communication between 1997 and 1998 before becoming the substantive Minister for Communications in 1998. Mahama is the first vice president to take over the presidency from the death of his predecessor, John Evans Atta Mills, and is the first head of state of Ghana to have been born after Ghana's independence. He was elected after December 2012 election to serve as full-time President. He\n\nMills, and is the first head of state of Ghana to have been born after Ghana's independence. He was elected after December 2012 election to serve as full-time President. He contested re-election for a second term in the 2016 election, but lost to the New Patriotic Party candidate Nana Akufo-Addo, in 2016. This made him the first President in the history of Ghana to not have won a second term. Early years A member of the Gonja ethnic group in the Savanna Region of Ghana, Mahama hails from Bole in the Savanna Region. Mahama was born on November 29, 1958 in Damongo, an area in present-day West Gonja District. His father, Emmanuel Adama Mahama, a wealthy rice farmer and teacher, was the first Member of Parliament for the West Gonja constituency and the first Regional Commissioner of the Northern Region during the First Republic under Ghana's first president, Kwame Nkrumah.\n\nAlhaji Aliu Mahama (3 March 1946 \u2013 16 November 2012) was a Ghanaian engineer and politician who was Vice-President of Ghana from 7 January 2001 to 7 January 2009. A member of the New Patriotic Party, he was Ghana's first Muslim Vice-President. Early life and education An ethnic Dagomba, Aliu Mahama as a young man studied at the Government Secondary School in Tamale from 1960 to 1967 for his Ordinary and Advanced Level Certificates. He proceeded to the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi from 1967 to 1971 where he obtained the B.Sc. in Building Technology. Mahama was also an alumnus of the Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA). He obtained two certificates from the Institute in Project Planning and Management and in Leadership. Career He started his working career at the Bolgatanga regional office of the State Construction Corporation as an Engineer/Construction from 1972 to\n\nQuestion: From 1960 to 1966 who was the first President of independent Ghana?", "output": "KWAME NKRUMAH"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The aurochs (Bos primigenius) ( or ) is an extinct cattle species, considered to be the wild ancestor of modern domestic cattle. With a shoulder height of up to in bulls and in cows, it was one of the largest herbivores in the Holocene; it had massive elongated and broad horns that reached in length. The aurochs was part of the Pleistocene megafauna. It probably evolved in Asia and migrated west and north during warm interglacial periods. The oldest known aurochs fossils found in India and North Africa date to the Middle Pleistocene and in Europe to the Holstein interglacial. As indicated by fossil remains in Northern Europe, it reached Denmark and southern Sweden during the Holocene. The aurochs declined during the late Holocene due to habitat loss and hunting, and became extinct around the 17th century. The aurochs is depicted in Paleolithic cave paintings, Neolithic petroglyphs, Ancient Egyptian reliefs\n\nThe Celtic languages ( ) are a group of related languages descended from Proto-Celtic. They form a branch of the Indo-European language family. The term \"Celtic\" was first used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707, following Paul-Yves Pezron, who made the explicit link between the Celts described by classical writers and the Welsh and Breton languages. During the first millennium BC, Celtic languages were spoken across much of Europe and central Anatolia. Today, they are restricted to the northwestern fringe of Europe and a few diaspora communities. There are six living languages: the four continuously living languages Breton, Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Welsh, and the two revived languages Cornish and Manx. All are minority languages in their respective countries, though there are continuing efforts at revitalisation. Welsh is an official language in Wales and Irish is an official language of Ireland and of the European Union.\n\nLinsey-woolsey (less often, woolsey-linsey or in Scots, ) is a coarse twill or plain-woven fabric woven with a linen warp and a woollen weft. Similar fabrics woven with a cotton warp and woollen weft in Colonial America were also called linsey-woolsey or wincey. The name derives from a combination of lin (an archaic word for flax, whence \"linen\") and wool. This textile has been known since ancient times; known as () in Hebrew, the Torah and hence Jewish law explicitly forbade wearing it. History Mentions of a linsey-woolsey appear in late medieval sources in the Netherlands, as well as in other north-western European areas in the proceeding couple hundred years. In French, it went by \"tiretaine\", Danish \"thirumtej\", and by other names in other languages. These names were anglicised as \"turtein\" or \"tartan\" (not to be confused with tartan patterns). Hemp would also have been used together with the linen\n\nQuestion: Turkish Van, Chartreux, Scottish Fold and Ragdoll are types of?", "output": "Cats"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "first ready-to-drink sports drink available in Australia to add magnesium to its formula. Staminade powder contains magnesium lactate and Staminade concentrate contained magnesium sulphate. References External links Official Staminade Website Non-alcoholic drinks Sports drinks Australian brands Australian drinks\n\nSulfur water (or sulphur water) is a condition where water is exposed to hydrogen sulfide gas, giving a distinct \"rotten egg\" smell. This condition has different purposes in culture varying to health and implications to plumbing. Chemical composition Sulfur water is made out of dissolved minerals that contain sulfate. These include baryte (BaSO4), epsomite (MgSO4 7H2O) and gypsum (CaSO42H20). It is reported that a notable change in taste to the water is found differently to the type of sulfate affecting the water. For sodium sulfate, 250 to 500 mg/litre, with calcium sulfate at 250 to 1000 mg/litre and magnesium sulfate at 400 to 600 mg/litre. A study by Zoeteman found that having 270 mg of calcium sulfate and 90 mg of magnesium sulfate actually had improved the taste of the water. Health Bathing in water high in sulfur or other minerals for its presumed health benefits is known as balneotherapy.\n\nMagnesium diuranate (MgU2O7) is a compound of uranium. It is known in the uranium refining industry as \"MDU\" and forms the major part of some yellowcake mixtures. Yellowcakes are an intermediate product in the uranium refining process. To produce this form of yellowcake, crushed ore is mixed with hot water to a 58% solids slurry. The solids slurry is then processed through a series of tanks, where sulfuric acid, sodium chlorate, and steam are used to extract the uranium from the solids slurry. The average leaching efficiency for this process is 98.5%. The uranium-bearing solution is then decanted and directed to a solvent extraction (SX) process for further purification. In this extraction step, the dissolved uranium is transferred from the feed solution into the organic solvent. Next a stripping step recovers the uranium into a sodium chloride aqueous phase after which the barren solvent is recycled. The average efficiency of\n\nQuestion: By what name is hydrated magnesium sulphate better known?", "output": "EPSOM SALTS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Hall Road railway station serves Blundellsands in Merseyside, England. The station is located on the Southport branch of the Merseyrail network's Northern Line. Hall Road TMD was adjacent to the station, but this closed in 1997 and has since been demolished. History Hall Road opened in 1874 as an intermediate station on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (LYR), at a request from Joseph Gardner, a local merchant. Initially the railway company refused, but relented when he had five further houses built in the same location. The LYR electrified the line, using the third-rail system, and services started on 5 April 1904. The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway amalgamated with the London and North Western Railway on 1 January 1922 and in turn was Grouped into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway in 1923. Nationalisation followed in 1948 and in 1977 the station became part of the Merseyrail network's Northern Line (operated\n\nday, every day. Northbound trains operate via Hamilton Square station in Birkenhead and the Mersey Railway Tunnel to Liverpool. Southbound trains all proceed as far as Hooton, where the lines to Chester and Ellesmere Port divide. These services are all provided by Merseyrail's fleet of Class 507 and Class 508 EMUs. Gallery See also List of underground stations of the Merseyrail network References Further reading External links Railway stations in the Metropolitan Borough of Wirral DfT Category E stations Former Mersey Railway stations Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1886 Railway stations served by Merseyrail\n\nThis is a list of railway stations within the county of Merseyside, a metropolitan county in northwest England. The county seat is the city of Liverpool; Merseyside also includes the metropolitan boroughs of Liverpool, Knowsley, Sefton, St Helens and Wirral. It includes all railway stations in Merseyside that currently have regular timetabled train services. Merseyrail is the name of the commuter rail network and train operating company which provides the majority of local rail services on Merseyside. The Merseyside Passenger Transport Executive, branded Merseytravel, coordinates public transport in Merseyside. In respect of rail services, it is responsible for awarding the Merseyrail franchise to private operators, and for setting zonal boundaries for season ticket fares. Other regional rail services in the metropolitan county are run by operators such as Northern; Merseytravel also sponsors these services, and the Merseyrail branding is used at the stations which they serve. Stations currently in use\n\nQuestion: What is the name of the blue line on the Merseyrail map?", "output": "Northern Line"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Kydonia or Cydonia (; ; ) was an ancient city-state on the northwest coast of the island of Crete. It is at the site of the modern-day Greek city of Chania. In legend Cydonia was founded by King Cydon (), a son of Hermes or Apollo and of Akakallis, the daughter of King Minos. According to Pausanias he was son of king Tegeates. Diodorus Siculus mentions that the city was founded by King Minos. The editors of the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World suggest that the city also bore the name Apollonia (). Prehistoric period The name of the city is first mentioned in Linear B tablets from Knossos as It derives from the word kydos/\u03ba\u1fe6\u03b4\u03bf\u03c2 which means power, glory, fame. At Kastelli hill, which is the citadel of Chania's harbor, archaeological excavations have discovered ceramic sherds that date to the Neolithic. Scarce finds such as walls\n\nThe Acropolis of Athens (; ) is an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens, Greece, and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historical significance, the most famous being the Parthenon. The word Acropolis is from the Greek words (akron, \"highest point, extremity\") and (polis, \"city\"). The term acropolis is generic and there are many other acropoleis in Greece. During ancient times the Acropolis of Athens was also more properly known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man Cecrops, the supposed first Athenian king. While there is evidence that the hill was inhabited as early as the fourth millennium BC, it was Pericles (\u2013429 BC) in the fifth century BC who coordinated the construction of the buildings whose present remains are the site's most important ones, including the Parthenon, the Propylaea, the Erechtheion and the Temple of Athena Nike. The Parthenon\n\nCyprus (), officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, south of the Anatolian Peninsula and east of the Levant. It is geographically in Western Asia, but its cultural ties and geopolitics are overwhelmingly Southeastern European. Cyprus is the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean. It is located north of Egypt, east of Greece, south of Turkey, and west of Lebanon and Syria. Its capital and largest city is Nicosia. The northeast portion of the island is de facto governed by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains include the well-preserved ruins from the Hellenistic period such as Salamis and Kourion, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves\n\nQuestion: The Palace of Knossos is on which Greek island?", "output": "Crete"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Look Back in Anger\" is a song written by English artists David Bowie and Brian Eno for the album Lodger (1979). It concerns \"a tatty 'Angel of Death'\", and features a guitar solo by Carlos Alomar. RCA Records was unsure if America was ready for the sexual androgyny of \"Boys Keep Swinging\", the lead-off single from Lodger in most territories, and \"Look Back in Anger\" was issued instead. The B-side was another track from Lodger called \"Repetition\", a story of domestic violence. The single failed to chart. Beyond the shared title, the song has nothing to do with the John Osborne play Look Back in Anger. Bowie performed the song on his 1983 Serious Moonlight Tour (it is the opening number on the Serious Moonlight film) and reworked it in the mid-1990s as a heavy rock song for the Outside, Earthling, Heathen tours. Critical reception \"Look Back in Anger\" has\n\nJohn Bowe (born John Wilson, 1 February 1950) is a British actor best known for his roles in Emmerdale as Lawrence White and Coronation Street as Duggie Ferguson. Early life and career Bowe was born in Greasby, on the Wirral in Cheshire, England. His highest profile role was probably that of George Marlow in the first Prime Suspect serial in 1991. He also played Duggie Ferguson in Coronation Street from 1999 to 2002, having previously appeared in another of Granada TV's soap operas, Families. Other TV credits include: Warship, Secret Army, Boon, The New Statesman, Capital City, Class Act, Lovejoy, Silent Witness, The Royal, Dalziel and Pascoe, Cleopatra and Einstein and Eddington, Tipping the Velvet, The Hour and DCI Banks and Soldier Soldier. Film credits include The Living Daylights (1987), Resurrected (1989), County Kilburn (2000) and Gozo (2015). In 2007, Bowe played Dr Morgan in the BBC series Cranford. in\n\nWhite Rage were nominated for the Prix du Polar. His quartet of Glasgow novels consists of The Bad Fire, The Last Darkness, White Rage, and Butcher. He also wrote a memoir titled All That Really Matters, retitled in the United States as I Hope You Have a Good Life. Under his real name, \"Campbell Black\"\u2014and under the pseudonym \"Thomas Altman\"\u2014he wrote novelizations of movies including Raiders of the Lost Ark and Dressed to Kill, as well as thrillers and horror novels. He co-wrote the 1980 novel The Homing with Jeffrey Caine, under the pseudonym \"Jeffrey Campbell.\" His work was originally influenced by Robert Louis Stevenson, and he ascribed a certain \"dark aspect\" of his writing to the opening scenes of Treasure Island. Among other influences he included Franz Kafka, Fred Vargas, Kobo Abe, and Albert Camus. His books have been translated into French, German, Greek, Japanese, Italian, Hebrew and Polish.\n\nQuestion: What is the name of the main character in John Osborne's 'Look Back In Anger'?", "output": "Jimmy Porter"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Channel Tunnel (), also known as the Chunnel, is a underwater railway tunnel that connects Folkestone (Kent, England) with Coquelles (Pas-de-Calais, France) beneath the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. It is the only fixed link between the island of Great Britain and the European mainland. At its lowest point, it is below the sea bed and below sea level. At , it has the longest underwater section of any tunnel in the world and is the third longest railway tunnel in the world. The speed limit for trains through the tunnel is . The tunnel is owned and operated by the company Getlink, formerly \"Groupe Eurotunnel\". The tunnel carries high-speed Eurostar passenger trains, LeShuttle services for road vehicles and freight trains. It connects end-to-end with high-speed railway lines: the LGV Nord in France and High Speed 1 in England. In 2017, rail services carried 10.3 million passengers\n\nFolkestone Harbour station was one of four railway stations in Folkestone, Kent. It served Folkestone Harbour with connecting boat train services across the English Channel to Calais and Boulogne. The station was opened by the South Eastern Railway (SER) in 1849 as part of a project to redevelop the harbour and connect it to the wider railway network. The local geography prevented direct access from the South Eastern main line, so a 1-in-32 branch line was built from Folkestone Junction, which crossed the harbour on a viaduct, reaching the station at the pier. Originally designed for freight, the line also became popular with continental passenger services. The station was redeveloped in the early 20th century and it was an important destination for soldiers during World War I. The opening of the Channel Tunnel in 1994 made Folkestone Harbour uncompetitive, and the station began to decline, with regular passenger services ending\n\nThe M/V Rosa Eugenia, formerly the Coutances and Outances is a freight ferry owned by Conferry and previously operated by Brittany Ferries. It was built at Ateliers et Chantiers du Havre shipyard in France for Truckline Ferries and entered service in 1977. In 1985 Truckline was purchased by Brittany Ferries and in 1986 they sent Coutances and her sister Purbeck to be lengthened which increased their capacity by 34%. In 2004 Coutances was repainted in Brittany Ferries livery. She has sailed for most of her life between Poole and Cherbourg though was briefly replaced by the in the early nineties. In November 2007 Coutances was replaced on most Poole-Cherbourg sailings by the Cotentin, a new freight ferry constructed by Aker Finnyards. Coutances was withdrawn from service on 1 May 2008. In late July 2008 she was sold to Conferry of Venezuela owners of the former Purbeck, Coutances''' sister ship.Coutances sailed\n\nQuestion: What goes through the Channel Tunnel that links Folkestone in the UK with Coquelles, near Calais in northern France?", "output": "Railway lines"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Curse of the Mummy's Tomb is a 1964 British horror film produced, written and directed by Michael Carreras, starring Terence Morgan, Ronald Howard, Fred Clark and introducing Jeanne Roland. Plot \"Egypt in the year 1900\". The mummy of Ra-Antef, son of Ramesses VIII, is discovered by three Egyptologists: Englishmen John Bray (Ronald Howard) and Sir Giles Dalrymple (Jack Gwillim) as well as French Professor Eugene Dubois (unbilled Bernard Rebel, who died three weeks before the film's UK premiere). Assisting in the expedition is Professor Dubois' daughter, and Bray's fianc\u00e9e, Annette (Jeanne Roland), herself an Egyptology expert. All the artifacts are brought back to London by the project's backer, American showman Alexander King (Fred Clark), who plans to recoup his investment by staging luridly sensational public exhibits of the Egyptian treasures. Soon after arrival, however, the mummy revives and starts to kill various members of the expedition, while it becomes\n\nThe Tomb of Perneb is a mastaba-style tomb from ancient Egypt, built during the reigns of Djedkare Isesi and Unas (ca. 2381 BC to 2323 BC), in the necropolis of Saqqara, north of Pharaoh Djoser's Step Pyramid and about 30 kilometers south of Giza, Egypt. It was the tomb of Perneb, and from the size and placement of the tomb he might have been a court official or royal family member. The tomb was erected during the 5th Dynasty in the Old Kingdom. It was discovered in 1907, purchased from the Egyptian government in 1913 and given to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, by Edward S. Harkness. Perneb was a court official in the royal household who had a role in the robing and crowning of the king. His name means \"my Lord has come forth to me\". His tomb was attached to the larger tomb\n\nHarry Burton (13 September 1879 \u2013 27 June 1940) was an English archaeological photographer, best known for his photographs of excavations in Egypt's Valley of the Kings. Today, he is sometimes referred to as an Egyptologist, since he worked for the Egyptian Expedition of the Metropolitan Museum of Art for around 25 years, from 1915 until his death. His most famous photographs are the estimated 3,400 or more images that he took documenting Howard Carter's excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb from 1922 to 1932. Life and work Burton was born in Stamford, Lincolnshire, England, to journeyman cabinet maker William Burton and Ann Hufton, the fifth of eleven children. In his teens he began to work for the art historian Robert Henry Hobart Cust and in 1896 moved to Florence, Italy, acting as Cust's secretary and establishing a reputation as an art photographer. While in Florence, Burton met Theodore M. Davis, a\n\nQuestion: The tomb of what Egyptian king, which later inspired a Top 20 hit by Steve Martin, was discovered by Howard Carter on Nov 4, 1922, in spite of the supposed curse?", "output": "King Tut"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Hermite Islands () are the islands Hermite, Herschel, Deceit and Hornos as well as the islets Maxwell, Jerd\u00e1n, Arrecife, Chanticleer, Hall, Deceit (islet), and Hasse at almost the southernmost end of South America. The smallest and southernmost of the major islands is Hornos Island, the location of Cape Horn. The islands are located south of the Wollaston Islands and separated from them by the Franklin Channel. The islets Terhalten, Sesambre, Evout and Barnevelt are located easterly and are not considered part of the Hermite islands. The southernmost islands of the American continent are the Diego Ram\u00edrez Islands, southwest of Cape Horn. South of all these islands is the Drake Passage. The southern tip of Deceit island extends southeastwards through a line of sharp-edged rocks known as Los dientes o garras de Deceit (the Teeth or Claws of Deceit) that end in a rough islet, Islote Deceit. The islands form\n\nThe Channel Islands are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They are divided into two Crown Dependencies: the Bailiwick of Jersey, which is the largest of the islands; and the Bailiwick of Guernsey, consisting of Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, Herm and some smaller islands. Historically, they are the remnants of the Duchy of Normandy. Although they are not part of the United Kingdom, the UK is currently responsible for the defence and international relations of the islands. The Crown Dependencies are neither members of the Commonwealth of Nations, nor part of the European Union. They have a total population of about , and the bailiwicks' capitals, Saint Helier and Saint Peter Port, have populations of 33,500 and 18,207 respectively. \"Channel Islands\" is a geographical term, not a political unit. The two bailiwicks have been administered separately since the late 13th century. Each has its own\n\nSanta Isabel Island (also known as Isabel, Ysabel and Mahaga) is the longest in Solomon Islands, the third largest in terms of surface area, and the largest in the group of islands in Isabel Province. Location and geographic data Choiseul lies to the north-west, Malaita to the south-east. The Pacific Ocean lies to the north, and Guadalcanal (Isatabu) to the south. The highest point in Santa Isabel is Mount Sasari, . The Marutho river runs down Mount Sasari to the ocean at Hofi. Almost all the rivers or streams run from that centre point except for those at the other tip of the island on the Katova side. The administrative centre is Buala. The nearest airport is Fera Airport on neighbouring Fera Island. History The first European landing in the Solomon Islands archipelago was made at Santa Isabel Island, by the Spanish explorer \u00c1lvaro de Menda\u00f1a on 7 February 1568.\n\nQuestion: Which is the most southerly of The Channel Islands ?", "output": "Jersey"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "two-person Project Gemini conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo. Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed their Apollo Lunar Module (LM) on July 20, 1969, and walked on the lunar surface, while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module (CSM), and all three landed safely on Earth in the Pacific Ocean on July 24. Five subsequent Apollo missions also landed astronauts on the Moon, the last, Apollo 17, in December 1972. In these six spaceflights, twelve people walked on the Moon. Apollo ran from 1961 to 1972, with the first crewed flight in 1968. It encountered a major setback in 1967 when an Apollo 1 cabin fire killed the entire crew during a prelaunch test. After the first successful landing, sufficient flight hardware remained for nine follow-on landings with a\n\nof the weight of the flight object. The F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale (FAI) Sporting Code for astronautics recognizes only flights that exceed the K\u00e1rm\u00e1n line, at an altitude of . In the United States, professional, military, and commercial astronauts who travel above an altitude of are awarded astronaut wings. , 552 people from 36 countries have reached or more in altitude, of whom 549 reached low Earth orbit or beyond. Of these, 24 people have traveled beyond low Earth orbit, either to lunar orbit, the lunar surface, or, in one case, a loop around the Moon. Three of the 24\u2014Jim Lovell, John Young and Eugene Cernan\u2014did so twice. , under the U.S. definition, 558 people qualify as having reached space, above altitude. Of eight X-15 pilots who exceeded in altitude, only one, Joseph A. Walker, exceeded 100 kilometers (about 62.1 miles) and he did it two times, becoming the first person\n\nApollo 10 (May 18\u201326, 1969) was the fourth human spaceflight in the United States' Apollo program and the second to orbit the Moon. NASA, the mission's operator, described it as a \"dress rehearsal\" for the first Moon landing (Apollo 11, two months later). It was designated an \"F\"mission, intended to test all spacecraft components and procedures short of actual descent and landing. After the spacecraft reached lunar orbit, astronaut John Young remained in the Command and Service Module (CSM) while astronauts Thomas Stafford and Gene Cernan flew the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) to within of the lunar surface, the point at which powered descent for landing would begin on a landing mission. Then they rejoined Young in the CSM and, after the CSM completed its 31st orbit of the Moon, they returned safely to Earth. While NASA had considered attempting the first crewed lunar landing on Apollo 10, mission planners\n\nQuestion: How many astronauts have walked on the Moon?", "output": "12"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Nestl\u00e9 UK Ltd ( ), trading as Rowntree's ( ), is a British confectionery brand and a former business based in York, England. Rowntree developed the Kit Kat (introduced in 1935), Aero (introduced in 1935), Fruit Pastilles (introduced in 1881), Smarties (introduced in 1937) brands, and the Rolo and Quality Street brands when it merged with Mackintosh's in 1969 to form Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery. Rowntree's also launched After Eight thin mint chocolates in 1962. The Yorkie and Lion bars were introduced in 1976. Rowntree's also pioneered the festive selection box (a gift consisting of assorted bars and sweets) which in the UK have been a staple gift at Christmas for over a century. Founded in 1862, the company developed strong associations with Quaker philanthropy. Throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries, it was one of the big three confectionery manufacturers in the United Kingdom, alongside Cadbury and Fry, both\n\nAmerican Licorice Company is an American candy manufacturer founded in Chicago, Illinois in 1914, and headquartered in La Porte, Indiana. The company has manufacturing facilities in Union City, California and La Porte. History In 1925, the company began West operations in San Francisco, California. That same year, it produced a set of licorice shoes for Charlie Chaplin's character to eat in the film The Gold Rush. In 1971, the San Francisco facility relocated to Union City, California. In November 1999, American Licorice Co. joined with Ferrara Pan, Spangler, Goetze's, and NECCO to form the Candy Alliance LLC. The Alliance works to promote the mutual interests involved, through the coordination of ingredient purchasing to get lower prices, the creation of cooperative marketing and distribution programs, and the cross-licensing and development of joint products. In 2008, The Food Network program Unwrapped featured a four-minute segment on the making of Sour Punch straws.\n\nColony Brands, Inc. (formerly, The Swiss Colony, Inc.) is a mail-order and electronic retail company known for its cheese, sausage, chocolate, fruitcakes, and other food products. The company also features extensive offerings in furniture, home decor, apparel, entertainment products, and electronics. It is one of the largest direct marketers in the United States. History The company was founded in 1926 in Monroe, Wisconsin, a town with a strong concentration of Swiss immigrants and a storied history of cheese production. Ray Kubly, then a senior at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, completed a project for one of his classes by analyzing the business case for selling Green County cheese via mail order. Following graduation, Ray decided to pursue the venture and commenced operations from his family's basement. In the first year of operation, only 50 orders of cheese were shipped. The company grew steadily over time and attracted regional and national recognition.\n\nQuestion: \u2018Welcome to Joyville\u2019 is an advertising slogan for which confectionery brand?", "output": "Cadbury"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "leader of the Free French Forces and first President of the French Fifth Republic. Notes External links Charles de Gaulle Square, aerial view from the north Arhitextdesign - Cladire birouri Pia\u021ba Charles de Gaulle Bucure\u0219ti, and an image of it Squares in Bucharest\n\nFran\u00e7ois de Grossouvre (29 March 1918 \u2013 7 April 1994) was a French politician who was appointed in 1981 by the newly elected President Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand with the tasks of overseeing national security and other sensitive matters, particularly those concerning Lebanon, Syria, Tunisia, Morocco, Gabon, the Persian Gulf countries, Pakistan and both Koreas. He was also in charge of the French branch of Operation Gladio, the stay-behind paramilitary secret armies created by NATO during the Cold War. He was found dead with gunshot wounds at the \u00c9lys\u00e9e Palace, the French President's official residence. The official verdict was suicide. Early life Fran\u00e7ois de Grossouvre was born in an aristocratic family, the descendant of Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Durand, seigneur de Grossouvre (1735\u20131832). His father, a banker, died in 1923 in Beirut, where he resided. Fran\u00e7ois de Grossouvre thereafter kept affective ties to Lebanon. He then studied with the Jesuits in France and studied medicine.\n\nJean Adrien Fran\u00e7ois Lecanuet (4 March 1920 \u2013 22 February 1993) was a French centrist politician. Biography Lecanuet was born to a family of modest means in Rouen and gravitated towards philosophy studies. He received his diploma at the age of 22, becoming the youngest agr\u00e9g\u00e9 (\"A+\" professor) in France. He participated in the Second World War French Resistance movement. In August 1944, he was arrested along with a commando that had just blown up the Lille-Brussels railroad, but he managed to escape with the help of a Pole who had been drafted into the German army. He then married Denise Paillard with whom he had three children. After the Liberation, he became a general inspector at the Ministry of Defence. Under the Fourth Republic, Lecanuet held ministerial posts numerous times (11 posts in 10 years) and was a member of the Christian-Democratic Popular Republican Movement (MRP). From 1951 to\n\nQuestion: Who was the last President of the Fourth Republic of France, and the first President of the Fifth Republic?", "output": "Charles de Gaulle"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Tantalum pentoxide, also known as tantalum(V) oxide, is the inorganic compound with the formula . It is a white solid that is insoluble in all solvents but is attacked by strong bases and hydrofluoric acid. is an inert material with a high refractive index and low absorption (i.e. colourless), which makes it useful for coatings. It is also extensively used in the production of capacitors, due to its high dielectric constant. Preparation Occurrence Tantalum occurs in the minerals tantalite and columbite (columbium being an archaic name for niobium), which occur in pegmatites, an igneous rock formation. Mixtures of columbite and tantalite are called coltan. Tantalite was discovered by Anders Gustaf Ekeberg at Ytterby, Sweden, and Kimoto, Finland. The minerals microlite and pyrochlore contain approximately 70% and 10% Ta, respectively. Refining Tantalum ores often contain significant amounts of niobium, which is itself a valuable metal. As such, both metals are extracted\n\nand pyrochlore contain approximately 70% and 10% Ta, respectively. Refining Tantalum ores often contain significant amounts of niobium, which is itself a valuable metal. As such, both metals are extracted so that they may be sold. The overall process is one of hydrometallurgy and begins with a leaching step; in which the ore is treated with hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric acid to produce water-soluble hydrogen fluorides, such as the heptafluorotantalate. This allows the metals to be separated from the various non-metallic impurities in the rock. (FeMn)(NbTa)2O6 + 16 HF \u2192 H2[TaF7] + H2[NbOF5] + FeF2 + MnF2 + 6 H2O The tantalum and niobium hydrogenflorides are then removed from the aqueous solution by liquid-liquid extraction using organic solvents, such as cyclohexanone or methyl isobutyl ketone. This step allows the simple removal of various metal impurities (e.g. iron and manganese) which remain in the aqueous phase in the form of fluorides.\n\nTantite is a rare tantalum oxide mineral with formula: Ta2O5. Tantite forms transparent microscopic colorless triclinic - pedial crystals with an adamantine luster. It has a Mohs hardness of 7 and a high specific gravity of 8.45. Chemical analyses show minor inclusion (1.3%) of niobium oxide. It was first described in 1983 for an occurrence in a pegmatite in the Kola peninsula, Russia. It has also been reported from a pegmatite complex in Florence County, Wisconsin. Associated mineral species include elbaite, lepidolite, spodumene, columbite-tantalite, wodginite, and microlite. References Wisconsin minerals Accessed March 31, 2006. American Mineralogist data sheet PDF Accessed March 31, 2006. Tantalum minerals Oxide minerals Triclinic minerals Minerals in space group 1 Minerals described in 1983\n\nQuestion: What is the name of the six-letter ore from which niobium and tantalum are extracted and whose mining is said to have fueled many modern day African conflicts?", "output": "Coltan"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "G\u00f6ran Bror Benny Andersson (; born 16 December 1946) is a Swedish musician, composer and producer best known as a member of the pop group ABBA and co-composer of the musicals Chess, Kristina fr\u00e5n Duvem\u00e5la, and Mamma Mia! For the 2008 film version of Mamma Mia! and its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, he worked also as an executive producer. Since 2001, he has been active with his own band Benny Anderssons orkester. Early life G\u00f6ran Bror Benny Andersson was born 16 December 1946 in the Vasastan district of Stockholm to civil engineer G\u00f6sta Andersson (1912\u20131973) and his wife Laila (1920\u20131971). His sister Eva-Lis Andersson followed in 1948. Andersson's musical background comes from his father and grandfather (Efraim); they both enjoyed playing the accordion, and at six, Benny got his own. His father and grandfather taught him Swedish folk music, traditional music, and schlager. The first records\n\nWeingart Joe Zawinul (1932\u20132007) Minoru Mukaiya John Novello Saxophonists Gato Barbieri (1932\u20132016) Michael Brecker (1949\u20132007) Elton Dean (1945\u20132006) Joe Farrell (1937\u20131986) Kenny Garrett Steve Grossman Joe Henderson (1937\u20132001) Ron Holloway Dave Liebman Bennie Maupin Bob Mintzer Chris Potter Tom Scott Wayne Shorter Dave Sanborn Grover Washington Jr Sadao Watanabe Kenny G Trumpeters and Flugelhornists Randy Brecker Bill Chase (1934\u20131974) Miles Davis (1926\u20131991) Freddie Hubbard (1938\u20132008) Nicholas Payton Don Ellis (1934\u20131978) Other Instruments Kinan Azmeh (clarinet) Gary Burton (vibraphone) B\u00e9la Fleck (banjo) Jerry Goodman (violin) Didier Lockwood (violin) Mike Mainieri (vibraphone) Jean-Luc Ponty (violin) Julian Priester (trombone) Zbigniew Seifert (violin) Jeremy Steig (flute) Micha\u0142 Urbaniak (violin) Bands Aghora Animals as Leaders Animal Logic Arcana Area Atheist Ayers Rock Azteca Ginger Baker's Air Force Backwater Blackbyrds Blood Sweat & Tears Brand X Bruford BWB CAB Caldera Casiopea Centipede Colosseum Colosseum II Chicago Chick Corea Elektric Band Chon Cozzetti & Gemmill The Crusaders\n\nAccordions (from 19th-century German , from \u2014\"musical chord, concord of sounds\") are a family of box-shaped musical instruments of the bellows-driven free reed aerophone type (producing sound as air flows past a reed in a frame). The essential characteristic of the accordion is to combine in one instrument a melody section, also called the diskant, usually on the right-hand keyboard, with an accompaniment or Basso continuo functionality on the left-hand. The musician normally plays the melody on buttons or keys on the right-hand side (referred to as the keyboard or sometimes the manual), and the accompaniment on bass or pre-set chord buttons on the left-hand side. A person who plays the accordion is called an accordionist. The accordion belongs to the free-reed aerophone family. Other instruments in this family include the concertina, harmonica, and bandoneon. The concertina and bandoneon do not have the melody\u2013accompaniment duality. The harmoneon is also related\n\nQuestion: Band leader Benny Goodman was an accomplished player of which instrument?", "output": "Clarinet"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division Angiospermae). Flowers produce gametophytes, which in flowering plants consist of a few haploid cells which produce gametes. The \"male\" gametophyte, which produces non-motile sperm, is enclosed within pollen grains; the \"female\" gametophyte is contained within the ovule. When pollen from the anther of a flower is deposited on the stigma, this is called pollination. Some flowers may self-pollinate, producing seed using pollen from the same flower or a different flower of the same plant, but others have mechanisms to prevent self-pollination and rely on cross-pollination, when pollen is transferred from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different individual of the same species. Self-pollination happens in flowers where the stamen and carpel mature at the same time, and are positioned so that the\n\ndevelop into pollen grains each containing a reduced, multicellular male gametophyte. The megaspores, in turn, develop into reduced female gametophytes that produce egg cells that, once fertilized, develop into seeds. Pollen cones or microstrobili usually develop toward the tips of the lower branches in clusters up to 50 or more. The microsporangia of gymnosperms develop in pairs toward the bases of the scales, which are therefore called microsporophylls. Each of the microsporocytes in the microsporangia undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid microspores. These develop into pollen grains, each consisting of four cells and, in conifers, a pair of external air sacs. The air sacs give the pollen grains added buoyancy that helps with wind dispersal. Types of Gymnosperms: Conifers Pines Ginkgos Cycads Gnetophytes Angiosperms As the anther of a flowering plant develops, four patches of tissue differentiate from the main mass of cells. These patches of tissue contain many diploid microsporocyte\n\nanother flower on a different individual of the same species. Self-pollination happens in flowers where the stamen and carpel mature at the same time, and are positioned so that the pollen can land on the flower's stigma. This pollination does not require an investment from the plant to provide nectar and pollen as food for pollinators. Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop. Most flowering plants depend on animals, such as bees, moths, and butterflies, to transfer their pollen between different flowers, and have evolved to attract these pollinators by various strategies, including brightly colored, conspicuous petals, attractive scents, and the production of nectar, a food source for pollinators. In this way, many flowering plants have co-evolved with pollinators to be mutually dependent on services they provide to one another\u2014in the plant's case, a means of reproduction; in the pollinator's\n\nQuestion: Which part of a flower is responsible for the production of pollen grains?", "output": "Anther"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Clement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee, (3 January 18838 October 1967) was a British statesman and Labour Party politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1935 to 1955. He was Deputy Prime Minister during the wartime coalition government under Winston Churchill, and served twice as Leader of the Opposition from 1935 to 1940 and from 1951 to 1955. Attlee remains the longest serving Labour leader and is widely considered by historians and members of the public through various polls to be one of the greatest Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom. Attlee was born into an upper-middle-class family, the son of a wealthy London solicitor. After attending Haileybury College and the University of Oxford, he practised as a barrister. The volunteer work he carried out in London's East End exposed him to poverty, and his political\n\nprivate secretary. He died in 1954, aged 75. References External links Socialist Party of Great Britain 1904\u20131913 membership register 1879 births 1954 deaths Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers-sponsored MPs British bricklayers General secretaries of British trade unions Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies Members of the General Council of the Trades Union Congress Ministers in the Churchill wartime government, 1940\u20131945 People from Test Valley Presidents of the Trades Union Congress Socialist Party of Great Britain members UK MPs 1929\u20131931 UK MPs 1931\u20131935 UK MPs 1935\u20131945 UK MPs 1945\u20131950\n\nparty's Deputy Leader. Elected Leader of the Labour Party in 1935, and at first advocating pacificism and opposing re-armament, he became a critic of Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement in the lead-up to the Second World War. Attlee took Labour into the wartime coalition government in 1940 and served under Winston Churchill, initially as Lord Privy Seal and then as Deputy Prime Minister from 1942. As the European front of WWII reached its conclusion, the war cabinet headed by Churchill was dissolved and elections were scheduled to be held. The Labour Party, led by Attlee, won a landslide victory in the 1945 general election, on their post-war recovery platform. Following the election, Attlee led the construction of the first Labour majority government. His government's Keynesian approach to economic management aimed to maintain full employment, a mixed economy and a greatly enlarged system of social services provided by the state. To\n\nQuestion: Which British prime minister resigned in 1940?", "output": "Neville Chamberlain"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "This is a list of political scandals in the United Kingdom in chronological order. Scandals implicating political figures or governments of the UK, often reported in the mass media, have long had repercussions for their popularity. Issues in political scandals have included alleged or proven financial and sexual matters, or various other allegations or actions taken by politicians that led to controversy. In British media and political discourse, such scandals have sometimes been referred to as political sleaze since the 1990s. Notable scandals include the Marconi scandal, Profumo affair and the 2009 expenses scandal. 1890s Liberator Building Society scandal, in which the Liberal Party MP Jabez Balfour was exposed as running several fraudulent companies to conceal financial losses. Balfour fled to Argentina, but was eventually arrested and imprisoned. 1910s Marconi scandal of insider trading by Liberal Party Ministers including: Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, the Attorney General The Master\n\nto Argentina, but was eventually arrested and imprisoned. 1910s Marconi scandal of insider trading by Liberal Party Ministers including: Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, the Attorney General The Master of Elibank, Lord Murray, the Treasurer of the Liberal Party, David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, the Chancellor of the Exchequer Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel, Postmaster General; was falsely implicated. (1912) Shell Crisis of 1915, which led to the fall of H. H. Asquith's Liberal Party government during World War I. 1920s Lloyd George and the honours scandal. Honours sold for large campaign contributions (1922) Zinoviev Letter (1924) 1930s Jimmy Thomas budget leak (1936) 1940s Hugh Dalton budget leak (1947) John Belcher corruptly influenced \u2013 led to Lynskey Tribunal 1950s Crichel Down and the resignation of Thomas Dugdale (1954) Suez Crisis (1956) 1960s Vassall affair (1963): civil servant John Vassall, working for Minister Tam Galbraith, was revealed\n\nJames Armand Edmond de Rothschild DCM DL (1 December 1878 \u2013 7 May 1957), sometimes known as Jimmy de Rothschild, was a British Liberal politician and philanthropist, from the wealthy Rothschild international banking dynasty. Biography De Rothschild was the son of Edmond James de Rothschild of the French branch of family. He was educated at Lyc\u00e9e Louis-le-Grand in Paris and at Trinity College, Cambridge. He served in the First World War, at the outset as an enlisted man in the French Army then as an officer in The Royal Canadian Dragoons, and ended the war as an officer in the British Army, serving in Palestine as a major in the 39th Battalion, The Royal Fusiliers (part of the \"Jewish Legion\"). He was awarded the Distinguished Conduct Medal. He was a keen follower of the turf and a racehorse owner. His 33-1 runner \"Bomba\" won the Ascot Gold Cup in 1909.\n\nQuestion: Which British businessman and Liberal party politician and fraudster was at the centre of an 1892 scandal when the Liberator Building Society which he had set up failed, leaving thousands of investors penniless? He later fled to Argentina before being extradited, tried and imprisoned for 14 years.", "output": "Jabez BALFOUR"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "William Clarke (24 December 1798 \u2013 25 August 1856) was an English cricketer and team manager who played first-class cricket from 1826 to 1855. He founded, managed and captained the All-England Eleven. He has been described as \"one of certain figures who, in the history of cricket, stand like milestones along the way\". Clarke was born at Nottingham and died at Wandsworth in Surrey. In the late 1820s, he lost sight in one eye after being struck there by a fives ball on the court behind the Bell Inn in Nottingham. First-class career Clarke was originally a bricklayer by trade, but from his earnings as a bowler and an advantageous marriage he was able in 1837 to take up the traditional cricketer's trade of publican. He married Mary Chapman, the landlady of the Trent Bridge Inn, and they arranged for the land behind the inn to be made available. He\n\nWilliam Walter Lowe (17 November 1873 \u2013 26 May 1945) was an English first-class cricketer. He was a Cambridge University and Worcestershire all-rounder who bowled right-arm fast and batted right-handed, generally in the lower middle order. Life and career Born in Stamford, Lincolnshire, the sixth son of John Rooe Lowe and his wife Mary Ann Laws, Lowe was educated at Malvern College and Pembroke College, Cambridge. He then returned to Malvern as an assistant master, becoming later a house master. He taught at Malvern from 1896 to 1932. Lowe died in Hartley Wintney, Hampshire, at the age of 71. Cricket Lowe made his first-class debut for Cambridge against Somerset in 1895. He finished the English season with 309 runs at 30.90 and 31 wickets at 25.32, including 5-48 in the University Match against Oxford University, and was invited to join F Mitchell's XI on a tour of North America that\n\npyramid, played on a large, six-pocket table (dimensions just under 12 ft by 6 ft), all of which are classified separately from pool based on distinct development histories, player culture, rules, and terminology. Billiards has a long history from its inception in the 15th century, with many mentions in the works of Shakespeare, including the line \"let's to billiards\" in Antony and Cleopatra (1606\u201307), and enthusiasts of the sport include Mozart, Louis XIV of France, Marie Antoinette, Immanuel Kant, Napoleon, Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, George Washington, French president Jules Gr\u00e9vy, Charles Dickens, George Armstrong Custer, Theodore Roosevelt, Lewis Carroll, W. C. Fields, Babe Ruth, Bob Hope, and Jackie Gleason. History All cue sports are generally regarded to have evolved into indoor games from outdoor stick-and-ball lawn games, specifically those retroactively termed ground billiards, and as such to be related to the historical games jeu de mail and palle-malle, and modern\n\nQuestion: William Gilbert Grace was a famous player of which sport?", "output": "Cricket"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The atomic number or nuclear charge number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the charge number of an atomic nucleus. For ordinary nuclei composed of protons and neutrons, this is equal to the proton number (np) or the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element. The atomic number can be used to uniquely identify ordinary chemical elements. In an ordinary uncharged atom, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons. For an ordinary atom which contains protons, neutrons and electrons, the sum of the atomic number Z and the neutron number N gives the atom's atomic mass number A. Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass (and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes) and the mass defect of the nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass, the atomic mass of any\n\nmass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes) and the mass defect of the nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass, the atomic mass of any atom, when expressed in daltons (making a quantity called the \"relative isotopic mass\"), is within 1% of the whole number A. Atoms with the same atomic number but different neutron numbers, and hence different mass numbers, are known as isotopes. A little more than three-quarters of naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes (see monoisotopic elements), and the average isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for an element (called the relative atomic mass) in a defined environment on Earth determines the element's standard atomic weight. Historically, it was these atomic weights of elements (in comparison to hydrogen) that were the quantities measurable by chemists in the 19th century. The conventional symbol Z comes from the German word 'number',\n\nAn atom is a particle that consists of a nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by an electromagnetically-bound cloud of electrons. The atom is the basic particle of the chemical elements, and the chemical elements are distinguished from each other by the number of protons that are in their atoms. For example, any atom that contains 11 protons is sodium, and any atom that contains 29 protons is copper. The number of neutrons defines the isotope of the element. Atoms are extremely small, typically around 100 picometers across. A human hair is about a million carbon atoms wide. This is smaller than the shortest wavelength of visible light, which means humans cannot see atoms with conventional microscopes. Atoms are so small that accurately predicting their behavior using classical physics is not possible due to quantum effects. More than 99.94% of an atom's mass is in the nucleus. Each proton has\n\nQuestion: Atoms of the same elements with the same number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons, are called what?", "output": "Isotopes"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Below are directors of the Royal Institution of Great Britain, with date of appointment. Director of the Laboratory 1801 Humphry Davy 1825 Michael Faraday 1867 John Tyndall 1887 James Dewar Director of the Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory 1896 James Dewar 1896 Lord Rayleigh 1923 William Bragg 1942 Henry Hallett Dale 1946 Eric Rideal 1950 Edward Andrade 1954 Lawrence Bragg 1998 Richard Catlow 2008 Quentin Pankhurst Director 1965 William Lawrence Bragg 1966 George, Baron Porter of Luddenham 1986 David Philips (acting) 1986 John Meurig Thomas 1991 Peter Day 1998 Susan Greenfield, Baroness Greenfield 2017 Sarah Harper 2018 Shaun Fitzgerald 2022 Katherine Mathieson External links Management of the Royal Institution Royal Institution, Directors Royal Institution\n\nKevin G. Davy (born 29 October 1961, Nottingham, UK) is a British jazz trumpeter/flugelhorn player, composer, arranger and bandleader. He has recorded with and toured with Finley Quaye, Lamb, Adam F and Lemn Sissay's Secret Society. He has led the Kevin Davy Quartet (KDQ), D\u2019Semble, and Kevin Davy's Monster Jam . In 1992 Davy was given the Manchester Jazz Musician of the Year Award by BBC Radio Manchester show The People. Relocating to Manchester in 1986, Davy studied at the Manchester Metropolitan University, attaining a Bachelor of Arts Degree (B.A) in General Arts (Humanities) in 1990. While enrolled there he attended the weekly jazz improvisation workshops organized by Colin Stansfield in the nearby All Saints College, subsumed into the campus of Manchester Metropolitan University. Career Davy remained in Manchester until 1994, playing at venues such as Band on the Wall and PJ Bells, where he was booked for residencies. He\n\nin Edinburgh and then Edinburgh University before training as a civil engineer under James Jardine. In 1836 he became Resident Engineer on the Bolton, Chorley and Preston Railway. In 1847-63 he became civil engineer & Manager of the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway. In February 1846 he followed in his father's footsteps and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh his proposer being James David Forbes. At this time he was living at 50 Princes Street above his father's shop. In later life he lived at 7 St Andrews Square in Edinburgh (now demolished). He died at his home, Rockville near Linlithgow, where he had retired to, on 3 April 1879. He is buried on the south side of St Michael's Church in Linlithgow. References External links 1775 births 1858 deaths 19th-century Scottish scientists Scottish inventors Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Scientists from Edinburgh British opticians\n\nQuestion: Born in 1791, which scientist was assistant to Sir Humphrey Davy at the Royal Institute?", "output": "MICHAEL FARADAY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "China (), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's second-most-populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and borders fourteen countries by land, tied with Russia as having the most of any country in the world. With an area of nearly , it is the world's third-largest country by total land area. The country is divided into 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four municipalities, and two semi-autonomous special administrative regions. The national capital is Beijing, and the most populous city and largest financial center is Shanghai. The region that is now China has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era. The earliest Chinese dynastic states, such as the Shang and the Zhou, emerged in the basin of the Yellow River before the late second millennium BCE. The eighth to third centuries BCE saw\n\nThe Lut Desert, widely referred to as Dasht-e Lut (, \"Emptiness Plain\"), is a large salt desert located in the provinces of Kerman and Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran. It is the world's 33rd-largest desert, and was included on UNESCO's World Heritage List on July 17, 2016. The name is derived from 'Lut' which means bare and empty in Persian and 'dasht' which means plain in Persian. The surface of its sand has been measured at temperatures as high as 70.7 \u00b0C (159.3 \u00b0F), making it one of the world's driest and hottest places. Description Iran is climatically part of the Afro-Asian belt of deserts, which stretches from Mauritania all the way to Mongolia. The patchy, elongated, light-colored feature in the foreground (parallel to the mountain range) is the northernmost of the Dasht dry lakes that stretch southward . Iran's geography consists of a plateau surrounded by mountains and divided into\n\nChad (; ), officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It borders Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the \"Dead Heart of Africa\". Prehistory The territory now known as Chad possesses some of the richest archaeological sites in Africa. A hominid skull was found by Michel Brunet, that is more than 7 million years old, the oldest discovered anywhere in the world; it has been given the name Sahelanthropus tchadensis. In 1996 Michel Brunet had unearthed a hominid jaw which he named Australopithecus bahrelghazali, and unofficially dubbed Abel. It was dated using Beryllium based Radiometric dating as living circa. 3.6 million years ago. During the 7th\n\nQuestion: The Gobi desert is situated in China and which other country?", "output": "MONGOLIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In the sport of baseball, each of the nine players on a team is assigned a particular fielding position when it is their turn to play defense. Each position conventionally has an associated number, for use in scorekeeping by the official scorer: 1 (pitcher), 2 (catcher), 3 (first baseman), 4 (second baseman), 5 (third baseman), 6 (shortstop), 7 (left fielder), 8 (center fielder), and 9 (right fielder). Collectively, these positions are usually grouped into three groups: the outfield (left field, center field, and right field), the infield (first base, second base, third base, and shortstop), and the battery (pitcher and catcher). Traditionally, players within each group will often be more able to exchange positions easily (that is, a second baseman can usually play shortstop well, and a center fielder can also be expected to play right field); however, the pitcher and catcher are highly specialized positions and rarely will play\n\nBaseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each, taking turns batting and fielding. The game occurs over the course of several plays, with each play generally beginning when a player on the fielding team, called the pitcher, throws a ball that a player on the batting team, called the batter, tries to hit with a bat. The objective of the offensive team (batting team) is to hit the ball into the field of play, away from the other team's players, allowing its players to run the bases, having them advance counter-clockwise around four bases to score what are called \"runs\". The objective of the defensive team (referred to as the fielding team) is to prevent batters from becoming runners, and to prevent runners' advance around the bases. A run is scored when a runner legally advances around the bases in order and touches home plate\n\nin serious injury, as in most cases, no punches are thrown, and the action is limited to pushing and shoving. Noteworthy is that players from opposing bullpens run onto the field\u2014often side-by-side, depending on bullpen locations\u2014to join the brawl (which is usually over by the time they arrive), rather than brawling among themselves, highlighting that the purpose of coming onto the field is as a show of support rather than to escalate the conflict. Unlike most other team sports, in which teams usually have an equivalent number of players on the field at any given time, in baseball the hitting team is at a numerical disadvantage, with a maximum of five players (the batter, up to three runners, and an on-deck batter) and two base coaches on the field at any time, compared to the fielding team's nine players. For this reason, leaving the dugout to join a fight is\n\nQuestion: How many players in a baseball team?", "output": "9"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "by the American Astronomical Society and the Royal Astronomical Society subsequently adopted this symbol. In the 2014 revision and 2019 edition of the SI Brochure, the BIPM used the unit symbol \"au\". ISO 80000-3:2019, which replaces ISO 80000-3:2006, does not mention the astronomical unit. Development of unit definition Earth's orbit around the Sun is an ellipse. The semi-major axis of this elliptic orbit is defined to be half of the straight line segment that joins the perihelion and aphelion. The centre of the Sun lies on this straight line segment, but not at its midpoint. Because ellipses are well-understood shapes, measuring the points of its extremes defined the exact shape mathematically, and made possible calculations for the entire orbit as well as predictions based on observation. In addition, it mapped out exactly the largest straight-line distance that Earth traverses over the course of a year, defining times and places for\n\n10370 Hylonome (; prov. designation: ) is a minor planet orbiting in the outer Solar System. The dark and icy body belongs to the class of centaurs and measures approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 27 February 1995, by English astronomer David C. Jewitt and Vietnamese American astronomer Jane Luu at the U.S. Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii, and later named after the mythological creature Hylonome. Classification and orbit Centaurs are a large population of icy bodies in transition between trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) and Jupiter-family comets (JFCs), their orbits being unstable due to perturbations by the giant planets. Currently, Uranus controls Hylonomes perihelion and Neptune its aphelion. Hylonome is a carbonaceous C-type body that orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 18.9\u201331.4 AU once every 126 years and 2 months (46,073 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with\n\nAn asteroid is a minor planet\u2014an object that is neither a true planet nor a comet\u2014that orbits within the inner Solar System. They are rocky, metallic or icy bodies with no atmosphere. Sizes and shapes of asteroids vary significantly, ranging from 1-meter rocks to a dwarf planet almost 1000 km in diameter. Of the roughly one million known asteroids the greatest number are located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, approximately 2 to 4 AU from the Sun, in the main asteroid belt. Asteroids are generally classified to be of three types: C-type, M-type, and S-type. These were named after and are generally identified with carbonaceous, metallic, and silicaceous compositions, respectively. The size of asteroids varies greatly; the largest, Ceres, is almost across and qualifies as a dwarf planet. The total mass of all the asteroids combined is only 3% that of Earth's Moon. The majority of main belt\n\nQuestion: What do we call the point in the orbit of a planet at which the planet is nearest to the Sun?", "output": "Perihelion"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Lions, Tigers and Bears is a comic book series from Image Comics and Hermes Press, created by Mike Bullock with artwork by Jack Lawrence, Paul Gutierrez, Michael Metcalf, Mike Wieringo and Bob Pedroza. The phrase \"Lions, tigers and bears\" is said by the Scarecrow and Tin Man (to which Dorothy Gale replies \"Oh my!\") in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. The story features the adventures of a young boy named \"Joey Price\" who discovers that his stuffed animals can come to life to protect him from The Beasties, monsters who come out of his closet to get him in the middle of the night. \"A child\u2019s instinctual need for the comfort of a stuffed animal is rooted in a reality long forgotten by the adult world. The hidden truth is that these companions have been defending children since the dawn of time. Follow young Joey on the adventure\n\nThe Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a 1910 American silent fantasy film and the earliest surviving film version of L. Frank Baum's 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, made by the Selig Polyscope Company without Baum's direct input. It was created to fulfill a contractual obligation associated with Baum's personal bankruptcy caused by The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, from which it was once thought to have been derived. It was partly based on the 1902 stage musical The Wizard of Oz, though much of the film deals with the Wicked Witch of the West, who does not appear in the musical. Plot Dorothy Gale (Bebe Daniels) and Imogene the Cow are chased by Hank the Mule. Dorothy runs to the cornfield and discovers that the family Scarecrow (Robert Leonard) is alive. They realize a cyclone is approaching, so they all hide in a haystack. Dorothy and Toto, Hank, Imogene, and\n\ncornfield and discovers that the family Scarecrow (Robert Leonard) is alive. They realize a cyclone is approaching, so they all hide in a haystack. Dorothy and Toto, Hank, Imogene, and the Scarecrow are all swept to the Land of Oz, where soldiers get scared away by the Witch Momba (Winifred Greenwood), who attacks the Wizard of Oz (Hobart Bosworth) due to his threat to her reign. As Dorothy plays with Toto, the good Witch Glinda (Olive Cox) changes Toto into a real protector. Dorothy then encounters the Cowardly Lion, and they encounter the Rusty Woodman and oil his joints. The children meet Eureka the Cat. The Witch kidnaps and imprisons the children. Dorothy throws water on the Witch Momba, killing her and allowing the gang to rescue the animals. Dorothy and her friends arrive at the Emerald City. The citizens dance, and the Scarecrow reads a note that says the\n\nQuestion: Who's missing: Dorothy, Tin Woodman, Scarecrow and the Cowardly Lion?", "output": "Toto"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A Hovm\u00f6ller diagram is a common way of plotting meteorological data to highlight the behavior of waves, particularly tropical waves. The axes of Hovm\u00f6ller diagrams depict changes over time of scalar quantities such as temperature, density, and other values of constituents in the atmosphere or ocean, such as depth, height, or pressure. Typically in that case, time is recorded along the abscissa, or x-axis, while 'vertical' values (of depth, height, pressure, etc.) are plotted along the ordinate, or y-axis. The alternate orientation of axes may also be used, as a Hovm\u00f6ller diagram may be plotted for longitude or latitude on the abscissa and for (advancing) time on the ordinate; then the contour values of a named physical field may be presented through color or shading. The Hovm\u00f6ller diagram was introduced by Ernest Aabo Hovm\u00f6ller (1912-2008), a Danish meteorologist, in a paper published in 1949. See also Tropical wave Heat map\n\nThe medial axis of an object is the set of all points having more than one closest point on the object's boundary. Originally referred to as the topological skeleton, it was introduced in 1967 by Harry Blum as a tool for biological shape recognition. In mathematics the closure of the medial axis is known as the cut locus. In 2D, the medial axis of a subset S which is bounded by planar curve C is the locus of the centers of circles that are tangent to curve C in two or more points, where all such circles are contained in S. (It follows that the medial axis itself is contained in S.) The medial axis of a simple polygon is a tree whose leaves are the vertices of the polygon, and whose edges are either straight segments or arcs of parabolas. The medial axis together with the associated radius function\n\nhas the ratio of side length to base length equal to the golden section \u03c6.\" Angles (The distances AX and CX are both a\u2032 = a = \u03c6 , and the distance AC is b\u2032 = \u03c6\u00b2, as seen in the figure.) The apex angle AXC is: Hence the golden gnomon is an obtuse (isosceles) triangle. Note: Since the angles of the triangle AXC sum to radians, each of the base angles CAX and ACX is: Note: The golden gnomon is uniquely identified as a triangle having its three angles in the ratio 1 : 1 : 3 (36\u00b0, 36\u00b0, 108\u00b0). Its base angles are 36\u00b0 each, which is the same as the apex of the golden triangle. Bisections By bisecting one of its base angles, a golden triangle can be subdivided into a golden triangle and a golden gnomon. By trisecting its apex angle, a golden gnomon can be\n\nQuestion: The X and Y axes on a graph are called the abscissa and \u2026\u2026\u2026what?", "output": "Ordinate"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Booker Group Limited is a British wholesale distributor, and subsidiary of Tesco. In January 2017, it was announced that the British multinational supermarket retailer Tesco had agreed to purchase the company for \u00a33.7 billion. It was confirmed on 5 March 2018 that Tesco had completed its acquisition of Booker Group Limited. History Origins The company was founded by George and Richard Booker in 1835, when they bought their first ship and established the Booker Line, which focused on shipping goods. It later diversified into the distribution of goods, and gradually disposed of its fleet of ships. With a new focus on wholesale food distribution, the company had over 100 warehouses across the United Kingdom by 1978, and was trading as Booker McConnell Ltd. Among other interests, it operated the sugar industry in Guyana (British Guiana before independence in 1966), running five Booker Line ships, until it was nationalised around 1970.\n\nBetter Cheddars is a brand of baked cheese crackers that are prepared using cheddar cheese as a main ingredient. Better Cheddars are manufactured by Nabisco, a subsidiary of Mondel\u0113z International. In the United States, Better Cheddars are marketed under the \"Flavor Originals\" trademark, which also includes the Chicken in a Biskit brand. Better Cheddars were first introduced by Nabisco in February 1981. Various flavors of the cracker have been purveyed to consumers. History Better Cheddars were first introduced by Nabisco in February 1981, and originally had sourdough culture in its ingredients. They were advertised on television as the \"San Francisco-style\" snack cracker, and were the first commercials featuring actor/comedian Ron Carey as a cable car operator singing the Better Cheddars theme song and eating the snack. The name became a registered trademark in February 1985. The brand was created by Nabisco's Manhattan-based marketing agency of record, The William Esty Company,\n\nTesco Organisation is a German record label, mail order company and distributor, specialising in industrial, noise, neofolk and ambient music. Tesco has also organised music festivals in the past such as \"Heavy Electronics\", \"Tesco Disco\" and \"Festival Karlsruhe\" History Formation Tesco Organisation started as a mail order company in 1987 releasing music from the Industrial music genre. The organisation had noticed there was a gap between the music they liked and what was being released by other record labels. In 1989 the label released their first Genocide Organ album, titled \"Leichenlinie\". Shortly after this release, Tesco expanded and created their sub-label, Functional Organisation, primarily for the re-release of unknown cassette recordings.The label's early releases were packaged in special covers such as oversized card folders and sleeves, influenced by the LP covers of the band Zoviet France. Early releases were recorded by the organisations members and their friends. The music Tesco\n\nQuestion: What is Tesco's main advertising slogan?", "output": "Every Little Helps"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Parthian Empire (), also known as the Arsacid Empire (), was a major Iranian political and cultural power in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD. Its latter name comes from its founder, Arsaces I, who led the Parni tribe in conquering the region of Parthia in Iran's northeast, then a satrapy (province) under Andragoras, who was rebelling against the Seleucid Empire. Mithridates I ( BC) greatly expanded the empire by seizing Media and Mesopotamia from the Seleucids. At its height, the Parthian Empire stretched from the northern reaches of the Euphrates, in what is now central-eastern Turkey, to present-day Afghanistan and western Pakistan. The empire, located on the Silk Road trade route between the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean Basin and the Han dynasty of China, became a center of trade and commerce. The Parthians largely adopted the art, architecture, religious beliefs, and royal insignia of their\n\nThe Irani (; meaning Iranian) are an ethno-religious community in the Indian subcontinent; they descend from the Zoroastrians who emigrated from Iran to British India in the 19th and 20th centuries. They are culturally, linguistically, ethnically and socially distinct from the Parsis, who \u2013 although also Zoroastrians \u2013 immigrated to the Indian subcontinent from Greater Iran many centuries prior, starting with the Islamic conquest of Persia. Distinction from Parsis The Parsis and Iranis are considered legally distinct. A 1909 obiter dictum relating to the Indian Zoroastrians observed that Iranis (of the now defunct Bombay Presidency) were not obliged to uphold the decisions of the then regulatory Parsi Panchayat. Some of the Irani community speaks an ethnolect called Zoroastrian Dari whereas most Parsis typically speak Gujarati. However, the two communities increasingly intermarry and are said to have been \"integrated well\" with each other. History Although the term 'Irani' is first attested\n\nThe Durrani Empire (; ) or the Afghan Empire (; ), also known as the Sadozai Kingdom (; ), was an Afghan empire that was founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747, that spanned parts of Central Asia, the Iranian plateau, and the Indian Subcontinent. At its peak, it ruled over the present-day Afghanistan, much of Pakistan, parts of northeastern and southeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan, and northwestern India. Next to the Ottoman Empire, the Durrani Empire is considered to be among the most significant Islamic Empires of the 18th century. Ahmad was the son of Muhammad Zaman Khan (an Afghan chieftain of the Abdali tribe) and the commander of Nader Shah Afshar. Following Afshar's death in June 1747, Ahmad secured Afghanistan by taking Kandahar, Ghazni, Kabul, and Peshawar. After his accession as the nation's king, he changed his tribal name from Abdali to Durrani. In 1749, the Mughal Empire had\n\nQuestion: Persia is the former name of which country?", "output": "Iran"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Washington Executive Airport , also known as Washington Executive Airpark or Hyde Field, was a public use general aviation airport located southwest of the central business district (CBD) of Clinton, in Prince George's County, Maryland, United States. The airport ceased operations on November 30, 2022, following a bankruptcy sale of the property. Hyde Field was one of the \"Maryland 3\" airports located within the Washington, D.C. Flight Restricted Zone (FRZ), so it was subject to the Special Flight Rules Area (SFRA) restrictions. It is located just east of a slightly smaller airport called Potomac Airfield. History Hyde opened in 1934 as a training field for United States Army aviators. Due to the onerous SFRA restrictions leading to declining revenues at the airport, in 2008 there were plans to shut it down and redevelop the land. However, the airport remained open and operational until 2022. Closure On October 31, 2022, airport\n\nAlpena County Regional Airport is a county-owned, public-use, joint civil-military airport in Alpena County, Michigan, United States. The airport is located six nautical miles (7 mi, 11 km) west of the central business district of Alpena, off of M-32 . It straddles the boundary between Maple Ridge Township on the north and Wilson Township on the south. It is mostly used for general aviation, but is also served by one commercial airline, an affiliate of Delta Connection, with freight services provided by an affiliate of FedEx Feeder It is said to be the \"Proud home of Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center,\" the host unit of the Michigan Air National Guard's Alpena Air National Guard Base. As per Federal Aviation Administration records, the airport had 7,519 passenger boardings (enplanements) in calendar year 2008, 7,638 enplanements in 2009, and 8,737 in 2010. It is included in the FAA National Plan of Integrated\n\nJohn Wayne (1907\u20131979) was an American actor and filmmaker. John Wayne may also refer to: P-38 can opener, U.S. military equipment sometimes known as the \"John Wayne\" John Wayne Airport, Orange County, California John Wayne Elementary School Music \"John Wayne\" (song) by Lady Gaga \"John Wayne\", a song from Billy Idol's 2008 album The Very Best of Billy Idol: Idolize Yourself \"John Wayne\", a song from Cigarettes After Sex's 2017 self-titled album \"John Wayne\", a song from Electrelane's 2006 album Singles, B-Sides & Live John Wayne, an album by Terry Scott Taylor See also John Wayne Parkway, Arizona State Route 347 John Wayne Pioneer Trail Taborcillo (a.k.a. John Wayne Island), a small private island off the coast of Panama once owned by John Wayne John Wain John Waine John Bayne (disambiguation) Johnny Wayne (1918\u20131990), Canadian comedian Jon Wayne, an American cowpunk band active in the 1980s Jonwayne, American hip-hop artist\n\nQuestion: John Wayne Airport is in which US state?", "output": "California"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A small number of Astor markhor (Capra falconeri falconeri), an endangered species of wild goat, lives in the reserve. Other large mammals present include the Alpine ibex (Capra ibex), the snow leopard (Panthera uncia), the brown bear (Ursus arctos), the grey wolf (Lupus lupus), the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), the beech marten (Martes foina) and the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). About 35 species of bird have been recorded in the sanctuary, including the Brooks's leaf-warbler (Phylloscopus subviridis). References Wildlife sanctuaries of Pakistan Protected areas of Gilgit-Baltistan Gilgit District\n\nThe aardvark ( ; Orycteropus afer) is a medium-sized, burrowing, nocturnal mammal native to Africa. It is the only living species of the order Tubulidentata, although other prehistoric species and genera of Tubulidentata are known. Unlike most other insectivores, it has a long snout, similar to that of a pig, which is used to sniff out food. The aardvark is found over much of the southern two-thirds of the African continent, avoiding areas that are mainly rocky. A nocturnal feeder, it subsists on ants and termites, which it will dig out of their hills using its sharp claws and powerful legs. It also digs to create burrows in which to live and rear its young. The animal is listed as \"least concern\" by the IUCN, although its numbers are decreasing. Aardvarks are afrotheres, a clade which also includes elephants, manatees, and hyraxes. Name and taxonomy Name The aardvark is sometimes\n\nBeavers (genus Castor) are large, semiaquatic rodents of the Northern Hemisphere. There are two existing species: the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the Eurasian beaver (C. fiber). Beavers are the second-largest living rodents, after capybaras, weighing up to . They have stout bodies with large heads, long chisel-like incisors, brown or gray fur, hand-like front feet, webbed back feet, and tails that are flat and scaly. The two species differ in skull and tail shape and fur color. Beavers can be found in a number of freshwater habitats, such as rivers, streams, lakes and ponds. They are herbivorous, consuming tree bark, aquatic plants, grasses and sedges. Beavers build dams and lodges using tree branches, vegetation, rocks and mud; they chew down trees for building material. Dams restrict water flow, and lodges serve as shelters. Their infrastructure creates wetlands used by many other species, and because of their effect on\n\nQuestion: Which type of animal is a markhor?", "output": "Wild Goat"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A small number of Astor markhor (Capra falconeri falconeri), an endangered species of wild goat, lives in the reserve. Other large mammals present include the Alpine ibex (Capra ibex), the snow leopard (Panthera uncia), the brown bear (Ursus arctos), the grey wolf (Lupus lupus), the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), the beech marten (Martes foina) and the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). About 35 species of bird have been recorded in the sanctuary, including the Brooks's leaf-warbler (Phylloscopus subviridis). References Wildlife sanctuaries of Pakistan Protected areas of Gilgit-Baltistan Gilgit District\n\nfauna The floral vegetation in the wild consist of roses, pansies, lilies, zinnias, and cosmos, along with trees such as apple, apricot, walnut, mulberry, willow, fir, and poplar trees. The fauna recorded in the village consist of ibex (Capra (genus), duck, red-striped fox, snow leopard (Panthera uncia syn. Uncia uncia), markhor (Capra falconeri) (wild goat), Marco Polo sheep (Ovis ammon polii), and yak (Bos grunniens and Bos mutus). History Karimabad, previously known as Baltit, was originally ruled by a monarch, the Mir of Hunza. The Baltit Fort was built at that time to function as the Mir's palace. The location was known as a caravan resting stop, and for its slave trade. Baltit served as the capital of Hunza Valley for over 750 years, until the middle of the 20th century. After Pakistan became an independent country in 1947, the Hunza province controlled by the Mir voluntarily joined Pakistan. Earlier,\n\nAstore Wildlife Sanctuary is as wildlife refuge located in Gilgit\u2013Baltistan, Pakistan. It is within the Astore District, between Nanga Parbat to the west and the plains of Deosai to the east, and about from the town of Bungi. Its area is approximately and its altitude is from to . The sanctuary is home to a small population of the near threatened (since 2015) Astor Markhor, the national animal of Pakistan, it further provides home to endangered snow leopard, Himalayan brown bear and Eurasian lynx. References Wildlife sanctuaries of Pakistan Protected areas of Gilgit-Baltistan\n\nQuestion: What type of animal is a markhor, the national animal of Pakistan?", "output": "Goat"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Little Willie was a prototype in the development of the British Mark I tank. Constructed in the autumn of 1915 at the behest of the Landship Committee, it was the first completed tank prototype in history. Little Willie is the oldest surviving individual tank, and is preserved as one of the most famous pieces in the collection of The Tank Museum, Bovington, England. Number 1 Lincoln Machine Work on Little Willie's predecessor was begun in July 1915 by the Landship Committee to meet The United Kingdom's requirement in World War I for an armoured combat vehicle able to cross an trench. After several other projects where single and triple tracks had failed, on 22 July William Ashbee Tritton, director of the agricultural machinery company William Foster & Company of Lincoln, was given the contract to develop a \"Tritton Machine\" with two tracks. It had to make use of the track\n\nyears, the Royal Artillery used a self-propelled gun known as the \"Abbot\". References Sources External links Deacon with picture World War II self-propelled artillery Self-propelled artillery of the United Kingdom World War II armoured fighting vehicles of the United Kingdom Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944\n\nThe D-1 howitzer M1943 () is a Soviet World War II-era 152.4 mm howitzer. The gun was developed by the design bureau headed by F. F. Petrov in 1942 and 1943, based on the carriage of the 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30) and using the barrel of the 152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10). The powerful and mobile D-1, with its wide range of ammunition, significantly increased the firepower and breakthrough abilities of Red Army tank and motor rifle formations. Several hundred D-1s were manufactured before the end of World War II. Post World War II, the D-1 saw combat in numerous conflicts during the mid- to late 20th century. The long operational history of D-1 howitzers in national armies of numerous countries is a testimony to its qualities; the gun still remains in service in a number of post-Soviet states and some other countries. The D-1 is widely considered a\n\nQuestion: Little Willie and Big Willie were nicknames for the first and second models of what British WWI armament?", "output": "Tank"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Beavers (genus Castor) are large, semiaquatic rodents of the Northern Hemisphere. There are two existing species: the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the Eurasian beaver (C. fiber). Beavers are the second-largest living rodents, after capybaras, weighing up to . They have stout bodies with large heads, long chisel-like incisors, brown or gray fur, hand-like front feet, webbed back feet, and tails that are flat and scaly. The two species differ in skull and tail shape and fur color. Beavers can be found in a number of freshwater habitats, such as rivers, streams, lakes and ponds. They are herbivorous, consuming tree bark, aquatic plants, grasses and sedges. Beavers build dams and lodges using tree branches, vegetation, rocks and mud; they chew down trees for building material. Dams restrict water flow, and lodges serve as shelters. Their infrastructure creates wetlands used by many other species, and because of their effect on\n\nThe white-eared giant rats, genus Hyomys, are a group of Old World rats from New Guinea. Description These large rodents belong to the genus Hyomys, with head and body lengths between , tail lengths between , and a weight of up to . Species Genus Hyomys - white-eared giant rats Western white-eared giant rat, Hyomys dammermani Stein, 1933 Eastern white-eared giant rat, Hyomys goliath Milne-Edwards, 1900 References Rodent genera Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas Rodents of Papua New Guinea\n\nThe giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni), the only member of its genus (Hylochoerus), is native to wooded habitats in Africa and is generally considered the largest wild member of the pig family, Suidae; however, a few subspecies of the wild boar can reach an even larger size. Despite its large size and relatively wide distribution, it was first described only in 1904. The specific name honours Richard Meinertzhagen, who shot the type specimen in Kenya and had it shipped to the Natural History Museum in England. Description The giant forest hog is, on average, the largest living species of suid. Adults can measure from in head-and-body length, with an additional tail length of . Adults stand in height at the shoulder, and can weigh from . Females are smaller than males. Females weigh a median of approximately , as opposed to males, which weigh a median of . The eastern\n\nQuestion: What is the world's largest rodent?", "output": "Capybara"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Rhododendron tomentosum (syn. Ledum palustre), commonly known as marsh Labrador tea, northern Labrador tea or wild rosemary, is a flowering plant in the subsection Ledum of the large genus Rhododendron in the family Ericaceae. Description It is a low shrub growing to 50 cm (rarely up to 120 cm) tall with evergreen leaves 12\u201350 mm long and 2\u201312 mm broad. The flowers are small, with a five-lobed white corolla, and produced several together in a corymb 3\u20135 cm diameter. They emit strong smell to attract bees and other pollinating insects. Distribution and habitat It grows in northern latitudes in North America, Greenland, Canada, and Alaska, in Europe in the northern and central parts, and in Asia south to northern China, Korea and Japan. It grows in peaty soils, shrubby areas, moss and lichen tundra. Chemical compounds All parts of the plant contain poisonous terpenes that affect the central nervous system.\n\nHybrid tea is an informal horticultural classification for a group of garden roses. The first hybrid tea roses were created in France in the mid-1800s, by cross-breeding the large, floriferous Hybrid Perpetuals with the tall, elegant Tea roses. The Hybrid tea is the oldest class of Modern garden roses. Hybrid teas exhibit traits midway between their parents, being hardier than the often delicate Tea roses, and with a better ability for repeat-flowering than the more robust Hybrid Perpetuals. Hybrid tea flowers are well-formed with large, high-centred buds, supported by long, straight and upright stems. Each flower can grow to 8\u201312.5 cm wide. Hybrid teas are the largest and most popular group of rose, due to their elegant form and large variety of colours. Their flowers are usually borne singly at the end of long stems which also makes them very popular as cut flowers. Description Hybrid tea is an informal\n\nJasminum nudiflorum, the winter jasmine, is a slender, deciduous shrub native to China (Gansu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang (Tibet), Yunnan). The flower's blossoming peaks right after winter, which is why it is also named Yingchun () in Chinese, which means \"the flower that welcomes Spring\". It is widely cultivated as an ornamental and is reportedly naturalized in France and in scattered locations in the United States (Texas, Oklahoma, Georgia, Tennessee, Maryland and New Jersey). Description It grows to tall and wide, with arching green shoots and opposite, pinnate, dark green leaves. Each leaf is divided into three oval-oblong leaflets which are about 3 cm long. It is a trailing, vine-like shrub. As its name suggests, in the Northern Hemisphere winter jasmine flowers from November to March. The solitary flowers, often appearing on the bare stems (hence the Latin nudiflorum, literally \"naked flower\") have six petals and are bright yellow, or white,\n\nQuestion: Pouchong tea is traditionally scented with the leaves of which flower?", "output": "Rose"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Brent) (originally arr. by ; arr. by Manilow) - 4:09 \"My Kind of Town\" (Cahn, Van Heusen) (originally arr. by ; arr. by Manilow) - 3:00 \"Put Your Dreams Away (For Another Day)\" (Ruth Lowe, Paul Mann, Stephan Weiss) (originally arr. by ; arr. by Manilow) - 1:41 \"Here's to the Man\" (Manilow, Sussman) (arr. by Manilow) - 2:01 References Barry Manilow albums 1998 albums Frank Sinatra tribute albums Arista Records albums Traditional pop albums Albums recorded at Capitol Studios\n\nI Wanna Hold Your Hand is a 1978 American historical comedy film directed by Robert Zemeckis, written by Zemeckis and Bob Gale, and starring Nancy Allen, Bobby Di Cicco, Marc McClure, Susan Kendall Newman, Theresa Saldana, Eddie Deezen, and Wendie Jo Sperber. Its storyline follows a disparate group of teenagers over the course of one day in New York City as they attempt to gain entry to the Beatles' first live appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show on February 9, 1964. The film also examines the mass hysteria surrounding the event, dubbed \"Beatlemania\" for the fervency of the group's fans. The film's title is derived from the Beatles' 1963 song of the same name. The film marked Zemeckis's feature film directorial debut, and was also the first film to be executive-produced by Steven Spielberg. Even though it was modestly budgeted, in order to convince Universal to bankroll it, Spielberg had\n\nYou Singing Robin and the 7 Hoods (with Bing Crosby, Sammy Davis Jr. and Dean Martin) It Might as Well Be Swing (with Count Basie) 12 Songs of Christmas (Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby and Fred Waring album) Softly, as I Leave You Sinatra '65: The Singer Today September of My Years My Kind of Broadway A Man and His Music Moonlight Sinatra Strangers in the Night That's Life Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim (with Antonio Carlos Jobim) The World We Knew Movin' with Nancy Francis A. & Edward K. (with Duke Ellington) The Sinatra Family Wish You a Merry Christmas Cycles My Way A Man Alone Watertown Sinatra & Company Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back Some Nice Things I've Missed I Sing the Songs Portrait of Sinatra \u2013 Forty Songs from the Life of a Man Trilogy: Past Present Future She Shot Me Down L.A. Is My Lady\n\nQuestion: In what movie did Sinatra sing My Kind of Town?", "output": "Robin and the 7 Hoods"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Arabian Sea () is a region of sea in the northern Indian Ocean, bounded on the west by the Arabian Peninsula, Gulf of Aden and Guardafui Channel, on the northwest by Gulf of Oman and Iran, on the north by Pakistan, on the east by India, and on the southeast by the Laccadive Sea and the Maldives, on the southwest by Somalia. Its total area is 3,862,000 km2 (1,491,000 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 4,652 meters (15,262 ft). The Gulf of Aden in the west connects the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest, connecting it to the Persian Gulf. Geography The Arabian Sea's surface area is about . The maximum width of the sea is approximately , and its maximum depth is . The biggest river flowing into the sea is the Indus\n\nMumbai), Mormug\u00e3o Port (Goa), New Mangalore Port and Kochi Port in India, the Port of Karachi, Port Qasim, and the Gwadar Port in Pakistan, Chabahar Port in Iran and the Port of Salalah in Salalah, Oman. The largest islands in the Arabian Sea include Socotra (Yemen), Masirah Island (Oman), Lakshadweep (India) and Astola Island (Pakistan). The countries with coastlines on the Arabian Sea are Yemen, Oman, Pakistan, Iran, India and the Maldives. Limits The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Arabian Sea as follows: On the west: the eastern limit of the Gulf of Aden. On the north: a line joining R\u00e0s al Hadd, east point of the Arabian Peninsula (22\u00b032'N) and R\u00e0s Jiy\u00f9ni (61\u00b043'E) on the coast of Pakistan. On the south: a line running from the southern extremity of Addu Atoll in the Maldives, to the eastern extremity of R\u00e0s Hafun (the easternmost point of Africa,\n\nThe Dact-el-Mayun, also known as the Western strait, the large strait, the large pass or the wide pass, is the western section of the Bab-el-Mandeb straits, which separates Ras Menheli, Yemen, on the Arabian Peninsula from Ras Siyyan, Djibouti, on the Horn of Africa. The strait has a width of about and a depth of . The Yemeni island of Perim divides the strait into two channels, Bab Iskender and Dact-el-Mayun respectively. Near the African coast lies a group of smaller islands known as the Seven Brothers. References Straits of the Indian Ocean Mandeb, Bab-el- Mandeb, Bab-el- Borders of Yemen Borders of Djibouti International straits Straits of Africa Straits of Asia\n\nQuestion: What gulf separates Yemen and Somalia?", "output": "Gulf of Aden"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The football competition at the 1992 Summer Olympics featured 16 national sides from the six continental confederations. The 16 teams were drawn into four groups of four and each group played a round-robin tournament. At the end of the group stage, the top two teams advanced to the knockout stage, beginning with the quarter-finals and culminating with the gold medal match at Camp Nou on 8 August 1992. For the first time, an age limit has been set for participants under the age of 23 (Under-23), which has been used ever since. Spain became the first host country to win the gold medal in an Olympic football tournament since Belgium in 1920, an achievement which would not be repeated again until Brazil won it in 2016. As of 2023, Spain is still the last European side that won the gold medal at men's football event in the Summer Olympics. Notably,\n\nuntil Brazil won it in 2016. As of 2023, Spain is still the last European side that won the gold medal at men's football event in the Summer Olympics. Notably, these were the first matches played with football's new back-pass rule and was the last Olympic football competition which was open to men only before the introduction of a women\u2019s tournament four years later. Competition schedule Source: Qualification The following 16 teams qualified for the 1992 Olympic men's football tournament: Venues Match officials Africa Mohamed Sendid Lim Kee Chong Asia Kiichiro Tachi Ali Bujsaim South America M\u00e1rcio Rezende de Freitas Jos\u00e9 Torres Cadena Juan Francisco Escobar North and Central America Arturo Brizio Carter Arturo Angeles Europe Lube Spassov Philip Don Markus Merk Fabio Baldas Manuel D\u00edaz Vega Squads Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Knockout stage Quarter-finals Semi-finals Bronze medal match Gold medal match Medal winners\n\nEgypt competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, Spain. 75 competitors, 72 men and 3 women, took part in 32 events in 13 sports. Competitors The following is the list of number of competitors in the Games. Boxing Equestrianism Fencing One male fencer represented Egypt in 1992. Men's foil Maged Abdallah Football Handball Men's team competition Preliminary round (group B) Egypt \u2013 Romania 21-22 Egypt \u2013 Spain 18-23 Egypt \u2013 Unified Team 18-22 Egypt \u2013 Germany 16-24 Egypt \u2013 France 19-22 Classification Match 11th/12th place: Egypt \u2013 Brazil 27-24 (\u2192 Eleventh place) Team roster Hosam Abdallah Ayman Abdel Hamid Soliman Mohamed Abdel Mohamed Ahmed Belal Ahmed Debes Ahmed Elattar Ahmed Elawady Aser Elkasaby Khlaed Elkordy Adel Elsharkawy Ashraf Mabrouk Yasser Mahmoud Gohar Mohamed Sameh Mohamed Mohsen Radwan Amr Serageldin Mahmoud Soliman Head coach: Paul Tiedemann Hockey Men's team competition Preliminary round (group A) Egypt \u2013 Great Britain 0 \u2013\n\nQuestion: The 1992 Summer Olympic Games were hosted by which European country?", "output": "Spain"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Gaelic Players Association (), or GPA, is the officially recognised player representative body for inter county Gaelic footballers and hurlers in Ireland. The GPA's aim is to promote and protect all aspects of player welfare and to provide an independent voice for players. The GPA was formed in 1999 when former IMG employee Donal O'Neill and a number of high-profile inter-county players, including Tyrone's Fergal Logan and Peter Canavan, Derry's Fergal McCusker and Dublin's Dessie Farrell were instrumental in the birth of the organisation. The association was launched in Belfast. Farrell became the first chairman in 2000 and was subsequently appointed as full-time chief executive of the GPA in 2003. Farrell and O'Neill helped secure a sponsorship deal with drinks manufacturer C&C (now Britvic) in 2003, which underpinned the growth and development of the GPA as a self-funded, not-for-profit organisation. Membership grew rapidly as the GPA lobbied vigorously for\n\nworked as forwards coach at the 1999 Rugby World Cup He also worked as technical director to USA Rugby between 1997 and 1999. As technical director he developed and delivered the USA Rugby Coach Education Programme, which certifier coaches at Foundation, Level I, Level II and Level III. He was then appointed as the assistant coach of the Irish national side in 1999 as the Backs Coach. During his time as assistant coach he was credited with advancing Irish back play considerably while working with players such as Brian O'Driscoll, Ronan O'Gara, Peter Stringer, Rob Henderson, Shane Horgan and Denis Hickie. In 2001 he was appointed head coach following the controversial departure of Warren Gatland. Ireland In his first year Ireland finished third-place in the 2002 Six Nations Championship. O'Sullivan's Ireland went on to achieve second place in 2003, only losing the Grand Slam in the final match against England.\n\nOdds Bodkin (born February 14, 1953) is the pseudonym of an American storyteller, musician, and author who has published a number of spoken and/or musical interpretations of traditional tales, as well as a number of original tales and children's books. \"Little Proto's T-Rex Adventure\" was awarded the Parents' Choice Gold Award. Odds and his family live in Bradford, New Hampshire. Bodkin tours both nationally and internationally, appearing at storytelling festivals, schools, universities, theaters and museums. He has performed at the White House and the National Storytelling Festival. Bodkin projects include The Vanishers: The App that Brings Objects to Life, a story-based Alternative Reality Game (ARG) for museums and outdoor places, and Young Hercules: The Legendary Bully, an empathy-awareness program for middle, high school and college students. Under the pseudonym \"McKenzie Bodkin\", Bodkin's original epic poem The Water Mage's Daughter: A Novel of Love, Magic and War in Verse was published\n\nQuestion: \"Which Irish sportsman is the subject of the 2008 book, \"\"In BOD we trust\"\"?\"", "output": "BRIAN O'DRISCOLL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Dmitri Vladimirovich Nabokov (; May 10, 1934February 22, 2012) was an American opera singer and translator. Born in Berlin, he was the only child of Russian parents: author Vladimir Nabokov and his wife Vera; they emigrated to the United States from France in 1940. He later was naturalized. In his later years, Nabokov translated many of his father's works into other languages, and served as the executor of his father's literary estate. Early life and education Dmitri Nabokov was born on May 10, 1934, in Berlin. He was the only child of Vladimir Nabokov and V\u00e9ra Slonim Nabokov. Due to Nazi Germany's growing political and social repression, and the likelihood that the regime might target the family (his mother was Jewish), the family fled to Paris in 1937. With the Germans advancing into France, they emigrated to New York City by ship in 1940. Subsequently, Nabokov was raised in the\n\nCaroline von Gomperz-Bettelheim, or C(K)aroline Bettelheim, pseudonym: Tellheim (; 1 June 1845, in Pest \u2013 13 December 1925, in Vienna) was a Hungarian-Austrian court singer and member of the Royal Opera, Vienna. Her younger brother was Anton Bettelheim. She was born at Pest (Budapest), Hungary. She studied pianoforte with Karl Goldmark, and singing with Moritz Laufer. At the age of 14, she made her d\u00e9but as a pianist, and two years later appeared for the first time in opera at Vienna. She eventually obtained a permanent engagement at the Royal Opera in that city. She has occasionally starred in her favorite r\u00f4les in other cities of (Germany) as well as in London. She was the wife of Julius Ritter von Gomperz, president of the Austrian chamber of commerce and member of the Upper House. Anton Rubinstein dedicated to Gomperz-Bettelheim his composition Hecuba, Op. 92, no. 1 (aria for mezzo-soprano and\n\nCzes\u0142awa Gospodarek (n\u00e9e Cie\u015blak; 10 June 1938 \u2013 5 December 2011), known by her stage name Violetta Villas, was a Polish and international cabaret star, singer, actress, composer and songwriter. Her voice was characterized as coloratura soprano, which spanned over four octaves. She could play the piano, violin, and trombone and had absolute pitch. Characterisations of her included \"the voice of the atomic age\", \"the singing toast of the continent\", \"a voice like French champagne\", and the \"Polish Yma Sumac\". Villas was the first star of the Casino de Paris at Dunes Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas (1966\u20131970). Villas was known for her conspicuous wardrobe and number-one hits. During her show business career, Villas acted in six films, performed in numerous musical shows, and recorded almost three hundred songs in ten languages, including Polish, English, French, German, Italian, Latin, Neapolitan, Russian, Spanish and Portuguese. She was an animal rights\n\nQuestion: In which city was opera singer Maria Callas born in 1923?", "output": "New York"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "although the stem group diverged earlier in the same period - 108 Mya. Ecology The Stemonaceae contain various herbaceous plants, many of which are crawling or climbing species preferring moist or dry tropical habitats. They form underground organs as spindle-shaped rhizomes used for reservation of nutrients. Uses The family contains plants with various therapeutical and other uses in places such as China, Laos, Japan, Thailand, and others. Some members are used for making an insecticide. In Laos, people use them against fleas and lice by making an infusion which they drink to make their blood poisonous. Plants from the family are used for the preparation of a fish poison. Others play a role in folk medicine and are valued for their antibacterial, antitussive, antifungal, and other properties against lung or skin diseases. References Bibliography Stemonaceaein L. Watson and M. J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards), Pentastemonaceae in L. Watson and M. J.\n\nare mostly herbaceous plants, but some shrubs, vines, and trees (such as Lachanodes arborea) do exist. Asteraceae species are generally easy to distinguish from other plants because of their unique inflorescence and other shared characteristics, such as the joined anthers of the stamens. Nonetheless, determining genera and species of some groups such as Hieracium is notoriously difficult (see \"damned yellow composite\" for example). Roots Members of the family Asteraceae generally produce taproots, but sometimes they possess fibrous root systems. Some species have underground stems in the form of caudices or rhizomes. These can be fleshy or woody depending on the species. Stems Stems are herbaceous, aerial, branched, and cylindrical with glandular hairs, generally erect, but can be prostrate to ascending. The stems can contain secretory canals with resin, or latex, which is particularly common among the Cichorioideae. Leaves Leaves can be alternate, opposite, or whorled. They may be simple, but\n\nLateral roots, emerging from the pericycle (meristematic tissue), extend horizontally from the primary root (radicle) and over time makeup the iconic branching pattern of root systems. They contribute to anchoring the plant securely into the soil, increasing water uptake, and facilitate the extraction of nutrients required for the growth and development of the plant. Lateral roots increase the surface area of a plant's root system and can be found in great abundance in several plant species. In some cases, lateral roots have been found to form symbiotic relationships with rhizobia (bacteria) and mycorrhizae (fungi) found in the soil, to further increase surface area and increase nutrient uptake. Several factors are involved in the formation and development of lateral roots. Regulation of root formation is tightly controlled by plant hormones such as auxin, and by the precise control of aspects of the cell cycle. Such control can be particularly useful, as\n\nQuestion: What do \u2018scandent\u2019 plants do?", "output": "Climb"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "broadest sense of the term, an animal behaviourist, is a title given only to individuals who have obtained relevant professional qualifications. The professional fields and course of study for dog behaviourists include, but are not limited to animal science, zoology, sociology, biology, psychology, ethology, and veterinary science. People with these credentials usually refer to themselves as Clinical Animal Behaviourists, Applied Animal Behaviourists (PhD) or Veterinary behaviourists (veterinary degree). If they limit their practice to a particular species, they might refer to themselves as a dog/cat/bird behaviourist. While there are many dog trainers who work with behavioural issues, there are relatively few qualified dog behaviourists. For the majority of the general public, the cost of the services of a dog behaviourist usually reflects both the supply/demand inequity, as well as the level of training they have obtained. Some behaviourists can be identified in the U.S. by the post-nominals \"CAAB\", indicating that\n\nusually reflects both the supply/demand inequity, as well as the level of training they have obtained. Some behaviourists can be identified in the U.S. by the post-nominals \"CAAB\", indicating that they are a Certified Applied Animal behaviourist (which requires a Ph.D. or veterinary degree), or, \"DACVB\", indicating that they are a diplomate of the American College of Veterinary behaviour (which requires a veterinary degree). In the UK veterinary and non-veterinary behaviourists certified by an ABTC Practitioner organisation may use the postnominals \u201cCCAB\u201d or \u201cABTC-CAB\u201d, or wider in Europe Veterinary Specialists in Behavioural Medicine use \u201cDipECAWBM(BM)\u201d. Discipline Behaviourism is the theory or doctrine that human or animal psychology can be accurately studied only through the examination and analysis of objectively observable and quantifiable behavioural events, in contrast with subjective mental states. A dog practitioner using a behavioural approach or psychobiological approach, regardless of title, typically works one-on-one with a dog and\n\nA dog behaviourist is a person who works in modifying or changing behaviour in dogs. They can be experienced dog handlers, who have developed their experience over many years of hands-on experience, or have formal training up to degree level. Some have backgrounds in veterinary science, animal science, zoology, sociology, biology, or animal behaviour, and have applied their experience and knowledge to the interaction between humans and dogs. Professional certification may be offered through either industry associations or local educational institutions. There is however no compulsion for behaviourists to be a member of a professional body nor to take formal training. Overview While any person who works to modify a dog's behaviour might be considered a dog behaviourist in the broadest sense of the term, an animal behaviourist, is a title given only to individuals who have obtained relevant professional qualifications. The professional fields and course of study for dog\n\nQuestion: Deriving ultimately from the Geek for 'knowledge, or study, of custom', what name is given to the study of animal behaviour?", "output": "ETHOLOGY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Carbon () is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent\u2014its atom making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust. Three isotopes occur naturally, C and C being stable, while C is a radionuclide, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity. Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon's abundance, its unique diversity of organic compounds, and its unusual ability to form polymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth, enables this element to serve as a common element of all known life. It is the second most abundant element in the\n\nAcetylene (systematic name: ethyne) is the chemical compound with the formula and structure . It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne. This colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in its pure form and thus is usually handled as a solution. Pure acetylene is odorless, but commercial grades usually have a marked odor due to impurities such as divinyl sulfide and phosphine. As an alkyne, acetylene is unsaturated because its two carbon atoms are bonded together in a triple bond. The carbon\u2013carbon triple bond places all four atoms in the same straight line, with CCH bond angles of 180\u00b0. Discovery Acetylene was discovered in 1836 by Edmund Davy, who identified it as a \"new carburet of hydrogen\". It was an accidental discovery while attempting to isolate potassium metal. By heating potassium carbonate with carbon at very high temperatures, he produced\n\nIn organic chemistry, hydrocarbons (compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen) are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds (; G. aleiphar, fat, oil). Aliphatic compounds can be saturated (in which all the C-C bonds are single requiring the structure to be completed, or 'saturated', by hydrogen) like hexane, or unsaturated, like hexene and hexyne. Open-chain compounds, whether straight or branched, and which contain no rings of any type, are always aliphatic. Cyclic compounds can be aliphatic if they are not aromatic. Structure Aliphatic compounds can be saturated, joined by single bonds (alkanes), or unsaturated, with double bonds (alkenes) or triple bonds (alkynes). If other elements (heteroatoms) are bound to the carbon chain, the most common being oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine, it is no longer a hydrocarbon, and therefore no longer an aliphatic compound. However, such compounds may still be referred to as aliphatic if the hydrocarbon\n\nQuestion: What name is given to a compound of carbon and hydrogen in various proportions?", "output": "Hydrocarbon"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "White Bull (; April 1849 \u2013 June 21, 1947) was the nephew of Sitting Bull, and a famous warrior in his own right. White Bull participated in the Battle of the Little Bighorn on June 25, 1876. Early life Born in the Black Hills in South Dakota, White Bull came from a prominent Sioux family. He was the son of Makes Room, a Miniconjou chief and the brother of One Bull. After the battle, White Bull joined his uncle, Hunkpapa Sioux leader Sitting Bull, while fleeing to Canada. Also, young Chief Solomon \"Smoke\" and Chief No Neck (Lakota: T\u021fah\u00fa Wan\u00ed\u010de) (these two chiefs were the sons of the old Chief Smoke 1774\u20131864), fled with White Bull and Sitting Bull and their bands to Canada. Little Bighorn For years it was rumored that White Bull boasted of killing Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer at the infamous battle. However, others who knew\n\ntheir bands to Canada. Little Bighorn For years it was rumored that White Bull boasted of killing Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer at the infamous battle. However, others who knew White Bull claim that he never made that statement but instead admitted to struggling with Custer. White Bull surrendered to government troops in 1876. He eventually became a chief, replacing his father Chief Makes Room upon his death. He acted as a judge of the Court of Indian Offenses, and was a proponent of Lakota land claims in the Black Hills. White Bull died in South Dakota in 1947. White Bull's relationship to his uncle made him an important contributor to Stanley Vestal's biography of Sitting Bull. Popular culture White Bull, played by Sal Mineo, was used as a character in the 1958 Disney Western adventure film Tonka. References Further reading Stanley Vestal, Warpath: The True Story of the Fighting\n\nAmerican Horse (Oglala Lakota: Wa\u0161\u00ed\u010du\u014b T\u021fa\u0161\u00fa\u014bke in Standard Lakota Orthography) (a/k/a \"American Horse the Elder\") (1830\u2013September 9, 1876) was an Oglala Lakota warrior chief renowned for courage and honor. American Horse is notable in American history as one of the principal war chiefs allied with Crazy Horse during Red Cloud's War (1866\u20131868) and the Battle of the Little Bighorn during the Great Sioux War of 1876\u20131877. Chief American Horse was a son of Old Chief Smoke, an Oglala Lakota head chief and one of the last great Shirt Wearers, a highly prestigious Lakota warrior society. He was a signatory to the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, along with his brothers Chief Red Cloud and Chief Blue Horse. A month or so after the Treaty, American Horse was chosen a \"Ogle Tanka Un\" (Shirt Wearer, or war leader) along with Crazy Horse, Young-Man-Afraid-of-His-Horses and Man That Owns a Sword. On September\n\nQuestion: During the wars between the US Government and the Native Americans in the 1860s and 70s, Sitting Bull was one of the two great leaders of the Sioux; who was the other - victorious at the Battle of the Rose Bud and murdered whist in captivity in September 1877?", "output": "CRAZY HORSE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the most prestigious two-mile chase in the National Hunt calendar, the Queen Mother Champion Chase. The most recent was Put The Kettle On, the winner of the latter event in 2021. The 1978 winner, Alverton, went on to win the following season's Cheltenham Gold Cup. In 2020, Put the Kettle On become the first Mare to win the race since Anaglogs Daughter in 1980. Records Leading jockey since 1946 (4 wins): Barry Geraghty \u2013 Moscow Flyer (2002), Forpadydeplasterer (2009), Sprinter Sacre (2012), Simonsig (2013) Ruby Walsh \u2013 Azertyuiop (2003), Un de Sceaux (2015), Douvan (2016), Footpad (2018) Leading trainer since 1946 (7 wins): Nicky Henderson \u2013 Remittance Man (1991), Travado (1993), Tiutchev (2000), Sprinter Sacre (2012), Simonsig (2013), Altior (2017), Shishkin (2021) Winners since 1946 See also Horse racing in Great Britain List of British National Hunt races References Racing Post: , , , , , , , , ,\n\n|} The Champion Hurdle is a Grade 1 National Hunt hurdle race in Great Britain which is open to horses aged four years or older. It is run on the Old Course at Cheltenham over a distance of about 2 miles and \u00bd furlong (2 miles and 87 yards, or ), and during its running there are eight hurdles to be jumped. The race is the last leg of the Triple Crown of Hurdling and is scheduled to take place each year on the opening day of the Cheltenham Festival in March. As its title suggests, the Champion Hurdle is the most prestigious hurdling event in the National Hunt calendar. Its list of winners features many of the most highly acclaimed hurdlers in the sport's history, and several of these, such as National Spirit, Istabraq, Hatton's Grace, Persian War and Lanzarote, have had races named in their honour. As part\n\nsponsored by the Tote, and it was called the Totalisator Champion Novices' Chase. From 1974 to 2020 it was backed by the RSA Insurance Group, and its predecessors Sun Alliance (1974\u20131996) and Royal & SunAlliance (1997\u20132008). Since 2021 the race has been sponsored by Brown Advisory and Meriebelle Stable. Several winners of the race have subsequently achieved victory in the most prestigious chase in the National Hunt calendar, the Cheltenham Gold Cup. The most recent was Lord Windermere, the winner of the latter event in 2014. Records Leading jockey since 1946 (5 wins): Pat Taaffe \u2013 Coneyburrow (1953), Solfen (1960), Grallagh Cnoc (1961), Arkle (1963), Proud Tarquin (1970) Leading trainer since 1946 (5 wins): Willie Mullins \u2013 Florida Pearl (1998), Rule Supreme (2004), Cooldine (2009), Don Poli (2015), Monkfish (2021) Winners since 1946 Separate divisions of the race indicated by (1) and (2). See also Horse racing in Great Britain\n\nQuestion: In horse racing, during which month is the Cheltenham Cup run?", "output": "March"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Lost World is a 2001 British made-for-television film adaptation of the 1912 novel of the same name by Arthur Conan Doyle, directed by Stuart Orme and adapted by Tony Mulholland and Adrian Hodges. It was filmed at various locations on the West Coast of New Zealand. The 145-minute film was divided into two 75-minute episodes when broadcast on BBC One on 25 and 26 December 2001, receiving 8.68 million and 6.98 million viewers respectively. Bob Hoskins played Professor Challenger and was supported by James Fox, Peter Falk, Matthew Rhys, Tom Ward and Elaine Cassidy. Plot Part 1 While in the Amazon rainforest, Professor George Challenger shoots an animal he believes to be a pterosaur. Returning to England, Challenger crashes a lecture at the Natural History Museum held by his rival, Professor Leo Summerlee. Challenger proposes an expedition to discover the home of the pterosaur, but is dismissed by the\n\nFort, investigator of anomalous phenomena Arthur Conan Doyle, creator of Sherlock Holmes with a strong interest in the paranormal H. P. Lovecraft, teller of dark tales Harry Houdini, escapologist and debunker of fraudulent Spiritualists A mysterious evil flier, who while never named is clearly based on Charles Lindbergh. Plot In 1926, while practising a new trick, Houdini has a near-death experience, awakening the mysterious Sleepers. Meanwhile, Lovecraft is visited by a talking raven, and a s\u00e9ance that Sir Arthur is attending is attacked by a strange force that possesses the medium. Sir Arthur travels to New York City to speak to Houdini, where they are attacked by Tcho-Tchos, summoned by The Sleepers' human minions (The Hidden Masters of the World: The Illuminated Ones). While Houdini and Lovecraft travel back into the spiritual plane, Fort and Sir Arthur must protect their bodies from the assembling dark forces. However, there is also\n\nMany writers make references to Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's famous literary creation, the detective Sherlock Holmes, and these often become embedded within popular culture. While Holmes exists predominantly in the context of Victorian-era London, he has been mentioned in such outre contexts as the 22nd century or hunting aliens or supernatural enemies. These references are in addition to the innumerable passing references to Sherlock Holmes made in many literary and cinematic works, such as the labeling of a person as a \"Sherlock\", whether in reference to their intelligence (or in jest or sarcasm). Books One of the first attempts was made in response to the \"Great Hiatus\" (when Arthur Conan Doyle decided not to write any more Holmes stories, to the dismay of his fans). Stepping into the breach, John Kendrick Bangs wrote Pursuit of the House-Boat (1897) [a sequel to his A House-Boat on the Styx(1895)], in which a\n\nQuestion: Arthur Conan Doyle sent who to the Lost World?", "output": "Challenger"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Afrikaans (, ) is a West Germanic language that evolved in the Dutch Cape Colony from the Dutch vernacular of Holland proper (i.e. the Hollandic dialect) used by Dutch, French, and German settlers and people enslaved by them. Afrikaans gradually began to develop distinguishing characteristics during the course of the 18th century. Now spoken in South Africa, Namibia and (to a lesser extent) Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe, estimates of the total number of Afrikaans speakers range between 15 and 23 million. Most linguists consider Afrikaans to be a partly creole language. An estimated 90% to 95% of the vocabulary is of Dutch origin, with adopted words from other languages, including German and the Khoisan languages of Southern Africa. Differences with Dutch include a more analytic-type morphology and grammar, and some pronunciations. There is a large degree of mutual intelligibility between the two languages, especially in written form. About 13.5% of\n\nFrench Flemish (French Flemish: , Standard Dutch: , ) is a West Flemish dialect spoken in the north of contemporary France. Place names attest to Flemish having been spoken since the 8th century in the part of Flanders that was ceded to France at the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees, and which hence became known as French Flanders. Its dialect subgroup, called French Flemish, meanwhile, became a minority dialect that survives mainly in Dunkirk ( in Dutch, in West Flemish, \"dune church\"), Bourbourg ( in Dutch), Calais (), Saint-Omer (), with its Flemish ethnic enclave of Haut-Pont (Haute-Ponte), and Bailleul (). French Flemish has about 20,000 daily users, and twice that number of occasional speakers. The dialect's status appears to be moribund, but there has been an active movement to retain French Flemish in the region. Status Though generally seen as a dialect of Dutch, some of its speakers prefer\n\nDeitsch may refer to: Deitsch (surname) Pennsylvania Dutch Pennsylvania Dutch language\n\nQuestion: What language did the Pennsylvania Dutch speak?", "output": "German"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "New Holland is a village, civil parish and port on the Humber estuary in North Lincolnshire, England. In 2001 it had a population of 955, increasing marginally to 970 at the 2011 census. History New Holland was established in the early 19th-century. It was initially the site of a small ferry site, but this grew in size over the early decades of the century. The Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway company established the Lincoln Castle Hotel (then as the \"Yarborough Arms\") and the terraced houses in Manchester Square. In 1870-1872 John Marius Wilson described the village in his Imperial Gazetteer of England and Wales: HOLLAND (NEW), a sea port village in Barrow-upon-Humber parish, Lincoln; on the river Humber, and on the Grimsby and Sheffield Junction railway, opposite Hull, 4 miles E by N of Barton-upon-Humber. It has a station on the railway, a post office under Hull, a steamferry to\n\nCornwall (; ) is a ceremonial county in South West England. It is recognised as one of the Celtic nations and is the homeland of the Cornish people. The county is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, Devon to the east, and the English Channel to the south. The largest settlement is Falmouth, and the county town is Truro. The county is rural, with an area of and population of 568,210. The largest settlements are Falmouth (23,061), Newquay (20,342), St Austell (19,958), and Truro (18,766). Most of Cornwall forms a single unitary authority area, and the Isles of Scilly have a unique local authority. The Cornish nationalist movement disputes the constitutional status of Cornwall and seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom. Cornwall is the westernmost part of the South West Peninsula. Its coastline is characterised by steep cliffs and, to the south, several rias, including\n\nLade is a coastal hamlet in the county of Kent, England. Lade is adjacent to, and north of, Lydd-on-Sea. It had a railway station on the Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch Railway which is now closed. References Hamlets in Kent Beaches of Kent Lydd\n\nQuestion: The port of Dover is in which English county?", "output": "Kent"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country mostly in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogot\u00e1 is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urbes include Medell\u00edn, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, C\u00facuta, Ibagu\u00e9, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage\u2014including language, religion, cuisine, and art\u2014reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by mass immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those\n\nthe Colombian Caribbean Littoral). Although the famous Antioquia Railway came to a decline and is now only remembered by the so-called towns of the train, an urban railway system received the attention of the region. In the same way Antioquia's Railways had a century ago, the Medell\u00edn Metro became an important social, cultural and development axis in one of the most important cities of Colombia and South America. The city's speedy urban growth, especially since the 1960s, has filled the entire Aburr\u00e1 Valley and made towns touch its borders: Bello, Copacabana, Girardota, Barbosa, Envigado, Itag\u00fc\u00ed, San Antonio de Prado, La Estrella, Sabaneta and Caldas, among others. With the growth of the city placing Medell\u00edn among the most economically important cities in the nation, local leaders were compelled to view the city as a complex, urban system comparable to other industrialized cities in the world, rather than as a provincial town.\n\nBrazil (; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in South America and in Latin America. Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh most populous. Its capital is Bras\u00edlia, and its most populous city is S\u00e3o Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states and the Federal District. It is the only country in the Americas to have Portuguese as an official language. It is one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world, and the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other countries and territories in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers roughly half of the continent's land area. Its Amazon basin includes a vast\n\nQuestion: With a metropolotian population of almost 19 million people, what is the most populous city in South America?", "output": "Sao Paulo, Brazil"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Degos disease, also known as K\u00f6hlmeier-Degos disease or malignant atrophic papulosis, is an extremely rare condition caused by blockage of arteries and veins. Individuals with this condition will develop papules. Those diagnosed with this disease may also develop complications due to impairment of internal organs. The exact underlying mechanism is still unknown, and an effective treatment is still being developed. There are fewer than 50 living patients presently known worldwide, and fewer than 200 reported in medical literature. However, many individuals may go undiagnosed due to rarity of the disease. Most individuals develop symptoms between the ages of 20\u201350; however, cases outside of this age range have been reported as well. Symptoms and signs The characteristic symptom of Degos disease is the development of papules. Initially, individuals may have skin lesions or rashes, but they will proceed to develop distinct bumps, or papules. Papules are circular in shape, have a\n\nalso spread by African slaves arriving into Boston. Variolation had the disadvantage that the inoculating agent used was still an active form of smallpox and, although less potent, could still kill the inoculee or spread in its full form to others nearby. However, as the risk of death from inoculation with Variola Minor was just 1% to 2%, as compared to the 20% risk of death from the natural form of smallpox, the risks of inoculation were generally considered acceptable. Vaccination In 1796, Edward Jenner FRS, a doctor and scientist who had practiced variolation, performed an experiment based on the folk-knowledge that infection with cowpox, a disease with minor symptoms which was never fatal, also conferred immunity to smallpox. The idea was not new; it had been demonstrated some years earlier by Benjamin Jesty, who had not publicized his discovery. In 1798, Jenner extended his observations by showing that cowpox\n\nEczema herpeticum is a rare but severe disseminated infection that generally occurs at sites of skin damage produced by, for example, atopic dermatitis, burns, long-term usage of topical steroids or eczema. It is also known as Kaposi varicelliform eruption, Pustulosis varioliformis acute and Kaposi-Juliusberg dermatitis. Some sources reserve the term \"eczema herpeticum\" when the cause is due to human herpes simplex virus, and the term \"Kaposi varicelliform eruption\" to describe the general presentation without specifying the virus. This condition is most commonly caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or 2, but may also be caused by coxsackievirus A16, or vaccinia virus. It appears as numerous umbilicated vesicles superimposed on healing atopic dermatitis. it is often accompanied by fever and lymphadenopathy. Eczema herpeticum can be life-threatening in babies. Presentation In addition to the skin, this infection affects multiple organs, including the eyes, brain, lung, and liver, and can be fatal.\n\nQuestion: If, as is almost impossible now, you had variola, which disease would you have?", "output": "SMALLPOX"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Victoria Iphigenia \"Vic\" \"V. I.\" Warshawski is a fictional private investigator from Chicago who is the protagonist featured in a series of detective novels and short stories written by Chicago author Sara Paretsky. With the exception of \"The Pietro Andromache\", Warshawski's adventures are written in the first person. Biography Victoria Iphigenia Warshawski, called \"Vic\" by her friends, is the daughter of Italian-born Gabriella Sestrieri, who was half-Jewish and fled the Mussolini regime in 1941. Trained as an opera singer, she was destitute when she arrived as a refugee immigrant. She met and married Anton \"Tony\" Warshawski, a Polish American police officer in Chicago. Gabriella spoke Italian and heavily accented English with her daughter, who became fluent in Italian. On the other hand, the American-born Tony spoke only English with her, and she picked up only a few words of Polish from her paternal grandmother. Gabriella died of cancer when Vic\n\nCollin Wilcox (September 21, 1924 \u2013 July 12, 1996) was an American mystery writer who published 30 books in 30 years. Born in Detroit, Michigan, September 21, 1924, his first book was The Black Door (1967), featuring a sleuth possessing extrasensory perception. His major series of novels was about Lieutenant Frank Hastings of the San Francisco Police Department. Titles in the Hastings series included Hire a Hangman, Dead Aim, Hiding Place, Long Way Down and Stalking Horse. Two of his last books, Full Circle and Find Her a Grave, featured a new hero-sleuth, Alan Bernhardt, an eccentric theater director. Wilcox also published under the pseudonym \"Carter Wick\". Wilcox's most famous series-detective was the television character Sam McCloud, a New Mexico deputy solving New York crime. The \"urban cowboy\" was played by Dennis Weaver in the 1970\u20131977 TV series McCloud. Wilcox wrote two novelizations based on scripts from the series: McCloud\n\nTecumseh Fox is a fictional private detective created by American mystery writer Rex Stout to provide some diversity from his housebound and opinionated rival Nero Wolfe. Although the character's name sounds native American, he is not. In Double for Death, he explains that his full name is William Tecumseh Sherman Fox, so he was supposedly named for the American Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman. It seems probable that Stout chose this name in order to justify Fox's nickname, \"Tec,\" which is also a slang term for detective. (A similar motive was presumably behind the naming of another Stout detective, the beautiful Theodolinda \"Dol\" Bonner.) The surname \"Fox\" was presumably chosen as an analogy to \"Wolf(e).\" Fox's Westchester County is located in the same universe as Wolfe's New York City. Even though the two men seem to be unaware of each other's existence, both are acquainted with operatives from Bonner\n\nQuestion: US author Sara Paretsky created which fictional detective?", "output": "V I Warshawski"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Blizzard Entertainment, Inc. is an American video game developer and publisher based in Irvine, California. A subsidiary of Activision Blizzard, the company was founded in February 1991 as Silicon & Synapse, Inc. by three graduates of the University of California, Los Angeles: Michael Morhaime, Frank Pearce and Allen Adham. The company originally concentrated on the creation of game ports for other studios' games before beginning development of their own software in 1993, with games like Rock n' Roll Racing and The Lost Vikings. In 1993, the company became Chaos Studios, Inc., and then Blizzard Entertainment soon after being acquired by distributor Davidson & Associates early in the following year. Shortly after, Blizzard released Warcraft: Orcs & Humans. Since then, Blizzard Entertainment has created several Warcraft sequels, including highly influential massively multiplayer online role-playing game World of Warcraft in 2004, as well as three other multi-million selling video game franchises: Diablo,\n\nEntertainment has created several Warcraft sequels, including highly influential massively multiplayer online role-playing game World of Warcraft in 2004, as well as three other multi-million selling video game franchises: Diablo, StarCraft and Overwatch. Their most recent projects include the online collectible card game Hearthstone; the multiplayer online battle arena Heroes of the Storm; the remaster of the original StarCraft and its expansion Brood War, StarCraft: Remastered; the replacement and sequel to the multiplayer first-person hero shooter Overwatch, Overwatch 2; the ninth expansion for World of Warcraft, Dragonflight; and the sequel to Diablo III, Diablo IV. The games operate through Blizzard's online gaming service Battle.net. On July 9, 2008, Activision merged with Vivendi Games, culminating in the inclusion of the Blizzard brand name in the title of the resulting holding company. On July 25, 2013, Activision Blizzard announced the purchase of 429 million shares from the majority owner Vivendi, which resulted\n\nPlayStation Network (PSN) is a digital media entertainment service provided by Sony Interactive Entertainment. Launched in November 2006, PSN was originally conceived for the PlayStation video game consoles, but soon extended to encompass smartphones, tablets, Blu-ray players and high-definition televisions. This service is the account for PlayStation consoles, accounts can store games and other content. As of April 2016, over 110 million users have been documented, with 106 million of them active monthly as of the end of March 2022. PlayStation Network's services are dedicated to an online marketplace (PlayStation Store), a premium subscription service for enhanced gaming and social features (PlayStation Plus), music streaming (PlayStation Music, based on Spotify), TV streaming (PlayStation Vue), and formerly a cloud gaming service (PlayStation Now; folded into PlayStation Plus Premium in June 2022). The service is available in 73 territories. History Launched in the year 2000, Sony's second home console, the PlayStation 2,\n\nQuestion: It was released as a video game in 1994, was restructured as a subscription-based MMORPG in 2004, and in February 2012 had more than 10 million subscribers. Which is it?", "output": "Warcraft"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Abila () was an ancient city east of the Jordan River in the Plains of Moab, later Peraea, near Livias, about twelve km northeast of the north shore of the Dead Sea. The site is identified with modern Khirbet el-Kafrayn, Jordan and identified on the Madaba Map as an unnamed icon. There is a widely supported theory that in the Hebrew Bible, it is referred to as Abel-Shittim, as well as in the shorter forms Shittim and Ha-Shittim. Biblical Abel-Shittim Abel-Shittim, Hebrew meaning \"Meadow of the Acacias\", is found only in the Book of Numbers (); but Ha-Shittim (Hebrew meaning \"The Acacias\"), evidently the same place, is mentioned in Numbers, Joshua, and Micah (, , ). It was the forty-second and last encampment of the Israelites, associated with infamous Baal-peor incident with the Midianites (). It was also the final headquarters of Joshua before he crossed the Jordan (). The\n\nand was assassinated by Palestinians, who was nicknamed after Mahatma Gandhi. The section of Route 90 passing the Dead Sea is named Dead Sea Highway and is the lowest road in the world. It is along this stretch of road that Masada, Ein Gedi nature reserve, Ein Gedi Spa, Qumran Caves, and Ahava are located. It is here that Route 90 intersects with Route 1, making it a major international tourism artery for travellers between the Sea of Galilee, Jerusalem and the Dead Sea. There is no actual four-way intersection with Route 1. When travelling south along 90 from the Jordan Valley, the road intersects the eastern end of Route 1 at Beit HaArava Junction. Route 90 continues by turning left at the junction, then again turns south. A short distance later, Route 90 continues via a right turn at Lido Junction. The section of Route 90 passing through the\n\nHighway 90 is the longest Israeli road, at about , and stretches from Metula and the northern border with Lebanon, along the western side of the Sea of Galilee, through the Jordan River Valley, along the Dead Sea's western bank (making it the world's lowest road), through the Arabah valley, and until Eilat and the southern border with Egypt on the Red Sea. The central section of the road traverses the Israeli-occupied West Bank. While it passes near the city of Jericho, it runs through Area C and does not enter areas controlled by the Palestinian Authority. The Arava Highway is the main link from the resort and port city of Eilat towards the country's centre and, at times, handles a heavy mix of local, tourist and commercial trucking traffic on the two-lane road (one lane in each direction). That, coupled with the monotone nature of the desert landscape around\n\nQuestion: Located in Israel, what is the second-lowest lake in the world (after the Dead Sea) on whose shores much of the ministry of Jesus occurred?", "output": "Sea of Galilee"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sergeant Arthur Wilson is a fictional Home Guard platoon sergeant and bank chief clerk, first portrayed by John Le Mesurier in the BBC television sitcom Dad's Army. Background Wilson was born in 1887, and is carefree, cheerful and well-spoken, although more complex than he first seems. He is chief clerk of the Walmington-on-Sea bank and captain of the cricket club. He has an upper-middle-class background; his uncle was a peer of the realm, his father had a career in the City of London, and Wilson often recalls fond memories of his nanny. He was educated at a public school named Meadow Bridge, having failed the entrance exam for Harrow. He was destined for the Indian Civil Service but failed that exam too. The final episode reveals Wilson to have reached the rank of captain in the Middlesex Regiment whilst serving in the First World War. Captain Mainwaring, Wilson's senior in\n\nPrivate James Frazer is a fictional Home Guard platoon member and undertaker, first portrayed by John Laurie in the BBC television sitcom Dad's Army. He is noted for his catchphrases \"We're doomed!\" and \"Rubbish!\" Personality Frazer was born in 1872 and is a dour, trouble-stirring, exaggerating, wild-eyed Scottish undertaker (formerly the keeper of a philatelist's shop with a hobby of making coffins). He hails from the \"wild and lonely\" Isle of Barra in the Outer Hebrides, an apparently desolate and bleak place that appears to have informed most of his pessimistic, dark tendencies. He is an old sailor and traveller who claims to have had many adventures in the south seas, describing in Uninvited Guests how an expedition with a friend named Jethro led to Jethro being cursed to die by a witch doctor for stealing a ruby from a jungle temple, and recounting in Don't Forget the Diver how\n\nLance Corporal Jack Jones is a fictional Home Guard platoon lance corporal and veteran of the British Empire, first portrayed by Clive Dunn in the BBC television sitcom Dad's Army. His catchphrases are \"Don't panic!\", \"Permission to speak, sir?\" and \"They don't like it up 'em!\". Jones also often recounts his past military experiences particularly those in Sudan and India and gives a glimpse to the military traditions and events in the concluding years of the 19th century. Fictional biography The backstory invented for Jones suggests that he was born in 1870 in Walmington-on-Sea, the son of George Jones, who by the start of World War II is the 88-year-old caretaker of the Peabody Museum of Historical Army Weapons. In \"The Showing Up of Corporal Jones\", when Major Regan asks him his age, Jones replies sixty, but tells Captain Mainwaring later in the same episode his actual age, which is\n\nQuestion: What was the first name of Captain Mainwaring in Dad's Army?", "output": "George"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A grantor\u2013grantee index is a general term for two lists of real property transfers maintained in alphabetical order of the last name of the parties transferring the property. One list is the grantor index, an alphabetic list of sellers (grantors). The other list is the grantee index, an alphabetic list of purchasers (grantees). In a typical county in the United States, the index is kept by an official known as the County Recorder (or the Recorder of Deeds). Transfers are not necessarily listed in strict alphabetical order, but are often placed chronologically in a letter index corresponding to the first letter of the party's last name. In the grantor index, the alphabetic order of entries is by the grantors' last names. In each entry, the name of the grantee (purchaser) is then given, along with the location of the affected parcel and the volume and page number where the full\n\nEngland's Gazetteer, or, an accurate description of all the cities, towns, and villages of the kingdom was a large road atlas printed in the mid 18th century. The Gazetteer was written by Stephen Whatley (1712\u20131741) and was published in three separate editions, each of which offered maps of the roads of England and Wales. Editions 1 and 2 included a dictionary of the cities, corporations, market towns, and the most-noted villages. Edition 3 went further, including an alphabetical register of the less noted villages with their distance, or bearing, from the next market town, or well known place. In London, it was published by J. and P. Knapton, D. Browne, A. Millar, J. Whiston and B. White. References Further reading v.2 v.3 Geography of England Atlases Gazetteers Books about England\n\nThe American Practical Navigator (colloquially often referred to as Bowditch), originally written by Nathaniel Bowditch, is an encyclopedia of navigation. It serves as a valuable handbook on oceanography and meteorology, and contains useful tables and a maritime glossary. In 1867 the copyright and plates were bought by the Hydrographic Office of the United States Navy. As of 2019 it is still published by the U.S. Government and is available free online from the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA), the modern successor agency to the 19th Century Hydrographic Office. The publication is considered one of America's nautical institutions. History The most popular navigational text of the late 18th century was The Practical Navigator by John Hamilton Moore of the Royal Navy, first published in 1772. To have exact tables to work from, Bowditch recomputed all of Moore's tables, and rearranged and expanded the work. He contacted the US publisher of the work,\n\nQuestion: A gazetteer offers indexed information mainly oriented by?", "output": "Geography"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Requiem of Reconciliation was a collaborative work written to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the end of World War II. It sets the Catholic mass for the dead in fourteen sections, each written by a different composer from a country involved in the war. It was commissioned by the Internationale Bachakademie Stuttgart in Stuttgart, Germany, and first performed by the G\u00e4chinger Kantorei, the Krak\u00f3w Chamber Choir and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by Helmuth Rilling. A two-CD set documenting this performance was released in 1995. Sections of the work Prolog: H\u00f6r (by Luciano Berio, Italy) Introitus and Kyrie (by Friedrich Cerha, Austria) Dies irae (by Paul-Heinz Dittrich, Germany) Judex ergo (by Marek Kopelent, Czech Republic) Juste judex (by John Harbison, US) Confutatis (by Arne Nordheim, Norway) Interludium (by Bernard Rands, UK/US) Offertorium (by Marc-Andr\u00e9 Dalbavie, France) Sanctus (by Judith Weir, UK) Agnus Dei (by Krzysztof Penderecki, Poland) Communio I\n\nKing Priam is an opera by Michael Tippett, to his own libretto. The story is based on Homer's Iliad, except the birth and childhood of Paris, which are taken from the Fabulae of Hyginus. The premiere was on 29 May 1962, at Coventry. The opera was composed for an arts festival held in conjunction with the reconsecration of the rebuilt Coventry Cathedral, for which Benjamin Britten also wrote his War Requiem, which was first performed in the Cathedral the day after the premiere of King Priam. The first Covent Garden performance was on 5 June, conducted by John Pritchard. It was premiered in Germany at the Badisches Staatstheater in 1963 (in a translation by Walter Bergmann), in Greece at the 1985 Athens Festival, in France at the Op\u00e9ra de Nancy et de Lorraine in 1988, in Italy at Batignano in 1990, and in the United States San Francisco Opera Center\n\nWilliam Daniel McCafferty (14 October 1946 \u2013 8 November 2022) was a Scottish vocalist and songwriter best known as the lead singer for the Scottish hard rock band Nazareth from its founding in 1968 to his retirement from touring with the band in 2013. Biography McCafferty was born in Dunfermline, Fife. Under the influence of artists such as Little Richard, Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry and Otis Redding, he became one of the founding members of Nazareth in 1968. He appeared on all of Nazareth's albums up to 2014 and toured with them for 45 years. He co-wrote some of the big Nazareth hits, including \"Broken Down Angel\", and \"Bad Bad Boy\". He released three solo albums. McCafferty was an influential vocalist with raspy,soulful shrieking that influenced hard rock vocalists that followed from AC/DC to Guns N' Roses. Retirement from touring with Nazareth On 29 August 2013, Nazareth announced McCafferty's retirement\n\nQuestion: \"Who composed the \"\"War Requiem\"\" for the opening of the new Coventry Cathedral in 1962?\"", "output": "Benjamin Britten"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ajaccio (, , ; French: ; or ; , locally: ; ) is a French commune, prefecture of the department of Corse-du-Sud, and head office of the Collectivit\u00e9 territoriale de Corse (capital city of Corsica). It is also the largest settlement on the island. Ajaccio is located on the west coast of the island of Corsica, southeast of Marseille. The original city went into decline in the Middle Ages, but began to prosper again after the Genoese built a citadel in 1492, to the south of the earlier settlement. After the Corsican Republic was declared in 1755, the Genoese continued to hold several citadels, including Ajaccio, until the French took control of the island. The inhabitants of the commune are known as Ajacciens (men) or Ajacciennes (women). The most famous of these is Napoleon Bonaparte, who was born in Ajaccio in 1769, and whose ancestral home, the Maison Bonaparte, is\n\nThe House of Bonaparte is a former imperial and royal European dynasty of Corsican origin. It was founded in 1804 by Napoleon I, the son of Corsican nobleman Carlo Buonaparte and Letizia Buonaparte (n\u00e9e Ramolino). Napoleon was a French military leader who rose to power during the French Revolution and who, in 1804, transformed the First French Republic into the First French Empire, five years after his coup d'\u00e9tat of November 1799 (18 Brumaire). Napoleon and the Grande Arm\u00e9e had to fight against every major European power (except for the ones he was allied with, including Denmark-Norway) and dominated continental Europe through a series of military victories during the Napoleonic Wars. He installed members of his family on the thrones of client states, expanding the power of the dynasty. The House of Bonaparte formed the Imperial House of France during the French Empire, together with some non-Bonaparte family members. In\n\nClipperton Island ( ; ), also known as Clipperton Atoll and previously referred to as Clipperton's Rock, is an uninhabited French coral atoll in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The only French territory in the North Pacific, Clipperton is from Paris, France; from Papeete, Tahiti; and from Acapulco, Mexico. Clipperton was documented by French merchant-explorers in 1711 and formally claimed as part of the French protectorate of Tahiti in 1858. Despite this, American guano miners began working the island in the early 1890s. As interest in the island grew, Mexico asserted a claim to the island based upon Spanish records from the 1520s that may have identified the island. Mexico established a small military colony on the island in 1905, but during the Mexican Revolution contact with the mainland became infrequent, most of the colonists died, and lighthouse keeper Victoriano \u00c1lvarez instituted a short, brutal reign as \"king\" of the island.\n\nQuestion: Napoleon Bonaparte was born on which island?", "output": "Corsica"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "area postrema, the subfornical organ, and the vascular organ of lamina terminalis, all having the ability to sense signals in blood, then pass that information neurally to other brain regions. Through their neural circuitry, they provide direct information to the autonomic nervous system from the systemic circulation. The secretory organs include the subcommissural organ (SCO), the pituitary gland, the median eminence, and the pineal gland. These organs are responsible for secreting hormones and glycoproteins into the peripheral blood using feedback from both the brain environment and external stimuli. Circumventricular organs contain capillary networks that vary between one another and within individual organs both in density and permeability, with most CVO capillaries having a permeable endothelial cell layer, except for those in the subcommissural organ. Furthermore, all CVOs contain neural tissue, enabling a neuroendocrine role. Although the choroid plexus also has permeable capillaries, it does not contain neural tissue; rather, its\n\nare mostly exocrine glands and are all located beneath the gastric pits within the gastric mucosa\u2014the mucous membrane of the stomach. The gastric mucosa is pitted with innumerable gastric pits which each house 3-5 gastric glands. The cells of the exocrine glands are foveolar (mucus), chief cells, and parietal cells. The other type of gastric gland is the pyloric gland which is an endocrine gland that secretes the hormone gastrin produced by its G cells. The cardiac glands are found in the cardia of the stomach which is the part nearest to the heart, enclosing the opening where the esophagus joins to the stomach. Only cardiac glands are found here and they primarily secrete mucus. They are fewer in number than the other gastric glands and are more shallowly positioned in the mucosa. There are two kinds - either simple tubular with short ducts or compound racemose resembling the duodenal\n\nthe lower hypophyseal arterial system also supply blood to hypophyseal vessels. Many of these branches are continuous between the proximal arcuate nucleus and anterior pituitary, enabling rapid hormone exchange. Other evidence indicates that capillary perivascular spaces of the median eminence and arcuate nucleus are contiguous, potentially facilitating hormonal messages between systemic blood and the ventral hypothalamus. Development Proper hormone secretion is crucial for the growth of the developing fetus. In order to allow a controlled hormone secretion in the developing organs of the fetus, stimulating hormones must be exchanged in the regulating structures in the brain in early stages of the development. Hormone-exchanging blood vessels between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, similar to those of the hypophyseal portal system, can be observed in early developmental stages of the fetus. In the current literature, most research is conducted using mice as model species. In such studies, development of the hypophyseal\n\nQuestion: Where is the pituitary gland situated?", "output": "Brain"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Gulose is an aldohexose sugar. It is a monosaccharide that is very rare in nature, but has been found in archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes. It also exists as a syrup with a sweet taste. It is soluble in water and slightly soluble in methanol. Neither the - nor -forms are fermentable by yeast. D-Gulose is a C-3 epimer of D-galactose and a C-5 epimer of L-mannose. References Aldohexoses Pyranoses\n\nSugar glass (also called candy glass, edible glass, and breakaway glass) is a brittle transparent form of sugar that looks like glass. It can be formed into a sheet that looks like flat glass or an object, such as a bottle or drinking glass. Description Sugar glass is made by dissolving sugar in water and heating it to at least the \"hard crack\" stage (approx. 150 \u00b0C / 300 \u00b0F) in the candy making process. Glucose or corn syrup is used to prevent the sugar from recrystallizing, by getting in the way of the sugar molecules forming crystals. Cream of tartar also helps by turning the sugar into glucose and fructose. Because sugar glass is hygroscopic, it must be used soon after preparation, or it will soften and lose its brittle quality. Sugar glass has been used to simulate glass in movies, photographs, plays and professional wrestling. Other uses Sugar\n\nAltrose is an aldohexose sugar. D-Altrose is an unnatural monosaccharide. It is soluble in water and practically insoluble in methanol. However, L-altrose has been isolated from strains of the bacterium Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. Altrose is a C-3 epimer of mannose. The ring conformation of \u03b1-altropyranoside is flexible compared to most other aldohexopyranosides, with idose as exception. In solution different derivatives of altrose have been shown to occupy both 4C1, OS2 and 1C4-conformations. References Aldohexoses Furanoses Pyranoses\n\nQuestion: \"What is the form of sugar called \"\"dextrose\"\" also known as?\"", "output": "Glucose"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Kedoshim, K'doshim, or Qedoshim (\u2014Hebrew for \"holy ones,\" the 14th word, and the first distinctive word, in the parashah) is the 30th weekly Torah portion (, parashah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the seventh in the Book of Leviticus. It constitutes Leviticus 19:1\u201320:27. The parashah tells of the laws of holiness and ethical behavior, repeats the ten commandments, and describes penalties for sexual transgressions. The parashah is made up of 3,229 Hebrew letters, 868 Hebrew words, 64 verses, and 109 lines in a Torah Scroll (, Sefer Torah). Jews generally read it in late April or May. The lunisolar Hebrew calendar contains up to 55 weeks, the exact number varying between 50 in common years and 54 or 55 in leap years. In leap years (for example, 2024), Parashat Kedoshim is read separately. In common years (for example, 2025 and 2026), Parashat Kedoshim is combined with\n\nAcharei Mot (also Aharei Mot, Aharei Moth, or Acharei Mos, , \"after (the) death\") is the 29th weekly Torah portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading. It is the sixth weekly portion (, parashah) in the Book of Leviticus, containing Leviticus 16:1\u201318:30. It is named after the fifth and sixth Hebrew words of the parashah, its first distinctive words. The parashah sets forth the law of the Yom Kippur ritual, centralized offerings, blood, and sexual practices. The parashah is made up of 4,294 Hebrew letters, 1,170 Hebrew words, 80 verses, and 154 lines in a Torah Scroll (, Sefer Torah). Jews generally read it in April or early May. The lunisolar Hebrew calendar contains up to 55 weeks, the exact number varying between 50 in common years and 54 or 55 in leap years. In leap years (for example, 2024, and 2027), parashah Acharei Mot is read separately\n\nYevamot (, \"Brother's Widow\", also pronounced Yevamos, or Yavmus) is a tractate of the Talmud that deals with, among other concepts, the laws of Yibbum (, loosely translated in English as levirate marriage), and, briefly, with conversion to Judaism. This tractate is the first in the order of Nashim (, \"Women\"). Yevamot, along with Eruvin and Niddah, is considered one of the three most difficult tractates in the Babylonian Talmud. A Hebrew mnemonic for the three is (ani, meaning \"poverty\"). Contents Yibbum is the Torah law () by which the brother of a man who died without children is allowed and expected to marry the widow. This law only applies to paternal brothers, i.e., brothers by the same father; whether they have the same mother or different mothers is irrelevant. The deceased's widow(s) is forbidden to marry anyone else while waiting for one of the brothers to marry her, or\n\nQuestion: What, in the Jewish religion, is the 'Scroll of Mosaic Law'called?", "output": "THE TORAH"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "was from the Sanskrit word Kalamanthana, meaning \"burning weather\" possibly to describe its hot and humid tropical weather. In Indianized malay era the name Kalamanthana was derived from Sanskrit terms kala (time or season) and manthana (churning, kindling or creating fire by friction), which possibly describes the heat of the weather. In 977, Chinese records began to use the term Bo-ni to refer to Borneo. In 1225, it was also mentioned by the Chinese official Chau Ju-Kua (\u8d99\u6c5d\u9002). The Javanese manuscript Nagarakretagama, written by Majapahit court poet Mpu Prapanca in 1365, mentioned the island as Nusa Tanjungnagara, which means the island of the Tanjungpura Kingdom. Geography Geology Borneo was formed through Mesozoic accretion of microcontinental fragments, ophiolite terranes and island arc crust onto a Paleozoic continental core. At the beginning of the Cenozoic Borneo formed a promontory of Sundaland which partly separated from Asian mainland by the proto-South China Sea.\n\nKiwa is one of several male divine guardians of the ocean in the traditions of some M\u0101ori tribes of the East Coast of the North Island of New Zealand. A poetic name for the Pacific Ocean is Te moana nui a Kiwa (The great ocean of Kiwa). Kiwa's first wife, in some of these traditions, was Parawhenuamea, ancestor of streams that flow from the land to the sea and of fresh water generally. Kiwa's second wife was Hinemoana (Ocean woman), a personification of the sea. Kiwa and Hinemoana had a number of children. Children The names and numbers of their children vary in different accounts. One version names ten children and for most of these, gives details about the creatures they gave rise to: Pipihura, ancestor of the cockle. Te Uru-kahikahika, source of eels, lampreys and frostfish. Wharerimu, ancestor of seaweed. Hine-tapiritia, ancestor of certain molluscs and oysters. Te Raengawha,\n\nused tools made of stone and wood. The native peoples of the Pacific coast also make totem poles, a trait attributed to other tribes as well. In 2000 a land claim was settled between the Nisga'a people of British Columbia and the provincial government, resulting in the return of over 2,000 square kilometres of land to the Nisga'a. Major ethnicities include the: Coast Salish peoples Shishalh (Sechelt) Squamish Pentlatch (a.k.a. Puntledge, extinct) Qualicum Comox-speaking: K'omoks (Kwak'wala speaking today) Sliammon Homalco Klahoose Halkomelem-speaking Hulquminum (Island Halkomelem): Hwlitsum (Lamalcha or Lamalchi) Snuneymuxw (Nanaimo) Snaw-naw-as (Nanoose) Cowichan Somena (S\u2019amuna\u2019) Quw'utsun Quamichan Clemclemaluts (L\u2019uml\u2019umuluts) Comiaken (Qwum\u2019yiqun\u2019) Khenipsen (Hinupsum) Kilpahlas (Tl\u2019ulpalus) Koksilah (Hwulqwselu) Penelakut Hunquminum (Downriver Halkomelem) Musqueam Tsleil-Waututh (Burrard) Katzie Kwantlen Kwikwetlem (Coquitlam) Snokomish (extinct) Tsawwassen Halqemeylem (Upriver Halkomelem) Sts'Ailes (Chehalis) Sto:lo (Fraser River Salish) Aitchelitz Leq'\u00e1:mel Matsqui Popkum Skway Skawahlook Skowkale Squiala Sumas Tzeachten Yakweakwioose Chawathil Cheam Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt Sq'\u00e9wlets (Scowlitz) Seabird Island Shxw'ow'hamel\n\nQuestion: The terms/concepts of kaitiaki and kaitiakitanga referring to guardianship of sky, sea and land originated in which indigenous culture?", "output": "Maori"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The long-nosed snake (Rhinocheilus lecontei) is a species of nonvenomous snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to North America. It has two recognized subspecies. The other species in the genus were previously considered subspecies. Etymology The specific name, lecontei, commemorates American entomologist John Lawrence Le Conte (1825-1883). Description The long-nosed snake is distinguished by a long, slightly upturned snout, which is the origin of its common name. It is tricolor, vaguely resembling a coral snake, with black and red saddling on a yellow or cream-colored background. Cream-colored spots within the black saddles are a distinct characteristic of the long-nosed snake. It differs from all other harmless snakes in the United States by having undivided subcaudal scales. The total length (including tail) of adults is usually , but the maximum record total length is . Behavior R. lecontei is a shy, nocturnal burrowing snake. It spends most of\n\nAnacondas or water boas are a group of large snakes of the genus Eunectes. They are found in tropical South America. Four species are currently recognized. Description Although the name applies to a group of snakes, it is often used to refer only to one species, in particular, the common or green anaconda (Eunectes murinus), which is the largest snake in the world by weight, and the second longest after the reticulated python. Etymology The South American names anacauchoa and anacaona were suggested in an account by Peter Martyr d'Anghiera, but the idea of a South American origin was questioned by Henry Walter Bates who, in his travels in South America, failed to find any similar name in use. The word anaconda is derived from the name of a snake from Ceylon (Sri Lanka) that John Ray described in Latin in his (1693) as . Ray used a catalogue of\n\ntotal length (including tail) of adults is usually , but the maximum record total length is . Behavior R. lecontei is a shy, nocturnal burrowing snake. It spends most of its time buried underground. Diet The long-nosed snake feeds on lizards, amphibians, and sometimes smaller snakes and infrequently rodents. Reproduction R. lecontei is oviparous, laying clutches of 4-9 eggs in the early summer, which hatch in the late summer or early fall. Defense The long-nosed snake is not apt to bite, but will release a foul smelling musk and blood from the cloaca as a defense mechanism if harassed. Habitat The preferred natural habitats of the long-nosed snake are desert, grassland, shrubland, and savanna. Geographic range R. lecontei is found in northern Mexico from San Luis Potos\u00ed to Chihuahua, and into the southwestern United States, in California, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, Arizona, New Mexico, southeastern Colorado, southwestern Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.\n\nQuestion: What is the longest snake in the world?", "output": "The Reticulated Python."}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "6, Episode 8, broadcast on New Year's Eve, featured Clive Dunn playing a scientist called Doctor Fotheringown (\"Doctor Who?\" / \"No, not Doctor Who, Doctor Fotheringown!\"), for which Dunn wore William Hartnell's First Doctor costume and wig. The sketch, which was recorded on 16 and 20 December 1963, also featured Wilfrid Brambell and Patrick Moore. The Lenny Henry Show (1985) In one episode of The Lenny Henry Show, an untitled sketch showed a newly regenerated 7th Doctor, portrayed by Lenny Henry (who would later appear in the revival show in Spyfall: Part One and Part Two as Daniel Barton) and his companion Peri, played by Jadie Rivas, land in England in the year 2010 and face off against the Cybermen, lead by Thatchos, a parody of the now-former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, and her sidekick, Denos, a parody of the husband of the prior mentioned Prime Minister, Denis Thatcher. Doctor\n\nThe Doctors is a British television series, produced by the BBC between 1969 and 1971. The series was set around a general practice in north London and leading cast members included: Justine Lord, Nigel Stock, Barry Justice, Richard Leech, Isla Blair and Lynda La Plante (billed as Lynda Marchal). Nigel Stock's character, Dr. Thomas Owens, was the lead in a later spin-off series, Owen, M.D., which aired between 1971 and 1973. Most of the episodes produced are missing from the archives; 139 of the 160 shows are thought to be lost. References External links BBC television dramas British medical television series 1969 British television series debuts 1971 British television series endings 1960s British drama television series 1970s British drama television series Lost BBC episodes English-language television shows\n\nChristopher Guard (born 5 December 1953) is an English actor, musician and artist. He is known for roles such as Jim Hawkins in Return to Treasure Island (1986), Bellboy in Doctor Who serial The Greatest Show in the Galaxy (1988), Marcellus in I, Claudius (1976), Marius in Les Mis\u00e9rables (1978), Ken Hodges in the medical drama Casualty (1993), and voicing Frodo Baggins in The Lord of the Rings (1978). Guard has appeared in Memoirs of a Survivor (1981) and A Woman of Substance (1985). His first role on television was the young David Copperfield in the BBC's 1966 TV serial adaptation, followed by Pip in Great Expectations (1967). A long list of credits include appearances in Dixon of Dock Green, Z-Cars, Secret Army, Shoestring, The Professionals, Lovejoy, Bugs, Poirot, The Bill and Doctors. He has played roles in two works by Dennis Potter: Play For Today: Joe's Ark (1974) and\n\nQuestion: Who played the first Doctor?", "output": "William Hartnell"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Denzil Tulser (born 8 August 1948), is a character in the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses, played by Paul Barber. Denzil is a long-distance lorry driver originally from Liverpool, a good friend of Derek Trotter and one of Del's frequent victims when it comes to dubious antics. Denzil, who has five brothers, moved to Peckham from Liverpool aged 13. He attended Dockside Secondary Modern and managed to make his way into the gang of Del, Trigger and Boycie. When in detention in the science labs, Denzil had his eyebrows burnt off after Del and Trigger blew the lab up with homemade fireworks. In the 1983 episode \"Who's A Pretty Boy?\", Denzil's wife Corinne saw through Del and stated that whenever Denzil and Del got together, Denzil ended up drunk or out of pocket, to which Denzil protests \"Yeah I know, but he's a mate\". Del earned Corinne's hatred by\n\nDaniel Peacock (born 2 October 1958) is an English actor, director, writer and carer. He has worked with the team of The Comic Strip Presents... and played \"Mental Mickey\" in Only Fools and Horses. Early and personal life Peacock was born on 2 October 1958 in Hammersmith, London. He is the son of late actor and composer Trevor Peacock (who played Jim Trott in The Vicar of Dibley) and Iris Jones and the half-brother of actor Harry Peacock (a regular Star Stories satirist). He attended Ashmole School in Southgate, London. Career He attended the Central School of Speech & Drama before leaving early to pursue a career as a comedian in an act called the 'Diamond Brothers'. He worked as a bluecoat for a Pontins Holiday camp in Selsey, West Sussex in 1978. Daniel has also had success as a television series writer credited with Teenage Health Freak (C4), Sister\n\nEva Henderson Mottley (24 October 1953 \u2013 14 February 1985) was a Barbadian-born British actress. She played Bella O'Reilly in the television drama Widows, and Corinne Tulser, wife of Denzil Tulser in Only Fools and Horses. Early life Mottley was born into a family of politicians in Barbados in 1953. Her grandfather, Ernest Mottley, was the first mayor of Bridgetown, while her cousin, Mia Mottley, was elected Prime Minister of Barbados in 2018. She was raised in Nigeria and England. After serving 15 months in prison for possession of LSD, Mottley embarked on an acting career. Career Mottley appeared in the drama series Widows, and was scheduled to appear in its sequel. However, shortly before her death in 1985, she left the production of Widows 2 claiming that she had been racially and sexually abused by the production team. Widows 2 was broadcast nearly two months later, with Debby Bishop\n\nQuestion: What was the surname of Del Boy in Only Fools and Horses?", "output": "Trotter"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Arthur Evans was the first to characterize the site as palatial, declaring that Archanes was likely a Summer Palace for the Knossos kings. Spyridon Marinatos and N. Platon excavated minor areas in the region, but nothing supported Evans' theory. In 1964, Yannis Sakellarakis dug trial trenches at the Tourkoyeitonia site and uncovered the first evidence of a palace site. Since 1966, Archanes has been excavated by the Greek Archaeological Society under the supervision of Yannis Sakellarakis and Efi Sapouna-Sakellarakis. In the Minoan era, aqueducts delivered water to Kephala Hill from spring water sources at Archanes, which are also the source of the Kairatos River. Troullos is the easternmost site of the Archanes settlement. Tourkoyeitonia, in central Archanes, is the site of its palace, likely built in the Middle Minoan period. Excavations began here in 1964 by Y. Sakellarakis. It contains features such as ashlar blocks, limestone plaques and blocks, plaster,\n\nat The Archive along with MMIII-LMIA pottery and several unworked pieces of rock crystal, obsidian and steatite. The man-made enclosure of a spring, partially excavated in 1921 by Sir Arthur Evans, was completed by Y. Sakellarakis in 1964. The floor is laid with pebbles, and the walls are limestone. Evidence indicates that it was built between Middle Minoan IB and Middle Minoan IIIA, destroyed during Late Minoan IA, and then restored and in various use afterward. The reservoir is within the palace grounds. A large paved area, dissected by walkways that form a triangle, is found in the 'Theatre Area' or 'Aghios Nikolaos' (Saint Nicholas). Two stepped altars are found here, one on a walkway and one on the pavement. There is a painting of a reconstruction of this area in Sakellarakis' Crete Archanes guidebook on page 49, which does this area more justice than a written description. Economy The\n\nTroullos, also known as Trullos, is the archaeological site of an ancient Minoan settlement on Crete. The Troullos site is the easternmost section of the ancient settlement at Archanes. Archaeology Trullos was first excavated by Sir Arthur Evans, later by Spyridon Marinatos and most recently by J. and E. Sakellarakis. The site was in use from Middle Minoan II until late Minoan I. Architecture Paved courtyards Middle Minoan II, Middle Minoan III and Late Minoan I multiple-storeyed buildings Late Minoan I house, including a light-well Clay-brick partition walls (building internals) Ashlar walls (building internals) Wall-paintings on plaster Artifacts Among the movable artifacts at Troullos: Polychrome Kamares ware Terracotta figurines Tripod offering tables Beak-spouted jugs The Archanes Ladle, a translucent alabaster ladle with Linear A inscriptions labelled TLZa1 by Godart and Olivier - discovered by Evans and believed to be from within Middle Minoan III-Late Minoan IA (A stunning photograph of\n\nQuestion: The British archaeologist Arthur Evans was responsible for the excavation of which ancient Minoan palace-city?", "output": "KNOSSOS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Brazil v Poland was a football match held during the 1938 FIFA World Cup in France and still remembered by many Polish fans as Poland's first ever FIFA World Cup match. It is also Brazil's highest-scoring match in a FIFA World Cup tournament. The match held the record for highest-scoring World Cup match until 1954, when Austria beat Switzerland 7\u20135. The teams Brazil All of the players called up by Adhemar Pimenta traveled to France: Batatais - goalkeeper (Fluminense) Walter - goalkeeper (Flamengo) Domingos da Guia - defender (Flamengo) Ja\u00fa - defender (Corinthians) Machado - defendfer (Fluminense) Nariz - defender (Botafogo) Afonsinho - midfielder (S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o) Argemiro - midfielder (Portuguesa Santista) Brand\u00e3o - midfielder (Corinthians) Britto - midfielder (America-RJ) Martim - midfielder (Botafogo) Zez\u00e9 Proc\u00f3pio - midfielder (Botafogo) H\u00e9rcules - forward (Fluminense) Le\u00f4nidas - forward (Flamengo) Lopes - forward (Corinthians) Luisinho - forward (Palestra Italia) Niginho - forward (Vasco da\n\nThe scorpion kick, also known as a reverse bicycle kick or back hammer kick, is a physical move in association football that is achieved by diving or throwing the body forwards and then placing the hands on the ground to lunge the back heels forward to kick an incoming ball. Sports historian Andreas Campomar praises the maneuver as remarkable, noting that it \"demonstrated that the spectacle had not died: that the game, in spite of its many flaws, could provide moments of glory that had little to do with just victory or defeat.\" The move gets its name from the player's resemblance to a scorpion's tail while performing the kick. Colombian goalkeeper Ren\u00e9 Higuita is attributed with the invention of this skill. One of his best known performances of the maneuver occurred at Wembley Stadium during a 1995 international friendly match between Colombia and England. On top of the regular\n\nRoland Collombin (born 17 February 1951) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Switzerland, a two-time World Cup downhill champion and Olympic silver medalist. Racing career Born in Verseg\u00e8res in the canton of Valais, Collombin made his first World Cup top ten finish at age 20 in December 1971 with a seventh place in the downhill at Val-d'Is\u00e8re, France. Two months later, he won the silver medal in the downhill at the 1972 Winter Olympics at Sapporo, Japan, finishing behind countryman Bernhard Russi. Collombin dominated the event over the next two World Cup seasons, 1973 and 1974, and won the World Cup season titles in downhill. In January 1974, Collombin won the month's four downhills in consecutive weeks, which included the two classics: the Lauberhorn at Wengen, Switzerland, and the Hahnenkamm at Kitzb\u00fchel, Austria. Collombin had finished second in the previous two downhills in December 1973 for six\n\nQuestion: What name was given to Columbian goalkeeper Rene Higuita's spectacular clearance against England, when he dived under the ball and back-heeled it while airborne?", "output": "The Scorpion"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In relativistic physics, the electromagnetic stress\u2013energy tensor is the contribution to the stress\u2013energy tensor due to the electromagnetic field. The stress\u2013energy tensor describes the flow of energy and momentum in spacetime. The electromagnetic stress\u2013energy tensor contains the negative of the classical Maxwell stress tensor that governs the electromagnetic interactions. Definition SI units In free space and flat space\u2013time, the electromagnetic stress\u2013energy tensor in SI units is where is the electromagnetic tensor and where is the Minkowski metric tensor of metric signature . When using the metric with signature , the expression on the right of the equals sign will have opposite sign. Explicitly in matrix form: where is the Poynting vector, is the Maxwell stress tensor, and c is the speed of light. Thus, is expressed and measured in SI pressure units (pascals). CGS unit conventions The permittivity of free space and permeability of free space in cgs-Gaussian units are\n\nJ is the electric current density, \u03c1 the electric charge density, and is the Lorentz force density. See also Ricci calculus Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism Mathematical descriptions of the electromagnetic field Maxwell's equations Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime General relativity Einstein field equations Magnetohydrodynamics Vector calculus References Tensor physical quantities Electromagnetism\n\nthrough 3, and let the masses of a set of gravitating particles be . The Minkowski arc length of particle is denoted by . Consider an event with co-ordinates . A retarded event with co-ordinates on the world-line of particle is defined by the relations . The unit tangent vector at is . We also need the invariants . Then, a gravitational tensor potential is defined by where It is the metric that appears in the geodesic equation. Experimental tests Whitehead's theory is equivalent with the Schwarzschild metric and makes the same predictions as general relativity regarding the four classical solar system tests (gravitational red shift, light bending, perihelion shift, Shapiro time delay), and was regarded as a viable competitor of general relativity for several decades. In 1971, Will argued that Whitehead's theory predicts a periodic variation in local gravitational acceleration 200 times longer than the bound established by experiment.\n\nQuestion: In Einstein's e=mc ,what does the 'c' represent?", "output": "THE SPEED OF LIGHT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bunbury is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia. The district, taking in the city of Bunbury, has existed continuously since 1890, being one of the original 30 seats contested at the 1890 general election. Except for 2005-2008 the seat has always been held by the party of government, making it an effective bellwether. Two early Premiers of Western Australia, Sir John Forrest and Sir Newton Moore, held Bunbury during their time in office. However, after Moore's retirement in 1911, another member for Bunbury was not appointed to a cabinet post until 2008, when John Castrilli became Minister for Local Government under Colin Barnett. Members for Bunbury Election results References External links ABC election profiles: 2005 2008 WAEC district maps: current boundaries, previous distributions Bunbury Electoral district 1890 establishments in Australia Constituencies established in 1890\n\nBallarat ( ) (Wathaurong: balla arat) is a city in the Central Highlands of Victoria, Australia. At the 2021 census, Ballarat had a population of 111,973, making it the third largest city in Victoria. Within months of Victoria separating from the colony of New South Wales in 1851, gold was discovered near Ballarat, sparking the Victorian gold rush. Ballarat subsequently became a thriving boomtown that for a time rivalled Melbourne, the capital of Victoria, in terms of wealth and cultural influence. In 1854, following a period of civil disobedience in Ballarat over gold licenses, local miners launched an armed uprising against government forces. Known as the Eureka Rebellion, it led to the introduction of white male suffrage in Australia, and as such is interpreted as the origin of Australian democracy. The rebellion's symbol, the Eureka Flag, has become a national symbol. Proclaimed a city on 9 September 1870, Ballarat's prosperity,\n\nVictoria (commonly abbreviated as Vic) is a state in southeastern Australia. It is the second-smallest state, with a land area of ; the second-most-populated state (after New South Wales), with a population of over 6.7 million; and the most densely populated state in Australia (29 per km2). Victoria is bordered by New South Wales to the north and South Australia to the west, and is bounded by the Bass Strait to the south (with the exception of a small land border with Tasmania located along Boundary Islet), the Great Australian Bight portion of the Southern Ocean to the southwest, and the Tasman Sea (a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean) to the southeast. The state encompasses a range of climates and geographical features from its temperate coastal and central regions to the Victorian Alps in the northeast and the semi-arid north-west. The majority of the Victorian population is concentrated\n\nQuestion: In which Australian state is the seaport of Bunbury?", "output": "Western Australia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alice O'Connor (born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum; , 1905 \u2013 March 6, 1982), better known by her pen name Ayn Rand (), was a Russian-born American writer and public philosopher. She is known for her fiction and for developing a philosophical system she named Objectivism. Born and educated in Russia, she moved to the United States in 1926. After two early novels that were initially unsuccessful and two Broadway plays, she achieved fame with her 1943 novel, The Fountainhead. In 1957, Rand published her best-selling work, the novel Atlas Shrugged. Afterward, until her death in 1982, she turned to non-fiction to promote her philosophy, publishing her own periodicals and releasing several collections of essays. Rand advocated reason and rejected faith and religion. She supported rational and ethical egoism as opposed to altruism. In politics, she condemned the initiation of force as immoral and supported laissez-faire capitalism, which she defined as the\n\nindustrialists. He was a classmate of John Galt and Ragnar Danneskj\u00f6ld and student of both Hugh Akston and Robert Stadler. He began working while still in school to show that he could have been successful without the aid of his family's wealth. Later, Francisco bankrupts the d'Anconia business to put it out of others' reach. His full name is given as \"Francisco Domingo Carlos Andres Sebasti\u00e1n d'Anconia\". John Galt John Galt is the primary male hero of Atlas Shrugged. He initially appears as an unnamed menial worker for Taggart Transcontinental, who often dines with Eddie Willers in the employees' cafeteria, and leads Eddie to reveal important information about Dagny Taggart and Taggart Transcontinental. Only Eddie's side of their conversations is given in the novel. Later in the novel, the reader discovers this worker's true identity. Before working for Taggart Transcontinental, Galt worked as an engineer for the Twentieth Century Motor\n\nThis is a list of characters in Ayn Rand's 1957 novel Atlas Shrugged. Major characters The following are major characters from the novel. Protagonists Dagny Taggart Dagny Taggart is the protagonist of the novel. She is vice-president in Charge of Operations for Taggart Transcontinental, under her brother, James Taggart. Given James' incompetence, Dagny is responsible for all the workings of the railroad. Francisco d'Anconia Francisco d'Anconia is one of the central characters in Atlas Shrugged, an owner by inheritance of the world's largest copper mining operation. He is a childhood friend, and the first love, of Dagny Taggart. A child prodigy of exceptional talents, Francisco was dubbed the \"climax\" of the d'Anconia line, an already prestigious Argentine family of skilled industrialists. He was a classmate of John Galt and Ragnar Danneskj\u00f6ld and student of both Hugh Akston and Robert Stadler. He began working while still in school to show that\n\nQuestion: Played by Paul Johansson in the recent movie, what is the name of the hero in Ayn Rand's seminal classic Atlas Shrugged?", "output": "John Galt"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Halland (now Swedish) Blekinge (now Swedish) Bornholm \u00d8erne ('The Islands') Zealand Hornsherred Odsherred North Zealand Stevns M\u00f8n Lolland-Falster or Sm\u00e5landene Lolland Falster Funen South Funen Archipelago Langeland T\u00e5singe \u00c6r\u00f8 Jutland South Jutland Vestslesvig Als Sundeved T\u00f8rninglen Angel (now German) Svans (now German) North Frisia (now German) East Jutland Kronjylland Djursland Bjerreherred West Jutland Hardsyssel Fjends Northwest Jutland Thy Mors Salling North Jutland Himmerland Hanherred Vendsyssel See also Districts of Norway Provinces of Sweden Subdivisions of the Nordic countries Administrative divisions of Denmark Vernacular geography Former subdivisions of Denmark Former states and territories of Denmark\n\nLangenes is a former municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The municipality, which existed from 1919 until 1964, encompassed the western shore of the Gavlfjorden in what is now \u00d8ksnes Municipality. It is located on the northern end of the large island of Lang\u00f8ya in the Vester\u00e5len archipelago. The administrative centre was in the village of St\u00f8, just east of the Langenes Church in the northern part of the municipality. History The municipality of Langenes was established on 1 July 1919 when the northeastern part of \u00d8ksnes Municipality was split off from \u00d8ksnes to form the new municipality. Initially, Langenes had a population of 1,085. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1963, the Holm area along the Gavlfjorden (population: 65) was transferred from Langenes to Sortland Municipality. On 1 January 1964, the rest of Langenes (population:\n\nLangesundsfjord (), also known as the Breviksfjord (), is a stretch of fjord in Telemark county, Norway. The long fjord flows from the Skagerrak, between the islands of Sand\u00f8ya, Bj\u00f8rk\u00f8ya, and Siktes\u00f8ya in Porsgrunn Municipality and the mainland of Bamble Municipality. Location The fjord stretches from the Langesund strait near the town of Brevik, where it separates into the Frierfjord and the Eidangerfjord. In the medieval period, the fjord was named Grenmar, after the grener people who lived here and mar which was Old Norse for sea. Later, well into the 1700s, the entire stretch from Langesund gap and up to Skien was referred to as Langesundsfjord. The Brevik Bridge is a bridge over the mouth of the Frierfjord that connects the municipalities of Bamble and Porsgrunn. On the west side of Bamble lies the town of Stathelle. On the east side lies the town of Brevik in Porsgrunn. The\n\nQuestion: The islands of Funen, Zealand, Bornholm, Lolland, Falster, Mors and Langeland belong to which nation?", "output": "Denmark"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Simcha ( ; , ) is a Hebrew word that means gladness, or joy, and is often used as a given name. Uses The concept of simcha is an important one in Jewish philosophy. A popular teaching by Rabbi Nachman of Breslov, a 19th-century Chassidic Rabbi, is \"Mitzvah Gedolah Le'hiyot Besimcha Tamid,\" it is a great mitzvah (commandment) to always be in a state of happiness. When a person is happy one is much more capable of serving God and going about one's daily activities than when depressed or upset. Jews often use simcha in its capacity as a Hebrew and Yiddish noun meaning festive occasion. The term is used for any happy occasion, such as a wedding, Bar Mitzvah or engagement. Holidays The day of Simchat Torah, \"Rejoice in the Law\", marks the completion and beginning of the annual cycle of reading the Torah. Other uses Simcha is also\n\nIn Tokelau a fiafia (literally \"celebration,\" \"get-together,\" or \"happy\") is a ritualized public social occasion, that comprises an exchange between two or more \"sides\" of various kinds of \"gifts\", which need not be material, including skits, theatrical performances, food, money, speeches, and even clowning; but mainly dancing. Fiafia are held at the conclusions of sporting contests, in particular the Tokeluan communal cricket matches, and meetings, on saints days, and during Christmastide; and one common form of such dance is the fatele. Such celebrations also happen in Samoa, and although the tradition form can still be seen on formal ceremonial occasions (weddings, inaugurations of schools and churches, awards) a more common form nowadays is a less formal \"fiafia night\" which is usually a buffet meal with slap-dancing and fire-dancing. The name was used as the name of the merged tribe name in the 2016 season of Australian Survivor. References Reference bibliography\n\nor engagement. Holidays The day of Simchat Torah, \"Rejoice in the Law\", marks the completion and beginning of the annual cycle of reading the Torah. Other uses Simcha is also the name of a kosher beer from Saxony, Germany. It was also a slang term used in Jewish-American organized crime circles to refer to a pimp. Name Simcha is also used as a given name, for men or women. In the Ashkenazi Jewish tradition, the name Simcha is most likely to be used for a boy, while in the Sephardic/Israeli tradition it would be a girl's name. See also Religion and happiness Happiness in Judaism References External links \"Simcha Blisters\" article about Jewish attitude of accountability to experience Simcha \"Simcha\" - Jewish music from New Zealand SimchaMaker - Simcha Productions in Israel \"SimchaHappens\" - a blog by an individual embracing simcha \"The South Coast Simcha Band\" - A klezmer and\n\nQuestion: A simcha is a private party or celebration in which religion?", "output": "Judaism"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Praeclara gratulationis publicae (Splendid testimonies of public [rejoicing]) is an apostolic letter of Pope Leo XIII promulgated on 20 June 1894. Content It called for the reunion of Eastern and Western churches into the \"Unity of the Faith\". It also condemned Freemasonry. A previous letter on the same subject, entitled the epistle to the Easterners, had been written by Pope Pius IX in 1848. Reactions and legacy In 1895, it was criticized by Ecumenical Patriarch Anthimus VII. The call for unity was re-asserted by the Second Vatican Council's Unitatis redintegratio, although the latter statement articulates a different kind of ecclesiology that is more in line with the Council's spirit of cooperation with fellow Christians. Praeclara was cited in the encyclical Orientales omnes Ecclesias of Pope Pius XII on the topic of Eastern Catholic Churches. Leo XIII has also been criticized by Protestant fundamentalists for having declared in the encyclical that\n\nSummi Pontificatus is an encyclical of Pope Pius XII published on 20 October 1939. The encyclical is subtitled \"on the unity of human society\". It was the first encyclical of Pius XII and was seen as setting \"a tone\" for his papacy. It criticizes alleged major errors of the time, such as ideologies of racism, cultural superiority and the totalitarian state. It also sets the theological framework for future encyclical letters such as Mystici corporis Christi (1943). The encyclical laments the destruction of Poland, denounces the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact, and calls for a restoration of independent Poland. The unity of human society Summi Pontificatus sees Christianity being universalised and opposed to racial hostility and superiority. There are no racial differences, because the human race forms a unity, because \"one ancestor (Adam) made all nations to inhabit the whole earth\". What a wonderful vision, which makes us contemplate the human race in\n\ncomplaints. Depretis tried a method of government called \u201cTransformismo\u201d which ignored party labels, taking ministers from both left and right. When 500 Italian troops were killed by Ethiopians at the Battle of Dogali in January 1887, his government resigned a second time. The fear of authoritarian measures from the Socialist government according to Leo, resulted in \u201ca paucity of clerics has everywhere followed the laws which have been enacted to the injury of the Church, so plainly, that it is necessary for those who by the grace of God are being trained to Holy Orders, to give double attention, and by increased diligence, zeal, and devotion to compensate for the sparse supply.\u201d See also Anti-Masonry Christianity and Freemasonry Catholicism and Freemasonry Clarification concerning status of Catholics becoming Freemasons (1981) Humanum genus (1884) List of encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII Papal documents relating to Freemasonry References Catholicism and Freemasonry Catholicism-related controversies\n\nQuestion: \"In 1884 Pope Leo XIII published the encyclical \"\"Humanum Genus\"\", which denounced a number of beliefs and practices such as popular sovereignty and the separation of church and state, in relation to which group in particular?\"", "output": "Freemasons"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ames () is a city in Story County, Iowa, United States, located approximately north of Des Moines in central Iowa. It is best known as the home of Iowa State University (ISU), with leading agriculture, design, engineering, and veterinary medicine colleges. A United States Department of Energy national laboratory, Ames Laboratory, is located on the ISU campus. According to the 2020 census, Ames had a population of 66,427, making it the state's ninth most populous city. Iowa State University was home to 27,854 students as of spring 2023, which make up approximately one half of the city's population. Ames also hosts United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) sites: the largest federal animal disease center in the United States, the USDA Agricultural Research Service's National Animal Disease Center (NADC), as well as one of two national USDA sites for the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), which comprises the National\n\nAlabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\n(1898\u20131967), Governor of Iowa 1954\u20131955 External links Official Site Student News Site Student Survey Results Kaplan Higher Education Corporation References For-profit universities and colleges in the United States Defunct private universities and colleges in Iowa Defunct private universities and colleges in Nebraska Educational institutions established in 1900 Mason City, Iowa 1900 establishments in Iowa\n\nQuestion: Which US state is nicknamed the 'Hawkeye State\u2019?", "output": "IOWA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Concerto in \"B Goode\" is the thirteenth studio album by Chuck Berry, released in 1969 by Mercury Records. The title song is an extended instrumental interpolation of a wide range of themes pioneered in Berry's classic 1957-62 period, running approximately 18 minutes and taking up the entire second side of the record; this is Berry embracing the emerging preference in the rock genre for extended numbers. The title refers to Berry's semi-autobiographical song \"Johnny B. Goode.\" In his Rolling Stone review, Lester Bangs hailed this as a real return to form: \"The Master is back again, and this time he has come up with a record worthy of his reputation.\" This was the last album from Berry's brief association with Mercury. The next year, he moved back to Chess Records, for which his earlier recordings had been made. Track listing Personnel Musicians Chuck Berry \u2013 guitar, vocals Kermit Eugene Cooley\n\nFrederick Albert Heath (23 December 1935 \u2013 8 October 1966), known professionally as Johnny Kidd, was an English singer-songwriter, best remembered as the lead vocalist for the rock and roll band Johnny Kidd & the Pirates. He was one of the few pre-Beatles British rockers to achieve worldwide fame, mainly for his 1960 hit, \"Shakin' All Over\". Biography Frederick Albert \"Freddie\" Heath was born in 1935 in Willesden, North London, England. He began playing guitar in a skiffle group in about 1956. The group, known as \"The Frantic Four\" and later as \"The Nutters\", covered primarily skiffle, pop and rockabilly. Simultaneously Heath was proving to be a prolific writer; penning most of 30 songs in over three months. Heath's 31st song would prove to be the group's break. In 1959, Heath and his band were given a recording test for their first single, a rocker titled \"Please Don't Touch\". Heath\n\n\"Sloop John B\" (originally published as \"The John B. Sails\") is a Bahamian folk song from Nassau. A transcription was published in 1916 by Richard Le Gallienne, and Carl Sandburg included a version in his The American Songbag in 1927. There have been many recordings of the song since the early 1950s, with variant titles including \"I Want to Go Home\" and \"Wreck of the John B\". In 1966, American rock band the Beach Boys recorded a folk rock adaptation that was produced and arranged by Brian Wilson and released as the second single from their album Pet Sounds. The record peaked at number three in the U.S., number two in the UK, and topped the charts in several other countries. It was innovative for containing an elaborate a cappella vocal section not found in other pop music of the era, and it remains one of the group's biggest hits.\n\nQuestion: \"Who sang \"\"Johnny B. Goode\"\"?\"", "output": "Chuck Berry"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Sound of Speed is a compilation of singles and rare tracks by Scottish alternative rock band The Jesus and Mary Chain. The track listing below is for the version released in most of the world - the Japanese version dropped \"Snakedriver\", \"Something I Can't Have\", \"Write Record Release Blues\", \"Tower of Song\", \"Little Red Rooster\", \"Lowlife\" and \"Reverberation\", but added \"Subway\", \"In the Black\", \"Terminal Beach\" and \"I'm Glad I Never\". It reached #15 on the UK albums chart. Critical reception The Independent gave the compilation a mixed review, writing that \"the most interesting tracks here are the cover versions of songs like 'Guitarman' (Elvis done in the vein of Dylan), 'Little Red Rooster', and Leonard Cohen's 'Tower of Song', whose exhausted languor makes a surprisingly smooth transfer to Mary Chain mode\". Track listing All songs written by Jim Reid and William Reid, except where noted. LP (4509-93104-1) Worldwide\n\nEgg is the 1970 debut album by British progressive rock band Egg. Track listing The album was originally released on vinyl by Deram. All songs by Clive Brooks, Mont Campbell and Dave Stewart, except where noted. Side one \"Bulb\" (Peter Gallen) \u2013 0:09 \"While Growing My Hair\" \u2013 3:53 \"I Will Be Absorbed\" \u2013 5:10 \"Fugue in D Minor\" (Johann Sebastian Bach) \u2013 2:46 \"They Laughed When I Sat Down at the Piano\u2026\" \u2013 1:17 \"The Song of McGillicudie the Pusillanimous (Or Don't Worry James, Your Socks Are Hanging in the Coal Cellar with Thomas)\" \u2013 5:07 \"Boilk\" \u2013 1:00 Side two \"Symphony No. 2\" \u2013 20:43 Movement 1 Movement 2 Blane Movement 4 2004 re-issue The album was re-issued on CD in February 2004 by Eclectic Discs. Remastered from the original tapes, the re-issue has three bonus tracks, including both sides of the band's first and only single (\"Seven\n\nBig Audio Dynamite (later known as Big Audio Dynamite II and Big Audio, and often abbreviated BAD) were an English band, formed in London in 1984 by Mick Jones, former lead guitarist and co-lead vocalist of the Clash. The band mixed various musical styles, incorporating elements of punk rock, dance music, hip hop, reggae, and funk. After releasing a number of well-received studio albums and touring extensively throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Big Audio Dynamite broke up in 1997. In 2011, the band embarked on a reunion tour. History T.R.A.C. (1984) After being fired from the Clash in 1983 and following a brief stint with new wave band General Public, Mick Jones formed a new band called Top Risk Action Company (T.R.A.C.). He recruited bassist Leo \"E-Zee Kill\" Williams, saxophonist John \"Boy\" Lennard (from post-punk band Theatre of Hate), and former Clash drummer Topper Headon. Headon was quickly fired for\n\nQuestion: \"What band released the albums \"\"Wild Life\"\", \"\"Red Rose Speedway\"\", \"\"At the Speed of Sound\"\", \"\"London Town\"\" and Back to the Egg\"\" between 1971 and 1979?\"", "output": "Wings"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Tin Tin Out were an English electronic dance music duo, comprising Darren Stokes and Lindsay Edwards. They remixed songs for a variety of artists such as Duran Duran, Erasure, Pet Shop Boys, The Corrs and Des'ree, as well as collaborating with singers such as Shelley Nelson and Emma Bunton, scoring top ten hits with both. Career They were well known as active remixers, working on increasingly higher-profile and more commercial songs as the 1990s progressed, however also have their own recording careers. They first hit the top 20 with their 1995 cover \"Always (Something There to Remind Me)\". It peaked at No. 14 on the UK Singles Chart and No. 1 on the UK Dance Singles Chart. The single \"Strings for Yasmin\" featured in the 2001 Vinnie Jones film Mean Machine, and was used as the 1997/98 Premier League's commercial soundtrack, featuring Sean Bean. It is frequently played at Elland\n\nNestl\u00e9 UK Ltd ( ), trading as Rowntree's ( ), is a British confectionery brand and a former business based in York, England. Rowntree developed the Kit Kat (introduced in 1935), Aero (introduced in 1935), Fruit Pastilles (introduced in 1881), Smarties (introduced in 1937) brands, and the Rolo and Quality Street brands when it merged with Mackintosh's in 1969 to form Rowntree Mackintosh Confectionery. Rowntree's also launched After Eight thin mint chocolates in 1962. The Yorkie and Lion bars were introduced in 1976. Rowntree's also pioneered the festive selection box (a gift consisting of assorted bars and sweets) which in the UK have been a staple gift at Christmas for over a century. Founded in 1862, the company developed strong associations with Quaker philanthropy. Throughout much of the 19th and 20th centuries, it was one of the big three confectionery manufacturers in the United Kingdom, alongside Cadbury and Fry, both\n\nwas sold to Thomas Fattorini Ltd in 1984. Thomas Fattorini Ltd and Fattorini & Sons were friendly rivals for many years, both businesses being owned and managed by descendants of Antonio Fattorini. Thomas Fattorini Ltd is still trading, and is located in the Birmingham Jewellery quarter, where it is managed by the 6th generation of the Fattorini family. The Harrogate jewellery shop is owned and run by the Tindalls, descendants via the female line. References External links Photograph \"Tony Fattorini\" at rlhp.co.uk Companies established in 1831 British jewellers Defunct companies based in Leeds Companies based in Harrogate 1831 establishments in England\n\nQuestion: In the UK, tin, is the traditional gift for which wedding anniversary?", "output": "10th"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A lug nut or wheel nut is a fastener, specifically a nut, used to secure a wheel on a vehicle. Typically, lug nuts are found on automobiles, trucks (lorries), and other large vehicles using rubber tires. Design A lug nut is a nut fastener with one rounded or conical (tapered) end, used on steel and most aluminum wheels. A set of lug nuts is typically used to secure a wheel to threaded wheel studs and thereby to a vehicle's axles. Some designs (Audi, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Saab, Volkswagen) use lug bolts or wheel bolts instead of nuts, which screw into a tapped (threaded) hole in the wheel's hub or brake drum or brake disc. The conical lug's taper is normally 60 degrees (although 45 degrees is common for wheels designed for racing applications), and is designed to help center the wheel accurately on the axle, and to reduce the tendency for\n\nA millrind or simply rind is an iron support, usually four-armed or cross-shaped, for the upper (\"runner\") stone in a pair of millstones. The rind is affixed to the top of the square-section main shaft or spindle and supports the entire weight of the runner stone, which can be as much as several tons. The face of a runner stone usually has a carved depression, called the \"Spanish cross\", to accommodate the millrind. The rind is necessary because the grain is fed through the runner stone's central hole, so the spindle cannot be inserted through it like a cartwheel on an axle. Mechanism A later refinement, replacing the cross, was to mount a mace onto the spindle, which fitted into a gimbal let into the runner stone. The device allowed the runner stone to move in two planes and thus follow the nether (stationary) stone more closely, but great care\n\nIn architecture, a spur (French , German ) is the ornament carved on the angles of the base of early columns. Ornament A spur consists of a projecting claw, which, emerging from the lower torus of the base, rests on the projecting angle of the square plinth. Ancient Roman architecture It is possibly to these that Pliny refers (Hist. Nat. XXVI. 42) when speaking of the lizard and frog carved on the bases (spirae) of the columns of the temples of Jupiter and Juno in the Portico of Octavius; the earliest known example is that of Diocletian's Palace at Split. In Romanesque work the oldest examples are those found on the bases in crypts, where they assumed various conventional forms; being, however, close to the eye, the spur soon developed into an elaborate leaf ornament, which in French 13th-century work and in the early English period is of great beauty;\n\nQuestion: What is the name of the sharp-toothed wheel inserted into the end of a spur?", "output": "Rowel"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ariel Sharon (; ; ; also known by his diminutive Arik, ; 26 February 1928 \u2013 11 January 2014) was an Israeli general and politician who served as the 11th prime minister of Israel from March 2001 until April 2006. Born in Kfar Malal in Mandatory Palestine to Russian Jewish immigrants, he rose in the ranks of the Israeli Army from its creation in 1948, participating in the 1948 Palestine war as platoon commander of the Alexandroni Brigade and taking part in several battles. Sharon became an instrumental figure in the creation of Unit 101 and the reprisal operations, including the 1953 Qibya massacre, as well as in the 1956 Suez Crisis, the Six-Day War of 1967, the War of Attrition, and the Yom-Kippur War of 1973. Yitzhak Rabin called Sharon \"the greatest field commander in our history\". Upon leaving the military, Sharon entered politics, joining the Likud party, and\n\nCzechoslovakia (; Czech and , \u010cesko-Slovensko) was a landlocked state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland became part of Nazi Germany, while the country lost further territories to Hungary and Poland (Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary and Zaolzie to Poland). Between 1939 and 1945, the state ceased to exist, as Slovakia proclaimed its independence and the remaining territories in the east became part of Hungary, while in the remainder of the Czech Lands, the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed. In 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, former Czechoslovak President Edvard Bene\u0161 formed a government-in-exile and sought recognition from the Allies. After World War II, Czechoslovakia was reestablished under its pre-1938 borders, with the exception of Carpathian Ruthenia, which became part of the Ukrainian SSR (a republic of the Soviet Union). The\n\nThe Nationalist government, officially the National Government of the Republic of China (), also known as the Second Republic of China or simply as the Republic of China, refers to the government of the Republic of China from 1 July 1925 to 20 May 1948, led by the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party). After the outbreak of the Xinhai Revolution on 10 October 1911, revolutionary leader Sun Yat-sen was elected Provisional President and founded the Provisional Government of the Republic of China. To preserve national unity, Sun ceded the presidency to military strongman Yuan Shikai, who established the Beiyang government. After a failed attempt to install himself as Emperor of China, Yuan died in 1916, leaving a power vacuum which resulted in China being divided into several warlord fiefdoms and rival governments. They were nominally reunified in 1928 by the Nanjing-based government led by Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, which after the Northern\n\nQuestion: David Ben-Gurion became Prime Minister of the provisional government of which newly created country on 15 May 1948?", "output": "Israel"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "New Jersey. Hinchliffe Stadium was also used as the home of the New York Black Yankees of the Negro Leagues, and is one of four stadia still standing that hosted Negro League baseball games. Early years The stadium, a large concrete oval with near-continuous seating laid out like a classical amphitheater, was inspired by a decade-long popular \"stadium movement\" in the 1920s, and was finally brought to fruition through the persistent efforts of its namesake Mayor John Hinchliffe, who made his fortune from Hinchliffe Brewing before it closed due to Prohibition. It opened on July 8, 1932, as a combination athletic facility and a \"paying investment\" for the working people of industrial Paterson, New Jersey, who were by then struggling through the early years of the Great Depression. Many workers laid off from the mills found work under a New Deal-financed program to provide enhancements to the stadium in 1932\u201334.\n\nMonument Park is an open-air museum located in Yankee Stadium in the Bronx, New York City. It contains a collection of monuments, plaques, and retired numbers honoring distinguished members of the New York Yankees of Major League Baseball. The history of the original Monument Park can be traced to the original Yankee Stadium in 1932, when the team posthumously dedicated an on-field monument to manager Miller Huggins in center field. Additional team members were honored with monuments and plaques in the area over the years. During the stadium's renovation in the mid-1970s, the center field fence was moved in , enclosing prior monuments, plaques, and the flag pole outside the field of play. Over time, additional plaques were added; in 1985, the park was opened for public access. When the Yankees moved to their new ballpark in 2009, Monument Park was built beyond the center-field fences and the contents of\n\nHinchliffe Stadium () is a 10,000-seat stadium located in Paterson, New Jersey, USA. The stadium is located atop the Great Falls of the Passaic River, and is part of the surrounding National Historical Park. The stadium, built in 1932, was closed in 1996 after years of neglect but reopened in 2023. The stadium's primary user is the Paterson Board of Education, where it serves as a multipurpose facility for the city\u2019s two high schools, Eastside High School and Kennedy High School. As of 2023, it also serves as the home stadium for the New Jersey Jackals of the independent Frontier League in Minor League Baseball; the Jackals spent their previous 25 seasons playing at Yogi Berra Stadium in Little Falls, New Jersey. Hinchliffe Stadium was also used as the home of the New York Black Yankees of the Negro Leagues, and is one of four stadia still standing that hosted\n\nQuestion: What is the name of the stadium in The Bronx in New York City which was the home baseball park of the New York Yankees from 1923 to 2008?", "output": "Yankee Stadium"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Waiting for Godalming (2000) is the 22nd book by Robert Rankin. Its title parodies that of Samuel Beckett's play Waiting For Godot. Waiting for Godalming tells the story of the ultimate murder case: God himself has been killed in a dark alley. Lazlo Woodbine, famous fifties private eye sets out to solve the case. The prime suspects are Colin, God's other son who has been left out of the Bible and Eartha, His wife - who hired Lazlo in the first place to solve the case. The second plot line is about Icarus Smith, who is trying to find out why demons are walking the earth. As might be expected, these lines knot together in a surprising way. External links Novels by Robert Rankin 2000 British novels British fantasy novels Doubleday (publisher) books\n\nAeschylus (, ; ; c. 525/524 \u2013 c. 456/455 BC) was an ancient Greek tragedian often described as the father of tragedy. Academic knowledge of the genre begins with his work, and understanding of earlier Greek tragedy is largely based on inferences made from reading his surviving plays. According to Aristotle, he expanded the number of characters in the theatre and allowed conflict among them. Formerly, characters interacted only with the chorus. Only seven of Aeschylus's estimated 70 to 90 plays have survived. There is a long-standing debate regarding the authorship of one of them, Prometheus Bound, with some scholars arguing that it may be the work of his son Euphorion. Fragments from other plays have survived in quotations, and more continue to be discovered on Egyptian papyri. These fragments often give further insights into Aeschylus' work. He was likely the first dramatist to present plays as a trilogy. His\n\nMurphy, first published in 1938, is an avant-garde novel as well as the third work of prose fiction by the Irish author and dramatist Samuel Beckett. The book was Beckett's second published prose work after the short-story collection More Pricks than Kicks (published in 1934) and his unpublished first novel Dream of Fair to Middling Women (published posthumously in 1992). It was written in English, rather than the French of much of Beckett's later writing. After many rejections, it was published by Routledge on the recommendation of Beckett's painter friend Jack Butler Yeats. The University of Reading bought the six notebooks which made up the manuscript for Murphy in July 2013. Plot summary The plot of Murphy follows an eponymous \"seedy solipsist\" who lives in a soon-to-be-condemned apartment in West Brompton. The novel opens with the protagonist having tied himself naked to a rocking chair in his apartment, rocking back\n\nQuestion: \"In Samuel Beckett's play \"\"Waiting For Godot\"\", which 2 characters appear together, briefly, once in each act?\"", "output": "Pozzo and Lucky"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alexander I (medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Ma\u00edl Coluim; modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim; c. 1078 \u2013 23 April 1124), posthumously nicknamed The Fierce, was the King of Scotland from 1107 to his death. He succeeded his brother, King Edgar, and his successor was his brother David. He was married to Sybilla of Normandy, an illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England. Life Alexander was the fifth (some sources say fourth) son of Malcolm III and his wife Margaret of Wessex, grandniece of Edward the Confessor. Alexander was named after Pope Alexander II. He was the younger brother of King Edgar, who was unmarried, and his brother's heir presumptive by 1104 (and perhaps earlier). In that year, he was the senior layman present at the examination of the remains of Saint Cuthbert at Durham prior to their re-interment. He held lands in Scotland north of the Forth and in Lothian.\n\nLlandovery Castle () is a late thirteenth-century, Grade II*-listed, castle ruin in the town of Llandovery in Carmarthenshire, Wales. It occupies a knoll overlooking the River Towy and the land surrounding it. The Normans built a castle in the current location in the early twelfth century and this was rebuilt in stone. It was burnt in the early sixteenth century and never repaired. History A Norman knight, Richard Fitz Pons, received the lordship of Cantref Bychan in 1116 and he probably began construction of a motte-and-bailey castle in 1116. It was repeatedly lost to the Princes of Deheubarth over the next several generations. King Henry II of England spent a great deal of money repairing the castle in 1159\u201362, but the Welsh captured it regardless. It finally fell to the English under Edward I in 1277. It was briefly recaptured by Welsh forces under Llywelyn ap Gruffudd five years later.\n\nRhuddlan Castle (; ) is a castle located in Rhuddlan, Denbighshire, Wales. It was erected by Edward I in 1277, following the First Welsh War. Much of the work was overseen by master mason James of Saint George. Rhuddlan, which was not completed until 1282, was built concurrently with Flint Castle, at a time when King Edward I of England was consolidating his conquest of Wales. It was temporarily his residence, and his daughter, Elizabeth, is presumed to have been born there. Construction Rhuddlan was planned as a concentric castle. It has a unique 'diamond' in layout as the gatehouses are positioned at the corners of the square baileys instead of along the sides like at Flint, Harlech or Beaumaris. Records of construction costs show that it was the major piece of building work being carried out by the English during the late 1270s. The inner ward has defensive walls\n\nQuestion: Harlech Castle was built during the reign of which king?", "output": "Edward I"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Severn Way is a waymarked long-distance footpath in the United Kingdom, which follows the course of the River Severn through Mid Wales and western England. According to the Long Distance Walkers Association the Severn Way is long. The route The source of the River Severn is high on Plynlimon, in the uplands of mid Wales, from where both river and walk descend to Llanidloes, Newtown, Powys and Welshpool. It then follows the towpath of the Montgomeryshire Canal, passing through Shrewsbury, Shropshire and the Severn Gorge. It passes the cradle of the Industrial Revolution at Ironbridge before passing through Bridgnorth, Hampton Loade and Highley (in Shropshire), and Bewdley in Worcestershire, Stourport-on-Severn, Worcester, Upton-upon-Severn and Tewkesbury. It enters Gloucestershire and passes through Gloucester itself before passing Berkeley Castle and following the Severn Estuary past Slimbridge. Originally, the path finished at Severn Beach, but it has recently been extended to Bristol via\n\nWarwick River is the name of several rivers: In New Zealand Warwick River (New Zealand) In the United States Warwick River (Maryland) Warwick River (Virginia) Warwick River Shire, a former division of Virginia\n\nthrough Gloucester itself before passing Berkeley Castle and following the Severn Estuary past Slimbridge. Originally, the path finished at Severn Beach, but it has recently been extended to Bristol via Lawrence Weston, Shirehampton and through the Avon Gorge. Connecting trails The River Avon Trail is part of the Kennet and Avon Walk which goes cross country from Reading on the Thames to the Severn Estuary. The Severn Way includes Gloucestershire Way, Wye Valley Walk, Worcestershire Way, Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal Walk, Worcester & Birmingham Canal Walk, Three Choirs Way and Telford and Wrekin Walks, and Shakespeare's Avon Way. See also Long-distance footpaths in the United Kingdom List of crossings of the River Severn Severn bore References External links Photos of the Severn Way on geograph.org.uk River Severn Elenydd Footpaths in Powys Footpaths in Shropshire Footpaths in Worcestershire Footpaths in Gloucestershire Long-distance footpaths in England Long-distance footpaths in Wales Long-distance footpaths\n\nQuestion: Which river flows through Worcester and Gloucester?", "output": "RIVER SEVERN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The New York Giants, an American football team which currently plays in the National Football League (NFL)'s National Football Conference (NFC), has a history dating back more than 80 seasons, with 4 Super Bowl victories. The Giants were founded in 1925 by Tim Mara in the then five-year-old NFL. Mara owned the team until his death in 1959, when it was passed on to his sons, Wellington and Jack. During their history, the Giants have won eight NFL championships, four of which came in Super Bowls. In just its third season, the team finished with the best record in the league at 11\u20131\u20131 and was awarded the NFL title. In a 14-year span beginning in 1933, New York qualified to play in the NFL championship game eight times, winning twice (1934 and 1938). They did not win another championship until 1956, aided by several future Hall of Fame players such\n\nThe Atlanta Falcons are a professional American football team based in Atlanta. The Falcons compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) South division. The Falcons were founded on June 30, 1965, and joined the NFL in 1966 as an expansion team, after the NFL offered then-owner Rankin Smith a franchise to keep him from joining the rival American Football League (AFL). In their 55 years of existence, the Falcons have compiled a record of 379\u2013487\u20136 ( in the regular season and in the playoffs), winning division championships in 1980, 1998, 2004, 2010, 2012, and 2016. The Falcons have appeared in two Super Bowls, the first during the 1998 season in Super Bowl XXXIII, where they lost to the Denver Broncos and the second 18 years later, a overtime loss to the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LI. The\n\ntwo league champions first played in early 1967, which would eventually become known as the Super Bowl. The AFL and NFL operated as separate leagues until 1970, with separate regular season and playoff schedules except for the championship game. NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle also became chief executive of the AFL from July 26, 1966, through the completion of the merger. During this time the AFL expanded, adding the Miami Dolphins and Cincinnati Bengals. After losses by the Kansas City Chiefs and Oakland Raiders in the first two AFL-NFL World Championship Games to the Green Bay Packers (1966\u201367), the New York Jets and Chiefs won Super Bowls III and IV (1968\u201369) respectively, cementing the league's claim to being an equal to the NFL. In 1970, the AFL was absorbed into the NFL. The ten AFL franchises joined three existing NFL teams- the Baltimore Colts, the Cleveland Browns, and the Pittsburgh Steelers-to\n\nQuestion: Which was the first team to win three Super Bowls?", "output": "Pittsburgh Steelers"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Mary Fair Burks (July 31, 1914 \u2013 July 21, 1991) was an American educator, scholar, and activist during the Civil Rights Movement from Montgomery, Alabama. Burks founded the Women\u2019s Political Council in 1946, which helped initiate the Montgomery Bus Boycott following the arrest of Rosa Parks in 1955. Biography Burks was born in Montgomery, Alabama, on July 31, 1914, the daughter of Gustavus \"Gus\" Samuel and Ollie (n\u00e9e Williams) Fair. She attended Alabama State University and earned a Bachelor of Science degree in English literature in 1933, and Michigan State University, where she earned a Master of Arts degree in the same field in 1934. Burks then went back to Montgomery to teach English at Alabama State Laboratory High School. The school\u2019s principal, Nathaniel W. Burks, was a former professor of hers, and the two eventually married and had a child together. Their son, also named Nathaniel W. Burks, became\n\nThe Women's Political Council (WPC), founded in Montgomery, Alabama, was an organization that formed in 1946 that was an early force active in the civil rights movement that was formed to address the racial issues in the city. Members included Mary Fair Burks, Jo Ann Robinson, Maude Ballou, Irene West, Thelma Glass, and Euretta Adair. The WPC was the first group to officially call for a boycott of the bus system during the Montgomery bus boycott, beginning in December 1955. The group led efforts in the early 1950s to secure better treatment for Black bus passengers, and in December 1955 it initiated the thirteen-month bus boycott. They helped organize communications to get it started, as well as to support it, including giving people rides who were boycotting the buses. The African Americans of Montgomery upheld the boycott for more than a year. It ended in late December 1956, after the\n\n\"Mother\" Pollard (c. 1882\u20131885 \u2013 before 1963) was an American church elder who participated in the 1955\u20131956 Montgomery bus boycott. She has been called a civil rights hero for her tenacity in soothing the spirit of her pastor, Martin Luther King Jr. Pollard was an elder of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, during the time of the bus boycott. It was a seminal event in the civil rights movement that produced a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system in Montgomery. King recounted in his writings that after several weeks of walking to her destinations rather than take the bus, he suggested to Mother Pollard, then about 72, that she might take the bus again for the sake of her health. She replied, \"My feets is tired, but my soul is rested.\" She was dubbed \"Mother\" because of\n\nQuestion: In which city did Rosa Parks refuse to obey a bus drivers order to give up her seat for a white passenger on December 1, 1955, becoming an important symbol of the modern Civil Rights Movement?", "output": "Montgomery, Alabama"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Roman Charity (; ) or Cimon and Pero is an ancient Greek and Roman exemplary story () of filial piety () in which a woman secretly breastfeeds her father or mother, incarcerated and supposedly sentenced to death by starvation. Once caught, the loving devotion shown so moves the authorities that she is forgiven and the parent is typically freed. The father in the story is often named Cimon (, K\u00edm\u014dn) and the daughter Pero, although other versions name the father Mycon (, M\u00fdkon). First attested in surviving Roman sources, it became a common theme in Early Modern period of Western European art, particularly the Baroque period. History The story is recorded in the Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium Libri IX (\"Nine Books of Memorable Deeds and Sayings\") by the ancient Roman historian Valerius Maximus and was presented as a great act of pietas (i.e., filial piety) and Roman honour. Additionally, wall\n\na severe curvature of the spine and had difficulties walking; she was also a dwarf. Though her parents were embarrassed and hid her from all, a kind maid found her and gave her the name Margaret (derived from the Greek word \"margaron\", meaning \"pearl\"). When she was almost publicly discovered at age six, her parents walled her for about a decade in a room attached to their residence's chapel, to ensure no one would see her, although she could attend Mass and receive the sacraments. Her parents\u2019 chaplain instructed her in the faith. But soon there was an imminent threat of invasion at the castle, so Parisio ordered his wife to place a dark veil upon their daughter so the two could flee to his other castle at Mercatello. There she was again imprisoned in a vault-like cubicle containing nothing more than an old small bench. There were some who\n\nScavenger (comics), an armored enemy of Aquaman Operation Scavenger, a World War II operation in the Pacific theater Scavenger's daughter, a rack-like torture instrument See also SCVNGR, a social location-based gaming platform for mobile phones\n\nQuestion: In the sixteenth century what was a Scavenger's Daughter", "output": "Torture instrument"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "1510 and the capture of Malacca in 1511. During the last five years of his life, he turned to administration, where his actions as the second governor of Portuguese India were crucial to the longevity of the Portuguese Empire. He oversaw expeditions that resulted in establishing diplomatic contacts with the Ayutthaya Kingdom through his envoy Duarte Fernandes, with Pegu in Myanmar, and Timor and the Moluccas through a voyage headed by Ant\u00f3nio de Abreu and Francisco Serr\u00e3o. He laid the path for European trade with Ming China through Rafael Perestrello. He also aided in establishing diplomatic relations with Ethiopia, and established diplomatic ties with Persia during the Safavid dynasty. Throughout his career, he received epithets such as \"the Terrible\", \"the Great\", \"the Lion of the Seas\", \"the Portuguese Mars\", and \"the Caesar of the East\". Early life Afonso de Albuquerque was born in 1453 in Alhandra, near Lisbon. He was\n\nNelas () is a municipality located in the Centro Region of continental Portugal. The population in 2011 was 14,037, in an area of 125.71 km\u00b2. History Settlement of the territory of Nelas dates back to the settlement by Neolithic and Stone age cultures, between 5000 and 3000 BC. Many of the structures that developed in this period were stone slabs and large rocks, and included megalithic monuments such as the Orca Pramelas, in Canas de Senhorim, and Outeiro Roque, near the village Lapa do Lobo. Roman settlements also intersected this territory, with the construction of roads (such as those still visible in Santar and Vilar Seco). Remnants of Middle Age influences can be since on the gravestone in Pedras da Forca. The municipality of Nelas was created on 9 December 1852, during the politico-administrative reforms following the Liberal Revolution, that rationalized the chaotic local administration, and merged the two older\n\nThe Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about west of Lisbon, about northwest of Morocco, and about southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. Its main industries are agriculture, dairy farming, livestock, fishing, and tourism, which has become a major service activity in the region. The government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors. The largest city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada. The culture, dialect, cuisine, and traditions of the Azorean islands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries. There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups.\n\nQuestion: Alfonso de Albuquerque took areas of which modern day country for Portugal in the early 1500s?", "output": "India"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost province of Canada. Situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains, the province has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that include rocky coastlines, sandy beaches, forests, lakes, mountains, inland deserts and grassy plains. British Columbia borders the province of Alberta to the east; the territories of Yukon to the north; the Northwest Territories to the northeast; the US states of Washington, Idaho and Montana to the south; and Alaska to the northwest. With an estimated population of over 5.5million as of 2023, it is Canada's third-most populous province. The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, while the province's largest city is Vancouver. Vancouver and its suburbs together make up the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada; with the 2021 census recording 2.6million people in Metro Vancouver. The first known human inhabitants of the area settled in British Columbia at least\n\nThe Colony of British Columbia was a British Crown Colony that resulted from the amalgamation of the two former colonies, the Colony of Vancouver Island and the mainland Colony of British Columbia. The two former colonies were united in 1866, and the united colony existed until its incorporation into the Canadian Confederation in 1871. Background The Colony of Vancouver Island had been created in 1849 to bolster British claims to the whole island and the adjacent Gulf Islands, and to provide a North Pacific home port for the Royal Navy at Esquimalt. By the mid-1850s, the Island Colony's non-indigenous population was around 800 people; a mix of mostly British, French-Canadian, Hawaiians, but with handfuls of Iroquoians, M\u00e9tis and Cree in the employ of the fur company, and a few Belgian and French Oblate priests. First Nations' populations had not recovered from smallpox epidemics in the 1770s and 1780s. Three years\n\nMcGillivray Creek is a creek located in the Interior of British Columbia, in the Lillooet Country. The creek originates in the Cadwallader Range, below Prospector Peaks, and flows southeast into Anderson Lake near D'Arcy, which is about midway between Pemberton and Lillooet along the rail line. It originates at an elevation of , while the mouth lies at an elevation of . McGillivray Falls, on the lower reaches of the creek, is a notable waterfall in the district and is the namesake of the one-time railway-lakeside resort, McGillivray Falls, British Columbia, which is located at trackside around the creek's mouth. During World War II, this was one of four communities in the Lillooet Country which were \"self-supporting\" centres for Japanese-Canadians ordered away from the Coast. History McGillivray Creek was named for Archie McGillivray (born 1829), who settled to ranch at Campbell Creek near Kamloops early in the 20th Century, and\n\nQuestion: Which Canadian province lies immediately east of British Columbia?", "output": "ALBERTA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A custard cream is a type of sandwich biscuit popular in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland filled with a creamy, custard-flavoured centre. Traditionally, the filling was buttercream (which is still used in most home-made recipes) but nowadays cheaper fats have replaced butter in mass-produced biscuits. The filling tastes of vanilla and as such is more akin to the taste of custard made with custard powder than egg custard. It is believed that the custard cream biscuit originated in Britain in 1908. Usually, they have an elaborate baroque design stamped onto them, originating in the Victorian era and representing ferns. Some British and Irish supermarkets produce their own brand versions, with variations including lemon, orange, chocolate, strawberry, coffee, tangerine, rhubarb & custard and coconut flavours. There is a digestive cream version available, in which the biscuit is replaced with a digestive biscuit. In a 2007 poll of 7,000 Britons,\n\na whipping siphon with a whipped-cream charger is sometimes also called whipped cream. Even though it is not whipped, this produces a similar result. A gas dissolves in the butterfat under pressure. When the pressure is released, the gas leaves solution, producing bubbles. The gas is typically nitrous oxide, as carbon dioxide tends to give a sour taste. Other names for cream sold in an aerosol can are skooshy cream (Scottish), squirty cream, spray cream, or aerosol cream. A common brand in the United States is Reddi-Wip. In some jurisdictions, sales of canned whipped cream are limited to avoid potentially dangerous nitrous oxide abuse. Flavorings Whipped cream can be flavored with sugar, vanilla, coffee, chocolate, orange, or other flavorings. History Whipped cream, often sweetened and aromatised, was popular in the 16th century, with recipes in the writings of Cristoforo di Messisbugo (Ferrara, 1549), Bartolomeo Scappi (Rome, 1570), and Lancelot de\n\nSprite Tropical Mix is a line of \"remixed\" colorless caffeine-free sodas and drink-flavoring packets made by The Coca-Cola Company. Sprite Remix is one of the most uncommonly known Sprite flavors. Although based on Sprite, the Remixes were each flavored differently from the original. It was discontinued in 2005 in the United States. In the spring of 2015, the Tropical Sprite Remix flavor was reintroduced under the name Sprite Tropical and renamed Sprite Tropical Mix a year later. Flavors Sprite Tropical Remix: Sprite with tropical fruit flavors, introduced 2002; reintroduced as Sprite Tropical in Spring 2015. Renamed Sprite Tropical Mix in Spring 2016. Sprite BerryClear Remix: Sprite with berry flavors, introduced in April 2004. Sprite Aruba Jam Remix: Sprite with fruit flavors, introduced in April 2005, short-lived. 'Remix Flavor Hits' packets Coca-Cola also had a do-it-yourself promotion, where it offered free 1.25 ounce (36.9 ml.) flavor packets, which consumers ripped open\n\nQuestion: What is the traditional flavour/flavor additive in cream soda?", "output": "Vanilla"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Longkesh is a small village in County Antrim, Northern Ireland, near Lisburn. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 201 people. It is situated in the Lisburn City Council area. Places of interest Longkesh was the site of Long Kesh prison, later known as 'The Maze'. Formerly a Royal Air Force Base, the prison hosted thousands of prisoners during The Troubles, several of whom died during a hunger strike. It has been announced that the prison will be redeveloped into a 'peace centre'. See also List of villages in Northern Ireland List of towns in Northern Ireland References NI Neighbourhood Information System A Long History Villages in County Antrim\n\nKeshbridge () is a small village in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 99 people. It is situated in the Lisburn City Council area. The Kesh House was built in the 19th century. Coal stores and weighbridges populate the town along an old coal canal. References NI Neighbourhood Information System Draft Belfast Metropolitan Area Plan 2015 See also List of villages in Northern Ireland List of towns in Northern Ireland Villages in County Antrim\n\nRoyal Air Force Bovingdon or more simply RAF Bovingdon is a former Royal Air Force station located near the village of Bovingdon, Hertfordshire, England, about south-west of Hemel Hempstead and south-east of Berkhamsted. During the Second World War, the airfield was used by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Eighth Air Force. It was assigned USAAF designation Station 112, station code \"BV\", later changed to \"BZ\". Royal Air Force use Bovingdon was built in 1941\u201342 as a standard Class A RAF bomber airfield. The main NE/SW runway was long and the two secondary runways were each long. Over 30 dispersal hardstandings were built. On 15 June 1942, No. 7 Group, RAF Bomber Command took up residence at Bovingdon. Operational missions were flown in June and July by the RAF until the field was turned over to the USAAF in August. United States Army\n\nQuestion: What was the popular name of the prison, close in 2000, that was situated in the former Royal Air Force station of Long Kesh, on the outskirts of Lisburn?", "output": "THE MAZE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Sportive F\u00e9minine Internationale (FSFI) \u2013 or, in English, the International Women's Sports Federation \u2013 was founded in October 1921 by Alice Milliat because of the unwillingness of existing sports organisations, such as the International Olympic Committee and the International Amateur Athletics Federation, to let women compete in sports, particularly at an international level. History Between 1922 and 1934, it organised the Women's World Games on four occasions (I. 1922, II. 1926, III. 1930 and IV. 1934). Although the FSFI collapsed in about 1936 without having achieved most of its goals, its activities, and the potential threat it posed to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF), led to the inclusion of women's athletics events in the Olympic Games from 1928 onwards and the organisation of women's athletics championships at international level by the IAAF. Alice Milliat founded the International Women's Sports Federation. She was\n\nas Harmony Week by the Morrison government for its 20th anniversary in 2019, \"to recognise diversity and inclusion activities that take place during the entire week\". Overview The Department of Home Affairs leads national celebrations for Harmony Week to recognise diversity and inclusion activities that take place during the entire week. Harmony Week is celebrated during the week (Monday to Sunday) that includes 21 March, which is the United Nations International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Since 1999, more than 80,000 Harmony Week events have been held in childcare centres, schools, community groups, churches, businesses and federal, state and local government agencies across Australia. Harmony Day (or Week) in Australia is regarded as a celebration, with few people aware of its origins. It is represented by the colour orange, which \"signifies social communication and meaningful conversations... [and] relates to the freedom of ideas and encouragement of mutual respect\".\n\nMalvinas Day (), officially Day of the Veterans and Fallen of the Malvinas War (D\u00eda del Veterano y de los Ca\u00eddos en la Guerra de las Malvinas), is a public holiday in Argentina, observed each year on 2 April. The name refers to the Falkland Islands, known in Spanish as the Islas Malvinas. Overview The holiday is a tribute to Argentina's soldiers killed in the Falklands War, which began with the Argentine invasion of the islands on 2 April 1982. A total of 649 Argentines\u2014633 military and 16 civilian\u2014lost their lives during the 74-day occupation. Malvinas Day was first introduced on 22 November 2000, and replaced the \"Day of Argentine Sovereignty over the Malvinas, Sandwich and South Atlantic Islands\" (D\u00eda de los Derechos Argentinos sobre las Islas Malvinas, Sandwich y del Atl\u00e1ntico Sur) observed on 10 June, which had until then commemorated the appointment by Buenos Aires of Luis Vernet\n\nQuestion: During which month in 2011 was the 100th annual International Women\u2019s Day?", "output": "March"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Amore is the eleventh studio album by Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, released on 31 January 2006, for the Valentine's Day season. This album features a remake of Elvis Presley's \"Can't Help Falling in Love\"; \"Because We Believe\", the closing song of the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, which Bocelli wrote and performed; \"Somos Novios (It's Impossible), a duet with American pop singer Christina Aguilera; and his first recording of B\u00e9same Mucho, which eventually became one of his signature songs. Releases Amore was released internationally beginning on 28 February 2006. A Spanish version of the album was also released in the same year, called Amor. In Japan it was released on 18 October 2006 as and featured a bonus track. Track listing For Amore \"Amapola\" \u2013 3:43 \"Besame Mucho\" \u2013 4:01 \"Les Feuilles Mortes (Autumn Leaves)\" \u2013 4:49 \"Mi Manchi\" (feat. Kenny G) \u2013 3:35 \"Somos Novios (It's Impossible)\" (feat.\n\nRomanza is a 1991 music album by Andrea Bocelli, and its title track. Romanza (Italian and Spanish, 'Romance') may also refer to: Romance (music), a traditional music term, including a list of compositions entitled \"Romance\" or \"Romanza\" Romanza (Sephardic music) Romanza, a 2011 album by Jim Brickman Romanza, a 2005 album by Liona Boyd See also Romansa (disambiguation) Romance (disambiguation) Romanza final, a 1986 biographic film about opera singer Juli\u00e1n Gayarre\n\nClaudio Baglioni (; born 16 May 1951) is an Italian pop singer-songwriter and musician. His career has been going on for over 50 years. Some songs from the 70s are part of Italian culture as Questo piccolo grande amore proclaimed Italian song of the century in 1985. In the 80s he released the two best-selling albums ever in Italy Strada facendo and La vita \u00e8 adesso. And in the 90s he embraced World Music with the discs of the time trilogy, which began with Oltre (1990), continued with the incredible success of Io sono qui (1995) and ended with Viaggiatore sulla coda del tempo (1999). In 2006 he composed the anthem of the 2006 Winter Olympics. Biography Around 1968 he composed the Annabel Lee musical suite, based on a poem by Edgar Allan Poe. In 1969, he released his first single and recorded the single Signora Lia; a comic song\n\nQuestion: Which word completes the title of the recent album by Paolo Nutini - Caustic ____?", "output": "Love"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Pan-African orogeny was a series of major Neoproterozoic orogenic events which related to the formation of the supercontinents Gondwana and Pannotia about 600 million years ago. This orogeny is also known as the Pan-Gondwanan or Saldanian Orogeny. The Pan-African orogeny and the Grenville orogeny are the largest known systems of orogenies on Earth. The sum of the continental crust formed in the Pan-African orogeny and the Grenville orogeny makes the Neoproterozoic the period of Earth's history that has produced most continental crust. History and terminology The term Pan-African was coined by for a tectono-thermal event at about 500 Ma when a series of mobile belts in Africa formed between much older African cratons. At the time, other terms were used for similar orogenic events on other continents, i.e. Brasiliano in South America; Adelaidean in Australia; and Beardmore in Antarctica. Later, when plate tectonics became generally accepted, the term Pan-African\n\nStoping is a process accommodating the ascent of magmatic bodies from their sources in the mantle or lower crust to the surface. The theory was independently developed by Canadian geologist Reginald Aldworth Daly and American geologist Joseph Barrell. The process involves the mechanical disintegration of the surrounding country/host rock, typically through fracturing due to pressure increases associated with thermal expansion of the host rock in proximity of the interface with the melt. After fractures are formed, melt and/or volatiles will typically invade, widening the fracture and promoting the foundering of host rock blocks (i.e. stoped blocks). Once suspended in the melt, stoped blocks may either sink or float depending upon the density of the block relative to that of the melt. Additionally, blocks submerged within melt are subject to further thermally-induced fracturing which may account for the often observed \"lack of evidence\" for the process of stoping. See also Methods\n\nwas seasonally arid. This environment covered a vast area and deposition was influenced by a retroarc foreland basin. This foreland system was caused by crustal uplift (orogenesis) that had previously begun to take course due to the subduction of the Palaeo-pacific plate beneath the Gondwanan Plate. This resulted in the rise of the Gondwanide mountain range in what is known as the Gondwanide orogeny. The continuation of mountain-building and erosion from the growing Gondwanide mountain chain and associated subduction created accommodation space for sediment deposition in the Karoo Basin. Orogenic loading was the initial subsidence mechanism acting on the Karoo Basin and flexural tectonics partitioned the Karoo Basin into the foredeep, forebulge, and backbulge flexural provinces. Orogenic loading and unloading caused changes in position of the forebulge and foredeep. This resulted in the deposition zones shifting from the proximal or distal regions of the Karoo Basin. The Beaufort Group rocks\n\nQuestion: Orogeny refers to the process by which what are created?", "output": "Mountains"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Barium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity, barium is never found in nature as a free element. The most common minerals of barium are baryte (barium sulfate, BaSO4) and witherite (barium carbonate, BaCO3). The name barium originates from the alchemical derivative \"baryta\", from Greek (), meaning 'heavy'. Baric is the adjectival form of barium. Barium was identified as a new element in 1772, but not reduced to a metal until 1808 with the advent of electrolysis. Barium has few industrial applications. Historically, it was used as a getter for vacuum tubes and in oxide form as the emissive coating on indirectly heated cathodes. It is a component of YBCO (high-temperature superconductors) and electroceramics, and is added to steel and cast iron to\n\nBauxite is a sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content. It is the world's main source of aluminium and gallium. Bauxite consists mostly of the aluminium minerals gibbsite (Al(OH)3), boehmite (\u03b3-AlO(OH)) and diaspore (\u03b1-AlO(OH)), mixed with the two iron oxides goethite (FeO(OH)) and haematite (Fe2O3), the aluminium clay mineral kaolinite (Al2Si2O5(OH)4) and small amounts of anatase (TiO2) and ilmenite (FeTiO3 or FeO.TiO2). Bauxite appears dull in luster and is reddish-brown, white, or tan. In 1821, the French geologist Pierre Berthier discovered bauxite near the village of Les Baux in Provence, southern France. Formation Numerous classification schemes have been proposed for bauxite but, , there was no consensus. Vad\u00e1sz (1951) distinguished lateritic bauxites (silicate bauxites) from karst bauxite ores (carbonate bauxites): The carbonate bauxites occur predominantly in Europe, Guyana, Suriname, and Jamaica above carbonate rocks (limestone and dolomite), where they were formed by lateritic weathering and residual accumulation of intercalated\n\nAsh or ashes are the solid remnants of fires. Specifically, ash refers to all non-aqueous, non-gaseous residues that remain after something burns. In analytical chemistry, to analyse the mineral and metal content of chemical samples, ash is the non-gaseous, non-liquid residue after complete combustion. Ashes as the end product of incomplete combustion are mostly mineral, but usually still contain an amount of combustible organic or other oxidizable residues. The best-known type of ash is wood ash, as a product of wood combustion in campfires, fireplaces, etc. The darker the wood ashes, the higher the content of remaining charcoal from incomplete combustion. The ashes are of different types. Some ashes contain natural compounds that make soil fertile. Others have chemical compounds that can be toxic but may break up in soil from chemical changes and microorganism activity. Like soap, ash is also a disinfecting agent (alkaline). The World Health Organization recommends\n\nQuestion: Bituminous and anthracite are types of what?", "output": "Coal"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Since the mid-1970s, a variety of conspiracy theories have emerged regarding British Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson, who served as the prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1964 to 1970 and 1974 to 1976. These range from Wilson having been a Soviet agent (a claim which MI5 investigated and found to be false), to Wilson being the victim of treasonous plots by conservative-leaning elements in MI5 and the British military (e.g., the Clockwork Orange plot), claims which Wilson himself made. Background Soviet defector Anatoliy Golitsyn is said to have told a British intelligence officer that Wilson was a KGB operative and that former Labour Party leader Hugh Gaitskell had been assassinated by the KGB to have the pro-US Gaitskell replaced as party leader by Wilson. However, Christopher Andrew, the official historian for Britain's MI5, has described Golitsyn as an \"unreliable conspiracy theorist\". In his memoir Spycatcher (1987), former MI5\n\nreplaced as party leader by Wilson. However, Christopher Andrew, the official historian for Britain's MI5, has described Golitsyn as an \"unreliable conspiracy theorist\". In his memoir Spycatcher (1987), former MI5 officer Peter Wright stated that the head of the CIA's Counterintelligence Division, James Angleton, told him that Wilson was a Soviet agent when Wilson became Prime Minister after the 1964 general election. Wright said that Angleton referred to this assertion coming from a source (whom he did not name but who was probably Golitsyn). Golitsyn's words had been frequently taken heed of by Angleton, who had grown suspicious of the loyalty of many political figures, such as Henry Kissinger. According to Wright, Angleton offered to provide further information on the condition that MI5 guarantee to keep the allegations from \"political circles\", but the management of MI5 declined to accept restrictions on the use of the information and Angleton told them\n\nLimited. Operating for 29 years, the IRD is known as the longest-running covert government propaganda department in British history, the largest branch of the Foreign Office, and the first major anglophone propaganda offensive against the USSR since the end of World War II. By the 1970s, the IRD was performing military intelligence tasks for the British Military in Northern Ireland during The Troubles. The IRD promoted works by many presumably anti-communist authors including George Orwell, Arthur Koestler, Bertrand Russell, and Robert Conquest. Internationally, the IRD took part in many historic events, including Britain's entry into the European Economic Community, the Korean War, the Suez Crisis, the Malayan Emergency, The Troubles, the Mau Mau Uprising, Cyprus Emergency, and the Sino-Indian War. Other IRD activities included forging letters and posters, conducting smear attacks against British trade unionists, and attacking opponents of the British military by planting fake news stories in the British\n\nQuestion: Which book, by former MI5 operative Peter Wright, was banned by the British government on the grounds of national security?", "output": "Spycatcher"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Tamil units of measurement is a system of measurements that was traditionally used in ancient Tamil-speaking parts of South India. These ancient measurement systems spanned systems of counting, distances, volumes, time, weight as well as tools used to do so. While modern India uses the metric system International System of Units (Tamil Nadu state included), some of these older day measurement systems, especially those of counting, are still used today. Other units that have persisted are those of area \u2013 the 'ma' (not to be confused with the dollar-cent) and the \u2018ground\u2019, both used to measure land and the \u2018molam\u2019 which has been relegated to measuring the length of a sandanam garland sold on streets. There are several similarities between the measurement system used in Tamil Nadu and that used by the Indus Valley civilisation. Recent excavation studies from Kee\u1e3badi reveal existence of an older non-vedic civilisation in Tamil\n\nA stallion is a male horse that has not been gelded (castrated). Stallions follow the conformation and phenotype of their breed, but within that standard, the presence of hormones such as testosterone may give stallions a thicker, \"cresty\" neck, as well as a somewhat more muscular physique as compared to female horses, known as mares, and castrated males, called geldings. Temperament varies widely based on genetics, and training, but because of their instincts as herd animals, they may be prone to aggressive behavior, particularly toward other stallions, and thus require careful management by knowledgeable handlers. However, with proper training and management, stallions are effective equine athletes at the highest levels of many disciplines, including horse racing, horse shows, and international Olympic competition. \"Stallion\" is also used to refer to males of other equids, including zebras and donkeys. Herd behavior Contrary to popular myths, many stallions do not live with a\n\nThe astronomical unit (symbol: au, or or AU) is a unit of length, roughly the distance from Earth to the Sun and approximately equal to or 8.3 light-minutes. The actual distance from Earth to the Sun varies by about 3% as Earth orbits the Sun, from a maximum (aphelion) to a minimum (perihelion) and back again once each year. The astronomical unit was originally conceived as the average of Earth's aphelion and perihelion; however, since 2012 it has been defined as exactly . The astronomical unit is used primarily for measuring distances within the Solar System or around other stars. It is also a fundamental component in the definition of another unit of astronomical length, the parsec. History of symbol usage A variety of unit symbols and abbreviations have been in use for the astronomical unit. In a 1976 resolution, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) had used the symbol A\n\nQuestion: What unit of measurement, the equivalent to four inches, is used in the measurement of horses?", "output": "Hand"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aphodiinae is a subfamily of the scarab beetle family, Scarabaeidae. Members of this subfamily are known commonly as the small dung beetles and many, but not all, are dung beetles. These beetles are found worldwide. These beetles are small scarab beetles, most less than 8 millimeters long. Many have small mandibles that are covered by a widened clypeus, the exoskeleton plate above the mouth. The feet are clawed. This is a diverse subfamily with varied life strategies and habitat types. Many species are dung beetles, which collect and feed on animal dung. Other species are detritivores or saprophages, which feed on dead matter, and some are predatory. Some are known as inquilines, living in ant or termite nests, and some are sand-dwelling beetles. A survey of South American aphodiines found them in diverse habitat types including temperate rainforests, high-elevation Andean grassland, Patagonian steppe, coastal sand dunes, and subantarctic beech forest.\n\nThe scarab beetle subfamily Scarabaeinae consists of species collectively called true dung beetles (there are also dung beetles in other subfamilies and families). Most of the beetles of this subfamily feed exclusively on dung. However, some may feed on decomposing matter including carrion, decaying fruits and fungi. Dung beetles can be placed into three structural guilds based on their method of dung processing namely rollers (telecoprids), dwellers (endocoprids) and tunnelers (paracoprids). Dung removal and burial by dung beetles result in ecological benefits such as soil aeration and fertilization; improved nutrient cycling and uptake by plants, increase in Pasture quality, biological control of pest flies and intestinal parasites and secondary seed dispersal. Well-known members include the genera Scarabaeus and Sisyphus, and Phanaeus vindex. Description Adult dung beetles have modified mouth parts which are adapted to feeding on dung. The clypeus is expanded and covers the mouth parts. The elytra, which cover\n\nThe Hebridean is a breed of small black sheep from Scotland, similar to other members of the Northern European short-tailed sheep group, having a short, triangular tail. They often have two pairs of horns. They were often formerly known as \"St Kilda\" sheep, although unlike Soay and Boreray sheep they are probably not in fact from the St Kilda archipelago. Characteristics Modern Hebrideans have black, rather coarse wool, which fades to brown in the sun and often becomes grey with age; there is no wool on the face or legs. If not shorn the wool may moult naturally in spring. Rams and ewes typically have one pair of horns, but often have two or even more pairs (polycerate), and occasionally none. They are considerably smaller than most other breeds of sheep, fully grown ewes weighing only around , and rams slightly heavier, at around . Hebrideans are hardy and able\n\nQuestion: How many horns does the British minotaur dung beetle have?", "output": "Three"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Eclipse Comet of 1948, formally known as C/1948 V1, was an especially bright comet discovered during a solar eclipse on November 1, 1948. Although there have been several comets that have been seen during solar eclipses, the Eclipse Comet of 1948 is perhaps the best-known; it was however, best viewed only from the Southern Hemisphere. When it was first discovered during totality, it was already quite bright, at magnitude -2; as it was near perihelion, this was its peak brightness. Its visibility during morning twilight improved as it receded outward from the Sun; it peaked near zero magnitude, and at one point displayed a tail roughly 30 degrees in length, before falling below naked eye visibility by the end of December. References External links Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Ephemeris Non-periodic comets 1948 in science 19481101\n\n138P/Shoemaker\u2013Levy, also known as Shoemaker\u2013Levy 7, is a faint periodic comet in the Solar System. The comet last came to perihelion on 11 June 2012, but only brightened to about apparent magnitude 20.5. There were 4 recovery images of 138P on 8 August 2018 by Pan-STARRS when the comet had a magnitude of about 21.5. The comet comes to perihelion on 2 May 2019. This comet should not be confused with Comet Shoemaker\u2013Levy 9 (D/1993 F2), which crashed into Jupiter in 1994. References External links Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris 138P/Shoemaker-Levy 7 \u2013 Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net Elements and Ephemeris for 138P/Shoemaker-Levy \u2013 Minor Planet Center 138P at Kronk's Cometography Periodic comets 0138 138P 138P 138P Comets in 2012 Comets in 2019 19911113\n\n158P/Kowal\u2013LINEAR is a periodic comet in the Solar System that has an orbit out by Jupiter. The Minor Planet Center had the comet coming to perihelion on 9 May 2021, and JPL had the comet coming to perihelion on 12 May 2021. A close approach to Jupiter on 24 July 2022 will notably lift the orbit and increase the orbital period. The next perihelion passage will be in 2036 at a distance of 5.2 AU from the Sun. References External links Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris 158P/Kowal-LINEAR \u2013 Seiichi Yoshida @ aerith.net 158P at Kronk's Cometography Periodic comets 0158 Discoveries by Charles T. Kowal\n\nQuestion: What was the name of the comet which crashed into Jupiter in 1994?", "output": "SHOEMAKER-LEVY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Brass is an alloy of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn), in proportions which can be varied to achieve different colours and mechanical, electrical, acoustic, and chemical properties, but copper typically has the larger proportion. In use since prehistoric times, it is a substitutional alloy: atoms of the two constituents may replace each other within the same crystal structure. Brass is similar to bronze, another copper alloy that uses tin instead of zinc. Both bronze and brass may include small proportions of a range of other elements including arsenic (As), lead (Pb), phosphorus (P), aluminium (Al), manganese (Mn), and silicon (Si). Historically, the distinction between the two alloys has been less consistent and clear, and increasingly museums use the more general term \"copper alloy.\" Brass has long been a popular material for its bright gold-like appearance and is still used for drawer pulls and doorknobs. It has also been widely used\n\nis more malleable than bronze or zinc. The relatively low melting point of brass (, depending on composition) and its flow characteristics make it a relatively easy material to cast. By varying the proportions of copper and zinc, the properties of the brass can be changed, allowing hard and soft brasses. The density of brass is . Today, almost 90% of all brass alloys are recycled. Because brass is not ferromagnetic, ferrous scrap can be separated from it by passing the scrap near a powerful magnet. Brass scrap is melted and recast into billets that are extruded into the desired form and size. The general softness of brass means that it can often be machined without the use of cutting fluid, though there are exceptions to this. Aluminium makes brass stronger and more corrosion-resistant. Aluminium also causes a highly beneficial hard layer of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) to be formed on\n\nsockets. It is used extensively for musical instruments such as horns and bells. The composition of brass, generally 66% copper and 34% zinc, makes it a favorable substitute for copper in costume jewelry and fashion jewelry, as it exhibits greater resistance to corrosion. Brass is not as hard as bronze, and so is not suitable for most weapons and tools. Nor is it suitable for marine uses, because the zinc reacts with minerals in salt water, leaving porous copper behind; marine brass, with added tin, avoids this, as does bronze. Brass is often used in situations in which it is important that sparks not be struck, such as in fittings and tools used near flammable or explosive materials. Properties Brass is more malleable than bronze or zinc. The relatively low melting point of brass (, depending on composition) and its flow characteristics make it a relatively easy material to cast.\n\nQuestion: Which two metals are alloyed to form brass", "output": "Copper and zinc"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In astronomy, position angle (usually abbreviated PA) is the convention for measuring angles on the sky. The International Astronomical Union defines it as the angle measured relative to the north celestial pole (NCP), turning positive into the direction of the right ascension. In the standard (non-flipped) images, this is a counterclockwise measure relative to the axis into the direction of positive declination. In the case of observed visual binary stars, it is defined as the angular offset of the secondary star from the primary relative to the north celestial pole. As the example illustrates, if one were observing a hypothetical binary star with a PA of 135\u00b0, that means an imaginary line in the eyepiece drawn from the north celestial pole to the primary (P) would be offset from the secondary (S) such that the angle would be 135\u00b0. When graphing visual binaries, the NCP is, as in the illustration,\n\nGPS navigation software. In this context the synonym waypoint is common. A GPS point of interest specifies, at minimum, the latitude and longitude of the POI, assuming a certain map datum. A name or description for the POI is usually included, and other information such as altitude or a telephone number may also be attached. GPS applications typically use icons to represent different categories of POI on a map graphically. A region of interest (ROI) and a volume of interest (VOI) are similar in concept, denoting a region or a volume (which may contain various individual POIs). In medical fields such as histology/pathology/histopathology, points of interest are selected from the general background in a field of view; for example, among hundreds of normal cells, the pathologist may find 3 or 4 neoplastic cells that stand out from the others upon staining. POI collections Digital maps for modern GPS devices typically\n\nmetadata) of available data relevant to the Commonwealth. PASDA serves as a resource for locating data throughout the Commonwealth through its data storage, interactive mapping/webgis applications, and metadata/documentation efforts. PASDA services are provided free of charge to all users and data providers. The data on PASDA is provided by federal, state, local and regional government agencies, non-profit organizations, and academic institutions throughout the region. Data updates to existing datasets come to PASDA at different intervals and are based on the update frequency of our data partners. Monthly, quarterly, and annual updates are the norm and include PennDOT, PA Department of Environmental Protection, PA Fish and Boat Commission, PA Department of Health, PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Chester County, Allegheny County, Lancaster County, City of Philadelphia, Southeast PA Transportation Authority, Delaware Valley Regional Planning Commission, PA DCNR Rivers Conservation Program, and the Natural Lands Trust. The development of metadata\n\nQuestion: On an Ordnance Survey map, what does \u2018PA\u2019 represent?", "output": "Path"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "(sparsely populated) parish of Onchan, i.e. excluding the village of Onchan). See also Local government in the Isle of Man Laxey Bay Ramsey Bay References External links Constituency maps and general election results Sheadings of the Isle of Man Constituencies of the Isle of Man\n\nAyre ( ; ) is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man. It is located in the north of the island (part of the traditional North Side division) and consists of the three historic parishes of Andreas, Bride and (Kirk Christ) Lezayre. The town of Ramsey, which is administered separately, covers areas of two historic parishes (Lezayre, and Maughold in the sheading of Garff). It is treated as part of Garff for some purposes, e.g. the coroner. Other settlements in the sheading include Glen Auldyn and Sulby (both in the parish of Lezayre). Etymology The derivation of the word ayre is from Old Norse \"eyrr\", meaning a shingle beach. It refers to a storm beach forming a narrow spit of shingle or sand cutting across the landward and seaward ends of a shallow bay. This may partly cut off a sheltered stretch of water from the sea\n\n\u00c9rin () is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region in France. Situation \u00c9rin is a small village on the south side of the small river, the Ternoise which flows through St.Pol-sur-Ternoise and joins the River Canche at Hesdin. The geology of the area is like that of the Somme valley to its south. The Ternoise valley is the most northerly flowing in the syncline to the south of the Variscan front. The London-Brabant Massif underlies the land to the north. Communications The road, D94 follows the river between St.Pol and Hesdin. Alongside it runs the Arras to Boulogne-sur-Mer railway. History During the First World War, the principal dep\u00f4t of the British Army unit, then known as the Tank Corps, developed at \u00c9rin. The Tank Corps developed through the Heavy branch of the Machine Gun Corps from the Heavy Section. This was founded in March 1916. The\n\nQuestion: Where would you find the towns of Ramsey, Peel and Port Erin?", "output": "Isle of Man"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of beer be fixed at the imperial pint (568 ml \u2248 1.2 US pints). Half-pint glasses of are generally smaller versions of pint glasses. Quarter-pint glasses of also exist, and are popular in Australia (now 140 ml from metrication), where they are known as a \"pony\". These may simply be smaller pint glasses, or may be a special pony glass. In the US, a pint is , but the volume is not strictly regulated and glasses may vary somewhat. Glasses of 500 ml are usually called pints in American parlance. The common shapes of pint glass are: Conical glasses are shaped, as the name suggests, as an inverted truncated cone around tall and tapering by about in diameter over its height. The nonic, a variation on the conical design, where the glass bulges out a couple of inches from the top; this is partly for improved grip, partly to prevent\n\nused for many types of light beers, including pale lager or pilsner. Pilsner glasses are generally smaller than a pint glass, usually in , , , or sizes. In Europe, glasses are also common. They are tall, slender and tapered. The slender glass reveals the colour, and carbonation of the beer, and the broad top helps maintain a beer head. Weizen glasses are sometimes mistakenly called pilsner glasses because they are somewhat similar in appearance, but true pilsner glasses have an even taper without any amount of curvature. Pint glass The definition of a pint differs by country, thus a pint glass will reflect the regular measure of beer in that country. In the UK, law stipulates that a serving of beer be fixed at the imperial pint (568 ml \u2248 1.2 US pints). Half-pint glasses of are generally smaller versions of pint glasses. Quarter-pint glasses of also exist, and\n\nface value of 5 Canadian dollars, the Silver Maple Leaf has status as legal tender. It has also a market value that depends on the spot price of silver and that normally exceeds the nominal face value. With few exceptions and alike similar international bullion coins, the Silver Maple Leaf has a weight of 1 troy ounce (31.10 grams). The 99.99% silver content makes the coin among the finest official bullion coins worldwide. Samples of the Silver Maple Leaf often carry a blemish that has a milky-white appearance, called a milk spot. This happens when a cleaning detergent is left on the coin when it goes into the annealing furnace.. This issue was addressed in 2018 with the RCM introduction of \"MINTSHIELD\" surface protection technology to prevent milk spots. The Silver Maple Leaf was originally packaged in Mylar. Since 2009, due to increasing demand, it is packaged in semi-transparent tubes\n\nQuestion: How many fluid ounces in half an Imperial pint?", "output": "10"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Andr\u00e9 Roy (born February 8, 1975) is an American-born Canadian former professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL). Playing career Roy was born in Port Chester, New York. As a youth, he played in the 1989 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with a minor ice hockey team from Montreal. Roy played junior ice hockey in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. Roy was drafted by the Boston Bruins, 151st overall in the sixth round of the 1994 NHL Entry Draft and has also played for the Ottawa Senators, the Tampa Bay Lightning (where he won the Stanley Cup in 2004), the Pittsburgh Penguins and the Calgary Flames. During the 2006\u201307 season, Roy was placed on waivers by the Penguins and claimed by the Lightning, where he was a popular, though seldom used, enforcer. His toughness, however, brought about consequences for his actions. Controversies On April\n\nMaxime \"Superstar\" Talbot (born February 11, 1984) is a Canadian-American former professional ice hockey centre who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Pittsburgh Penguins, Philadelphia Flyers, Colorado Avalanche and Boston Bruins. He was drafted into the NHL out of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) by the Pittsburgh Penguins, 234th overall, in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He led the Hull/Gatineau Olympiques to back-to-back President's Cups while earning the Guy Lafleur Trophy as playoff MVP both years. During the 2009 Stanley Cup Finals against the Detroit Red Wings, while still playing for Pittsburgh, Talbot scored his team's only two goals in Pittsburgh's 2\u20131 victory over Detroit in the series-deciding Game 7, securing the Penguins' Stanley Cup championship win. Talbot finished his career playing three seasons in the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL) for Lokomotiv Yaroslavl and Avangard Omsk. Playing career Amateur Talbot was selected by the Quebec\n\nJoseph Juneau () (born January 5, 1968) is a Canadian former professional hockey player and engineer, born in Pont-Rouge, Quebec. He played in the National Hockey League for the Boston Bruins, Washington Capitals, Buffalo Sabres, Ottawa Senators, Phoenix Coyotes and the Montreal Canadiens. Playing career As a youth, Juneau played in the 1979, 1980 and 1981 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with a minor ice hockey team from Pont-Rouge. Originally drafted by the Bruins in the fourth round of the 1988 NHL Entry Draft, Juneau was a star college hockey player at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where he scored 71 goals in four regular seasons and was a two-time All-American selection. He was well known for having a 4.0 grade point average and earning a degree in just three years in aeronautical engineering, despite the fact that he did not speak English when he first arrived in New York. After college,\n\nQuestion: Which ice hockey team defeated the 'Pittsburgh Penguins' to win their 11th Stanley Cup in June 2008?", "output": "DETROIT RED WINGS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Pamela; or, Virtue Rewarded is an epistolary novel first published in 1740 by the English writer Samuel Richardson. Considered one of the first true English novels, it serves as Richardson's version of conduct literature about marriage. Pamela tells the story of a fifteen-year-old maidservant named Pamela Andrews, whose employer, Mr. B, a wealthy landowner, makes unwanted and inappropriate advances towards her after the death of his mother. Pamela strives to reconcile her strong religious training with her desire for the approval of her employer in a series of letters and, later in the novel, journal entries all addressed to her impoverished parents. After various unsuccessful attempts at seduction, a series of sexual assaults and an extended period of kidnapping, the rakish Mr. B eventually reforms and makes Pamela a sincere proposal of marriage. In the novel's second part, Pamela marries Mr. B and tries to acclimatise to her new position\n\nThis is a list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1900s, as determined by The Bookman, a New York\u2013based literary journal. The list features the most popular novels of each year from 1900 through 1909. The standards set for inclusion in the lists \u2013 which, for example, led to the exclusion of the novels in the Harry Potter series from the lists for the 1990s and 2000s \u2013 are currently unknown. 1900 To Have and to Hold by Mary Johnston Red Pottage by Mary Cholmondeley Unleavened Bread by Robert Grant The Reign of Law by James Lane Allen Eben Holden by Irving Bacheller Janice Meredith by Paul Leicester Ford The Redemption of David Corson by Charles Frederic Goss Richard Carvel by Winston Churchill When Knighthood Was in Flower by Charles Major Alice of Old Vincennes by Maurice Thompson 1901 The Crisis by Winston Churchill Alice of Old\n\nthe audience to listen until they learn the aforementioned detail. For example, \"The people in Rio have something that New Yorkers don\u2019t, which is why I moved.\" Here the listeners will want to know what the people of Rio have. A thematic statement, as with the opening line of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice (\"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.\"), can also serve to hook the reader's attention. In Film In film, the hook is what grabs the viewer's attention, preferably in the first 5\u201310 minutes, as a reader might expect to find a literary hook in the first chapter of a novel. During the pitch process, a screenwriter will use a hook to prove the \"bankable\" quality of their screenplay. Knowing the importance of a good hook, many screenwriters write their hooks\n\nQuestion: \"\"\"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of good fortune, must be in want of a wife\"\", is the first line of which Jane Austen novel?\"", "output": "'PRIDE AND PREJUDICE'"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "re-releases, beginning with China in March 2021, it returned to becoming the highest-grossing film since then. Adjusted for inflation, Avatar is the second-highest-grossing movie of all time, only behind Gone with the Wind, with a total of a little more than $3.5 billion. It also became the first film to gross more than and the best-selling video title of 2010 in the United States. Avatar was nominated for nine awards at the 82nd Academy Awards, winning three, and received numerous other accolades. The success of the film also led to electronics manufacturers releasing 3D televisions and caused 3D films to increase in popularity. Its success led to the Avatar franchise, which includes the sequels Avatar: The Way of Water (2022), Avatar 3 (2025), Avatar 4 (2029), and Avatar 5 (2031). Plot In 2154, the natural resources of the Earth have been depleted and is suffering ecocide. The Resources Development Administration\n\nAvatar (marketed as James Cameron's Avatar) is a 2009 epic science fiction film directed, written, co-produced, and co-edited by James Cameron and starring Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, Stephen Lang, Michelle Rodriguez, and Sigourney Weaver. It is the first installment in the Avatar film series. It is set in the mid-22nd century, when humans are colonizing Pandora, a lush habitable moon of a gas giant in the Alpha Centauri star system, in order to mine the valuable mineral unobtanium. The expansion of the mining colony threatens the continued existence of a local tribe of Na'vi, a humanoid species indigenous to Pandora. The title of the film refers to a genetically engineered Na'vi body operated from the brain of a remotely located human that is used to interact with the natives of Pandora. Development of Avatar began in 1994, when James Cameron wrote an 80-page treatment for the film. Filming was supposed\n\nmillion and $310 million for production and at $150 million for promotion. The film made extensive use of new motion capture filming techniques and was released for traditional viewing, 3D viewing (using the RealD 3D, Dolby 3D, XpanD 3D, and IMAX 3D formats), and \"4D\" experiences in selected South Korean theaters. Avatar premiered on December 10, 2009, in London and was released in the United States on December 18, 2009, to positive reviews. Critics highly praised its groundbreaking visual effects, though the story was considered to be predictable. During its theatrical run, the film broke several box office records, including becoming the highest-grossing film of all time. In July 2019, this position was overtaken by Avengers: Endgame, but with subsequent re-releases, beginning with China in March 2021, it returned to becoming the highest-grossing film since then. Adjusted for inflation, Avatar is the second-highest-grossing movie of all time, only behind Gone\n\nQuestion: How many Oscars did the film \u2018Avatar\u2019 win at the 2010 Academy Awards?", "output": "Three"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Mark Rutte (; born 14 February 1967) is a Dutch politician who has served as prime minister of the Netherlands since 2010. He was also the leader of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) from 2006 through 2023. He is currently acting in a demissionary capacity, and will not return to politics following the installation of a new cabinet. After a business career working for Unilever, Rutte entered politics in 2002 as a member of Jan Peter Balkenende's cabinets. Rutte won the 2006 VVD leadership election and led the party to victory in the 2010 general election. After lengthy coalition negotiations, he became prime minister of the Netherlands. He was the first liberal to be appointed prime minister in 92 years. An impasse on budget negotiations led to his government's early collapse in April 2012, but the VVD's victory in the subsequent election allowed Rutte to return as\n\nFebruary 2010 under Rasmussen's first government as Prime Minister, with the minister being Bertel Haarder and the permanent secretary . In October 2011 the Rasmussen government was succeeded by that of Helle Thorning-Schmidt, and the ministry's functions were again divided, between the Ministry of the Economy and the Interior (\u00d8konomi- og Indenrigsministeriet) and a newly created Ministry of Health and Development (Ministeriet for Sundhed og Forebyggelse). Notes Interior and Health Medical and health organizations based in Denmark Denmark\n\nelection. Rutte began his fourth term in 2022 after another record-length formation period. On 7 July 2023, he announced his government's resignation after his coalition failed to agree on how to handle increasing migration. His government will take on a caretaker role until the installation of the next cabinet after the elections in autumn 2023. Due to his ability to come out of political scandals with his reputation undamaged, Rutte has been referred to as \"Teflon Mark\". Early life Rutte was born in The Hague, in the province of South Holland, in a Dutch Reformed family. He is the youngest child of Iza\u00e4k Rutte (5 October 1909 \u2013 22 April 1988), a merchant, and his second wife, Hermina Cornelia Dilling (13 November 1923 \u2013 13 May 2020), a secretary. Iza\u00e4k Rutte worked for a trading company; first as an importer in the Dutch East Indies, later as a director in\n\nQuestion: Marke Rutte became Prime Minister of which European country in 2010?", "output": "Netherlands"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "other nations. In its early years the young state had been able to compete with much success, but during the late 1970s, with the government no longer investing in athletics, the country could no longer compete. However, since the late 1990s, this trend has changed. Money is now being placed into sports, and many of the federations are now managed by people who are trying to push Pakistani sportsmen and -women forward. International tournaments are now hosted in the country, and the nation sends athletes to compete abroad. There has also been restructuring of national tournaments, and new facilities and equipment are being provided. This has seen overall results improve. On March 3, 2009, 12 militants with guns, grenades, and rocket launchers attacked a bus carrying the Sri Lanka national cricket team to a match at Lahore's Gaddafi Stadium in Pakistan. Six Pakistani policemen escorting the team and two civilians\n\nRawalpindi Cricket Stadium is a cricket stadium located in DKS Rawalpindi in the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is near to Pir Meher Ali Shah University and Rawalpindi Arts Council. The first international match at the stadium was played on 19 January 1992, when Sri Lanka faced Pakistan in an ODI. The stadium hosted its first Test match in 1993, when Zimbabwe were the visitors. Test cricket returned to Pakistan at Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium during the two-match test series against Sri Lanka. The first test match was held from 11\u201315 December 2019 in Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium. History Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium was established in 1992 and replaced Pindi Club Ground as an international stadium. It is the home ground of Islamabad United and Northern. Before the construction of Rawalpindi Cricket Stadium, Rawalpindi Club Cricket Ground had been used as a venue for international matches, including one Test match against New Zealand\n\nJinnah Stadium (Punjabi, ), formerly known as Connelly Park or Jinnah Park, is a cricket ground located in Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan. It is one of the oldest cricket grounds in Pakistan. History The stadium was founded in 1909 during the British Raj. It was named \"Connelly Park\" after the then British Deputy Commissioner of Sialkot Mr. Connelly. In the 1950s it was named Jinnah Park. In 1979 it was upgraded into a stadium with new pavilion and seating and was renamed Jinnah Stadium. It was the home ground of Sialkot Stallions. The first Test here was played in 1985 and the last in 1995. Pakistan played its first ever ODI at home on this ground in 1976 against New Zealand. It was also New Zealand's first ODI against Pakistan. Jinnah Stadium is known for its green-top pitches that help fast bowlers. And credit of these green top pitches goes to\n\nQuestion: The first international cricket match was played in Pakistan last month since 2009 when in March of that year the team bus of which country was attacked in Lahore?", "output": "SRI LANKA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "H H\n\n\u2192 K+ + HP\u2212 and then, acting as a weak acid, hydrogen phthalate reacts reversibly with water to give hydronium (H3O+) and phthalate ions. HP\u2212 + H2O P2\u2212 + H3O+ KHP can be used as a buffering agent in combination with hydrochloric acid (HCl) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The buffering region is dependent upon the pKa, and is typically +/- 1.0 pH units of the pKa. The pKa of KHP is 5.4, so its pH buffering range would be 4.4 to 6.4; however, due to the presence of the second acidic group that bears the potassium ion, the first pKa also contributes to the buffering range well below pH 4.0, which is why KHP is a good choice for use as a reference standard for pH 4.00. KHP is also a useful standard for total organic carbon (TOC) testing. Most TOC analyzers are based on the oxidation of organics to\n\nHydrogen phosphate may refer to Monohydrogen phosphate, inorganic ion with the formula [HPO4]2\u2212 Dihydrogen phosphate, inorganic ion with the formula [H2PO4]\u2212 Potassium hydrogen phosphate Sodium hydrogen phosphate See also Phosphate\n\nQuestion: For what does the letter H stand in the pH scale?", "output": "Hydrogen"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The ampere ( , ; symbol: A), often shortened to amp, is the unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI). One ampere is equal to 1 coulomb moving past a point in 1 second, or electrons' worth of charge moving past a point in 1 second. It is named after French mathematician and physicist Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re (1775\u20131836), considered the father of electromagnetism along with Danish physicist Hans Christian \u00d8rsted. As of the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units, the ampere is defined by fixing the elementary charge to be exactly (coulomb), which means an ampere is an electric current equivalent to elementary charges moving every seconds or elementary charges moving in a second. Prior to the redefinition the ampere was defined as the current passing through 2 parallel wires 1 metre apart that produces a magnetic force of newtons per metre. The earlier CGS system\n\nthe redefinition the ampere was defined as the current passing through 2 parallel wires 1 metre apart that produces a magnetic force of newtons per metre. The earlier CGS system has two units of current, one structured similar to the SI's and the other using Coulomb's law as a fundamental relationship, with the unit of charge defined by measuring the force between two charged metal plates. The unit of current is then defined as one unit of charge per second. In SI, the unit of charge, the coulomb, is defined as the charge carried by one ampere during one second. History The ampere is named for French physicist and mathematician Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re (1775\u20131836), who studied electromagnetism and laid the foundation of electrodynamics. In recognition of Amp\u00e8re's contributions to the creation of modern electrical science, an international convention, signed at the 1881 International Exposition of Electricity, established the ampere as a\n\nAndr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re (, , ; 20 January 177510 June 1836) was a French physicist and mathematician who was one of the founders of the science of classical electromagnetism, which he referred to as \"electrodynamics\". He is also the inventor of numerous applications, such as the solenoid (a term coined by him) and the electrical telegraph. As an autodidact, Amp\u00e8re was a member of the French Academy of Sciences and professor at the \u00c9cole polytechnique and the Coll\u00e8ge de France. The SI unit of measurement of electric current, the ampere, is named after him. His name is also one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower. Early life Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re was born on 20 January 1775 to Jean-Jacques Amp\u00e8re, a prosperous businessman, and Jeanne Antoinette Desuti\u00e8res-Sarcey Amp\u00e8re, during the height of the French Enlightenment. He spent his childhood and adolescence at the family property at Poleymieux-au-Mont-d'Or near Lyon. Jean-Jacques\n\nQuestion: Named after a French physicist, what is the SI unit of electrical charge?", "output": "COULOMB"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Hoalid Regragui (born 23 September 1975), known as Walid Regragui (; ), is a Moroccan professional football manager and former player who played as a right-back. He is the head coach of the Morocco national team. He made history when he led the team to the semi-finals of the FIFA World Cup 2022, the first African nation to do so. Playing career Born in Corbeil-Essonnes, Essonne, France, Regragui was a full international for Morocco. Clubs he played for include Toulouse, AC Ajaccio, Grenoble and Racing Santander. In the summer of 2009, he moved from Grenoble to Moroccan club Moghreb T\u00e9touan. Managerial career Morocco After retiring as a player, Regragui started his football coaching career as the assistant coach of Morocco's national team in September 2012. FUS On 8 May 2014, he landed a head coaching job with Fath Union Sport for the 2014\u201315 season. Following his league performances and Moroccan\n\nLuca Bucci (; born 13 March 1969) is an Italian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. Bucci played for several Italian clubs throughout his career; he is mostly remembered for his choice of unusual shirt numbers and successful spell with Parma, where he won various domestic and European titles. At international level, he represented the Italy national team and was an unused member of the team that reached the 1994 FIFA World Cup final, as well as a reserve at UEFA Euro 1996. Club career Born in Bologna, Bucci spent a few years in the third and second levels (winning the 1992\u201393 Serie B title with Reggiana). He made his Serie A debut playing for Parma, in a league match against Udinese on 29 August 1993. He soon achieved prominence during a particularly successful stint with the club, winning an UEFA Supercup in 1993, and an UEFA Cup\n\nEdo Mulahalilovi\u0107 (; born 23 March 1964 \u2013 27 June 2010) was a Bosnian songwriter and producer. He was born in Sarajevo and died in Belgrade in 2010 after a long battle with cancer. 1983: Edo together with Zoran Kesi\u0107 (keyboards), Pjer \u017dalica (bass player and film director) and Izudin Kole\u010di\u0107 (drummer) founded the band called Baobab (Edo was guitar player and singer). 1985: The four musicians together with singer Hajrudin Vare\u0161anovi\u0107 formed the band Hari Mata Hari, which became one of the most popular pop bands in former Yugoslavia. 1991: Edo released a solo album \u201cJedna je pjesma cijeloga \u017eivota\u201d but the war in ex-Yugoslavia stopped the tour and promotion. 1994: For the Eurovision song contest in Dublin, Edo wrote a song \u201cOstani kraj mene\u201d (\"Stay with me\u201d) in cooperation with his brother Adi, to represent Bosnia and Herzegovina. 1996-2002: Edo worked in Finland as composer and producer with\n\nQuestion: In the 2010 World Cup Final, Jo'bulani was the?", "output": "Ball"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Bahamas ( ), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the North Atlantic. It takes up 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and is home to 88% of the archipelago's population. The archipelagic state consists of more than 3,000 islands, cays, and islets in the Atlantic Ocean, and is located north of Cuba and northwest of the island of Hispaniola (split between the Dominican Republic and Haiti) and the Turks and Caicos Islands, southeast of the U.S. state of Florida, and east of the Florida Keys. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence. The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes The Bahamas' territory as encompassing of ocean space. The Bahama Islands were inhabited by the Arawak and Lucayans, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Ta\u00edno, for many centuries. Christopher Columbus was the first European to\n\nGenovesa Island (), also known as Tower Island, is a shield volcano in the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The island occupies about , and its maximum elevation is . The horse-shoe shaped island has a volcanic caldera whose wall has collapsed, forming the Great Darwin Bay, surrounded by cliffs. The saltwater Lake Arcturus lies in the middle, and sediment within this crater lake is less than 6,000 years old. Although no historical eruptions are known from Genovesa, there are very young lava flows on the flanks of the volcano. Names Genovesa is Spanish for \"Genovese\", named after the Italian city of Genoa in honor of its native son Christopher Columbus. The name was adopted in 1892 as part of Ecuador's celebration of the quadricentennial of Columbus's first voyage. It was previously known as Quita Sue\u00f1o, Spanish for \"Nightmare Island\". The English pirate William Ambrosia Cowley charted it\n\nAcapulco de Ju\u00e1rez (), commonly called Acapulco ( , ; ), is a city and major seaport in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific Coast of Mexico, south of Mexico City. Acapulco is located on a deep, semicircular bay and has been a port since the early colonial period of Mexico's history. It is a port of call for shipping and cruise lines running between Panama and San Francisco, California, United States. The city of Acapulco is the largest in the state, far larger than the state capital Chilpancingo. Acapulco is also Mexico's largest beach and balneario resort city. Acapulco de Ju\u00e1rez is the municipal seat of the municipality of Acapulco. The city is one of Mexico's oldest beach resorts, coming into prominence in the 1940s through the 1960s as a getaway for Hollywood stars and millionaires. Acapulco was once a popular tourist resort, but due to a massive\n\nQuestion: Originally built as a research lab off the coast of Puerto Rico, the world\u2019s first underwater hotel, the Jules Undersea Lodge, is now situated in which US state?", "output": "Florida"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Stanford Leonard \"Stan\" Smith is a fictional character and the title character protagonist of the animated television series American Dad!. He is voiced by the series' co-creator and executive producer, Seth MacFarlane. Stan is the patriarch of the Smith family. As the family's breadwinner, he works for the Central Intelligence Agency. Although he once held the position of a case officer at the CIA, he is also weapons expert for this agency. Stan often makes the mistake of applying the same extreme measures suited and used for his job in his personal life and with his family. Stan is portrayed as drastic, endangering, rash, insensitive, inconsiderate, dog-eat-dog, racist, and very masculine. In the series he is emphasized as a conservative Republican. Stan has an exaggeratedly large chin, which has been described satirically as a \"Jay Leno jaw\". He usually wears a blue suit with a lapel pin that is a\n\nDuck Dodgers is an American animated television series developed by Spike Brandt and Tony Cervone based on the 1953 theatrical animated short film of the same name. It was produced by Warner Bros. Animation from 2003 to 2005. Duck Dodgers is a comic science fiction series, featuring the Looney Tunes characters in metafictional roles, with the character Daffy Duck as the title character. It originally aired on Cartoon Network and later ended on Boomerang. Concept Though primarily based around the original Duck Dodgers short (which is set in roughly 2318 AD), the series also takes visual and thematic cues from other Looney Tunes shorts, with other Looney Tunes characters appearing in the series, albeit adapted to fit within the show's universe. For example, Yosemite Sam becomes \"K'chutha Sa'am\", a parody of Klingons in Star Trek, Elmer Fudd becomes \"The Fudd\", a parasitic mind-altering alien disease, (a combination of the Flood\n\nFrisky Dingo is an American adult animated television series created by Adam Reed and Matt Thompson for Adult Swim. The series revolves around the conflict between a supervillain named Killface and a superhero named Awesome X, alias billionaire Xander Crews, and much of the show's humor focuses on parodying superhero and action-movie clich\u00e9s. It debuted on October 16, 2006, and its first season ended on January 22, 2007. The second season premiered on August 26, 2007, and ended on March 23, 2008. A third season was considered, but both the creators and Adult Swim mutually decided against it. The production company, 70/30 Productions, subsequently went out of business in January 2009; Reed and Thompson would later found Floyd County Productions. A spin-off show, The Xtacles, premiered on November 9, 2008, but only the two-episode premiere aired prior to the production company's closure, with no further episodes produced. Origins Frisky Dingo\n\nQuestion: Stan Smith is the main character of which American animated television series?", "output": "American Dad"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Henry Merwin Shrady (October 12, 1871 \u2013 April 12, 1922) was an American sculptor, best known for the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial on the west front of the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C. Background Shrady was born in New York City. His father, George Frederick Shrady, Sr., was one of the physicians who attended Ulysses S. Grant during the former president's struggle with throat cancer. In 1894, Shrady graduated from Columbia University, where he was a member of the Varsity Show, and then spent one year at Columbia's law school. He left law school to join with his brother-in-law, Jay Gould (son of the financier Edwin Gould), at the Continental Match Company. The company failed, and Shrady contracted typhoid fever, which diverted him forever from the business world. His recuperation left spare time to pursue a growing interest in art. Shrady's wife, Harrie Moore, submitted some of his paintings\n\nThe James A. Garfield Monument stands on the grounds of the United States Capitol in the circle at First Street, S.W., and Maryland Avenue, Washington, D.C. It is a memorial to United States President James A. Garfield, elected in 1880 and assassinated in 1881 after serving only four months of his term, by a disgruntled office-seeker named Charles J. Guiteau. The monument, sculpted by John Quincy Adams Ward (1830\u20131910) and cast by The Henry-Bonnard Co. of New York, with a pedestal designed by Richard Morris Hunt, is an outstanding example of American Beaux-Arts monument. It was unveiled on May 12, 1887. Today it stands as part of a three-part sculptural group near the Capitol Reflecting Pool including the Peace Monument and the Ulysses S. Grant Memorial. The memorial was commissioned in 1884 by the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, of which Garfield had been a member. The Society\n\nby Walt Whitman, who was visiting injured soldiers in the local hospitals. He mentions it in his writings: 2,012 beds were occupied as of December 17, 1864. As with most hospitals in the area, with the end of the Civil War in 1865, it was taken down that year. In 1867, Congress authorized the grounds to be called Lincoln Square as a memorial to the former president; it was the first public site to bear his name. Statues The park features two important sculptures: Thomas Ball's 1876 Freedman's Memorial to Abraham Lincoln (Emancipation Monument), one of the first memorials in Washington honoring Abraham Lincoln. It was dedicated on April 14, 1876, with an oration by Frederick Douglass. Robert Berks's statue of Mary McLeod Bethune. It was unveiled on the anniversary of her 99th birthday, July 10, 1974, before a crowd of over 18,000 people. . See also Washington, D.C., in\n\nQuestion: \"Which city would you go to to see \"\"Grant's Tomb\"\", a memorial to Ulysses S Grant, once President of the USA?\"", "output": "New York"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "ring, ending up friends by the third movie. Creed had multiple nicknames, including most prominently \"The Master of Disaster\". Others include \"The King of Sting\", \"The Dancing Destroyer\", \"The Prince of Punch\", and \"The Count of Monte Fisto\". A 2013 poll of former heavyweight champions and boxing writers, including former WBA heavyweight star James \"Bonecrusher\" Smith, ranked Creed as the second-best boxer in the Rocky series, second only to Rocky himself, having only 2 losses: one to Rocky and the other, Ivan Drago, who killed him in their fight. Role in the series In the Rocky and Creed films, Apollo Creed is a heavyweight boxing champion who is a rival and later friend of Rocky Balboa. Michael Wilbon of Pardon the Interruption describes Creed as \"maybe the best of all time; in the discussion\". Rocky (1976) Apollo Creed first appears in the 1976 Oscar-winning film Rocky as the charismatic, intelligent,\n\nApollo Creed is a fictional character from the Rocky films, played by Carl Weathers. He played in the series' first four films, serves as the main antagonist in Rocky and Rocky II, and became one of the protagonists in Rocky III and Rocky IV. The character was inspired by the real-life boxer champion Muhammad Ali, having what one author remarked as the same \"brash, vocal, [and] theatrical\" personality. The film's writer and star Sylvester Stallone stated, \"[Jack] Johnson served as the inspiration for the character of Apollo Creed in the Rocky movies\"; the character is loosely based on a combination of Ali, Sugar Ray Leonard, Joe Louis, and Johnson. Protagonist Rocky Balboa, Creed's rival in Rocky and Rocky II, faces underdog odds (five-to-one in Rocky II) and views Creed with respect, pointedly refusing the prodding of a reporter to trash-talk Creed (although it is implied that, being poorly educated at\n\nRobert \"Rocky\" Balboa (also known by his ring name the Italian Stallion) is a fictional character and the titular protagonist of the Rocky film series. The character was created by Sylvester Stallone, who has also portrayed him in eight of the nine films in the franchise. He is depicted as a working class or poor Italian-American from the slums of Philadelphia who started out as a club fighter and \"enforcer\" for a local Philly Mafia loan shark. He is portrayed as overcoming the obstacles that had occurred in his life and in his career as a professional boxer. While the story of his first film is loosely inspired by Chuck Wepner, a boxer who fought Muhammad Ali and lost on a TKO in the 15th round, the inspiration for the name, iconography and fighting style came from boxing legend Rocco Francis \"Rocky Marciano\" Marchegiano, though his surname coincidentally also resembles\n\nQuestion: As portrayed by Carl Weathers, and known as \u201cThe Master of Disaster\u201d, \u201cThe King of Sting\u201d, \u201cThe Dancing Destroyer\u201d, or \u201cThe Count of Monte Fisto\u201d, what was the name of the opponent Rocky faced for the Word Championship title in the first Rocky movie?", "output": "Apollo Creed"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Africa. Its bright blue color is the mineral's most notable characteristic. It is used as a gemstone. References Calcium minerals Copper(II) minerals Aluminium minerals Cyclosilicates Monoclinic minerals Minerals in space group 12 Gemstones\n\nideal grade, called \"Deep Siberian\", has a primary purple hue of around 75\u201380%, with 15\u201320% blue and (depending on the light source) red secondary hues. \"Rose de France\" is defined by its markedly light shade of the purple, reminiscent of a lavender/lilac shade. These pale colors were once considered undesirable, but have recently become popular due to intensive marketing. Green quartz is sometimes incorrectly called green amethyst; this is a misnomer and not an appropriate name for the material, as the proper terminology is prasiolite. Other names for green quartz are vermarine or lime citrine. Amethyst frequently shows color zoning, with the most intense color typically found at the crystal terminations. One of a gem cutter\u2019s tasks is to make a finished product with even color. Sometimes, only a thin layer of a natural, uncut amethyst is violet colored, or the color is very uneven. The uncut gem may have\n\nEmpressite is a mineral form of silver telluride, AgTe. It is a rare, grey, orthorhombic mineral with which can form compact masses, rarely as bipyramidal crystals. Recent crystallographic analysis has confirmed that empressite is a distinct mineral with orthorhombic crystal structure, different from the hexagonal Ag5\u2212xTe3 with which empressite has been commonly confused in mineralogy literature. At the same time, empressite does not appear on the equilibrium Ag-Te phase diagram, and therefore it is only metastable at ambient conditions. Given infinite time, it would phase separate into pure Ag5Te3 and pure Te. The name empressite comes from the location of its discovery \u2013 the Empress Josephine mine, Saguache County, Colorado, US. It was first described in 1914. References Silver minerals Telluride minerals Orthorhombic minerals Minerals in space group 62 Minerals described in 1914\n\nQuestion: What colour is the mineral Lapis Lazuli?", "output": "BLUE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Andriscus (, Andr\u00edskos; 154/153 BC \u2013 146 BC), also often referenced as Pseudo-Philip, was a Greek pretender who became the last independent king of Macedon in 149 BC as Philip VI (, Philipos), based on his claim of being Philip, a now-obscure son of the last legitimate Macedonian king, Perseus. His reign lasted just one year and was toppled by the Roman Republic during the Fourth Macedonian War. Ancient sources generally agree that he was originally a fuller from Adramyttium in Aeolis in western Anatolia. Around 153 BC, his ancestry was supposedly revealed to him, upon which he travelled to the court of his claimed uncle, the Seleucid monarch Demetrius I Soter, to request assistance in claiming his throne. Demetrius refused and had him sent to Rome, where he was judged harmless and exiled to a city in Italy; he managed to escape, and after gathering support, primarily from Thrace,\n\nAlexander III (Medieval ; Modern Gaelic: ; 4 September 1241 \u2013 19 March 1286) was King of Scots from 1249 until his death. He concluded the Treaty of Perth, by which Scotland acquired sovereignty over the Western Isles and the Isle of Man. His heir, Margaret, Maid of Norway, died before she could be crowned. Life Alexander was born at Roxburgh, the only son of Alexander II by his second wife Marie de Coucy. Alexander's father died on 6 July 1249 and he became king at the age of seven, inaugurated at Scone on 13 July 1249. The years of his minority featured an embittered struggle for the control of affairs between two rival parties, the one led by Walter Comyn, Earl of Menteith, the other by Alan Durward, Justiciar of Scotia. The former dominated the early years of Alexander's reign. At the marriage of Alexander to Margaret of England\n\nAlfonso XIII (Spanish: Alfonso Le\u00f3n Fernando Mar\u00eda Jaime Isidro Pascual Antonio de Borb\u00f3n y Habsburgo-Lorena; French: Alphonse L\u00e9on Ferdinand Marie Jacques Isidore Pascal Antoine de Bourbon; 17 May 1886 \u2013 28 February 1941), also known as El Africano or the African due to his Africanist views, was King of Spain from his birth until 14 April 1931, when the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed. He was a monarch from birth as his father, Alfonso XII, had died the previous year. Alfonso's mother, Maria Christina of Austria, served as regent until he assumed full powers on his sixteenth birthday in 1902. Alfonso XIII's upbringing and public image were closely linked to the military estate, often presenting himself as a soldier-king. His effective reign started four years after the so-called 1898 Disaster, with various social factions projecting their expectations of national regeneration upon him. Similarly to other European monarchs of his time,\n\nQuestion: Philip IV became King of which European country in 1621?", "output": "Spain"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Fontaine Bartholdi is a fountain sculpted by Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Auguste Bartholdi and realised in 1889 by Gaget & Gautier. It was erected at the Place des Terreaux, in the 1st arrondissement of Lyon, in September 1892. History On 20 April 1857, the Bordeaux city council decided to hold a competition to create a fountain for Place Quinconces. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bartholdi, then aged 23, won the contest. However, the city hall of Bordeaux decided not to carry out his project. After Bartholdi had made the Statue of Liberty in New York in 1886, the mayor of Bordeaux contacted him, but his new project was canceled after much hesitation. It was finally achieved in 1888, but it was deemed as too expensive and therefore was sold to Lyon. It was unveiled as part of the Exposition Universelle (1889). The fountain was eventually put at the Place des Terreaux and is currently still there.\n\nPlace Bellecour () is a large square in the centre of Lyon, France, to the north of the Ainay district. Measuring 312 m by 200 m (62,000 m\u00b2 or 15 acres), it is one of the largest open squares (without any patches of greenery or trees) in Europe, and the third biggest square in France, behind the Place des Quinconces in Bordeaux (126,000 m\u00b2) and the Place de la Concorde in Paris (86,400 m\u00b2). It is also the largest pedestrian square in Europe: vehicles are allowed on the Place de la Concorde and Place des Quinconces. In the middle is an equestrian statue of King Louis XIV by Fran\u00e7ois-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Lemot (1825). Another statue, representing the Petit Prince and Antoine de Saint-Exup\u00e9ry, is at the west end of the square. The square also has two pavilions, housing the tourist information office of Lyon and an art gallery. The square is part\n\nSandra Milo (born Salvatrice Elena Greco; 11 March 1933 in Tunis) is an Italian actress, television personality, author, and musician. She won a Silver Ribbon best supporting actress award for each of her roles in Federico Fellini's 8\u00bd and Juliet of the Spirits. Career She made her film debut in 1955 alongside Alberto Sordi in The Bachelor. Her first major role came in 1959 thanks to the producer Moris Ergas, in General della Rovere, directed by Roberto Rossellini. She also appeared in his film, Vanina Vanini, but Rossellini's career was cut short after the film received harsh criticism at the Venice Festival. After she got married, she retired from her acting career. Until discovered by Fellini, Milo had mostly performed in comedies and melodramas. Although she was reluctant to make a comeback, Fellini convinced her to take on the role of the sexy, lightheaded mistress opposite Marcello Mastroianni in 8\u00bd.\n\nQuestion: In which city can you see the original statue of the Venus de Milo?", "output": "Paris"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Seronera is a small settlement in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. It is home to a small airstrip. Populated places in Mara Region\n\nMadidi () is a national park at the upper Amazon river basin in Bolivia. Established in 1995, the park has an area of 18,958km\u00b2. Along with the nearby protected (though not necessarily contiguous) areas Manuripi-Heath, Apolobamba, and the Manu Biosphere Reserve (Peru), Madidi is part of one of the largest protected areas in the world. Ranging from the Andes Mountains to the rainforests of the Tuichi River, Madidi is recognized as the world's most biologically diverse national park. In particular, Madidi extends to protect parts of the Bolivian Yungas and Bolivian montane dry forests ecoregions. Madidi National Park is accessible from San Buenaventura by crossing the Beni River via passenger ferry from Rurrenabaque. The local people who have migrated here from the Andean highlands speak the Quechua language. The park is home to indigenous groups including the Tacanan-speaking Tacana and Ese Ejja, the closely related Tsiman\u00e9 and Moset\u00e9n, and the\n\nHardangervidda National Park (, ), at , is Norway's largest national park. It spans from Numedal and Uvdal in the east and R\u00f8velseggi and Ullensvang in the west across the Hardanger mountain plateau (Hardangervidda). Designated as a national park in 1981, today it serves as a popular tourist destination for activities such as hiking, climbing, fishing, and cross-country skiing. The Norwegian Mountain Touring Association (DNT) maintains a comprehensive network of huts and paths across Hardangervidda. The Bergen Line and the main Highway 7 cross the plateau. The park lies in Viken, Vestland, and Vestfold og Telemark counties. It has the southernmost stock of several arctic animals and plants. Its wild reindeer herds are among the largest in the world. Several hundred nomadic Stone Age settlements have been found in the area, most likely related to the migration of the reindeer. Ancient trails cross the plateau, linking western and eastern Norway;\n\nQuestion: In which country is the Serengeti National Park?", "output": "TANZANIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Polar Beverages is a soft drink company based in Worcester, Massachusetts. It is a manufacturer and distributor of sparkling fruit beverages, seltzer, ginger ale, drink mixers, and spring water to customers in the United States. It is the largest independent soft-drink bottler in the United States. It markets beverages under its flagship brand, Polar Beverages, and under the brands Adirondack Beverages, Polar Seltzer, and Cape Cod Dry. In addition to its own drinks, Polar bottles and distributes national brands for companies such as Keurig Dr Pepper. The company has two bottling plants and six distribution facilities; it also offers corporate water services and beverage vending equipment. It is a fourth-generation, family-owned business that traces its roots to 1882; and is run by Ralph Crowley Jr., the great-grandson of founder Dennis M. Crowley. History Polar was founded by Ralph\u2019s great-grandfather, Dennis Mark \"Boss\" Crowley. The business began in the 1880s as\n\nFeldschl\u00f6sschen () is a Swiss beverage and brewing company located in Rheinfelden, in the German-speaking canton of Aargau, Switzerland. Founded in 1876, the company operates the biggest brewery in Switzerland by production, the Feldschl\u00f6sschen Brewery. It bought out Cardinal in 1991, and became a division of Carlsberg in 2000. In addition to beer, it also produces non-alcoholic beverages and mineral waters. The following brands are produced: Feldschl\u00f6sschen Feldschl\u00f6sschen Alcohol Free H\u00fcrlimann (merged in 1996) Cardinal (acquired in 1991) Carlsberg Tuborg Sommersby Pepsi Gurten Valaisanne Warteck Castello (beer) Schweppes 7up Lipton Ice Tea Similarly named German brewer Feldschl\u00f6\u00dfchen (with the eszett, \u00df) is the name of a brewer in Dresden, Germany, with no relation. See: See also Beer in Switzerland Calanda Br\u00e4u, the main competitor brewery, owned by Heineken Notes References External links Official site Beer in Switzerland Companies based in Aargau Rheinfelden (Aargau) Carlsberg Group\n\nSodaStream International Ltd. () is an Israel-based manufacturing company best-known as the maker of the consumer home carbonation product of the same name. The company's soda machines, in the style of soda siphons, add carbon dioxide to water from a pressurized cylinder to create carbonated water for drinking. It also sells more than 100 types of concentrated syrups and flavourings that are used in the process of making carbonated drinks. In 2018, SodaStream distributed its products to 80,000 individual retail stores across 45 countries. The company was founded in 1903 in England. After it merged with Soda-Club in 1998, it was relaunched with an emphasis on healthier drinks, and went public on the Nasdaq stock exchange in November 2010. SodaStream is headquartered in Kfar Saba, Israel, and has 13 production plants. In August 2018, the company was acquired by PepsiCo for US$3.2 billion. PepsiCo was attracted to the company due\n\nQuestion: Snow Breweries is the biggest brewing company in which country?", "output": "China"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "inside the peel (containing the seeds) is the endocarp. Uses Depending on the thickness and taste, fruit peel is sometimes eaten as part of the fruit, such as with apples. In some cases the peel is unpleasant or inedible, in which case it is removed and discarded, such as with bananas or grapefruits. The peel of some fruits \u2014 for example, pomegranates \u2014 is high in tannins and other polyphenols, and is employed in the production of dyes. The peel of citrus fruits is bitter and generally not eaten raw, but may be used in cooking. In gastronomy, the outermost, colored part of the peel is called the zest, which can be scraped off and used for its tangy flavor. A large piece of citrus peel, called a \"twist\", is often used to garnish cocktails. The fleshy white part of the peel, bitter when raw in most species, is used\n\nZest is a food ingredient that is prepared by scraping or cutting from the rind of unwaxed citrus fruits such as lemon, orange, citron, and lime. Zest is used to add flavor to foods. In terms of fruit anatomy, the zest is obtained from the flavedo (exocarp) which is also referred to as zest. The flavedo and white pith (albedo) of a citrus fruit together makes up its peel. The amounts of both flavedo and pith are variable among citrus fruits, and may be adjusted by the manner in which they are prepared. Citrus peel may be used fresh, dried, candied, or pickled in salt. Preparation For culinary use, a zester, grater, vegetable peeler, paring knife, or even a surform tool is used to scrape or cut zest from the fruit. Alternatively, the peel is sliced, then excess pith (if any) cut away. The white portion of the peel under\n\nA large piece of citrus peel, called a \"twist\", is often used to garnish cocktails. The fleshy white part of the peel, bitter when raw in most species, is used as succade or is prepared with sugar to make marmalade or fruit soup. The peel can also be candied, or dried to produce a seasoning (e.g. chenpi). Nutrition In a 100 gram reference amount, raw orange peel supplies 97 calories, with dietary fiber and vitamin C in rich content having 42% and 227% of the Daily Value (DV), respectively. Calcium content is 16% of the DV, with no other micronutrients in significant amounts. A serving of raw orange peel provides 63% DV for vitamin C and 12% DV for dietary fiber. See also Banana peel Biorefinery: conversion of citrus peel to succinic acid Fruit anatomy, describing the botanical terms of fruit and skin layers Peeler Zest (ingredient) References Fruit\n\nQuestion: A veronique dish is garnished with which fruit?", "output": "Grapes"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Justin Irvin Upton (born August 25, 1987) is an American professional baseball outfielder who is currently a free agent. Nicknamed \"J-Up\", he has previously played in MLB for the Arizona Diamondbacks, Atlanta Braves, San Diego Padres, Detroit Tigers, Los Angeles Angels, and Seattle Mariners. He has been a teammate of his brother B. J. Upton with both the Braves and the Padres. While primarily a right fielder throughout his career, Upton has since transitioned to left field for the Braves, Padres and Tigers. Upton was selected first overall by the Diamondbacks in the 2005 MLB draft out of high school and made his MLB debut with them in 2007. He has been selected to four All-Star teams and has won three Silver Slugger Awards. Justin and B.J. are the only brothers in MLB to ever be selected with the first and second picks of the first round of any draft.\n\nIan Michael Kinsler (; born June 22, 1982) is an American-Israeli former professional baseball second baseman. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for 14 seasons for the Texas Rangers, Detroit Tigers, Los Angeles Angels, Boston Red Sox, and San Diego Padres. Kinsler was a four-time All Star, two-time Gold Glove winner, and a member of the 2018 World Series champion Boston Red Sox. Despite having been drafted in the 17th round out of college, Kinsler rose to become a four-time All-Star and a member of the Sporting News''' 2009 list of the 50 greatest current players in baseball. He was known as a five-tool player, hitting for average and power, and excelling in baserunning, throwing, and fielding. Kinsler twice hit 30 home runs and stole 30 bases in the same season (2009 and 2011), and is one of 12 ballplayers in major league history who have had multiple 30\u201330\n\nBrandon Joel Tyler (born April 30, 1971) is an American former professional basketball player. College career Tyler, a 6' 1\" (185 cm) point guard, attended DePaul University for his freshman year and the University of Texas at Austin for his final three college years. Professional career Philadelphia 76ers (1994\u20131995) Tyler was taken twentieth overall in the 1994 NBA draft by the Philadelphia 76ers. He played 55 games for them in 1994-95, averaging 3.5 points and 3.2 assists per game. Prior to the 1995-96 NBA season, Tyler was selected by the Toronto Raptors in the 1995 expansion draft. According to journalist Chris Young's book Drive, Tyler accidentally fell asleep with a pack of ice on his ankle, causing severe nerve damage. Robbed of the speed that his game was based on, he was subsequently forced to retire. Career statistics NBA |- | style=\"text-align:left;\"|1994-95 | style=\"text-align:left;\"|Philadelphia | 55 || 8 || 14.7\n\nQuestion: An athlete who in 2013 famously became the first active professional in one of the four major US team sports to declare he is homosexual, has a twin brother who was a professional in what sport?", "output": "Basketball"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Coral Sea Islands Territory is an external territory of Australia which comprises a group of small and mostly uninhabited tropical islands and reefs in the Coral Sea, north-east of Queensland, Australia. The only inhabited island is Willis Island. The territory covers , most of which is ocean, extending east and south from the outer edge of the Great Barrier Reef and includes Heralds Beacon Island, Osprey Reef, the Willis Group and fifteen other reef/island groups. Cato Island is the highest point in the Territory. History and status The Coral Sea Islands were first charted in 1803. In the 1870s and 1880s the islands were mined for guano but the absence of a reliable supply of fresh water prevented long-term habitation. The Coral Sea Islands became an Australian external territory in 1969 by the Coral Sea Islands Act (prior to that, the area was considered a part of Queensland) and\n\nAn archipelago ( ), sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster, or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands. Examples of archipelagos include: the Indonesian Archipelago, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep Islands, the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, the Japanese archipelago, the Philippine Archipelago, the Maldives, the Balearic Islands, the \u00c5land Islands, The Bahamas, the Aegean Islands, the Hawaiian Islands, the Canary Islands, Malta, the Azores, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the British Isles, the islands of the Archipelago Sea, and Shetland. Archipelagos are sometimes defined by political boundaries. For example, while they are geopolitically divided, the San Juan Islands and Gulf Islands geologically form part of a larger Gulf Archipelago. Etymology The word archipelago is derived from the Ancient Greek \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9-(arkhi-, \"chief\") and \u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 (p\u00e9lagos, \"sea\") through the Italian arcipelago. In antiquity, \"Archipelago\" (from Medieval Greek *\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 and Latin\n\nRosalind Bank, also called Rosalinda or Rosa Linda Bank (), is a large, completely submerged bank or atoll in the western Caribbean Sea. It is the culmination of an area of coral reef, some long, that extends eastward from Cabo Gracias a Dios. The bank area is part of an extensive structure, known as Nicaragua Rise, that continues further east through Pedro Bank towards Jamaica. Geography Rosalind is long in a north\u2013south direction and wide, as defined by the isobath, which corresponds to an area of roughly . General depths range from , an almost immediate transition from the depth of surrounding waters. The bottom is of coarse sand and coral. Several patches of depths from lie on a long coral ledge located within the southeast edge of the bank. A detached patch lies near the southwest edge of the bank, west of the southern end of this ledge. A\n\nQuestion: What is the technical term for a coral island consisting of a reef surrounding a lagoon?", "output": "ATOLL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "California is a state in the Western United States. With over 38.9million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state, the third-largest U.S. state by area, and the most populated subnational entity in North America. California borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and the Mexican state of Baja California to the south; it has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the west. The Greater Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay areas in California are the nation's second and fifth-most populous urban regions, respectively. Greater Los Angeles has over 18.7 million residents and the San Francisco Bay Area has over 9.6 million residents. Los Angeles is the state's most populous city and the nation's second-most populous city. San Francisco is the second-most densely populated major city in the country. Los Angeles County is the country's most populous county,\n\nCambridge ( ) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, in the United States. It is a major suburb in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, located directly across the Charles River from Boston. The city's population as of the 2020 U.S. census was 118,403, making it the most populous city in the county, the 4th most populous city in the state, behind Boston, Worcester, and Springfield, and ninth most populous city in New England. It was named in honor of the University of Cambridge in England, which was an important center of the Puritan theology that was embraced by the town's founders. Cambridge is known globally as home to two of the world's most prestigious universities. Harvard University, an Ivy League university founded in Cambridge in 1636, is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and has routinely been ranked as one of the best universities in\n\nBerkeley ( ) is a city on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California, United States. It is named after the 18th-century Anglo-Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley. It borders the cities of Oakland and Emeryville to the south and the city of Albany and the unincorporated community of Kensington to the north. Its eastern border with Contra Costa County generally follows the ridge of the Berkeley Hills. The 2020 census recorded a population of 124,321. Berkeley is home to the oldest campus in the University of California, the University of California, Berkeley, and the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, which is managed and operated by the university. It also has the Graduate Theological Union, one of the largest religious studies institutions in the world. Berkeley is considered one of the most socially progressive cities in the United States. History Indigenous history The site of today's\n\nQuestion: In which US state will you find Stanford University?", "output": "California"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Generally speaking, a calendar year begins on the New Year's Day of the given calendar system and ends on the day before the following New Year's Day, and thus consists of a whole number of days. A year can also be measured by starting on any other named day of the calendar, and ending on the day before this named day in the following year. This may be termed a \"year's time\", but not a \"calendar year\". To reconcile the calendar year with the astronomical cycle (which has a fractional number of days) certain years contain extra days (\"leap days\" or \"intercalary days\"). The Gregorian year, which is in use in most of the world, begins on January 1 and ends on December 31. It has a length of 365 days in an ordinary year, with 8760 hours, 525,600 minutes, or 31,536,000 seconds; but 366 days in a leap year,\n\nends on December 31. It has a length of 365 days in an ordinary year, with 8760 hours, 525,600 minutes, or 31,536,000 seconds; but 366 days in a leap year, with 8784 hours, 527,040 minutes, or 31,622,400 seconds. With 97 leap years every 400 years, the year has an average length of 365.2425 days. Other formula-based calendars can have lengths which are further out of step with the solar cycle: for example, the Julian calendar has an average length of 365.25 days, and the Hebrew calendar has an average length of 365.2468 days. The Lunar Hijri calendar is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 months in a year of 354 or 355 days. The astronomer's mean tropical year, which is averaged over equinoxes and solstices, is currently 365.24219 days, slightly shorter than the average length of the year in most calendars. Quarters The calendar year can be divided into four\n\nDuring the 21st century, there will be 224 solar eclipses of which 77 will be partial, 73 will be annular, 68 will be total and 7 will be hybrids between total and annular eclipses. Of these, two annular and one total eclipse will be non-central, in the sense that the very center (axis) of the Moon's shadow will miss the Earth (for more information see gamma). In the 21st century, the greatest number of eclipses in one year is four, in 2011, 2029, 2047, 2065, 2076, and 2094. The predictions given here are by Fred Espenak of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. At this point, the longest measured duration in which the Moon completely covered the Sun, known as totality, was during the solar eclipse of July 22, 2009. This total solar eclipse had a maximum duration of 6 minutes and 38.86 seconds. The longest possible duration of a total\n\nQuestion: How many solstices are there each year?", "output": "Two"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "broken down into forcings, feedbacks and internal variations. A forcing is something that is imposed externally on the climate system. External forcings include natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions and variations in the sun's output. Human activities can also impose forcings, for example, through changing the composition of Earth's atmosphere. Radiative forcing is a measure of how various factors alter the energy balance of planet Earth. A positive radiative forcing will lead towards a warming of the surface and, over time, the climate system. Between the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1750, and the year 2005, the increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (chemical formula: ) led to a positive radiative forcing, averaged over the Earth's surface area, of about 1.66 watts per square metre (abbreviated W m\u22122). Climate feedbacks can either amplify or dampen the response of the climate to a given forcing. There are many\n\nR-406A is a refrigerant invented by George H. Goble. It is a mixture of three components: chlorodifluoromethane (R-22), isobutane (R-600a), and chlorodifluoroethane (R-142b) in the ratio 55/4/41. This refrigerant was designed as a drop-in replacement for dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12) which is compatible with the typical mineral oil lubricants used in R-12 systems. Since it is a zeotropic mixture, it has a range of boiling points which may increase the effectiveness of the heat transfer elements in refrigeration equipment. Because it contains R-22, its future is limited due to eventual phase-out of this refrigerant. References Refrigerants\n\nSelective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) is a method to lessen nitrogen oxide emissions in conventional power plants that burn biomass, waste and coal. The process involves injecting either ammonia or urea into the firebox of the boiler at a location where the flue gas is between to react with the nitrogen oxides formed in the combustion process. The resulting product of the chemical redox reaction is molecular nitrogen (N2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and water (H2O). The conversion of noxious NOx to innocuous N2 is described by the following simplified equation: 4 NO + 4 NH3 + O2 \u2192 4 N2 + 6 H2O When urea is used, the pre-reaction occurs to first convert it to ammonia: NH2CONH2 + H2O \u2192 2 NH3 + CO2 Being a solid, urea is easier to handle and store than the more dangerous ammonia (NH3), so it is the reactant of choice. The reaction requires a\n\nQuestion: An 'R number' identifies what sort of substance having potentially significant impact on global warming when used in heating/cooling applications?", "output": "Refrigerant"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Paw Paws (also known as Paw Paw Bears) is an American animated television series produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions that first aired in 1985 and 1986. It debuted as part of the weekday/weekend morning programming block The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera. The series name is a play on the paw paw, a fruit cultivated by Native Americans and indigenous to North America, and a play on words with a bear's paw. Reruns of the show formerly aired on Cartoon Network and later Boomerang. Plot Deep in a forest somewhere, a group of Native American bear cubs defending themselves from their enemies The Meanos led by the evil sorcerer Dark Paw. Dark Paw and his henchmen were after the Paw Paws' three large wooden totems, Totem Bear, Totem Tortoise, and Totem Eagle. The totems also served as the tribe's protectors, coming to life when needed through means of Princess Paw Paw's Mystic\n\nlarge wooden totems, Totem Bear, Totem Tortoise, and Totem Eagle. The totems also served as the tribe's protectors, coming to life when needed through means of Princess Paw Paw's Mystic Moonstone, which she wore around her neck, to defend the village. Much like other Hanna-Barbera programs, such as The Smurfs, The Biskitts, Shirt Tales, Snorks and the Pound Puppies, the bears had names that denoted their personalities\u2014Laughing Paw, Medicine Paw, Bumble Paw, etc. Brave Paw and Princess Paw Paw tended to be the leads, riding into adventures on their magical flying ponies, while aging Wise Paw served as tribal advisor. The mascot of the group was a tiny dog by the name of PaPooch. Characters Paw Paws Wise Paw (voiced by John Ingle) \u2013 He is the chief leader of the Paw Paws. He is the oldest and wisest of the tribe. Princess Paw Paw (voiced by Susan Blu) \u2013\n\ncalled Mr. Cheese, a plastic lump of cheese that squeaks whenever it is squeezed. Voiced by Sue Monroe. Mukka Mukka is an extremely hyperactive purple monkey. He has a lucky object called Fluffy Stuff and a pet lump called Lumpy. Voiced by Wim Booth. Dogsby Dogsby is a brown dog, the most sensible member of the group, and usually stays calm in most circumstances. Dogsby's lucky object is a purple and yellow hat named Lucky Hat, which Dogsby never wears because if he wears it he \"might get too lucky!\". Dogsby loves cabbages, and is also not very good at getting colours right. Voiced by Sally Preisig (series 1), Sam Mason (series 2) and Liz Fost (one-off Christmas CBeebies appearance). Alarmorama Alarmorama (often mentioned by Dogsby, Mukka and Tigs) is a toy machine situated on one of the walls in the living room. Although Alarmorama doesn't speak, it communicates using\n\nQuestion: In The Simpsons, what type of animal is Santa's Little Helper?", "output": "Dog"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Old Devils is a novel by Kingsley Amis, published in 1986. It won the Booker Prize. Alun Weaver, a writer of modest celebrity, returns to his native Wales with his wife, Rhiannon, sometime girlfriend of Weaver's old acquaintance Peter Thomas. Alun begins associating with a group of former friends, including Peter, all of whom have continued to live locally while he was away. Drinking daily in the pub with the men, he cuckolds most of them. As in others of Amis's novels, the characters and parts of the plot are based on real people and experiences. A poet, Brydan, is a thinly disguised parody of Dylan Thomas, whom Amis once met. Amis had a low opinion of Thomas, calling him a \"pernicious figure, one who has helped to get Wales and Welsh poetry a bad name and generally done lasting harm to both... the general picture he draws of\n\nThe Booker Prize, formerly the Booker Prize for Fiction (1969\u20132001) and the Man Booker Prize (2002\u20132019), is a literary award conferred each year for the best novel written in the English language, which was published in the United Kingdom and Ireland. The winner of the Booker Prize receives international publicity that usually leads to a sales boost. When the prize was created, only novels written by Commonwealth, Irish, and South African (and later Zimbabwean) citizens were eligible to receive the prize; in 2014, eligibility was widened to any English-language novel\u2014a change that proved controversial. A five-person panel constituted by authors, librarians, literary agents, publishers, and booksellers is appointed by the Booker Prize Foundation each year to choose the winning book. As of 2015, the chief executive of the Booker Prize Foundation is Gaby Wood. A high-profile literary award in British culture, the Booker Prize is greeted with anticipation and fanfare.\n\nthat Amis's \"comic genius relies so much upon build-up, context and impeccable timing that it can only be fully appreciated in its correct setting... get hold of the book yourself. It's that rare and precious thing\u2014a novel that is a delight from start to finish.\" The Los Angeles Times wrote, \"For longtime admirers of the Amis of Lucky Jim and after, The Old Devils is welcomed evidence that the master remains masterful, able now to conjoin the mischievous with the mellow. As always, he is an insightful guide through the terrain where what is said is not meant and what is felt is not said, but where much of life is lived.\" The Old Devils is considered Amis's masterpiece by his son, Martin Amis, who wrote, \"it stands comparison with any English novel of the century.\" References 1986 British novels Novels by Kingsley Amis Booker Prize-winning works Novels set in\n\nQuestion: Who wrote the 1986 Booker Prize winning novel 'The Old Devils?", "output": "Kingsley Amis"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "other four finalists were the BMW 335d, the Ford Fusion Hybrid, Saturn Vue 2 Mode Hybrid, and the Smart Fortwo. In 2015, VW admitted their diesel line from 2009-2015 was designed to correctly limit nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions only during static testing.) 2010 \u2014 Audi A3 TDI Clean Diesel (Rescinded due to Volkswagen emissions scandal)) The other finalists were the Honda Insight, the Mercury Milan Hybrid, the Toyota Prius and the clean diesel VW Golf TDI. Like the 2009 Volkswagen Jetta, the winning 2010 Audi and the 2010 VW Golf were diesel vehicles that Volkswagen admitted in 2015 were designed to limit NOx emissions only when being emission tested. 2011 \u2014 Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid. The other finalists were the Nissan Leaf battery electric car, the hybrid electric versions of the Hyundai Sonata and the Lincoln MKZ, and the gasoline-powered Ford Fiesta, which achieves in highway driving. 2012 \u2014 Honda\n\nThe Henry J is an American automobile built by the Kaiser-Frazer Corporation and named after its chairman, Henry J. Kaiser. Production of six-cylinder models began in their Willow Run factory in Michigan in July 1950, and four-cylinder production started shortly after Labor Day, 1950. The official public introduction was on September 28, 1950. The car was marketed through 1954. Development The Henry J was the idea of Henry J. Kaiser, who sought to increase sales of his Kaiser automotive line by adding a car that could be built inexpensively and thus affordable for the average American in the same vein that Henry Ford produced the Model T. The goal was to attract \"less affluent buyers who could only afford a used car\" and the attempt became a pioneering American compact car. To finance the project, the Kaiser-Frazer Corporation received a federal government loan in 1949. This financing specified various particulars\n\nBentley Motors Limited is a British designer, manufacturer and marketer of luxury cars and SUVs. Headquartered in Crewe, England, the company was founded by W. O. Bentley (1888\u20131971) in 1919 in Cricklewood, North London, and became widely known for winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1924, 1927, 1928, 1929 and 1930. Bentley has been a subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group since 1998 and consolidated under VW's premium brand arm Audi since 2022. Prominent models extend from the historic sports-racing Bentley 4\u00bd Litre and Bentley Speed Six; the more recent Bentley R Type Continental, Bentley Turbo R, and Bentley Arnage; to its current model line, including the Flying Spur, Continental GT, Bentayga and the Mulsanne\u2014which are marketed worldwide, with China as its largest market as of November 2012. Today most Bentley models are assembled at the company's Crewe factory, with a small number assembled at Volkswagen's Dresden factory, Germany,\n\nQuestion: Which car manufacturer made the Jetta", "output": "Volkswagen"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cape Horn (, ) is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile, and is located on the small Hornos Island. Although not the most southerly point of South America (which is the Diego Ram\u00edrez Islands), Cape Horn marks the northern boundary of the Drake Passage and marks where the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans meet. Cape Horn was identified by mariners and first rounded in 1616 by the Dutchmen Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire, who named it after the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands. For decades, Cape Horn was a major milestone on the clipper route, by which sailing ships carried trade around the world. The waters around Cape Horn are particularly hazardous, owing to strong winds, large waves, strong currents and icebergs. The need for boats and ships to round Cape Horn was greatly reduced by the opening of the Panama Canal in\n\nThe Uspallata Pass, Bermejo Pass or Cumbre Pass, is an Andean pass which provides a route between the wine-growing region around the Argentine city of Mendoza, the Chilean city Los Andes and Santiago, the Chilean capital situated in the central Chilean valley. Overview The pass has been used since colonial times as the most direct link between the Pacific seaport of Valparaiso and the Atlantic port of Buenos Aires, avoiding the 11-day, journey by sea, via Cape Horn, between the two ports. In 1817 it was used by the Army of the Andes to cross the Andes, in the campaign to free Chile from the Spanish Empire. Reaching a maximum elevation of about , the pass runs between the peaks of the Aconcagua to the north and the Tupungato to the south. A railroad tunnel built by the now defunct Transandine Railway (1910\u20131982) runs underneath. The Pan-American Highway runs through\n\naround the world, follows the ACC around three continental capes \u2013 Cape Agulhas (Africa), South East Cape (Australia), and Cape Horn (South America). The current creates the Ross and Weddell gyres. Structure The ACC connects the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans, and serves as a principal pathway of exchange among them. The current is strongly constrained by landform and bathymetric features. To trace it starting arbitrarily at South America, it flows through the Drake Passage between South America and the Antarctic Peninsula and then is split by the Scotia Arc to the east, with a shallow warm branch flowing to the north in the Falkland Current and a deeper branch passing through the Arc more to the east before also turning to the north. Passing through the Indian Ocean, the current first retroflects the Agulhas Current to form the Agulhas Return Current before it is split by the Kerguelen Plateau,\n\nQuestion: What is the name of the \u2018Passage\u2019 which is the body of water between the southern tip of South America at Cape Horn, Chile and the South Shetland Islands in Antarctica?", "output": "Drake Passage"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Africa is a continent comprising 63 political territories, representing the largest of the great southward projections from the main mass of Earth's surface. Within its regular outline, it comprises an area of , excluding adjacent islands. Its highest mountain is Mount Kilimanjaro; its largest lake is Lake Victoria. Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea and from much of Asia by the Red Sea, Africa is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez (which is transected by the Suez Canal), wide. For geopolitical purposes, the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt \u2013 east of the Suez Canal \u2013 is often considered part of Africa. From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia, at 37\u00b021\u2032 N, to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas in South Africa, 34\u00b051\u203215\u2033 S, is a distance approximately of ; from Cap-Vert, 17\u00b031\u203213\u2033W, the westernmost point, to Ras Hafun in the Somali\n\nThe East African mountains are a mountain region in the African Great Lakes, within Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. Location and description The mountains are related to the East African Rift, and are in two chains, the Western Rift includes the Virunga Mountains, Mitumba Mountains, and the Rwenzori Range, while the mountains to the east include the largest peaks in Africa: the snow-covered Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895m, 19,340 ft), and Mount Kenya (5,199m, 17,058 ft). Other mountains in the Eastern Rift area include Mount Elgon in Kenya and Uganda. All but the Ruwenzori are of volcanic origin. The weather at the highest elevations is often cold and wet. Fauna The mountains are rich in wildlife, including animals who migrate to higher altitudes during the hot season in the surrounding savanna. The mountains are home to a number of endemic bird species such as Hinde's babbler\n\nChad (; ), officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It borders Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the \"Dead Heart of Africa\". Prehistory The territory now known as Chad possesses some of the richest archaeological sites in Africa. A hominid skull was found by Michel Brunet, that is more than 7 million years old, the oldest discovered anywhere in the world; it has been given the name Sahelanthropus tchadensis. In 1996 Michel Brunet had unearthed a hominid jaw which he named Australopithecus bahrelghazali, and unofficially dubbed Abel. It was dated using Beryllium based Radiometric dating as living circa. 3.6 million years ago. During the 7th\n\nQuestion: Mount Catherine is the highest mountain in which African country?", "output": "Egypt"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Belfast ( , ; from , meaning \"mouth of the sand-bank ford\") is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 10th-largest primary urban area in the United Kingdom and the second-largest city in the island of Ireland. Belfast City had a population of 293,298 in 2021. The population of its metropolitan area was 671,559 in 2011, and the Belfast Local Government District had a population 345,418 . By the early 19th century, Belfast was a major port. It played an important role in the Industrial Revolution in Ireland, briefly becoming the biggest linen-producer in the world, earning it the nickname \"Linenopolis\". By the time it was granted city status in 1888, it was a major centre of Irish linen production, tobacco-processing and rope-making. Shipbuilding was also a key industry; the Harland & Wolff shipyard,\n\nDerryadd () is a hamlet and townland in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. It is within the Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council area, on the southern shores of Lough Neagh. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 201 people. Ardmore Primary School closed in 2006 due to low pupil numbers. References External links NI Neighbourhood Information System Townlands of County Armagh\n\nThe Belfast\u2013Derry line (referred to as the Derry~Londonderry Line by NI Railways) runs from Belfast to Derry in Northern Ireland. The line is double-track on the short section it shares with the Belfast\u2013Larne line, but is composed primarily of single track from Monkstown to Derry with passing points at Templepatrick, Antrim, Magherabeg, Ballymena, Killagan, Ballymoney, Coleraine and Bellarena. The line is the busiest single track railway line in the United Kingdom, carrying 3 million passengers per annum, the Derry-Londonderry Line has also been described by Michael Palin as \u201cone of the most beautiful rail journeys in the world\u201d. Current service Weekday and Saturday services on the line run hourly from in Belfast to and vice versa (except weekdays last train from Derry will terminate ). Hourly shuttle services to and from connect with the line at . On Sundays services from Great Victoria Street to Derry operate every two hours\n\nQuestion: What is the official name of the city of Derry, in Northern Ireland?", "output": "Londonderry"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country mostly in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogot\u00e1 is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urbes include Medell\u00edn, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, C\u00facuta, Ibagu\u00e9, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage\u2014including language, religion, cuisine, and art\u2014reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by mass immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those\n\nThe history of Colombia includes the settlements and society by indigenous peoples, most notably, the Muisca Confederation, Quimbaya Civilization, and Tairona Chiefdoms; the Spanish arrived in 1492 and initiated a period of annexation and colonization, most noteworthy being Spanish conquest; ultimately creating the Viceroyalty of New Granada, with its capital at Bogot\u00e1. Independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 the \"Gran Colombia\" Federation was dissolved. What is now Colombia and Panama emerged as the Republic of New Granada. The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858), and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886; as well as constant political violence in the country. Panama seceded in 1903. Since the 1960s, the country has suffered from an asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict, which escalated in the 1990s, but then decreased from 2005 onward. The legacy of\n\nThe Republic of Colombia is situated largely in the north-west of South America, with some territories falling within the boundaries of Central America. It is bordered to the north-west by Panama; to the east by Brazil and Venezuela; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and it shares maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti. Colombia has a land size of and it is the 25th largest nation in the world and the fourth-largest country in South America (after Brazil, Argentina, and Peru). Colombia's population is not evenly distributed, and most of the people live in the mountainous western portion of the country as well as along the northern coastline; the highest number live in or near the capital city of Bogot\u00e1. The southern and eastern portions of the country are sparsely inhabited, consisting of tropical rainforest, and inland tropical plains that contain large\n\nQuestion: Which country, once part of the Republic of Colombia under Simon Bolivar, became independent in 1830 and annexed the Galapagos Islands in 1832?", "output": "Ecuador"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Coal Miner's Daughter\" is a song written and recorded by American singer-songwriter Loretta Lynn. Considered Lynn's signature song, it was originally released as a single in 1970 and became a number one hit on the Billboard country chart. It was later released on an album of the same name. Produced by Owen Bradley, the song tells the story of Lynn's coal-mining father in rural Kentucky during the Great Depression. Lynn, who was born in 1932 and experienced the Great Depression as a child, also describes her childhood and the circumstances she was raised in during those years. \"Coal Miner's Daughter\" would receive positive reviews from journalists and music critics alike following its release. It would become one of Lynn's signature recordings in her career. It would also be considered one of music's most significant recordings, according to polls from Time and the Recording Industry Association of America. The song has\n\nrecordings in her career. It would also be considered one of music's most significant recordings, according to polls from Time and the Recording Industry Association of America. The song has been covered several times since its original release, notably being a collaboration from Lynn, Sheryl Crow and Miranda Lambert. Background and composition The music and lyrics of \"Coal Miner's Daughter\" had been written entirely by Loretta Lynn. She composed the song in 1969, a year before its official recording. While writing the lyrics, Lynn composed the melody at the same time. The melody had originally been written in a bluegrass style, which matched the style of music she was raised singing. According to Lynn, she had trouble rhyming some of the song's words. \"I had to match up words like \u201choller\u201d and \u201cdaughter\u201d and \u201cwater.\u201d But after it was done, the rhymes weren't so important,\" Lynn wrote in her 1976\n\ndaughter Pat. He had a further daughter, Wendy, who also resided on Bedford Close, and two sons Glyn and Graham. References External links 1914 births 1978 deaths Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies National Union of Mineworkers-sponsored MPs UK MPs 1959\u20131964 UK MPs 1964\u20131966 UK MPs 1966\u20131970 UK MPs 1970\u20131974 UK MPs 1974 UK MPs 1974\u20131979 Ministers in the Wilson governments, 1964\u20131970\n\nQuestion: Who is the \u2018Coalminer\u2019s Daughter\u2019?", "output": "Loretta Lynn"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nMagnolia Springs is a town in south Baldwin County, Alabama, United States, in the Daphne-Fairhope-Foley metropolitan area. The town voted to incorporate in 2006. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 723. History Magnolia Springs is located at the headwaters of the Magnolia River, which was originally called River de Lin, or River del Salto by local residents. Various boats and steamships brought travelers into the area. The largest enterprise in the area was turpentine distillation. These stills were burned by their owners in 1865 to prevent them from being captured when Union soldiers began amassing in the area. One leaves \"the Old Spanish Trail at the eastern head of the Cochrane Bridge, and drives south through Fairhope along Mobile Bay. Ten or fifteen miles beyond is the pleasant little village of Magnolia Springs, and one is in the sandy Gulf Coast soil where these people have\n\nMagnolia is an offshore oil drilling and production Extended Tension Leg Platform in the Gulf of Mexico. It was the world's deepest ETLP, reaching , beating the Marco Polo TLP by . In March 2018, Big Foot ETLP took over this claim in . The hull consists of four circular columns connected at the bottom by rectangular pontoons. At the base of each column, a pontoon extends outward to support two tethers, which are connected to pile foundations on the seabed. The design capacity is an estimated daily production of of oil and of natural gas. The Magnolia field is located approximately south of Cameron, Louisiana, in Garden Banks blocks 783 and 784 in the Gulf of Mexico. It is located along the southern edge of the Titan Mini-Basin where multiple deep-water reservoir sands encounter a series of down-to-the-basin and antithetic faults adjacent to salt. See also Mars (oil platform)\n\nQuestion: What state is known as the Magnolia State?", "output": "Mississippi"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Florida. A series of rebellions between 1868 and 1898, led by General M\u00e1ximo G\u00f3mez, failed to end Spanish rule and claimed the lives of 49,000 Cuban guerrillas and 126,000 Spanish soldiers. However, the Spanish\u2013American War resulted in a Spanish withdrawal from the island in 1898, and following three-and-a-half years of subsequent US military rule, Cuba gained formal independence in 1902. In the years following its independence, the Cuban republic saw significant economic development, but also political corruption and a succession of despotic leaders, culminating in the overthrow of the dictator Fulgencio Batista by the 26th of July Movement, led by Fidel Castro, during the 1953\u20131959 Cuban Revolution. The new government aligned with the Soviet Union and embraced communism. In the early 1960s, Castro's regime withstood invasion, faced nuclear Armageddon, and experienced a civil war that included Dominican support for regime opponents. Following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia (1968), Castro\n\nOverthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq is a book published in 2006 by New York Times foreign correspondent and author Stephen Kinzer about the United States's involvement in the overthrow of foreign governments from the late 19th century to the present. According to Kinzer, the first such instance was the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1893, and continuing to America-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. His examples include mini-histories of the U.S.-supported or encouraged coups d'\u00e9tat in Hawaii, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Nicaragua, Honduras, Iran, Guatemala, South Vietnam, Chile, Grenada, Panama, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Some examples used in the book refer to American support for local rebels against the existing national governments that led to a change in power. For example, in 1898, the United States helped to overthrow the government of Cuba by supporting local rebels who were already fighting their government.\n\nDesembarco del Granma National Park () is a national park in south-western Cuba, stretching across the Niquero and Pil\u00f3n municipalities in what is now Granma Province. The name of the park means \"Landing of the Granma\" and refers to the yacht in which Fidel Castro, Che Guevara, Ra\u00fal Castro, and 79 of their supporters sailed from Mexico to Cuba in 1956 and incited the Cuban Revolution. The National park is well known for its karst topography and coastal cliffs. The national park has a total area of 32,576 ha, of which 26,180 ha are terrestrial and 6,396 ha are marine. In 1999, it was listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site because of its uplifted marine terraces and pristine sea cliffs. Description Desembarco del Granma National Park is located on the western end of the Sierra Maestra range, along the tectonically active zone between the North American Plate and\n\nQuestion: What was the name of the Cuban dictator overthrown by Fidel Castro?", "output": "(Fulgencio) Batista"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Roar Mole: In A Hole / Born to Dig Mouse: Eats Cheese / Do Not Be Timid Octopus: Eight Arms / Lucky Number: 8 Owl: Active At Night / Night Predator Panda: Go for More / Loves Bamboo Rabbit: Eat More Carrots Rhinoceros: Think Big / Nose Horn Seal: Loves To Sun Tan / Barks Underwater Sheep: Wool Sweaters Snail: Snail Mail? / Slow Mail Squid: Black Ink Squirrel: Your Best Friend / Nut Burrower Stag Beetle: Love It / Powerful Jaw Starfish: Star in the Sea / Star+Fish / Sea Star Whale: Biggesy Mammal (Typo: Should be \"Biggest Mammal\") / Largest Mammal Zebra: Herbivore / Fancy Stripes Some of the animal-related quotes relate not to facts about the animals, but instead to the noise the animal makes, which is printed in a Japanese-influenced English dialect. For example: Chicken: Kokekokko Cow: Muuuuu There are also two \"golden\" non-animal quotes: Golden\n\nanimal. The quotes are in English, but often appear unorthodox to native English speakers. Examples of these animal quotes include: Balloon: Goes Pop Bat: Only In The Night / Flying Mammal Beetle: Thick Shiny Shell / Lucky Color: Brown Butterfly: Flower to Flower Cat: Has Nine Lives / Say Meow Chick: Eager to Hatch / Lucky Color: Yellow Chicken: Kokekokko / Cluck Cluck Cow: Moooooo Duck: Go For A Swim / Quack, Quack Elephant: Jumbo / Longest Nose Fox: Beware Of Lies / Cunning And Sly Frog: Amphibian / Ribbit Giraffe: Tallest Mammal / Longest Neck Goat: You Are Lucky Today / Don't Feed Paper Grown Baby: Cradle Them All Horse: Gallop Away / My \"Neigh\"bor Kettle: Goes Ssss Lion: Roar Mole: In A Hole / Born to Dig Mouse: Eats Cheese / Do Not Be Timid Octopus: Eight Arms / Lucky Number: 8 Owl: Active At Night / Night\n\nCarnivora is an order of placental mammals that have specialized in primarily eating flesh, whose members are formally referred to as carnivorans. The order Carnivora is the fifth largest order of mammals, comprising at least 279 species. Carnivorans live on every major landmass and in a variety of habitats, ranging from the cold polar regions to the hyper-arid region of the Sahara Desert to the open seas. They come in a very large array of different body plans with a wide diversity of shapes and sizes. Carnivora can be divided into two suborders: the Feliformia, containing the true felines and several feline-like forms, and the Caniformia, containing the true canids (such as wolves and dingos) and many somewhat \"dog-like\" forms such as sea lions and bears. The feliforms include families such as the cats, the hyenas, the mongooses and the civets. The majority of feliform species are found in the\n\nQuestion: What type of animal is said to never forget?", "output": "Elephant"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of beta Caryophyllene and alpha Humulene. Stem oil is derived from the twigs of S. aromaticum. It consists of 85\u201392% eugenol, with other minor constituents. Stem oil is closer in olfactive and flavor profile to bud oil. Distilled clove oil from buds contains mixed phytochemicals, including as main constituents phenylpropanoids (primarily eugenol), carvacrol, thymol, and cinnamaldehyde, with smaller quantities of polyphenols, carbohydrates, lipids, oleanolic acid, and rhamnetin. Human health Toxicity Clove oil is toxic in anything other than small therapeutic doses, and several cases of acute liver and kidney damage have been reported, principally in children. Toothache Particularly in South Korea and India, eugenol, a phytochemical extracted from clove oil, is used to relieve toothache. Applied to a cavity in a decayed tooth or tooth socket remaining after extraction, eugenol or clove oil may relieve toothache temporarily. In the United States, the FDA considers eugenol ineffective for treating dental pain,\n\nOil of clove, also known as clove oil, is an essential oil extracted from the clove plant, Syzygium aromaticum. Clove oil is commonly used in aromatherapy and for flavoring food and some medicines. Madagascar and Indonesia are the main producers of clove oil. Some countries, such as the UK, acknowledge its use for temporary relief of toothache, although there is insufficient medical evidence to support its use as an analgesic. Types and phytochemicals There are three types of clove oil: Bud oil is derived from the flower-buds of S. aromaticum. It consists of 60\u201390% eugenol, eugenol acetate, caryophyllene and other minor constituents. Leaf oil is derived from the leaves of S. aromaticum. It consists of 70\u201382% eugenol, and some amounts of beta Caryophyllene and alpha Humulene. Stem oil is derived from the twigs of S. aromaticum. It consists of 85\u201392% eugenol, with other minor constituents. Stem oil is closer in\n\nDill oil is an essential oil extracted from the seeds or leaves/stems (dillweed) of the Dill plant. It can be used with water to create dill water. Dill (Anethum graveolens) is an annual herb in the celery family Apiaceae. It is the sole species of the genus Anethum. Origin Also known as Indian Dill, originally from Southwest Asia, Dill is an annual or biennial herb that grows up to 1 meter (3 feet). It has green feathery leaves and umbels of small yellow flowers, followed by tiny compressed seeds. It was popular with the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, who called it \"Anethon\" from which the botanical name was derived. The common name comes from the Anglo-Saxon dylle or dylla, which then changed to dill. The word means 'to lull' \u2013 referring to its soothing properties. In the Middle Ages it was used as a charm against witchcraft. From 812 onwards,\n\nQuestion: The pungent essential oil eugenol comprises about 70-90% of the oil from which spice?", "output": "Cloves"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "George Lippard (April 10, 1822February 9, 1854) was a 19th-century American novelist, journalist, playwright, social activist, and labor organizer. He was a popular author in antebellum America. A friend of Edgar Allan Poe, Lippard advocated a socialist political philosophy and sought justice for the working class in his writings. He founded a secret benevolent society, Brotherhood of the Union, investing in it all the trappings of a religion; the society, a precursor to labor organizations, survived until 1994. He authored two principal kinds of stories: Gothic tales about the immorality, horror, vice, and debauchery of large cities, such as The Monks of Monk Hall (1844), reprinted as The Quaker City (1844); and historical fiction of a type called romances, such as Blanche of Brandywine (1846), Legends of Mexico (1847), and the popular Legends of the Revolution (1847). Both kinds of stories, sensational and immensely popular when written, are mostly forgotten\n\nAmos Richards Eno Pinchot (December 6, 1873 \u2013 February 18, 1944) was an American lawyer and reformist. He never held public office but managed to exert considerable influence in reformist circles and did much to keep progressive and Georgist ideas alive in the 1920s. Early life and education Pinchot was born in Paris, to American parents, who were Episcopalians. His father was James Wallace Pinchot (1831\u20131908), a successful New York City wallpaper merchant and supporter of the conservation movement and his mother was Mary Jane Eno (maiden; 1838\u20131914), daughter of one of New York City's wealthiest real estate developers, Amos Eno. His siblings were the conservation leader Gifford Pinchot, and Antoinette E. Pinchot who later married Alan Johnstone. Pinchot was educated at St. Paul's, and at Yale where he was a member of the secret society Skull and Bones, He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1897. In\n\nJamake Highwater (born Jackie Marks, also known as Jay or J Marks; 14 February 1931 \u2013 June 3, 2001) was an American writer and journalist of Eastern European Jewish ancestry who mispresented himself as Cherokee. In the late 1960s, Marks assumed a pretendian identity, claiming to be Cherokee, and used the name \"Jamake Highwater\" for his writings. As Highwater, he wrote and published more than 30 fiction and non-fiction books of music, art, poetry and history. His children's novel Anpao: An American Indian Odyssey (1973) received a Newbery Honor. His book The Primal Mind: Vision and Reality in Indian America (1981) was the basis of a PBS film documentary about Native American culture. Marks was exposed as an imposter in 1984 by activist Hank Adams (Assiniboine) and reporter Jack Anderson in separate publications. Despite this, Marks continued to be widely perceived by the general public as Native American. Early life,\n\nQuestion: Clarence Darrow (1857-1938), fictionalized by Tracey, Spacey, and Fonda among others, was a famous American libertarian and?", "output": "Lawyer"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the stars points toward the star in the center of the seal. The seven-pointed stars represent the seven clans of the Cherokee. The current version comes the flag being modified in a resolution passed by the council on September 9, 1989. Then, a black seven-pointed star was added to the upper right-hand corner of the flag to represent the light that went out with the deaths of those who perished on the Trail of Tears. The official flag also has a green-and-black rope edging. The Cherokee script in the central seal reads: \"Tsa la gi yi A ye hli\" (translation: \"Cherokee Nation\"). Historic flags Peace Flag Oral tradition states that the earliest Cherokee flag was the Cherokee Peace Flag, which had seven red stars with seven points, arranged in the form of the Big Dipper asterism on a white field. Tradition also states the Cherokee War Flag was the same\n\ntwo swords\"), Oman (\"Five-cross flag\"), Georgia (\"Red Banner\"), Soviet Union (historical flag) (\"Blue Banner\"), East Turkestan (\"Black, white, red, white, green and a shield with two arrows\"), Kenya L (\"Red & green\"), Bangladesh Le\u00f2mhann na h-Alba (\"Lion Rampant\"), Scotland , Texas , Sri Lanka M or l'Unifoli\u00e9, Canada (\"The Banner\"), Faroe Islands (\"Red and White\"), Indonesia (\"The Monostarred\" or having one star, a single star, or a lone star), Puerto Rico N Native America's flag, Oklahoma Nishan Sahib (\"Holy flag\"/\"Exalted banner\"), Sikh flag (\"Sun-mark flag\"), Japan O , United States P (\"Mountain\"), Nepal (\"Flag of the Star and the Crescent\"), Pakistan Prinsenvlag (\"Prince's flag\"), Netherlands (historical) (\"Red-White-Green\"), Hungary (\"National Flag\"), Philippines Q (Q\u012bng Ti\u0101n, B\u00e1i R\u00ec, M\u01cen D\u00ec H\u00f3ng [\"Blue Sky, White Sun, Red Field\"]), Taiwan R (all unofficial), South Africa Rainbow flag, there are several independent rainbow flags in use today, the most widely known worldwide is the pride\n\nwith the following decree: Pennsylvania Provincial Conference (June 18\u201325, 1776) The Lee Resolution (also known as \"The Resolution for Independence\") (July 2, 1776) Declaration of Independence (1776) George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River (December 25, 1776) to attack the Crown Forces' German auxiliaries at Trenton. The decisive American victory was a significant morale boost to the demoralized, shrinking American army that was teetering on collapse due to impending enlistment expirations. The American victory at Trenton, together with American victories at the Battle of the Assunpink Creek and the Battle of Princeton helped inspire the Patriots and keep the Continental Army intact. Continental Congress adopts the 13-star US flag: \"Resolved, That the flag of the thirteen United States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white; that the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue field, representing a new constellation.\" (June 14, 1777) Philadelphia campaign (1777\u20131778) Conway Cabal (1777\u20131778) Battle\n\nQuestion: Each star on the US flag has how many points?", "output": "5"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Burmese English (also called Myanmar English) is the register of the English language used in Myanmar (Burma), spoken as first or second language by an estimated 2.4 million people, about 5% of the population (1997). The English language was initially introduced to the country during the British colonial period, spanning from 1824 until independence in 1948. History The British Empire annexed modern-day Myanmar in three stages over a six-decade span (1824\u20131885). It administered Myanmar as a province of British India until 1937, and as a separate colony until 1948. During the British colonial period, English was the medium of instruction in higher education, although it did not replace Burmese as the vernacular. English was the medium of instruction in universities and two types of secondary schools: English schools and Anglo-Vernacular schools (where English was taught as a second language). Burmese English resembles Indian English to a degree because of historical\n\nnews, it features in-depth political analysis and interviews with a wide range of Burma experts, business leaders, democracy activists and other influential figures. History It was started in 1990 with the name Burma Issues. The founder is Aung Zaw, a student activist from Rangoon University who left the country after the 1988 imposition of martial law and started the Burma Information Group (BIG) in Bangkok. The BIG initially circulated The Irrawaddy amongst foreign embassies, human rights groups and the Burmese exile community to update on developments inside Burma in the wake of the suppression of the pro-democracy movement and the consolidation of military control under the State Law and Order Restoration Council. The BIG's main offices were relocated to Chiang Mai, Thailand in 1995-96, and the organization was renamed the Irrawaddy Publishing Group in 1999 to coincide with an expansion of the magazine's focus to include other political issues in\n\nThe Irrawaddy () is a news website by the Irrawaddy Publishing Group (IPG), founded in 1990 by Burmese exiles living in Thailand. From its inception, The Irrawaddy has taken an independent stance on Burmese politics. As a publication produced by former Burmese activists who fled violent crackdowns on anti-military protests in 1988, it has always been closely associated with the pro-democracy movement, although it remains unaffiliated with any of the political groups that have emerged since the 8888 Uprising. The Irrawaddy is published in both English and Burmese, with a primary focus on Burma and Southeast Asia. It is regarded as one of the foremost journalistic publications dealing with political, social, economic and cultural developments in Burma. In addition to news, it features in-depth political analysis and interviews with a wide range of Burma experts, business leaders, democracy activists and other influential figures. History It was started in 1990 with\n\nQuestion: What did Burma change its name to in 1989?", "output": "Myanmar"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Africa is a continent comprising 63 political territories, representing the largest of the great southward projections from the main mass of Earth's surface. Within its regular outline, it comprises an area of , excluding adjacent islands. Its highest mountain is Mount Kilimanjaro; its largest lake is Lake Victoria. Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea and from much of Asia by the Red Sea, Africa is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez (which is transected by the Suez Canal), wide. For geopolitical purposes, the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt \u2013 east of the Suez Canal \u2013 is often considered part of Africa. From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia, at 37\u00b021\u2032 N, to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas in South Africa, 34\u00b051\u203215\u2033 S, is a distance approximately of ; from Cap-Vert, 17\u00b031\u203213\u2033W, the westernmost point, to Ras Hafun in the Somali\n\na gradually sloping basin, which descends towards Lake Chad. There are also central highlands in the Guera region rising to . Lake Chad is the second largest lake in west Africa and is one of the most important wetlands on the continent. Home to 120 species of fish and at least that many species of birds, the lake has shrunk dramatically in the last four decades due to increased water usage from an expanding population and low rainfall. Bordered by Chad, Niger, Nigeria, and Cameroon, Lake Chad currently covers only 1350 square kilometers, down from 25,000 square kilometers in 1963. The Chari and Logone Rivers, both of which originate in the Central African Republic and flow northward, provide most of the surface water entering Lake Chad. Chad is also next to Niger. Geographical placement Located in north-central Africa, Chad stretches for about 1,800 kilometers from its northernmost point to its\n\nCameroon ( ; ), officially the Republic of Cameroon (), is a country in Central Africa. It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Its coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. Due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West Africa and Central Africa, it has been categorized as being in both camps. Its nearly 27 million people speak 250 native languages and English or French or both. Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad, and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camar\u00f5es (Shrimp River), which became Cameroon in English. Fulani\n\nQuestion: Measuring over 26,000 square miles in area, which is Africa's largest lake?", "output": "LAKE VICTORIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Buxton Crescent, the centre of the crescent contains the town's assembly rooms. Shire Hall, Hertford. Wellington Rooms, Liverpool. Assembly Rooms, Ludlow. Assembly Rooms, Newcastle - built in 1776 in Newcastle upon Tyne, one of the finest examples of Georgian architecture in Newcastle's Grainger Town. Newark Town Hall, the 18th century town hall included the assembly rooms within the building. Assembly House, Norwich. Lion Hotel, Shrewsbury contained the town's assembly rooms. Assembly Rooms, Surbiton in Surbiton, Surrey. York Assembly Rooms - a notable building designed by Lord Burlington. Assembly Rooms, Leeds Scotland Music Hall Aberdeen Dumfries Assembly rooms, c. 1825 - elegant building by Walter Newall, Architect, of Dumfries Assembly Rooms (Edinburgh) New Assembly and Concert Rooms, 1796, Glasgow, later the home of the Athenaeum (demolished by new owners, the General Post Office, in 1892) Wales Cardiff City Hall, which includes the Assembly Rooms on the first floor. Public gardens London\n\nA crescent is an architectural structure where a number of houses, normally terraced houses, are laid out in an arc to form a crescent shape. A famous historic crescent is the Royal Crescent in Bath, England. Examples The following are examples of architectural crescents: Adelaide Crescent, Hove, England Bofills b\u00e5ge, Stockholm, Sweden, by architect Ricardo Bofill Buxton Crescent, Buxton, Derbyshire, England The Crescent, Limerick, Ireland, double Georgian style crescent The Crescent, Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England Lansdown Crescent, Bath, England Marino Crescent, Dublin, Ireland developed by Charles Ffolliott Park Circus, Glasgow, Scotland Park Crescent, Brighton, England Park Town, Oxford, England Pla\u00e7a Manuel Malagrida, Olot, Catalonia, Spain Royal Crescent, Brighton, England Somerset Place, Bath, England Royal Crescent, Bath, England The Crescent, Wisbech, Isle of Ely, England Wellington Crescent, Ramsgate, England Tontine Crescent, Boston, Massachusetts, USA References House types Types of streets\n\nLimbury is a suburb of Luton, in the Luton district, in the ceremonial county of Bedfordshire, England, and was formerly a village before Luton expanded around it. The area is roughly bounded by Bramingham Road to the north, Marsh Road to the south, Bramingham Road to the west, and Catsbrook Road, Runfold Avenue, Grosvenor Road, Bancroft Road and Blundell Road to the east. Etymology A place called Lygeanburgh near Waulud\u2019s Bank (which is in nearby Leagrave) was one of four settlements mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle captured by Cuthwulf, (Prince of Wessex) in 571. Lygeanburgh and Limbury were almost certainly the same place, but so far there has been no excavated evidence to link them directly. Lygeanburgh meant a fortified place on the river Lea. History The Icknield Way, a Roman road passes through Limbury. Local road names give away its location, the road is called as 'Icknield Road' as\n\nQuestion: In which English town would you find the 18th century Assembly Rooms and Royal Crescent?", "output": "BATH"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Dream is a 1924 novel by H. G. Wells about a man from a Utopian future who dreams the entire life of an Englishman from the Victorian and Edwardian eras, Harry Mortimer Smith. As in other novels of this period, in The Dream Wells represents the present as an \"Age of Confusion\" from which humanity will be able to emerge with the help of science and common sense. Synopsis In circa 4,000 A.D., a biologist named Sarnac is taking a holiday among mountains and lakes with his lover, Sunray. With four other holiday travellers, they visit some 2,000-year-old \"ancient remains [of war dead] that had recently been excavated\" in a nearby valley. A little later, after a brief afternoon nap, Sarnac awakens from \"a very vivid dream.\" The rest of the novel consists of Sarnac's recounting of the dream, with occasional discussion of its particulars with his companions. Sarnac's\n\nThe Navigator is a 1924 American comedy film directed by and starring Buster Keaton. The film was written by Clyde Bruckman and co-directed by Donald Crisp. In 2018, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\" Plot Wealthy Rollo Treadway suddenly decides to propose to his neighbor across the street, Betsy O'Brien, and sends his servant to book passage for a honeymoon sea cruise to Honolulu. When Betsy rejects his sudden offer, however, he decides to go on the trip anyway, boarding without delay that night. Because the pier number is partially covered, he ends up on the wrong ship, the Navigator, which Betsy's rich father has just sold to a small country at war. Agents for the other small nation in the conflict decide to set the ship adrift that same night.\n\nwas commissioned in 1989 by Mirror Group Newspapers in an attempt to lure the Beau Peep fan base from the Daily Star. Roger Kettle also scripts Andy Capp for the Daily Mirror. The strip is drawn by Roger Mahoney. Beau Peep was originally intended as a parody of Beau Geste, a 1924 adventure novel by British author P. C. Wren, which has itself been adapted for the screen several times, and again parodied even more. However Beau Peep grew to have a distinctive character and identity in its own right and is perhaps the most famous of these parodies of Beau Geste, still retaining a large fan base. On the forum of the official Beau Peep website, writer Roger Kettle also claims to have been inspired by the American comic strip Peanuts by Charles M. Schulz, in that like Schulz's creation Charlie Brown, Beau Peep is a \"loveable loser\". Publication\n\nQuestion: Who wrote the 1924 adventure novel \u2018Beau Geste\u2019?", "output": "P.C. WREN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the circumference of a circle may be defined as the limit of the perimeters of inscribed regular polygons as the number of sides increases without bound. The term circumference is used when measuring physical objects, as well as when considering abstract geometric forms. Relationship with The circumference of a circle is related to one of the most important mathematical constants. This constant, pi, is represented by the Greek letter The first few decimal digits of the numerical value of are 3.141592653589793 ... Pi is defined as the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter Or, equivalently, as the ratio of the circumference to twice the radius. The above formula can be rearranged to solve for the circumference: The ratio of the circle's circumference to its radius is called the circle constant, and is equivalent to . The value is also the amount of radians in one turn. The use\n\nIn geometry, the circumference (from Latin circumferens, meaning \"carrying around\") is the perimeter of a circle or ellipse. The circumference is the arc length of the circle, as if it were opened up and straightened out to a line segment. More generally, the perimeter is the curve length around any closed figure. Circumference may also refer to the circle itself, that is, the locus corresponding to the edge of a disk. The is the circumference, or length, of any one of its great circles. Circle The circumference of a circle is the distance around it, but if, as in many elementary treatments, distance is defined in terms of straight lines, this cannot be used as a definition. Under these circumstances, the circumference of a circle may be defined as the limit of the perimeters of inscribed regular polygons as the number of sides increases without bound. The term circumference is\n\nCompactness measure is a numerical quantity representing the degree to which a shape is compact. The circle and the sphere are the most compact planar and solid shapes, respectively. Properties Various compactness measures are used. However, these measures have the following in common: They are applicable to all geometric shapes. They are independent of scale and orientation. They are dimensionless numbers. They are not overly dependent on one or two extreme points in the shape. They agree with intuitive notions of what makes a shape compact. Examples A common compactness measure is the isoperimetric quotient, the ratio of the area of the shape to the area of a circle (the most compact shape) having the same perimeter. In the plane, this is equivalent to the Polsby\u2013Popper test. Alternatively, the shape's area could be compared to that of its bounding circle, its convex hull, or its minimum bounding box. Similarly, a\n\nQuestion: What measurement is half of the diameter of a circle?", "output": "Radius"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In Greek mythology, Andromeda (; or ) is the daughter of Cepheus, the king of Aethiopia, and his wife, Cassiopeia. When Cassiopeia boasts that she (or her daughter) is more beautiful than the Nereids, Poseidon sends the sea monster Cetus to ravage the coast of Aethiopia as divine punishment. Andromeda is chained to a rock as a sacrifice to sate the monster, but is saved from death by Perseus, who marries her and takes her to Greece to reign as his queen. As a subject, Andromeda has been popular in art since classical times; rescued by a Greek hero, Andromeda's narration is considered the forerunner to the \"princess and dragon\" motif. From the Renaissance, interest revived in the original story, typically as derived from Ovid's Metamorphoses. The story has appeared many times in such diverse media as plays, poetry, novels, operas, classical and popular music, film, and paintings. A significant\n\ndark-skinned, despite Ovid's account of her. Others have noted that Perseus's liberation of Andromeda was a popular choice of subject among male artists, reinforcing a narrative of male superiority with its powerful male hero and its submissive female in bondage. Etymology The name Andromeda is from the Greek , perhaps meaning 'mindful of her husband'. The name is from the noun meaning 'man', and a verb, whether , , or , all related to , the likely origin of the name of Medea, the sorceress. Classical mythology Central story In Greek mythology, Andromeda is the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia, king and queen of ancient Aethiopia. Her mother Cassiopeia foolishly boasts that she is more beautiful than the Nereids, a display of hubris by a human that is unacceptable to the gods. To punish the queen for her arrogance, Poseidon floods the Ethiopian coast and sends a sea monster named\n\ndisplay of hubris by a human that is unacceptable to the gods. To punish the queen for her arrogance, Poseidon floods the Ethiopian coast and sends a sea monster named Cetus to ravage the kingdom's inhabitants. In desperation, King Cepheus consults the oracle of Ammon, who announces that no respite can be found until the king sacrifices his daughter, Andromeda, to the monster. She is thus stripped naked and chained to a rock in Jaffa by the sea to await her death. Perseus is just then flying near the coast of Ethiopia on his winged sandals or on Pegasus the winged horse, having slain the Gorgon Medusa and carrying her severed head, which instantly turns to stone any who look at it. Upon seeing Andromeda bound to the rock, Perseus falls in love with her, and he secures Cepheus' promise of her hand in marriage if he can save her.\n\nQuestion: Which hero saved Andromeda from the sea monster Celus?", "output": "Perseus"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sir William FitzWilliam (1526\u20131599) was an English Lord Justice of Ireland and afterwards Lord Deputy of Ireland. In 1587, as Governor of Fotheringhay Castle, he supervised the execution of the death sentence on Mary, Queen of Scots. He was the Member of Parliament for Peterborough and represented County Carlow in the Irish House of Commons. He lived at Gainspark, Essex, and Milton Hall. Early life FitzWilliam was born at Milton Hall, Northamptonshire, the eldest son of Sir William (died 1576) and Anne Shapcote, daughter of Sir Richard Shapcote of Elton, and grandson of William Fitzwilliam, Sheriff of London, who had been treasurer and chamberlain to Cardinal Wolsey and purchased Milton Hall in 1506. On his mother's side FitzWilliam was related to the Earl of Bedford, to whom he owed his introduction to King Edward VI. Family In 1543, FitzWilliam married Anne (Agnes) Sidney (d. 1602), daughter of Sir William Sidney\n\nRhuddlan Castle (; ) is a castle located in Rhuddlan, Denbighshire, Wales. It was erected by Edward I in 1277, following the First Welsh War. Much of the work was overseen by master mason James of Saint George. Rhuddlan, which was not completed until 1282, was built concurrently with Flint Castle, at a time when King Edward I of England was consolidating his conquest of Wales. It was temporarily his residence, and his daughter, Elizabeth, is presumed to have been born there. Construction Rhuddlan was planned as a concentric castle. It has a unique 'diamond' in layout as the gatehouses are positioned at the corners of the square baileys instead of along the sides like at Flint, Harlech or Beaumaris. Records of construction costs show that it was the major piece of building work being carried out by the English during the late 1270s. The inner ward has defensive walls\n\nDirleton Castle is a medieval fortress in the village of Dirleton, East Lothian, Scotland. It lies around west of North Berwick, and around east of Edinburgh. The oldest parts of the castle date to the 13th century, and it was abandoned by the end of the 17th century. Begun in around 1240 by John De Vaux, the castle was heavily damaged during the Wars of Scottish Independence, when it was twice taken by the English. In the 14th century, Dirleton was repaired by the Haliburton family, and it was acquired by the Ruthvens in 1505. The Ruthvens were involved in several plots against Mary, Queen of Scots, and King James VI, and eventually forfeited the castle in 1600. Dirleton ceased to be a residence, although Oliver Cromwell was forced to besiege the castle to flush out a band of \"mosstroopers\" (marauders), during the Third English Civil War in 1650. The\n\nQuestion: Fotheringhay Castle, birthplace of Richard III in 1452, and site of Mary Queen of Scots trial and execution in 1587, is in which English county?", "output": "Northamptonshire"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Etal ( ) is a small village in the far north of the county of Northumberland, England, in the civil parish of Ford. It lies on a bridging point of the River Till ten miles south west of Berwick-upon-Tweed, and includes the substantial ruins of the medieval Etal Castle, now owned by English Heritage. It has just one residential street, and has a population of less than fifty. Buildings The village is centred on a now ruined castle, which over the years has seen much conflict between England and Scotland. The large majority of the buildings in the village are traditional and are owned by Ford & Etal Estates. Also there is Northumberland's only thatched pub (The Black Bull) and next door is the village hall. Hiding discreetly behind the magnificent Lavender Tearooms and a few more 'picture postcard' houses is an expansive walled garden. Used extensively by the late\n\nBrizlee Tower (sometimes Brislee Tower) is a Grade 1 listed folly set atop a hill in Hulne Park, the walled home park of the Duke of Northumberland in Alnwick, Northumberland. The tower was erected in 1781 for Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, and commands extensive views over North Northumberland and the Borders. The tower Brizlee Tower is a 26-metre-high elaborately ornamental tower in dressed stone set at the edge of the northern escarpment of Brizlee Hill, overlooking Hulne Park, the \"home park\" of Alnwick Castle. The hill's relative elevation (about 177 metres above sea-level, in comparison with the valley floor's 44 metres) makes the tower's site a natural vantage point with all-encompassing views to the west, north and east \u2013 including the vale of Whittingham, through which the River Aln flows; the sites of numerous country seats past and present, such as at Eslington, Bolton, Callaly, Shawdon, Broomepark, and\n\nLlandovery Castle () is a late thirteenth-century, Grade II*-listed, castle ruin in the town of Llandovery in Carmarthenshire, Wales. It occupies a knoll overlooking the River Towy and the land surrounding it. The Normans built a castle in the current location in the early twelfth century and this was rebuilt in stone. It was burnt in the early sixteenth century and never repaired. History A Norman knight, Richard Fitz Pons, received the lordship of Cantref Bychan in 1116 and he probably began construction of a motte-and-bailey castle in 1116. It was repeatedly lost to the Princes of Deheubarth over the next several generations. King Henry II of England spent a great deal of money repairing the castle in 1159\u201362, but the Welsh captured it regardless. It finally fell to the English under Edward I in 1277. It was briefly recaptured by Welsh forces under Llywelyn ap Gruffudd five years later.\n\nQuestion: Which castle is the official residence of the Duke of Northumberland?", "output": "ALNWICK CASTLE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country mostly in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogot\u00e1 is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urbes include Medell\u00edn, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, C\u00facuta, Ibagu\u00e9, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage\u2014including language, religion, cuisine, and art\u2014reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by mass immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those\n\nBrazil (; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in South America and in Latin America. Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh most populous. Its capital is Bras\u00edlia, and its most populous city is S\u00e3o Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states and the Federal District. It is the only country in the Americas to have Portuguese as an official language. It is one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world, and the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other countries and territories in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers roughly half of the continent's land area. Its Amazon basin includes a vast\n\nThe country of Brazil occupies roughly half of South America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean. Brazil covers a total area of which includes of land and of water. The highest point in Brazil is Pico da Neblina at . Brazil is bordered by the countries of Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela, and France (overseas department of France, French Guiana). Much of the climate is tropical, with the south being relatively temperate. The largest river in Brazil, and the second longest in the world, is the Amazon. Size and geographical location Brazil occupies most of the eastern part of the South American continent and its geographic heartland, as well as various islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The only countries in the world that are larger are Russia, Canada, China and the United States. The national territory extends from north to south (5\u00b016'10\" N to 33\u00b045'03\" S latitude), and\n\nQuestion: What nation has 27 states, most of which exceed the area of an entire moderately-sized country, and include Acre, Minas Gerais, Sergipe, and Amazonas?", "output": "Brazil"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Genoa salami in the United States is a variety of dry, cured, unsmoked salami. It is normally made from coarsely ground pork, but may also contain a small amount of beef and has a natural casing. Under US regulations, it must have a moisture to protein ration of no more than 2.3:1, as contrasted with dry or hard salami, which are limited to 1.9:1. The name Genoa Salami denotes the style of preparation rather than geographical origin. It is seasoned with garlic, salt, black and white peppercorns, and red or white wine. See also Salame genovese di Sant'Olcese, a salami from the Genoa region made of pork and beef External links References Lunch meat Italian sausages Fermented sausages\n\nPasta e fagioli (), meaning \"pasta and beans\", is a traditional Italian pasta soup. It is often called pasta fasul or pasta fazool in the New York Italian dialect, derived from its Neapolitan name, pasta e fasule. Preparation Recipes for pasta e fagioli vary, the only true requirement being that beans and pasta are included. While the dish varies from region to region, it is most commonly made using cannellini beans, navy beans, or borlotti beans and a small variety of pasta such as elbow macaroni or ditalini. The base typically includes olive oil, garlic, minced onion, celery, carrots, and often stewed tomatoes or tomato paste. Some variations omit tomatoes and instead use a broth base. Preparation may be vegetarian, or contain meat (often bacon, ground beef, or pancetta) or a meat-based stock. Variations The recipe varies greatly based on the region or town in which it is prepared, depending\n\nPljeskavica (, ) is a Serbian grilled dish consisting of a mixture of spiced minced pork, beef and lamb meat. It is one of the national dishes of Serbia and is very popular in the neighbouring Balkan and former Yugoslavian countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo and Montenegro. It is a main course served with onions, kajmak (milk cream), beans, sometimes ajvar (relish), and urnebes (spicy cheese salad), either on plate with side dishes, or with lepinja (flatbread, as a type of hamburger). Recently, pljeskavica has gained popularity elsewhere in Europe and is served in a few speciality fast food restaurants in Germany, Sweden, and Austria. Varieties include the \"Leskovac pljeskavica\" (Leskova\u010dka pljeskavica), very spicy with onions; \"\u0160ar pljeskavica\" (\u0160arska pljeskavica), stuffed with ka\u010dkavalj cheese; \"Hajduk pljeskavica\" (Hajdu\u010dka pljeskavica), of beef mixed with smoked pork meat; and \"Vranje pljeskavica\" (Vranjanska pljeskavica). Since 2008 the name \"Leskovac pljeskavica\" has been\n\nQuestion: In Italian cuisine-what type of meat is prosciutto?", "output": "Ham"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Jean-Pierre Norblin de La Gourdaine (; 15 July 1745 \u2013 23 February 1830) was a Polish-French painter, draughtsman, engraver and caricaturist. Born in France, from 1774 to 1804 he resided in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, where he obtained citizenship. He is considered one of the most important painters of the Enlightenment in Poland. He achieved great success in Poland. Given many commissions from some of the most notable families of the country, he stayed there for many years, not returning to Paris until the early 19th century. His style showed the influence of Antoine Watteau, and combined the Rococo tradition of charming f\u00eates galantes and f\u00eates champ\u00eatres with a panorama of daily life and current political events, captured with journalistic accuracy. He created a gallery of portraits of representatives of all social classes in the last years of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth. Life Born in Misy-sur-Yonne in 1745,\n\ndelicately constructed subject matter and figures subordination to the buildings represent a movement away from f\u00eate galante, a development that was cut short by Pater's death in 1736. References 1695 births 1736 deaths Artists from Valenciennes 18th-century French painters French male painters Rococo painters 18th-century French male artists\n\naccepted into the Acad\u00e9mie in 1728, presenting a large military work in the popular Watteau style: La Rejouissance des Soldats (Louvre). Pater adopted the popular F\u00eate galante subject matter, heavily imitating his teacher Watteau\u2014indeed he directly copied some of his figures. Pater used a traditional Rococo pastel palette. His most characteristic difference in style from other artists of the time surrounded his use of shimmering lines. His most prominent customer was Frederick the Great, who sat for two portraits in the \"Turquerie\" style: Le Sultan au Harem and Le Sultan au Jardin. One of Pater's most renowned works is Landscape with a Cart (Schloss Charlottenburg), which is considered to display a feathery application of paint that anticipates Francesco Guardi. The delicately constructed subject matter and figures subordination to the buildings represent a movement away from f\u00eate galante, a development that was cut short by Pater's death in 1736. References 1695\n\nQuestion: Which painter was particularly known for depicting the fte galantes of 18th century France?", "output": "Watteau"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aubrey Kerr McClendon (July 14, 1959 \u2013 March 2, 2016) was an American businessman and the founder and chief executive officer of American Energy Partners, LP. He also co-founded Chesapeake Energy, serving as its CEO and chairman. He was an outspoken advocate for natural gas as an alternative to oil and coal fuels, and a pioneer in employing fracking. McClendon was a part-owner of the National Basketball Association (NBA)'s Oklahoma City Thunder franchise, and was part of the ownership group that moved the Seattle SuperSonics to Oklahoma City in 2008. On March 1, 2016, McClendon was indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of conspiring \"to rig bids for the purchase of oil and natural gas leases in northwest Oklahoma\". He died the following day, March 2, 2016, in a single-vehicle collision. Early life and education McClendon was born July 14, 1959, in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, the son of\n\nFred Zollner (January 22, 1901 \u2013 June 21, 1982), nicknamed \"Mr. Pro Basketball\", was the founder and owner, along with his sister Janet, of the Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons (now the Detroit Pistons) and a key figure in the merger of National Basketball League (NBL) and Basketball Association of America (BAA) into the National Basketball Association (NBA) in 1949. He was inducted as a contributor into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. Zollner, an industrialist, was born in Little Falls, Minnesota and received a degree from the University of Minnesota in 1927. Zollner Corporation, formed in 1912, was a Tier-1 supplier of pistons to companies such as Ford, General Motors, International Harvester (now Navistar), John Deere and Outboard Marine. At one time, he employed more than 1,200 people in his Fort Wayne, Indiana foundry. The company had 230 employees when it was acquired by Kolbenschmidt Pierburg AG in 1999.\n\nBob Blackburn (October 14, 1924 \u2013 January 8, 2010) was the original play-by-play voice of the Seattle SuperSonics of the National Basketball Association. He called games for the team on KOMO radio and KOMO-TV, and later on KJR radio. His tenure with the SuperSonics included the team's first season in 1967-68 and its NBA Championship run in 1979, when the SuperSonics beat the Washington Bullets four games to one in a best-of-seven series. Early years Blackburn grew up in the Los Angeles area. As a child, he was bedridden with tuberculosis. While listening to college sports broadcasts, he dreamed of being behind the microphone. Blackburn's uncle had told him his strength was in his \"loud voice,\" so a career in broadcasting seemed like a good idea. Blackburn managed to land a job at a radio station in Santa Ana, California in 1942, and worked his way up. He also attended\n\nQuestion: The NBA team the Supersonics is based in which US city?", "output": "Seattle"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Weight is a measurement of the gravitational force acting on an object. Weight or The Weight may also refer to: Mathematics Weight (graph theory) a number associated to an edge or to a vertex of a graph Weight (representation theory), a type of function Weight (strings), the number of times a letter occurs in a string Weight, an integer associated to each variable of a quasi-homogeneous polynomial Weight of a topological space; see base Weighting, making some data contribute to a result more than others Weight function Weighted mean and weighted average, the importance can vary on each piece of data Weighting filter Science and technology Weight (unit), a former English unit Weight, a connection strength, or coefficient in a linear combination, as in an artificial neural network Weight, a measure of paper density Body weight, a commonly used term for the mass of an organism's body Font weight Line\n\nThis is a reverse-chronological list of oil spills that have occurred throughout the world and spill(s) that are currently ongoing. Quantities are measured in tonnes of crude oil with one tonne roughly equal to 308 US gallons, 256 Imperial gallons, 7.33 barrels, or 1165 litres. This calculation uses a median value of 0.858 for the specific gravity of light crude oil; actual values can range from 0.816 to 0.893, so the amounts shown below are inexact. They are also estimates, because the actual volume of an oil spill is difficult to measure exactly. Confirmed spills Investigation underway Note: The \"flow rate\" column applies to leaking wells, pipelines, etc., and is often used to estimate the total amount of oil spilled. The \"full cargo\" column applies to vessels, vehicles, etc., and represents the maximum amount of oil that could be spilled. The \"spilled\" columns indicate the total amount of oil that\n\nUnited Kingdom, and Canada (alongside L/100 km). Kilometers per liter (km/L) are more commonly used elsewhere in the Americas, Asia, parts of Africa and Oceania. In the Levant km/20 L is used, known as kilometers per tanaka, a metal container which has a volume of twenty liters. When mpg is used, it is necessary to identify the type of gallon: the imperial gallon is 4.54609 liters, and the U.S. gallon is 3.785 liters. When using a measure expressed as distance per fuel unit, a higher number means more efficient, while a lower number means less efficient. Conversions of units: Fuel economy statistics While the thermal efficiency (mechanical output to chemical energy in fuel) of petroleum engines has increased since the beginning of the automotive era, this is not the only factor in fuel economy. The design of automobile as a whole and usage pattern affects the fuel economy. Published fuel\n\nQuestion: What is the weight in pounds of a gallon of water?", "output": "10"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi () is the capital city of Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh Province in the north central coast of Vietnam. The city's area is . Population as per the 2017 census was 119,222. It is served by National Highway 1A, the \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi Railway Station, and airport. By road, \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi is south of Hanoi, south of Vinh, north of Hu\u1ebf and north of H\u1ed3 Ch\u00ed Minh City. It borders Qu\u1ea3ng Ninh District on the west and south, the South China Sea on the east, B\u1ed1 Tr\u1ea1ch District on the north. \u0110\u1ed3ng H\u1edbi has a 12-km-long coastline with white sand beaches. It is the closest city to Phong Nha-K\u1ebb B\u00e0ng National Park, UNESCO's World Natural Heritage Site, 50 km north. History Archaeological excavation in this area proved that humans lived in what is now Qu\u1ea3ng B\u00ecnh province in the Stone Age. Many artifacts, such as ceramic vases, stone tools, and china, have\n\nBu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t (formerly Lac Giao) or sometimes Bu\u00f4n M\u00ea Thu\u1ed9t or Ban M\u00ea Thu\u1ed9t (), is the capital city of \u0110\u1eafk L\u1eafk Province in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Its population was 420,000 in 2016, and grew to 502,170 by 2018. The city is the largest in Vietnam's Central Highlands region, and is famous as the regional \"capital of coffee\". Bu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t has Bu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t Airport as its main airport. Geography The city is located at 12.6667\u00b0 N 108.0500\u00b0 E, right at the heart of the Central Highlands of Vietnam, 1300 km from Hanoi, 500 km from Da Nang, and 350 km from Ho Chi Minh City. Lying on a fairly flat highland, at an average height of above sea level, Bu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t has a vital role in Vietnam's national security and defense system. Bu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t is the capital of \u0110\u1eafk L\u1eafk Province and also\n\nR\u1ea1ch Gi\u00e1 () is a provincial city and the capital city of Ki\u00ean Giang province, Vietnam. It is located on the Eastern coast of the Gulf of Thailand, southwest of Ho Chi Minh City. East of city, it borders T\u00e2n Hi\u1ec7p and Ch\u00e2u Th\u00e0nh town, the Gulf of Thailand is to the West and surrounds some parts of the city, south of the city is Ch\u00e2u Th\u00e0nh and An Bi\u00ean town, and to the North it borders H\u00f2n \u0110\u1ea5t and T\u00e2n Hi\u1ec7p. Administrative units R\u1ea1ch Gi\u00e1 was upgraded from a town to a city by Government Decree No. 97/2005/N\u0110-CP on July 26, 2005. The city has 12 administrative units: V\u0129nh Thanh V\u00e2n Ward V\u0129nh Thanh Ward V\u0129nh L\u1ea1c Ward V\u0129nh L\u1ee3i Ward V\u0129nh Quang Ward An H\u00f2a Ward An B\u00ecnh Ward R\u1ea1ch S\u1ecfi Ward V\u0129nh Th\u00f4ng Ward V\u0129nh Hi\u1ec7p Ward Phi Th\u00f4ng Commune R\u1ea1ch Gi\u00e1 is the first city where\n\nQuestion: What is the capital of Vietnam? Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City or Phnom Penh?", "output": "Hanoi"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust, and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium. The most common calcium compound on Earth is calcium carbonate, found in limestone and the fossilised remnants of early sea life; gypsum, anhydrite, fluorite, and apatite are also sources of calcium. The name derives from Latin calx \"lime\", which was obtained from heating limestone. Some calcium compounds were known to the ancients, though their chemistry was unknown until the seventeenth century. Pure calcium was isolated in 1808 via electrolysis of its oxide by Humphry Davy, who named the element. Calcium compounds are\n\nIn chemistry, an alkali (; from ) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. An alkali can also be defined as a base that dissolves in water. A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0. The adjective alkaline, and less often, alkalescent, is commonly used in English as a synonym for basic, especially for bases soluble in water. This broad use of the term is likely to have come about because alkalis were the first bases known to obey the Arrhenius definition of a base, and they are still among the most common bases. Etymology The word \"alkali\" is derived from Arabic al qal\u012by (or alkali), meaning the calcined ashes (see calcination), referring to the original source of alkaline substances. A water-extract of burned plant ashes, called potash and composed mostly of potassium carbonate, was mildly basic. After heating\n\nBromine is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is a volatile red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured vapour. Its properties are intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. Isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob L\u00f6wig (in 1825) and Antoine J\u00e9r\u00f4me Balard (in 1826), its name was derived from the Ancient Greek (bromos) meaning \"stench\", referring to its sharp and pungent smell. Elemental bromine is very reactive and thus does not occur as a free element in nature. Instead, it can be isolated from colourless soluble crystalline mineral halide salts analogous to table salt, a property it shares with the other halogens. While it is rather rare in the Earth's crust, the high solubility of the bromide ion (Br) has caused its accumulation in the oceans. Commercially the element is easily extracted from brine evaporation ponds, mostly\n\nQuestion: The name of which element is derived from the Latin for lime?", "output": "Calcium"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "South East Island as part of a species recovery plan in the early 1980s. The island still hosts the largest sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus) colony in the Chathams group. See also Desert island List of islands References Islands of the Chatham Islands Uninhabited islands of New Zealand\n\nCape Pattisson is a headland in the northwest of Chatham Island, the largest island in the Chatham Islands chain, located 800 km east of New Zealand's South Island. References Pattisson Chatham Island\n\nThe Sisters / (Moriori: Rakitchu)<ref name=\"polp\">Government of New Zealand, Dept. of Conservation (1999) Chatham IslandsConservation Management Strategy. Accessed on 2012-07-13.</ref> is a group of three islands located north of Cape Pattison, Chatham Island. They are the northernmost members of the Chatham Archipelago, located east of New Zealand's South Island. The islands are: Big Sister (Rangitatahi proper) Middle Sister (Te Awanui) Little Sister Fauna The islands have the second largest breeding colony of the northern royal albatross, and provide breeding sites for Buller's albatross, northern giant petrel, fairy prion, broad-billed prion, sooty shearwater, common diving petrel, grey-backed storm petrel, white-faced storm petrel, pitt shag, subantarctic skua, red-billed gull, and white-fronted tern. The site has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it supports Buller's albatrosses and northern giant petrels. A species of stag beetle called Geodorcus sororum'' is endemic to the islands. See also List of islands\n\nQuestion: To which country do the Chatham Islands belong?", "output": "NEW ZEALAND"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A goanna is any of several Australian monitor lizards of the genus Varanus. Goanna may also refer to: Goanna fish, Halosaurus pectoralis Goanna (band), an Australian folk-rock band \"The Goanna\", a codename for Australian businessman Kerry Packer, used in media reports about the Costigan Commission Goanna (software), an open source rendering and layout engine\n\nAustralonuphis, commonly called Australian beach worms, are a genus of polychaetous annelid of the family Onuphidae that inhabit the intertidal zone of coastal beaches and are attracted to the surface by the stimulus of food. They are sought by anglers to be used as bait for fishing. Some species can grow more than two metres in length. They are blind but have a very good sense of smell, and eat decaying meat, fish and seaweeds that have washed to shore. Originally identified as a single species in 1868 (Diopatra teres), in 1878 they were placed in the genus Onuphis. A study in 1979 renamed two Americonuphis species as Australonuphis (A. teres and A. parateres), both being found in New South Wales. A novel species from the Ecuadorian coast was identified in 2008. Australian beach worms occur in millions on many surf beaches from Queensland, New South Wales and South Australia.\n\noriginally described by naturalists Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield in 1827. The specific epithet frontalis derived from the Latin frons \"eyebrow\". It is now divided into two subspecies: S. f. frontalis, known as the white-browed scrubwren, is found in coastal eastern Australia from the New South Wales-Queensland border round to Adelaide in South Australia. S. f. laevigaster, known as the buff-breasted scrubwren, is found in coastal Queensland from the New South Wales border north to the Atherton Tableland. S. humilis, the Tasmanian scrubwren, is found in Tasmania and Bass Strait islands and was formerly considered a subspecies of the white-browed scrubwren. It is larger at 13.5 cm long and lays larger eggs. S. maculatus, known as the spotted scrubwren, occurs in coastal southern Australia, from Kangaroo Island and Adelaide westwards to Shark Bay in Western Australia. It is known to intergrade with the nominate subspecies where their ranges overlap.\n\nQuestion: In Australia, what sort of creature is a goanna?", "output": "Monitor lizard"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Batman is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, and debuted in the 27th issue of the comic book Detective Comics on March 30, 1939. In the DC Universe continuity, Batman is the alias of Bruce Wayne, a wealthy American playboy, philanthropist, and industrialist who resides in Gotham City. Batman's origin story features him swearing vengeance against criminals after witnessing the murder of his parents Thomas and Martha as a child, a vendetta tempered with the ideal of justice. He trains himself physically and intellectually, crafts a bat-inspired persona, and monitors the Gotham streets at night. Kane, Finger, and other creators accompanied Batman with supporting characters, including his sidekicks Robin and Batgirl; allies Alfred Pennyworth, James Gordon, and Catwoman; and foes such as the Penguin, the Riddler, Two-Face, and his archenemy, the Joker. Kane\n\nThe story stayed in DC Comics continuity as the origin of Superman until it was expanded upon in the 2003 limited series Superman: Birthright, which stayed canon until 2009. The title is a reference to one of Superman's nicknames which touted his invulnerability as making him the \"Man of Steel\". It was later used as the title of an ongoing comic series and in a film reboot in 2013. Background The character of Superman was created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster. They originally intended for the character to star in a daily newspaper comic strip. He first appeared in the comic book, Action Comics #1, published in April 1938 by National Allied Publications (later renamed DC Comics). This book gave his origin, however it was cut down to one page. Soon after his introduction, the character became very popular, and by summer of 1939 he was starring in not\n\n, was a Japanese seinen manga anthology published by Shueisha under the Jump line of magazines. The manga of Business Jump were published under the \"Young Jump Comics\" line. This magazine's mascot was an anthropomorphic, Western-style mouse illustrated by Susumu Matsushita. History The magazine debuted in July 1985 as the first \"salaryman\" magazine to be published by Shueisha, Inc. Business Jump completing with Ultra Jump, Super Jump, etc. was one of its kind in the Jump family of manga magazines. Business Jump readers were typically young, twentysomething business men. BJ was originally a monthly publication, the date of its release was changed to the first Wednesday of every month. For the second time, it was changed in 2008 to the 15th. The magazine was discontinued in late 2011, with a final double issue, numbered 21/22, released on October 5. Several ongoing series were folded into a new publication, Grand Jump.\n\nQuestion: With a June, 1938 cover date, Action Comics #1 introduced what iconic character created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster?", "output": "Superman"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In Greek mythology, Achilles ( ) or Achilleus () was a hero of the Trojan War who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors. A central character in Homer's Iliad, he was the son of the Nereid Thetis and Peleus, king of Phthia and famous Argonaut. Achilles was raised in Phthia along his childhood companion Patroclus and received his education by the centaur Chiron. In the Iliad, he is presented as the commander of the mythical tribe of the Myrmidons. Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan prince Hector outside the gates of Troy. Although the death of Achilles is not presented in the Iliad, other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the Trojan War by Paris, who shot him with an arrow. Later legends (beginning with Statius' unfinished epic Achilleid, written in the 1st\n\nhe was killed near the end of the Trojan War by Paris, who shot him with an arrow. Later legends (beginning with Statius' unfinished epic Achilleid, written in the 1st century AD) state that Achilles was invulnerable in all of his body except for one heel. According to that myth, when his mother Thetis dipped him in the river Styx as an infant, she held him by one of his heels leaving it untouched by the waters and thus his only vulnerable body part. Alluding to these legends, the term \"Achilles' heel\" has come to mean a point of weakness which can lead to downfall, especially in someone or something with an otherwise strong constitution. The Achilles tendon is named after him following the same legend. Etymology Linear B tablets attest to the personal name Achilleus in the forms a-ki-re-u and a-ki-re-we, the latter being the dative of the former.\n\nIn Greek mythology, Alcmene ( ; ) or Alcmena ( ; ; ; meaning \"strong in wrath\") was the wife of Amphitryon, by whom she bore two children, Iphicles and Laonome. She is best known as the mother of Heracles, whose father was the god Zeus. Alcmene was also referred to as Electryone (), a patronymic name as a daughter of Electryon. Mythology Background According to the Bibliotheca, Alcmene was born to Electryon, the son of Perseus and Andromeda, and king of Tiryns and Mycenae or Medea in Argolis. Her mother was Anaxo, daughter of Alcaeus and Astydamia. Other accounts say her mother was Lysidice, the daughter of Pelops and Hippodameia, or Eurydice, the daughter of Pelops. According to Pausanias, the poet Asius made Alcmene the daughter of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. Hesiod describes Alcmene as the tallest, most beautiful woman with wisdom surpassed by no person born of mortal parents.\n\nQuestion: Who was the mother of Achilles?", "output": "Thetis"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Beavers (genus Castor) are large, semiaquatic rodents of the Northern Hemisphere. There are two existing species: the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the Eurasian beaver (C. fiber). Beavers are the second-largest living rodents, after capybaras, weighing up to . They have stout bodies with large heads, long chisel-like incisors, brown or gray fur, hand-like front feet, webbed back feet, and tails that are flat and scaly. The two species differ in skull and tail shape and fur color. Beavers can be found in a number of freshwater habitats, such as rivers, streams, lakes and ponds. They are herbivorous, consuming tree bark, aquatic plants, grasses and sedges. Beavers build dams and lodges using tree branches, vegetation, rocks and mud; they chew down trees for building material. Dams restrict water flow, and lodges serve as shelters. Their infrastructure creates wetlands used by many other species, and because of their effect on\n\n. The genus name Castor has its origin in the Greek and translates as . The name beaver is the source for several names of places in Europe including Beverley, Bi\u00e8vres, Biberbach, Biebrich, Bibra, Bibern, Bibrka, Bobr, Bjurb\u00e4cker, Bjurfors, Bober, B\u00f3brka and Bjurlund. Taxonomy There are two extant species: the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the Eurasian beaver (C. fiber). The Eurasian beaver is slightly longer and has a more lengthened skull, triangular nasal cavities (as opposed to the square ones of the North American species), a lighter fur color, and a narrower tail. Carl Linnaeus coined the genus Castor in 1758; he also coined the specific (species) epithet fiber. German zoologist Heinrich Kuhl coined C. canadensis in 1820. However, they were not confirmed to be separate species until the 1970s, when chromosomal evidence became available. (The Eurasian has 48 chromosomes, while the North American has 40.) Prior to\n\nbeen hunted for their fur, meat, and castoreum. Castoreum has been used in medicine, perfume, and food flavoring; beaver pelts have been a major driver of the fur trade. Before protections began in the 19th and early 20th centuries, overhunting had nearly exterminated both species. Their populations have since rebounded, and they are listed as species of least concern by the IUCN Red List of mammals. In human culture, the beaver symbolizes industriousness, especially in connection with construction; it is the national animal of Canada. Etymology The English word beaver comes from the Old English word or and is connected to the German word and the Dutch word . The ultimate origin of the word is an Indo-European root for . The genus name Castor has its origin in the Greek and translates as . The name beaver is the source for several names of places in Europe including Beverley,\n\nQuestion: What is a beaver's home called?", "output": "Lodge"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Benalm\u00e1dena Stupa is a stupa in Benalm\u00e1dena, M\u00e1laga in the Andalusian region of southern Spain, overlooking Costa del Sol. It is high and is the tallest stupa in Europe. It was inaugurated on 5 October 2003, and was the final project of Lopon Tsechu Rinpoche. Overview In Buddhism, a stupa is a monument which represents peace, prosperity and harmony, as well as being a place for meditation. Benalm\u00e1dena Stupa (Chan Chub Chorten in Tibetan) symbolizes Buddha's enlightenment, the realisation of the nature of the mind, and is one of the eight different forms that stupas are built. Whereas stupas are typically sealed structures, the Benalm\u00e1dena Stupa is unusual as there is a 100 square metre meditation room and a room that can be used for exhibitions about Tibetan Buddhism and Himalayan culture inside the structure. The walls of the meditation room are painted with the life story of the historical\n\nAshoka (, ; also Asoka; \u2013 232 BCE), popularly known as Ashoka the Great, was the third Mauryan Emperor of Magadha in the Indian subcontinent during to 232 BCE. His empire covered a large part of the Indian subcontinent, stretching from present-day Afghanistan in the west to present-day Bangladesh in the east, with its capital at Pataliputra. A patron of Buddhism, he is credited with playing an important role in the spread of Buddhism across ancient Asia. Ashoka's edicts state that during his eighth regnal year (), he conquered Kalinga after a brutal war. Ashoka subsequently devoted himself to the propagation of \"dhamma\" or righteous conduct, the major theme of the edicts. Ashoka's edicts suggest that a few years after the Kalinga War, he was gradually drawn towards Buddhism. Buddhist and other legends from across the subcontinent and beyond credit Ashoka with establishing a large number of stupas, patronising the\n\nCambodia is a country in mainland Southeast Asia. It borders Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, the Gulf of Thailand and covers a total area of approximately . The country is situated in its entirety inside the tropical Indomalayan realm and the Indochina Time zone (ICT). Cambodia's main geographical features are the low lying Central Plain that includes the Tonl\u00e9 Sap basin, the lower Mekong River flood-plains and the Bassac River plain surrounded by mountain ranges to the north, east, in the south-west and south. The central lowlands extend into Vietnam to the south-east. The south and south-west of the country constitute a long coast at the Gulf of Thailand, characterized by sizable mangrove marshes, peninsulas, sandy beaches and headlands and bays. Cambodia's territorial waters account for over 50 islands. The highest peak is Phnom Aural, sitting above sea level. The landmass is bisected by the Mekong River, which at is the longest\n\nQuestion: 'Pha That Lung', a large gold-covered Buddhist stupa is regarded as the most important monument and national symbol in which landlocked Asian country?", "output": "Laos"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Jonathan Doyle Keaton (born 30 March 1946) is an American bishop of the United Methodist Church, elected in 1996. Birth and family He is married to Beverly L. Keaton. They have three grown children: Jonathan Doyle Keaton, II, Tandreka Keaton, and Anaya Keaton; and two grandchildren: Maliah Keaton, and Amara Keaton. Education Keaton earned the B.S. degree in biology at Philander Smith College, Little Rock, Arkansas (1968), the M.Div. degree at Garrett Theological Seminary, Evanston, Illinois (1971), and the S.T.D. in Homiletics and the Sociology of Religion at Garrett-Evangelical Theological Seminary (G-ETS, 1979). He also served graduate teaching assistantships in communications, ethics and society, and church and the black experience while at G-ETS. He was awarded the U.M. Crusade Scholarship in academics, 1976-78. Ministry Prior to his election to the episcopacy, Keaton served in the Northern Illinois Annual Conference (NIC) of the U.M. Church. He was the pastor of St.\n\nBaby Boom is a 1987 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Charles Shyer, written by Nancy Meyers and Shyer, and produced by Meyers and Bruce A. Block for United Artists. It stars Diane Keaton as a yuppie who discovers that a long-lost cousin has died, leaving her a fourteen-month-old baby girl as inheritance. The film received generally favorable reviews and was a modest box-office success during its original run, eventually grossing $26 million. The film spawned a television series of the same name (1988\u20131989) and was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards. Plot J. C. Wiatt is a driven Manhattan management consultant (nicknamed the \"Tiger Lady\") committed to her demanding and high-profile job. She lives with her boyfriend Steven Buchner, an investment banker. They both are happily focused on their careers and have no interest in having children. Notified that a distant cousin has died and left her a bequest,\n\nSpeechless is a 1994 American romantic comedy film directed by Ron Underwood. It stars Michael Keaton, Geena Davis (who also co-produced with her then-husband, director Renny Harlin), Bonnie Bedelia, Ernie Hudson, and Christopher Reeve. Plot After meeting each other for the first time in the gift shop of the Las Cruces, New Mexico hotel where they are both staying, insomniac writers Julia Mann and Kevin Vallick fight over the last box of sleep medicine. Initially, they do not realise both are speechwriters for rival candidates in a New Mexico Senate election, so they both fall in love. Julia works for Democratic candidate Lloyd Wannamaker and Kevin for Republican candidate Ray Garvin. Inadvertently influencing each other's work, they discover each other's jobs when they are both invited to speak in a school. Both shocked, end up attacking one another verbally on stage. Later, in their campaign speeches they continue to argue,\n\nQuestion: What is Diane Keaton's real name?", "output": "Diane Hall"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "was one of Rochester's first air-conditioned buildings, presenting plays, concerts, operas, silent and later talking movies, and vaudeville: In 1940, 25 cents' admission provided audiences three acts of music/magic/juggling, \"Path\u00e9 news,\" comedy, and a main show. Chateau headliners over the years included actresses Ethel Barrymore and Tallulah Bankhead, the husband-wife acting team of Lynn Fontanne and Alfred Lunt, cinema cowboy Tom Mix; Mary, the rhinoceros co-starring in Johnny Weissmuller's Tarzan; and bandleader Paul Whiteman (\"The King of Jazz\"). From the 1940 premiere of Gone with the Wind through the 1980s Star Wars episodes, the Chateau provided Rochester the very best in cinema. The Preservation Alliance of Minnesota calls the Chateau Theatre Minnesota's \"last and best example of 'atmospheric theater.\"' Its principal architecture is Art Deco, a design popularized first in Europe and later the U.S. (most famously in Hollywood and Miami) from the mid-1920s to the late 1930s. The original\n\nTo Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American coming-of-age legal drama crime film directed by Robert Mulligan. The screenplay by Horton Foote is based on Harper Lee's 1960 Pulitzer Prize\u2013winning novel of the same name. The film stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout. It marked the film debut of Robert Duvall, William Windom and Alice Ghostley. It gained overwhelmingly positive reception from both the critics and the public; a box-office success, it earned more than six times its budget. The film won three Academy Awards, including Best Actor for Peck, and was nominated for eight, including Best Picture. In 1995, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry as \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". In 2003, the American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century. In 2007, the film ranked twenty-fifth\n\n\"Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn\" is a line from the 1939 film Gone with the Wind starring Clark Gable and Vivien Leigh. The line is spoken by Rhett Butler (Gable), as his last words to Scarlett O'Hara (Leigh), in response to her tearful question: \"Where shall I go? What shall I do?\" Scarlett clings to the hope that she can win him back. This line is slightly different in Margaret Mitchell's 1936 novel Gone with the Wind, from which the film is derived: \"My dear, I don't give a damn.\" The line demonstrates that Rhett has finally given up on Scarlett and their tumultuous relationship. After more than a decade of fruitlessly seeking her love, he no longer cares what happens to her, even though she has finally admitted that she really loves him. Production code conflict Prior to the film's release, censors objected to the use\n\nQuestion: What role did Vivien Leigh play in the 1939 film \u2018Gone With the Wind\u2019?", "output": "Scarlett O\u2019Hara"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alexander I (; 14 August 187611 June 1903) reigned as the king of Serbia from 1889 to 1903 when he and his wife, Draga Ma\u0161in, were assassinated by a group of Royal Serbian Army officers, led by Captain Dragutin Dimitrijevi\u0107. Accession Alexander was born on 14 August 1876 to King Milan and Queen Natalie of Serbia. He belonged to the Obrenovi\u0107 dynasty. In 1889, King Milan unexpectedly abdicated and withdrew to private life, proclaiming Alexander king of Serbia. Since the king was only thirteen, three regents were appointed, head among them Jovan Ristich. His mother also became his regent. Alexander ordered the arrest of the regents on April 13, 1893, proclaiming himself of age and dissolving national assembly. On May 21, he abolished his father's liberal constitution of 1889 and restored the previous one. In 1894, the young King brought his father, Milan, back to Serbia and, in 1898, appointed\n\nAlexander I (medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Ma\u00edl Coluim; modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim; c. 1078 \u2013 23 April 1124), posthumously nicknamed The Fierce, was the King of Scotland from 1107 to his death. He succeeded his brother, King Edgar, and his successor was his brother David. He was married to Sybilla of Normandy, an illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England. Life Alexander was the fifth (some sources say fourth) son of Malcolm III and his wife Margaret of Wessex, grandniece of Edward the Confessor. Alexander was named after Pope Alexander II. He was the younger brother of King Edgar, who was unmarried, and his brother's heir presumptive by 1104 (and perhaps earlier). In that year, he was the senior layman present at the examination of the remains of Saint Cuthbert at Durham prior to their re-interment. He held lands in Scotland north of the Forth and in Lothian.\n\nits territory to the nascent expansionist Russian state. On 17 June 1501, Alexander's older brother John I Albert died suddenly, and Alexander was crowned king of Poland on 12 December of that year. Alexander's shortage of funds immediately made him subservient to the Polish Senate and szlachta, who deprived him of control of the mint (then one of the most lucrative sources of revenue for the Polish kings), curtailed his prerogatives, and generally endeavored to reduce him to a subordinate position. In 1505, the Sejm passed the Act of Nihil novi, which forbade the king to issue laws without the consent of the nobility, represented by the two legislative chambers, except for laws governing royal cities, crown lands, mines, fiefdoms, royal peasants, and Jews. This was another step in Poland's progression towards a \"Noble's Democracy\". During Alexander's reign, Poland suffered additional humiliation at the hands of her subject principality, Moldavia.\n\nQuestion: On June 11th 1903, King Alexander and Queen Draga were murdered in their bedroom. Of which European country were they the reigning monarchs?", "output": "SERBIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "at around August 10, and the Southern Delta Aquariids take place from mid-July to mid-August, with the peak usually around July 28\u201329. The Perseids, a major meteor shower, typically takes place between July 17 and August 24, with the days of the peak varying yearly. The star cluster of Messier 30 is best observed around August. Among the aborigines of the Canary Islands, especially among the Guanches of Tenerife, the month of August received in the name of Be\u00f1esmer or Be\u00f1esmen, which was also the harvest festival held this month. The month was originally named Sextilis in Latin because it was the 6th month in the original ten-month Roman calendar under Romulus in 753 BC, with March being the first month of the year. About 700 BC, it became the eighth month when January and February were added to the year before March by King Numa Pompilius, who also gave\n\nMehlella (), also Amata Saww (, 'Grouping Day') or Sigd (, 'Prostration', , also romanized Sig'd), is one of the unique holidays of the Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) community, and is celebrated on the 29th of the Hebrew month of Marcheshvan. Since 2008, it has been an official Israeli state holiday. Date Previously, Sigd was celebrated on the 29th of Kislev, and after a calendar reform in the mid-19th century it was moved to its present day, 50 days after Yom Kippur. Etymology The word Sigd itself is Ge'ez for \"prostration\" and is related to sg\u0113d \"to prostrate oneself (in worship)\". The Semitic root \u221asgd is the same as in mesgid, one of the two Beta Israel Ge'ez terms for \"synagogue\" (etymologically related to masjid \"mosque\", literally \"place of prostration\"), and from the same Semitic root we also have the Hebrew verb \u05dc\u05e1\u05d2\u05d5\u05d3 lisgod, \"to worship\". Significance There are two\n\nThe 19 Kislev () refers to the 19th day of the Jewish month of Kislev. The date is celebrated by Hasidic Jews as the Yom Hillula (anniversary of death) of the Maggid of Mezritch, successor of the Baal Shem Tov (the founder of Hasidism), who died on this date in 1772, and more significantly within the Chabad movement, as the date of the liberation of Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (1798). Festival of the liberation of Rabbi Shneur Zalman History Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi (), the first Rebbe of Chabad (also known as the \"Alter Rebbe\" in Yiddish), was informed upon by a misnaged named Avigdor and arrested on charges of supporting the Ottoman Empire by urging his followers to send money to the Land of Israel as \"evidence\" of his alleged insurrectionist aspirations (in fact, the money was sent to support poor Jews). At the time, the Land\n\nQuestion: In which month is Orangeman's Day?", "output": "JULY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Russia and the United States maintain one of the most important, critical and strategic foreign relations in the world. Both nations have shared interests in nuclear safety and security, nonproliferation, counterterrorism, and space exploration. Due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, relations became very tense after the United States imposed sanctions against Russia. Russia placed the United States on a list of \"unfriendly countries\", along with Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, European Union members, NATO members (except Turkey), Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Norway, Switzerland, Micronesia and Ukraine. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the relationship was generally warm under the Russian President Boris Yeltsin (1991\u201399). In the early years of Yeltsin's presidency, the US and Russia established a cooperative relationship and worked closely together to address global issues such as arms control, counterterrorism, and the conflict in Bosnia. During Yeltsin's second term, US-Russia relations became more\n\nThe Treaty of Moscow, or Treaty of Brotherhood (, ) was an agreement between the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (TBMM), under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, and Russia, under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, signed on 16 March 1921. Neither the Republic of Turkey nor the Soviet Union had then been established. The internationally recognised Turkish government at the time was that of Sultan Mehmed VI, but it was not party to the Treaty of Moscow. The Sultan's government had signed the Treaty of S\u00e8vres, which had been repudiated by the Turkish National Movement. Key points Under the Treaty of Moscow, both governments undertook to establish friendly relations between the countries. The treaty stipulated that the term \"Turkey\" in it meant the territories included in the National Oath, which had been adopted by the Ottoman Parliament on 28 January 1920. Article VI declared all treaties that had been concluded\n\nestablished a cooperative relationship and worked closely together to address global issues such as arms control, counterterrorism, and the conflict in Bosnia. During Yeltsin's second term, US-Russia relations became more strained. The NATO intervention in Yugoslavia, in particular the 1999 NATO intervention in Kosovo was strongly opposed by Yeltsin, who, although the Soviet Union had been strongly opposed by the Titovian flavour of independence, saw it as an infringement on Russia's latter-day sphere of influence. Yeltsin also criticized NATO's expansion into Eastern Europe, which he saw as a threat to Russia's security. After Vladimir Putin became President of Russia in 2000, he initially sought to improve relations with the United States. The two countries cooperated on issues such as counterterrorism and arms control. Putin worked closely with US President George W. Bush on the war in Afghanistan following the 9/11 attacks. Tensions began to rise as Putin became more authoritarian,\n\nQuestion: In January 1994, US President Bill Clinton and which Russian President signed a series of treaties known as the \u2018Kremlin Accords\u2019?", "output": "Boris Yeltsin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "This is a list of the top selling singles and top sellings albums in Ireland in 2005. Top selling singles \"You Raise Me Up\" \u2013 Westlife \"Lonely\" \u2013 Akon \"(Is This the Way to) Amarillo\" \u2013 Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay \"Axel F\" \u2013 Crazy Frog \"Ghetto Gospel\" \u2013 2Pac \"You're Beautiful\" \u2013 James Blunt \"Don't Cha\" \u2013 The Pussycat Dolls featuring Busta Rhymes \"JCB Song\" \u2013 Nizlopi \"Bad Day\" \u2013 Daniel Powter \"Push the Button\" \u2013 Sugababes Top selling albums Back To Bedlam \u2013 James Blunt Gift Grub 6: The Special One \u2013 Mario Rosenstock Face to Face \u2013 Westlife X&Y \u2013 Coldplay Breakaway \u2013 Kelly Clarkson Curtain Call: The Hits \u2013 Eminem Hot Fuss \u2013 The Killers Confessions on a Dancefloor \u2013 Madonna American Idiot \u2013 Green Day Ancora \u2013 Il Divo Notes: *Compilation albums are not included. See also List of songs that reached number one on\n\n\"Get Together\" is a song by American singer Madonna from her tenth studio album, Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005). The song was written and produced by both Madonna and Stuart Price, with additional writing by Anders Bagge and Peer \u00c5str\u00f6m. It was released in the United States as the third single from the album on May 30, 2006, by Warner Bros. Records. The decision was spurred by the fact that the song was the third most downloaded song from the album, following its previous singles. The song was also released to coincide with the start of Madonna's Confessions Tour. It is a disco-influenced electropop, trance and techno song which lyrically talks about the possibility of finding love on the dancefloor. Upon release, \"Get Together\" received generally positive reviews by music critics, with some appreciating its production, while others were underwhelmed. The song reached the top 10 in countries like\n\nAmerican singer Lindsay Lohan has released two studio albums and six singles. While acting in the Disney films Freaky Friday (2003) and Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen (2004), Lohan began recording songs for the soundtracks. In September 2002, Emilio Estefan, Jr. had signed Lohan to a five-album contract. The deal was later scrapped and Lohan signed on to Casablanca Records in 2004, under the management of Tommy Mottola. Speak, her debut album, was released in December 2004. The record peaked at number 4 on the Billboard 200 and earned a Platinum certification. Speak spawned Lohan's first single, \"Rumors\", which eventually earned a Gold certification, as well as a nomination for Best Pop Video at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards. Lohan's second album, A Little More Personal (Raw), was released in December 2005. The album peaked at number 20 on the Billboard 200, gaining Gold certification in early 2006.\n\nQuestion: \"Who released an album in 2005 called \"\"Confessions on a Dance Floor\"\"?\"", "output": "Madonna"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cowper, sister to Prime Minister Lord Melbourne Emma Lamb (born 1997), English cricketer Eugene M. Lamb, American politician Euphemia Lamb, artists' model, married to Henry Lamb Floyd Lamb, American politician Francis Lamb, American politician George Lamb, British disc jockey and television presenter Greg Lamb, Zimbabwean cricketer Harold Lamb, American novelist and historical writer Henry Lamb, Australian-born English painter of the Camden Town Group and London Group Horace Lamb, British hydrodynamicist Hubert Lamb, British climatologist Jan Lamb, Hong Kong DJ and singer Jake Lamb (born 1990),American baseball player Jeremy Lamb (born 1992), American basketball player Jerry Lamb, Hong Kong actor Joe Lamb (1906\u20131982), ice hockey forward Joseph Lamb (disambiguation), several people, including Joseph Lamb (composer) (1887\u20131960), American composer of ragtime music Joseph Lamb (footballer), English football manager Joseph Lamb (politician) (1873\u20131949), British politician Joseph Fairweather Lamb (1928\u20132015), Scottish physician Kirsty Lamb (born 1994), Australian rules footballer Larry Lamb (actor), British actor\n\nEnglish cricketer Charles Lamb (politician) (1891\u20131965), Canadian politician Charles Lamb (Royal Navy officer) (1914\u20131981) Charles Lamb (writer) (1775\u20131834), British essayist Charles Rollinson Lamb (1860\u20131942), American architect and artist Christina Lamb, British journalist and author Christopher Lamb (journalist), British journalist Chuck Lamb, American television personality Danny Lamb (born 1995), English cricketer Dave Lamb, English actor, presenter, comedian and voice actor Dominick Lamb, birth name of hip-hop producer Nottz Donald Lamb, Canadian airline executive Doron Lamb (born 1992), American basketball player Dorothy Lamb (1887\u22121967), British archaeologist Dwayne Lamb, Australian rules footballer Edmund Lamb, British Liberal Party politician Edward Lamb, American labor lawyer Elizabeth Lamb, Viscountess Melbourne, wife of Peniston Lamb, 1st Viscount Melbourne Elspeth Lamb (born 1951), Scottish artist Emily Lamb, Countess Cowper, sister to Prime Minister Lord Melbourne Emma Lamb (born 1997), English cricketer Eugene M. Lamb, American politician Euphemia Lamb, artists' model, married to Henry Lamb Floyd Lamb, American politician\n\nBenjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, (21 December 1804 \u2013 19 April 1881) was a British statesman, Conservative politician and writer who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies and its broad outreach. Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs, his political battles with the Liberal Party leader William Ewart Gladstone, and his one-nation conservatism or \"Tory democracy\". He made the Conservatives the party most identified with the British Empire and military action to expand it, both of which were popular among British voters. He is the only British prime minister to have been born Jewish. He was also a novelist, publishing works of fiction even as prime minister. Disraeli was born in Bloomsbury, then a part of Middlesex. His father left Judaism after a dispute at his synagogue;\n\nQuestion: William Lamb was the family name of which 19th century titled British Prime Minister?", "output": "LORD MELBOURNE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The aegis ( ; aig\u00eds), as stated in the Iliad, is a device carried by Athena and Zeus, variously interpreted as an animal skin or a shield and sometimes featuring the head of a Gorgon. There may be a connection with a deity named Aex, a daughter of Helios and a nurse of Zeus or alternatively a mistress of Zeus (Hyginus, Astronomica 2. 13). The modern concept of doing something \"under someone's aegis means doing something under the protection of a powerful, knowledgeable, or benevolent source. The word aegis is identified with protection by a strong force with its roots in Greek mythology and adopted by the Romans; there are parallels in Norse mythology and in Egyptian mythology as well, where the Greek word aegis is applied by extension. Etymology The Greek aigis, has many meanings including: \"violent windstorm\", from the verb a\u00efss\u014d (word stem a\u00efg-) = \"I rush or\n\nAlala (Ancient Greek: (alal\u00e1); \"battle-cry\" or \"war-cry\") was the personification of the war cry in Greek mythology. Her name derives from the onomatopoeic Greek word (alal\u1e17), hence the verb (alal\u00e1z\u014d), \"to raise the war-cry\". Greek soldiers attacked the enemy with this cry in order to cause panic in their lines and it was asserted that Athenians adopted it to emulate the cry of the owl, the bird of their patron goddess Athena. According to Pindar, Alala was the daughter of Polemos, the personification of war, and was characterised by the poet as \"prelude to spears, to whom men offer a holy sacrifice of death on behalf of their city\". A poetic epithet of the war god Ares is Alal\u00e1xios (). Alala is one of the attendants of Ares out on the battlefield, along with the rest of his entourage: Phobos and Deimos (his sons); Eris/Discordia, with the Androktasiai, Makhai, Hysminai,\n\nAegisthus (; ; also transliterated as Aigisthos, ) was a figure in Greek mythology. Aegisthus is known from two primary sources: the first is Homer's Odyssey, believed to have been first written down by Homer at the end of the 8th century BC, and the second from Aeschylus's Oresteia, written in the 5th century BC. Aegisthus also features heavily in the action of Euripides's Electra ( 420 BC), although his character remains offstage. Family Aegisthus was the son of Thyestes and Thyestes's own daughter Pelopia, an incestuous union motivated by his father's rivalry with the house of Atreus for the throne of Mycenae. Aegisthus murdered Atreus in order to restore his father to power, ruling jointly with him, only to be driven from power by Atreus's son Agamemnon. In another version, Aegisthus was the sole surviving son of Thyestes after Atreus killed his brother's children and served them to Thyestes\n\nQuestion: In an Aesop fable that shows the power of persuasion over force, what element fights the sun?", "output": "Wind"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The acre ( ) is a unit of land area used in the British imperial and the United States customary systems. It is traditionally defined as the area of one chain by one furlong (66 by 660 feet), which is exactly equal to 10 square chains, of a square mile, 4,840 square yards, or 43,560 square feet, and approximately 4,047 m2, or about 40% of a hectare. Based upon the international yard and pound agreement of 1959, an acre may be declared as exactly 4,046.8564224 square metres. The acre is sometimes abbreviated ac but is usually spelled out as the word \"acre\". Traditionally, in the Middle Ages, an acre was conceived of as the area of land that could be ploughed by one man using a team of 8 oxen in one day. The acre is still a statutory measure in the United States. Both the international acre and the\n\nto \"use for trade\" if given as supplementary information and is not used for land registration. Description One acre equals (0.0015625) square mile, 4,840 square yards, 43,560 square feet, or about (see below). While all modern variants of the acre contain 4,840 square yards, there are alternative definitions of a yard, so the exact size of an acre depends upon the particular yard on which it is based. Originally, an acre was understood as a strip of land sized at forty perches (660 ft, or 1 furlong) long and four perches (66 ft) wide; this may have also been understood as an approximation of the amount of land a yoke of oxen could plough in one day (a furlong being \"a furrow long\"). A square enclosing one acre is approximately 69.57 yards, or 208 feet 9 inches (), on a side. As a unit of measure, an acre has no\n\n\"a furrow long\"). A square enclosing one acre is approximately 69.57 yards, or 208 feet 9 inches (), on a side. As a unit of measure, an acre has no prescribed shape; any area of 43,560 square feet is an acre. US survey acres In the international yard and pound agreement of 1959, the United States and five countries of the Commonwealth of Nations defined the international yard to be exactly 0.9144 metre. The US authorities decided that, while the refined definition would apply nationally in all other respects, the US survey foot (and thus the survey acre) would continue 'until such a time as it becomes desirable and expedient to readjust [it]'. By inference, an \"international acre\" may be calculated as exactly square metres but it does not have a basis in any international agreement. Both the international acre and the US survey acre contain of a square mile\n\nQuestion: How many square yards are in a British acre?", "output": "4,840"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "is distinctly wider than its neck, and it has an elliptical (cat-like) pupil. By day the pupil appears as a narrow slit; at night the pupil is wide and may even look round. Behavior The animal opens its mouth widely when startled, exposing its whitish-colored oral mucosa; this is the reason it is commonly referred to as the \"cottonmouth\". Common names Western cottonmouth, water moccasin, cottonmouth, (black) moccasin, blunt-tail moccasin, (northern) cottonmouth moccasin, stump-tail (water) moccasin, viper, western cottonmouth moccasin, cotton-mouthed snake, Congo snake, trap-jaw, gapper. Geographic range Found in the United States, from southern Alabama along coast of the Gulf of Mexico, including many offshore islands, to southeastern and central Texas and north to Oklahoma, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and southeastern Nebraska, and western Kentucky. The type locality given is \"western district of Tennessee\". Schmidt (1953) proposed that this be amended to \"10 miles northeast of Bolivar, Hardeman County, Tennessee\".\n\nThe mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdii) is a species of freshawater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Cottidae, the typical sculpins. This species has a wide but scattered North American distribution. As the name suggests, its coloration is a combination of bars, spots, and speckles randomly distributed. The large pectoral fins are banded. The first dorsal fin is made of slender and somewhat soft spines, and just barely joins with the second dorsal. Maximum length is 15 cm. It feeds primarily on aquatic insect larvae, but will also eat crustaceans, small fish, fish eggs, and some plant material. In turn, the sculpin is preyed upon by other fish, notably trout. Favored habitat is well-oxygenated and clear water, such as over gravel riffles in mountain streams, springs, and along rocky lake shores. Spawning takes place during early winter and late spring. The male's head becomes darker, and he selects a protected nest\n\nNerodia is a genus of nonvenomous colubrid snakes commonly referred to as water snakes due to their aquatic behavior. The genus includes nine species, all native to North America. Five of the species have recognized subspecies. Description Nerodia species vary greatly, but all are relatively heavy-bodied snakes, sometimes growing to 1.2 m (4 feet) or longer in total length (including tail). They have flattened heads, with small eyes that have round pupils, and keeled dorsal scales. Species like N. fasciata display distinct banding, whereas other species, like N. erythrogaster, have blotching, and those like N. rhombifer have diamond-shaped patterning. Most species are brown or olive green, or some combination thereof with markings being brown, or black. Yellow or cream-colored accenting is common. Behavior As the common name water snakes implies, species in the genus Nerodia are largely aquatic. They spend the vast majority of their time in or very near\n\nQuestion: What sort of creature is the water moccasin?", "output": "SNAKE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In the history of chemistry, fire air was postulated to be one of two fluids of common air. This theory was positioned in 1775 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. In Scheele's Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire he states: \"air is composed of two fluids, differing from each other, the one of which does not manifest in the least the property of attracting phlogiston, whilst the other, which composes between the third and fourth part of the whole mass of the air, is peculiarly disposed to such attraction.\" These two constituents of common air Scheele called Foul Air (\"verdorbene Luft\") and Fire Air (\"Feuerluft\"); afterwards these components came to be known as nitrogen and oxygen, respectively. See also Heat References History of chemistry\n\nTellurium hexafluoride is the inorganic compound of tellurium and fluorine with the chemical formula TeF6. It is a colorless, highly toxic gas with an unpleasant odor. Preparation Tellurium hexafluoride can be prepared by treating tellurium with fluorine gas at 150 \u00b0C. It can also be prepared by fluorination of TeO3 with bromine trifluoride. Upon heating, TeF4 disproportionates to give TeF6 and Te. Properties Tellurium hexafluoride is a highly symmetric octahedral molecule. Its physical properties resemble those of the hexafluorides of sulfur and selenium. It is less volatile, however, due to the increase in polarizability. At temperatures below \u221238 \u00b0C, tellurium hexafluoride condenses to a volatile white solid. Reactivity Tellurium hexafluoride is much more chemically reactive than SF6. For example, TeF6 slowly hydrolyzes to Te(OH)6: TeF6 + 6 H2O \u2192 Te(OH)6 + 6 HF Treatment of tellurium hexafluoride with tetramethylammonium fluoride (Me4NF) gives, sequentially, the hepta- and octafluorides: TeF6 + Me4NF\n\ncombustion is almost impossible to achieve, since the chemical equilibrium is not necessarily reached, or may contain unburnt products such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen and even carbon (soot or ash). Thus, the produced smoke is usually toxic and contains unburned or partially oxidized products. Any combustion at high temperatures in atmospheric air, which is 78 percent nitrogen, will also create small amounts of several nitrogen oxides, commonly referred to as NOx, since the combustion of nitrogen is thermodynamically favored at high, but not low temperatures. Since burning is rarely clean, fuel gas cleaning or catalytic converters may be required by law. Fires occur naturally, ignited by lightning strikes or by volcanic products. Combustion (fire) was the first controlled chemical reaction discovered by humans, in the form of campfires and bonfires, and continues to be the main method to produce energy for humanity. Usually, the fuel is carbon, hydrocarbons, or more\n\nQuestion: Which chemical element is also know as \u2018Inflammable Air\u2019?", "output": "Hydrogen"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Devil Wears Prada is a 2006 American comedy-drama film directed by David Frankel and produced by Wendy Finerman. The screenplay, written by Aline Brosh McKenna, is based on Lauren Weisberger's 2003 novel of the same name. The film adaptation stars Meryl Streep as Miranda Priestly, a powerful fashion magazine editor, and Anne Hathaway as Andrea \"Andy\" Sachs, a college graduate who goes to New York City and lands a job as Priestly's co-assistant. Emily Blunt and Stanley Tucci co-star as co-assistant Emily Charlton and art director Nigel Kipling, respectively. Simon Baker and Adrian Grenier play pivotal supporting roles. In 2003, 20th Century Fox bought the rights to a film adaptation of Weisberger's novel before it was completed for publication; the project was not greenlit until Streep was cast in the lead role. Principal photography lasted 57 days, primarily taking place in New York City from October to December 2005.\n\nMich\u00e8le Mercier (born 1 January 1939 as Jocelyne Yvonne Ren\u00e9e Mercier) is a French actress. In the course of her career she has worked with leading directors like Fran\u00e7ois Truffaut, Jean-Pierre Melville, Jacques Deray, Dino Risi, Mario Monicelli, Mario Bava, Peter Collinson and Ken Annakin. Her leading men have included Marcello Mastroianni, Vittorio Gassman, Jean-Paul Belmondo, Jean Gabin, Charles Aznavour, Robert Hossein, Charles Bronson, Tony Curtis and Charlton Heston. She has appeared in over fifty films, and is best known for her starring role in Angelique, Marquise des Anges. Biography Mercier was born into a wealthy family; her father was a French pharmacist and her mother Italian. Mercier initially wanted to be a dancer. The circumstances of war made this difficult and her parents saw it as only a whim; however, her determination won through and she joined the \"ballet-rats\", as the dancers of the chorus are termed. She soon\n\nhad died at the age of five from typhoid fever. However, she adopted the name as a tribute to the actress Mich\u00e8le Morgan. After some romantic comedies and a small role in Fran\u00e7ois Truffaut's Tirez sur le pianiste (\"Shoot The Pianist\", 1960), she worked in England and made some films in Italy, mainly with a small budget and usually playing women of easy virtue. Mercier needed a role which could make her a star. In 1963, when it was decided to make a movie of the sensational novel Ang\u00e9lique, the Marquise of the Angels, she got her chance. Many actresses were approached to play the role of Ang\u00e9lique. Producer Francis Cosne wanted Brigitte Bardot for the part, but she refused. Annette Stroyberg was considered next, but judged not sufficiently well-known. Catherine Deneuve was too pale, Jane Fonda spoke French with an American accent, and Virna Lisi was busy in Hollywood.\n\nQuestion: In what movie did Meryl Streep play a character inspired by Vogue editor Anna Wintour?", "output": "The Devil Wears Prada"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cathedral is an educational television miniseries of five episodes first broadcast in 2005 by the BBC. It describes the construction of five cathedrals in the United Kingdom: Canterbury Cathedral, Lincoln Cathedral, Winchester Cathedral, St. Giles' Cathedral, and York Minster. The show features historical re-enactments using actors and CGI. External links 2005 British television series debuts 2005 British television series endings 2000s British documentary television series BBC television documentaries 2000s British television miniseries English-language television shows\n\nThe Metropolitan Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption, also known as St Mary's Metropolitan Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic church in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh and the mother church of Scots Catholicism. The cathedral church is located at the East End of New Town in the city center. History The Chapel of St Mary's was opened in 1814, and was originally designed by James Gillespie Graham. It was built in replacement of the Chapel of St Andrew the Apostle on Blackfriars Wynd (which had been tolerated despite Scotland not recognising the Catholic faith). The building of a purpose-built church recognises a broad acceptance of the faith by 1814. The church was considerably embellished over the years, and in 1878 on the restoration of the Scottish hierarchy it became the pro-cathedral of the new Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh.\n\nin the east at four chapels, another twelve surround the choir. The exterior today mostly retains its original appearance (although a wooden tower was added in 1716), but the interior was significantly changed in the 18th century. The late 13th-century west fa\u00e7ade features a Gothic portal flanked by statues of the patrons Mary and John the Evangelist, added in 1648/9. Above the portal is a large rose window (ca. 1280), with a diameter of 7.6 meters, inspired by the north window of Notre Dame de Paris. The original window is today in the Bavarian National Museum, but the replica is a very close copy. The interior of the church was changed in the later 18th century, in French Neoclassical style. created the stucco designs. He added Corithian columns, a Neoclassical sill and covered the Gothic vaulting rib with stucco garlands. Walls and ceiling were covered by white and yellow stucco.\n\nQuestion: \"In which English cathedral is the \"\"Five Sisters\"\" window?\"", "output": "York Minster"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Fellowship! is a musical parody stage play based on The Fellowship of the Ring (the first volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings) and Peter Jackson's 2001 film adaptation of it. The book was written by Kelly Holden-Bashar and Joel McCrary with music by Allen Simpson. Lyrics and additional material by Brian D. Bradley, Lisa Fredrickson, Kelly Holden-Bashar, Joel McCrary, Edi Patterson, Steve Purnick, Cory Rouse, Allen Simpson, Ryan Smith, Peter Allen Vogt and Matthew Stephen Young (the original cast). The musical was first performed at the El Portal Forum Theater in North Hollywood, California. Synopsis The play follows the major events of the first part of Tolkien's story and the first of Peter Jackson's movies. It re-imagines Bilbo Baggins as an aged Catskill Jewish man, the Balrog as a sleep-deprived, lounge-singing diva, the battle on Weathertop as a West Side Story-style gang fight, and Rivendell\n\nAbergavenny (; , archaically Abergafenni meaning \"mouth of the River Gavenny\") is a market town and community in Monmouthshire, Wales. Abergavenny is promoted as a Gateway to Wales; it is approximately from the border with England and is located where the A40 trunk road and the A465 Heads of the Valleys road meet. Originally the site of a Roman fort, Gobannium, it became a medieval walled town within the Welsh Marches. The town contains the remains of a medieval stone castle built soon after the Norman conquest of Wales. Abergavenny is situated at the confluence of the River Usk and a tributary stream, the Gavenny. It is almost entirely surrounded by mountains and hills: the Blorenge (), the Sugar Loaf (), Ysgyryd Fawr (Great Skirrid), Ysgyryd Fach (Little Skirrid), Deri, Rholben and Mynydd Llanwenarth, known locally as \"Llanwenarth Breast\". Abergavenny provides access to the nearby Black Mountains and the Brecon\n\nShirenewton () is a village and community in Monmouthshire, south east Wales. It is located 3 miles due west of Chepstow, 5 miles (8 km) by road. The village stands around 500 feet (154 m) above sea level, and has extensive views of the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel. The population of the village and the conjoined village of Mynydd-bach was 657 in 2011. Etymology The 1901 Kelly's Directory, described the \"Old Welsh name for the Parish\" as \"Tre-newydd-gelli-fach\", and today the town's standardised Welsh Placename is Drenewydd Gelli-farch (\"new town at the grove of the horse/stallion/steed\"). The difference in the two names is purely grammatical, and is a common feature of Welsh morphology. As such, the name \"Trenewydd Gelli Farch\" appears on roadsigns leading into Shirenewton. The name of Mynydd-bach, the contiguous village north-east of Shirenewton, means \"Little Mountain\" in Welsh. History Before the Norman invasion of Wales, the\n\nQuestion: 'The Fellowship Of The Ring' opens with the news that someone in the Shire is planning a birthday party. Who?", "output": "BILBO BAGGINS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aldebaran () is a star located in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. It has the Bayer designation \u03b1 Tauri, which is Latinized to Alpha Tauri and abbreviated Alpha Tau or \u03b1 Tau. Aldebaran varies in brightness from an apparent visual magnitude 0.75 down to 0.95, making it the brightest star in the constellation, as well as (typically) the fourteenth-brightest star in the night sky. It is positioned at a distance of approximately 65 light-years from the Sun. The star lies along the line of sight to the nearby Hyades cluster. Aldebaran is a red giant, meaning that it is cooler than the Sun with a surface temperature of , but its radius is about 44 times the Sun's, so it is over 400 times as luminous. As a giant star, it has moved off the main sequence on the Hertzsprung\u2013Russell diagram after depleting its supply of hydrogen in the core.\n\nthis star. Aldebaran is the brightest star in the constellation Taurus and so has the Bayer designation \u03b1 Tauri, Latinised as Alpha Tauri. It has the Flamsteed designation 87 Tauri as the 87th star in the constellation of approximately 7th magnitude or brighter, ordered by right ascension. It also has the Bright Star Catalogue number 1457, the HD number 29139, and the Hipparcos catalogue number 21421, mostly seen in scientific publications. It is a variable star listed in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars, but it is listed using its Bayer designation and does not have a separate variable star designation. Aldebaran and several nearby stars are included in double star catalogues such as the Washington Double Star Catalog as WDS 04359+1631 and the Aitken Double Star Catalogue as ADS 3321. It was included with an 11th-magnitude companion as a double star as H IV 66 in the Herschel Catalogue\n\nAntares is the brightest star in the constellation of Scorpius. It has the Bayer designation \u03b1 Scorpii, which is Latinised to Alpha Scorpii. Often referred to as \"the heart of the scorpion\", Antares is flanked by \u03c3 Scorpii and \u03c4 Scorpii near the center of the constellation. Distinctly reddish when viewed with the naked eye, Antares is a slow irregular variable star that ranges in brightness from an apparent visual magnitude of +0.6 down to +1.6. It is on average the fifteenth-brightest star in the night sky. Antares is the brightest and most evolved stellar member of the Scorpius\u2013Centaurus association, the nearest OB association to the Sun It is located about from Earth at the rim of the Upper Scorpius subgroup, and is illuminating the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex in its foreground. Classified as spectral type M1.5Iab-Ib, Antares is a red supergiant, a large evolved massive star and one of\n\nQuestion: 'Alderbaran' is the brightest star in which constellation?", "output": "TAURUS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Gordano services ( ) is a motorway service station located at junction 19 of the M5 motorway at the southern end of the Avonmouth Bridge, west of Bristol, England, and close to Portishead. It is owned by Welcome Break and offers KFC, Subway and Burger King food outlets, Waitrose, WH Smith, Starbucks, toilets and shower facilities. New to Gordano services from February 2013 was the opening of another Fonebitz shop offering mobile charging leads, satnavs and ancillaries associated with motorway or general driving. The services are located off the actual junction; as such, there is only one station rather than a twin complex across the carriageway. The services lie on the Bristol side of the motorway (to the east). The grounds offer views to the Severn Bridge. The name Gordano comes from Old English and is descriptive of the triangular shape of the whole valley from Clevedon to Portishead, being\n\nThe Chew Valley is an affluent area in North Somerset, England, named after the River Chew, which rises at Chewton Mendip, and joins the River Avon at Keynsham. Technically, the area of the valley is bounded by the water catchment area of the Chew and its tributaries; however, the name Chew Valley is often used less formally to cover other nearby areas, for example, Blagdon Lake and its environs, which by a stricter definition are part of the Yeo Valley. The valley is an area of rich arable and dairy farmland, interspersed with a number of villages. The landscape consists of the valley of the River Chew and is generally low-lying and undulating. It is bounded by higher ground ranging from Dundry Down to the north, the Lulsgate Plateau to the west, the Mendip Hills to the south and the Temple Cloud, Clutton and Marksbury plateau areas to the east.\n\nThe Athletic Ground, latterly known as the McCain Stadium, was a football stadium located on Seamer Road in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England. It was the home of Scarborough F.C., a defunct football club who last played in the English Conference North before they were dissolved on 20 June 2007 with debts of \u00a32.5 million. The venue was first opened in 1898, when Scarborough F.C. moved from playing at Scarborough Cricket Club. In 1988, under a sponsorship deal, the club sold the naming rights of the Athletic Ground to McCain Foods and, until its closure in 2007, the stadium was known as the McCain Stadium. Due to the sponsor, the ground was nicknamed the \"Theatre of Chips\". The ground was the venue for twenty-four Scarborough fixtures, that had in excess of 6,000 spectators. The biggest attendance was in January 1938, vs Luton Town in the FA Cup, the crowd recorded was\n\nQuestion: In which English town will you find the headquarters of McCain foods?", "output": "SCARBOROUGH"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Acropolis of Athens (; ) is an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens, Greece, and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historical significance, the most famous being the Parthenon. The word Acropolis is from the Greek words (akron, \"highest point, extremity\") and (polis, \"city\"). The term acropolis is generic and there are many other acropoleis in Greece. During ancient times the Acropolis of Athens was also more properly known as Cecropia, after the legendary serpent-man Cecrops, the supposed first Athenian king. While there is evidence that the hill was inhabited as early as the fourth millennium BC, it was Pericles (\u2013429 BC) in the fifth century BC who coordinated the construction of the buildings whose present remains are the site's most important ones, including the Parthenon, the Propylaea, the Erechtheion and the Temple of Athena Nike. The Parthenon\n\nAn acropolis was the settlement of an upper part of an ancient Greek city, especially a citadel, and frequently a hill with precipitous sides, mainly chosen for purposes of defense. The term is typically used to refer to the Acropolis of Athens, yet every Greek city had an acropolis of its own. Acropolises were used as religious centers and places of worship, forts, and places in which the royal and high-status resided. Acropolises became the nuclei of large cities of classical ancient times, and served as important centers of a community. Some well-known acropolises have become the centers of tourism in present-day, and, especially, the Acropolis of Athens has been a revolutionary center for the studies of ancient Greece since the Mycenaean period. Many of them have become a source of revenue for Greece, and represent some great technology during the period. Origin An acropolis is defined by the Greek\n\nAthena or Athene, often given the epithet Pallas, is an ancient Greek goddess associated with wisdom, warfare, and handicraft who was later syncretized with the Roman goddess Minerva. Athena was regarded as the patron and protectress of various cities across Greece, particularly the city of Athens, from which she most likely received her name. The Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens is dedicated to her. Her major symbols include owls, olive trees, snakes, and the Gorgoneion. In art, she is generally depicted wearing a helmet and holding a spear. From her origin as an Aegean palace goddess, Athena was closely associated with the city. She was known as Polias and Poliouchos (both derived from polis, meaning \"city-state\"), and her temples were usually located atop the fortified acropolis in the central part of the city. The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis is dedicated to her, along with numerous other temples and\n\nQuestion: What is the name of the temple on the Athenian Acropolis?", "output": "The Parthenon"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Legan chess (or Legan's game) is a chess variant invented by L. Legan in 1913. It differs from standard chess by the starting position as well as by pawn movements. Rules The starting setup is illustrated. The game can be also played with the board rotated by 45\u00b0 clockwise to make pawn movements easier to understand. There is no castling and no en passant. Otherwise, the rules of chess apply. Pawn movement Pawns move one square diagonally forward: White from right to left; Black left to right. They capture orthogonally in direction of movements (see diagram). The white pawn on f3 can move to e4 and capture on e3 and f4. The black pawn on b6 can move to c5 and capture on b5 and c6. Pawn promotion Pawns promote on squares occupied in the initial position by the opponent's king, bishops, knights, and rooks. For example, white pawns promote\n\nChess is a board game for two players, called White and Black, each controlling an army of chess pieces, with the objective to checkmate the opponent's king. It is sometimes called international chess or Western chess to distinguish it from related games such as (Chinese chess) and (Japanese chess). The recorded history of chess goes back at least to the emergence of a similar game, chaturanga, in seventh century India. The rules of chess as they are known today emerged in Europe at the end of the 15th century, with standardization and universal acceptance by the end of the 19th century. Today, chess is one of the world's most popular games played by millions of people worldwide. Chess is an abstract strategy game that involves no hidden information and no elements of chance. It is played on a chessboard with 64 squares arranged in an 8\u00d78 grid. At the start,\n\nmoves by both players are chosen at random. There are 174 different choices for these moves, although some systems for choosing these moves further restrict them to a subset that is believed to lead to an even position. See also The year AD 174 or 174 BC List of highways numbered 174 References Integers\n\nQuestion: Performing which move can a chess player move two pieces at the same time?", "output": "Castling"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Motza, also Mozah or Motsa, (, ) is a neighbourhood on the western edge of West Jerusalem. It is located in the Judean Hills, 600 metres above sea level, connected to Jerusalem by the Jerusalem\u2013Tel Aviv highway and the winding mountain road to Har Nof. Established in 1854, Motza was the first Jewish farm founded outside the walls of the Old City in the modern era. It is believed to be located on the site of a Biblical village of the same name mentioned in . History Antiquity Motza is the site of the Canaanite and later Israelite town of Mozah, which according to the Hebrew Bible was allotted by Joshua to the Tribe of Benjamin (). The name Mozah was found stamped on pottery handles in Tell en-Nasbeh, a site identified with the biblical city of Mizpah, also in the territory of Benjamin. Sherds from the Late Bronze Age\n\nBethlehem (; , , ; ) is a city in the West Bank, Palestine, located about south of Jerusalem. It is the capital of the Bethlehem Governorate, and has a population of approximately 25,000 people. The city's economy is largely tourist-driven; international tourism peaks around and during Christmas, when Christians embark on a pilgrimage to the Church of the Nativity, revered as the location of the Nativity of Jesus. At the northern entrance of the city is Rachel's Tomb, the burial place of biblical matriarch Rachel. Movement around the city is limited due to the Israeli West Bank barrier. The earliest-known mention of Bethlehem is in the Amarna correspondence of ancient Egypt, dated to 1350\u20131330 BCE, when the town was inhabited by the Canaanites. In the Hebrew Bible, the period of the Israelites is described; it identifies Bethlehem as the birthplace of David as well as the city where he\n\nYehi'am () is a kibbutz in northern Israel. Located at the western Upper Galilee, eight miles east of the coastal town of Nahariya and 14 miles south-east of the border with Lebanon it falls under the jurisdiction of Mateh Asher Regional Council. In it had a population of . It is located around 365 meters above sea level Yehiam is situated next to the ruins of the Ottoman-era castle of Jiddin, built on top of the 13th-century Crusader castle of Judin. History Yehiam was founded by a group of the socialist Zionist Hashomer Hatzair youth movement\u2014Holocaust survivors from Hungary and members from Yishuv\u2014who named themselves Kibbutz HaSela (lit. The Rock), whereas \"kibbutz\" is still understood here as a wandering \"collective\", not as a settlement. For a while the HaSela collective lived in tents in the area of Kiryat Haim, looking for an appropriate place to settle. Eventually, on 26 November\n\nQuestion: In what city was the Jewish temple located?", "output": "Jerusalem"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Zuppa inglese (, ; Italian for \"English soup\") is an Italian dessert layering custard and sponge cake, perhaps derived from trifle. Description To make zuppa inglese, either sponge cake or ladyfingers are dipped in Alchermes, a bright red, extremely aromatic Italian herb liqueur. They are then alternated with layers of crema pasticciera, a thick egg custard cooked with a large piece of lemon zest (removed afterwards). Often, a layer of crema al cioccolato is created by dissolving dark chocolate in a plain crema pasticciera. In Italy it is occasionally topped with cream, meringue or almonds. Gelato Zuppa inglese is also a popular gelato flavor. History The origins of zuppa inglese are uncertain. One theory states that it originated in the sixteenth-century kitchens of the Dukes of Este, the rulers of Ferrara. According to this story, they asked their cooks to recreate the sumptuous \"English trifle\" they had enjoyed in England\n\nare lemon/lime, strawberry, and pineapple. In 2018, Sprite introduced a similar drink, 'MIX by Sprite Tropic Berry, exclusive to McDonald's restaurants. Along with the base lemon-lime flavor, Tropic Berry includes a blend of strawberry, orange, and pineapple flavor. In 2019, The Coca-Cola Company redesigned Sprite packaging, replacing the drink's former retro branding with uniform minimalist branding, matching that of other flavors in the Sprite lineup. References Coca-Cola brands\n\ntangerine) in Costa Rica because of its shape and the way its skin is peeled. History Citrus \u00d7 limonia was introduced into Florida in the late nineteenth century by Reasoner Brothers of Oneco, who obtained their seeds from northwestern India. Though often described as a lemon hybrid, genomic analysis has shown it to be an F1 hybrid of a female citron (Citrus medica) and a male mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata). Use Rangpurs are highly acidic and can be used as a substitute for limes. However the name lime in connection with this fruit is misleading, because there are very few similarities between the rangpur and other fruits called limes. In 2006, Diageo introduced a rangpur-flavored version of Tanqueray gin, known simply as Tanqueray Rangpur. Cultivation Citrus \u00d7 limonia is cultivated as an ornamental tree for planting in gardens and a container plant on patios and terraces in the United States.\n\nQuestion: Which fruit is used to flavour the liqueur 'Triple Sec'?", "output": "ORANGE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Shakespeare produced by the McCarter Theatre in New Jersey. He published two catalogs of collections of his paintings in 1998 and 2007, which are both part of the permanent archives at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the National Museum of American Illustration, and the Peninsular Museum of Art. He has had exhibitions in the United States, Europe and the Middle East. Merriam's work is included in the public collections of The Riverside Museum of Art, Merrill Lynch, The Gesundheit! Institute, the Manhattan Club, among others. Recognitions Merriam's awards include several first-place Broderson Awards and the first-place New England Scholastics Press Association Award for editorial cartooning. In 1987, he received an Honorary Masters of Humane Letters from the University of New England in recognition of the potential social contribution of his work. References External links de Daniel Merriam's facebook page bubblestreetgallery The Thinker's Garden Further reading Gratusse, Delphine. D.\n\nJim Burke (born 1973 in Manchester, New Hampshire) is an American illustrator, painter, and educator. Burke received his BFA from Syracuse University and his MFA from the University of Hartford. Burke has lectured at Syracuse University, The Norman Rockwell Museum, and the National Baseball Hall of Fame. He formerly instructed painting and illustration at Pratt Institute, and as a visiting artist at Syracuse University. He returned to New Hampshire in the Fall of 2009, when he was appointed Chairperson of the Illustration Department at the New Hampshire Institute of Art. In Fall 2016, Burke was appointed Assistant Vice President of Academic Affairs at the Minneapolis College of Art and Design, in Minneapolis, MN. Publication History \"When Thunder Comes: Poems for Civil Rights Leaders\" written by J. Patrick Lewis, Chronicle Books, 2012 \u201cAll Star!\u201d Honus Wagner and the Most Famous Baseball Card Ever, written by Jane Yolen, Philomel/Penguin - 2010 \"Miss\n\nThe Crow Museum of Asian Art is a museum in downtown Dallas, Texas, dedicated to celebrating the arts and cultures of Asia including China, Japan, India, Korea, Nepal, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Indonesia, Myanmar and the Philippines, from ancient to the contemporary. The Crow Museum opened to the public on December 5, 1998, as a gift to the people and visitors of Dallas from Mr. and Mrs. Trammell Crow. The museum is a member of the Dallas Arts District. The interior was designed by Booziotis and Company Architects of Dallas. History Trammell and Margaret Crow bought their first piece of Asian art in the mid-1960s. The Crows traveled extensively throughout the world, but Asia was a favorite destination. Pieces from Southeast Asian countries such as China, Japan, and India were added as the Crows' travels continued, evolving into a distinguished collection featuring artwork spanning 3500 B.C. to the early 20th century.\n\nQuestion: In which American state are the Merril Collection and the Burke Museum of Fine Arts?", "output": "Texas"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Trevor Lionel Penney (born 12 June 1968 in Salisbury, Rhodesia) is a former Zimbabwean cricketer who played for Warwickshire County Cricket Club, noted particularly for his fielding. He was a substitute fielder for England during the 2005 Ashes series. He had a first class career average of 39.28 runs per innings. Penney later became an assistant coach of the West Indies cricket team. Personal life Penney went to Blakiston Junior School; the same primary school in Zimbabwe as England cricketer Graeme Hick. Career Playing career A right-handed occasional medium-pace bowler and batsman, he was chiefly recognised for his fielding, being described by The Guardian as 'one of the best fielders to have graced the county game'. Penney played for Warwickshire in the match where Brian Lara scored a world record 501*. In 2003, Penney scored 52 runs from 28 balls in the first Twenty20 match in England. Whilst still playing,\n\nGauteng (formerly Transvaal) is the first-class cricket team of the southern parts of Gauteng province of South Africa. The team was called Transvaal from April 1890 to April 1997 (the area north of Johannesburg, including Pretoria being part of the Northerns, formerly Northern Transvaal). Under the main competition's various names \u2013 the Currie Cup, then the Castle Cup, now the SuperSport Series \u2013 Transvaal/Gauteng cricket team has been the most successful of the South African domestic sides, winning 25 times. The club's most glorious period was the 1980s when they were dubbed the \"Mean Machine\". For the purposes of the SuperSport Series, Gauteng merged with North West (formerly Western Transvaal) to form the Highveld Lions or, more simply, \"the Lions\" (from October 2004 to 2021). Honours Currie Cup (25) - 1889\u201390, 1894\u201395, 1902\u201303, 1903\u201304, 1904\u201305, 1906\u201307, 1923\u201324, 1925\u201326, 1926\u201327, 1929\u201330, 1934\u201335, 1950\u201351, 1958\u201359, 1968\u201369, 1970\u201371, 1971\u201372, 1972\u201373, 1978\u201379, 1979\u201380, 1982\u201383,\n\nCricket World Cup. It was held in England in June 1975 and consisted of two weeks of one-day matches played 60-overs-a-side. The format consisted of a group stage, in which each team played the other three teams in its group of four. The top two teams from both groups would progress to the semifinals. India competed in Group B against England, New Zealand and East Africa, a team of cricketers from Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, and Northern Rhodesia. The Indian team was led by off spinner Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan and included leading batsmen Sunil Gavaskar, Gundappa Vishwanath, and Farokh Engineer as well as Venkataraghavan's teammate from the Indian spin quartet, Bishen Singh Bedi. The team was relatively inexperienced at one-day cricket, having played their first ODI only a year earlier during their disastrous tour of England. India's first match, the first match of the Cup, was against England at Lord's in London.\n\nQuestion: Graham Hick played cricket for England and which other country?", "output": "Zimbabwe"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A rhinolith is a stone present in the nasal cavity. The word is derived from the roots rhino- and -lith, literally meaning \"nose stone\". It is an uncommon medical phenomenon, not to be confused with dried nasal mucus. A rhinolith usually forms around the nucleus of a small exogenous foreign body, blood clot or secretion by slow deposition of calcium and magnesium carbonate and phosphate salts. Over time, they grow into large irregular masses that fill the nasal cavity. They may cause pressure necrosis of the nasal septum or lateral wall of nose. Rhinoliths can cause nasal obstruction, epistaxis, headache, sinusitis and epiphora. They can be diagnosed from the history with unilateral foul-smelling blood-stained nasal discharge or by anterior rhinoscopy. On probing, the probe can be passed around all its corners. In both CT and MRI a rhinolith will appear like a radiopaque irregular material. Small rhinoliths can be removed\n\nNewly detected viruses may have escaped classification because they left no distinctive clues, and/or could not be isolated or propagated in cell culture. Examples include human rhinovirus (a leading cause of common colds which was first identified in 1956), hepatitis C (eventually identified in 1989), and human metapneumovirus (first described in 2001, but thought to have been circulating since the 19th century). As the detection of such viruses is technology driven, the number reported is likely to expand. Zoonosis Given the rarity of spontaneous development of new virus species, the most frequent cause of emergent viruses in humans is zoonosis. This phenomenon is estimated to account for 73% of all emerging or re-emerging pathogens, with viruses playing a disproportionately large role. RNA viruses are particularly frequent, accounting for 37% of emerging and re-emerging pathogens. A broad range of animals - including wild birds, rodents and bats - are associated with\n\nfirst discovered in Italy in the 16th century. Since then, the prevalence of the disease has remained, despite many countries being declared FMD-free. Endemic regions of the disease include areas of Africa, Asia and South America. The virus commonly persists in animal feed and is able to survive environmentally for up to one month. Eradication of FMD in endemic areas has been difficult, despite the availability of a vaccine. Equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) was first isolated from horses in the 1960s and 1970s showing acute febrile respiratory disease signs, including fever, cough, clear nasal discharge and lethargy. Given its similarity to the common cold in humans (caused by another picornavirus, rhinovirus), ERAV was initially named \"equine rhinovirus 1\". Modern molecular biology techniques such as nucleotide sequencing demonstrated that ERAV was in fact more closely related to FMDV, and was reclassified to the genus Aphthovirus. See also Animal virology References\n\nQuestion: What is caused by a rhinovirus?", "output": "The Common Cold"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Athena helps the Greeks to victory. Most famously, when the craftsman-god Hephaestus discovers his wife Aphrodite is having an affair with Ares, he traps the lovers in a net and exposes them to the ridicule of the other gods. Ares' nearest counterpart in Roman religion is Mars, who was given a more important and dignified place in ancient Roman religion as ancestral protector of the Roman people and state. During the Hellenization of Latin literature, the myths of Ares were reinterpreted by Roman writers under the name of Mars, and in later Western art and literature, the mythology of the two figures became virtually indistinguishable. Names The etymology of the name Ares is traditionally connected with the Greek word (ar\u0113), the Ionic form of the Doric (ara), \"bane, ruin, curse, imprecation\". Walter Burkert notes that \"Ares is apparently an ancient abstract noun meaning throng of battle, war.\" R. S. P.\n\nThe ager publicus (; \"public land\") is the Latin name for the state land of Ancient Rome. It was usually acquired via the means of expropriation from enemies of Rome. History In the earliest periods of Roman expansion in central Italy, the ager publicus was used for Roman and (after 338 BC) Latin colonies. Later tradition held that as far back as the 5th century BC, the patrician and plebeian classes disputed the rights of the rich to exploit the land, and in 367 BC two Plebeian Tribunes, Gaius Licinius Stolo and Lucius Sextius Sextinus Lateranus promulgated a law which limited the amount of the ager publicus to be held by any individual to 500 iugera, roughly . In the half century following the Battle of Telamon (c. 225 BC), the Romans fully absorbed Cisalpine Gaul, adding huge swathes of land to the ager publicus, land which was more often\n\nAres (; , \u00c1r\u0113s ) is the Greek god of war and courage. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, and the son of Zeus and Hera. The Greeks were generally ambivalent towards him. He embodies the physical valor necessary for success in war but can also personify sheer brutality and bloodlust, in contrast to his sister, the armored Athena, whose martial functions include military strategy and generalship. An association with Ares endows places, objects, and other deities with a savage, dangerous, or militarized quality. Although Ares' name shows his origins as Mycenaean, his reputation for savagery was thought by some to reflect his likely origins as a Thracian deity. Some cities in Greece and several in Asia Minor held annual festivals to bind and detain him as their protector. In parts of Asia Minor, he was an oracular deity. Still further away from Greece, the Scythians were said to\n\nQuestion: Which planet is named after the Roman god of war?", "output": "Mars"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country located in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. With an area of and a population of 17.5 million as of 2017, Chile shares borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. The country also controls several Pacific islands, including Juan Fern\u00e1ndez, Isla Salas y G\u00f3mez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island, and claims about of Antarctica as the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The capital and largest city of Chile is Santiago, and the national language is Spanish. Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century, replacing Inca rule, but failed to conquer the independent Mapuche people who inhabited what is now south-central Chile. Chile\n\nDawson Island () is an island in the Strait of Magellan that forms part of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, 100 km south of the city of Punta Arenas in Chile, and part of the Municipality of Punta Arenas. It is located southeast of Brunswick Peninsula. It is often lashed with harsh Antarctic weather. The settlements are Puerto Harris, Puerto San Antonio and Puerto Almeida. History This area was inhabited for thousands of years by the indigenous peoples. At the time of European encounter, the Kaw\u00e9sqar lived on the island (they were called the Alcalufe by the Yahgan and the Europeans adopted that term). They lived west of the Yahgan and throughout the islands west of Tierra del Fuego. Beginning in the late 19th century, Europeans began to settle in the region, developing large sheep ranches on the main island. Miners also flocked to the area in search of gold.\n\nMagallanes discovers Strait of Magellan (54\u00b0 S) 1526 \u2013 Francisco de Hoces reportedly blown south from Strait of Magellan to (56\u00b0 S). He discovers the Drake passage or Mar de Hoces. 1578 \u2013 Francis Drake claims to have discovered an ocean south of South America and \"Elizabeth Island\" (57\u00b0 S) 1599 \u2013 Dirk Gerritsz \u2013 potentially sails to (64\u00b0 S) 1603 \u2013 Gabriel de Castilla \u2013 potentially sails to (64\u00b0 S) 1615 \u2013 Jacob le Maire and Willem Schouten first to sail around Cape Horn cross (56\u00b0 S) 1619 \u2013 Garcia de Nodal expedition \u2013 circumnavigate Tierra del Fuego and discover Diego Ram\u00edrez Islands () 1643 \u2013 Dutch expedition to Valdivia \u2013 northerly winds push the expedition as far south as 61\u00b059 S where icebergs were abundant. The expedition disproves beliefs that Isla de los Estados was part of Terra Australis. 1675 \u2013 Anthony de la Roch\u00e9 discovers South Georgia\n\nQuestion: What is the most southerly town in Chile, on the Straits of Magellan?", "output": "Punta Arenas"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bethlehem (; , , ; ) is a city in the West Bank, Palestine, located about south of Jerusalem. It is the capital of the Bethlehem Governorate, and has a population of approximately 25,000 people. The city's economy is largely tourist-driven; international tourism peaks around and during Christmas, when Christians embark on a pilgrimage to the Church of the Nativity, revered as the location of the Nativity of Jesus. At the northern entrance of the city is Rachel's Tomb, the burial place of biblical matriarch Rachel. Movement around the city is limited due to the Israeli West Bank barrier. The earliest-known mention of Bethlehem is in the Amarna correspondence of ancient Egypt, dated to 1350\u20131330 BCE, when the town was inhabited by the Canaanites. In the Hebrew Bible, the period of the Israelites is described; it identifies Bethlehem as the birthplace of David as well as the city where he\n\nAll Souls' Day, also called The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed, is a day of prayer and remembrance for the faithful departed, observed by certain Christian denominations on 2 November. Through prayer, intercessions, alms and visits to cemeteries, people commemorate the poor souls in purgatory and gain them indulgences. In Western Christianity, including Roman Catholicism and certain parts of Lutheranism and Anglicanism, All Souls' Day is the third day of Allhallowtide, after All Saints' Day (1 November) and All Hallows' Eve (October 31). Before the standardization of Western Christian observance on 2 November by St. Odilo of Cluny in the 10th century, many Catholic congregations celebrated All Souls Day on various dates during the Easter season as it is still observed in some Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Catholic and Eastern Lutheran churches. Churches of the East Syriac Rite (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Chaldean Catholic Church, Assyrian Church of the East,\n\nA triduum (; ) is a religious observance that lasts three days. Major tridua The best-known and most significant example today is the liturgical Paschal Triduum (the three days from the evening of Maundy Thursday to Easter Sunday). Other liturgical tridua celebrated in Western Christianity include the Rogation Days preceding Ascension Thursday, the feasts of Christmas and Pentecost together with the first two days of their octave, and Allhallowtide that lasts from Halloween to All Souls Day. In Eastern Christianity (both Orthodox and Catholic) the analogues of festive tridua take the form of a major feasts followed by an associated Synaxis. The most publicly celebrated examples are the feast of Epiphany together with its eve and the following day dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, and the Nativity feast with Christmas Eve and the Synaxis of Theotokos. Ecclesiastical approval has been granted for tridua in honour of the Trinity, the\n\nQuestion: What Christian festival commemorates the coming of the Three Wise Men to Bethlehem?", "output": "Epiphany"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "John Gavanti is a 1980 no wave opera album by members of the bands Mars and DNA. It was written and played by Mark Cunningham (of Mars), Sumner Crane (of Mars), China Burg (of Mars), Ikue Mori (of DNA) and Arto Lindsay (of DNA). All were prominent members of New York City's short-lived No Wave music scene. The opera is a loose retelling of Mozart's 1787 opera Don Giovanni, which in turn is based on the legend of Don Juan. The title character is a libidinous figure endowed with magical powers, and the songs of the opera follow him on a series of adventures, many of them involving the pursuit of various females, including a female lion, a young girl, and a grandmother \"in the beautiful autumn of life.\" Description Cunningham wrote about the project on his personal website: \"John Gavanti was, in a sense, a band, as we spent\n\nThe concerto delle donne (; also concerto di donne or concerto delle (or di) dame) was a group of professional female singers in the late Italian Renaissance, primarily in the court of Ferrara, Italy. Renowned for their technical and artistic virtuosity, the ensemble was founded by Alfonso II, Duke of Ferrara, in 1580 and was active until the court was dissolved in 1597. Giacomo Vincenti, a music publisher, praised the women as \"virtuose giovani\" (young virtuosas), echoing the sentiments of contemporaneous diarists and commentators. The origins of the ensemble lay in an amateur group of high-placed courtiers who performed for each other within the context of the Duke's informal musica secreta () in the 1570s. The ensemble evolved into an all-female group of professional musicians, the concerto delle donne, who performed formal concerts for members of the inner circle of the court and important visitors. Their signature style of florid,\n\nAntonio Lucio Vivaldi (4 March 1678 \u2013 28 July 1741) was an Italian composer, virtuoso violinist and impresario of Baroque music. Along with Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel, Vivaldi ranks amongst the greatest Baroque composers and his influence during his lifetime was widespread across Europe, giving origin to many imitators and admirers. He pioneered many developments in orchestration, violin technique and programmatic music. He consolidated the emerging concerto form into a widely accepted and followed idiom. Vivaldi composed many instrumental concertos, for the violin and a variety of other musical instruments, as well as sacred choral works and more than fifty operas. His best-known work is a series of violin concertos known as The Four Seasons. Many of his compositions were written for the all-female music ensemble of the Ospedale della Piet\u00e0, a home for abandoned children. Vivaldi began studying for the priesthood at the age of 15\n\nQuestion: \"Who composed the opera \"\"Don Giovanni\"\"?\"", "output": "Mozart"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Christmas, Why Can't I Find You?\" is a song written by Mariah Carey, James Horner and Will Jennings for the movie How the Grinch Stole Christmas in 2000. In the film, it is first sung by Taylor Momsen, who played Cindy Lou Who. Mariah Carey wrote a full-length pop version of the song with additional lyrics, renamed \"Where Are You Christmas?\", for the film's soundtrack. The song was originally recorded by Carey, but because of a legal case with her ex-husband Tommy Mottola, it could not be released, so it was re-recorded and released by Faith Hill. A CD single of Hill's rendition was released December 11, 2000. A video was released featuring Hill singing from the Grinch's mountaintop home, interspersed with clips from the film and a cameo appearance by Momsen as Cindy Lou Who. Composition \"Where Are You Christmas?\" is a power ballad written by James Horner and\n\nHow the Sith Stole Christmas is an animated fan film from that made its debut on the internet in December 2002. Written and directed by Ted Bracewell, the film tells the story of the Emperor's plans to invade the North Pole and take Santa Claus prisoner. Melvin the Elf ends up in the thick of things, and must help rescue Santa. Darth Vader is sent on a separate mission to destroy Christmas for the Ewok inhabitants of Endor, but when an unexpected chain of events leaves him stranded on the planet, Vader is confronted by a vision from the past and sent on an incredible journey through time and space. The film parodies Dr. Seuss's How the Grinch Stole Christmas! by mixing it with elements of the Star Wars films, as well as parodying elements of The Hobbit, A Charlie Brown Christmas, and Citizen Kane. The film has a very\n\nIrwin Allen Ginsberg (; June 3, 1926 \u2013 April 5, 1997) was an American poet and writer. As a student at Columbia University in the 1940s, he began friendships with Lucien Carr, William S. Burroughs and Jack Kerouac, forming the core of the Beat Generation. He vigorously opposed militarism, economic materialism, and sexual repression, and he embodied various aspects of this counterculture with his views on drugs, sex, multiculturalism, hostility to bureaucracy, and openness to Eastern religions. Best known for his poem \"Howl\", Ginsberg denounced what he saw as the destructive forces of capitalism and conformity in the United States. San Francisco police and US Customs seized copies of \"Howl\" in 1956, and a subsequent obscenity trial in 1957 attracted widespread publicity due to the poem's language and descriptions of heterosexual and homosexual sex at a time when sodomy laws made (male) homosexual acts a crime in every state. The\n\nQuestion: Who wrote How the Grinch Stole Christmas?", "output": "Dr Seuss"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Triveneto () or (; ; \"Three Venetias\"; ), also often referred to as North-Eastern Italy or simply North-East ( or ), is a historical region of Italy. The area is made up of the three smaller historical regions of (\"Euganean Venetia\"), (\"Julian Venetia\") and (\"Tridentine Venetia\"). This territory was named after the Roman region of . Nowadays the name Triveneto is more commonly used in the Northern Italian languages, while its original title is still in use in the Southern Italian languages, and it includes the three administrative regions of Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige/S\u00fcdtirol: that is to say, the provinces of Belluno, Bolzano, Gorizia, Padua, Pordenone, Rovigo, Trento, Treviso, Trieste, Udine, Venice, Verona, and Vicenza. This area also corresponds to the Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Region of Triveneto. History The entire area was under Austrian rule in 1863; Italy annexed Venezia Euganea in 1866, following the Third Italian\n\nBesides Milan, the region of Lombardy has 10 other provinces, each named for the largest city and capital of the respective province: Bergamo, Brescia, Como, Cremona, Lecco, Lodi, Mantova, Pavia, Sondrio, and Varese. Musically, they offer: Bergamo: the birthplace of Gaetano Donizetti; thus, there is the Teatro Donizetti and the Donizetti Musical Institute, housing a museum dedicated to the life and work of the composer. The city is also the home of the Benvenuto Terzi Guitar Association and a Society for Ancient Music. There is an annual jazz festival in the nearby town of Clusone. Brescia: the site of the spectacular Teatro Grande, built in 1709; Brescia also hosts the famous Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli International Piano Competition, named for the pianist, born in the city. The Luca Marenzio music conservatory is also located here. Como: the Teatro Sociale in the city of Como is home to the Lyric Concert Association\n\nSesto San Giovanni (; ), locally referred to as just Sesto (), is a commune in the Metropolitan City of Milan, Lombardy, northern Italy. Its railway station is the northernmost stop on the Milan Metro M1 line. The comune has the honorary title of city, despite being a de facto suburb of Milan. History An unimportant agglomerate of buildings until the 19th century, Sesto San Giovanni grew during the end of the 19th century and in the early 20th century, becoming the site of several industries, including companies such as Falck, Campari, Magneti Marelli and Breda. In that period the population increased rapidly, from 5,000 inhabitants in 1880 to 14,000 in 1911. After World War II, Sesto became populated by many migrants from other parts of Italy, leading to an increased population of 95,000 inhabitants in 1981. Sesto used to be referred to as the \"Stalingrad of Italy\", due to\n\nQuestion: What is the capital of the Italian region of Lombardy?", "output": "Milan"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "will be heroically defended by all its sons, whose sacred union will not break in the face of the enemy\"). This political movement may have been an attempt to create solidarity during a time when the largely pacifist French Socialist Party threatened a general strike, while many French Catholics felt slighted by a 1905 law separating church and state. Elements of nationalism, that the Germans attacked rather than the French, anti-German propaganda, and a desire to regain the former French territory of Alsace-Moselle may have provided further impetus for the movement. See also Burgfriedenspolitik, German equivalent Uni\u00e3o Sagrada, Portuguese equivalent Gerd Krumeich: Burgfrieden/Union sacr\u00e9e, in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. References France in World War I Political history of France World War I French Third Republic\n\nEleazar ben Simon () was a Zealot leader during the First Jewish-Roman War who fought against the armies of Cestius Gallus, Vespasian, and Titus Flavius. From the onset of the war in 66 CE until the destruction of the temple in 70 CE, he fought vehemently against the Roman garrisons in Judea and against his fellow Jewish political opponents in order to establish an independent Jewish state at Jerusalem. Although the Jewish defeat at Jerusalem cannot be entirely attributed to Eleazar ben Simon, his inability to establish unity with John of Gischala and Simon bar Giora resulted in a bitter civil war that weakened the Jewish resistance against Rome. Eleazar ben Simon and his Zealots' radical anti-Roman policies and eradication of the moderate temple aristocracy from Jerusalem in 67 CE also prevented any peaceful agreement with Rome to avoid the death and destruction which ensued in 70 CE. Disambiguation Despite\n\na large army of Jews in the battle against Cestius' Legio, he had already risen to a position of power in the priesthood prior to his military success. Mature life Eleazar ben Simon's radical anti-Roman ideology derived from a lifetime of oppression under Roman rule. Since 63 BCE, Roman garrisons stationed throughout Judaea had exploited Jews with punitive taxation, exceeding the quota set by the Roman Empire and keeping the surplus revenues for themselves . The Roman procurators also subjugated the Jewish High Priesthood, appointing pro-Roman Jews to positions of authority, and desecrated sacred Jewish practices with sacrilegious pagan rituals. In 39 CE, the Roman Emperor Caligula declared himself divine and ordered his troops in Jerusalem to place his name on the Temple . When the Jews refused, he threatened to destroy the temple but his sudden timely demise saved Jerusalem from a premature siege. Yet Caligula's threat caused many\n\nQuestion: What political movement in first century Judaism that sought to incite people against the Roman Empire has now come to mean fanatical support for a cause?", "output": "Zealotry"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, (; 15 September 1890 \u2013 12 January 1976) was an English writer known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections, particularly those revolving around fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. She also wrote the world's longest-running play, the murder mystery The Mousetrap, which has been performed in the West End since 1952. A writer during the \"Golden Age of Detective Fiction\", Christie has been called the \"Queen of Crime\". She also wrote six novels under the pseudonym Mary Westmacott. In 1971, she was made a Dame (DBE) by Queen Elizabeth II for her contributions to literature. Guinness World Records lists Christie as the best-selling fiction writer of all time, her novels having sold more than two billion copies. Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay, Devon, and was largely home-schooled. She was initially an unsuccessful writer\n\nof Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts at the age of 94. Selected works Run Far, Run Fast (1937) B as in Banshee (1940) D as in Dead (1941) H as in Hangman (1942) O as in Omen (1943) Wail for the Corpses (1943) Leather Man (1944) V as in Victim (1945) H as in Hunted (1946) Q as in Quicksand (1947) T as in Trapped (1947) F as in Flight (1948) Over the Edge (1948) Trial and Terror (1949) Big Shot (1951) Lady, Drop Dead (1960) Venus Unarmed (1961) P as in Police (edited by Ellery Queen) (1970) Crime and Puzzlement (1981) Crime and Puzzlement 2 (1982) The Clue Armchair Detective (1983) Crime and Puzzlement 3 (1988) Crime and Puzzlement 4: My Cousin Phoebe (1991) Crime and Puzzlement 5: On Martha's Vineyard, Mostly (1993) References 1903 births 1998 deaths American male novelists American mystery writers Edgar Award winners 20th-century American novelists 20th-century\n\nHercule Poirot (, ) is a fictional Belgian detective created by British writer Agatha Christie. Poirot is one of Christie's most famous and long-running characters, appearing in 33 novels, two plays (Black Coffee and Alibi), and 51 short stories published between 1920 and 1975. Poirot has been portrayed on radio, in film and on television by various actors, including Austin Trevor, John Moffatt, Albert Finney, Peter Ustinov, Ian Holm, Tony Randall, Alfred Molina, Orson Welles, David Suchet, Kenneth Branagh, and John Malkovich. Overview Influences Poirot's name was derived from two other fictional detectives of the time: Marie Belloc Lowndes' Hercule Popeau and Frank Howel Evans' Monsieur Poiret, a retired French police officer living in London. Evans' Jules Poiret \"was small and rather heavyset, hardly more than five feet, but moved with his head held high. The most remarkable features of his head were the stiff military moustache. His apparel was\n\nQuestion: Which fictional detective lived at 56b Whitehaven Mansions?", "output": "Hercule Poirot"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Stephen Vanderburgh Harkness (November 18, 1818 \u2013 March 6, 1888) was an American businessman based in Cleveland, Ohio. He invested as a silent partner with John D. Rockefeller, Sr. in the founding of Standard Oil and served as a director of Standard Oil until his death. Early life Stephen Harkness was born on November 18, 1818, in Fayette, New York, to David M. Harkness and Martha Cook. His mother died before he turned two, and his father moved with Stephen to the Western Reserve region of Northeast Ohio. He also had a sister Martha A Harkness(Russell) who was born in 1820. They settled in Milan. The widower David married Elizabeth Ann Caldwell Morrison. They had a son Daniel M. Harkness who was then, Stephen's stepbrother. After David died in 1825, the widow Elizabeth took the two boys back to Seneca County, New York, where she had grown up. She married\n\n(1876\u20131956), founder of Sinclair Oil, co-founder of Exchange National Bank (later part of National Bank of Tulsa and Bank of Oklahoma; convicted of jury tampering during Teapot Dome scandal trial Carolyn Mary Skelly (1905\u20131996), eccentric daughter of William Grove Skelly; oil heiress; dubbed the most robbed woman in the U.S. by the Boston Globe; socialite; hosted fundraisers for President George H.W. Bush, and Texas Governor John Connally William G. Skelly (1877\u20131957), founder of Skelly Oil Company, Spartan Aircraft Company and Spartan School of Aeronautics, philanthropist William K. Warren Sr. (1897\u20131990), founder of Warren Petroleum Corporation; philanthropist John Smith Zink (1928\u20132005), engineer, owner of John Zink Industries, automobile racer Music Admiral Twin (Mark Carr, Jarrod Gollihare, John Russell, Brad Becker), rock band The Agony Scene, metalcore band Elvin Bishop, blues and rock music singer-songwriter, guitarist and bandleader Garth Brooks, country music singer Broncho, punk rock band with Ryan Lindsey, Johnathon Ford\n\nto Tulsa after he drilled the first oil well in Glenn Pool Field J. Paul Getty (1892\u20131976), oilman founder of Getty Oil Company, who made his first million in Tulsa between 1914 and 1916 Thomas Gilcrease (1890\u20131962), oilman, founder of Gilcrease Museum J. M. Hall (1851\u20131935), pioneer merchant in Tulsa, organized First Presbyterian Church George Kaiser, chairman of BOK Financial Corporation Henry Kravis, co-founder of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. Joseph A LaFortune, (1894\u20131975), oilman and philanthropist James H. McBirney (1870\u20131944), co-founder and president National Bank of Commerce in Tulsa Sam P. McBirney (1877\u20131936), football coach and co-founder National Bank of Commerce in Tulsa Robert M. McFarlin (1866\u20131942), oilman and philanthropist Waite Phillips (1883\u20131964), oilman and philanthropist Harry Ford Sinclair (1876\u20131956), founder of Sinclair Oil, co-founder of Exchange National Bank (later part of National Bank of Tulsa and Bank of Oklahoma; convicted of jury tampering during Teapot Dome scandal trial\n\nQuestion: Which US businessman funded the Standard Oil Company?", "output": "John D Rockefeller"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity on the revised Pauling scale, behind only oxygen and fluorine. Chlorine played an important role in the experiments conducted by medieval alchemists, which commonly involved the heating of chloride salts like ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac) and sodium chloride (common salt), producing various chemical substances containing chlorine such as hydrogen chloride, mercury(II) chloride (corrosive sublimate), and hydrochloric acid (in the form of ). However, the nature of free chlorine gas as a separate substance was only recognised around 1630 by Jan Baptist van\n\nBromine is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is a volatile red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured vapour. Its properties are intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. Isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob L\u00f6wig (in 1825) and Antoine J\u00e9r\u00f4me Balard (in 1826), its name was derived from the Ancient Greek (bromos) meaning \"stench\", referring to its sharp and pungent smell. Elemental bromine is very reactive and thus does not occur as a free element in nature. Instead, it can be isolated from colourless soluble crystalline mineral halide salts analogous to table salt, a property it shares with the other halogens. While it is rather rare in the Earth's crust, the high solubility of the bromide ion (Br) has caused its accumulation in the oceans. Commercially the element is easily extracted from brine evaporation ponds, mostly\n\nA halonium ion is any onium ion containing a halogen atom carrying a positive charge. This cation has the general structure where X is any halogen and no restrictions on R, this structure can be cyclic or an open chain molecular structure. Halonium ions formed from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are called fluoronium, chloronium, bromonium, and iodonium, respectively. The 3-membered cyclic variety commonly proposed as intermediates in electrophilic halogenation may be called haliranium ions, using the Hantzsch-Widman nomenclature system. Structure The simplest halonium ions are of the structure (X = F, Cl, Br, I). Many halonium ions have a three-atom cyclic structure, similar to that of an epoxide, resulting from the formal addition of a halogenium ion to a C=C double bond, as when a halogen is added to an alkene. The formation of 5-membered halonium ions (e.g., chlorolanium, bromolanium ions) via neighboring group participation is also well studied.\n\nQuestion: Which chemical element, the first of the halogens, has the atomic number 9?", "output": "Fluorine '"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "General Sir Kenneth Arthur Noel Anderson, (25 December 1891 \u2013 29 April 1959) was a senior British Army officer who saw service in both world wars. He is mainly remembered as the commander of the British First Army during Operation Torch, the Allied invasion of North Africa and the subsequent Tunisian campaign which ended with the capture of almost 250,000 Axis soldiers. An outwardly reserved character, he did not court popularity either with his superiors or with the public. His American superior, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, wrote that he was \"blunt, at times to the point of rudeness\". In consequence he is less well known than many of his contemporaries. According to Richard Mead, however, \"he handled a difficult campaign more competently than his critics suggest, but competence without flair was not good enough for a top commander in 1944.\" Early life and First World War Kenneth Arthur Noel Anderson\n\nWW1 Vice Admiral Jules James (1885\u20131957) Commander, U.S. Naval Forces, Mediterranean at the close of WW II, decorated by the last King of Italy, Umberto II during his 34-day reign. Rear Admiral Kat\u014d Hiroharu (Grand Officer in 1920), Imperial Japanese Navy Major General Clayton P. Kerr (1900\u20131977), United States Army general, World War II member of the Allied Mission to the Italian Army Edward King, Viscount Kingsborough, in recognition of his work in researching and compiling his 'Antiquities of Mexico'. Major General Robert A. McClure (1897\u20131957), father of U.S. Army Special Operations, Director of Information and Media Control at Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force (SHAEF) during World War II Brigadier General Billy Mitchell (1879\u20131936), United States Army air power advocate Cesare Nava (1861\u20131933), Italian politician Charles Poletti (1903\u20132002), American lawyer and politician, Governor of New York, and colonel in the United States Army; served in Italy during World War II\n\nThe Fifth Army () was a fighting force that participated in World War I. Under its commander, Louis Franchet d'Esp\u00e8rey, it led the attacks which resulted in the victory at the First Battle of the Marne in 1914. World War I Commanders General Lanrezac (Mobilization \u2013 3 September 1914) General Franchet d'Esp\u00e9rey (3 September 1914 \u2013 31 March 1916) General Mazel (31 March 1916 \u2013 22 May 1917) Fought in the Second Battle of the Aisne General Micheler (22 May 1917 \u2013 10 June 1918) General Buat (10 June 1918 \u2013 5 July 1918) General Berthelot (5 July 1918 \u2013 7 October 1918) General Guillaumat (7 October 1918 \u2013 Armistice) Notable people During the first World War, Louis II of Monaco served as a Brigadier General. World War II Commanders General Victor Bourret (2 September 1939 \u2013 26 June 1940) References See also List of French armies in WWI Field\n\nQuestion: Who was the Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe during WWII?", "output": "Dwight Eisenhower"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "CSI: NY is a CBS police procedural drama series created as second spin-off of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation. This edition follows a New York City forensics team headed by Det. Mac Taylor. The series ran from September 22, 2004, to February 22, 2013. Over the nine seasons, a total of 197 original episodes of CSI: NY were aired. Series overview Episodes Pilot\u2014CSI: Miami Season 1 (2004\u201305) Season 2 (2005\u201306) Season 3 (2006\u201307) Season 4 (2007\u201308) Season 5 (2008\u201309) Season 6 (2009\u201310) Season 7 (2010\u201311) Season 8 (2011\u201312) Season 9 (2012\u201313) Ratings Home video releases Note: In region 1 the pilot episode, \"MIA/NYC NonStop\", is included in the CSI: NY season 1 DVD set and all crossover episodes from seasons 6 and 9 are included in their seasons. Season 2's CSI: Miami crossover (\"Felony Flight\") is not included in its DVD set. References External links CSI: NY episodes on Internet Movie\n\nCSI: Crime Scene Investigation (Episode: \"Who Shot Sherlock?\") \u2013 Nathan Hope Carniv\u00e0le (Episode: \"Los Moscos\") \u2013 Jeffrey Jur Las Vegas (Episode: \"Everything Old Is You Again\") \u2013 John Newby Smallville (Episode: \"Sacred\") \u2013 Glen Winter Without a Trace (Episode: \"Freefall\") \u2013 John B. Aronson References 2005 2005 film awards 2005 guild awards 2005 television awards American\n\nMurder Investigation Team was a British police procedural drama/cop thriller series produced by the ITV network as a spin-off from the long-running series, The Bill. The series recounts the activities of the Metropolitan Police's Murder Investigation Team, who are led by D.I. Vivien Friend (Samantha Spiro) and D.S. Rosie MacManus (Lindsey Coulson). The series, also starring Diane Parish, Steven Pacey (best known for playing Del Tarrant in the 1970s sci-fi drama Blake\u2019s 7) and Michael McKell, produced 12 episodes between 3 May 2003 and 1 August 2005. In September 2005, The Sun reported that ITV would not be commissioning a third series. Background Like The Bill, Murder Investigation Team was filmed in the London Boroughs of Sutton, Merton and Greenwich. Locations included the former Woolwich campus of the University of Greenwich. The first series debuted on 3 May 2003, and ran for eight episodes. This series was filmed with the\n\nQuestion: Which city is the setting for the original crime series 'CSI: Crime Scene Investigation'?", "output": "LAS VEGAS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Little Wonder\" is a song by English musician David Bowie, released as the second single from his 21st album, Earthling (1997). It was the album's biggest hit, reaching number 14 in the UK. At the 1998 Brit Awards, the song was nominated for Best British Video. Background The sampled spoken line \"If it's good to ya, it's gotta be good for ya\" during the instrumental break, comes from the spoken intro of a live Steely Dan song called \"Bodhisattva\" from the Citizen Steely Dan box. Two main interpretations to the lyrics are given by James E. Perone, who writes that the song may simply represent some characteristics of Bowie's own personality or, in another case, an alien observing aspects of the life on Earth. Bowie uses the names of all seven dwarfs in the lyrics. The drum break is sampled from The Winstons instrumental, \"Amen, Brother\", a popular drum solo\n\nThe Chevrolet Corvette (C4) is the fourth generation of the Corvette sports car, produced by American automobile manufacturer Chevrolet from 1983 until 1996. The convertible returned, as did higher performance engines, exemplified by the LT5 found in the ZR-1. In early March 1990, the ZR-1 would set a new record for the highest 24 hour-5,000 mile land-speed by going over a speed of . With a completely new chassis, modern sleeker styling, and other improvements to the model, prices rose and sales declined. The last C4 was produced on June 20, 1996. Overview The C4 Corvette represented a clean break from the Zora Arkus-Duntov-designed C3, with a completely new chassis and sleeker, more modern but still evolutionary styling. It was the work of a team under chief Corvette designer Dave McLellan, who'd taken over from Duntov in 1975. In a departure from the fiberglass panels of its forebears, the C4's\n\nRare (often referred to as Bowie Rare) is a compilation album by the English musician David Bowie, released by RCA Records in December 1982. The artist's relations with the company were at a low \u2013 Bowie had recorded his last music for RCA Records with the Baal EP, and had been annoyed by the release of a five-year-old duet with Bing Crosby (\"Peace on Earth/Little Drummer Boy\") as a single without his consultation. Bowie informed RCA he was unhappy with the Rare compilation, and would sign with EMI Records for his next album. All tracks on Rare were being issued for the first time on LP and cassette. The compilation contained rarities recorded between 1969 and 1980. RCA did not issue Rare in the United States; nor was the album reissued on CD along with most of Bowie's other RCA albums in 1984. On the UK Albums Chart, where it\n\nQuestion: What colour is the \u2018Little Corvette\u2019 in the 1983 single by Prince?", "output": "Red"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The discography of Will Young, an English singer who rose to fame when he won the first series of Pop Idol in 2001 contains eight studio albums, four compilation albums, two extended plays (EPs), thirty-three singles, and twenty-eight music videos. Young's debut single was a double A-side, \"Evergreen\" and \"Anything Is Possible\", released in 2002. This became the fastest-selling debut single in UK chart history going straight to number one and going on to sell over 1.8 million copies. In the Top 40 Biggest Selling Singles of the 21st Century (so far) published by the Official Charts Company, \"Evergreen\" topped the list. In October 2002 Young released his debut album, From Now On, which included \"Evergreen\" and \"Anything Is Possible\", \"Light My Fire\", \"The Long and Winding Road\" (a duet with Gareth Gates, released as a double A-side with Gates's song \"Suspicious Minds\") and \"Don't Let Me Down\"/\"You and I\"\n\nat number 11 eleven in Ireland and reaching the top thirty in Ireland and the Netherlands. It became the 18th biggest-selling of 2002 in the United Kingdom and has gone on to sell over 880,000 copies. From Now On spawned six singles, including double A-single \"Anything Is Possible\"/\"Evergreen,\" United Kingdom's highest-selling single of the decade. Follow-up singles \"Light My Fire\" and \"The Long and Winding Road\" also fared well, both becoming chart toppers on the UK Singles Chart, while \"Don't Let Me Down\"/\"You and I\" peaked at number two. In 2003, the album won Young a BRIT Award for Best Breakthrough Artist, while \"Evergreen\" received a nomination in the Song of the Year category and \"Anything Is Possible\" was awarded the Ivor Novello Award for Bestselling Song of 2002. Promotion From Now On was preceded by its double A-lead single, consisting of a cover version of Irish boy band Westlife's\n\nA Christmas Album is the first Christmas album by American singer-songwriter James Taylor released on a limited-edition basis in 2004, with distribution through Hallmark stores. The albums were also not carried by all Hallmark Cards stockists. Track listing \"Winter Wonderland\" with Chris Botti (Dick Smith, Felix Bernard) \u2013 3:36 \"Go Tell It on the Mountain\" (Traditional) \u2013 3:48 \"In the Bleak Midwinter\" (Traditional) \u2013 4:18 \"Baby, It's Cold Outside\" with Natalie Cole (Frank Loesser) \u2013 4:19 \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\" (Haven Gillespie, John Frederick Coots) \u2013 2:58 \"Jingle Bells\" (Traditional) \u2013 3:55 \"The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire)\" with Toots Thielemans (Mel Torm\u00e9, Robert Wells) \u2013 3:54 \"Deck the Halls\" (Traditional) \u2013 2:51 \"Some Children See Him\" (Alfred Burt, Wihla Hutson) \u2013 4:41 \"Who Comes This Night\" (Dave Grusin, Sally Stevens) \u2013 4:17 \"Auld Lang Syne\" (Traditional) \u2013 3:41 The album originally came with an\n\nQuestion: Whose single 'Evergreen' was the best-selling record in the UK in the decade to December 31st 2009?", "output": "Will Young"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Tines (; also spelled tynes), prongs or teeth are parallel or branching spikes forming parts of a tool or natural object. They are used to spear, hook, move or otherwise act on other objects. They may be made of wood, bone, metal, or similar materials. The number of tines on tools varies widely \u2013 a pitchfork may have just two, a garden fork may have four, and a rake or harrow many. Tines may be blunt, such as those on a fork used as an eating utensil; or sharp, as on a pitchfork; or even barbed, as on a trident. The terms tine and prong are mostly interchangeable. A tooth of a comb is a tine. The term is also used on musical instruments such as the Jew's harp, tuning fork, guitaret, electric piano, music box or mbira which contain long protruding metal spikes (\"tines\") which are plucked to produce\n\nused on musical instruments such as the Jew's harp, tuning fork, guitaret, electric piano, music box or mbira which contain long protruding metal spikes (\"tines\") which are plucked to produce notes. Tines and prongs occur in nature\u2014for example, forming the branched bony antlers of deer or the forked horns of pronghorn antelopes. The term tine is also used for mountains, such as the fictional Silvertine in The Lord of the Rings. In chaos theory (physics, non-linear dynamics), the branches of a bifurcation diagram are called tines and subtines. References Tools\n\nan arm, or arms, on bearings to allow upward wheel deflection, meaning that there is no stiction, even under braking. Braking forces can be redirected horizontally along these arms, or tie rods, away from the vertical suspension forces, and can even be put to good use to counteract weight transfer. Reduced mass The length of the typical motorcycle fork means that they act as large levers about the headstock requiring the forks, the headstock, and the frame to be very robust adding to the bike's weight. Consistent but complex behavior The arms typically form some form of parallelogram which maintains steering geometry over the full range of wheel travel, allowing agility and consistency of steering that forks currently cannot get close to attaining. The hub center steering's Achilles heel, however, has been the steering feel. Complex linkages tend to be involved in the steering process, and this can lead to\n\nQuestion: What is a prong of a fork called", "output": "Tine"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the following sections: Lament over a great locust plague and a severe drought (1:1\u20132:17). The effects of these events on agriculture, farmers, and on the supply of agricultural offerings for the Temple in Jerusalem, interspersed with a call to national lament (1:1\u201320). A more apocalyptic passage comparing the locusts to an army, and revealing that they are God's army (2:1\u201311). A call to national repentance in the face of God's judgment (2:12\u201317). Promise of future blessings (2:18\u201332 or 2:18\u20133:5). Banishment of the locusts and restoration of agricultural productivity as a divine response to national penitence (2:18\u201327). Future prophetic gifts to all of God's people, and the safety of God's people in the face of cosmic cataclysm (2:28\u201332 or 3:1\u20135). Coming judgment on the Kingdom of Judah's enemies: the Philistines, the Kingdom of Edom, and the Kingdom of Egypt (3:1\u201321 or 4:1\u201321). Chapters The Book of Joel's division into chapters and\n\nThe Black Death (also known as the Pestilence, the Great Mortality or the Plague) was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Western Eurasia and North Africa from 1346 to 1353. It is the most fatal pandemic recorded in human history, causing the deaths of people, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. Bubonic plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis spread by fleas, but during the Black Death it probably also took a secondary form, spread by person-to-person contact via aerosols, causing pneumonic plague. The Black Death was the beginning of the second plague pandemic. The plague created religious, social and economic upheavals, with profound effects on the course of European history. The origin of the Black Death is disputed. Genetic analysis points to the evolution of Yersinia pestis in the Tian Shan mountains on the border between Kyrgyzstan and China 2,600 years ago. The immediate territorial origins of\n\nThe Hebrew term Abaddon ( \u2019\u0102\u1e07add\u014dn, meaning \"destruction\", \"doom\"), and its Greek equivalent Apollyon (, Apoll\u00fa\u014dn meaning \"Destroyer\") appear in the Bible as both a place of destruction and an angel of the abyss. In the Hebrew Bible, abaddon is used with reference to a bottomless pit, often appearing alongside the place Sheol ( \u0160\u0259\u02be\u014dl), meaning the resting place of dead peoples. In the Book of Revelation of the New Testament, an angel called Abaddon is described as the king of an army of locusts; his name is first transcribed in Koine Greek (Revelation 9:11\u2014\"whose name in Hebrew is Abaddon,\") as , and then translated , Apollyon. The Vulgate and the Douay\u2013Rheims Bible have additional notes not present in the Greek text, \"in Latin Exterminans\", exterminans being the Latin word for \"destroyer\". Etymology According to the Brown\u2013Driver\u2013Briggs lexicon, the \u2019\u0103\u1e07ad\u014dn is an intensive form of the Semitic root and verb\n\nQuestion: According to the Bible, which country was hit by ten plagues, including of frogs and locusts?", "output": "Egypt"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Andreas Voutsinas (; 22 August 1930 \u2013 8 June 2010) was a Sudanese-Greek actor and theater director. In the English-speaking world, he was best known for his roles in three Mel Brooks films, The Producers (1967), The Twelve Chairs (1970) and History of the World, Part I (1981). Life and career Voutsinas was born on 22 August 1932 in Khartoum, since there was a sizeable community of Greek settlers in Sudan at the time. His parents hailed from the Ionian Island of Kefalonia. They set up a pasta factory in the Anglo-Egyptian colony, \"reputedly supplying spaghetti to Italian forces\" during the Fascist invasion of Abyssinia. After the collapse of the business during WWII, Voutsinas moved with his mother to Athens. Voutsinas studied acting and costume design at the Old Vic School and drama and song at the Webber Douglas Academy in London, and, in 1957, joined the Actors Studio. Voutsinas\n\nIb J\u00f8rgen Melchior (September 17, 1917 \u2013 March 14, 2015) was a Danish-American novelist, short-story writer, film producer, film director, and screenwriter of low-budget American science fiction movies, most of them released by American International Pictures. Personal life Melchior was born and raised in Copenhagen, Denmark, the son of Lauritz Melchior, an opera singer. He served in the Counterintelligence Corps (U.S. Army) during World War II, getting his training at Camp Ritchie in Maryland which classifies him as one of the Ritchie Boys. He also participated in the liberation of Flossenb\u00fcrg concentration camp as well as the discovery of stolen currency, gold and art at Merkers-Kieselbach Cavern, and the capture of a Werwolf unit in 1945, for which he was awarded the Bronze Star. He was also involved in a long legal battle involving his father's estate, Chossewitz in Brandenburg, Germany, which was confiscated by the communist government of East\n\nBilly Bob Thornton (born August 4, 1955) is an American film actor, writer and director. He had his first break when he co-wrote and starred in the 1992 thriller One False Move, and received international attention after writing, directing, and starring in the independent drama film Sling Blade (1996), for which he won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. He appeared in several major film roles in the 1990s following Sling Blade, including Oliver Stone's neo-noir U Turn (1997), political drama Primary Colors (1998), science fiction disaster film Armageddon (1998), the highest-grossing film of that year, and the crime drama A Simple Plan (1998), which earned him his third Oscar nomination. In the 2000s, Thornton achieved further success starring in dramas Monster's Ball (2001), The Man Who Wasn't There (2001), and Friday Night Lights (2004); and comedy films, Intolerable\n\nQuestion: In which country was the actor and director Mel Gibson born?", "output": "USA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chapelco ski centre. Climate The park mostly has a moist temperate climate (except at the higher altitudes). Mean temperatures range from in winter to in summer. Mean annual precipitation is around although in certain areas, they can exceed . Most of the precipitation is concentrated from May to August while snowfall can fall anytime from May to October. References External links Official site (Spanish) Parque Nacional Lan\u00edn (Spanish) National parks of Argentina Protected areas of Neuqu\u00e9n Province Biosphere reserves of Argentina Protected areas established in 1937 1937 establishments in Argentina Valdivian temperate forests\n\nterminus of the main route of the Pan-American Highway in South America. There is currently no paved road connecting through the region to Yaviza, Panama, where the highway continues through Central and North America. Geography Climate Turbo has a monthly mean temperature above in every month of the year and a distinct dry season, with the driest month measuring less than of precipitation. The K\u00f6ppen climate classification subtype for Turbo\u2019s climate is Am (tropical monsoon climate), although it borders on Af (tropical rainforest climate). The average temperature for the year in Turbo is , with extremely small variations through the year. Rainfall in Turbo is heavy due to strong surface westerly winds from the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) located near Turbo\u2019s latitude, although it is much less from January to March when the ITCZ reaches its most southerly latitude, resulting in the town\u2019s classification as a monsoon climate. References External\n\ncontinental climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Dfb) using the 0 \u00b0C (32 \u00b0F) isotherm, or a temperate oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Cfb) using the -3 \u00b0C (27 \u00b0F) isotherm for the coldest month, with an average annual precipitation of . Summers have warm days and chilly to cool nights. Winters are chilly and wetter, with heavy snowfall. This climate favors winter sports, and at the foot of the Lonquimay is The Corralco Mountain and Ski Resort. This climate is described by the K\u00f6ppen climate classification as Dfb. See also Icalma Lake Galletu\u00e9 Lake Trans-Andean Railways References Tramz External links Municipality of Lonquimay 19th-century fortifications in Chile Communes of Chile Populated places in Malleco Province Plateaus of the Andes Plateaus of Chile\n\nQuestion: What is the prevailing climate in Uruguay?", "output": "Temperate"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Athletes from the Netherlands competed at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, United States. Medalists Bobsleigh Men & Women Short track speed skating Men Snowboarding Women Speed skating Men Women References Winter Olympics 2002, Salt Lake City, full results Olympic Winter Games 2002, full results by sports-reference.com Nations at the 2002 Winter Olympics 2002 Winter Olympics\n\nLake Placid, New York has been the host to two Winter Olympic Games: 1932 Winter Olympics 1980 Winter Olympics\n\nThe Utah Olympic Oval is an indoor speed skating oval located southwest of Salt Lake City, in Kearns, Utah. The Oval was built for the 2002 Winter Olympics and it hosted the long track speed skating events for the 2002 games. Inside the facility the 400 meter skating track surrounds two international sized ice sheets, and is itself surrounded by a 442-meter running track. Due to its high altitude, , and the associated low air resistance, ten Olympic records and nine world records were set at the Oval during the 2002 games, the largest number of world records ever set at one event. History Along with Soldier Hollow and the Utah Olympic Park, the Utah Olympic Oval was built specifically for the 2002 Winter Olympics. On October 5, 1992, the Utah Sports Authority chose the Oquirrh Park Fitness Center in Kearns as the site for the 2002 Olympic Oval, beating\n\nQuestion: Which US city hosted the 2002 Winter Olympic Games?", "output": "Salt Lake City"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Salt Lake City Southern Railroad is a short-line railroad operating between Salt Lake City, and Murray, in Utah, United States. The SL began operating on April 19, 1993, as a RailTex subsidiary. Today the SL is a subsidiary of the Utah Railway and is owned by the Genesee & Wyoming Inc. History The line was originally built between 1871 and 1872 by the Utah Southern Railroad. By March 30, 1872, the Utah Southern reached Point of the Mountain, which is the southern end of the Salt Lake City Southern Railroad at Mount. In the 1870s, the Utah Southern was constructing a line from Salt Lake City to Chicken Creek (Juab County). Brigham Young was listed as the railroad's president. In June 1875 financial control of the railroad was turned over to the Union Pacific Railroad. On July 1, 1881, the Utah Southern was consolidated into the Utah Central Railway.\n\nThe Utah Construction Company was a construction company founded by Edmund Orson Wattis Jr., Warren L. Wattis and William. H. Wattis in 1900. History A short four years after its founding, the company was awarded the contract to build the Feather River train route between Oakland and Salt Lake City. This $60 million contract was challenging, but after five years, very profitable. The Feather River route was completed for the Western Pacific Railroad in 1911. The Utah Construction Company thrived and soon captured a large share of the tunneling, grading, and track projects for the rapidly expanding railroads in the mountain west. Seeing the end of railroad expansion, the Wattis Brothers looked for ways to diversify their construction risks. In 1917, Utah Construction Company was awarded the $7 million O'Shaughnessy Dam contract, a controversial project that impounds the Tuolumne River in the Hetch Hetchy Valley of California's Sierra Nevada mountains.\n\nThistle is a ghost town in Spanish Fork Canyon in southeastern Utah County, Utah, United States. During the era of steam locomotives, the town's primary industry was servicing trains for the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad (often shortened to D&RG, D&RGW, or Rio Grande). The fortunes of the town were closely linked with those of the railroad until the changeover to diesel locomotives, when the town started to decline. In April 1983, a massive landslide (specifically a complex earthflow) dammed the Spanish Fork River. The residents were evacuated as nearly of water backed up, flooding the town. Thistle was destroyed; only a few structures were left partially standing. Federal and state government agencies have said this was the most costly landslide in United States history, the economic consequences of which affected the entire region. The landslide resulted in the first presidentially declared disaster area in Utah. U.S. Route 6\n\nQuestion: What is the capital of Utah?", "output": "Salt Lake City"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "held. Beginning in 1968 and ever since, both the 100 and 200 metre versions have been held. Before the Games, Great Britain's Robert Crawshaw was described in The New York Herald Tribune as the \"champion breast and back swimmer of the world\". Competition format The competition used a two-round format, with semifinals and a final. The entrants were divided into three semifinals; each semifinal had approximately 12 swimmers entered, though withdrawals left each with between 3 and 7 swimmers. The fastest swimmer in each semifinal advanced to the final along with the next seven fastest times overall. This resulted in a 10-swimmer final. The races were swum downstream in the Seine. Records There were no recognized records in the 200 metre backstroke before this competition: world records would not be recognized until 1909. Ernst Hoppenberg had the best time in the first semifinal at 2:54.4, setting the initial Olympic record.\n\nThe 1972 Summer Olympics were held in Munich, West Germany, 29 events in swimming were contested. There was a total of 532 participants from 52 countries competing. Perhaps the most spectacular athletic events were in swimming. Mark Spitz had a remarkable run, competing in seven events, winning seven Olympic titles and setting seven world records. In 2008, Michael Phelps matched Spitz's feat of setting seven world records in a single Olympics. According to the official Olympic website, \"He took part in the 4 \u00d7 200 m one hour after his final in the 100 m butterfly. As for the 200 m freestyle gold, it was his third medal in three days\" . On the women's side of the competition, Shane Gould of Australia won five medals. She won the 200 m and 400 m freestyle as well as the 200 m individual medley, each with a new world-record time. In\n\nrecord 400 metres: 51.32 s (1990), Swiss record (1990\u20132017) 800 metres: 1.59.98 min (1990) References External links 1964 births Living people Swiss female hurdlers Athletes (track and field) at the 1988 Summer Olympics Olympic athletes for Switzerland European Athletics Championships medalists Sportspeople from Lausanne World Athletics Indoor Championships medalists\n\nQuestion: In 1908, the winners of the Gordon Bennett Cup in ballooning set a world record of 73 hours aloft that would stand until 1995. What nationality were they?", "output": "Swiss"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The University of Southern Mississippi (Southern Miss or USM) is a public research university with its main campus located in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. It is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools to award bachelor's, master's, specialist, and doctoral degrees. The university is classified among \"R1: Doctoral Universities \u2013 Very high research activity\". Founded on March 30, 1910, the university is a dual campus institution, with its main campus located in Hattiesburg and its other large campus \u2013 Gulf Park \u2013 located in Long Beach. It has five additional teaching and research sites, including the John C. Stennis Space Center and the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (GCRL). Originally called the Mississippi Southerners, the Southern Miss athletic teams became the Golden Eagles in 1972. The school's colors, black and gold, were selected by a student body vote shortly after the school was founded. While mascots, names, customs, and the campus\n\nAlabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nMississippi Public Broadcasting (MPB) is the public broadcasting state network serving the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is owned by the Mississippi Authority for Educational Television (MAET), an agency of the state government that holds the licenses for all of the PBS and NPR member stations in the state. MPB's headquarters is located on Ridgewood Road in northeast Jackson. The public broadcaster was established as Mississippi Educational Television. History Mississippi was a relative latecomer to public broadcasting. By the late 1960s, it was the only state east of the Mississippi River without an educational television station licensed within its borders. The only areas of the state to get a clear signal from a National Educational Television (NET) or PBS station were the northwestern counties (from Memphis' WKNO) and the counties along the Gulf Coast (from New Orleans' WYES-TV and Mobile's Alabama Educational Television outlet, WEIQ). in 1969, the Mississippi Legislature\n\nQuestion: What's the state capital of Mississippi USA, originally Le Fleur's Bluff, later named after a US president?", "output": "Jackson"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"The Last of the Light Brigade\" is a poem written in 1890 by Rudyard Kipling echoing \u2013 thirty-six years after the event \u2013 Alfred Tennyson's famous poem The Charge of the Light Brigade. Employing synecdoche, Kipling uses his poem to expose the terrible hardship faced in old age by veterans of the Crimean War, as exemplified by the cavalry men of the light brigade who charged at the Battle of Balaclava. It describes a visit by the last twenty survivors of the charge to Tennyson (then in his eightieth year) to reproach him gently for not writing a sequel about the way in which England was treating its old soldiers. Some sources treat the poem as an account of a real event, but other commentators class the destitute old soldiers as allegorical, with the visit invented by Kipling to draw attention to the poverty in which the real survivors were\n\nreal event, but other commentators class the destitute old soldiers as allegorical, with the visit invented by Kipling to draw attention to the poverty in which the real survivors were living, in the same way that he evoked Tommy Atkins in \"The Absent Minded Beggar\". Reception Unlike Tennyson's poem, and like first-person accounts of the Light Brigade, Kipling's poem was largely ignored. References External links Poetry by Rudyard Kipling Victorian poetry Crimean War fiction\n\n1936 (The Charge of the Light Brigade), there was a fictional regiment called the 27th Lancers.) References Cavalry regiments of the British Army Military units and formations established in 1941 Lancers 027 27th Lancers officers\n\nQuestion: Who wrote the poem 'The Charge of the Light Brigade'?", "output": "(Alfred Lord) Tennyson"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Bahamas ( ), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the North Atlantic. It takes up 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and is home to 88% of the archipelago's population. The archipelagic state consists of more than 3,000 islands, cays, and islets in the Atlantic Ocean, and is located north of Cuba and northwest of the island of Hispaniola (split between the Dominican Republic and Haiti) and the Turks and Caicos Islands, southeast of the U.S. state of Florida, and east of the Florida Keys. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence. The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes The Bahamas' territory as encompassing of ocean space. The Bahama Islands were inhabited by the Arawak and Lucayans, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Ta\u00edno, for many centuries. Christopher Columbus was the first European to\n\ncarried by the ships of other nations which reached The Bahamas. Today Black-Bahamians make up 90% of the population of 400,516. The country gained governmental independence in 1973, led by Sir Lynden O. Pindling. Charles III is currently its monarch. In terms of gross domestic product per capita, The Bahamas is one of the richest countries in the Americas (following the United States and Canada), with an economy based on tourism and offshore finance. Naming and etymology The name Bahamas is derived from the Lucayan name ('large upper middle island'), used by the indigenous Ta\u00edno people for the island of Grand Bahama. Tourist guides often state that the name comes from the Spanish ('shallow sea'). Wolfgang Ahrens of York University argues that this is a folk etymology. Alternatively, it may originate from , a local name of unclear meaning. First attested on the 1523 Turin Map, Bahama originally referred to\n\nThe economy of the Bahamas is dependent upon tourism and offshore banking. The Bahamas is the richest country in the West Indies and is ranked 14th in North America for nominal GDP. It is a stable, developing nation in the Lucayan Archipelago, with a population of 391,232 (2016). Steady growth in tourism receipts and a boom in construction of new hotels, resorts, and residences had led to solid GDP growth for many years. The slowdown in the Economy of the United States and the September 11 attacks held back growth in these sectors from 2001 to 2003. Financial services constitute the second-most important sector of the Bahamian economy, accounting for about 15% of GDP. However, since December 2000, when the government enacted new regulations on the financial sector, many international businesses have left the Bahamas. Manufacturing and agriculture together contribute approximately 10% of GDP and show little growth, despite government\n\nQuestion: What is the capital of the Bahamas?", "output": "Nassau"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "John Anthony Powers (August 22, 1922 \u2013 December 31, 1979), better known as Shorty Powers, was an American public affairs officer for NASA from 1959 to 1963 during Project Mercury. A U.S. Air Force lieutenant colonel and war veteran, he was known as the \"voice of the astronauts,\" the \"voice of Mercury Control,\" and the \"eighth astronaut\", a nickname he received for his 5-foot, 6-inch (1.68 m) height. In the mid-1960s, he was a TV commercial spokesperson for Oldsmobile. Biography Powers was born August 22, 1922, to first generation Welsh immigrant parents in Toledo, Ohio. Powers father's last name was actually Power, however, upon signing the immigration documents, Power became Powers. When Powers was an infant his family moved to Downers Grove, Illinois, where he was a cheerleader at Downers Grove North High School, from which he graduated in 1941. After graduation, he enlisted in the U.S. Army Air Corps\n\nat London's Mermaid Theatre, he was spotted by the producers of the NBC mini-series AD, who cast him in the lead role of Valerius. He spent the following nine months on location in Tunisia working opposite James Mason, Susan Sarandon, Ava Gardner and Ian McShane. Upon his return, he was cast in the eponymous role of James Bigglesworth in the British feature film, Biggles (American title: Biggles: Adventures in Time), which was selected as the Royal Premiere Film in 1986. He went on to star in several mini-series and the cult sci-fi series She-Wolf of London, which was given the alternative title Love & Curses when syndicated in the United States. In 2008, he starred in the film Chasing Chekhov, which won the first BAFTA LA Film Festival Award. TV credits include: I, Claudius, Secret Army, Blake's 7, Airline, Boon, Rockliffe's Babies, She-Wolf of London, Dynasty, Matlock, Baywatch, Sliders, Iron\n\nas the Germans, and on two occasions in I Flew With Braddock he came fairly close to being court-martialled for assaulting a superior officer (although one incident was a misunderstanding and the other was under severe provocation). The narrator of these stories was his hero-worshipping navigator, George Bourne (a Dr. Watson-type narrator, a relatively sophisticated device for juvenile fiction). Braddock was so highly regarded that he had carte blanche to pick his own flight crew, and was frequently called upon to advise high-ranking commanders of the RAF. Braddock flew several types of aircraft, but his most prominent command was the Lancaster Bomber \"F Fox\". At the start of I Flew With Braddock the crew was Braddock and Bourne, co-pilot and flight engineer 'Ham' Hancox, bomb aimer Tom Tanner, radio operator 'Nicker' Brown, mid-upper gunner 'Hoppy' Robinson, and tail gunner Les Howe. Les Howe clashed with Braddock early on and was\n\nQuestion: What is the first name of Capt. W E Johns's fictional flying hero, Biggles?", "output": "James"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Servas is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France. Geography The Veyle flows northwest through the northeastern part of the commune. Population See also Communes of the Ain department Dombes References Communes of Ain Ain communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia\n\nThe torrent tyrannulet (Serpophaga cinerea) is a small bird of the tyrant flycatcher family. It breeds from Costa Rica south to northern Bolivia and northwestern Venezuela. Description The adult torrent tyrannulet is 10\u201311.4 cm long and weighs 8g. The male is pale grey above, and greyish white below, becoming white on the throat and lower belly. The head above the level of the eye is black with a concealed white crown patch, and the wings and tail are blackish. There are two thin grey-white wing bars. The female is similar, but the top of the head is greyer and the crown patch is smaller or absent. Young birds have a browner cap, a brownish tint to the upperparts and broader, yellower wing bars. Habitat The torrent tyrannulet is a bird of rocky mountain streams at elevations from 300 to 2200 m, although it is less common at the lower altitudes\n\nA small number of Astor markhor (Capra falconeri falconeri), an endangered species of wild goat, lives in the reserve. Other large mammals present include the Alpine ibex (Capra ibex), the snow leopard (Panthera uncia), the brown bear (Ursus arctos), the grey wolf (Lupus lupus), the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), the beech marten (Martes foina) and the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). About 35 species of bird have been recorded in the sanctuary, including the Brooks's leaf-warbler (Phylloscopus subviridis). References Wildlife sanctuaries of Pakistan Protected areas of Gilgit-Baltistan Gilgit District\n\nQuestion: What type of creature is a serval?", "output": "Cat"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Vyacheslav Nikolayevich Ivanov (; born 30 July 1938) is a former rower, and one of the most accomplished rowers of his generation. He crewed for the Soviet Union, and he won the Olympic gold medals in the single sculls class at the 1956 Melbourne Games, the 1960 Rome Games and the 1964 Tokyo Games. Ivanov was the first man to win the single sculls event three times in the Olympics. At the time, only Americans Jack Kelly Sr. and Paul Costello and Briton Jack Beresford had won three Olympic gold medals in the sport of rowing (since surpassed by Steve Redgrave and others). The only other person to match Ivanov's achievement and win three gold medals in the single scull is Finland's Pertti Karppinen. Rowing career Ivanov started as a boxer, in 1950. In 1952 he combined boxing with rowing, eventually opting for the latter sport. By 1955, at the\n\nJack Beresford, CBE (1 January 1899 \u2013 3 December 1977), born Jack Beresford-Wiszniewski, was a British rower who won five medals at five Olympic Games in succession. This record in Olympic rowing was not matched until 2000 when Sir Steve Redgrave won his sixth Olympic medal at his fifth Olympic Games. Early life Jack Beresford was the son of Julius Beresford. The family name was Wisniewski but his father dropped the name after Beresford was born. Julius Beresford was also a rower who won an Olympic silver medal for Great Britain rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics as well as winning several times at Henley. Jack was educated at Bedford School where he stroked the eight and also captained the rugby football XV. During the First World War he served in the Liverpool Scottish Regiment and was wounded in the leg in France. He returned to London and learned the\n\nThe single sculls was one of the competitions in the Rowing at the 1900 Summer Olympics events in Paris. It was held on 25 and 26 August 1900. 12 athletes from 3 nations competed. Four quarterfinals, two semifinals, and a final were held. The event was won by Hermann Barrelet of France; the host nation also took silver with Andr\u00e9 Gaudin. Saint-George Ashe of Great Britain earned bronze, after interfering with another rower in the quarterfinals and advancing out of the semifinals for unknown reasons after placing third in his heat. Background This was the first appearance of the event. Rowing had been on the programme in 1896 but was cancelled due to bad weather. The single sculls has been held every time that rowing has been contested, beginning in 1900. Great Britain's best sculler, C. V. Fox, entered but withdrew. Competition format The tournament featured three rounds: quarterfinals, semifinals,\n\nQuestion: In 2000, who became the first British rower to win gold medals at five consecutive Olympic Games?", "output": "Steven Redgrave"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Front for Victory (, FPV) was a centre-left Peronist electoral alliance in Argentina, and is formally a faction of the Justicialist Party. Former presidents N\u00e9stor Kirchner and Cristina Fern\u00e1ndez de Kirchner were elected as representatives of this party. The Front for Victory is ideologically identified with what has been called Kirchnerism. Legally, the Front should not be confused with the Victory Party, which is just one of the political parties in it. History Due to internal disagreements over leadership, the Justicialist Party did not participate as such in the 2003 presidential elections, so the Front for Victory was established on behalf of the presidential candidacy of N\u00e9stor Kirchner, in opposition to two other Peronist tickets (Carlos Menem's Front for Loyalty and Adolfo Rodr\u00edguez Sa\u00e1's Front of the Popular Movement). At the 2005 legislative elections the FPV, again running against other Peronist lists, won 50 of the 127 elected deputies\n\nNilda Celia Garr\u00e9 (born November 3, 1945) is an Argentine lawyer, politician, and diplomat. She was Minister of Defense during the presidency of the late Nestor Kirchner and remained in this position, and as Minister of Security, under President Cristina Fern\u00e1ndez de Kirchner. She was the first woman in her country's history to serve in either office. She also served as the Argentine Representative to the OAS. She served numerous terms as a member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies, the latest one from 2015 to 2019. Early life and career Garr\u00e9 was born in the San Telmo barrio of Buenos Aires, and earned a law degree from the Universidad del Salvador when she was 22 years old. Her father, Ra\u00fal Garr\u00e9, was a Peronist member of the Buenos Aires Province Chamber of Deputies until the 1955 coup against President Juan Per\u00f3n in 1955. Elected in the March 1973 Peronist\n\nThe S\u00e1enz Pe\u00f1a Law () was Law 8871 of Argentina, sanctioned by the National Congress on 10 February 1912, which established the universal, secret and compulsory male suffrage though the creation of an electoral list (Padr\u00f3n Electoral). It was approved during the presidency of Roque S\u00e1enz Pe\u00f1a, main supporter of the law, and was published in the official government bulletin on 13 February 1912. The right to vote for females was not covered by this law until 1947, during the first presidency of Juan Per\u00f3n. The \"universal\" scope of the original law included only native and naturalized men but not women and working class men who were non-citizen immigrants, a very significant portion of the population at the time. Indeed, in Buenos Aires in 1914, 49% of the population was foreign born. In the entire country, 30% of all residents were foreign born according to the 1914 national census. The\n\nQuestion: Cristina Kirchner became the first elected woman president of which country?", "output": "Argentina"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"There has never been a big earthquake like this. [...] People are trickling in. They are all calm.\" In popular culture Yokohama Arena is one of the venues featured in the manga and anime series Hajime no Ippo. See also List of indoor arenas in Japan References External links Web Site Basketball venues in Japan Boxing venues in Japan Music venues completed in 1989 Mixed martial arts venues in Japan Indoor arenas in Japan Music venues in Japan Sports venues completed in 1989 Sports venues in Yokohama 1989 establishments in Japan\n\nis a multi-use stadium in Utsunomiya, Japan. It is currently used mostly for baseball games, and the stadium holds approximately 30,000 people. Baseball venues in Japan Sports venues in Tochigi Prefecture\n\nis a multi-purpose stadium in Toyama, Japan. Built in 1992, it holds 30,000 people and is currently used mostly for baseball matches. References Baseball venues in Japan Multi-purpose stadiums in Japan Sports venues in Toyama Prefecture\n\nQuestion: What is the most popular spectator sport in Japan?", "output": "Baseball"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The River Spodden is a watercourse in North West England, one of two major tributaries of the River Roch. It rises in the Lancashire South Pennine hills north of Whitworth and flows south through what is now known as the Whitworth Valley to Rochdale, Greater Manchester, where the river merges with the River Roch. Nestled within the picturesque wooded valley is Healey Dell Nature Reserve. Source and course The river rises at Freeholds Top, on Shawforth Moor, north-east of Shawforth village, Whitworth, east of Britannia, out of Bacup and south-west of Inchfield Moor. In the early 19th century, the source was listed as \"near High House\". It flows south through its narrow valley through Shawforth, Facit, Whitworth and Broadley, and for about a kilometre it forms the boundary between both Rochdale and Rossendale districts and Greater Manchester and Lancashire counties. It then flows through Healey Dell, Lowerfold, Shawclough, Spotland Fold\n\nThe Carryduff River (Irish Abhainn Cheathr\u00fa Aodha Dhuibh) is a minor river in County Down, Northern Ireland. It is a direct tributary of the River Lagan and is not navigable. Course The river rises in Killinure townland, in the boggy ground at the northern base of Ouley Hill (186 metres), and is fed by numerous drainage ditches as it passes through the farmland to the south of the town of Carryduff. From here it passes beside Knockbracken open reservoir and flows north down through a gap in the Castlereagh Hills, renamed Purdy's Burn. It then flows into the Lagan Valley, and joins the River Lagan at Minnowburn. The Carryduff River has been covered over and encased in a pipe for some of its urban stretches. Settlements and routes The original village of Carryduff grew up at the point where the routes south out of Belfast to Downpatrick and Newcastle, and\n\nShibden Valley (also known as Shibden Dale) is to the east of Halifax, West Yorkshire, England, where the community of Shibden lies. The name of the Shibden valley comes from scepe dene meaning \"sheep valley\" or \"Sheep Vale\". The area was heavily involved in wool production but was also a site of much coal production and flagstones from Northowram, Southowram and Hipperholme areas. The Red Beck stream flows down the valley, joining the River Calder at Brookfoot. It runs for and drains an area of . Southowram stands on the southern side of the valley, and Northowram stands on the northern side of the valley. Shibden Valley stretches from Halifax through to Queensbury in the south-west of Bradford. A medieval road, the Magna Via, crosses west to east in the lower part of the valley over Beacon Hill. This was an ancient road between Halifax and Wakefield and the road\n\nQuestion: Ripon in Yorkshire, lies on which river?", "output": "URE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A cocktail is a mixed drink containing alcohol. Cocktail may also refer to: Fruit cocktail, a mixture of various fruits, often canned Shrimp cocktail, also known as a prawn cocktail, a type of seafood cocktail Cocktail dress, a shorter length lady's gown Molotov cocktail, a crude incendiary weapon A mixture of drugs, especially a mixture of Antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV sometimes called a \"triple cocktail\" A style of arcade cabinet where the screen lies horizontal and players generally sit opposite each other to play In scuba diving with a rebreather, slang for caustic liquid getting in circuit if water gets at its absorbent Entertainment Cocktail (code name), the code name of Apple's iTunes LP music format Cocktail (magazine), a Swedish and Norwegian erotic magazine edited by Linda Johansen Cocktails (film), a 1928 British comedy film \"Cocktails\" (The Office), a 2007 episode of the television series The Office Cocktail\n\nAn alcopop (or cooler) is any of certain mixed alcoholic beverages with relatively low alcohol content (e.g., 3\u20137% alcohol by volume), including: Malt beverages to which various fruit juices or other flavorings have been added Wine coolers: beverages containing wine to which ingredients such as fruit juice or other flavorings have been added Mixed drinks containing distilled alcohol and sweet liquids such as fruit juices or other flavourings The term alcopop (a portmanteau of the words alcohol and pop) is used commonly in the United Kingdom and Ireland to describe these drinks. In English-speaking Canada, \"cooler\" is more common but \"alcopop\" may also be used. Other terms include flavored alcoholic beverage (FAB), flavored malt beverage (FMB), \"pre-packaged\" or \"premium packaged\" spirit (PPS). In Australia and New Zealand \"premix\" and ready to drink (RTD) are both commonly used terms. \"Malternative\" is an exclusively American term for the malt-based alcopops. \"Spirit cooler\"\n\nfrom (polished) rice) Sakur\u00e1 (made from cassava) Sato Sonti Tapuy (Philippines, made from glutinous rice) Tepache Tiswin (made from corn or saguaro, a large cactus) Tonto Wine Coca wine Fortified wine Port Madeira Marsala Sherry Vermouth Vinsanto Fruit wine Table wine Sangria Sparkling wine Champagne Distilled beverages Definition A distilled beverage, spirit drink, or liquor is an alcoholic drink containing ethanol that is produced by distillation (i.e., concentrating by distillation) of ethanol produced by means of fermenting grains, fruits, botanicals, vegetables, seeds, or roots. Vodka, gin, baijiu, sh\u014dch\u016b, soju, tequila, rum, whisky, brandy, and singani are examples of distilled drinks. Beer, wine, cider, sake, and huangjiu are examples of fermented drinks. Hard liquor is used in North America, and India, to distinguish distilled drinks from undistilled ones, and to suggest that undistilled are implicitly weaker. List of known liquors The following are liquors being produced around the world (by type,\n\nQuestion: The cocktail 'blue lagoon' includes what alcoholic spirit?", "output": "Vodka"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Magic and Loss is the sixteenth solo studio album by American rock musician Lou Reed, released on January 14, 1992, by Sire Records. A concept album, it was Reed's highest-charting album on the UK Albums Chart, peaking at No. 6. Background Magic and Loss was originally intended to be primarily about themes of magic after hearing stories about magicians in Mexico. However, when tragedy struck during the writing process, Reed expanded the album's focus to themes of loss and death as well. Inspired in part by the illnesses and eventual deaths of two close friends, Magic and Loss was written for songwriter Doc Pomus, who had given Reed his start in the music business some 25 years earlier, and a woman Reed has identified as \"Rita\", popularly assumed to be Rotten Rita, who along with Reed was a familiar figure at Andy Warhol's studio, the Factory, in the mid-to-late '60s.\n\nthe other three band members, Pete Ham, Ron Griffiths, and Mike Gibbins. The single was released on Apple Records on 5 December 1969 in the UK, but not until 12 January 1970 in the US. \"Come and Get It\" was a hit single for the band, peaking at number 7 in the United States, and number 4 in the United Kingdom. It was the opening theme for the film The Magic Christian, starring Peter Sellers and Ringo Starr (it was also repeated during the movie's closing credits, with an additional string arrangement added). The UK picture sleeve for the single shows a kaleidoscopic montage of all four members of Badfinger that appear on the song, although bassist Ron Griffiths left the band before the single was released. Cash Box called it \"a fine teen track.\" Billboard called it \"powerful.\" Ultimate Classic Rock critic Michael Gallucci and Classic Rock History critic\n\n\"All the Madmen\" is a song written by David Bowie in 1970 for his album The Man Who Sold the World, released later that year in the US and in April 1971 in the UK. One of several tracks on the album about insanity, it has been described as depicting \"a world so bereft of reason that the last sane men are the ones in the asylums\". Music and lyrics The track opens with just vocals and acoustic guitar, with the second verse adding cymbals and recorder, creating an atmosphere that Bowie biographer David Buckley called \"childlike dementia\", before transforming into a heavy rocker featuring distorted chords from the electric guitar played by Mick Ronson, augmented by Moog synthesizer played by Ralph Mace. Later, Ronson plays melodic lead guitar, before a return to heavy riffing and then melodic lead guitar as the song concludes. It ends with the chant \"Zane\n\nQuestion: \"Which Beatle played \"\"Youngman Grand\"\" in \"\"The Magic Christian\"\" 1969, with Peter Sellers?\"", "output": "Ringo Starr"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Adrian Lewis (born 21 January 1985) is an English professional darts player who plays in the PDC. He was a two-time PDC World Darts Champion, winning in 2011 and 2012. He is nicknamed Jackpot, as he won a jackpot gambling in Las Vegas in 2005, but he was unable to collect the money as he was 20 years old, below the US legal gambling age of 21. During the early part of his career until 2007, Lewis was a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of 16-time world champion Phil Taylor, with whom he practised in their home city of Stoke-on-Trent. He made his television debut in 2004, aged 19 at the UK Open. In addition to his two world championships, Lewis has won two other PDC majors: the 2013 European Championship and the 2014 UK Open. He is also a four-time winner of the PDC World Cup of Darts, partnering Phil Taylor. Career Early\n\nother PDC majors: the 2013 European Championship and the 2014 UK Open. He is also a four-time winner of the PDC World Cup of Darts, partnering Phil Taylor. Career Early career Lewis was born in Stoke-on-Trent and had shown his potential at the age of 18 by winning the 2003 British Teenage Open. His professional career began in the British Darts Organisation (BDO) events but he only competed in one major tournament, the 2003 Winmau World Masters, losing in the last 128. Lewis then joined the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) without ever qualifying for the BDO World Championship. Lewis reached a semi-final of the regional qualifiers for the UK Open in 2004, which provided his opportunity for a television debut at the 2004 UK Open in Bolton, where he narrowly lost 7\u20138 to Dennis Harbour in the last 64. His next television appearance came against his mentor Phil Taylor at\n\nThe World Series of Darts was a professional darts tournament held from 19 to 21 May 2006 at the Mohegan Sun Casino, in Uncasville, Connecticut. It was the first and only edition of the competition, which was established by the Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) to capitalise on the potentially large North American market. It was the second of four PDC non-ranking events in the 2006 season and featured 32 players: 16 American entrants and 16 PDC players. There was a $1,000,000 bonus to the winner of the tournament if they were from the United States. Phil Taylor, the 13-time world champion, defeated Adrian Lewis 13 legs to five (13\u20135) in the final, which was the latter's first appearance in the final of a major broadcast tournament. Before his match with Lewis, Taylor defeated qualifier Tim O'Gorman in the first round, Terry Jenkins in the second round, Mark Dudbridge in the\n\nQuestion: 26 year old adrian Lewis has claimed a second successive world title in which sport?", "output": "DARTS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Acer ( ) is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples. The genus is placed in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae, along with lychee and horse chestnut. There are approximately 132 species, most of which are native to Asia, with a number also appearing in Europe, northern Africa, and North America. Only one species, Acer laurinum, extends to the Southern Hemisphere. The type species of the genus is the sycamore maple, Acer pseudoplatanus, the most common maple species in Europe. Maples usually have easily recognizable palmate leaves (Acer negundo is an exception) and distinctive winged fruits. The closest relatives of the maples are the horse chestnuts. Maple syrup is made from the sap of some maple species. It is one of the most common genera of trees in Asia. Many maple species are grown in gardens where they are valued for their autumn colour. Evolutionary history The closest\n\nAcer opalus, the Italian maple, is a species of maple native to the hills and mountains of southern and western Europe, from Italy to Spain and north to southern Germany, and also in northwest Africa in Morocco and Algeria. Description Acer opalus is a medium-sized deciduous tree growing to tall, with a trunk up to 1 m diameter. The leaves are glossy green, long and across, palmately lobed with blunt teeth. They turn yellow in autumn. The bark is grey and pinkish. It peels in square plates. It has small yellow flowers that open before the leaves appear. The fruit is a pair of winged samaras, each seed up to in diameter with a wing. Subspecies The Italian maple has the following recognized subspecies: Acer opalus subsp. opalus: the lower leaf surfaces are pubescent mostly restricted to the primary veins. This maple grows from North Spain to western-South France including\n\n- Narrowleaf ironweed W X Y Z Common Trees Pinus echinata - Shortleaf Pine Other Pinus species also common Juglans nigra - Black Walnut Carya ovata - Shagbark Hickory Other Carya species also common Betula nigra - River Birch Quercus alba - White Oak Other Quercus species also common Sassafras albidum - Sassafras Liquidambar styraciflua - Sweetgum Platanus occidentalis - American Sycamore Malus sylvestris - Common Apple (Arkansas State Flower is the Apple Blossom) Acer negundo - Box Elder Acer species - Maples Cornus florida - Flowering Dogwood Juniperus virginiana - Eastern Redcedar Rhus glabra - Smooth Sumac Other Rhus species also common Diospyros virginiana - American Persimmon Prunus serotina - Black Cherry Prunus virginiana - Chokecherry Prunus americana - Wild Plum Other Prunus species also common Ulmus alata - Winged Elm Ulmus americana - American Elm Other Ulmus species also common Salix nigra - Black Willow Common Shrubs Euonymus\n\nQuestion: Which common tree has the Latin name Acer pseudoplatanus?", "output": "SYCAMORE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "blood cells are mainly red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (also called WBCs or leukocytes), and in mammals platelets (also called thrombocytes). The most abundant cells in vertebrate blood are red blood cells. These contain hemoglobin, an iron-containing protein, which facilitates oxygen transport by reversibly binding to this respiratory gas thereby increasing its solubility in blood. In contrast, carbon dioxide is mostly transported extracellularly as bicarbonate ion transported in plasma. Vertebrate blood is bright red when its hemoglobin is oxygenated and dark red when it is deoxygenated. Some animals, such as crustaceans and mollusks, use hemocyanin to carry oxygen, instead of hemoglobin. Insects and some mollusks use a fluid called hemolymph instead of blood, the difference being that hemolymph is not contained in a closed circulatory system. In most insects, this \"blood\" does not contain oxygen-carrying molecules such as hemoglobin because their bodies are small\n\nthat gene. Popular definitions of 'allele' typically refer only to different alleles within genes. For example, the ABO blood grouping is controlled by the ABO gene, which has six common alleles (variants). In population genetics, nearly every living human's phenotype for the ABO gene is some combination of just these six alleles. Etymology The word \"allele\" is a short form of allelomorph (\"other form\", a word coined by British geneticists William Bateson and Edith Rebecca Saunders) in the 1920s, which was used in the early days of genetics to describe variant forms of a gene detected as different phenotypes. It derives from the Greek prefix \u1f00\u03bb\u03bb\u03b7\u03bb\u03bf-, allelo-, meaning \"mutual\", \"reciprocal\", or \"each other\", which itself is related to the Greek adjective \u1f04\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, allos (cognate with Latin alius), meaning \"other\". Alleles that lead to dominant or recessive phenotypes In many cases, genotypic interactions between the two alleles at a locus can\n\ndifference being that hemolymph is not contained in a closed circulatory system. In most insects, this \"blood\" does not contain oxygen-carrying molecules such as hemoglobin because their bodies are small enough for their tracheal system to suffice for supplying oxygen. Jawed vertebrates have an adaptive immune system, based largely on white blood cells. White blood cells help to resist infections and parasites. Platelets are important in the clotting of blood. Arthropods, using hemolymph, have hemocytes as part of their immune system. Blood is circulated around the body through blood vessels by the pumping action of the heart. In animals with lungs, arterial blood carries oxygen from inhaled air to the tissues of the body, and venous blood carries carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism produced by cells, from the tissues to the lungs to be exhaled. Medical terms related to blood often begin with hemo-, hemato-, haemo- or haemato-\n\nQuestion: What is the worlds most common blood type?", "output": "Type O"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Statue of Liberty National Monument is a United States National Monument comprising Liberty Island and Ellis Island in the U.S. states of New Jersey and New York. It includes the 1886 Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World) by sculptor Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Auguste Bartholdi and the Statue of Liberty Museum, both situated on Liberty Island, as well as the former immigration station at Ellis Island which includes the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital. The monument is managed by the National Park Service as part of the National Parks of New York Harbor office. History President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a national monument in 1924. In 1937, by proclamation 2250, President Franklin D. Roosevelt expanded the monument to include all of Bedloe's Island, and in 1956, an act of Congress officially renamed it Liberty Island. Ellis Island was made part of the Statue\n\nboth islands closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On July 20, 2020, the Statue of Liberty reopened partially under New York City's Phase IV guidelines; Ellis Island reopened partially in August 2020. Significance The Statue of Liberty is a world-famous symbol of freedom, given in 1886 by France to the United States in celebration of American Independence. Nearby Ellis Island was the first stop for millions of immigrants to the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The national monument recalls this period of massive immigration to the United States. Inside the statue, a plaque added in 1903 is engraved with words from \"The New Colossus\", an 1883 poem by Emma Lazarus: Location and access The national monument is located in Upper New York Bay, east of Liberty State Park in Jersey City, New Jersey, and southwest of Battery Park at the tip of Manhattan in New York\n\nLiberty Hall, a fictional location in Oliver Goldsmith's 1773 play She Stoops to Conquer Liberty Hall (play), by R. C. Carton, 1892 Liberty Hall (film), a 1914 silent film adaptation of Carton's play Liberty Hall, a 1985 album by Oysterband Other uses Liberty Hall Formation is a geologic formation in Virginia, U.S. See also Independence Hall (disambiguation)\n\nQuestion: What was the Statue of Liberty originally called?", "output": "Liberty Enlightening the World"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "as a State Defense Force (SDF). After the civil war, many states reduced funding for their militias and military training programs causing the threat of a reduction in war preparedness. As a result, Congress decided to raise a new federal army to be jointly administered by the states alongside the state defense forces: that army is known as the National Guard of the United States. Like the state militia/SDF, the National Guard is typically administered by the governors. Unlike the militia/SDF, the National Guard may be deployed abroad without the permission of the state governor, whereas the militia/SDF is under the exclusive authority of the states except in the rare event of invasion of the United States or domestic insurrection as specified in Article I Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution. The Federal mission assigned to the National Guard is: \"To provide properly trained and equipped units for prompt mobilization\n\nThe Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS), was the method of assigning unit designations to units of some of the combat arms branches of the United States Army, including Infantry, Special Forces, Field Artillery, and Armor, from 1957 to 1981. Air Defense Artillery was added in 1968. CARS was superseded by the U.S. Army Regimental System (USARS) in 1981, although the term \"Regiment\" was never appended to the official name or designation of CARS regiments, and was not added to USARS regiments until 2005. History Before the adoption of CARS, there was no satisfactory means of maintaining the active life of the combat arms organizations. Whenever the nation entered periods of military retrenchment, units were invariably broken up, reorganized, consolidated, or disbanded. During periods of mobilization, large numbers of new units were created. Changes in weapons and techniques of warfare produced new types of units to replace the old ones. As\n\nKorean Augmentation to the United States Army (KATUSA; ) is a branch of the Republic of Korea Army that consists of Korean enlisted personnel who are seconded to the Eighth United States Army (EUSA). KATUSA does not form an individual military unit. Instead, small numbers of KATUSA members are assigned to positions in most of the departments of the Eighth United States Army, filling in for United States Army enlisted soldiers and junior non-commissioned officers. KATUSAs are selected from a pool of qualified volunteers who are subject to mandatory military service for male Korean citizens. While the ROK Army retains responsibility for personnel management of KATUSAs, KATUSA members are equipped with standard United States Army issues, and live and work with the U.S. enlisted soldiers. The KATUSA program was developed during the Korean War as a temporary measure to cope with a shortage of personnel in the United States Army.\n\nQuestion: What is the US equivalent of the Territorial Army?", "output": "THE NATIONAL GUARD"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Bronx () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Bronx County, in the U.S. state of New York. It is south of Westchester County; north and east of the New York City borough of Manhattan, across the Harlem River; and north of the New York City borough of Queens, across the East River. The Bronx has a land area of and a population of 1,472,654 in the 2020 census. If each borough were ranked as a city, the Bronx would rank as the ninth-most-populous in the U.S. Of the five boroughs, it has the fourth-largest area, fourth-highest population, and third-highest population density. It is the only borough of New York City not primarily on an island. With a population that is 54.8% Hispanic as of 2020, it is the only majority-Hispanic county in the Northeastern United States and the fourth-most-populous nationwide. The Bronx is divided by the\n\nNew Jersey. Hinchliffe Stadium was also used as the home of the New York Black Yankees of the Negro Leagues, and is one of four stadia still standing that hosted Negro League baseball games. Early years The stadium, a large concrete oval with near-continuous seating laid out like a classical amphitheater, was inspired by a decade-long popular \"stadium movement\" in the 1920s, and was finally brought to fruition through the persistent efforts of its namesake Mayor John Hinchliffe, who made his fortune from Hinchliffe Brewing before it closed due to Prohibition. It opened on July 8, 1932, as a combination athletic facility and a \"paying investment\" for the working people of industrial Paterson, New Jersey, who were by then struggling through the early years of the Great Depression. Many workers laid off from the mills found work under a New Deal-financed program to provide enhancements to the stadium in 1932\u201334.\n\nThe David N. Dinkins Municipal Building (originally the Municipal Building and later known as the Manhattan Municipal Building) is a 40-story, building at 1 Centre Street, east of Chambers Street, in the Civic Center neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The structure was built to accommodate increased governmental space demands after the 1898 consolidation of the city's five boroughs. Construction began in 1909 and continued through 1914 at a total cost of $12 million (). Designed by McKim, Mead & White, the Manhattan Municipal Building was among the last buildings erected as part of the City Beautiful movement in New York. Its architectural style has been characterized as Roman Imperial, Italian Renaissance, French Renaissance, or Beaux-Arts. The Municipal Building is one of the largest governmental buildings in the world, with about of office space. The base incorporates a subway station, while the top includes the gilded Civic Fame statue.\n\nQuestion: Yankee Stadium is located in which borough of New York City?", "output": "The Bronx"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "in areas where Budvar has use of the Budweiser name. Name origin and dispute The name Budweiser is a German derivative adjective, meaning \"of Budweis\". Beer has been brewed in Budweis, Bohemia (now \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice, Czech Republic) since it was founded in 1265. In 1876, Adolphus Busch and his friend Carl Conrad developed a \"Bohemian-style\" lager in the United States, inspired after a trip to Bohemia, and produced it in their brewery in St. Louis, Missouri. Anheuser\u2013Busch has been involved in multiple trademark disputes with the Budweiser Budvar Brewery of \u010cesk\u00e9 Bud\u011bjovice over the trademark rights to the name \"Budweiser\". In the European Union, except Ireland, Sweden, Finland and Spain, the American beer may only be marketed as Bud, as the Budweiser trademark name is owned solely by the Czech beer maker Budweiser Budvar. In some countries, such as the United Kingdom, both the Budvar and Anheuser\u2013Busch lagers are available\n\nBudweiser () is an American-style pale lager, a brand of Belgian company AB InBev. Introduced in 1876 by Carl Conrad & Co. of St. Louis, Missouri, Budweiser has become a large selling beer company in the United States. Budweiser is a filtered beer, available on draft and in bottles and cans, made with up to 30% rice in addition to hops and barley malt. There is an ongoing series of trademark disputes between Anheuser-Busch and the Czech company Budweiser Budvar Brewery over the use of the name. Usually, either Anheuser-Busch or Budweiser Budvar is granted the exclusive use of the Budweiser name in a given market. The Anheuser-Busch lager is available in over 80 countries, but is marketed as \"Bud\" in areas where Budvar has use of the Budweiser name. Name origin and dispute The name Budweiser is a German derivative adjective, meaning \"of Budweis\". Beer has been brewed in\n\nBudu (Jawi: \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0648; , , ) is an anchovies sauce and one of the best known fermented seafood products in Kelantan and Terengganu in Malaysia, the Natuna Islands (where it is called or ), South Sumatra, Bangka Island and Western Kalimantan in Indonesia (where it is called rusip), and Southern Thailand. It is mentioned in A Grammar and Dictionary of the Malay language, With a Preliminary Dissertation, Volume 2, By John Crawfurd, published in 1852. History It is traditionally made by mixing anchovies and salt in a ratio ranging from 2:1 to 6:1 and allowing the mix to ferment for 140 to 200 days. It is used as a flavouring and is normally eaten with fish, rice, and raw vegetables. It is similar to the in Philippines, in Indonesia, in Burma, in Vietnam, or in Japan, Colombo cure in the Indian subcontinent, in China, and in Korea. The fish product\n\nQuestion: From which country does Budvar lager originate?", "output": "CZECH REPUBLIC"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "An Abbe refractometer is a bench-top device for the high-precision measurement of an index of refraction. Details Ernst Abbe (1840\u20131905), working for Carl Zeiss AG in Jena, Germany in the late 19th century, was the first to develop a laboratory refractometer. These first instruments had built-in thermometers and required circulating water to control instrument and fluid temperatures. They also had adjustments for eliminating the effects of dispersion and analog scales from which the readings were taken. In the Abbe refractometer the liquid sample is sandwiched into a thin layer between an illuminating prism and a refracting prism. The refracting prism is made of a glass with a high refractive index (e.g., 1.75) and the refractometer is designed to be used with samples having a refractive index smaller than that of the refracting prism. A light source is projected through the illuminating prism, the bottom surface of which is ground (i.e.,\n\nin Munich. These were the same lenses that he had discussed in his thesis. Further reading M\u00fcller's 3 lenses at the Deutsches Museum URL accessed 10 March 2006 Image of M\u00fcller at Biblioteca Argentina de Oftalmolog\u00eda URL accessed 10 March 2006 Notes 1864 births 1949 deaths 19th-century German inventors German ophthalmologists People from M\u00f6nchengladbach\n\nat the University of Leipzig. He earned a doctorate in chemistry at Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, specializing in glass science. His doctoral thesis was entitled \u201cContributions to the Theory and Practice of Glass Fabrication\u201d (1875). Scientific contributions In 1879, Schott developed a new lithium-based glass that possessed novel optical properties. Schott shared this discovery with Ernst Abbe, a professor of physics at Jena University whose comments on glass had stimulated Schott's interest in the subject. Not long after Schott had completed his formal university training, he had become aware that Abbe had articulated the deficiencies in glass that was available at the time. The deficiencies were particularly acute in scientific instruments for which optical performance of the glass in lenses such as for telescopes and microscopes. Scientifically, as the magnification power of the lenses were increased, chromatic aberration became large. Chromatic aberration causes the optical quality of the visual\n\nQuestion: Which German, together with Ernst Abbe, developed and produced many new lenses and heat resistant glasses?", "output": "(Carl) ZEISS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Edward Seymour, Lord Beauchamp of Hache (21 September 1561 \u2013 July 1612) was an English nobleman who had a theoretically strong claim to the throne of England through his mother, Lady Katherine Grey, but his legitimacy was questioned. He was an ancestor of the dukes of Somerset. Origins He was the son of Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford (1539\u20131621), by his wife Lady Katherine Grey (died 1568), a younger sister of Lady Jane Grey, \"The Nine Days' Queen\". His grandfather was Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (executed 1552), all of whose titles became forfeit on his attainder by the Parliament of England, during the reign of his nephew King Edward VI (reigned 1547\u201353). His father was, however, re-elevated to the peerage in 1559 by Queen Elizabeth I (1558\u20131603), as Baron Beauchamp of Hache and Earl of Hertford. During the lifetime of his father, whom he predeceased, he was\n\np. 641, St. Catherine Press, 1949. 1621 births 1665 deaths English MPs 1640 (April) English MPs 1661\u20131679 C Baron Seymour of Trowbridge Members of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for Wiltshire\n\nBenjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, (21 December 1804 \u2013 19 April 1881) was a British statesman, Conservative politician and writer who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies and its broad outreach. Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs, his political battles with the Liberal Party leader William Ewart Gladstone, and his one-nation conservatism or \"Tory democracy\". He made the Conservatives the party most identified with the British Empire and military action to expand it, both of which were popular among British voters. He is the only British prime minister to have been born Jewish. He was also a novelist, publishing works of fiction even as prime minister. Disraeli was born in Bloomsbury, then a part of Middlesex. His father left Judaism after a dispute at his synagogue;\n\nQuestion: Which British monarch said of Thomas Seymour \u2018This day died a man of much wit and very little judgement\u2019?", "output": "Queen Elizabeth I"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Boston Tea Party was an American political and mercantile protest on December 16, 1773 by the Sons of Liberty in Boston in colonial Massachusetts. The target was the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, which allowed the British East India Company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying taxes apart from those imposed by the Townshend Acts. The Sons of Liberty strongly opposed the taxes in the Townshend Act as a violation of their rights. In response, the Sons of Liberty, some disguised as Native Americans, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company. The demonstrators boarded the ships and threw the chests of tea into the Boston Harbor. The British government considered the protest an act of treason and responded harshly. The episode escalated into the American Revolution, becoming an iconic event of American history. Since then other political protests such\n\nsettlement, and taxation, including the Stamp and Townshend Acts. Resulting British military occupation led to the Boston Massacre in 1770, which strengthened American Patriots' desire for independence from Britain. The British responded by repealing earlier taxation measures, but in 1773, the British Parliament adopted the Tea Act to demonstrate supremacy, a measure which led to the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773. In response, the British Parliament imposed the Intolerable Acts in mid-1774, closed Boston Harbor, and revoked Massachusetts' charter, which placed the colony under the British monarchy's direct governance. These measures rallied the other colonies, 12 of which sent delegates to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in early September 1774 to protest the measures and deliberate on potential responses. The Congress drafted a Petition to the King asking for peace, and threatened a boycott of British goods known as the Continental Association if the Intolerable Acts were\n\nconsidered the protest an act of treason and responded harshly. The episode escalated into the American Revolution, becoming an iconic event of American history. Since then other political protests such as the Tea Party movement have referred to themselves as historical successors to the Boston protest of 1773. The Tea Party was the culmination of a resistance movement throughout British America against the Tea Act, a tax passed by the British Parliament in 1773. Colonists objected to the Tea Act believing it violated their rights as Englishmen to \"no taxation without representation\", that is, to be taxed only by their own elected representatives and not by a parliament in which they were not represented. The well-connected East India Company also had been granted competitive advantages over colonial tea importers, who resented the move and feared additional infringement on their business. Protesters had prevented the unloading of tea in three other\n\nQuestion: In which year was 'The Boston Tea Party'?", "output": "1773"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A comic strip is a sequence of cartoons, arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often serialized, with text in balloons and captions. Traditionally, throughout the 20th and into the 21st century, these have been published in newspapers and magazines, with daily horizontal strips printed in black-and-white in newspapers, while Sunday papers offered longer sequences in special color comics sections. With the advent of the internet, online comic strips began to appear as webcomics. Most strips are written and drawn by a comics artist, known as a cartoonist. As the word \"comic\" implies, strips are frequently humorous. Examples of these gag-a-day strips are Blondie, Bringing Up Father, Marmaduke, and Pearls Before Swine. In the late 1920s, comic strips expanded from their mirthful origins to feature adventure stories, as seen in Popeye, Captain Easy, Buck Rogers, Tarzan, and Terry and the Pirates. In the 1940s, soap-opera-continuity\n\nFrew Publications is an Australian comic book publisher, known for its long-running reprint series of Lee Falk's The Phantom. Frew formerly published other comics, including Falk's earlier creation Mandrake the Magician. History Frew Publications was founded in 1948 by Ron Forsyth, Lawford 'Jim' Richardson, Jack Eisen, and Peter Watson, with each contributing 500 Australian pounds to establish the publisher. The name \"Frew\" is an acronym made from the surnames of the four founders, Forsyth, Richardson, Eisen, and Watson. Eisen and Watson withdrew from the company before the first publication was issued. Forsyth and Richardson approached Yaffa Syndicate the Australian representative of King Features Syndicate about producing an Australian comic book issue of The Phantom. The agreement was conditional that Frew could not print any stories that was currently running in other publications, nor any story soon after it had appeared in the Australian Woman's Mirror. The first edition of The\n\nBang Bros (stylized BangBros) is a pornographic film studio operating from Miami, Florida, United States. It was founded in 2000 by Kristopher Hinson while he was a student at the University of Florida. The network is now owned by WGCZ S.R.O.\u2014a Czech company based in Nov\u00e9 M\u011bsto dictrict of Prague, which purchased the network and its associated websites in 2017. Bang Bros operates a network of 60 websites . History Bang Bros rose to prominence with its flagship sites Bangbus.com and Assparade.com. Along with multiple paysites, they also owned and operated the popular camming websites Camster.com and Naked.com, which were sold off in 2019. In 2014, they completed the purchase for the popular amateur pornographic film studio Girls Gone Wild. In 2019 Bang Bros completed the purchase of PornWikiLeaks.com. PornWikiLeaks.com was known for publishing the real names and information of actresses and actors within the pornography industry. When Bang Bros\n\nQuestion: What comic strip, created by Lee Falk, tells the story of a line of costumed crime fighters who operate from the fictional African country of Bangalla?", "output": "The Phantom"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The National Anthem (; ) is the national anthem of Myanmar. It consists of two parts; the first half is a traditional Burmese style section, before transitioning into the second half, a Western-style orchestra. Because of the second half, both the \"National Anthem\" and its predecessor \"Dobama Song\" are popularly known as \"\" (, ; ). A long-standing tradition is that those who sing the national anthem bow at the end, as a show of respect for the nation. History Pre-colonial Burma did not have a proper national anthem, but had compositions glorifying the king, which served as royal anthems. After the annexation of Burma by the British Raj in 1886, \"God Save the King\" became the national anthem of British Burma. In 1930, a musician from Mandalay named Saya Tin went to Rangoon and contacted the Thakins to write a new national anthem together. They set four criteria for\n\nA country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. It may be a sovereign state or make up one part of a larger state. For example, the country of Japan is an independent, sovereign state, while the country of Wales is a component of a multi-part sovereign state, the United Kingdom. A country may be a historically sovereign area (such as Korea), a currently sovereign territory with a unified government (such as Senegal), or a non-sovereign geographic region associated with certain distinct political, ethnic, or cultural characteristics (such as the Basque Country). The definition and usage of the word \"country\" is flexible and has changed over time. The Economist wrote in 2010 that \"any attempt to find a clear definition of a country soon runs into a thicket of exceptions and anomalies.\" Most sovereign states, but not all countries, are members\n\nBangladesh (; , ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most-populous and among the most densely populated countries, with a population of around 170 million in an area of . Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west, north, and east, and Myanmar to the southeast; to the south it has a coastline along the Bay of Bengal. It is narrowly separated from Bhutan and Nepal by the Siliguri Corridor; and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim in the north. Dhaka, the capital and largest city, is the nation's political, financial and cultural centre. Chittagong, the second-largest city, is the busiest port on the Bay of Bengal. The official language is Bengali. Bangladesh forms the sovereign part of the historic and ethnolinguistic region of Bengal, which was divided during the Partition of India in 1947. The country has\n\nQuestion: Republic of the Union of Myanmar is better known as what country?", "output": "Burma"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Dave Gallaher Trophy is a rugby union trophy contested between and . It is named after Dave Gallaher, the 1905\u201306 All Black captain who was killed in Belgium during World War I. History When it comes to rugby, France and New Zealand have a very rich common history. France played their first ever test match in 1906 against the famous \"Originals\" New Zealand team, on their way home after an eventful tour of the British Isles. Between 1906 and 1999 both teams met a total of 34 times, New Zealand winning 25 times and France 9, including two games in the Rugby World Cup with New Zealand winning the 1987 final and France taking their revenge in the semi-final 12 years later in what remains one of the most famous upsets in the sport's history. In 2000 it was decided that a new trophy would be created to emphasize\n\nLe Coq Sportif (, \"the athletic rooster\") is a French manufacturing company of sports equipment. Founded in 1882 by \u00c9mile Camuset and located in Entzheim, the company first issued items branded with its now-famous rooster trademark in 1948. The company's name and trademark are derived from the Gallic rooster, a national symbol of France. Nowadays, Le Coq Sportif is a subsidiary of Airesis S.A., a Swiss-based investment company that holds a 69%-stake of LCS. The current range of products by Le Coq Sportif includes sportswear, casual clothing and footwear. History The company was established by \u00c9mile Camuset in 1882, initially within the woolen industry and then entering into the sportswear business, with some sources stating that it was his son who encouraged him to do it. The Camuset family started manufacturing sports clothing in its factory in Romilly-sur-Seine in north central France, releasing its first catalogue (which mostly included cycling\n\nbird 33m Julien Louis Brul\u00e9, L\u00e9once Gaston Quentin, Pascal Fauvel, Eug\u00e8ne Grisot, Eug\u00e8ne Richez, Artur Mabellon, L\u00e9on Epin and Paul Leroy \u2014 Archery, Men's Team moving bird 50m L\u00e9once Gaston Quentin \u2014 Archery, Men's Individual moving bird 28m Julien Louis Brule \u2014 Archery, Men's Individual moving bird 33m Joseph Guillemot \u2014 Athletics, Men's 10000m Ren\u00e9 Tirard, Ren\u00e9 Lorain, Ren\u00e9 Mourlon and \u00c9mile Ali-Khan \u2014 Athletics, Men's 4 \u00d7 100 m relay Jean Gachet \u2014 Boxing, Featherweight Field \u2014 Equestrian, Individual vaulting Field, Salins, Cauchy \u2014 Equestrian, Team vaulting Alexandre Lippmann \u2014 Fencing, Men's Individual Epee Philippe Cattiau \u2014 Fencing, Men's Individual Foil Andr\u00e9 Labattut, Georges Trombert, Marcel Perrot, Lucien Gaudin, Philippe Cattiau, Roger Fran\u00e7ois Ducret, Gaston Amson and Lionel Bony De Castellane \u2014 Fencing, Men's Team Foil Jean Margraff, Marc Marie Jean Perrodon, Henri Marie Raoul De Saint Germain and Georges Trombert \u2014 Fencing, Men's Team Sabre Marco Torr\u00e8s \u2014\n\nQuestion: Which national bird of France can be seen on the shirt badges of that country\u2019s Rugby players?", "output": "Cockerel"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "involved the full-scale testing of an implosion-type fission atomic bomb. In a memorandum to the U.S. Secretary of War, General Leslie Groves describes the yield as equivalent to 15,000 to 20,000 tons of TNT. Following this test, a uranium-gun type nuclear bomb (Little Boy) was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, with a blast yield of 15 kilotons; and a plutonium implosion-type bomb (Fat Man) on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, with a blast yield of 21 kilotons. Fat Man and Little Boy are the only instances in history of nuclear weapons being used as an act of war. On August 29, 1949, the USSR became the second country to successfully test a nuclear weapon. RDS-1, dubbed \"First Lightning\" by the Soviets and \"Joe-1\" by the US, produced a 20 kiloton explosion and was essentially a copy of the American Fat Man plutonium implosion design.\n\nskin burns, eye damage, radiation sickness, radiation-induced cancer and possible death depending on how far a person is from the blast radius. Nuclear explosions can also have detrimental effects on the climate, lasting from months to years. In a 1983 article, Carl Sagan claimed that a small-scale nuclear war could release enough particles into the atmosphere to cause the planet to cool and cause crops, animals, and agriculture to disappear across the globe\u2014an effect named nuclear winter. History The beginning (fission explosions) The first manmade nuclear explosion occurred on July 16, 1945, at 5:50 am on the Trinity test site near Alamogordo, New Mexico, in the United States, an area now known as the White Sands Missile Range. The event involved the full-scale testing of an implosion-type fission atomic bomb. In a memorandum to the U.S. Secretary of War, General Leslie Groves describes the yield as equivalent to 15,000 to\n\nThe Mark 8 nuclear bomb was an American nuclear bomb, designed in the late 1940s and early 1950s, which was in service from 1952 to 1957. Description The Mark 8 was a gun-type nuclear bomb, which rapidly assembles several critical masses of fissile nuclear material by firing a fissile projectile or \"bullet\" over and around a fissile \"target\", using a system which closely resembles a medium-sized cannon barrel and propellant. The Mark 8 was an early earth-penetrating bomb (see nuclear bunker buster), intended to dig into the earth some distance prior to detonating. According to one government source, the Mark 8 could penetrate of reinforced concrete, of hard sand, of clay, or of hardened armor-plate steel. The Mark 8 was in diameter across its body and long depending on submodel. It weighed , and had a yield of 25-30 kilotons. A total of 40 Mark 8 bombs were produced. The\n\nQuestion: In which U.S. state was the first nuclear bomb tested?", "output": "New Mexico"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Millwall Lionesses Football Club is an English women's football club based in Rotherhithe, south-east London, that plays in the , the fifth tier of English women's football. Founded in 1973, the group of women who made up the Lionesses were at first snubbed by Millwall FC but went on to become the first women's football team to affiliate to a professional men's team, Millwall F.C. who are nicknamed \"The Lions\". The Lionesses pioneered the now common \"Football in the Community Scheme\". History Millwall Lionesses remained an independent club in their initial years of existence. In the mid\u20131980s Millwall FC, who were trying to mitigate an appalling reputation for football hooliganism and racism, embraced the female club as part of their community project. Development officer Gary Stempel sourced funding from the Greater London Council (GLC) and then a combination of Lewisham and Greenwich Councils, as well as the Sports Council. Millwall\n\nHenry Augustus Mears (1873 \u2013 4 February 1912) was an English businessman, most notable for founding Chelsea Football Club. He was born in 1873, the son of Joseph and Charlotte Mears. In 1896, Mears and his brother Joseph purchased the Stamford Bridge Athletics Ground and later the nearby market garden with the intention of turning it into the country's finest football ground and staging high-profile matches there. He failed to persuade Fulham FC chairman Henry Norris to re-locate his club to the ground, and considered selling the land to the Great Western Railway Company, who wished to use it as a coal yard. Mears was ultimately persuaded not to sell up, and instead decided to found his own team, Chelsea, in March, 1905. The story goes that he was on the verge of giving up on the football project when his Scotch Terrier bit his colleague Fred Parker, who still\n\nwell as winning several minor trophies. Additionally, the club was a strong force in the interwar years \u2013 finishing league runner-up twice in the 1930s \u2013 and winning the first post-war FA Cup in 1946. The club's home colours have been black and white since the 1890s. The team's nickname, The Rams, honours its links with the First Regiment of Derby Militia, its mascot being a ram, and its regimental song. They have a long-standing rivalry with Nottingham Forest, with whom they contest the East Midlands derby. History Beginning and early success Derby County F.C. was formed in 1884 as an offshoot of Derbyshire County Cricket Club in an attempt to give players and supporters a winter interest as well as secure the cricket club extra revenue. The original intention was to name the club \"Derbyshire County F.C.\" to highlight the link, though the Derbyshire FA, formed in 1883, objected\n\nQuestion: Which English football team's mascot is called Stamford The Lion", "output": "Chelsea"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "polymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth, enables this element to serve as a common element of all known life. It is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass (about 18.5%) after oxygen. The atoms of carbon can bond together in diverse ways, resulting in various allotropes of carbon. Well-known allotropes include graphite, diamond, amorphous carbon, and fullerenes. The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form. For example, graphite is opaque and black, while diamond is highly transparent. Graphite is soft enough to form a streak on paper (hence its name, from the Greek verb \"\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\" which means \"to write\"), while diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material known. Graphite is a good electrical conductor while diamond has a low electrical conductivity. Under normal conditions, diamond, carbon nanotubes, and graphene have the highest thermal conductivities of all known materials. All carbon allotropes\n\ntwo hundred million having been described and indexed; and yet that number is but a fraction of the number of theoretically possible compounds under standard conditions. Characteristics The allotropes of carbon include graphite, one of the softest known substances, and diamond, the hardest naturally occurring substance. It bonds readily with other small atoms, including other carbon atoms, and is capable of forming multiple stable covalent bonds with suitable multivalent atoms. Carbon is a component element in the large majority of all chemical compounds, with about two hundred million examples having been described in the published chemical literature. Carbon also has the highest sublimation point of all elements. At atmospheric pressure it has no melting point, as its triple point is at and , so it sublimes at about . Graphite is much more reactive than diamond at standard conditions, despite being more thermodynamically stable, as its delocalised pi system is\n\nAllotropy or allotropism () is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state, known as allotropes of the elements. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element: the atoms of the element are bonded together in different manners. For example, the allotropes of carbon include diamond (the carbon atoms are bonded together to form a cubic lattice of tetrahedra), graphite (the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a hexagonal lattice), graphene (single sheets of graphite), and fullerenes (the carbon atoms are bonded together in spherical, tubular, or ellipsoidal formations). The term allotropy is used for elements only, not for compounds. The more general term, used for any compound, is polymorphism, although its use is usually restricted to solid materials such as crystals. Allotropy refers only to different forms of an element within the same physical phase (the\n\nQuestion: Name the form of carbon considered (early 2000s) the strongest material ever, which having a thickness of one atom has just two dimensions?", "output": "Graphene"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Apollo 14 (January 31February 9, 1971) was the eighth crewed mission in the United States Apollo program, the third to land on the Moon, and the first to land in the lunar highlands. It was the last of the \"H missions\", landings at specific sites of scientific interest on the Moon for two-day stays with two lunar extravehicular activities (EVAs or moonwalks). The mission was originally scheduled for 1970, but was postponed because of the investigation following the failure of Apollo 13 to reach the Moon's surface, and the need for modifications to the spacecraft as a result. Commander Alan Shepard, Command Module Pilot Stuart Roosa, and Lunar Module Pilot Edgar Mitchell launched on their nine-day mission on Sunday, January 31, 1971, at 4:03:02 p.m. EST. En route to the lunar landing, the crew overcame malfunctions that might have resulted in a second consecutive aborted mission, and possibly, the premature\n\nApollo 7 (October 11\u201322, 1968) was the first crewed flight in NASA's Apollo program, and saw the resumption of human spaceflight by the agency after the fire that had killed the three Apollo 1 astronauts during a launch rehearsal test on January 27, 1967. The Apollo7 crew was commanded by Walter M. Schirra, with command module pilot Donn F. Eisele and lunar module pilot R. Walter Cunningham (so designated even though Apollo7 did not carry a Lunar Module). The three astronauts were originally designated for the second crewed Apollo flight, and then as backups for Apollo1. After the Apollo1 fire, crewed flights were suspended while the cause of the accident was investigated and improvements made to the spacecraft and safety procedures, and uncrewed test flights made. Determined to prevent a repetition of the fire, the crew spent long periods monitoring the construction of their Apollo command and service modules (CSM).\n\nApollo 10 (May 18\u201326, 1969) was the fourth human spaceflight in the United States' Apollo program and the second to orbit the Moon. NASA, the mission's operator, described it as a \"dress rehearsal\" for the first Moon landing (Apollo 11, two months later). It was designated an \"F\"mission, intended to test all spacecraft components and procedures short of actual descent and landing. After the spacecraft reached lunar orbit, astronaut John Young remained in the Command and Service Module (CSM) while astronauts Thomas Stafford and Gene Cernan flew the Apollo Lunar Module (LM) to within of the lunar surface, the point at which powered descent for landing would begin on a landing mission. Then they rejoined Young in the CSM and, after the CSM completed its 31st orbit of the Moon, they returned safely to Earth. While NASA had considered attempting the first crewed lunar landing on Apollo 10, mission planners\n\nQuestion: Which Apollo 14 astronaut played golf on the moon?", "output": "Alan Shepard"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of 1940 it became one of the first RAF units to receive the Supermarine Spitfire, going on to fight in the Battle of Britain. Reformed after the war in January 1947, No. 92 (Fighter) Squadron was assigned to RAF Fighter Command flying the Gloster Meteor F.3. Between 1961 and 1962, No. 92 (F) Squadron was the RAF's official aerobatic team, flying 16 Hawker Hunter F.6s known as the Blue Diamonds. In December 1965, the squadron was reassigned to RAF Germany alongside No. 19 (F) Squadron, flying the English Electric Lightning F.2/F.2A and from January 1977, the McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2. Disbanded in July 1991, the Squadron was reformed as No. 92 (Reserve) Squadron at RAF Chivenor flying the British Aerospace Hawk until October 1994. No. 92 Squadron then lay dormant for the next 14 years before being reformed at Royal Air Force College Cranwell on 30 June 2009. Operational history\n\nNo. 618 Squadron RAF was a squadron of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War, intended to carry off a variation of the Barnes Wallis-designed bouncing bomb code-named \"Highball\". Due to various circumstances the \"Highball\" weapon was never used, and the squadron disbanded at the end of the war. History Formation No. 618 Squadron was first formed at RAF Skitten on 1 April 1943, as part of No. 18 Group of Coastal Command, from crews of No. 105 Squadron RAF and No. 139 Squadron RAF. The unit was initially equipped with Beaufighter Mk.II fighter-bombers, but quickly changed to converted Mosquito Mk.IVs. The Highball The \"Highball\" device was intended to bounce across the sea until it hit an enemy ship, sank and exploded. Unlike the cylindrical Upkeep weapon used by No. 617 Squadron RAF in Operation Chastise, the \"Highball\" was more spherical. The Mosquito selected for the conversion work\n\nNumber 19 Squadron (sometimes written as No. XIX Squadron) is a squadron of the Royal Air Force. It was the first squadron to operate the Supermarine Spitfire. It currently operates the UK's Control and Reporting Centre from RAF Boulmer. No. 19 Squadron delivers persistent surveillance of UK airspace, and Tactical Control of RAF and NATO aircraft, including the UK's contribution to NATO's Quick Reaction Alert mission. Formed on 1 September 1915 as a Royal Flying Corps squadron, the unit served during the First World War. No. 19 Squadron was the first squadron to operate the Supermarine Spitfire, which it flew for the majority of the Second World War. The squadron operated several different types during the Cold War from the Gloster Meteor F.4 to the McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR.2 as No. 19 (Fighter) Squadron. In 1992, and on receipt of the BAe Hawk and establishing at RAF Valley, the squadron\n\nQuestion: What was the RAF's first operational jet, first flying in 1943?", "output": "(Gloster) Meteor"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Borderers is a British television series produced by the BBC between 1968 and 1970. Setting A historical drama series, The Borderers was set during the 16th century and chronicled the lives of the Ker family, who lived in the Scottish Middle March on the frontier between England and Scotland. Some episodes of the show depict the wider politics, mostly as it affects their relative Sir Walter Ker, warden of the Middle March The series was described by The Guardian in 2007 as \"brave and original...a kind of north-eastern western\". It shows an ordinary family trying to live as part of a society of Border Reivers, a world where raid and feud were unavoidable parts of daily life. The wars between England and Scotland had destroyed the normal processes of law enforcement. The setting is a particularly tense time, with Elizabeth of England and Mary, Queen of Scots, in competition.\n\nEast Peckham is a village and civil parish in Kent, England on the River Medway. The parish covers the main village as well as Hale Street and Beltring. History The Domesday entry for East and West Peckham reads:- The Archbishop himself holds Pecheham, In the time of King Edward the Confessor it was taxed at six sulungs, and now six sulungs and one yoke. The arable land is ten carucates. In demesne there are two, and sixteen villeins, with fourteen borderers, having four carucates and a half. There is a church, and ten servants, and one mill, and six acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of six hogs. Of the land of this manor, one of the archbishop's tenants holds half a sulung, and was taxed with these six sulungs in the time of King Edward the Confessor, although it could not belong to the manor, except in the\n\nRegent Inns was the British parent company of Walkabout, Jongleurs/Bar Risa and Old Orleans chains. It went into administration in October 2009. The part-time executive chairman was Bob Ivell. Brands Jongleurs is a chain of sixteen comedy clubs in the United Kingdom, established in 1983. It is often twinned with Bar Risa or Walkabout. Old Orleans was a chain of 26 themed-dining bar/restaurants acquired from Punch Taverns in summer 2006 for \u00a326 million. The brand was similar to T.G.I. Friday's as it provided food in the styles of the American South, Creole and Cajun Cultures. Old Orleans restaurants ceased operation in late 2011. Walkabout (or sometimes The Walkabout) is a chain of Australian themed bars operating in the UK. There are now 36 Walkabout venues in the UK. To keep with the Australian theme, most of the bar staff employed at Walkabout Inns are Australian. Walkabout Inns also serve food,\n\nQuestion: In the BBC sitcom, according to the sign on their van Trotters Independent Traders have branches in New York, Peckham and where else?", "output": "PARIS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Acharei Mot (also Aharei Mot, Aharei Moth, or Acharei Mos, , \"after (the) death\") is the 29th weekly Torah portion in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading. It is the sixth weekly portion (, parashah) in the Book of Leviticus, containing Leviticus 16:1\u201318:30. It is named after the fifth and sixth Hebrew words of the parashah, its first distinctive words. The parashah sets forth the law of the Yom Kippur ritual, centralized offerings, blood, and sexual practices. The parashah is made up of 4,294 Hebrew letters, 1,170 Hebrew words, 80 verses, and 154 lines in a Torah Scroll (, Sefer Torah). Jews generally read it in April or early May. The lunisolar Hebrew calendar contains up to 55 weeks, the exact number varying between 50 in common years and 54 or 55 in leap years. In leap years (for example, 2024, and 2027), parashah Acharei Mot is read separately\n\nChol HaMoed (), a Hebrew phrase meaning \"mundane of the festival\", refers to the intermediate days of Passover and Sukkot. As the name implies, these days mix features of chol (mundane) and moed (festival). On Passover, Chol HaMoed consists of the second day through to the sixth day of the holiday (the third through to the sixth in the Diaspora). On Sukkot, Chol HaMoed consists of the second day through to the seventh day (the third through to the seventh in the Diaspora). Although it has a unique name, Hoshanah Rabbah, the seventh day of Sukkot, is part of Chol HaMoed. Prayer services that day combine some usual practices of Chol HaMoed with practices of both Yom Tov and the High Holy Days. General concepts Chol HaMoed combines features of weekday (Chol) and festival (Moed). Weekday (Chol) Work On weekdays during Chol HaMoed the usual restrictions that apply to the\n\nSimcha ( ; , ) is a Hebrew word that means gladness, or joy, and is often used as a given name. Uses The concept of simcha is an important one in Jewish philosophy. A popular teaching by Rabbi Nachman of Breslov, a 19th-century Chassidic Rabbi, is \"Mitzvah Gedolah Le'hiyot Besimcha Tamid,\" it is a great mitzvah (commandment) to always be in a state of happiness. When a person is happy one is much more capable of serving God and going about one's daily activities than when depressed or upset. Jews often use simcha in its capacity as a Hebrew and Yiddish noun meaning festive occasion. The term is used for any happy occasion, such as a wedding, Bar Mitzvah or engagement. Holidays The day of Simchat Torah, \"Rejoice in the Law\", marks the completion and beginning of the annual cycle of reading the Torah. Other uses Simcha is also\n\nQuestion: What is the Hebrew name for the 'Jewish Day of Atonement?", "output": "Yom Kippur"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "similar to Shotokan Karate Kata, while the individual blocks, strikes, and techniques themselves often utilize the more circular constructions of other Korean martial arts, as influenced by Northern Chinese martial arts styles throughout history. Ranks Soo Bahk Do uses a traditional belt ranking system for Korean Martial Arts: White (10th to 9th geup rank) Orange (8th to 7th geup) Green (6th to 4th geup) Red (3rd to 1st geup) Midnight Blue (1st to 3rd dan rank) Midnight Blue with Central Red stripe (4th dan and above) Note that for some Dojang, a grading system using a Yellow belt prior to orange belt may be employed, especially for the younger practitioners. After a participant earns their Cho Dan, (First degree midnight blue), they receive a Don Bon number. This is an ID number used across the globe in Soo Bahk Do. A practitioner holds onto their Dan Bon even after they\n\nthat allows students to work as leaders and instructors in junior classes. This helps the trainee instructors become qualified taekwondo instructors and earn the ATA title of Certified Instructor. Belt and Rank System List of Belts ATA Martial Arts uses a rank system divided into two series: the colored belt series, and the black belt series. Each series has nine ranks, the purpose of which are to establish a chain of command and measurement of student progress. The increased number of smaller goals provided by nine levels of colored belt rank was designed for added motivation by giving many short term goals to achieve and eliminating having to remain in a single color for several months at a time. According to the ATA, each belt has a symbolic meaning that compares the student's growth in taekwondo to the growth of a pine tree: Color Belts White Belt (Songahm 1) -\n\nKata (, or more traditionally, \u578b; lit. \"form\") is a Japanese word describing detailed patterns of movements practiced either solo or in pairs. Karate kata are executed as a specified series of a variety of moves, with stepping and turning, while attempting to maintain perfect form. The kata is not intended as a literal depiction of a mock fight, but as a display of transition and flow from one posture and movement to another, teaching the student proper form and position, and encouraging them to visualise different scenarios for the use of each motion and technique. Karateka \"read\" a kata in order to explain the imagined events, a practice known as bunkai. There are various kata, each with many minor variations. Origins Kata originated from the practice of paired attack and defence drills by ancient Chinese martial artists, these were known as the \"five form fists\" or \"five patterns\" after\n\nQuestion: What colour belt does a beginner at karate always wear", "output": "White"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Tokelau, a dependent territory of New Zealand, adopted an official flag in 2009. Previously, the flag of New Zealand was used as the official flag for Tokelau. In May 2008, the local parliament, the General Fono, approved a distinctive flag and national emblem for Tokelau. The Governor-General presented the flag to the Ulu-o-Tokelau as Tokelau's first official flag on 7 September 2009. Blazon The official blazon of the flag of Tokelau is: History 1989 proposal An alternative and unofficial flag has been reported. The three stars in this flag represent the three atolls which make up the islands of Tokelau. 2007 proposal In June 2007 the regional parliament (General Fono) decided over the future flag, anthem and national symbol of Tokelau. The proposed flag depicted a stylized Polynesian canoe and four stars. The stars represent the three main islands and also Swains Island, administered by the United States (American Samoa)\n\nOtago is one of the few regions of New Zealand to have officially adopted a flag. Otago has long been associated with several symbols and colours. The St. Andrew's Cross is one such symbol, in recognition of the former province's Scottish settlement. Another, used on the original arms of the province, is the eight-pointed star. Traditionally, the province (as the region is still called) has always been associated with the colours blue and gold, these colours representing Otago's original foundation, on the wealth of gold taken from the rivers of the province during the 1860s gold rush. The blue also again harks back to the flag of Scotland. For many years, these colours were seen in a wide variety of different designs intended to represent Otago. Popular designs included flags quartered in blue and gold, or in blue with a gold saltire. A vertically divided design in blue and gold\n\nflag was approved by the General Fono in February 2009 and by Queen Elizabeth II in August. The governor-general presented the new flag to the Ulu as Tokelau's first official flag on 7 September 2009. An official launch of the new flag was planned for October 2009. See also Badge of Tokelau Te Atua o Tokelau References External links Tokelau Flag and National Symbol Government of Tokelau College of Arms December 2009 Newsletter (No. 23) newsletter Tokelau Flags of New Zealand Flag Southern Cross flags Flag Flag Tokelau\n\nQuestion: In 2014, how many colours are there on the New Zealand flag?", "output": "3"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Marshall v. Marshall, 547 U.S. 293 (2006), is a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that a federal district court had equal or concurrent jurisdiction with state probate (will) courts over tort claims under state common law. The case drew an unusual amount of interest because the petitioner was Playboy Playmate and celebrity Anna Nicole Smith (whose legal name was Vickie Lynn Marshall). Smith won the case, but unsolved issues regarding her inheritance eventually led to another Supreme Court case, Stern v. Marshall. She died before that case was decided. Background Twelve years prior to his marriage to Smith, J. Howard Marshall had set up a trust which owned all of his assets and would pass them to various charities and his son E. Pierce Marshall after his death. Smith had claimed that it was J. Howard's intention after marriage to set up a separate trust for\n\nKjell Olav Opseth (2 January 1936 \u2013 3 December 2017) was a Norwegian politician for the Labour Party. He was Minister of Transport and Communications 1990\u20131996 and Minister of Local Government Affairs 1996\u20131997. As Transport Minister, he once observed of advertising hoardings featuring model Anna Nicole Smith that \"on her own [she] is not a traffic hazard. It depends where she is.\" References 1936 births 2017 deaths Members of the Storting Labour Party (Norway) politicians Ministers of Transport and Communications of Norway Ministers of Local Government and Modernisation of Norway 21st-century Norwegian politicians 20th-century Norwegian politicians People from F\u00f8rde\n\nCenter, where he now serves as the Kellogg Endowed Chair in Southwestern Borderlands Food and Water Security. He sits on several boards of conservation organizations. As detailed in his writings, he married at a young age and had a family, but he was divorced in the late 1980s, later marrying a second time, this time with Caroline Wilson in the early 1990s. He is currently married to his third wife, Laurie Monti (formerly of Northern Arizona University, sister of Madeleine, Benjamin, Daniel, Jeffery, and Rebecca Smith. Through this marriage he has been an amazing uncle to many nieces and nephews. Notably: Fiona Dam and Natasha Smith) and lives near Patagonia, Arizona on a five-acre homestead to the southwest of town. He farms a diverse set of heirloom fruit and nut varieties from the Spanish Mission era and from the Middle Eastern homelands of his Lebanese ancestors, as well as heritage\n\nQuestion: Anna Nicole Smith was controversially married to which oil billionaire", "output": "J Howard Marshall"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 \u2013 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin. His discovery in 1928 of what was later named benzylpenicillin (or penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium rubens has been described as the \"single greatest victory ever achieved over disease\". For this discovery, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. He also discovered the enzyme lysozyme from his nasal discharge in 1922, and along with it a bacterium he named Micrococcus lysodeikticus, later renamed Micrococcus luteus. Fleming was knighted for his scientific achievements in 1944. In 1999, he was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century. In 2002, he was chosen in the BBC's television poll for determining the 100\n\nused to refer to any substance used against microbes, but in the usual medical usage, antibiotics (such as penicillin) are those produced naturally (by one microorganism fighting another), whereas non-antibiotic antibacterials (such as sulfonamides and antiseptics) are fully synthetic. However, both classes have the same goal of killing or preventing the growth of microorganisms, and both are included in antimicrobial chemotherapy. \"Antibacterials\" include antiseptic drugs, antibacterial soaps, and chemical disinfectants, whereas antibiotics are an important class of antibacterials used more specifically in medicine and sometimes in livestock feed. Antibiotics have been used since ancient times. Many civilizations used topical application of moldy bread, with many references to its beneficial effects arising from ancient Egypt, Nubia, China, Serbia, Greece, and Rome. The first person to directly document the use of molds to treat infections was John Parkinson (1567\u20131650). Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century. Alexander Fleming (1881\u20131955) discovered modern day\n\nThe first person to directly document the use of molds to treat infections was John Parkinson (1567\u20131650). Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century. Alexander Fleming (1881\u20131955) discovered modern day penicillin in 1928, the widespread use of which proved significantly beneficial during wartime. However, the effectiveness and easy access to antibiotics have also led to their overuse and some bacteria have evolved resistance to them. The World Health Organization has classified antimicrobial resistance as a widespread \"serious threat [that] is no longer a prediction for the future, it is happening right now in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country\". Global deaths attributable to antimicrobial resistance numbered 1.27 million in 2019. Etymology The term 'antibiosis', meaning \"against life\", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial\n\nQuestion: Which was the first antibiotic to be discovered?", "output": "Penicillin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Gracie Hall Roosevelt (June 28, 1891 \u2013 September 25, 1941) was an American engineer, banker, soldier, and municipal official who was the youngest brother of First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt and a nephew of President Theodore Roosevelt. Early life and education Gracie Hall Roosevelt, generally known as Hall, was born on June 28, 1891, in Neuilly, France. He was a son of Elliot Roosevelt (who died when he was three years old) and Anna Rebecca Hall (who died when he was one-and-a-half years old). His uncle was Theodore Roosevelt Jr. and his grandmother was Martha Bulloch. Through his sister, Eleanor, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was his brother-in-law, and through his father, his fifth cousin once removed. He was also the uncle of U.S. Air Force Brigadier General Elliott Roosevelt. He was named Gracie for his father's aunt, Anna Bulloch and her husband James Gracie, and Hall for his\n\nArchibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr. (February 18, 1918 \u2013 May 31, 1990), Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt the first grandson of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, was a soldier, scholar, polyglot, authority on the Middle East, and career CIA officer. He served as chief of the Central Intelligence Agency's stations in Istanbul, Madrid and London. Roosevelt had a speaking or reading knowledge of at least twenty languages. Early life Archibald Bulloch Roosevelt Jr. was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on February 18, 1918. He graduated from Groton School and then went to Harvard University, where he graduated in the class of 1940. While an undergraduate, he was chosen as a Rhodes Scholar but was not able to accept because of the outbreak of World War II in Europe. His first job was working for a newspaper in Seattle, Washington. World War II During the war, he became an Army intelligence officer. He served as a\n\nBenjamin Franklin ( April 17, 1790) was an American polymath who was active as a writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer, publisher, and political philosopher. Among the leading intellectuals of his time, Franklin was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, a drafter and signer of the Declaration of Independence, and the first postmaster general. Franklin became a successful newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the leading city in the colonies, publishing the Pennsylvania Gazette at age 23. He became wealthy publishing this and Poor Richard's Almanack, which he wrote under the pseudonym \"Richard Saunders\". After 1767, he was associated with the Pennsylvania Chronicle, a newspaper that was known for its revolutionary sentiments and criticisms of the policies of the British Parliament and the Crown. He pioneered and was the first president of the Academy and College of Philadelphia, which opened in 1751 and later became the University\n\nQuestion: What was the middle name of Franklin D Roosevelt?", "output": "Delano"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Renault Reinastella is an automobile created by the French car maker Renault. The original Reinastella was a luxury-class car manufactured between 1929 and 1933. The car was unveiled at the 1928 Paris Motor Show as the Renault Renahuit. The original Reinastella was the first of Renault's Stella series, high-end luxury automobiles intended to compete with contemporary marques such as Hispano-Suiza, Rolls-Royce, Daimler, Lincoln, Packard, and Cadillac. The Stellas, or Grand Renaults, were marked with a star riveted to the radiator grille above the famous Renault lozenge, a reference to models with names that ended in \"-stella\", which was a conscious reference to the Latin word for a \"star\"., while \"reina\" is Spanish for \"queen\". The Reinastella was, at 5.3 meters (17 feet) long and 2 meters (six feet) wide, the biggest car ever produced by Renault upon its market debut. It weighed about 2.5 tons and was the first\n\nthe company. The company name is based on the Latin translation of the surname of the founder, August Horch. , meaning \"listen\", becomes in Latin. The four rings of the Audi logo each represent one of four car companies that banded together to create Audi's predecessor company, Auto Union. Audi's slogan is , which is translated as \"Progress through Technology\". Audi, along with German brands BMW and Mercedes-Benz, is among the best-selling luxury automobile brands in the world. History Birth of the company and its name Automobile company Wanderer was originally established in 1885, later becoming a branch of Audi AG. Another company, NSU, which also later merged into Audi, was founded during this time, and later supplied the chassis for Gottlieb Daimler's four-wheeler. On 14 November 1899, August Horch (1868\u20131951) established the company A. Horch & Cie. in the Ehrenfeld district of Cologne. In 1902, he moved with his\n\nAudi AG () is a German automotive manufacturer of luxury vehicles headquartered in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. A subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group, Audi produces vehicles in nine production facilities worldwide. The origins of the company are complex, dating back to the early 20th century and the initial enterprises (Horch and the Audiwerke) founded by engineer August Horch (1868\u20131951). Two other manufacturers (DKW and Wanderer) also contributed to the foundation of Auto Union in 1932. The modern Audi era began in the 1960s, when Auto Union was acquired by Volkswagen from Daimler-Benz. After relaunching the Audi brand with the 1965 introduction of the Audi F103 series, Volkswagen merged Auto Union with NSU Motorenwerke in 1969, thus creating the present-day form of the company. The company name is based on the Latin translation of the surname of the founder, August Horch. , meaning \"listen\", becomes in Latin. The four rings of the\n\nQuestion: \"\"\"Createur d'automobiles\"\", is a slogan used by which car manufacturer?\"", "output": "RENAULT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Edward \"Gunboat\" Smith (February 17, 1887 \u2013 August 6, 1974) was an Irish American boxer, film actor and later a boxing referee. During his career, Smith faced twelve different Boxing Hall of Famers a combined total of 23 times. Among the all-time greats he faced were Jack Dempsey, Harry Greb, Sam Langford, and Georges Carpentier. Boxing career Smith was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He spent much of his youth in orphanages, working on farms and on the railroads. He joined the U.S. Navy, where he began boxing and won the heavyweight championship of the Pacific Fleet. In 1910, Smith became known in the Oakland and San Francisco areas by serving as a sparring partner for Jack Johnson and Stanley Ketchel before their heavyweight title fight there. Author Jack London knew Smith and helped fund his training. From 1912\u20131915, Smith established himself as a leading candidate for the heavyweight title, beating,\n\nlatter's death. He currently works with adults with autism and learning difficulties in a daycentre in the London Borough of Barnet. John has been a care worker in the area for a number of years. Trivia Dempsey was the first Irish international player ever to be sent off in a 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification game, being that against Hungary national football team in the Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s Stadium Honours Chelsea FA Cup: 1970 European Cup Winners' Cup: 1971 See also List of Republic of Ireland international footballers born outside the Republic of Ireland References External links 1946 births Living people Chelsea F.C. players Fulham F.C. players North American Soccer League (1968\u20131984) players Philadelphia Fury (1978\u20131980) players Republic of Ireland men's association footballers Republic of Ireland men's international footballers Dundalk F.C. managers Republic of Ireland association football managers League of Ireland managers Dundalk F.C. players League of Ireland players English Football\n\nFrancisco Javier Clavet Gonz\u00e1lez de Castej\u00f3n (; born 24 October 1968), known as Pato Clavet (), is a former professional tennis player from Spain. He won eight singles titles, reached the semifinals of the 1992 Indian Wells Masters and the 1999 Miami Masters, and achieved a career-high ranking of world No. 18 in July 1992. He reached No. 16 at the Champions Race (now called ATP Race to London), after winning in Scottsdale in 2001. During his career, he defeated some contemporary, future and past number-one-ranked players, including John McEnroe, Mats Wilander, Andre Agassi, Lleyton Hewitt, and Roger Federer. In his only meeting with Federer, at the 2000 Cincinnati Masters, Clavet won and told Swiss newspaper Blick his defeat of Federer was one of his most important wins as he considers Federer \"the greatest tennis player of all time\". Clavet was coached by his brother, Jos\u00e9 Clavet, until 1999. From\n\nQuestion: Oscar de la Hoya, Jack Dempsey and George Chuvalo are all associated with which sport?", "output": "Boxing"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "There are many different types of gliding possum, sometimes referred to as volplane possum, flying phalangers, or simply as gliders: Australian gliders Feathertail glider or pygmy gliding possum, Acrobates pygmaeus Greater glider, Petauroides volans Mahogany glider, Petaurus gracilis Squirrel glider, Petaurus norfolcensis Sugar glider, Petaurus breviceps Yellow-bellied glider or fluffy glider, Petaurus australis New Guinea gliders Biak glider, Petaurus biacensis Northern glider, Petaurus abidi A characteristic of all species of marsupial gliders is the partially fused (syndactylous) second and third digits on the hind feet. They achieve gliding flight by use of membranes called patagia. References Diprotodonts\n\nThe mahogany glider (Petaurus gracilis) is an endangered gliding possum native to a small region of coastal Queensland in Australia. Appearance A nocturnal arboreal marsupial, the mahogany glider closely resembles the sugar glider, the squirrel glider and the yellow-bellied glider, but is noticeably larger than any of its relatives (26.5 cm long and 410 g) and has a long tail (34\u201340 cm). The species gets its common name from its mahogany-brown belly and the similar colour of its patagium, or gliding membrane. The tail is covered in short hair, and is black on the underside. These gliders are sexually dimorphic, with the males being larger than the females, although the latter usually have a longer tail in proportion to their body. In terms of their body length, females are marginally smaller, measuring compared with the male body length of , but they have a slightly longer tail, measuring compared with\n\nThe Micropezidae are a moderate-sized family of acalyptrate muscoid flies in the insect order Diptera, comprising about 500 species in about 50 genera and five subfamilies worldwide, (except New Zealand and Macquarie Island). They are most diverse in tropical and subtropical habitats, especially in the Neotropical Region. Insects in this family are commonly called stilt-legged flies, after their characteristically long legs. The fore legs are markedly smaller than the other pairs. Mostly, they are long-bodied, often black flies, usually with infuscated (darkened) wings. Wings are reduced in the genera Calycopteryx and entirely absent in the ant-like Badisis ambulans. Description For terms see Morphology of Diptera Very slender, small to large (3\u201316 mm) flies, they have long, thin legs and narrow wings. The head is small and elongated or rounded. The antennae are small and the arista is bare or pubescent. Ocelli are present, but ocellar bristles are absent. Vibrissae are\n\nQuestion: What kind of creature is a 'sugar glider?", "output": "POSSUM"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Changes\" is a song by American rapper 2Pac featuring Talent. It was recorded in 1992 before being remixed and released as a single from Shakur's Greatest Hits compilation on October 13, 1998. The song makes references to the war on drugs, the treatment of black people by the police, racism, the reconciliation between the black and white people in America, the perpetuation of poverty and its accompanying vicious-cycle value system in urban African American culture, and the difficulties of life in the ghetto. \"Changes\" samples Bruce Hornsby and the Range's 1986 song \"The Way It Is\". The chorus was sung by Talent. Production and recording The song was originally recorded during his tenure at Interscope Records in 1992 and was produced by Big D The Impossible (Deon Evans). \"Changes\" was later remixed in 1998 by Poke from Trackmasters. The song re-uses lines from \"I Wonder If Heaven Got a Ghetto\"\n\nthe 2018 Georgia gubernatorial election, on October 24, 2018. On October 30, 2018, the official remix featuring American rapper Snoop Dogg was released. Charts Certifications References 2018 singles 2018 songs Jay Rock songs Songs written by Jay Rock Songs written by Kendrick Lamar Songs written by Vinylz Songs written by Boi-1da Song recordings produced by Vinylz Song recordings produced by Boi-1da Top Dawg Entertainment singles Interscope Records singles Trap music songs Music videos directed by Dave Meyers (director)\n\nsingle \"Wrong Idea\" (featuring Snoop Dogg, Kokane, and Lil' \u00bd Dead) reached #75 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Billboard chart. In 2009, he released an album with Bizzy Bone, Thug Pound. In mid-2010, he recorded and released a new single \"For As Long As I Can\". In March 2013, Bad Azz got into a fight with Snoop Dogg's cousin Ray J; Bad Azz said it was revenge for getting jumped by Suge Knight and his entourage a decade earlier. He appeared on the 2011 album Haven't You Heard? (We Givin' Something Bacc To Tha Street), which was released by Death Row Records and WideAwake on February 8, 2011. In 2014, Bad Azz released a music video for a song titled \"Baby Wut'z Up\", featuring Turf Talk. He announced a new album title The Nu Adventures of Bad Azz, which has released in 2018. Death Stamps died unexpectedly on November 11,\n\nQuestion: In 2012, what did Snoop Dogg say he was changing his name to?", "output": "Snoop Lion"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "security and commercial roles. Being one of the oldest hovercraft manufacturers, Griffon Hoverwork's products have been used in various parts of the world. By August 2016, the company's existing market share extended into 41 countries while around 180 hovercraft have been delivered to end users. Perhaps its most commercially successful vehicle has been the Griffon Hoverwork 8000TD hovercraft. History As a business entity, the company was established under the name Griffon Hovercraft in 1976; for the onset, it operated as a specialised manufacturer of hovercraft for commercial, military and search and rescue purposes. The company's founder, Dr E. W. H. Gifford, had been one of the early pioneers in the field, working alongside British inventor Sir Christopher Cockerell and having been involved with the first commercial hovercraft operations during the 1960s. Likewise, many of Griffon's engineering staff had participated in the development of various hovercraft at the competing manufacturing interest\n\nThe Hovercraft Museum, in Lee-on-the-Solent, Hampshire, England is a museum run by a registered charity dedicated to hovercraft. The museum has a collection of over 60 hovercraft of various designs. Situated at HMS Daedalus by the large slipway from where many hovercraft have been tested, the museum collection includes SR.N5 and SR.N6 hovercraft. The collection also contains the last remaining SR.N4 craft, the world's largest civil hovercraft, which has been laid up in Lee-on-the-Solent since cross-Channel services ceased on 1 October 2000. The museum houses the world's largest library of documents, publications, film, video, photographs and drawings on hovercraft, all of which is available for research by prior arrangement. A number of hovercraft manufacturers have deposited their complete archives with the museum for safekeeping, thus swelling this important repository of information. The museum also contains a large collection of original manufacturers' hovercraft models including the world's first working hovercraft model\n\nthe museum for safekeeping, thus swelling this important repository of information. The museum also contains a large collection of original manufacturers' hovercraft models including the world's first working hovercraft model built by Christopher Cockerell. The museum reopened in January 2016 after being closed for essential structural building work over nearly two years. Shortly afterwards the remaining SR.N4 craft came under threat of scrapping when the site owners, the Homes and Communities Agency, proposed the redevelopment of the land. The museum trust started a petition calling for one of the craft to be preserved. In October 2023 The Hovercraft Museum achieved Arts Council England Accreditation, joining more than 1700 museums also taking part in the scheme. Notes and references External links Pictures of Hovershow, 2004 Pictures of Hovershow. 2005 Pictures of Hovershow. 2006 The Hovercraft Museum and the Daedlus Slipway Intrigue 4K Museum Museums in Hampshire Maritime museums in England Gosport\n\nQuestion: Who invented the hovercraft in 1959?", "output": "Christopher Cockerell."}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Broadway () is a road in the U.S. state of New York. Broadway runs from State Street at Bowling Green for through the borough of Manhattan and through the Bronx, exiting north from New York City to run an additional through the Westchester County municipalities of Yonkers, Hastings-On-Hudson, Dobbs Ferry, Irvington, and Tarrytown, and terminating north of Sleepy Hollow. It is the oldest north\u2013south main thoroughfare in New York City, with much of the current street beginning as the Wickquasgeck trail before the arrival of Europeans. This then formed the basis for one of the primary thoroughfares of the Dutch New Amsterdam colony, which continued under British rule, although most of it did not bear its current name until the late 19th century. Broadway in Manhattan is known widely as the heart of the American commercial theatrical industry, and is used as a metonym for it, as well as in\n\nThe Times Square Theater is a former Broadway and movie theater at 217 West 42nd Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, near Times Square. Built in 1920, it was designed by Eugene De Rosa and developed by brothers Edgar and Archibald Selwyn. The building, which is no longer an active theater, is owned by the city and state governments of New York and leased to New 42nd Street. The Times Square Theater was designed simultaneously with the now-demolished Apollo Theatre immediately to the north and west. The theaters shared a symmetrical facade on 42nd Street, which is made of limestone and contains a central colonnade. The Times Square Theater took up most of the facade, though the western section was occupied by the Apollo Theatre's entrance. Inside, the Times Square Theater had a fan-shaped auditorium that could seat 1,155 people. The auditorium was designed\n\nThe Longacre Theatre is a Broadway theater at 220 West 48th Street in the Theater District of Midtown Manhattan in New York City, United States. Opened in 1913, it was designed by Henry B. Herts and was named for Longacre Square, now known as Times Square. The Longacre has 1,077 seats and is operated by The Shubert Organization. Both the facade and the auditorium's interior are New York City designated landmarks. The ground-floor facade is made of rusticated blocks of terracotta. The theater's main entrance is shielded by a marquee. The upper stories are divided vertically into five bays, which contain niches on either side of three large windows. The auditorium contains ornamental plasterwork, a sloped orchestra level, two balconies, and a coved ceiling. The balcony level contains box seats topped by flat arches, and the proscenium opening is also a flat arch. In addition, the Longacre contains two lounges,\n\nQuestion: Which thoroughfare connects with Broadway at Times Square in New York?", "output": "42nd Street"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Swallows and Amazons is a children's adventure novel by English author Arthur Ransome and first published on 21 July 1930 by Jonathan Cape. Set in the summer of 1929 in the Lake District, the book introduces the main characters of John, Susan, Titty and Roger Walker (Swallows); as well as their mother, Mary; and their baby sister, Bridget (nicknamed Vicky). We also meet Nancy and Peggy Blackett (Amazons); their uncle Jim (James Turner), commonly referred to as Captain Flint; and their widowed mother, Molly Blackett. It is the first book in the Swallows and Amazons series, followed by Swallowdale. At the time, Ransome had been working as a journalist with the Manchester Guardian, but decided to become a full-time author rather than go abroad as a foreign correspondent. He did continue to write part-time for the press, however. The book was inspired by a summer spent by Ransome teaching the\n\nThis is a listing of characters from the Swallows and Amazons series of books by Arthur Ransome. The Swallows John Walker \u2014 eldest of the Walker children and Captain of the Swallow Susan Walker \u2014 Mate of the Swallow and the cook and domestic organizer Titty Walker \u2014 Able Seaman of the Swallow and the most imaginative of the Walkers. This name was the nickname of the real life Mavis Altounyan, taken from Joseph Jacobs's children's story Titty Mouse and Tatty Mouse. It has caused titters among generations of children since, causing it to be changed to Kitty in the original 1963 television series of Swallows and Amazons, and Tatty for a 2016 BBC Films adaptation (but in the 1974 BBC adaptation she was Titty). Roger Walker \u2014 initially Ship's Boy, later Able Seaman (and Ship's Engineer in Great Northern?), mischievous, mechanical and very fond of chocolate. He is the\n\nBBC adaptation she was Titty). Roger Walker \u2014 initially Ship's Boy, later Able Seaman (and Ship's Engineer in Great Northern?), mischievous, mechanical and very fond of chocolate. He is the second-youngest of the children. Bridget Walker \u2014 Ship's Baby who proves to be a brave member of the crew in Secret Water. Referred to as Vicky in Swallows and Amazons because of her supposed resemblance to Queen Victoria. The Amazons Nancy Blackett (real name: Ruth) \u2014 Captain of the Amazon; an enterprising leader. She is an imaginative and lively tomboy who is always willing to create fantasies and adventures. Though somewhat brash and short-tempered, she nonetheless has a heart of gold and is always quick to defend the weaker and less-confident characters in the tales Peggy Blackett (real name: Margaret) \u2014 Mate of the Amazon, Nancy's sister; although a bit timid and unassuming, she tries to live up to Nancy's\n\nQuestion: In the well known children's story Swallows and Amazons what was Titty's surname", "output": "Walker"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Far Corporation were a multi-national band created by German record producer Frank Farian, who created the bands Boney M. and Milli Vanilli. The name was shortened from \"Frank Farian Corporation\", which was originally put together to record a cover of the Paul Simon piece \"Mother and Child Reunion\" as a charity record and reached the top 10 in several European countries. That group's lineup included members of Barclay James Harvest, Toto, Boney M and Force Majeure. Far Corporation's primary claim to fame is their cover of \"Stairway to Heaven\". Contrary to public perception, Far Corporation was actually the first group to make the singles charts with this song as Led Zeppelin had never released it as a single. In fact, it was the only version of the song that charted on the US Billboard Hot 100, reaching #89 in October 1986. Some of the musicians Farian assembled included vocalist Robin\n\n\"Celebration Day\" is a song by English rock band Led Zeppelin, and the third track from their 1970 album Led Zeppelin III. The band's last concert film and album, released on 19 November 2012, took their name from this song. Composition and recording The song starts with guitar chords played over a monotonic drone created by a synthesiser. This connects the song musically with the preceding track on the album, \"Friends\", which ends with the same drone. Originally, one of John Bonham's drum tracks was to be used in the intro of \"Celebration Day\", but an engineer accidentally erased the recording. Unable or unwilling to re-record it, they used the synthesizer drone from the end of \"Friends\" to fill up the gap. The recording took place at Headley Grange, England, with the Rolling Stones' mobile recording studio. Robert Plant's lyrics were inspired by his initial impressions of New York City.\n\nit was the only version of the song that charted on the US Billboard Hot 100, reaching #89 in October 1986. Some of the musicians Farian assembled included vocalist Robin McAuley, vocalist Henry Gorman, drummers Curt Cress and Peter Bold, and three members of Toto: vocalist Bobby Kimball, keyboardist David Paich, and guitarist Steve Lukather. Far Corporation released its first album Division One in 1985 on IMP/ATCO Records and their cover of \"Stairway to Heaven\" reached #8 on the UK Singles Chart. It also reached #9 in Ireland and the following year peaked at #16 in South Africa and number 23 in Australia. Also included on the album was a cover of Free's \"Fire and Water\" (their second single). The band was promoted by a full playback performance at German tv ZDF in the show \"Rockpop\". The show was also attended by Robert Plant, who backstage congratulated Robin McAuley for\n\nQuestion: Which 1970's group recorded Stairway to Heaven?", "output": "Led Zeppelin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed Faith is a religion founded in the 19th century that teaches the essential worth of all religions and the unity of all people. Established by Bah\u00e1\u02bcu'll\u00e1h (\"Bahaa Allah\", Arabic: \"Glory to God\"), it initially developed in Iran and parts of the Middle East, where it has faced ongoing persecution since its inception. The religion is estimated to have five to eight million adherents, known as Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00eds, spread throughout most of the world's countries and territories. The Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed Faith has three central figures: the B\u00e1b (1819\u20131850), executed for heresy, who taught that a prophet similar to Jesus and Muhammad would soon appear; Bah\u00e1\u02bcu'll\u00e1h (1817\u20131892), who claimed to be that prophet in 1863 and had to endure both exile and imprisonment; and his son, \u02bbAbdu'l-Bah\u00e1 (1844\u20131921), who made teaching trips to Europe and the United States after his release from confinement in 1908. After \u02bbAbdu'l-Bah\u00e1's death in 1921, the leadership\n\nBurkina Faso ( , ; , ) is a landlocked country in West Africa with an area of , bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and the Ivory Coast to the southwest. As of 2021, the country had an estimated population of 20,321,378. Previously called Republic of Upper Volta (1958\u20131984), it was renamed Burkina Faso by President Thomas Sankara. Its citizens are known as Burkinab\u00e8 ( ), and its capital and largest city is Ouagadougou. Its name is often translated into English as the \"Land of Honest Men\". The largest ethnic group in Burkina Faso is the Mossi people, who settled the area in the 11th and 13th centuries. They established powerful kingdoms such as the Ouagadougou, Tenkodogo, and Yatenga. In 1896, it was colonized by the French as part of French West Africa; in 1958,\n\nThe Petwo (), also spelled Petro and alternatively known as , are a family of lwa (loa) spirits in the religion of Haitian Vodou. They are regarded as being volatile and \"hot\", in this contrasting with the Rada lwa, which are regarded as sweet-tempered and \"cool.\" Description The Petwo are also known as the Dompete. They are considered one of the ('nations') of lwa spirits in the religion. Various commentators have described the Petwo as a \"pantheon\" of deities. Along with the Rada, they are one of the two main groups of lwa worshipped by practitioners in Port-au-Prince. The Petwo spirits are considered to be volatile and hot-tempered, exhibiting bitter, aggressive, and forceful characteristics. In this they contrast with the Rada lwa, who are deemed sweet-natured and dependable. The Petwo lwa are kept separate from the Rada lwa, both spatially, by placing their altars in different parts of the (temple),\n\nQuestion: The religion of vodou (or voodoo) originated in what country?", "output": "Haiti"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Grills is the plural of grill. As a surname, Grills may refer to: Caroline Grills (1890\u20131960), Australian serial killer Dave Grills (born 1959), Australian politician Lee Grills (1904\u20131982), Canadian politician Leo Grills, known as Lucky Grills (1928\u20132007), Australian actor and comedian See also Grylls, a surname Grillz, a 2005 song Grill (jewelry)\n\nPljeskavica (, ) is a Serbian grilled dish consisting of a mixture of spiced minced pork, beef and lamb meat. It is one of the national dishes of Serbia and is very popular in the neighbouring Balkan and former Yugoslavian countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo and Montenegro. It is a main course served with onions, kajmak (milk cream), beans, sometimes ajvar (relish), and urnebes (spicy cheese salad), either on plate with side dishes, or with lepinja (flatbread, as a type of hamburger). Recently, pljeskavica has gained popularity elsewhere in Europe and is served in a few speciality fast food restaurants in Germany, Sweden, and Austria. Varieties include the \"Leskovac pljeskavica\" (Leskova\u010dka pljeskavica), very spicy with onions; \"\u0160ar pljeskavica\" (\u0160arska pljeskavica), stuffed with ka\u010dkavalj cheese; \"Hajduk pljeskavica\" (Hajdu\u010dka pljeskavica), of beef mixed with smoked pork meat; and \"Vranje pljeskavica\" (Vranjanska pljeskavica). Since 2008 the name \"Leskovac pljeskavica\" has been\n\nPulled pork is an American barbecue dish, more specifically a dish of the Southern U.S., based on shredded barbecued pork shoulder. It is typically slow-smoked over wood (usually outdoors); indoor variations use a slow cooker. The meat is then shredded manually and mixed with a sauce. It may be served on bread as a sandwich, or eaten on its own. Preparation Pulled pork, almost always a shoulder cut, is commonly slow-cooked by first applying a dry rub, then smoking over wood. A non-barbecue method uses a slow cooker, a domestic oven, or an electric pressure cooker (such as an Instant Pot). For the meat to 'pull' properly, it must reach an internal temperature of 195 to 205\u00b0F (90.5 to 96\u00b0C); the smoker temperature can be around 275\u00b0F (135\u00b0C). Cooking time is many hours, often more than 12 hours (though much shorter with electric pressure cookers, typically from 60 to 90\n\nQuestion: \"What in the UK is referred to as \"\"grilling\"\" is called what in the USA?\"", "output": "Broiling"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Bolsheviks (, ; from \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e, , 'majority'), led by Vladimir Lenin, were a far-left faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the Second Party Congress in 1903. The Bolshevik party seized power in Russia in the October Revolution of 1917, and was later renamed the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Their ideology and practices, based on Leninist and later Marxist\u2013Leninist principles, are known as Bolshevism. The origin of the split was Lenin's support for a smaller party of professional revolutionaries, as opposed to the Menshevik desire for a broad party membership. The influence of the two factions fluctuated in the years up to 1912, when the RSDLP formally split into Bolshevik and Menshevik parties. The Bolsheviks' political philosophy was based on the Leninist principles of vanguardism and democratic centralism. After the February Revolution of 1917 which overthrew the tsar,\n\njoin either side. With the split becoming deeper in 1913 (e.g. the social democratic faction in the State Duma split in September 1913), those who didn't join either side began forming their own organizations, e.g. the Mezhraiontsy group was formed in November 1913. In early 1914, Plekhanov followed suit and formed his own group, Yedinstvo (Unity), with his old friends and followers Vera Zasulich and Leo Deutsch The group was founded abroad, but its supporters became active in Russia proper as early as the spring of 1914 and published 4 issues of the newspaper Yedinstvo in St. Petersburg in May and June 1914. World War I With the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, Russian social democrats became split over the issue of supporting the Tsarist government, which they were normally irreconcilably opposed to, during a time of war. Plekhanov adopted a position on the extreme patriotic end\n\nSoviet Revolutionary Communists (Bolsheviks) was an early anti-revisionist movement claimed to be an underground political outfit in the Soviet Union which criticized the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev as revisionist. It upheld the legacy of Joseph Stalin and accused the post-Stalin Soviet leadership of deviating from the socialist path. It represented the line taken by the People's Republic of China and People's Republic of Albania after the Sino-Soviet Split. Little is known about the group. Programme document A programmatic document of the group was released in connection with the 1966 congress of the Party of Labour of Albania. It was moreover claimed that the document had been distributed clandestinely amongst communists in the Soviet Union. The document harshly criticized the wealthy lifestyles of the upper sections of the Soviet bureaucracy, argued that such lifestyles were in contradiction to socialism. The first known English-language edition of the document was released in Albania\n\nQuestion: What communist faction came to power in Russia?", "output": "Bolshevik"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Borzoi or Russian Hunting Sighthound is a Russian breed of hunting dog of sighthound type. It was formerly used for wolf hunting, and until 1936 was known as the Russian Wolfhound. Etymology The system by which Russians over the ages named their sighthounds was a series of descriptive terms rather than actual names. is the masculine singular form of an archaic Russian adjective that means 'fast'. ('fast dog') is the basic term for sighthounds used by Russians, though is usually dropped. The name derived from the word , which means 'wavy, silky coat', just as (as in hortaya borzaya) means shorthaired. In modern Russian, the breed commonly called the Borzoi is officially known as . Other Russian sighthound breeds are (from the steppe), called ; and (from the Crimea), called . History The Borzoi originated in sixteenth-century Russia by crossing Saluki and European sighthounds with thick-coated Russian breeds. The\n\nare (from the steppe), called ; and (from the Crimea), called . History The Borzoi originated in sixteenth-century Russia by crossing Saluki and European sighthounds with thick-coated Russian breeds. The Borzoi was popular with the Tsars before the 1917 revolution. For centuries, Borzois could not be purchased but only given as gifts from the Tsar. Grand Duke Nicholas Nicolaievich of Russia bred countless Borzoi at Perchino, his private estate. The Russkaya Psovaya Borzaya was definitively accepted by the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Cynologique Internationale in 1956. Description Appearance Borzois are large Russian sighthounds that resemble some central Asian breeds such as the Afghan hound, Saluki, and the Kyrgyz Taigan. Borzois come in a variety of colours. The Borzoi coat is silky and flat, often wavy or slightly curly. The long top-coat is quite flat, with varying degrees of waviness or curling. The soft undercoat thickens during winter or in cold climates, but is\n\noriginated on the continent of Africa. Europeans first described the breed in 1895 in the Congo. These local dogs, which Europeans identified as a distinct breed and called basenji, were prized by locals for their intelligence, courage, speed, and silence. Several attempts were made to introduce the breed into England, but the earliest imports succumbed to disease. In 1923 six Basenjis were taken from Sudan, but all six died from distemper shots received in quarantine. It was not until the 1930s that foundation stock was successfully established in England, and then in the United States by animal importer Henry Trefflich. It is likely that nearly all the Basenjis in the Western world are descended from these few original imports. The breed was officially accepted into the AKC in 1943. In 1990, the AKC stud book was reopened to 14 new imports at the request of the Basenji Club of America.\n\nQuestion: Where did the borzoi dog breed originate?", "output": "Russia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower frequencies in a continuous band of frequencies. It is typically measured in hertz, and depending on context, may specifically refer to passband bandwidth or baseband bandwidth. Passband bandwidth is the difference between the upper and lower cutoff frequencies of, for example, a band-pass filter, a communication channel, or a signal spectrum. Baseband bandwidth applies to a low-pass filter or baseband signal; the bandwidth is equal to its upper cutoff frequency. Bandwidth in hertz is a central concept in many fields, including electronics, information theory, digital communications, radio communications, signal processing, and spectroscopy and is one of the determinants of the capacity of a given communication channel. A key characteristic of bandwidth is that any band of a given width can carry the same amount of information, regardless of where that band is located in the frequency spectrum. For example, a 3\n\nwith the decimal meaning. Since then, the major standards organizations have expressly disapproved the use of SI prefixes to denote binary multiples, and recommended or mandated the use of the IEC prefixes for that purpose, but the use of SI prefixes has persisted in some fields. While the binary prefixes are almost always used with the units of information, bits and bytes, they may be used with any other unit of measure, when convenient. For example, in signal processing one may need binary multiples of the frequency unit hertz (Hz), for example the kibihertz (KiHz) equal to . Definitions In 2022, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) adopted the decimal prefixes ronna for 10009 and quetta for 100010. In analogy to the existing binary prefixes, a consultation paper of the International Committee for Weights and Measures' Consultative Committee for Units (CCU) suggested the prefixes robi (Ri, 10249) and\n\nIn radio broadcasting, quasi-synchronous transmission is a method of achieving wider area coverage using multiple transmitters but without needing multiple frequencies. It became technically feasible in the mid 1970s, but was rapidly superseded by cellular networks in the early 1980s, so it is rarely found today. It was invented by engineer J. T. Murasko of UK radiotelephone manufacturer Dymar Electronics. The principle of operation is to precisely control the transmission frequency so accurately that interference between adjacent transmitters is kept under control, with a beat frequency of about 10-15 hertz only. While this creates some audible affects in the receiver in the overlap region, it is usually tolerable and doesn't affect the intelligibility of the signal. Narrowband Frequency modulation is used exclusively, so that the capture effect will select the stronger of two transmitters wherever one predominates. While frequency control down to 1-2 hertz accuracy is achievable, this is undesirable,\n\nQuestion: What is the SI unit of frequency (used in measuring audio and radio transmissions among many others)?", "output": "Hertz"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A ballpoint pen, also known as a biro (British English), ball pen (Hong Kong, Indian and Philippine English), or dot pen (Nepali English), is a pen that dispenses ink (usually in paste form) over a metal ball at its point, i.e. over a \"ball point\". The metal commonly used is steel, brass, or tungsten carbide. The design was conceived and developed as a cleaner and more reliable alternative to dip pens and fountain pens, and it is now the world's most-used writing instrument; millions are manufactured and sold daily. It has influenced art and graphic design and spawned an artwork genre. Some pen manufacturers like Uni ball produce designer ballpoint pens for the high-end and collectors' markets. History Origins The concept of using a \"ball point\" within a writing instrument to apply ink to paper has existed since the late 19th century. In these inventions, the ink was placed in\n\nor the ink too thin, the pen would leak, or the ink would smear. Ink reservoirs pressurized by a piston, spring, capillary action, and gravity would all serve as solutions to ink-delivery and flow problems. L\u00e1szl\u00f3 B\u00edr\u00f3, a Hungarian newspaper editor (later a naturalized Argentine) frustrated by the amount of time that he wasted filling up fountain pens and cleaning up smudged pages, noticed that inks used in newspaper printing dried quickly, leaving the paper dry and smudge-free. He decided to create a pen using the same type of ink. B\u00edr\u00f3 enlisted the help of his brother Gy\u00f6rgy, a dentist with useful knowledge of chemistry, to develop viscous ink formulae for new ballpoint designs. B\u00edr\u00f3's innovation successfully coupled ink-viscosity with a ball-socket mechanism which acted compatibly to prevent ink from drying inside the reservoir while allowing controlled flow. B\u00edr\u00f3 filed for a British patent on 15 June 1938. In 1941,\n\nLamy () is a German pen manufacturing company. Josef Lamy, who was a sales representative for Parker Pen in Germany, founded the business in 1930 by purchasing the Orthos pen manufacturer. Lamy was a pioneer in the use of moulded synthetic plastics to make their products. Lamy was run by Josef Lamy's son, Manfred, until his retirement in 2006. He was succeeded by Bernhard M. R\u00f6sner. Products manufactured by Lamy include fountain, ballpoint pens, mechanical pencils, and ink. History In 1984, newspapers reported that Lamy's export share increased to 33 percent of turnover. In 1986, Lamy, Montblanc, and Parker held among them 70\u201380 percent of the West German market. Export markets then consisted of the United States, Japan, and Austria. Lamy hoped to expand that export share to 50 percent of turnover, which stood at approximately 40 million Deutschmark (DM) for 1985. Turnover for Lamy increased to 48 million DM\n\nQuestion: What was the nationality of Lazlo Josef Biro, inventor of the ballpoint pen?", "output": "Hungarian"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Released in 2003, Ophidian: 2350 is a collectible card game (CCG) created by Ophidian Games and Fleer. It uses a play structure called the Flow rather than the normal turn-based system typically used in the genre. Game Lore Ophidian 2350 takes place in the year 2350, where a strange reptilian race known as Ophidians run gladatorial arenas for humans, aliens and demons alike. Combat consists of one team pitted against another, and though competitors often die, the gladiators' DNA is often taken before the match to resurrect the fallen warrior. Gameplay Each player's team is made up of up to four gladiators, usually one of each victory point (VP) level (ranging from 1 to 4), but a team can technically be made up of any combination that adds up to exactly 10. A player can win either by defeating an opponent's gladiators, by defeating gladiators worth a greater number of\n\nPythonomorpha was originally proposed by paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope (1869) as a reptilian order comprising mosasaurs, which he believed to be close relatives of Ophidia (snakes). The etymology of the term Pythonomorpha comes from the Greek Python (a monstrous snake from Greek mythology) and morphe (\"form\"), and refers to the generally serpentine body plan of members of the group. Cope wrote, \"In the mosasauroids, we almost realize the fictions of snake-like dragons and sea-serpents, in which men have been ever prone to indulge. On account of the ophidian part of their affinities, I have called this order Pythonomorpha.\" Cope incorporated two families, the Clidastidae (now defunct but including only Clidastes) and the Mosasauridae (including Macrosaurus [?=Tylosaurus], Mosasaurus, and Platecarpus). However, a close relationship between mosasaurs and snakes was rejected by most 20th-century herpetologists and paleontologists, who sought, instead, to demonstrate a close relationship between mosasaurs and varanid (monitor) lizards and\n\nAnteosaurs are a group of large, primitive carnivorous dinocephalian therapsids with large canines and incisors and short limbs, that are known from the Middle Permian of South Africa, Russia, China, and Brazil. Some grew very large, with skulls long, and were the largest predators of their time. They died out at the end of the Middle Permian, possibly as a result of the extinction of the herbivorous Tapinocephalia on which they may have fed. Description The Anteosauria are distinguished from the Tapinocephalia by a number of features, such as very large canines, cheek teeth with bulbous crowns, and an upturning of the premaxilla, so that the front of mouth curves strongly upwards. There is a tendency especially in more advanced forms such as Anteosaurus towards thickening of the bones of the top of the skull, indicating head-butting behaviour. There is a large canal for the pineal organ (third eye); probably\n\nQuestion: 'Ophidian' refers to which kind of creatures?", "output": "SNAKES"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": ", Guljamun , madhura nelli, Malabar Plum, Panineer Champakka, Mountain Apple (champoo), chom pu or chom-phu. Terms like \"plum rose\", \"water apple\", \"pera de agua\", \"Cloud apple\", \"Wax apple\", \"Malay apple\", \"jambrosade\", \"PauT\u00eae\"(Penang Hokkien spelled with Taiwanese Romanisation System), \"pomarrosa\", or the English equivalent, \"rose apple\". Several of these names also are applied to other species of Syzygium, while \"jambu\" can also mean a guava. The name Jambu for this fruit is in all likelihood limited to one or two of the twenty-odd major Indian languages, while most other languages use similar words (Jaamun, Jaambhool, etc.) for another fruit, smaller than the rose apple, and dark purple in colour like the fruit of the eggplant. In Bangla, the fruit is called \"golap-jaam\" () and in Odia, it is called \"golapajamu\" (), which literally translate to \"rose jaamun\", in reference to its distinct aroma. In Karnataka the English common name is\n\nCruciferous vegetables are vegetables of the family Brassicaceae (also called Cruciferae) with many genera, species, and cultivars being raised for food production such as cauliflower, cabbage, kale, garden cress, bok choy, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, mustard plant and similar green leaf vegetables. The family takes its alternative name (Cruciferae, Neo-Latin for \"cross-bearing\") from the shape of their flowers, whose four petals resemble a cross. Ten of the most common cruciferous vegetables eaten by people, known colloquially in North America as cole crops and in the UK, Ireland and Australia as brassicas, are in a single species (Brassica oleracea); they are not distinguished from one another taxonomically, only by horticultural category of cultivar groups. Numerous other genera and species in the family are also edible. Cruciferous vegetables are one of the dominant food crops worldwide. They are high in vitamin C and soluble fiber and contain multiple nutrients and phytochemicals. List of\n\nJava plum is a common name for the edible fruits of several tropical tree species, and may refer to: Syzygium cumini, native to India and southeast Asia Spondias mombin, native to the tropical Americas\n\nQuestion: Technically a berry or fruit, brinjal is the Indian name for which 'vegetable'?", "output": "Aubergine"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Barium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity, barium is never found in nature as a free element. The most common minerals of barium are baryte (barium sulfate, BaSO4) and witherite (barium carbonate, BaCO3). The name barium originates from the alchemical derivative \"baryta\", from Greek (), meaning 'heavy'. Baric is the adjectival form of barium. Barium was identified as a new element in 1772, but not reduced to a metal until 1808 with the advent of electrolysis. Barium has few industrial applications. Historically, it was used as a getter for vacuum tubes and in oxide form as the emissive coating on indirectly heated cathodes. It is a component of YBCO (high-temperature superconductors) and electroceramics, and is added to steel and cast iron to\n\nMolybdenum(V) chloride is the inorganic compound with the empirical formula . This dark volatile solid is used in research to prepare other molybdenum compounds. It is moisture-sensitive and soluble in chlorinated solvents. Structure Usually called molybdenum pentachloride, it is in fact partly a dimer with the molecular formula . In the dimer, each molybdenum has local octahedral symmetry and two chlorides bridge between the molybdenum centers. A similar structure is also found for the pentachlorides of W, Nb and Ta. In the gas phase and partly in solution, the dimers partially dissociate to give a monomeric . The monomer is paramagnetic, with one unpaired electron per Mo center, reflecting the fact that the formal oxidation state is +5, leaving one valence electron on the metal center. Preparation and properties is prepared by chlorination of Mo metal but also chlorination of . The unstable hexachloride is not produced in this way.\n\nThe chalcogens (ore forming) ( ) are the chemical elements in group 16 of the periodic table. This group is also known as the oxygen family. Group 16 consists of the elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and the radioactive elements polonium (Po) and livermorium (Lv). Often, oxygen is treated separately from the other chalcogens, sometimes even excluded from the scope of the term \"chalcogen\" altogether, due to its very different chemical behavior from sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. The word \"chalcogen\" is derived from a combination of the Greek word () principally meaning copper (the term was also used for bronze/brass, any metal in the poetic sense, ore or coin), and the Latinized Greek word , meaning born or produced. Sulfur has been known since antiquity, and oxygen was recognized as an element in the 18th century. Selenium, tellurium and polonium were discovered in the 19th\n\nQuestion: Which element has the atomic number 42 and the chemical symbol Mo?", "output": "Molybdenum"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Coluber constrictor anthicus, commonly known as the buttermilk racer, is a subspecies of the eastern racer, a nonvenomous colubrid snake, endemic to the southern United States. Description The buttermilk racer is a thin-bodied snake, capable of attaining a total length of 1.52 m (60 inches). Its color is a unique pattern of black, greens, yellows, greys and even sometimes blues, flecked with white or yellow. Their underside is white or cream-colored. Geographic range The buttermilk racer is found only in the United States, in southern Arkansas, Louisiana and southern and eastern Texas. Common names Other common names for Coluber constrictor anthicus include the following: ash snake, blue racer, brown racer, Louisiana black snake, spotted black snake, spotted racer, variegated racer, and white oak racer. Behavior Racers are diurnal, active predators. They are fast moving, and are often quick to bite if handled. They generally eat rodents, lizards and frogs, but\n\nFerrari 400 and Ferrari 412) Ferrari 308 GTB Ferrari 328 Ferrari 512 Berlinetta Boxer Ferrari 288 GTO Ferrari Testarossa (with Diego Ottina) Ferrari Mondial Ferrari 348 (the forerunner of the Ferrari F355) Ferrari 250 P5 Berlinetta Speciale Ferrari Pinin Ferraris designed under Fioravanti Srl: Ferrari Superamerica Ferrari SP1 Fioravanti has designed many concept cars including: Alfa Romeo Vola Lexus LFA 2005 Concept Fioravanti Hidra (2008) BAIC C80K (2012) BAIC C90L BAIC S900 References Edsall, Larry (September 13, 2004). \"Unwavering Passion, 40 Years and Counting\". AutoWeek. Scorah, Rob (September 2008). \"Ferrari's Four Door Fantasy\". Classic Cars External links Fioravanti Srl 1938 births Living people Italian automobile designers Pininfarina people Polytechnic University of Milan alumni\n\nThis is a selection of portmanteau words. Animals Hybrids cattalo, from cattle and buffalo donkra, from donkey and zebra (progeny of donkey stallion and zebra mare) cf. zedonk below llamanaco, from llama and guanaco wholphin, from whale and dolphin zorse, from zebra and horse (progeny of zebra stallion and horse mare) cf. hebra above Cats leopon, from leopard and lion liger, from lion and tiger (progeny of male lion and tigress) cf. tiglon/tigon below tigon, from tiger and lion (progeny of male tiger and lioness) cf. liger above Mixed breeds Dogs cockapoo, from cocker spaniel and poodle (with influence from cockatoo) goldendoodle, from golden retriever and poodle (\"doodle\" in reference to the Labradoodle) Labradoodle, from Labrador retriever and poodle Other beefalo, from beef and buffalo Brangus, from Brahman and Angus breeds of cattle Wangus, from Wagyu and Angus breeds of cattle Characteristics camelopard, from camel and leopard Beelzebufo, from Beelzebub\n\nQuestion: What type of animal appears in the Ferrari logo?", "output": "Horse"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan (originally, The Pie and the Patty-Pan) is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter, and published by Frederick Warne & Co. in October 1905. It tells of a cat called Ribby and a tea party she holds for a dog called Duchess. Complications arise when Duchess tries to replace Ribby's mouse pie with her own veal and ham pie, and then believes she has swallowed a small tin pastry form called a patty-pan. Its themes are etiquette and social relations in a small town. A version of the tale was composed by Potter in 1903, but set aside to develop other projects. In 1904, she failed to complete a book of nursery rhymes for Warnes, and the 1903 tale was accepted in its stead. Potter elaborated its setting and storyline, and developed the tale more fully before publication. The illustrations\n\nThe Tale of Tom Kitten is a children's book, written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter. It was released by Frederick Warne & Co. in September 1907. The tale is about manners and how children react to them. Tabitha Twitchit, a cat, invites friends for tea. She washes and dresses her three kittens for the party, but within moments the kittens have soiled and lost their clothes while scampering about the garden. Tabitha is \"affronted\". She sends the kittens to bed, and tells her friends the kittens have the measles. Once the tea party is underway however, its \"dignity and repose\" are disturbed by the kittens romping overhead and leaving a bedroom in disorder. Plot summary This book tells the story of three little kittens, Mittens, Tom Kitten and Moppet, who get into mischief. Their mother, Mrs. Tabitha Twitchit, grooms and dresses them up for company she is expecting, then sends\n\nThe Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter. It was published by Frederick Warne & Co. in October 1905. Mrs. Tiggy-winkle is a hedgehog washerwoman (laundress) who lives in a tiny cottage in the fells of the Lake District. A human child named Lucie happens upon the cottage and stays for tea. The two deliver freshly laundered clothing to the animals and birds in the neighbourhood. Potter thought the book would be best enjoyed by girls, and, like most girls' books of the period, it is set indoors with a focus on housework. Potter's pet hedgehog, Mrs. Tiggy-winkle, and Kitty MacDonald, a Scottish washerwoman, were the inspirations for the eponymous heroine. Lucie Carr, a child friend of Potter's, was the model for the fictional Lucie. Potter's Peter Rabbit and Benjamin Bunny make cameo appearances in the illustrations. The Newlands Valley and the surrounding\n\nQuestion: \"What sort of pie is a critical plot element in Beatrix Potter's \"\"The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan\"\"?\"", "output": "Veal and ham"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Vincent\" is a song by Don McLean, written as a tribute to Vincent van Gogh. It is often erroneously titled after its opening refrain, \"Starry, Starry Night\", a reference to Van Gogh's 1889 painting The Starry Night. McLean wrote the lyrics in 1971 after reading a book about the life of Van Gogh. It was released on McLean's 1971 American Pie album; the following year, the song topped the UK Singles Chart for two weeks, and peaked at No. 12 in the United States, where it also hit No. 2 on the Easy Listening chart. Billboard ranked it as the No. 94 song for 1972. The song makes use mainly of the guitar, but also includes the accordion, marimba, and strings. In July 2020, the original handwritten lyrics went up for sale for $1.5 million. Background McLean said the following about the genesis of the song: Critical reception The Telegraph\n\nAlbrecht D\u00fcrer (; ; 21 May 1471 \u2013 6 April 1528), sometimes spelled in English as Durer, was a German painter, printmaker, and theorist of the German Renaissance. Born in Nuremberg, D\u00fcrer established his reputation and influence across Europe in his twenties due to his high-quality woodcut prints. He was in contact with the major Italian artists of his time, including Raphael, Giovanni Bellini, and Leonardo da Vinci, and from 1512 was patronized by Emperor Maximilian I. D\u00fcrer's vast body of work includes engravings, his preferred technique in his later prints, altarpieces, portraits and self-portraits, watercolours and books. The woodcuts series are more Gothic than the rest of his work. His well-known engravings include the three Meisterstiche (master prints) Knight, Death and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514), and Melencolia I (1514). His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his woodcuts\n\nAelbert Jacobszoon Cuyp or Cuijp (; 20 October 1620 \u2013 15 November 1691) was one of the leading Dutch Golden Age painters, producing mainly landscapes. The most famous of a family of painters, the pupil of his father, Jacob Gerritszoon Cuyp (1594\u20131651/52), he is especially known for his large views of Dutch riverside scenes in a golden early morning or late afternoon light. He was born and died in Dordrecht. Biography Known as the Dutch equivalent of Claude Lorrain, he inherited a considerable fortune. His family were all artists, with his uncle Benjamin and grandfather Gerrit being stained glass cartoon designers. Jacob Gerritszoon Cuyp, his father, was a portraitist. Cuyp's father was his first teacher and they collaborated on many paintings throughout his lifetime. Little is known about Aelbert Cuyp's life. Even Arnold Houbraken, a noted historian of Dutch Golden Age paintings and the sole authority on Cuyp for the\n\nQuestion: What was the name of Vincent Van Gogh's brother?", "output": "Theo"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Gleneagles railway station serves the town of Auchterarder in Perth and Kinross, Scotland. History The station was opened by the Scottish Central Railway on 14 March 1856 and was originally named Crieff Junction. There was another station with the name of Crieff Junction to the north of this station which was only short-lived. The branch northwestward to was opened (by the Crieff Junction Railway company) on the same day. On 1 April 1912 it was renamed Gleneagles. The station was rebuilt and the junction remodelled by the Caledonian Railway in 1919 following their takeover of the Scottish Central Railway. The Caledonian Railway built the nearby Gleneagles Hotel, which opened in 1925. The hotel served as the location for the G8 summit in 2005 and is a well-known golf resort; Gleneagles hosted the 2014 Ryder Cup. In anticipation of the 2014 Ryder Cup, Gleneagles railway station underwent a major refurbishment as\n\nHenry Shapland Colt (4 August 1869 \u2013 21 November 1951) was a golf course architect born in Highgate, England. He worked predominantly with Charles Alison, John Morrison, and Alister MacKenzie, in 1928 forming Colt, Alison & Morrison Ltd. He participated in the design or redesign of over 300 golf courses (115 on his own) in all six inhabited continents, including those at Wentworth Club, Sunningdale, Muirfield, Royal Portrush, and Royal Liverpool. Colt teamed up with George Crump in 1918 to design Pine Valley Golf Club, which is ranked as the #1 golf course in the United States, by Golf magazine (2017\u201318 ranking of the Top 100 Courses in the U.S.) and Golf Digest (2019\u201320 ranking of America's 100 Greatest Golf Courses). The classic Plum Hollow Country Club in Southfield, Michigan, was designed by Colt and Alison in 1921. The course played host to the 1947 PGA Championship, the 1957 Western\n\nScioto Country Club, is a private country club and golf course in the central United States, located in Upper Arlington, Ohio, a suburb northwest of Columbus. It hosted the U.S. Senior Open in August 2016. History Designed by Donald Ross, the golf course opened in 1916 and has hosted five PGA/USGA tournaments, including two majors. One of its co-founders was Samuel P. Bush, the paternal grandfather of President George H. W. Bush (and great-grandfather of President George W. Bush). Scioto is one of only five courses to host the U.S. Open, the PGA Championship, the Ryder Cup, and the U.S. Amateur. The other four are Hazeltine, Oak Hill Country Club (east), Oakland Hills Country Club (south), and Pinehurst Resort (#2). Jack Nicklaus learned to play the game at Scioto in the early 1950s, mentored by Jack Grout, and Bobby Jones won the second of his four U.S. Open titles there\n\nQuestion: Who designed the PGA Centenary Course at Gleneagles on which the match was played?", "output": "Jack Nicklaus"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Inspector Gadget is a 1999 American superhero comedy film directed by David Kellogg and written by Kerry Ehrin and Zak Penn from a story by Ehrin and Dana Olsen. Loosely based on the 1980s animated television series of the same name, the film stars Matthew Broderick as the title character, Rupert Everett as Dr. Claw, Michelle Trachtenberg as Penny, and Dabney Coleman as Chief Quimby. Three new characters were introduced such as Dr. Brenda Bradford (played by Joely Fisher), Mayor Wilson (played by Cheri Oteri) and the Gadgetmobile (voiced by D. L. Hughley). The film tells the origin story of Inspector Gadget as he attempts to foil an evil plot concocted by the series villain, Dr. Claw. It was filmed in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Baton Rouge, Louisiana; and Los Angeles, California, with the castle-like main tower of Pittsburgh's PPG Place playing a central role. Produced by Caravan Pictures and DIC Entertainment\n\nfor ancient things (such as books and movies); his wife was brutally murdered and his daughter is severely mentally ill as a result of the assault Branko, Never's new partner and a mutant fighting for equal rights May Frayn, former art thief, now Alfa agent and Branko's wife. She and her sisters (April and June) resemble the main characters of Cat's Eye Sigmund Baginov, Alfa's computer guru Link, an android whose looks and skills closely resemble those of Data from Star Trek: The Next Generation Andy Havilland, a street PI and incurable dongiovanni. Later in the serie he becomes an enemy of Nathan Never young triplets Melody, Harmony, and Symphony Ross, fighter pilots for Ross Aviation and Alfa affiliates Edward Reiser, Alfa's rough and uncompromising founder Solomon Darver, Alfa's manager after Reiser. Eliana Elmore, ex UN president and Alfa's manager after Darver Several series regulars die in the course of\n\nThe Bastard Operator From Hell (BOFH) is a fictional rogue computer operator created by Simon Travaglia, who takes out his anger on users (who are \"lusers\" to him) and others who pester him with their computer problems, uses his expertise against his enemies and manipulates his employer. Several people have written stories about BOFHs, but only those by Simon Travaglia are considered canonical. The BOFH stories were originally posted in 1992 to Usenet by Travaglia, with some being reprinted in Datamation. Since 2000 they have been published regularly in The Register (UK). Several collections of the stories have been published as books. By extension, the term is also used to refer to any system administrator who displays the qualities of the original. The early accounts of the BOFH took place in a university; later the scenes were set in an office workplace. In 2000 (BOFH 2k), the BOFH and his\n\nQuestion: Who is the arch-enemy of Inspector Gadget?", "output": "Dr. Claw"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, was a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist\u2013Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world. Sometimes this revolutionary wave is also called the Fall of Nations or the Autumn of Nations, a play on the term Spring of Nations that is sometimes used to describe the Revolutions of 1848 in Europe. It also led to the eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union\u2014the world's largest communist state\u2014and the abandonment of communist regimes in many parts of the world, some of which were violently overthrown. The events, especially the fall of the Soviet Union, drastically altered the world's balance of power, marking the end of the Cold War and the beginning of the post-Cold War era. The earliest recorded protests began in Kazakhstan, then part of the Soviet Union,\n\nCabbage Patch. Background As with the earlier United Irishmen, who sought to emulate the French Revolution, the Young Irelanders were inspired by Republicanism in America and in Europe. The year 1848 was a year of revolutions throughout continental Europe. In France, King Louis Philippe was overthrown by the February Revolution and the Second Republic was proclaimed in Paris. This revolution sent political shock waves across Europe, and revolutions broke out in Berlin, Vienna, Rome, Prague, and Budapest. At least temporarily, absolutist governments were replaced by liberal administrations, suffrage was introduced for a portion of the population and elections were held to constituent assemblies to draw up new national constitutions. It was sometimes described as the \"springtime of the people\". Ireland was also still reeling from the impact of the Great Famine. The British government's reaction had been too little and too late to prevent the Irish people from suffering great\n\nThe Sicilian revolution of independence of 1848 (; ) occurred in a year replete with revolutions and popular revolts. It commenced on 12 January 1848, and therefore was the first of the numerous revolutions to occur that year. Three revolutions against Bourbon rule had previously occurred on the island of Sicily starting from 1800: this final one resulted in an independent state surviving for 16 months. The constitution that survived the 16 months was quite advanced for its time in liberal democratic terms, as was the proposal of an unified Italian confederation of states. It was in effect a curtain raiser to the end of the Bourbon kingdom of the Two Sicilies which was started by Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand in 1860 and culminated with the siege of Gaeta of 1860\u20131861 and with the proclamation of the unified Kingdom of Italy. The revolution Background The former kingdoms of\n\nQuestion: Where did the Spring of Nations, or the Year of Revolutions, happen in 1848?", "output": "Europe"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the girls' and the boys' basketball teams won first place in the tough championships. 2013: Edgartown Boys vs Charter Boys. In 2014 the boys' basketball team came up just short in a final against Tisbury by a score of 47-33 External links Official site Buildings and structures in Edgartown, Massachusetts Martha's Vineyard Schools in Dukes County, Massachusetts\n\nMartha's Vineyard, in the Adirondack Mountains, and hosts service trips in New York City. Over the winter break, FOCUS provides both skiing and non-skiing camps for middle and high school students. External links Official FOCUS website Student societies in the United States Christian organizations established in 1961 Christian educational organizations Christian organizations established in the 20th century 1961 establishments in the United States Organizations based in Stamford, Connecticut\n\nThe Flying Horses Carousel is the oldest operating platform carousel in America. Located in the historic resort community of Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts, on Martha's Vineyard, the carousel was apparently first located in New York City before being moved to the island in the 1880s. The carousel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and designated a National Historic Landmark in 1987. The carousel is one of only a handful of carousels that still have brass rings for a rider to attempt to grab as the carousel rotates. History Oak Bluffs, located on the northeastern part of the island of Martha's Vineyard, was originally settled as part of Edgartown in the 17th century. In 1835 the Methodist camp known as Wesleyan Grove (also a National Historic Landmark) was established in the area. Development of the area as a summer resort became more formally organized with the establishment\n\nQuestion: In which American state is Martha's Vineyard", "output": "Massachusetts"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "U.S. but not fully Japanese, Ichiro struggles to find his path. Through Ichiro's story, Okada examines what it means to be American in a post-war society whose non-white communities are struggling to find their places. Themes Japanese vs. American Socio-cultural differences Family Isolation Depression Loyalty vs. disloyalty Love Sacrifice Racism Inter-racism Background On 7 December 1941, the Imperial Japanese Navy launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, a U.S. naval base near Honolulu, Hawaii. The following day, December 8, the United States declared war on Japan. Many Americans rushed to join the military. After Pearl Harbor, all citizens of Japanese ancestry had been classified 4-C, \"enemy aliens\", and denied entry into the armed forces. In spring 1942, the government began removing Japanese and Japanese American families from their homes and sending them to live in remote internment camps. As the war continued, the need for more soldiers increased. In 1943,\n\nUSS Darby (DE-218) was a in service with the United States Navy from 1943 to 1947 and from 1950 to 1968. She was sunk as a target in 1970. History Darby was named in honor of Ensign Marshall E. Darby (1918\u20131941), who fell overboard, while serving aboard the battleship , during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. The ship was launched 29 May 1943 by Philadelphia Navy Yard, sponsored by Mrs. M. E. Darby, and commissioned 15 November 1943. 1944\u20131947 Clearing Philadelphia on 19 January 1944, Darby sailed on escort duty to Bora Bora, Society Islands, and Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides, and arrived at Guadalcanal on 20 March. She operated with Task Force 31 in the Solomons until 23 July, among other duties screening the landings on Emirau Island on 10 April. From 23 July, she escorted convoys among the islands of Guadalcanal, Eniwetok, New Hebrides,\n\n1941, Finn was stationed at Naval Air Station Kaneohe Bay on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. As a chief aviation ordnanceman, he was in charge of twenty men whose primary task was to maintain the weapons of VP-11, a PBY Catalina flying boat squadron. At 7:48 a.m. on the morning of Sunday, 7 December 1941, Finn was at his home, about a mile from the aircraft hangars, when he heard the sound of gunfire. Finn recalled how a neighbor was the first to alert him, when she knocked on his door saying, \"They want you down at the squadron right away!\" He drove to the hangars, catching sight of Japanese planes in the sky on the way, and found that the airbase was being attacked, with most of the PBYs already on fire. Finn's men were trying to fight back by using the machine guns mounted in the PBYs,\n\nQuestion: Which harbour, a US naval base, was attacked by Japanese aeroplanes on 7 December 1941?", "output": "Pearl"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Anthony Keith Parnes (born 1945) is an English ex-stockbroker, who was convicted and jailed with Ernest Saunders, Gerald Ronson, and Jack Lyons in the Guinness share-trading fraud of the 1980s; they collectively became known as \"the Guinness Four\". He was sentenced to two-and-a-half years on charges of false accounting and theft The son of a London gown manufacturer, Parnes started his working life as an office boy with a stockbroker. Working in the Stock Exchange as a 'blue button' at A. J. Bekhore, he established a reputation for dealing with the big players of the fringe banking world. His colleagues nicknamed him \"The Animal\". Parnes built up the strategic shareholding in Debenhams for Ronson and Sir Philip Harris during Burton's fiercely contested bid for the department store group. That stake helped win the bid for Sir Ralph Halpern, Burton's chairman, in a cliffhanging finish. The vote went in favour of\n\nof the same charge of conspiring to cheat HM Revenue & Customs, and were jailed for 5 and 4 years respectively. Terence Potter was again convicted. See also Narcissism References External links http://www.starsuckersmovie.com Screen Daily UK screen 2009 films British documentary films British independent films Celebrity Documentary films about the media 2009 documentary films 2009 independent films 2000s English-language films 2000s British films English-language documentary films\n\nSir David Arculus (born 2 June 1946), is a British media figure, businessman and advisor to Government who has appeared several times in The Sunday Times Power 100, ranked at number 39 in 2005. Education Educated at Bromsgrove School (Wendron House) and Oriel College, University of Oxford and the London Business School, he started his career as a writer and was a producer for the BBC from 1968 to 1974. He joined EMAP in 1972, and took it from being a small regional newspaper publisher to a large media group. He was involved in launching many new magazines \u2013 for instance, Smash Hits, a journal that printed words to pop songs, which went from an initial circulation of 10,000 to one million within a year, which provided the cash which helped Emap to subsequently become a leader in the world of business communications encompassing magazines, events, exhibitions and data products.\n\nQuestion: Who along with Ernest Saunders was jointly convicted for their roles in the 'Guiness Scandal'?", "output": "GERALD RONSON"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "solutions with a sour taste, can turn blue litmus red, and react with bases and certain metals (like calcium) to form salts. The word acid is derived from the Latin , meaning 'sour'. An aqueous solution of an acid has a pH less than 7 and is colloquially also referred to as \"acid\" (as in \"dissolved in acid\"), while the strict definition refers only to the solute. A lower pH means a higher acidity, and thus a higher concentration of positive hydrogen ions in the solution. Chemicals or substances having the property of an acid are said to be acidic. Common aqueous acids include hydrochloric acid (a solution of hydrogen chloride that is found in gastric acid in the stomach and activates digestive enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of this liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and citric acid (found in citrus fruits). As these\n\na potential for acid rebound to occur due to antacid overuse, however the significance of this finding has been called into question. Properties of antacids When an excess amount of acid is produced in the stomach, the natural mucous barrier that protects the lining of the stomach can degrade, leading to pain and irritation. There is also potential for the development of acid reflux, which can cause pain and damage to the esophagus. Antacids contain alkaline ions that chemically neutralize stomach gastric acid, reducing damage to the stomach lining and esophagus, and relieving pain. Some antacids also inhibit pepsin, an enzyme that can damage the esophagus in acid reflux. Antacids do not directly inhibit acid secretion, and thus are distinct from acid-reducing drugs like H2-receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors. Antacids do not kill the bacteria Helicobacter pylori, which causes most ulcers. Interactions Antacids are known to interact with several\n\nvital component of the pH buffering system of the human body (maintaining acid\u2013base homeostasis). 70%\u201375% of CO2 in the body is converted into carbonic acid (H2CO3), which is the conjugate acid of and can quickly turn into it. With carbonic acid as the central intermediate species, bicarbonate \u2013 in conjunction with water, hydrogen ions, and carbon dioxide \u2013 forms this buffering system, which is maintained at the volatile equilibrium required to provide prompt resistance to pH changes in both the acidic and basic directions. This is especially important for protecting tissues of the central nervous system, where pH changes too far outside of the normal range in either direction could prove disastrous (see acidosis or alkalosis). Recently it has been also demonstrated that cellular bicarbonate metabolism can be regulated by mTORC1 signaling. Additionally, bicarbonate plays a key role in the digestive system. It raises the internal pH of the stomach,\n\nQuestion: Which acid occurs naturally in the human stomach?", "output": "Hydrochloric"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "seating for 20,000 spectators. To accommodate the expansion, Stade Fran\u00e7ais moved its primary home ground to Stade S\u00e9bastien Charl\u00e9ty, also in Paris, for 2010\u201311. Stade Jean-Bouin hosted the semi-finals, third-place match, and final of the 2014 Women's Rugby World Cup. Since 2018, the Paris Saint-Germain F\u00e9minines football team also plays its home matches at Stade Jean-Bouin. Stade Jean-Bouin hosted the opening ceremony of the 2018 Gay Games written and directed by Rodolph Nasillski. In March 2023, the American Football team Paris Musketeers announced that they would host their home games for the 2023 European League of Football season at Stade Jean-Bouin. References External links Stade Jean Bouin at the Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau Stadium Jean Bouin at Paris Saint-Germain L'association Pour la r\u00e9novation du stade Jean Bouin () 1925 establishments in France Stade Jean-Bouin Football venues in France Multi-purpose stadiums in France Paris Saint-Germain F\u00e9minine Red Star F.C. Rugby\n\nThe Stade Jean-Bouin (; ) is a multi-purpose stadium in the 16th arrondissement of Paris, France. The 19,904 capacity facility is located across the street from the much larger Parc des Princes, and is used mostly for rugby union and association football matches. It is the home stadium of Stade Fran\u00e7ais and FC Versailles. History The stadium was opened in 1925, and is named after the athlete Jean Bouin, the 5000 metre silver medalist from 1912 Olympics. It was the venue for the France Sevens leg of the World Rugby Sevens Series in 2005, 2006, and 2017\u201320. Before its temporary closure for an expansion project that began in summer 2010, it seated 12,000 people, The stadium reopened in 2013 with seating for 20,000 spectators. To accommodate the expansion, Stade Fran\u00e7ais moved its primary home ground to Stade S\u00e9bastien Charl\u00e9ty, also in Paris, for 2010\u201311. Stade Jean-Bouin hosted the semi-finals, third-place\n\nThe Stade Ernest-Wallon (; ; ) is a multi-purpose stadium located in the Sept Deniers district of Toulouse, in southwestern France. Described as a \"temple to the oval ball\", it is the home ground for the rugby union club Stade Toulousain and the rugby league club Toulouse Olympique. History When the land surrounding Stade Toulousian's home ground, the Stade des Ponts Jumeaux, was expropriated by the local government in order to build a motorway, they were compelled by law to offer the club land and funding to build identical facilities in exchange for the expropriation. The club chose a parcel of land about a kilometre away in the Sept-Deniers district and began construction of a new stadium in 1978. The Stade Ernest-Wallon was opened on 4 December 1983 with an international rugby union fixture; a first-division FIRA Trophy match which saw France's national team defeat Romania. Sports Rugby union In\n\nQuestion: What is the home ground of Paris St. Germain FC?", "output": "PARC DES PRINCES"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Charles Pierre Baudelaire (, ; ; 9 April 1821 \u2013 31 August 1867) was a French poet who also worked as an essayist, art critic and translator. His poems are described as exhibiting mastery of rhyme and rhythm, containing an exoticism inherited from Romantics, and are based on observations of real life. His most famous work, a book of lyric poetry titled Les Fleurs du mal (The Flowers of Evil), expresses the changing beauty of nature in the rapidly industrialising Paris caused by Haussmann's renovation of Paris during the mid-19th century. Baudelaire's original style of prose-poetry influenced a generation of poets including Paul Verlaine, Arthur Rimbaud and St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9. He coined the term modernity (modernit\u00e9) to designate the fleeting experience of life in an urban metropolis, and the responsibility of artistic expression to capture that experience. Marshall Berman has credited Baudelaire as being the first Modernist. Early life Baudelaire was\n\nDoreen Mary Carwithen (15 November 19225 January 2003) was a British composer of classical and film music. She was also known as Mary Alwyn following her marriage to William Alwyn. Biography Doreen Carwithen was born at 8 High Street, Haddenham, Buckinghamshire on 15 November 1922, in the house attached to her father's bakery and grocery. As a child she had her first music lessons from her mother Dulcie, an aspiring concert pianist and pupil of Tobias Matthay who gave up her wider ambitions to become a music teacher after her marriage in 1921. Doreen studied both piano and violin with her from the age of four. Her sister Barbara Carwithen (born 1926) received similar tuition and also became a talented musician and composer. At the age of 16 Doreen Carwithen began composing by setting Wordsworth's \"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud\" for voice and piano. In 1941 she entered the\n\nJulia Caroline Ripley Dorr (February 13, 1825 \u2013 January 18, 1913) was an American author who published both prose and poetry. Although she wrote a number of novels and works on travel, she was best known for her poetry. Her work was conservative; she did not write anything that she felt was improper for children to hear, and was described as consisting of \"respectable but not highly distinguished or passionate phrases to the conventional wisdom of her time and place\". She had a keen sense of form and, working as she did in several mediums, to her belonged the distinction of never attempting to say in verse what might better find expression in prose. To her sense of form she added a clear-seeing eye, and the ability so to fit words together as to make others see what she saw. Her books include Farmingdale (1854), Leanmere (1856), Sibyl Huntington (1869),\n\nQuestion: I wondered lonely as a cloud (also known as 'Daffodils') in 1807 and 'Lucy Gray' in 1798 are works by which British poet?", "output": "William WORDSWORTH"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Angola ( ; ; , ), officially the Republic of Angola (), is a country on the west-central coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) country in both total area and population (behind Brazil in both cases), and is the seventh-largest country in Africa. It is bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an exclave province, the province of Cabinda, that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and most populous city is Luanda. Angola has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age. Its formation as a nation-state originates from Portuguese colonisation, which initially began with coastal settlements and trading posts founded in the 16th century. In the 19th century, European settlers gradually began to establish themselves in the\n\nChad ( ), officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the southwest, Nigeria to the southwest (at Lake Chad), and Niger to the west. Chad has a population of 16 million, of which 1.6 million live in the capital and largest city of N'Djamena. Chad has several regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the second-largest wetland in Africa. Chad's official languages are Arabic and French. It is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Islam (55.1%) and Christianity (41.1%) are the main religions practiced in Chad. Beginning in the 7th\n\nNettilling Lake () is a cold freshwater lake located toward the south end of Baffin Island in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It is the 30th largest lake in the world by area, and the world's largest lake on an island, with an area of and a maximum length of . The lake is in the Great Plain of the Koukdjuak about northwest of Iqaluit. The Arctic Circle crosses the lake. The lake's name is of Inuktitut origin, coming from the word for the adult ringed seal (netsilak). Franz Boas explored its southern shore in 1884. Nettilling is the largest lake in Nunavut. It is fed by the second largest lake on Baffin Island, Amadjuak Lake; as well as several other smaller lakes and streams. It empties west via the very shallow Koukdjuak River into Foxe Basin. The eastern half has many small islands and the western half is deeper\n\nQuestion: Great Slave Lake is in which country?", "output": "Canada"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Dodo is a fictional character appearing in Chapters 2 and 3 of the 1865 book Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson). The Dodo is a caricature of the author. A popular but unsubstantiated belief is that Dodgson chose the particular animal to represent himself because of his stammer, and thus would accidentally introduce himself as \"Do-do-dodgson\". Historically, the dodo was a non-flying bird that lived on the island of Mauritius, east of Madagascar in the Indian Ocean. It became extinct in the mid 17th century during the colonisation of the island by the Dutch. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland In this passage Lewis Carroll incorporated references to the original boating expedition of 4 July 1862 during which Alice's Adventures were first told, with Alice as herself, and the others represented by birds: the Lory was Lorina Liddell, the Eaglet was Edith Liddell, the Dodo was Dodgson,\n\nThe mado (Atypichthys latus), in New Zealand, or stripy or eastern footballer ,in Australia, is a species of sea chub found in inshore waters around southern Australia and the north eastern coast of the North Island of New Zealand to depths of about , off headlands and offshore islands. This species can reach a length of , though most do not exceed . This species can also be found in the aquarium trade. References Tony Ayling & Geoffrey Cox, Collins Guide to the Sea Fishes of New Zealand, (William Collins Publishers Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand 1982) Mado Fish described in 1916\n\nevolution. Olsen also expressed concerns in relation to the potential to distrust and reject science in general. The evolutionarily famous dodo (Raphus cucullatus) is a now-extinct bird that lived on the island of Mauritius. Due to its lack of fear of humans and inability to fly, the dodo was easy prey, and thus became known for its apparent stupidity. The film attempts to determine who the real \"dodos\" are in a constantly evolving world: the scientists who are failing to effectively promote evolution as a scientifically accepted fact, the intelligent design advocates, or the American public who get fooled by the \"salesmanship\" of evolution critics. The film gives equal air time to both sides of the argument, including intelligent design proponent Michael Behe and several of his colleagues. While Randy Olson ultimately sides with the scientists who accept evolution, the scientists are criticized for their elitism and inability to efficiently\n\nQuestion: On what island could dodo birds once be found?", "output": "Mauritius"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In fashion and clothing, a petite size is a standard clothing size designed specifically for women 164 cm (5 ft 4 in) and under. This categorization is not solely based on a woman's height, but also takes into account the proportions of her body. Petite sizes cater to body shapes that typically have shorter limb lengths, narrower shoulders, and smaller bust sizes. This standard is predominantly recognized in the U.S., but is also utilized in some other regions around the world. Many clothing stores, including both specialty boutiques and major retail chains, offer a range of petite sized styles to accommodate the needs of women 164 cm (5 ft 4 in) or shorter. These styles aim to provide a better fit than regular sizes, which are often tailored based on the proportions of taller individuals. Petite clothing may include tops, bottoms, dresses, and outerwear, as well as specialty items like\n\nLoaf 'N Jug is a chain of convenience stores/gas stations, owned by EG America, headquartered in Westborough, MA. Kroger owned Loaf 'N Jug and its respective brands for over two decades before exiting the convenience store business and selling them to EG Group. Some Kroger supermarket locations, such as King Soopers and Smith's, have retained the Kroger convenience store signage that is still used at Loaf 'N Jug today. History Loaf 'N Jug was founded by five businessmen from southern Colorado. Kroger purchased Loaf 'N Jug in 1986. Mini Mart (not to be confused with the generalized term nor another EG America subsidiary, Minit Mart) was founded in Casper, WY in 1968 and was bought out by Loaf 'N Jug within two years of the Kroger buyout in 1986. This was about 12 years before relocating the Mini Mart headquarters from Casper to Pueblo in 1998. Starting in 2005, Loaf\n\nof \"Evans Outsize\" to simply \"Evans\", as well as losing their advertising slogan \"Evans \u2013 The Outsize Shop\", which also featured on their clothing labels. A related term for men's plus-size clothing is big and tall (a phrase also used as a trademark in some countries). History Lane Bryant began trading in the early 1900s as a producer of clothing for \"Expectant Mothers and Newborn\"'. By the early 1920s, Lane Bryant started selling clothing under the category 'For the Stout Women', which ranged between a 38-56 inch bustline. Evans, a UK-based plus-size retailer, was founded in 1930. In the 1920s, small boys' clothing store, Brody's in Oak Park Mich (now Bloomfield) started the \"Husky\" size clothing. The large-size fashion revolution of 1977\u20131998 in the US began after the Fashion Group of NYC released a study predicting the demise of the Baby Boomer Junior Market, as the Boomers were coming of\n\nQuestion: At Starbucks, what size is smaller than grande?", "output": "Tall"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Neognathae (; ) is an infraclass of birds, called neognaths, within the class Aves of the clade Archosauria. Neognathae includes the majority of living birds; the exceptions being the tinamous and the flightless ratites, which belong instead to the sister taxon Palaeognathae. There are nearly 10,000 living species of neognaths. The earliest fossils are known from the very end of the Cretaceous but molecular clocks suggest that neognaths originated sometime in the first half of the Late Cretaceous, about 90 million years ago. Since then, they have undergone adaptive radiation, producing the diversity of form, function, and behavior that exists today. Neognathae includes the order Passeriformes (perching birds), one of the largest orders of land vertebrates, containing some 60% of living birds. Passeriformes is twice as species-rich as Rodentia and about five times as species-rich as Chiroptera (bats), which are the two largest orders of mammals. Neognathae also contains some\n\nThe Syngnathiformes are an order of ray-finned fishes that includes the trumpetfishes and seahorses. These fishes have elongated, narrow, bodies surrounded by a series of bony rings, and small, tubular mouths. The shape of their mouth\u2014in at least syngnathids\u2014allows for the ingestion of prey at close range via suction. Several groups of Syngnathiformes live among seaweed and swim with their bodies aligned vertically, to blend in with the stems. The most defining characteristic of this order is their reverse sexual system. In this order, males conduct in specialized brooding and rearing of the embryos. The males house eggs in an osmoregulated pouch or adhere eggs to their tail until the eggs reach maturity. The name Syngnathiformes means \"conjoined-jaws\". It is derived from Ancient Greek syn (\u03c3\u03c5\u03bd, \"together\") + gnathos (\u03b3\u03bd\u03ac\u03b8\u03bf\u03c2, \"jaw\"). The ending for fish orders \"-formes\" is derived from Latin and indicates \"of similar form\". Systematics and taxonomy In\n\nPeristediidae, the armored sea robins or armoured gurnards, is a family of ray-finned fishes belonging to the suborder Platycephaloidei in the order Scorpaeniformes. They are found in the deep water in the tropical and warm temperate of the world's oceans. Taxonomy Peristediidae was first proposed as a family in 1883 by the American ichthyologists David Starr Jordan and Charles Henry Gilbert. The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies the family within the Platycephaloidei, which is a suborder of the order Scorpaeniformes. Other authorities differ and do not consider the Scorpaeniformes to be a valid order because the Perciformes is not monophyletic without the taxa within the Scorpaeniformes being included within it. These authorities consider the Peristediidae to belong to the suborder Triglioidei, along with the family Triglidae, within the Perciformes. The family Peristediidae is included in the Triglidae as the subfamily Peristediinae by some authorities. Genera The following\n\nQuestion: The term perciforme, representing the largest order of vertebrates, refers to which backboned creatures?", "output": "Fish"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Eliza which went aground on the island in 1826. The Sandycove Island Challenge is an open-water swimming race. It has been held annually since 1994. The course is from the slipway at Sandycove on the mainland, around Sandycove Island and back to the slipway. The total distance is approximately 1,600m. If sea conditions are unsuitable on the day, a more sheltered course is followed. References Islands of County Cork\n\nThe British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Northern Isles (Orkney and Shetland), and over six thousand smaller islands. They have a total area of and a combined population of almost 72 million, and include two sovereign states, the Republic of Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of Ireland), and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The Channel Islands, off the north coast of France, are normally taken to be part of the British Isles, even though they do not form part of the archipelago. The oldest rocks are 2.7 billion years old and are found in Ireland, Wales and the northwest of Scotland. During the Silurian period, the north-western regions collided with the south-east, which had been\n\nLydia Wideman (later Wideman-Lehtonen, 17 May 1920 \u2013 13 April 2019) was a cross-country skier from Finland and the first female Olympic medalist in cross-country skiing. In 1952 she competed in thirteen 10 km races and won all of them, including the 1952 Winter Olympics, national championships and Lahti Ski Games. Wideman and her twin sister Tyyne were born in a family of ten siblings. Many members of her family were skilled cross-country skiers. In particular, Tyyne won the national 10 km title in 1949\u20131951, beating Lydia in 1951, but retiring the same year. In February 2018, following the death of Durward Knowles, she became the oldest living Olympic champion. She died on 13 April 2019, aged 98. Cross-country skiing results All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS). Olympic Games References External links 1920 births 2019 deaths Cross-country skiers at the 1952 Winter Olympics Finnish female cross-country\n\nQuestion: Becky Simmon of Guernsey and Lisa Cummings of Ireland were first from their islands to swim what stretch of water respectively once and both ways?", "output": "The English Channel"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "George Herman \"Babe\" Ruth (February 6, 1895 \u2013 August 16, 1948) was an American professional baseball player whose career in Major League Baseball (MLB) spanned 22 seasons, from 1914 through 1935. Nicknamed \"the Bambino\" and \"the Sultan of Swat\", he began his MLB career as a star left-handed pitcher for the Boston Red Sox, but achieved his greatest fame as a slugging outfielder for the New York Yankees. Ruth is regarded as one of the greatest sports heroes in American culture and is considered by many to be the greatest baseball player of all time. In 1936, Ruth was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame as one of its \"first five\" inaugural members. At age seven, Ruth was sent to St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, a reformatory where he was mentored by Brother Matthias Boutlier of the Xaverian Brothers, the school's disciplinarian and a capable baseball player. In\n\nGeorge Alexander Selkirk (January 4, 1908 \u2013 January 19, 1987) was a Canadian outfielder and front office executive in Major League Baseball. In 1935, Selkirk succeeded Babe Ruth as the right fielder of the New York Yankees\u2014and also inherited Ruth's fabled No. 3 uniform (which was not retired until 1948, the year of Ruth's death). Over the next eight seasons, Selkirk batted over .300 five times, twice drove home more than 100 RBIs, played in five World Championships (1936, 1937, 1938, 1939 and 1941), and made the American League All-Star team in 1936 and 1939. George Selkirk was inducted into the Canadian Baseball Hall of Fame in 1983, its initial year, and was later inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 2005. Playing career A native of Huntsville, Ontario, Selkirk batted left-handed and threw right-handed, standing tall and weighing (13 stone). His family moved to Rochester, New York,\n\nYankees' vaunted \"Murderers' Row\" lineup of 1927, Ruth hit 60 home runs, which extended his own MLB single-season record by a single home run. Ruth's last season with the Yankees was 1934; he retired from the game the following year, after a short stint with the Boston Braves. In his career, he led the American League in home runs twelve times. During Ruth's career, he was the target of intense press and public attention for his baseball exploits and off-field penchants for drinking and womanizing. After his retirement as a player, he was denied the opportunity to manage a major league club, most likely because of poor behavior during parts of his playing career. In his final years, Ruth made many public appearances, especially in support of American efforts in World War II. In 1946, he became ill with nasopharyngeal cancer and died from the disease two years later. Ruth\n\nQuestion: With which sport is Babe Ruth associated?", "output": "Baseball"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "This is a list of the larger offshore islands of Europe. In the Atlantic Ocean Major islands and the island groups of the British Isles (Anglo-Celtic Isles) Great Britain Ireland England Isle of Wight Isle of Sheppey Hayling Island Foulness Island Portsea Island Canvey Island Mersea Island Walney Island Wallasea Island Lundy Isles of Scilly Scotland Main archipelagoes Shetland Orkney Outer Hebrides Inner Hebrides Islands of the Clyde Islands of the Forth Outlying islands Largest islands Lewis and Harris Skye Mainland, Shetland Mull Islay Mainland, Orkney Arran Jura South Uist North Uist Wales Anglesey Holy Island Ireland Achill Island Aran Islands Rathlin Island Isle of Man Isle of Man Calf of Man Channel Islands Jersey Guernsey Alderney Sark Major Danish islands: Sams\u00f8 Sejer\u00f8 Major Swedish islands: Orust Hisingen Tj\u00f6rn Other major Atlantic islands: Azores (Portugal) - politically and culturally associated with Europe Madeira (Portugal) - politically and culturally associated with\n\nCape Pattisson is a headland in the northwest of Chatham Island, the largest island in the Chatham Islands chain, located 800 km east of New Zealand's South Island. References Pattisson Chatham Island\n\nor is a large island in Troms og Finnmark county, Norway. It is divided between the municipalities of Troms\u00f8 and Karls\u00f8y. Several islands surround Ringvass\u00f8ya including Kval\u00f8ya to the south; Rein\u00f8ya and Karls\u00f8ya to the east; Vann\u00f8ya, Helg\u00f8ya, and Nordkval\u00f8ya to the north; and Rebbenes\u00f8ya to the north west. The island is connected to the neighboring island (and the rest of mainland Norway) by the Kvalsund Tunnel on the south shore of the island. With an area of , Ringvass\u00f8y is the sixth largest island in mainland Norway. The island's highest point, Soltindan, has a height of above sea level. The long Skogsfjordvatnet is the largest lake on an island in Norway. The villages of Hansnes (the administrative centre of Karls\u00f8y Municipality), Hessfjord, Indre K\u00e5rvik, and Skarsfjord are all located on the island. In 2018, there were about 1,300 people living on the island. See also List of islands of\n\nQuestion: What is the largest of the Orkney Islands known as?", "output": "MAINLAND"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Enoplosus armatus, commonly referred to as the old wife (plural: old wives), is a species of perciform fish endemic to the temperate coastal waters of Australia. It is the only modern species in the family Enoplosidae. It has a deep and compressed body and concave forehead. These features are characteristic of typical butterflyfishes. However, the old wife is easily distinguished by its silver-and-black, vertical, zebra-striped coloration, and by its two prominent dorsal fins. The second dorsal fin is very long and sickle-shaped. The fish grows up to 50 cm long. Its dorsal fins have bony, knife-like spines. These have no obvious venom groove nor gland. Nonetheless, the spines are widely considered to inflict a painful venom. The name \"old wife\" refers to the sound it makes when caught, caused by it grinding its teeth. Other vernacular names have included \"bastard dory\", \"zebra-fish\" (also used for Girella zebra), and \"double scalare\".\n\nCryptozoology is a pseudoscience and subculture that searches for and studies unknown, legendary, or extinct animals whose present existence is disputed or unsubstantiated, particularly those popular in folklore, such as Bigfoot, the Loch Ness Monster, Yeti, the chupacabra, the Jersey Devil, or the Mokele-mbembe. Cryptozoologists refer to these entities as cryptids, a term coined by the subculture. Because it does not follow the scientific method, cryptozoology is considered a pseudoscience by mainstream science: it is neither a branch of zoology nor of folklore studies. It was originally founded in the 1950s by zoologists Bernard Heuvelmans and Ivan T. Sanderson. Scholars have noted that the subculture rejected mainstream approaches from an early date, and that adherents often express hostility to mainstream science. Scholars have studied cryptozoologists and their influence (including cryptozoology's association with Young Earth creationism), noted parallels in cryptozoology and other pseudosciences such as ghost hunting and ufology, and highlighted\n\nfacing forward, and attached to the belly close to the anus. In all specimens found so far, only one male is attached to each female, which differs from some other angler fish species. Females without attached males and free-living males do not have well-developed sexual organs, so it seems that they must be attached for maturation and reproduction to occur. A 77-mm female Linophryne arborifera, with a 15-mm parasitic male, was observed to have numerous eggs embedded in a gelatinous mass (the so-called \u201cegg raft\u201d or \u201cveil,\u201d a reproductive device characteristic of all lophiiform fishes) protruding from the genital opening; the eggs, 0.6\u20130.8mm in diameter, are among the largest known for any ceratioid. Bioluminescence Several species of deep-sea fish have luminous organs used to attract prey. Females of the genus Linophryne bear barbels containing luminous organs in addition to an escal light organ attached to the head. In L. arborifera,\n\nQuestion: What sort of creature is an Alewife?", "output": "A Fish"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Kermadec Trench is a linear ocean trench in the south Pacific Ocean. It stretches about from the Louisville Seamount Chain in the north (26\u00b0S) to the Hikurangi Plateau in the south (37\u00b0S), north-east of New Zealand's North Island. Together with the Tonga Trench to the north, it forms the -long, near-linear Kermadec-Tonga subduction system, which began to evolve in the Eocene when the Pacific Plate started to subduct beneath the Australian Plate. Convergence rates along this subduction system are among the fastest on Earth, /yr in the north and /yr in the south. Geology The Kermadec Trench is one of Earth's deepest oceanic trenches, reaching a depth of . Formed by the subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Indo-Australian Plate, it runs parallel with and to the east of the Kermadec Ridge and island arc. The Tonga Trench marks the continuation of subduction to the north. The Kermadec\n\ncovered by of sediments. The trench is almost perfectly straight and its simple geometry is the result of the uniformity of the subducting sea-floor. This sea-floor formed at the extinct Osbourn Trough, located just north of the Louisville Seamount Chain. Abyssal hills on the subducting sea-floor are oriented perpendicular to the old spreading centre and the sea-floor is 72\u201380 Ma near the Louisville seamounts at the northern end and more than 100 Ma near Hikurangi Plateau at the southern end. There are no seamounts on the sea-floor near the Kermadec Trench except one sitting on the trench slope at which has been dated to 54.8\u00b11.9 Ma. The Hikurangi Plateau formed part of the Ontong-Java-Manihiki-Hikurangi large igneous province (LIP) during the Ontong Java Event 120 . The Manihiki Plateau is currently subducting under the southern part of the Kermadec Arc but most of it has already been subducted. The LIP-arc collision\n\nThe Arabian Sea () is a region of sea in the northern Indian Ocean, bounded on the west by the Arabian Peninsula, Gulf of Aden and Guardafui Channel, on the northwest by Gulf of Oman and Iran, on the north by Pakistan, on the east by India, and on the southeast by the Laccadive Sea and the Maldives, on the southwest by Somalia. Its total area is 3,862,000 km2 (1,491,000 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 4,652 meters (15,262 ft). The Gulf of Aden in the west connects the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest, connecting it to the Persian Gulf. Geography The Arabian Sea's surface area is about . The maximum width of the sea is approximately , and its maximum depth is . The biggest river flowing into the sea is the Indus\n\nQuestion: The Diamantina Trench lies in which ocean?", "output": "Indian ocean"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Fox and the Cat (; \"the cat and the fox\") are a pair of fictional characters and the main antagonists, along with the Coachman and the Terrible Dogfish, in Italian writer Carlo Collodi's 1883 book Le avventure di Pinocchio (The Adventures of Pinocchio). They are depicted as poor con-men, who hoodwink Pinocchio and attempt to murder him. They pretend to be disabled: the Fox lame and the Cat blind. The Fox appears to be more intelligent than the Cat, who usually limits himself to repeating the Fox's words. Role in the book Pinocchio encounters the two after leaving Mangiafuoco's theatre with five gold sequins, whereupon the Fox claims to know Pinocchio's father Mister Geppetto and proposes to Pinocchio to visit the Land of Barn Owls (Paese dei Barbagianni) and thence to a 'Field of Miracles' (Il campo dei Miracoli), where coins can be grown into a money-producing tree. A\n\nBuratino (Russian: \u0411\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e) is the main character of Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy's 1936 book The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino, which is based on the 1883 Italian novel The Adventures of Pinocchio by Carlo Collodi. Buratino originated as a character in the commedia dell'arte. The name Buratino derives from the Italian burattino, which means \"wooden puppet\" or \"doll\". The book was published in 1936; the figure of Buratino quickly became hugely popular among children in the Soviet Union and remains so in Russia to this day (Buratino is one of the most popular characters of Russian children's literature). The story has been made into several films, including the animated 1959 film and the live-action 1975 film. Origin According to Tolstoy, he had read Pinocchio as a child, but, having lost the book, he started re-imagining it many years later in an attempt to come up with a series of\n\nWilliam Alexander (10 April 1767 \u2013 23 July 1816) was an English painter, illustrator and engraver. The hallmarks of his work, usually executed in watercolours, were clearness and harmony of colour, simplicity and taste in composition, grace of outline, and delicacy of execution. He accompanied the Macartney Embassy to China in 1792. Prints of his work were reproduced from engravings. One of his works was used to illustrate Cadell & Davies' Britannia depicta. Life and works Alexander was born in Maidstone, Kent, the son of Harry Alexander, a coachmaker. He was educated at Maidstone Grammar School, but in 1782, at the age of 15, moved to London to study art - first under William Pars, and subsequently Julius Caesar Ibbetson. In February 1784, he was admitted to the Royal Academy Schools. He assiduously applied himself to the mastery of his profession, obtaining the notice and approbation of Sir Joshua Reynolds.\n\nQuestion: What was the pen name of the author of \u2018The Adventures of Pinocchio\u2019 (1883)?", "output": "CARLO COLLODI"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The British Raj ( ; from Hindi , 'kingdom', 'realm', 'state', or 'empire') was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent; it is also called Crown rule in India, or Direct rule in India, and lasted from 1858 to 1947. The region under British control was commonly called India in contemporaneous usage and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom, which were collectively called British India, and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British paramountcy, called the princely states. The region was sometimes called the Indian Empire, though not officially. As India, it was a founding member of the League of Nations, a participating nation in the Summer Olympics in 1900, 1920, 1928, 1932, and 1936, and a founding member of the United Nations in San Francisco in 1945. This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the Indian Rebellion of\n\nconquered by the British 1818 Tierepopelier (1608-1625); now Thiruppapuliyur or Tirupapuliyur Tegenapatnam, Kudalur (1608-1758); now Cuddalore Porto Novo (1608-1825 [1 June]) to the English; now Parangipettai Negapatnam (1658-1781) to the English. Tuticorin or Tutucorim (1658); now Thoothukudi Travancore Sri Lanka Dutch Ceylon Far East Burma Siriangh or Syriam (1634-1679); now Thanlyin Ava (1634-1679) Pegu (1634-?), still in use in 1677 Prome (1634-1655) Arakan Mrohaung (1610-1665) Martaban Martaban (1660-?), lasted only for a few years; now Mottama Thailand (Siam) Ayutthaya, main quarter, 1613-1767 Patani (Pattani), trading house, 1602-1623 Sangora (Songkhla), trading house, 1607-1623 Ligor (Ligoor, now Nakhon Si Thammarat), trading house, ca. 1640-1756 Malaysia Malacca (1641-1824) Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) Batavia Vietnam (Tonkin) Th\u01ceng Long, (comptoir; 1636 - 1699) H\u1ed9i An (comptoir; 1636 - 1641) Taiwan Anping (Fort Zeelandia) Tainan (Fort Provincia) Wang-an, Penghu, Pescadores Islands (Fort Vlissingen; 1620-1624) Keelung (Fort Noord-Holland, Fort Victoria) Tamsui (Fort Antonio) Japan Hirado (1609-1641) Deshima\n\nA colonial empire is a collective of territories (often called colonies), either contiguous with the imperial center or located overseas, settled by the population of a certain state and governed by that state. Before the expansion of early modern European powers, other empires had conquered and colonized territories, such as the Roman Empire in Iberia, or the Chinese in what is now South China. Modern colonial empires first emerged with a race of exploration between the then most advanced European maritime powers, Portugal and Spain, during the 15th century. The initial impulse behind these dispersed maritime empires and those that followed was trade, driven by the new ideas and the capitalism that grew out of the European Renaissance. Agreements were also made to divide the world up between them in 1479, 1493, and 1494. European imperialism was born out of competition between European Christians and Ottoman Muslims, the latter of\n\nQuestion: What is the only Southeast Asian nation that has never been colonised, mainly because it had a long succession of able rulers in the 1800s, and was able to exploit the rivalry between the French and the British?", "output": "Thailand"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "& Mare Turf but faded badly to finish 11th. Classic Race wins Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe : 1934, 1938, 1963 Prix du Jockey Club : 1876, 1890, 1977 Prix de Diane : 1878, 1889, 1894, 1919, 1920, 1932, 1933, 1935, 1957, 1960, 1961 Grand Prix de Paris : 1898, 1907, 1935, 1950, 1964, 1979, 1982 References See the list of references at: Rothschild banking family of France External links Video of Haras de Meautry with Guy de Rothschild French racehorse owners and breeders Horse farms in France Buildings and structures in Calvados (department) Rothschild family residences\n\nThe Prix de la Salamandre was a Group 1 flat horse race in France open to two-year-old thoroughbred colts and fillies. It was run at Longchamp over a distance of 1,400 metres (about 7 furlongs), and it was scheduled to take place each year in September. History The event was established in 1872, and it was originally held at Chantilly. For a period it was staged in October. The race was transferred to Longchamp in 1907. That year's running was contested over 1,600 metres, and had prize money of 10,000 francs. It was cut to 1,400 metres and increased to 15,000 francs in 1908. The present system of race grading was introduced in 1971, and the Prix de la Salamandre was classed at Group 1 level. The race was last run in 2000. It was discontinued after France Galop restructured its Group 1 programme for two-year-olds in 2001. Records Leading\n\nChristophe Soumillon (born 4 June 1981) is a Belgian jockey based in France. Career Coming from a racing background, Soumillon is the son of jump jockey Jean-Marc Soumillon. He rode in pony races and left Belgium aged fifteen to go to the racing school in Chantilly, France, where he was then apprenticed to trainer C\u00e9dric Boutin. Soumillon rode his first Group race winner aged eighteen when Berine's Son, trained by Andr\u00e9 Fabre, won the 2000 Prix de Fontainebleau. The following season he won four Group 1 races, including the Prix du Jockey Club on Anabaa. Soumillon won the cravache d'or (the golden whip or French champion jockey title) for the first time in 2003 and won his tenth title in 2018. Although primarily known as a flat jockey, Soumillon has also ridden over hurdles, winning the 2010 Grande Course de Haies d'Auteuil (French Champion Hurdle) on Mandali. 2022 riding suspension\n\nQuestion: \"On which French racecourse is the \"\"Prix de I'Arc de Triomphe\u201d run?\"", "output": "Longchamp"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Great White Spot, also known as Great White Oval, on Saturn, named by analogy to Jupiter's Great Red Spot, are periodic storms that are large enough to be visible from Earth by telescope by their characteristic white appearance. The spots can be several thousands of kilometers wide. The Cassini orbiter was able to track the 2010\u201311 instance of the storm, also known as the Northern Electrostatic Disturbance, because of an increase in radio and plasma interference, or the Great Springtime Storm. Cassini data has revealed a loss of acetylene in the white clouds, an increase of phosphine, and an unusual temperature drop in the center of the storm. After the visible aspects of the storm subsided, in 2012, a \"belch\" of heat and ethylene was emitted from two hotspots that merged. Occurrence The phenomenon is somewhat periodic at 28.5-year intervals, when Saturn's northern hemisphere tilts most toward the Sun.\n\nThe Grotto () is a sinkhole geological formation and tourist attraction, found on the Great Ocean Road outside Port Campbell in Victoria, Australia. Wooden steps wind down the cliff face to the bottom, providing visibility of the sea beyond a pool at low tide. See also Gibson Steps, Victoria List of sinkholes of Australia Loch Ard Gorge London Arch (formerly London Bridge) The Twelve Apostles, Victoria External links Official Website for 12 Apostles Region of Victoria Tourist attractions in Victoria (state) Landforms of Victoria (state) Sinkholes of Australia Great Ocean Road\n\n\u2013 First observed by Anthony Wesley, photographed by Cassini space probe 2010\u201311. That none were recorded before 1876 is a mystery, in some ways akin to the long observational gap of the Great Red Spot in the 18th and early 19th centuries; the 1876 Great White Spot (GWS) was extremely prominent, being visible in apertures as small as 60 mm. It is not known if the earlier record was simply poor, or if the 1876 GWS was truly a first for the telescopic era. Some believe that neither scenario is likely. In 1992, Mark Kidger described three significant GWS patterns: The GWSs alternate in latitude, with one apparition being limited to the North Temperate Zone (NTZ) or higher, and the following being limited to the Equatorial Zone (EZ). For instance, the 1960 GWS was high-latitude, and the 1990 GWS was equatorial. The high-latitude GWSs recur at a slightly shorter interval\n\nQuestion: Where would you find the \u201cGreat Red Spot\u201d?", "output": "Jupiter"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Jaffna kingdom (, ; 1215\u20131619 CE), also known as Kingdom of Aryachakravarti, was a historical kingdom of what today is northern Sri Lanka. It came into existence around the town of Jaffna on the Jaffna peninsula and was traditionally thought to have been established after the invasion of Kalinga Magha from Kalinga in India. Established as a powerful force in the north, northeast and west of the island, it eventually became a tribute-paying feudatory of the Pandyan Empire in modern South India in 1258, gaining independence when the last Pandyan ruler of Madurai was defeated and expelled in 1323 by Malik Kafur, the army general of the Delhi Sultanate. For a brief period in the early to mid-14th century it was an ascendant power in the island of Sri Lanka, to which all regional kingdoms accepted subordination. However, the kingdom was overpowered by the rival Kotte kingdom around 1450\n\naccused of violating human rights. Although Sri Lanka has not officially practiced the death penalty since 1976, there are well-documented cases of state-sponsored 'disappearances' and murders. Background Sri Lanka was embroiled in two JVP insurrections and a civil war for more than two decades. The repression of the second JVP revolution in the Southern Sri Lanka by government forces and paramilitaries has led to many human rights violations. Up to 60,000 people, mostly Sinhalese, including many students died as a result of this insurgency led by the factions of the Marxist JVP. In July 1983, the darkest anti-minority pogrom in Sri Lankan history, known as the Black July riots, erupted. The riots began as a response to a deadly ambush by the LTTE (Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam), one of the many Tamil militant groups of that time, on Sri Lankan Army soldiers, which lead to deaths of 13 soldiers.\n\nEast Bengal ( Purb\u00f4 Bangla/Purb\u00f4bongo) was a non-contiguous province of the Dominion of Pakistan. Geographically part of the Bengal region, East Bengal existed from 1947 until 1955, when it was renamed East Pakistan. Today, the area is an independent country, Bangladesh. With its coastline on the Bay of Bengal, it bordered India and Burma (presently known as Myanmar). It was located close to, but did not share a border with, Nepal, Tibet, the Kingdom of Bhutan and the Kingdom of Sikkim. Its capital was Dacca, now known as Dhaka. The Partition of India, which divided Bengal along religious lines, established the borders of Muslim majority East Bengal. The province existed during the reign of two monarchs, including George VI and Elizabeth II; and three Governors-General, including Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Khawaja Nazimuddin and Ghulam Muhammad. Its provincial governors included a British administrator and several Pakistani statesmen. Its chief ministership was held\n\nQuestion: Velupillai Prabhakaran, whose death in 2009 ended a bloody civil war in Sri Lanka sought to create an independent state for the people of what ethnicity?", "output": "Tamil"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alberta ( ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is a part of Western Canada and is one of the three prairie provinces. Alberta is bordered by British Columbia to the west, Saskatchewan to the east, the Northwest Territories to the north, and the U.S. state of Montana to the south. It is one of the only two landlocked provinces in Canada, with Saskatchewan being the other. The eastern part of the province is occupied by the Great Plains, while the western part borders the Rocky Mountains. The province has a predominantly continental climate but experiences quick temperature changes due to air aridity. Seasonal temperature swings are less pronounced in western Alberta due to occasional Chinook winds. Alberta is the fourth largest province by area at , and the fourth most populous, being home to 4,262,635 people. Alberta's capital is Edmonton, while Calgary is its\n\nhas also become a part of the province's identity. Since Alberta is the province most rich in hydrocarbons, it provides 70% of the oil and natural gas produced on Canadian soil. In 2018, Alberta's output was billion, 15.27% of Canada's GDP. Until the 1930s, Alberta's political landscape consisted of 2 major parties: the centre-left Liberals and the agrarian United Farmers of Alberta. Today, Alberta is generally perceived as a conservative province. The right-wing Social Credit Party held office continually from 1935 to 1971 before the centre-right Progressive Conservatives held office continually from 1971 to 2015, the latter being the longest unbroken run in government at the provincial or federal level in Canadian history. Before becoming part of Canada, Alberta was home to several First Nations like Plains Indians and Woodland Cree. It was also a territory used by fur traders of the rival companies Hudson's Bay Company and North West\n\nChinook winds. Alberta is the fourth largest province by area at , and the fourth most populous, being home to 4,262,635 people. Alberta's capital is Edmonton, while Calgary is its largest city. The two are Alberta's largest census metropolitan areas. More than half of Albertans live in either Edmonton or Calgary, which contributes to continuing the rivalry between the two cities. English is the official language of the province. In 2016, 76.0% of Albertans were anglophone, 1.8% were francophone and 22.2% were allophone. Alberta's economy is based on hydrocarbons, petrochemical industries, livestock and agriculture. The oil and gas industry has been a pillar of Alberta's economy since 1947, when substantial oil deposits were discovered at Leduc No. 1 well. It has also become a part of the province's identity. Since Alberta is the province most rich in hydrocarbons, it provides 70% of the oil and natural gas produced on Canadian\n\nQuestion: Alberta is one of two Canadian provinces that is land-locked. What is the other?", "output": "Saskatchewan"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Harborough since 1992, and former Solicitor General for England and Wales Lord Gordon-Walker (1907\u20131980), British Cabinet Minister who served as Foreign Secretary under Harold Wilson The Lord Faulks KC (1950\u2013), Conservative Member in the House of Lords Sir Alexander Grantham, (1899\u20131978) British colonial administrator who governed Hong Kong Lord Luce (1936\u2013) Governor of Gibraltar and Lord Chamberlain to HM The Queen Antony Rivers Marlow (1940\u2013), Conservative Member of Parliament for the English constituency of Northampton North between 1979 and 1997 Sir Harold Nicolson (1886\u20131968), British diplomat, author and politician Sir Michael Spicer (1943\u20132019), Conservative Member of Parliament for the English constituencies of West Worcestershire and South Worcestershire between 1974 and 2010 and former chairman of the 1922 committee Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby (1865\u20131948), British Secretary of State for War (two separate times) and founder of the Lord Derby Cup Sir Edmund Stockdale (1903\u20131989), Lord Mayor of London Lord\n\nThe Wilson Doctrine is a convention in the United Kingdom that restricts the police and intelligence services from tapping the telephones of members of the House of Commons and House of Lords. It was introduced in 1966 and named after Harold Wilson, the Labour Prime Minister who established the rule. Since it was established, the development of new forms of communication, such as mobile phones and email, has led to extensions of the doctrine. However, it was never extended to cover members of the new devolved legislatures. For a period, GCHQ chose to also apply the same principle to members of the devolved legislatures, but in July 2015 it emerged that the application of the principle to members of the European Parliament and devolved legislatures had been ended. In October 2015, the Investigatory Powers Tribunal ruled that the doctrine had no legal force. In November 2015, the Prime Minister made\n\nThe Lavender List is a docudrama originally broadcast on BBC Four on 1 March 2006. It chronicles the events that led to the drafting of the so-called \"Lavender List\", a satirical name given to Harold Wilson's controversial 1976 resignation honours. Cast Kenneth Cranham as Harold Wilson Gina McKee as Marcia Williams Celia Imrie as Mary Wilson Neil Dudgeon as Joe Haines Dominic Rowan as Bernard Donoughue Production The docudrama was written by journalist Francis Wheen, deputy editor of the satirical magazine Private Eye. Wheen said that it was based on the political diaries of two members of Wilson's cabinet: press secretary Joe Haines and director of policy Bernard Donoughue. It starred Kenneth Cranham as Wilson and Gina McKee as Marcia Williams, the head of Wilson's political office. The list The list itself caused controversy as some of the recipients were wealthy businessmen whose principles were considered antithetical to those held\n\nQuestion: What was Harold Wilson's secretary's name before she took the title Lady Falkender?", "output": "Marcia Williams"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Margaret Bell (born 12 January 1945 in Maryhill, Glasgow, Scotland) is a Scottish rock vocalist. She came to fame as co-lead vocalist of the blues-rock group Stone the Crows, and was described as the UK's closest counterpart to American singer Janis Joplin. Bell was also prominently featured as a guest vocalist on the song \"Every Picture Tells a Story\" (1971) by Rod Stewart. Early career From a musical family, she sang from her teenage years, leaving school at the age of fifteen, to work as a window dresser by day and singer at night. Bell was introduced to Leslie Harvey, by his older brother Alex, after getting up on stage to sing with the latter. Leslie Harvey was, at that time, a guitarist with the Kinning Park Ramblers. Bell joined the group as one of the vocalists. After the band split up, Bell moved to the Mecca Band at the\n\n\"Tell Me\" is a song by English singer Melanie B from her debut solo album Hot (2000). It was written by Melanie B in collaboration with LaShawn Daniels and Fred Jerkins III, and produced by the latter. It was released as the lead single from the album in the United Kingdom on 25 September 2000, by Virgin Records. \"Tell Me\" is an R&B song whose lyrics are directed at the singer's former husband, Jimmy Gulzar. The track received generally positive reviews from music critics, who complimented its production. \"Tell Me\" was commercially successful, debuting at its peak position of number four on the UK Singles Chart, while topping the UK Hip Hop/R&B chart; it has sold a total of 109,000 copies in the region as of June 2017, becoming the singer's third biggest selling solo single. \"Tell Me\" also peaked at number seven in Scotland and reached the top 20\n\nStoryteller is a compilation album from Scottish singer-songwriter Donovan. It was released on 16 September 2003 (Audio Fidelity 015) and was the first Donovan album released as a Super Audio CD/CD hybrid. History In 2003, Audio Fidelity issued a compilation consisting chiefly of Donovan's 1965 Pye Records recordings, but also secured the right to add his Epic Records recordings of \"Sunshine Superman\", \"Mellow Yellow\", \"Hurdy Gurdy Man\" and \"Atlantis\". All of the songs were remastered for both the CD and Super Audio CD layers by Steve Hoffman. In 2006, MsMusic Productions reissued this album on 33 rpm vinyl record with a few additional tracks from the Pye Records years, the 4 Epic Records tracks on a bonus 45rpm EP and different artwork as pictured on the right, below. Track listing All tracks by Donovan Leitch, except where noted. CD/SACD version \"Catch the Wind\" \"Colours\" \"Universal Soldier\" (Buffy Sainte-Marie) \"Josie\" \"Sunny\n\nQuestion: \"Whose first number one album in the UK was \"\"Every Picture Tells a Story\"\" in 1971?\"", "output": "Rod Stewart"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Backgammon is a two-player board game played with counters and dice on tables boards. It is the most widespread Western member of the large family of tables games, whose ancestors date back nearly 5,000 years to the regions of Mesopotamia and Persia. The earliest record of backgammon itself dates to 17th-century England, being descended from the 16th-century game of Irish. Backgammon is a two-player game of contrary movement in which each player has fifteen pieces known traditionally as men (short for 'tablemen'), but increasingly known as 'checkers' in the US in recent decades, analogous to the other board game of Checkers. The backgammon table pieces move along twenty-four 'points' according to the roll of two dice. The objective of the game is to move the fifteen pieces around the board and be first to bear off, i.e., remove them from the board. The achievement of this while the opponent is\n\ngame is to move the fifteen pieces around the board and be first to bear off, i.e., remove them from the board. The achievement of this while the opponent is still a long way behind results in a triple win known as a backgammon, hence the name of the game. Backgammon involves a combination of strategy and luck (from rolling dice). While the dice may determine the outcome of a single game, the better player will accumulate the better record over a series of many games. With each roll of the dice, players must choose from numerous options for moving their pieces and anticipate possible counter-moves by the opponent. The optional use of a doubling cube allows players to raise the stakes during the game. History Contrary to popular belief, backgammon is not the oldest board game in the world, nor are all tables games variants of backgammon. In fact,\n\non the board is defined as the expected number of remaining moves, assuming no capturing takes place, for one of the pieces to reach its goal. In general, players should minimize the Schwarz score of their pieces and maximize the Schwarz score of their opponent's pieces. As there are six pieces, and each piece can be 1, 2, 3, or 4 moves away from their goal, or out of play, there are 15,625 distinct situations in which Schwarz scores can be precomputed. Variants The game can also be played on a 6 \u00d7 6 board with ten pieces on each side, labeled 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12. A pair of 6-sided dice are rolled. The game can also be played in rounds with a doubling cube as in backgammon. See also World Year of Physics 2005 16th Computer Olympiad External links Official Website of\n\nQuestion: In the game of backgammon with how many pieces does each player begin?", "output": "15"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Michael Fieldhouse Barratt (3 January 1928 \u2013 10 July 2022) was an English television presenter and journalist. He was best known for his period as the main presenter of Nationwide from 1969 to 1977. Early life Michael Barratt was born in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire. His father, Wallace Barratt, was a tax inspector, while Doris, his mother died of tuberculosis when Michael was aged six. Barratt was educated at Rossall School, an independent boys' school near Fleetwood, Lancashire, and at Paisley Grammar School in Scotland. After leaving school and learning shorthand, he joined Kemsley Newspapers in Glasgow, beginning as a tea boy and horoscope writer on the Sunday Mail. By 18, he was chief sub-editor on the sports pages of the Daily Record. Moving south, in 1952 he became sports editor on the Loughborough Monitor in Leicestershire, where he met Joan Warner, who would become his first wife. In\n\nat the BBC thought Nationwide was a scatty idea,\u201d he once said. \u201cIt was live television taking in all 11 regions of the country, which was unheard of at the time... things went drastically wrong technically. For the first three months we had egg on our faces every night. We were close to being a laughing stock.\" He was chairman of BBC Radio 4's Gardeners' Question Time from 1973 to 1977. He was also a presenter of Songs of Praise. Later, he worked on Thames Television's Reporting London in the 1980s. He appeared, as himself, in the film The Magic Christian. He regularly appeared on The Goodies, playing himself as a serious newsreader. In one episode, which was dedicated to punk rock, Barratt was depicted reading the news with a large safety-pin through his nose. In 1972, he was elected Rector of the University of Aberdeen. Barratt wrote several books\n\nhad begun by 1961, and then as a freelance reporter on the BBC current affairs programme Midlands Today. Career from 1963 Barratt joined Panorama in 1963 as a reporter and was much influenced, he said, by its lead presenter Richard Dimbleby. He was sent to cover international stories, which included an interview with the theologian and humanitarian Albert Schweitzer. After two years on Panorama, he was asked to help establish 24 Hours. He was a Nationwide presenter from 1969 to 1977. Its creator, editor of television news Derrick Amoore, recognised the regional news programmes could help maintain an audience which had previously fallen away. Nationwide reached an audience of 11 million each evening at its height. \"A lot of people at the BBC thought Nationwide was a scatty idea,\u201d he once said. \u201cIt was live television taking in all 11 regions of the country, which was unheard of at the\n\nQuestion: Michael Barratt was the presenter of which BBC current affairs programme in the 1970s?", "output": "Nationwide"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aachen ( , ; ; French and traditional English: Aix-la-Chapelle ) is the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 249,000 inhabitants. It is the westernmost city in Germany, and borders Belgium and the Netherlands to the west, the triborder area. It is located between Maastricht (NL) and Li\u00e8ge (BE) in the west, and Bonn and Cologne in the east. The Wurm River flows through the city, and together with M\u00f6nchengladbach, Aachen is the only larger German city in the drainage basin of the Meuse. Aachen is the seat of the City Region Aachen (). Aachen developed from a Roman settlement and (bath complex), subsequently becoming the preferred medieval Imperial residence of Emperor Charlemagne of the Frankish Empire, and, from 936 to 1531, the place where 31 Holy Roman Emperors were crowned Kings of the Germans. One of Germany's leading institutes of higher education\n\nBerlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its more than 3.85 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constituent states, Berlin is surrounded by the State of Brandenburg and contiguous with Potsdam, Brandenburg's capital. Berlin's urban area, which has a population of around 4.5 million, is the most populous urban area in Germany. The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has around 6.2 million inhabitants and is Germany's second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr region. Berlin straddles the banks of the Spree, which flows into the Havel (a tributary of the Elbe) in the western borough of Spandau. Among the city's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree, Havel and Dahme, the largest of which is Lake M\u00fcggelsee. About one-third\n\nchurch in the state where the taxpayer lives. Apart from its demographic weight, the Catholic Church in Germany has an old religious and cultural heritage, which reaches back to both Saint Boniface, the \"Apostle of Germany\" and the first Archbishop of Mainz, buried in Fulda, and to Charlemagne, buried at Aachen Cathedral. Notable religious sites include structures from the Carolingian era to modern buildings. A cursory list may name Quedlinburg, Maria Laach, Erfurt Cathedral, Eberbach, Lorsch Abbey with its remnant 'Torhalle' (gate hall), one of the oldest structures in Germany, Reichenau, Maulbronn, Weingarten, Banz and Vierzehnheiligen on the opposite hill, the Wieskirche, Ettal, F\u00fcrstenfeld, Sacred Heart in Munich (finished in 2000), Alt\u00f6tting and many more. Oberammergau is famous for the Passion Play staged every ten years. The Catholic Church in Germany also boasts one of the country's most recognizable landmarks, Cologne Cathedral. Other notable Roman Catholic cathedrals are in Aachen\n\nQuestion: Where in Germany is Europe's largest Gothic church?", "output": "Cologne"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alexander Abernethy, 6th Lord Saltoun Francis Stewart, Knight of the Order of the Bath, who was well known in London literary society, and is said to have frequented the literary meetings at the Mermaid tavern References Moray, Elizabeth Stewart, 2nd Countess of Earls of Moray Moray, Elizabeth Stewart, 2nd Countess of Year of birth unknown 16th-century Scottish peers Moray Elizabeth Deaths in childbirth\n\nof Arms Index English officers of arms English knights British genealogists Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order 1874 births 1957 deaths Garter Principal Kings of Arms\n\nBuckingham Palace () is a royal residence in London and the administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning. Originally known as Buckingham House, the building at the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became known as The Queen's House. During the 19th century it was enlarged by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, who constructed three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch\n\nQuestion: Which British monarch founded the Order of the Bath?", "output": "King George I"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field ( ) was the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses, the civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York that extended across England in the latter half of the 15th century. Fought on 22 August 1485, the battle was won by an alliance of Lancastrians and disaffected Yorkists. Their leader Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, became the first English monarch of the Tudor dynasty by his victory and subsequent marriage to a Yorkist princess. His opponent Richard III, the last king of the House of York, was killed during the battle, the last English monarch to die in combat. Historians consider Bosworth Field to mark the end of the Plantagenet dynasty, making it one of the defining moments of English history. Richard's reign began in 1483 when he ascended the throne after his twelve-year-old nephew, Edward V, was declared\n\nSir Giles Alington (June 1499 \u2013 22 August 1586) was a knight; Lord of the Manor of Horseheath, Cambridgeshire; and High Sheriff and MP for Cambridgeshire. Family background In the lead up to the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 King Richard III appointed Sir William Alington of Horseheath, Knt., his Commissioner of Array for Cambridgeshire. He made his last will on 15 August and was killed fighting alongside John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk. His son and heir was Sir Giles Alington (1483\u20131522), a Knight of the Bath and twice High Sheriff of Cambridgeshire and Huntingdonshire, who had married Mary Gardiner, daughter & heiress of Sir Richard Gardiner, (died 1489) Lord Mayor of London by his spouse Audria, daughter of William Cotton, Lord of Landwade Manor, Cambridgeshire. The Alingtons who dwelt at Horseheath Hall thrived under the Tudor and Stuart monarchs, and had the privilege of handing to the King\n\nin Edinburgh on 19 September 1957. The couple went on to have three daughters. He held permanent posts at the University of St Andrews, the University of Manchester and the Center for the Humanities at Princeton University. He was visiting professor at the University of Exeter, where he held the post from 2004. Bosworth died on 28 February 2015 in Yeovil, Somerset. Works Bosworth was the author of hundreds of articles in academic journals and composite volumes. His other contributions included nearly 200 articles in the Encyclopaedia of Islam and some 100 articles in the Encyclop\u00e6dia Iranica, as well as articles for Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica and Encyclopedia Americana. He was the chief editor of the Encyclopaedia of Islam and a consulting editor of Encyclop\u00e6dia Iranica. Bibliography The Ghaznavids, their empire in Afghanistan and Eastern Iran 994\u20131040, Edinburgh University Press 1963, 2nd ed. Beirut 1973, repr. New Delhi 1992 (Persian tr.). The\n\nQuestion: Which King was killed at the battle of Bosworth?", "output": "Richard III"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The \"Maryland Line\" was a formation within the Continental Army, formed and authorized by the Second Continental Congress, meeting in the \"Old Pennsylvania State House\" (later known as \"Independence Hall\") in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in June 1775. Background Col. George Washington, delegate and formerly of the Virginia Regiment of the colonial militia, served as commander-in-chief of the colonial forces and he assumed command at Cambridge, Massachusetts outside of Boston, of the various units from several of the American colonies which surrounded Boston, laying siege to the British Army in June 1775. Washington's previous military experience had been during the late French and Indian War (1754\u20131763), (known in Europe as the Seven Years' War). Not all Continental infantry regiments raised in a state were part of a state quota. On December 27, 1776, the Second Continental Congress gave commanding General George Washington temporary control over certain military decisions that the Congress ordinarily\n\nof Free Masons erected in this Province....\" The Tun Tavern, being a popular meeting place in Philadelphia, was undoubtedly the first location of a lodge in Philadelphia. Other organizations were formed there, including the St. George's Society in 1720, and the St. Andrew's Society in 1747. Even the United States Marine Corps was founded there on 10 November 1775 by Samuel Nicholas, grandson of a member of the Tun Tavern Lodge. According to Henry Coil, a Freemason from Massachusetts, the Tun Tavern Lodge was never warranted nor issued a charter, being an \"immemorial rights lodge.\" However, the Librarian of the Masonic Library in Philadelphia believes that, simply because there is no existing evidence, there is no reason to assume that the Tun Tavern Lodge was never warranted since all of the other Lodges at the time had been, and that it must have been warranted prior to 1749 since the\n\nparliament over the colonies.\" Military First Troop Philadelphia City Cavalry - The oldest continuously serving unit in the United States military Pennsylvania Line of the Continental Army Pennsylvania Militia Units Pennsylvania Navy Government Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 Pennsylvania Provincial Conference Supreme Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Key events Philadelphia Tea Party (October 16, 1773) First Continental Congress (September 5 to October 26, 1774) Continental Association created (October 20, 1774) Petition to the King ratified (October 25, 1774) Second Continental Congress (convened on May 10, 1775) Hanna's town resolves (May 16, 1775) Olive Branch Petition (July 1775) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms (July 1775) Continental Marines formed by act of Congress (November 10, 1775) with the following decree: Pennsylvania Provincial Conference (June 18\u201325, 1776) The Lee Resolution (also known as \"The Resolution for Independence\") (July 2, 1776) Declaration of Independence (1776) George Washington's crossing\n\nQuestion: Tun Tavern, Philadelphia is considered the official birthplace of which US armed forces branch, when they held their first recruitment drive there in 1775 following a Continental Congress mandate?", "output": "United States Marine Corp"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Glenn Morshower (born April 24, 1959) is an American actor and inspirational speaker. He is best known for playing Secret Service Agent Aaron Pierce in 24 and Colonel (later General) Sharp Morshower in the Transformers film series. Morshower's Aaron Pierce was the only character (other than Jack Bauer) to appear in each of the first seven seasons of 24. He has appeared in many feature films and television series. Early life and family Morshower was born in Dallas, Texas. He was raised Jewish, studied with a Jehovah's Witness, went to a Religious Science church, and taught at a Baptist church. Morshower and his wife Carolyn have two children. Filmography Film Television Video games Inspirational seminars Since the late 1980s, Morshower has been a speaker at seminars. His speaking career began with his audition mastery course, The Extra Mile, which he took across the country on the advice of his agent.\n\nDallas is an American prime time television soap opera that revolves around the Ewings, a wealthy Texas family in the oil and cattle-ranching industries. The show was famous for its cliffhangers, including the \"Who shot J.R.?\" mystery and the \"Dream Season\". The original miniseries (consisting of five episodes) from 1978 is now presented as \"Season 1\" in keeping with the initial release on DVD in 2004, although originally Season 1 officially began with the episode that aired on September 23, 1978. This article has been reformatted to list episodes by the current convention rather than original designation. Over its fourteen seasons, 357 episodes and four made-for-television movies and reunion specials aired. Series overview Episodes Season 1 (1978) Season 2 (1978\u201379) Season 3 (1979\u201380) Season 4 (1980\u201381) Season 5 (1981\u201382) Season 6 (1982\u201383) Season 7 (1983\u201384) Season 8 (1984\u201385) Season 9 (1985\u201386) Season 10 (1986\u201387) Season 11 (1987\u201388) Season 12 (1988\u201389)\n\n24: Conspiracy is a low-budget, mobile-only spin-off of the television drama program 24. It was released on January 30, 2005, after the premiere of the fourth season and was released in three-day intervals. It is the first mobisode FOX released. Set in Washington, D.C., it takes place over twenty-four non-linear one-minute episodes, and it appears to take place during Day 4, as indicated by a reference to the Heller kidnapping by James Sutton happening that day. The 24 minutes of the show do not happen in real time; instead each minute takes place at a different given time in the day. Product history Conspiracy was first announced on November 10, 2004, revealing that new actors and characters would be used, set during the show's fourth season. Availability Originally released as a mobisode, Conspiracy is available in various countries, but has been made available online through digital download and piracy. In\n\nQuestion: Jack Bauer is the main character in which TV series?", "output": "24"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Robert Fico (; born 15 September 1964) is a Slovak politician who has served as the Prime Minister of Slovakia since 2023, having served previously from 2006 to 2010 and from 2012 to 2018. He has been the first leader of the Direction \u2013 Social Democracy (Smer) party since 1999. First elected to Parliament in 1992 (whilst within Czechoslovakia), he was later appointed to the Council of Europe. Following his party's victory in the 2006 parliamentary election, he formed the first Fico Cabinet. After the 2010 parliamentary election, Fico sat as an opposition member of parliament, effectively as leader of the opposition. Following a motion of confidence against the Iveta Radi\u010dov\u00e1 cabinet, Fico was re-appointed as Prime Minister after leading Smer to a landslide election victory in the 2012 parliamentary election, winning 83 seats and forming a government with an absolute majority in Parliament, the first such since 1989. In\n\nJan Lid\u00e9n (born 1949) is a Swedish businessman and a former Chief Executive Officer of Swedbank, one of Sweden's largest banks. He graduated with a degree in business administration. Lid\u00e9n started his career at the bank in 1990, working his way up the hierarchy before finally becoming CEO in 2004. He retired from the position in 2009, and was succeeded by Michael Wolf. References Swedish businesspeople 1949 births Living people\n\nMirek Topol\u00e1nek (, born 15 May 1956) is a Czech politician and business manager who served as the prime minister of the Czech Republic from 2006 to 2009 and the leader of the Civic Democratic Party (ODS) from 2002 to 2010. Between 2006 and 2009, Topol\u00e1nek was the member of the Chamber of Deputies (MP) and senator from Ostrava from 1996 until 2004. After leaving the politics in 2010, Topol\u00e1nek has been active in the electric power industry as a vocal lobbyist for the fossil fuel industry. On 24 March 2009, Topol\u00e1nek resigned as prime minister after he lost a no-confidence vote in the Chamber of Deputies. He remained in office until 8 May, at which point Jan Fischer took office as an independent prime minister leading an interim caretaker government. In November 2017, Topol\u00e1nek announced his bid for the presidency in the 2018 election but received only 4% and\n\nQuestion: Jan Fischer became Prime Minister of which country in 2009?", "output": "Czech Republic"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Batman is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger, and debuted in the 27th issue of the comic book Detective Comics on March 30, 1939. In the DC Universe continuity, Batman is the alias of Bruce Wayne, a wealthy American playboy, philanthropist, and industrialist who resides in Gotham City. Batman's origin story features him swearing vengeance against criminals after witnessing the murder of his parents Thomas and Martha as a child, a vendetta tempered with the ideal of justice. He trains himself physically and intellectually, crafts a bat-inspired persona, and monitors the Gotham streets at night. Kane, Finger, and other creators accompanied Batman with supporting characters, including his sidekicks Robin and Batgirl; allies Alfred Pennyworth, James Gordon, and Catwoman; and foes such as the Penguin, the Riddler, Two-Face, and his archenemy, the Joker. Kane\n\nBatman Forever is a 1995 American superhero film directed by Joel Schumacher and produced by Tim Burton, based on the DC Comics character Batman by Bob Kane and Bill Finger. The third installment of Warner Bros.' initial Batman film series, it is a stand-alone sequel to Batman Returns starring Val Kilmer, replacing Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman, alongside Tommy Lee Jones, Jim Carrey, Nicole Kidman, and Chris O'Donnell, while Michael Gough, and Pat Hingle reprise their roles. The film's story focuses on Batman trying to stop Two-Face and the Riddler in their scheme to extract information from all the minds in Gotham City while adopting an orphaned acrobat named Dick Grayson\u2014who becomes his sidekick, Robin\u2014and developing feelings for psychologist Dr. Chase Meridian. Schumacher mostly eschewed the dark, dystopian atmosphere of Burton's films by drawing inspiration from the Batman comic books of the Dick Sprang era, as well as\n\nBatman (also known as Batman: The Movie) is a 1966 American superhero film directed by Leslie H. Martinson. Based on the television series, and the first full-length theatrical adaptation of the DC Comics character of the same name, the film stars Adam West as Batman and Burt Ward as Robin. The film hit theaters two months after the last episode of the first season of the television series. The film includes most members of the original TV cast, with the exception of Julie Newmar, who played Catwoman in the first two seasons; for the movie, she was replaced by Lee Meriwether. Plot When Batman and Robin get a tip that Commodore Schmidlapp, owner of the Big Ben Distillery, is in danger aboard his yacht, they launch a rescue mission using the Batcopter. As Batman descends on the bat-ladder to land on the yacht, it suddenly vanishes beneath him. He rises\n\nQuestion: Which villain was played by Burgess Meredith in the 1960s Batman TV series?", "output": "The Penguin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Chevrolet Corvette (C2) is the second generation of the Corvette sports car, produced by the Chevrolet division of General Motors (GM) for the 1963 through 1967 model years. History Origin and development The 1963 Sting Ray production car's lineage can be traced to two separate GM projects: the Q-Corvette, and Bill Mitchell's racing Sting Ray. The Q-Corvette exercise of 1957 envisioned a smaller, more advanced Corvette as a coupe-only model, boasting a rear transaxle, independent rear suspension, and four-wheel disc brakes, with the rear brakes mounted inboard. Exterior styling was purposeful, with peaked fenders, a long nose, and a short, bobbed tail. Meanwhile, Zora Arkus-Duntov and other GM engineers had become fascinated with mid and rear-engine designs. Duntov explored the mid/rear-engine layout with the lightweight, open-wheel, single-seat CERV I concept of 1959. A rear-engined Corvette was briefly considered during 1958\u201360, progressing as far as a full-scale mock-up designed around\n\nThe Chevrolet Corvette (C1) is the first generation of the Corvette sports car produced by Chevrolet. It was introduced late in the 1953 model year and produced through 1962. This generation is commonly referred to as the \"solid-axle\" generation, as the independent rear suspension did not appear until the 1963 Sting Ray. The Corvette was rushed into production for its debut model year to capitalize on the enthusiastic public reaction to the concept vehicle, but expectations for the new model were largely unfulfilled. Reviews were mixed and sales fell far short of expectations through the car's early years. The program was nearly canceled, but Chevrolet decided to make necessary improvements. The most expensive Corvette (C1) to sell in history was sold by Barrett-Jackson in the United States in March 2021 for $825,000 (~$ in ) (\u00a3591,470). History Origins Harley Earl, as head of GM's Styling Section, was an avid fan\n\nThe Chevrolet Corvette (C4) is the fourth generation of the Corvette sports car, produced by American automobile manufacturer Chevrolet from 1983 until 1996. The convertible returned, as did higher performance engines, exemplified by the LT5 found in the ZR-1. In early March 1990, the ZR-1 would set a new record for the highest 24 hour-5,000 mile land-speed by going over a speed of . With a completely new chassis, modern sleeker styling, and other improvements to the model, prices rose and sales declined. The last C4 was produced on June 20, 1996. Overview The C4 Corvette represented a clean break from the Zora Arkus-Duntov-designed C3, with a completely new chassis and sleeker, more modern but still evolutionary styling. It was the work of a team under chief Corvette designer Dave McLellan, who'd taken over from Duntov in 1975. In a departure from the fiberglass panels of its forebears, the C4's\n\nQuestion: Which American motor manufacturer made the Corvette", "output": "Chevrolet"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Lepidozamia is a genus of two species of cycad, both endemic to Australia. They are native to rainforest climates in eastern Queensland and eastern New South Wales. They have a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 18. Etymology The name is derived from the Greek word lepis (\u03bb\u03b5\u03c0\u03af\u03c2) meaning scale, which refers to the scale-like structure of the stem and leaf bases. Species A specimen of L. hopei is known as the tallest living cycad at 17.5 m tall. These cycads are generally unbranched, tall, and with persistent leaf bases. They are easily cultivated as ornamental plants and are relatively cold hardy; L. peroffskyana was first described by a specimen grown at St. Petersburg's botanical garden in 1857. References The Cycad Pages: Lepidozamia Endemic flora of Australia Cycadophyta of Australia\n\ncatalogue of the skippers named by Roger Verity. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 23: 35\u201349. External links Lepidopterology Gallery Portrait Il Museo di storia naturale dell'Universit\u00e0 degli studi di Firenze 1883 births 1959 deaths Physicians from Florence Italian lepidopterists 20th-century Italian zoologists Scientists from Florence\n\nButterfly gardening is a way to create, improve, and maintain habitat for lepidopterans including butterflies, skippers, and moths. Butterflies have four distinct life stages\u2014egg, larva, chrysalis, and adult. In order to support and sustain butterfly populations, an ideal butterfly garden contains habitat for each life stage. Butterfly larvae, with some exceptions such as the carnivorous harvester (Feniseca tarquinius), consume plant matter and can be generalists or specialists. While butterflies like the painted lady (Vanessa cardui) are known to consume over 200 plants as caterpillars, other species like the monarch (Danaus plexippus), and the regal fritillary (Speyeria idalia) only consume plants in one genus, milkweed and violets, respectively. As adults, butterflies feed mainly on nectar, but they have also evolved to consume rotting fruit, tree sap, and even carrion. Supporting nectarivorous adult butterflies involves planting nectar plants of different heights, color, and bloom times. Butterfly bait stations can easily be made\n\nQuestion: What does a lepidopterist collect?", "output": "Butterflies"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Juan Manuel Oliva Ram\u00edrez (born March 21, 1960 Le\u00f3n, Guanajuato) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the National Action Party who served as Governor of Guanajuato from 2006 to 2012. Juan Manuel Oliva, a journalist who studied at the Escuela de Periodismo Carlos Septi\u00e9n Garc\u00eda, initiated his professional career as a reporter for several newspapers of the region of the Baj\u00edo and other parts of the country. Member of the PAN from 1989, has held diverse positions within the state structure, he has been state President of the National Action Party and has been civil employee of the Municipal Government of Le\u00f3n. Oliva has served in the upper house of the Mexican Congress and served as general secretary of Governor Juan Carlos Romero. See also 2006 Guanajuato state election References Lic. Juan Manuel Oliva Ram\u00edrez. Government of Guanajuato. Accessed 2011-03-03. 1960 births Living people National Action Party (Mexico) politicians Members\n\nJohn Dramani Mahama (; born 29 November 1958) is a Ghanaian politician who served as President of Ghana from 24 July 2012 to 7 January 2017. He previously served as Vice President of Ghana from January 2009 to July 2012, and took office as president on 24 July 2012 following the death of his predecessor, John Evans Fiifi Attah Mills. A member of the National Democratic Congress (NDC), he was Member of Parliament for Bole Bamboi from 1997 to 2009 and served as Deputy Minister for Communication between 1997 and 1998 before becoming the substantive Minister for Communications in 1998. Mahama is the first vice president to take over the presidency from the death of his predecessor, John Evans Atta Mills, and is the first head of state of Ghana to have been born after Ghana's independence. He was elected after December 2012 election to serve as full-time President. He\n\nColombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country mostly in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogot\u00e1 is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urbes include Medell\u00edn, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, C\u00facuta, Ibagu\u00e9, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage\u2014including language, religion, cuisine, and art\u2014reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by mass immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those\n\nQuestion: Enrique Pena Nieto became president of which country in 2012?", "output": "Mexico"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cyprus (), officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, south of the Anatolian Peninsula and east of the Levant. It is geographically in Western Asia, but its cultural ties and geopolitics are overwhelmingly Southeastern European. Cyprus is the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean. It is located north of Egypt, east of Greece, south of Turkey, and west of Lebanon and Syria. Its capital and largest city is Nicosia. The northeast portion of the island is de facto governed by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains include the well-preserved ruins from the Hellenistic period such as Salamis and Kourion, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves\n\nThe Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about west of Lisbon, about northwest of Morocco, and about southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. Its main industries are agriculture, dairy farming, livestock, fishing, and tourism, which has become a major service activity in the region. The government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors. The largest city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada. The culture, dialect, cuisine, and traditions of the Azorean islands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries. There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups.\n\nThe Seven Brothers Islands, also known as the Sawabi Islands or Seba Islands, is an archipelago in the Dact-el-Mayun section of the Bab-el-Mandeb strait (between the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden). They are within the Obock District of Djibouti, and are a notable diving site. Even in English publications, the group is often called by its French name, Sept Fr\u00e8res. Geography The archipelago proper is a chain of six volcanic islands spanning about in a rough east-west line: West Island, or Red Island (H\u0331amra), 62 m high Double Island (Oun\u1e0fa D\u00e2bali), 46 m high Low Island (Tolka), 17 m high Big Island (Ka\u1e0f\u1e0fa D\u00e2bali), 114 m high East Island (H\u0331orod le \u2018Ale), 83 m high South Island (\u2018Oun\u1e0fa K\u00f4maytou), 47 m high The \"seventh brother\" is not an island, but the volcanic hill at the northern tip of the Ras Siyyan peninsula. West Island lies about east from\n\nQuestion: Halloumi cheese originated on which island?", "output": "CYPRUS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bright Week, Pascha Week or Renewal Week () is the name used by the Eastern Orthodox and Byzantine Rite Catholic Churches for the period of seven days beginning on Easter and continuing up to (but not including) the following Sunday, which is known as Thomas Sunday. The entire week following Easter is to be set aside by Orthodox Christians for the celebration of the Resurrection. According to the 66th canon of the Council in Trullo: \"from the holy day of the Resurrection of Christ our God until New Sunday (i.e. Thomas Sunday) for a whole week the faithful in the holy churches should continually be repeating psalms, hymns and spiritual songs, rejoicing and celebrating Christ, and attending to the reading of the Divine Scriptures and delighting in the Holy Mysteries. For in this way shall we be exalted with Christ; raised up together with Him. For this reason on the\n\nThe Refreshment Sundays or Rose Sundays are Sundays within the two major fasts observed in Western Christianity, Lent and Advent. On these days, the fast was allowed to be relaxed, hence the name \"Refreshment Sunday\". Correspondingly, the liturgical colours of the season are replaced with rose, hence the name \"Rose Sunday\". The Refreshment Sundays are: Laetare Sunday, the fourth Sunday in Lent Gaudete Sunday, the third Sunday in Advent Of these, the better known is Laetare Sunday, and if reference is made to a single \"Refreshment Sunday\" or \"Rose Sunday\" it is usually this Sunday that is meant. It is also called Mid-Lent Sunday, Mothering Sunday, Mother's Day, and Rose Sunday. As noted, on both Refreshment Sundays, the colour of vestments and church hangings is changed to rose. On Gaudete Sunday, where churches are using an Advent Wreath with purple candles, the candle for the third Sunday in Advent is\n\nor practiced. An exception is that the ordinand \"bending both knees places his palms in the form of a Cross, and lays his forehead between them on the Holy Table\" when a bishop is consecrated or a priest is ordained. In the 20th century in some western countries, some Eastern Orthodox churches have begun to use pews and kneelers and so have begun kneeling in some parts of the service. The First Council of Nicaea's decree \"that prayer be made to God standing\" from Pascha (Easter) through Pentecost, and on all Sundays throughout the year, in honour of the Resurrection is strictly observed, excepting only for prostrating before the Cross on the Third Sunday of Great Lent and on the Feast of the Exaltation of the Cross, if it falls on a Sunday, as well as for a few sacramental services, e.g., ordinations. However, the Russian Old Rite, which reflects\n\nQuestion: In the church calendar what name is given to the first Sunday after Easter Sunday?", "output": "Low Sunday"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chelif River () (also spelled Ch\u00e9liff, or Sheliff) is a river in Algeria, the longest in the country. It rises in the Saharan Atlas near the city of Aflou, flows through the Tell Atlas and empties into the Mediterranean Sea north of the city of Mostaganem. The water level in the river often fluctuates. The river is being used for irrigation (mainly on its lower course). The river was formerly called the Mekerra and the Sig River. Notes References Rivers of Algeria\n\nThe Moulouya River (Berber: i\u0263\u1e93er en Melwect, ) is a 520 km-long river in Morocco. Its sources are located in the Ayashi mountain in the Middle Atlas. It empties into the Mediterranean Sea near Sa\u00efdia, in northeast Morocco. Water level in the river often fluctuates. The river is used for irrigation and is dammed by the Hassan II and Mohamed V Dams. History Before French colonisation, the Moulouya River was considered as the border between Ottoman Algeria and the dynasties that controlled Morocco. A battle between the Algerians and the Alawites took place in 1692 at the ford of this river. The Romans called this river Malva. In medieval British pseudo-history, it was mentioned as a location along the route supposedly travelled by the ancestors of the Scotti, and by Brutus of Troy. The Moulouya River formed the eastern border of the kingdom of Mauretania since King Bocchus I, and\n\nLake Albert and Lake Rutanzige (formerly Lake Edward) and the Virunga Mountains between Lake Rutanzige and Lake Kivu. The Virungas form a barrier between the Nile Basin to the north and east and the Congo Basin to the west and south. Lake Rutenzige is fed by several large rivers, the Rutshuru River being one, and drains to the north through the Semliki River into Lake Albert. The Victoria Nile flows from Lake Victoria into the northern end of Lake Albert and exits as the White Nile from a point slightly to the west, flowing north to the Mediterranean. South of the Virungu, Lake Kivu drains to the south into Lake Tanganyika through the Ruzizi River. Lake Tanganyika then drains into the Congo River via the Lukuga River. It seems likely that the present hydrological system was established quite recently when the Virunga volcanoes erupted and blocked the northward flow of\n\nQuestion: After the Nile, what is the next-longest river in Africa?", "output": "CONGO"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The sinus venosus is a large quadrangular cavity which precedes the atrium on the venous side of the chordate heart. In mammals, the sinus venosus exists distinctly only in the embryonic heart where it is found between the two venae cavae; in the adult, the sinus venosus becomes incorporated into the wall of the right atrium to form a smooth part called the sinus venarum which is separated from the rest of the atrium by a ridge called the crista terminalis. In most mammals, the sinus venosus also forms the sinoatrial node and the coronary sinus. Development In the embryo, the thin walls of the sinus venosus are connected below with the right ventricle, and medially with the left atrium, but are free in the rest of their extent. It receives blood from the vitelline vein, umbilical vein and common cardinal vein. The sinus venosus originally starts as a paired\n\nVena comitans is Latin for accompanying vein and is also known as a satellite vein. It refers to a vein that is usually paired, with both veins lying on the sides of an artery. They are found in close proximity to arteries so that the pulsations of the artery aid venous return. Because they are generally found in pairs, they are often referred to by their plural form: venae comitantes. Venae comitantes are usually found with certain smaller arteries, especially those in the extremities. Larger arteries, on the other hand, generally do not have venae comitantes. They usually have a single, similarly sized vein which is not as intimately associated with the artery. Examples Examples of arteries and their venae comitantes: Radial artery and radial veins Ulnar artery and ulnar veins Brachial artery and brachial veins Anterior tibial artery and anterior tibial veins Posterior tibial artery and posterior tibial veins\n\nsinusoids. Derivatives The vitelline veins give rise to: Hepatic veins Inferior portion of Inferior vena cava Portal vein Superior mesenteric vein Inferior mesenteric vein The branches conveying the blood to the plexus are named the venae advehentes, and become the branches of the portal vein. The vessels draining the plexus into the sinus venosus are termed the venae revehentes, and form the future hepatic veins. Ultimately the left vena revehens no longer communicates directly with the sinus venosus, but opens into the right vena revehens. The persistent part of the upper venous ring, above the opening of the superior mesenteric vein, forms the trunk of the portal vein. Function The vitelline veins drain the yolk sac during early embryonic development. They also drain the gut tube in embryos once this has formed from the yolk sac. Additional images References External links Embryology of cardiovascular system\n\nQuestion: \"The \"\"venae cavae\"\" are found in what part of the body?\"", "output": "Heart"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aberdeen (; ; ; ) is a city in North East Scotland, and is the third most populous Scottish city. Aberdeen is one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas (as Aberdeen City), and has a population estimate of for the city of Aberdeen, and for the local council area making it the United Kingdom's 39th most populous built-up area. The city is northeast of Edinburgh and north of London, and is the northernmost major city in the United Kingdom. Aberdeen has a long, sandy coastline and features an oceanic climate, with cool summers and mild, rainy winters. During the mid-18th to mid-20th centuries, Aberdeen's buildings incorporated locally quarried grey granite, which may sparkle like silver because of its high mica content. Since the discovery of North Sea oil in 1969, Aberdeen has been known as the offshore oil capital of Europe. Based upon the discovery of prehistoric villages around\n\nThe Metropolitan Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption, also known as St Mary's Metropolitan Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic church in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Saint Andrews and Edinburgh and the mother church of Scots Catholicism. The cathedral church is located at the East End of New Town in the city center. History The Chapel of St Mary's was opened in 1814, and was originally designed by James Gillespie Graham. It was built in replacement of the Chapel of St Andrew the Apostle on Blackfriars Wynd (which had been tolerated despite Scotland not recognising the Catholic faith). The building of a purpose-built church recognises a broad acceptance of the faith by 1814. The church was considerably embellished over the years, and in 1878 on the restoration of the Scottish hierarchy it became the pro-cathedral of the new Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh.\n\nKing's Park (, ) is a district in the city of Glasgow, Scotland. It is situated south of the River Clyde and borders the Glasgow areas of Croftfoot, Cathcart, Simshill, Mount Florida and Toryglen and the neighbourhood of Bankhead in the adjoining town of Rutherglen. History and geography King's Park is a residential area first developed for housing around 1930 a short time after the territory, historically within the civil parish of Cathcart in Renfrewshire, was brought into the city of Glasgow, and retains much of the same appearance in the 21st century. It includes a mixture of semi-detached houses and bungalows, flats (including cottage flats) and luxury detached villas and is considered an affluent suburb of Glasgow, with median house prices and income well above average. In 2014, it was rated one of the most attractive postcode areas to live in Scotland. As of 2005, it had a population\n\nQuestion: Which is the third most populous city in Scotland after Glasgow and Edinburgh?", "output": "Aberdeen"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "blood, and Sigurd cooks the heart over the fire for Reginn to eat. Sigurd accidentally ingests F\u00e1fnir's blood and gains the ability to understand birds. He overhears the birds saying he should eat the heart for wisdom. Sigurd also hears them say Reginn will betray him. He decapitates Reginn in anticipation, eats F\u00e1fnir's heart, and drinks both Reginn and F\u00e1fnir's blood. The birds then tell him of his future wife Gu\u00f0r\u00fan, and suggest he use the golden hoard to win her hand. They also tell of an imprisoned Valkyrie named Brynhildr. Sigurd loads two chests with gold, takes the Helm of Terror, and takes the sword Hrotti. The Hobbit There are striking similarities between J.R.R. Tolkien's Smaug and F\u00e1fnir. According to \u00c1rmann Jakobsson, Tolkien translates the epic poem into a modern representation of F\u00e1fnir through Smaug. F\u00e1fnir and Smaug are most alike in that they speak in riddles, have wisdom,\n\nto \u00c1rmann Jakobsson, Tolkien translates the epic poem into a modern representation of F\u00e1fnir through Smaug. F\u00e1fnir and Smaug are most alike in that they speak in riddles, have wisdom, and guard golden hoards. They also are very human-like, unlike dragons from other stories such as Beowulf. Further, Tolkien makes a point to show that the master of Esgaroth \u201cfell under the dragon sickness\u201d and died. This is similar to F\u00e1fnir's transformation from human to dragon in order to protect his own hoard. Tolkien clearly draws inspiration from F\u00e1fnismal for both Smaug and greed in The Hobbit. Another similar representation of a talking Dragon written by Tolkien and clearly inspired in part by Fafnir and certainly by the larger Volsungr Saga is that of Glaurung, found in his work \"The Silmarillion\" (and now edited as a separate work by his son Christopher as \"The Children of Hurin\"). The Dragon Glaurung\n\nJ. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium features dragons based on those of European legend, but going beyond them in having personalities of their own, such as the wily Smaug, who has features of both Fafnir and the Beowulf dragon. Dragons appear in the early stories of The Book of Lost Tales, including the mechanical war-dragons of The Fall of Gondolin. Tolkien went on to create Smaug, a powerful and terrifying adversary, in The Hobbit; dragons are only mentioned in passing in The Lord of the Rings. Tolkien's conception of the dragon has been adopted both in games loosely based on his Middle-earth writings, and by other fantasy authors. Several taxa have been named after Tolkien's dragons, including both extinct and living species. Several taxa, including girdled lizards, shield bugs, and ants, carry the name Smaug. Development Dragons are already present in The Book of Lost Tales. Tolkien had been fascinated\n\nQuestion: Name the dragon that guarded treasure in the Hobbit?", "output": "Smaug"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aphrodite ( ) is an ancient Greek goddess associated with love, lust, beauty, pleasure, passion, procreation, and as her syncretized Roman goddess counterpart , desire, sex, fertility, prosperity, and victory. Aphrodite's major symbols include seashells, myrtles, roses, doves, sparrows, and swans. The cult of Aphrodite was largely derived from that of the Phoenician goddess Astarte, a cognate of the East Semitic goddess Ishtar, whose cult was based on the Sumerian cult of Inanna. Aphrodite's main cult centers were Cythera, Cyprus, Corinth, and Athens. Her main festival was the Aphrodisia, which was celebrated annually in midsummer. In Laconia, Aphrodite was worshipped as a warrior goddess. She was also the patron goddess of prostitutes, an association which led early scholars to propose the concept of \"sacred prostitution\" in Greco-Roman culture, an idea which is now generally seen as erroneous. In Hesiod's Theogony, Aphrodite is born off the coast of Cythera from the\n\nand Cypris (Lady of Cyprus), because both locations claimed to be the place of her birth. In Greek mythology, Aphrodite was married to Hephaestus, the god of fire, blacksmiths and metalworking. Aphrodite was frequently unfaithful to him and had many lovers; in the Odyssey, she is caught in the act of adultery with Ares, the god of war. In the First Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite, she seduces the mortal shepherd Anchises. Aphrodite was also the surrogate mother and lover of the mortal shepherd Adonis, who was killed by a wild boar. Along with Athena and Hera, Aphrodite was one of the three goddesses whose feud resulted in the beginning of the Trojan War and she plays a major role throughout the Iliad. Aphrodite has been featured in Western art as a symbol of female beauty and has appeared in numerous works of Western literature. She is a major deity in\n\ngoddess of love and lust, Aphrodite, had no power whatsoever. In myth and literature, Artemis is presented as a hunting goddess of the woods, surrounded by her followers, who are not to be crossed. In the myth of Actaeon, when the young hunter sees her bathing naked, he is transformed into a deer by the angered goddess and is then devoured by his own hunting dogs, who do not recognize their master. In the story of Callisto, the girl is driven away from Artemis' company after breaking her vow of virginity, having lain with and been impregnated by Zeus. In the Epic tradition, Artemis halted the winds blowing the Greek ships during the Trojan War, stranding the Greek fleet in Aulis, after King Agamemnon, the leader of the expedition, shot and killed her sacred deer. Artemis demanded the sacrifice of Iphigenia, Agamemnon's young daughter, as compensation for her slain deer.\n\nQuestion: In Greek mythology, which favourite of Aphrodite became a hunter and died after being gored by a boar?", "output": "ADONIS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American coming-of-age legal drama crime film directed by Robert Mulligan. The screenplay by Horton Foote is based on Harper Lee's 1960 Pulitzer Prize\u2013winning novel of the same name. The film stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout. It marked the film debut of Robert Duvall, William Windom and Alice Ghostley. It gained overwhelmingly positive reception from both the critics and the public; a box-office success, it earned more than six times its budget. The film won three Academy Awards, including Best Actor for Peck, and was nominated for eight, including Best Picture. In 1995, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry as \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". In 2003, the American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century. In 2007, the film ranked twenty-fifth\n\na 2007 production of To Kill A Mockingbird. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by the University of Bradford on 4 December 2002 \"for his contributions as an actor\". References 1946 births English male soap opera actors English male stage actors Living people Male actors from Bradford People educated at Bradford Grammar School Alumni of RADA\n\nCameron Watson (born October 6, 1961) is an American actor, screenwriter, and director. His first role was Bart Fallmont in the 1991 TV miniseries Dynasty: The Reunion. Watson attended the University of Montevallo, receiving a bachelor of fine arts degree in 1983. After graduation, he began a professional acting career in New York City, studying with Herbert Berghof at the HB Studio in Greenwich Village and working in off-Broadway productions. He later moved to Los Angeles to act in film and television. Watson wrote and directed his first feature film, Our Very Own, in 2005. The film starred Allison Janney, Keith Carradine, Jason Ritter, Cheryl Hines, Hilarie Burton and Mary Badham (who played \"Scout\" in To Kill a Mockingbird, in her first screen role in 40 years). Watson's TV acting credits include Cheers, Ned & Stacey, Frasier, Caroline in the City, Profiler, Six Feet Under, CSI: Miami, The King of\n\nQuestion: Which actor made his screen debut as Boo Radley in the 1962 film \u2018To Kill a Mockingbird\u2019?", "output": "Robert Duvall"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Barbara Jekyll, a niece of the famous garden designer Gertrude Jekyll. He was killed in a flying accident in 1917. Her daughter Priscilla, also a noted activist and suffragist, married Sir Henry Norman and, with him, developed gardens at Ramster Hall, Surrey. Laura's other daughter, Elsie Dorothea, married Edward Alexander James Johns. Baroness Aberconway was a campaigner for women's suffrage, founding the Liberal Women's Suffrage Union and publishing some writings on the subject. During World War I, she converted her house in London into a hospital and helped run it. She died in 1933 at her home, Ch\u00e2teau de la Garoupe, on the Cap d\u2019Antibes. Awards and honors In 1918, Aberconway was appointed CBE. She was also appointed Dame of Grace of the Venerable Order of St John. Other Outside politics Aberconway was a talented artist and horticulturalist. She and her husband worked to expand and improve the Bodnant Garden\n\nLaura Elizabeth McLaren, Baroness Aberconway CBE, DStJ (n\u00e9e Pochin; 14 May 1854 \u2013 4 January 1933) was a British suffragist, author and horticulturalist. Life Her birth was registered in the Salford district of Lancashire on 14 May 1854. She was the daughter of Henry Davis Pochin, a noted industrialist and chemist, and his wife, Agnes (n\u00e9e Heap), a leading women's rights activist. She married the journalist and Liberal MP Charles McLaren, a business associate of her father's, at Westminster on 6 March 1877. Charles McLaren was later created Baron Aberconway. They had four children. Laura McLaren's two sons became Liberal MP's, Henry D. McLaren for the West Staffordshire constituency and, Francis McLaren for the Spalding constituency in Lincolnshire. Francis married Barbara Jekyll, a niece of the famous garden designer Gertrude Jekyll. He was killed in a flying accident in 1917. Her daughter Priscilla, also a noted activist and suffragist, married\n\n\"Company for Gertrude\" is a short story by P. G. Wodehouse, which first appeared in the United Kingdom in September 1928 in Strand, and in the United States in October 1928 in Cosmopolitan. Part of the Blandings Castle canon, it features the absent-minded peer Lord Emsworth, and was included in the collection Blandings Castle and Elsewhere (1935), though the story takes place sometime between the events of Leave it to Psmith (1923) and Summer Lightning (1929). Plot Lord Emsworth's world is far from ideal \u2013 not only has his neighbour Sir Gregory Parsloe-Parsloe stolen his pigman Wellbeloved, but his niece Gertrude is imprisoned in the house, mooning miserably about the place and, worse still, trying to be \"helpful\" by tidying his study. Meanwhile, Freddie Threepwood, back in England to promote his father-in-law Mr Donaldson's \"Dog-Joy\" biscuits, has just been turned down by his dog-loving Aunt Georgiana, Gertrude's mother, when he\n\nQuestion: What was the occupation of Gertrude Jekyll (1843-1932)?", "output": "GARDEN DESIGNER"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alexander Jannaeus ( ; Yanna\u02bey; born Jonathan ) was the second king of the Hasmonean dynasty, who ruled over an expanding kingdom of Judaea from 103 to 76 BCE. A son of John Hyrcanus, he inherited the throne from his brother Aristobulus I, and married his brother's widow, Queen Salome Alexandra. From his conquests to expand the kingdom to a bloody civil war, Alexander's reign has been generalised as cruel and oppressive with never-ending conflict. The major historical sources of Alexander's life are Josephus's Antiquities of the Jews and The Jewish War. The kingdom of Alexander Jannaeus was the largest and strongest known Jewish State outside of biblical sources, having conquered most of Palestine's Mediterranean coastline and regions surrounding the Jordan River. Alexander also had many of his subjects killed for their disapproval of his handling of state affairs. Due to his territorial expansion and interactions with his subjects, he\n\nAlyattes (Lydian language: ; ; reigned c. 635-585 BC), sometimes described as Alyattes I, was the fourth king of the Mermnad dynasty in Lydia, the son of Sadyattes, grandson of Ardys, and great-grandson of Gyges. He died after a reign of 57 years and was succeeded by his son Croesus. Alyattes was the first monarch who issued coins, made from electrum (and his successor Croesus was the first to issue gold coins). Alyattes is therefore sometimes mentioned as the originator of coinage, or of currency. Name The most likely etymology for the name derives it, via a form with initial digamma (), itself originally from a Lydian (Lydian alphabet: ). The name meant \"lion-ness\" (i.e. the state of being a lion), and was composed of the Lydian term (), meaning \"lion\", to which was added an abstract suffix (). Chronology Dates for the Mermnad kings are uncertain and are based\n\nAlexander I of Epirus (; c. 370 BC \u2013 331 BC), also known as Alexander Molossus (), was a king of Epirus (343/2\u2013331 BC) of the Aeacid dynasty. As the son of Neoptolemus I and brother of Olympias, Alexander I was an uncle, and a brother-in-law, of Alexander the Great. He was also an uncle to Pyrrhus of Epirus. Life Neoptolemus I ruled jointly with his brother Arybbas. When Neoptolemus died in c. 357 BC, his son Alexander was only a child and Arrybas became the sole king. In c. 350 BC, Alexander was brought to the court of Philip II of Macedon in order to protect him. In 343/2 in his late 20s, Philip made him king of Epirus, after dethroning his uncle Arybbas. When Olympias was repudiated by her husband in 337 BC, she went to her brother, and endeavoured to induce him to make war on Philip.\n\nQuestion: The proverbially wealthy Croesus was king of where?", "output": "Lydia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of the pectoral fin base to the tail. The pectoral, dorsal, pelvic and caudal fins are dusky, and the anal fin are pale. As is usual with fish fins, the pectoral fin allows the fish to turn left or right and also support the stability of the fish. The dorsal fin, located well back on the garfish helps it make sharp turns and stabilise rolling. Unlike most fishes, the dorsal fin of the garfish lacks spines. Rather than having multiple spines running top to bottom, the dorsal fin is soft and veins of cartilage give rigidity to it when needed. The pelvic fin aids the fish with stopping quickly and general stability, as well as diving into deeper waters and rising to the surface. The caudal fin is the main propulsion fin, also known as the tail. Garfish have a forked caudal fin with a large lower lobe, called the\n\nto long and numerous, and spineless fins. The single dorsal fin is located posterior to the midpoint of the body and there is no adipose dorsal fin present, there is a pectoral fin ranging from small to rudimentary located below the mid-flank, 4-18 rays, if pelvic fins are present, they exist in the abdominal region, with the origin being before the origin of the dorsal fin, they have forked caudal fins, and a tube above the base of pectoral fin that connects to a luminous gland on the shoulder girdle. They have no swim bladder. Some species bear photophores. Their early life development is from large eggs directly into yolk sac juveniles that travel in deep waters. The largest species is the Yokozuna Slickhead, Narcetes shonanmaruae Behaviour It\u2019s been thought that as the Alepocephalidae age, they move down layers in the ocean, (mesopelagic waters and bathypelagic waters) due to mostly\n\nat rest. The second dorsal fin is similar in shape and size to the anal fin, which is symmetrically opposed to it. The pelvic fin is reduced to a ventral protrusion. They also typically have a large block spot by their peduncular spines, and the caudal fin is orange. In general, males tend to be larger and lack a concave snout, and also lose the lines on his snout as he matures. Females and juveniles are smaller and have a concave snout. Distribution and habitat While other balistoid fishes, such as the filefish and leatherjacks, are typically found all across the Indo-western Pacific, the triggerfish are typically found in coral reefs ecosystems, coral lagoons, and external reef slopes within this area, as well off the coast of East Africa, the Red Sea, and Japan. They tend to stay around their burrows and dens within the reef. Within coral reefs, the\n\nQuestion: Used primarily for stability, where on a fish, whale, dolphin, or porpoise, do you find the dorsal fin?", "output": "Back"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The , established in 1929, is an award presented by the Japanese newspaper Asahi Shimbun and Asahi Shimbun Foundation to honor individuals and groups that have made outstanding accomplishments in the fields of arts and academics and have greatly contributed to the development and progress of Japanese culture and society at large. The Asahi Prize was created to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the foundation of Asahi Shimbun. It is recognized today as one of the most authoritative private awards. Prize winners Past prize winners include the following. Arts Tsubouchi Sh\u014dy\u014d, novelist, 1929 Taikan Yokoyama, artist, 1933 Jigoro Kano, founder of judo, 1935 Shimazaki Toson, novelist, 1935 Ry\u014dhei Koiso, painter, 1939 Jun'ichir\u014d Tanizaki, novelist, 1948 NHK Symphony Orchestra, 1951 Mashiho Chiri, 1954 Eiji Yoshikawa, novelist, 1955 Shik\u014d Munakata, artist, 1964 Jir\u014d Osaragi, writer, 1964 Akira Kurosawa, film director, 1965 Haruko Sugimura, actress, 1968 Ry\u014dtar\u014d Shiba, novelist, 1982 Ineko Sata, writer,\n\nThe is a newspaper in Yokohama, Japan covering general news. In February 2005 the website of Kanagawa Shimbun was relaunched, and an online blog, Kanaloco, was started. References Further reading External links Kanagawa Shimbun (Japanese) 1890 establishments in Japan Japanese-language newspapers Newspapers established in 1890 Mass media in Yokohama Mass media in Kanagawa Prefecture Newspapers published in Japan\n\nwas a Japanese monthly photographic magazine, published from April 1926 until July 2020, when it was discontinued due to declining circulation. History and profile The first issue was that for April 1926. It was from the outset published by Asahi Shimbun-sha, publisher of the newspaper The Asahi Shimbun. The headquarters was in Tokyo. From the January 1941 issue, it merged with the magazines Geijutsu Shashin Kenky\u016b (, \"Technique Photograph Studies\") and Sh\u014dz\u014d Shashin Kenky\u016b (, \"Portrait Photograph Studies\"). Publication was suspended with the April 1942 issue. Publication resumed after the Second World War with the October 1949 issue. Its cover employed a monochrome portrait of a girl by Ihei Kimura, who would become a major contributor. Asahi Camera attempted to satisfy interests in all areas of photography, with short portfolios in monochrome and color by established and new photographers (most but not all of them Japanese), contests for readers, articles\n\nQuestion: In Japan, what are Yomiuri Shimbun and Asahi Shimbun?", "output": "NEWSPAPERS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Erwin Konrad Eduard Bumke (7 July 1874 \u2013 20 April 1945) was the last president of the Reichsgericht, the supreme civil and criminal court of the German Reich, serving from 1929 to 1945. As such, according to the Weimar Constitution, he should have become acting President of Germany upon the death of Paul von Hindenburg in August 1934, and thus the acting Head of State of Nazi Germany. The Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich, passed by the Nazi-controlled Reichstag, unconstitutionally prevented that by combining the presidency with the chancellorship, making Adolf Hitler the undisputed ruler of Germany. Life Born in the small town of Stolp in the Prussian Province of Pomerania (now S\u0142upsk, Poland), he had a family that was middle class. His father was a doctor and his mother a factory owner's daughter. His brother Oswald Bumke (1877\u20131950) became a noted psychiatrist. After studying\n\ngames from 1970 to 2005. The Grugahalle was the main venue for the 82nd Katholikentag in September 1968, and in 1969 for the convention of the German Communist Party. Later that year, Willy Brandt, Helmut Schmidt, and Franz Josef Strau\u00df held rallies for the 1969 West German federal election. In 1994 the European Council summit convened there. References External links 1958 establishments in West Germany Sports venues completed in 1958 Music venues completed in 1958 Indoor arenas in Germany Buildings and structures in Essen Sports venues in North Rhine-Westphalia Sport in Essen\n\nBonn () is a federal city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, located on the banks of the Rhine. It has a population of over 300,000. About south-southeast of Cologne, Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr region, Germany's largest metropolitan area, with over 11 million inhabitants. It is a university city, was the birthplace of Ludwig van Beethoven and was the capital of West Germany from 1949 to 1990. Bonn was the seat of government of reunited Germany from 1990 to 1999. Founded in the 1st century BC as a Roman settlement in the province Germania Inferior, Bonn is one of Germany's oldest cities. It was the capital city of the Electorate of Cologne from 1597 to 1794, residence of the Archbishops and Prince-electors of Cologne. From 1949 to 1990, Bonn was the capital of West Germany, and Germany's present constitution, the Basic Law, was declared\n\nQuestion: Who was Chancellor of West Germany from 1969-74?", "output": "WILLY BRANDT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "shelf of Asia; Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands (both adjacent to the Malay Archipelago) lie on the Australian tectonic plate, and are not politically associated with Asia. The Bonin Islands, which have been politically integrated into Japan, are not geologically associated with the Asian continent, and are biogeographically within Micronesia. Sovereign states United Nations member states This section includes all sovereign states located predominantly in Oceania that are member states of the United Nations. All 14 states are full members of the Pacific Islands Forum. Associated states Two states, the Cook Islands and Niue, are in free association with New Zealand. While maintaining a close constitutional and political relationship with New Zealand, both states have full treaty-making capacity and are members of several United Nations specialized agencies. Both independently engage in diplomatic relations with sovereign states under their own name, and are full members of the Pacific Islands Forum.\n\nWallisian, or Uvean (), is the Polynesian language spoken on Wallis Island (also known as Uvea). The language is also known as East Uvean to distinguish it from the related West Uvean language spoken on the outlier island of Ouv\u00e9a near New Caledonia. The latter island was colonised from Wallis Island in the 18th century. Indigenous to Wallis island, the language is also spoken in New Caledonia since the 1950s due to a migration of many Wallisians (especially in Noum\u00e9a, Dumb\u00e9a, La Foa, and Mont Dore). According to the CIA World Factbook, it had 7,660 speakers in 2015. However, Livingston (2016) states that the actual number of speakers is much higher (around 20,000), albeit difficult to count precisely. The closest language to Wallisian is Niuafo'ou. It is also closely related to Tongan, though part of the Samoic branch, and has borrowed extensively from Tongan due to the Tongan invasion of\n\na few sites in the north and on the Aru Islands. References Coates and Peckover (2001), Birds of New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago: a photographic guide, Dove Publications, Pizzey and Knight, Field Guide to the Birds of Australia, Angus & Robertson, Trounsen and Trounsen, Australian Birds: A Concise Photographic Field Guide, Cameron House. . External links Peaceful dove, Avibase Peaceful dove, Rainforest-Australia peaceful dove Birds of Australia Birds of New Guinea peaceful dove peaceful dove\n\nQuestion: What are the Friendly Islands in the Pacific now known as?", "output": "Tonga"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the birthplace of 11 major religions, whose written records include Judaism, Hinduism, Taoism, Shintoism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, and the Baha'i Faith. Indian religions Dharmic religions are the oldest religions of Asia. All Indian religions originated in the Indian subcontinent. These religions all have the similar concepts like dharma, karma, and reincarnation, but the interpretation of these concepts varies with each religion. Hinduism Hinduism is the second largest religion in Asia with about 1.2 billion followers, mainly in South and Southeast Asia. Hinduism, like all Dharmic religions, originates in India. More than 94% of the global Hindu population live in India. Demographically, it is the largest religion in India (80%), Nepal (85%), and the island of Bali (87%), with strong minorities in the Asian nations of Bhutan, Fiji, Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Myanmar, the\n\nAnimism (from Latin: meaning 'breath, spirit, life') is the belief that objects, places, and creatures all possess a distinct spiritual essence. Animism perceives all things\u2014animals, plants, rocks, rivers, weather systems, human handiwork, and in some cases words\u2014as animated and alive. Animism is used in anthropology of religion as a term for the belief system of many Indigenous peoples in contrast to the relatively more recent development of organized religions. Animism focuses on the metaphysical universe; specifically, on the concept of the immaterial soul. Although each culture has its own mythologies and rituals, animism is said to describe the most common, foundational thread of indigenous peoples' \"spiritual\" or \"supernatural\" perspectives. The animistic perspective is so widely held and inherent to most indigenous peoples that they often do not even have a word in their languages that corresponds to \"animism\" (or even \"religion\"). The term \"animism\" is an anthropological construct. Largely due\n\nAsia is the largest and most populous continent and the birthplace of many religions including Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Shinto, Sikhism, Taoism and Zoroastrianism. All major religious traditions are practiced in the region and new forms are constantly emerging. Asia is noted for its diversity of culture. Thus, the religious demographics of Asia are diverse, with no single religion representing an absolute majority of the population. Notwithstanding, Islam is the largest religion in Asia, with approximately 1.3 billion adherents as of 2022. The second largest religion is Hinduism, with about 1.2 billion adherents on the continent. Since the 1970s, the Muslim and Christian share of the Asian population has grown considerably throughout the history. History Asia is the birthplace of 11 major religions, whose written records include Judaism, Hinduism, Taoism, Shintoism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, and the Baha'i Faith. Indian religions Dharmic religions are the\n\nQuestion: Which is the oldest of these religions to be recognised as a identifiable belief system?", "output": "Zoroastrianism"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "at a cost of \u00a329 million. It was the first entirely new outdoor sporting arena built in Great Britain since Wembley in 1923. With a capacity of 25,000, it was twice as large as the second-biggest athletics arena in the country, Crystal Palace. Ponds Forge, named for the former steelworks demolished to make way for it, hosted the watersports events. Sheffield Arena opened in May 1991 as a multi-purpose venue and took on the role of the Gymnastics Hall for the Games. Other venues included the Concord Sports Center in Shiregreen and Hillsborough Stadium. The football tournament was held across Yorkshire; at Huddersfield, Chesterfield, Wakefield, Bradford, Scunthorpe and Stocksbridge, with the final played at Hillsborough. Accommodation Hyde Park flats near Sheffield City Centre were used for accommodation for the athletes during the games. Built in the 1960s, many had been demolished, with those left being specially refurbished for the Games.\n\nArsenal Football Club is an English professional football club based in Holloway, North London. Arsenal compete in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 league titles (including one unbeaten title), a record 14 FA Cups, two League Cups, 17 FA Community Shields, the Football League Centenary Trophy, one European Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. In terms of trophies won, it is the third-most successful club in English football. Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join the Football League in 1893, and they reached the First Division in 1904. Relegated only once, in 1913, they continue the longest streak in the top division, and have won the second-most top-flight matches in English football history. In the 1930s, Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups, and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war.\n\nThe Whitecaps Waterfront Stadium was a proposed open-air soccer facility in Vancouver, British Columbia that would have been privately funded and developed by the Vancouver Whitecaps FC. The proposed location was north of Gastown on the central waterfront on what was then a parking lot and the site of a helicopter landing pad. The proposed stadium would have housed the Vancouver Whitecaps FC men and women's clubs. Proposal The $70-million stadium would have had an initial capacity of 20,000, which would be potentially expandable to 30,000 seats. In addition to Vancouver Whitecaps FC matches, the stadium was intended host international soccer matches, rugby union matches and tournaments, tennis and beach volleyball tournaments, and open-air musical events and concerts such as the Vancouver International Jazz Festival and Vancouver Symphony Orchestra. The stadium would have had close access to many modes of public transportation, including SkyTrain, SeaBus, West Coast Express, and buses.\n\nQuestion: The 'White Horse Bridge' leads to which English sports stadium?", "output": "WEMBLEY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "1920 \u2013 The Latvian\u2013Soviet Peace Treaty, which relinquished Russia's authority and pretenses to Latvia, is signed, ending the Latvian War of Independence. 1929 \u2013 Babe Ruth becomes the first baseball player to hit 500 home runs in his career with a home run at League Park in Cleveland, Ohio. 1934 \u2013 The first civilian prisoners arrive at the Federal prison on Alcatraz Island. 1942 \u2013 Actress Hedy Lamarr and composer George Antheil receive a patent for a Frequency-hopping spread spectrum communication system that later became the basis for modern technologies in wireless telephones, two-way radio communications, and Wi-Fi. 1945 \u2013 Poles in Krak\u00f3w engage in a pogrom against Jews in the city, killing one and wounding five. 1952 \u2013 Hussein bin Talal is proclaimed King of Jordan. 1959 \u2013 Sheremetyevo International Airport, the second-largest airport in Russia, opens. 1960 \u2013 Chad declares independence from France. 1961 \u2013 The former Portuguese\n\nZond 1. 1969 \u2013 LOT Polish Airlines Flight 165 crashes into the Polica mountain near Zawoja, Poland, killing 53. 1972 \u2013 Actor Charlie Chaplin returns to the United States for the first time since being labeled a communist during the Red Scare in the early 1950s. 1973 \u2013 Launch of the LexisNexis computerized legal research service. 1975 \u2013 Vietnam War: Thousands of civilian refugees flee from Qu\u1ea3ng Ng\u00e3i Province in front of advancing North Vietnamese troops. 1976 \u2013 Prince Norodom Sihanouk resigns as leader of Cambodia and is placed under house arrest. 1979 \u2013 A Soviet bio-warfare laboratory at Sverdlovsk accidentally releases airborne anthrax spores, killing 66 plus an unknown amount of livestock. 1980 \u2013 United States President Jimmy Carter signs the Crude Oil Windfall Profits Tax Act. 1982 \u2013 Falklands War: Argentina invades the Falkland Islands. 1986 \u2013 Alabama governor George Wallace, a former segregationist, best known for the\n\nthe crisis lasted for 444 days until January 20, 1981. While some hostages were released earlier, 52 remained in captivity until the end of the crisis. During the takeover, the guards assigned to protect the U.S. Embassy mysteriously disappeared, and the Iranian government did not make any attempts to stop the attack or rescue the hostages. The U.S. attempted to arrange meetings with Iranian authorities to negotiate the release of the hostages, but Ayatollah Khomeini, the leader of the Iranian Revolution, forbade any such meetings. In response to the hostage crisis, the United States severed diplomatic relations with Iran, imposed trade sanctions by halting U.S. exports and oil imports, and froze Iranian assets. Judgments The International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued two significant decisions regarding the Iran hostage crisis: The first decision, an Order of Provisional Measures, was issued on December 15, 1979. This order did not address the merits\n\nQuestion: Name the year: Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi of Iran is booted; the Hood Canal bridge sinks; Jimmy Carter is attacked by the infamous Swamp Rabbit; The Sonics won their only championship; Iran takes 53 members of the US Embassy hostage for 444 days; Star Trek: The Motion Picture is released", "output": "1979"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The River Finn () is a river in the west of Ulster, the northern province in Ireland. The river mainly flows through County Donegal, part of the Republic of Ireland, while a short stretch of the river also partially flows through County Tyrone, part of Northern Ireland. From Lough Finn, the river goes to Ballybofey and Stranorlar before joining the River Mourne at Lifford and Strabane. The Monellan Burn, also known as the Creamery Burn, flows into the River Finn very near a hamlet called The Cross, not far from the former site of Monellan Castle, just outside Killygordon. From Castlefin downstream, the river is tidal, becoming deeper towards Strabane. The Finn is long and together with its tributary the Reelin River, drains a catchment area of 195 square miles. The River Foyle is formed by the confluence of the River Mourne and the River Finn, west of Lifford Bridge.\n\nThe River Tolka (; , \"the flood\"), also once spelled Tolga, is one of Dublin's three main rivers, flowing from County Meath to Fingal within the old County Dublin, and through the north of Dublin city, Ireland (the other main rivers are the Liffey and the Dodder). By flow of water, the Tolka is the second largest river in Dublin, following the Liffey, but runs more slowly than the Dodder. Course and system The Tolka rises east of Dunshaughlin, County Meath, and by-passes Dunboyne, from where it receives the Castle Stream tributary. From Clonee, where it is joined by the Clonee Stream at the eastern end of the village, it flows into County Dublin. The river continues through Damastown and Mulhuddart, Blanchardstown, and Ashtown (southwest of Finglas), and the southern edges of Finglas itself, and then the north Dublin suburban districts of Glasnevin and Drumcondra where it comes closest to\n\nArdclough, officially Ardclogh (; ), is a village and community in the parish of Kill, County Kildare, Ireland. It is two miles (3 km) off the N7 national primary road. It is the burial place and probable birthplace of Arthur Guinness, who is said to have returned to the maternal homestead of the Reads at Huttonread to give birth in the tradition of the time. Location Ardclough is located below two detached foothills of the Wicklow Mountains, Lyons Hill and Oughterard on some of the most fertile soils in Ireland. The River Liffey passes within a one kilometre radius. The main transport arteries to the south and south west of Ireland pass through, the main railway line to Cork and Tralee, the canal to Shannonbridge, and the N7 which passes nearby. While the original townland of Ardclough was situated west of the canal in land that is now inaccessible, and\n\nQuestion: On which river does Limerick stand?", "output": "SHANNON"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "to steeplechases and hurdle races collectively (although, properly speaking, National Hunt racing also includes some flat races). Elsewhere in the world, \"steeplechase\" is used to refer to any race that involves jumping obstacles. The most famous steeplechase in the world is the Grand National run annually at Aintree Racecourse, in Liverpool, since its inception in 1836 (the official race was held three years later), which in 2014 offered a prize fund of \u00a31 million. History The steeplechase originated in Ireland in the 18th century as an analogue to cross-country thoroughbred horse races which went from church steeple to church steeple, hence \"steeplechase\". The first steeplechase is said to have been the result of a wager in 1752 between Cornelius O'Callaghan and Edmund Blake, racing four miles (6.4 km) cross-country from St John's Church in Buttevant to St Mary's Church (Church of Ireland) in Doneraile, in Cork, Ireland. An account of\n\nA steeplechase is a distance horse race in which competitors are required to jump diverse fence and ditch obstacles. Steeplechasing is primarily conducted in Ireland (where it originated), the United Kingdom, Canada, United States, Australia, and France. The name is derived from early races in which orientation of the course was by reference to a church steeple, jumping fences and ditches and generally traversing the many intervening obstacles in the countryside. Modern usage of the term \"steeplechase\" differs between countries. In Ireland and the United Kingdom, it refers only to races run over large, fixed obstacles, in contrast to \"hurdle\" races where the obstacles are much smaller. The collective term \"jump racing\" or \"National Hunt racing\" is used when referring to steeplechases and hurdle races collectively (although, properly speaking, National Hunt racing also includes some flat races). Elsewhere in the world, \"steeplechase\" is used to refer to any race that\n\nThe steeplechase is an obstacle race in athletics which derives its name from the steeplechase in horse racing. The foremost version of the event is the 3000 metres steeplechase. The 2000 metres steeplechase is the next most common distance. In youth athletics a distance of 1000 metres is occasionally used for steeplechase races. History The event originated in Ireland, where horses and riders raced from one town's steeple to the next: the steeples were used as markers due to their visibility over long distances. Along the way, runners inevitably had to jump streams and low stone walls separating estates. The modern athletics event originates from a cross-country steeplechase that formed part of the University of Oxford sports in 1860. It was replaced in 1865 by an event over barriers on a flat field, which became the modern steeplechase. It has been a men's Olympic event since the inception of the\n\nQuestion: The English Grand National Steeplechase is held annually at which race course?", "output": "Aintree"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ruttmann, Berthold Bartosch, and Carl Koch. The story is based on elements from the One Thousand and One Nights written by Hanna Diyab, including \"Aladdin\" and \"The Story of Prince Ahmed and the Fairy Per\u012b-B\u0101n\u016b\". Plot An African sorcerer conjures up a flying horse, which he shows to the Caliph. When the sorcerer refuses to sell it for any amount of gold, the Caliph offers any treasure he has. The sorcerer chooses Dinarsade, the Caliph's daughter, to her great distress. Prince Achmed, Dinarsade's brother, objects, but the sorcerer persuades him to try out the horse. It carries the prince away, higher and higher into the sky, as he does not know how to control it. The Caliph has the sorcerer imprisoned. When Achmed discovers how to make the horse descend, he finds himself in a strange foreign land, a magical island called Wak Wak. He is greeted by a bevy\n\nKulthum, and Harith ibn Hilliza. All of the Mu\u2019allaqats contain stories from the authors\u2019 lives and tribe politics. This is because poetry was used in pre-Islamic time to advertise the strength of a tribe's king, wealth and people. The One Thousand and One Nights ( \u02beAlf layla wa-layla), is a medieval folk tale collection which tells the story of Scheherazade, a Sassanid queen who must relate a series of stories to her malevolent husband, King Shahryar (\u0160ahry\u0101r), to delay her execution. The stories are told over a period of one thousand and one nights, and every night she ends the story with a suspenseful situation, forcing the King to keep her alive for another day. The individual stories were created over several centuries, by many people from a number of different lands. During the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid in the 8th century, Baghdad had become an important\n\nAndrzej Sapkowski (; born 21 June 1948) is a Polish fantasy writer, essayist, translator and a trained economist. He is best known for his six-volume series of books The Witcher, which revolves around the eponymous \"witcher,\" a monster-hunter, Geralt of Rivia. It began with the publication of Sword of Destiny (1992), and was completed with the publication of standalone prequel novel Season of Storms (2013). The saga has been popularized through television, stage, comic books, video games and translated into 37 languages making him the second most-translated Polish science fiction and fantasy writer after Stanis\u0142aw Lem. He was born in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a and initially pursued a career as an economist after graduating from the University of \u0141\u00f3d\u017a. He turned to writing, first as a translator and later as an author of fantasy books, following the success of his first short story The Witcher published in 1986 in the Fantastyka magazine. Described\n\nQuestion: Who is the storyteller in the 'One Thousand and One Nights'?", "output": "Scheherazade"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about west of Lisbon, about northwest of Morocco, and about southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. Its main industries are agriculture, dairy farming, livestock, fishing, and tourism, which has become a major service activity in the region. The government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors. The largest city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada. The culture, dialect, cuisine, and traditions of the Azorean islands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries. There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups.\n\nCape Verde (formally, the Republic of Cabo Verde) is a group of arid Atlantic islands which are home to distinct communities of plants, birds, and reptiles. The islands constitute the unique Cape Verde Islands dry forests ecoregion, according to the World Wildlife Fund. Location and description The Cape Verde Islands are located in the mid-Atlantic Ocean some off the west coast of the continent of Africa. The landscape varies from dry plains to high active volcanoes with cliffs rising steeply from the ocean. The climate is arid. The total size is . The archipelago consists of ten islands and five islets, divided into the windward (Barlavento) and leeward (Sotavento) groups. The six islands in the Barlavento group are Santo Ant\u00e3o, S\u00e3o Vicente, Santa Luzia, S\u00e3o Nicolau, Sal, and Boa Vista. The islands in the Sotavento group are Maio, Santiago, Fogo, and Brava. All but Santa Luzia are inhabited. Three islands\n\nDanes Island () is an island in Norway's Svalbard archipelago in the Arctic Ocean with an area of . It lies just off the northwest coast of Spitsbergen, the largest island in the archipelago, near to Magdalenefjorden. Just to the north lies Amsterdam Island. Most of Svalbard's islands, including Danes Island, are uninhabited; only Spitsbergen, Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya and Hopen have settlements. History In 1631 the Danish established a permanent station in Robbe Bay (Kobbefjorden), which was abandoned in 1658. Another station was established by the Dutch in Houcker Bay (Virgohamna), on the north side of Danes Island in the 1630s. It was called the \"Cookery of Harlingen.\" The remains of this station were seen by Friderich Martens in 1671. The island is the location from which S. A. Andr\u00e9e's Arctic balloon expedition of 1897 started. Andr\u00e9e's hydrogen balloon crashed on the pack ice three days after its launch from Danes Island,\n\nQuestion: In which ocean is the island of Madeira?", "output": "Atlantic"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Word may refer to: Christian faith Logos (Christianity), a name and title for Jesus Christ The Bible, a collection of sacred texts central to Christianity The Word Bible Software, a Bible study software Media The Word (novel), a 1972 novel by Irving Wallace, and a 1978 TV miniseries adaptation The Word (radio programme), a BBC World Service book programme The Word (TV series), a British series \"The Word\" (The Handmaid's Tale), a television episode \"The Words\" (The Amazing World of Gumball), a television episode The W\u00f8rd, a recurring segment on The Colbert Report TV series The Word (UK magazine), a music magazine The Word (free love), a 19th-century anarchist free love magazine edited by Ezra and Angela Heywood The Words (book), a 1963 autobiography by Jean-Paul Sartre The Word Network Film The Word (1943 film), a 1943 Swedish drama film The Word (1953 film), a 1953 documentary film The\n\nlike Malayalam, and in Semitic languages (such as Arabic). Some Balto-Finnic languages, such as Finnish, have two cases for objects, the accusative and the partitive case. In morphosyntactic alignment terms, both do the accusative function, but the accusative object is telic, while the partitive is not. Modern English almost entirely lacks declension in its nouns; pronouns, however, have an understood case usage, as in them, her, him and whom, which merges the accusative and dative functions, and originates in old Germanic dative forms (see Declension in English). Example In the sentence The man sees the dog, the dog is the direct object of the verb \"to see\". In English, which has mostly lost grammatical cases, the definite article and noun \u2013 \"the dog\" \u2013 remain the same noun form without number agreement in the noun either as subject or object, though an artifact of it is in the verb and\n\n\u2013 \"the dog\" \u2013 remain the same noun form without number agreement in the noun either as subject or object, though an artifact of it is in the verb and has number agreement, which changes to \"sees\". One can also correctly use \"the dog\" as the subject of a sentence: \"The dog sees the cat.\" In a declined language, the morphology of the article or noun changes with gender agreement. For example, in German, \"the dog\" is . This is the form in the nominative case, used for the subject of a sentence. If this article/noun pair is used as the object of a verb, it (usually) changes to the accusative case, which entails an article shift in German \u2013 (The man sees the dog). In German, masculine nouns change their definite article from to in the accusative case. In Nepali, \"Rama sees Shyama.\" Would be translated as \"Rama-le Shyama-lai\n\nQuestion: \"The word \"\"the\"\" is what part of speech?\"", "output": "Definite article"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Billy Aronson is an American playwright and writer, who originated the concept of the rock opera Rent, which was based on Puccini's opera La boh\u00e8me. Early life He attended Lower Merion High School and Princeton University. Rent and other plays In 1988, as a playwright he wanted to create \"a musical based on Puccini's La Boh\u00e8me, in which the luscious splendor of Puccini's world would be replaced with the coarseness and noise of modern New York.\" Although in 1989 he began a collaboration with Jonathan Larson, he provided additional lyrics for Rent, and wrote almost all of the number, \"Santa Fe\". In addition to Rent, he has written many one act plays such as Of Two Minds, Guilt, Night Rules, and In the Middle of the Night, which was performed as part of the Ensemble Studio Theatre's 2011 Marathon. Other plays by Aronson include Light Years and The News. He\n\nArlecchino, oder Die Fenster (Harlequin, or The Windows, is a one-act opera with spoken dialog by Ferruccio Busoni, with a libretto in German, composed in 1913. He completed the music for the opera while living in Zurich in 1916. It is a number opera written in neo-classical style and includes ironic allusions to operatic conventions and situations typical of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It even includes a parody of a duel. Performance history The premiere performance was on 11 May 1917 at the Stadttheater, Z\u00fcrich. Busoni's two-act opera Turandot was also performed on the program as part of a double-bill. The first British staged performance of Arlecchino was in 1954 at Glyndebourne. However, Edward Clark had produced a concert version in London in 1939, using an English translation by Edward Dent. It was conducted by Hyam Greenbaum on 12 February 1939 and televised by the BBC. Background\n\nTorre del Lago (Tower of the Lake) is a town of almost 11,000 inhabitants, a frazione of the comune of Viareggio, in the province of Lucca, Tuscany, Italy, between the Lake of Massaciuccoli and the Tyrrhenian Sea. The Festival Puccini, an annual opera festival which attracts around 40,000 attendees, is held in its open-air theatre, a short distance from Villa Puccini where the opera composer Giacomo Puccini lived and worked. He is buried in a small chapel inside the Villa. The area of the village on the sea (Marina di Torre del Lago) is well known for being an important gay and gay-friendly summer resort of national and international appeal. It is served by Torre del Lago Puccini railway station. See also List of opera festivals References External links Gayfriendly Versilia Puccini Festival website Gay villages in Italy Frazioni of the Province of Lucca Viareggio Giacomo Puccini\n\nQuestion: The rock musical 'Rent' is based on which Puccini opera?", "output": "La Boheme"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "political turmoil for the Soviets in the Middle East, centered around the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The new Khomeini regime in Iran at first tolerated the Soviets and Iranian leftist groups, but grew increasingly hostile. In Afghanistan, the Soviet Union supported the ruling Marxist-Leninist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan and its efforts to radically reform the country, which prompted widespread revolt. Soviet leadership and the KGB decided to assassinate and replace PDPA leader Hafizullah Amin with a more moderate option. Against the recommendation of the KGB, Brezhnev initiated for a full-scale invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. On 1 January 1980, Kuzichkin was present when a group of civilians rushed the Soviet embassy in Tehran, apparently in response to the invasion of Afghanistan. They were repelled by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard, but leadership at the embassy ordered the destruction of all secret documents and equipment.\n\nof German occupation in the context of contemporary Belarus, regarded as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR), a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in the 1941 borders as a whole. Polish historiography insists on special, even separate treatment for the East Lands of the Poland in the 1921 borders (alias \"Kresy Wschodnie\" alias West Belarus), which were incorporated into the BSSR after the Soviet invaded Poland on 17 September 1939. More than 100,000 people of different ethnic backgrounds, mostly Poles and Jews in West Belarus, were imprisoned, executed or transported to the eastern USSR by Soviet authorities before the German invasion. The NKVD (Soviet secret police) killed more than 1,000 prisoners in June and July 1941, for example, in Chervyen. Invasion After twenty months of Soviet rule in Western Belarus and Western Ukraine, Nazi Germany and its Axis allies invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. Eastern Belarus\n\nThe Cold War (1962\u20131979) refers to the phase within the Cold War that spanned the period between the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis in late October 1962, through the d\u00e9tente period beginning in 1969, to the end of d\u00e9tente in the late 1970s. The United States maintained its Cold War engagement with the Soviet Union during the period, despite internal preoccupations with the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the Civil Rights Movement and the opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1968, Eastern Bloc member Czechoslovakia attempted the reforms of the Prague Spring and was subsequently invaded by the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact members, who reinstated the Soviet model. By 1973, the US had withdrawn from the Vietnam War. While communists gained power in some South East Asian countries, they were divided by the Sino-Soviet Split, with China moving closer to the Western camp,\n\nQuestion: What country did the Soviet Union invade in 1979?", "output": "Afghanistan"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Music for Pleasure (or MFP) and Classics for Pleasure (CFP) were British record labels that issued budget-priced albums of popular and classical music respectively. Albums were subsequently released under the MFP label in Australia (MFP-A) and South Africa. MFP was set up in 1965 as a joint venture between EMI, which provided the source material, and the publisher Paul Hamlyn, which handled distribution in so-called non-traditional outlets, such as W.H. Smith, the booksellers. The MFP catalogue consisted of both original material and reissues of existing EMI recordings, including records by \"name\" artists such as Kenny Rogers, the Beach Boys, Blondie, Pink Floyd, Jimi Hendrix, the Animals and the Beatles. Original material included studio recordings of successful West End musicals, the first of which were recorded secretly for EMI by the young independent producer David Gooch (later producing Alma Cogan and Vera Lynn) who was given carte blanche to select three\n\nFog on the Tyne is a 1971 album by English rock band Lindisfarne. Bob Johnston produced the album, which was recorded at Trident Studios in Soho, London, in the mid-1971 and released in October that year on Charisma Records in the United Kingdom and Elektra Records in the U.S.. It gave the group their breakthrough in the UK, topping the album charts early in 1972 for four weeks and remaining on the chart for 56 weeks in total. \"Meet Me on the Corner\", one of two songs written by bassist Rod Clements, reached No. 5 as a single. The title track became the band's signature tune. Simon Cowe made his debut as a writer, contributing the song \"Uncle Sam\". Both tracks on the B-side of \"Meet Me on the Corner\", \"Scotch Mist\" (an instrumental), and \"No Time To Lose\", appeared as bonus tracks when the album was reissued on CD.\n\nand Smith agreed to accept the latter group and reject the Beatles, partly because the Tremeloes were based closer to London and would be easier to work with. However, the Beatles went on to land a recording contract with EMI/Parlophone and become the biggest selling and most influential band of all time. Rowe subsequently signed several Liverpool bands and musicians to Decca, including Beryl Marsden and The Big Three. On George Harrison's recommendation, he also signed The Rolling Stones. In the 1960s, he remained one of the most important producers and record executives in the United Kingdom, and signed Them (featuring Van Morrison), the Moody Blues, the Zombies, John Mayall's Bluesbreakers, Tom Jones, the Small Faces, the Marmalade, the Animals, Cat Stevens, Procol Harum, Kathy Kirby, and Gilbert O Sullivan amongst others. Rowe retired in 1975, and died as a result of diabetes in 1986 at the age of 64.\n\nQuestion: In 1975, which British band became the first to receive royalties for record sales in the USSR?", "output": "ROLLING STONES"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "James Stewart, Duke of Ross (March 1476 \u2013 January 1504) was a Scottish prince, and the second son of King James III of Scotland and his wife, Margaret of Denmark. James was heir presumptive to his brother until his death, and was Archbishop of St Andrews and Lord Chancellor of Scotland. Life He was made Marquess of Ormond at his baptism. He was created Earl of Ross in 1481 after that title was forfeited to the crown by John, Lord of the Isles. Of his father's three sons, James of Ross was the favourite. James III even tried to marry him to Edward IV's daughter, Catherine of York. This increasing preference shown to James of Ross was a factor in the rebellion of his elder brother (the future James IV) against their father; and later, as king, James IV was suspicious of his brother's loyalty. Nonetheless, when the elder James\n\nAlexander I (medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Ma\u00edl Coluim; modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim; c. 1078 \u2013 23 April 1124), posthumously nicknamed The Fierce, was the King of Scotland from 1107 to his death. He succeeded his brother, King Edgar, and his successor was his brother David. He was married to Sybilla of Normandy, an illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England. Life Alexander was the fifth (some sources say fourth) son of Malcolm III and his wife Margaret of Wessex, grandniece of Edward the Confessor. Alexander was named after Pope Alexander II. He was the younger brother of King Edgar, who was unmarried, and his brother's heir presumptive by 1104 (and perhaps earlier). In that year, he was the senior layman present at the examination of the remains of Saint Cuthbert at Durham prior to their re-interment. He held lands in Scotland north of the Forth and in Lothian.\n\nStewart of Darnley, also known as the Lennox Stewarts, were a notable Scots family, a branch of the Clan Stewart, who provided the English Stuart monarchs with their male-line Stuart descent, after the reunion of their branch with the royal Scottish branch. In 1565 the Darnley branch was re-united with the Royal House of Stewart when Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley married his half-first cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots. Despite what their common surname suggests, they were not related closely by virtue of both being Stewarts \u2014 being only ninth cousins once removed in the male line. It was rather through their shared grandmother, Margaret Tudor (daughter of King Henry VII of England) that they were related, and which gave both their claims to the English throne. The son of their union James VI of Scots succeeded to the throne of England and the throne of Ireland as James I. Lord\n\nQuestion: What was the first name of Henry VIII\u2019s elder sister, who married James IV of Scotland?", "output": "MARGARET"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, (21 December 1804 \u2013 19 April 1881) was a British statesman, Conservative politician and writer who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies and its broad outreach. Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs, his political battles with the Liberal Party leader William Ewart Gladstone, and his one-nation conservatism or \"Tory democracy\". He made the Conservatives the party most identified with the British Empire and military action to expand it, both of which were popular among British voters. He is the only British prime minister to have been born Jewish. He was also a novelist, publishing works of fiction even as prime minister. Disraeli was born in Bloomsbury, then a part of Middlesex. His father left Judaism after a dispute at his synagogue;\n\nThe British National Party (BNP) is a far-right, British fascist political party in the United Kingdom. It is headquartered in Wigton, Cumbria, and is led by Adam Walker. A minor party, it has no elected representatives at any level of UK government. The party was founded in 1982, and reached its greatest level of success in the 2000s, when it had over fifty seats in local government, one seat on the London Assembly, and two Members of the European Parliament. Taking its name from that of a defunct 1960s far-right party, the BNP was created by John Tyndall and other former members of the fascist National Front (NF). During the 1980s and 1990s, the BNP placed little emphasis on contesting elections, in which it did poorly. Instead, it focused on street marches and rallies, creating the Combat 18 paramilitary\u2014its name a coded reference to Nazi German leader Adolf Hitler\u2014to protect\n\nA rump party is a political party that is formed by the remaining body of supporters and leaders who do not support a breakaway group who merge with or form another new party. The rump party can have the name of the original party, or a new name. Examples: The pro-protectionism Conservative Party in the UK after the breakaway of the free trade Peelite faction in 1846 over the repeal of the corn laws. Conservative Party of British Columbia United Labour Party in New Zealand which had a remnant made up of moderates who did not join the new, more radical, Social Democratic Party. Liberal Party (UK, 1989) Centre Party (Germany) National Party (South Africa) under leadership of DF Malan after formation of the United Party. New National Party (South Africa), the new name of what remained of National Party under the leadership of FW de Klerk and Marthinus van\n\nQuestion: What British political party is also known as the Tories?", "output": "The Conservative Party"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Indoor netball is a variation of netball, played exclusively indoors, in which the playing court is surrounded on each side and overhead by a net. The net prevents the ball from leaving the court, reducing the number of playing stoppages. This gives indoor netball a faster pace than netball. There are two main types of indoor netball, \"6-a-side\" and \"7-a-side\". Indoor netball has a larger focus towards mixed-gender matches than netball does, although ladies' games, and to a smaller extent men's games, are ever-present. While the sport does not have as large a following as netball does, its popularity is growing in countries such as England, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. The sport is administered at an international level by the World Indoor Netball Association (WINA) Overview The rules of indoor netball are similar to that of netball, with two teams aiming to score as many goals as possible.\n\nThe 2011 World Netball Championships was the 13th edition of the INF Netball World Cup, a quadrennial premier event in international netball. It was held in Singapore from 3\u201310 July. All 48 matches were played at the Singapore Indoor Stadium. Singapore was chosen as the host nation at the 2007 IFNA Congress in Auckland. Sixteen nations contested the week-long tournament. Ten nations gained selection for the World Championships in five regional qualifying tournaments held from 2010 to 2011; the top five national teams from the 2007 tournament also qualified, along with host nation Singapore. The teams were divided into four pools, in which teams played every other team once. The two highest teams in each pool progressed to the quarter-finals, while the remaining teams played in classification matches to determine the 9th\u201316th placings. Among the eight nations to qualify for the quarter-finals, Northern Ireland debuted entering in the finals stages.\n\nNetball at the Commonwealth Games was first played in 1990 as a demonstration sport. It has been an official Commonwealth Games sport since 1998. Together with the Netball World Cup, the Commonwealth Games netball tournament is one of the two major tournaments in international netball. All the major netball playing nations are members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Australia have been the tournament's most successful team, winning four gold medals. New Zealand have won two gold medals. Between 1998 and 2014, Australia and New Zealand contested every final and won every gold and silver medal between them. In 2018, England became only the third team to both reach the final and win the gold medal. History Tournaments In 1990, Australia defeated New Zealand in a one-off match when netball was a demonstration sport. In 1998, Jill McIntosh guided Australia to the inaugural Commonwealth title after they defeated New Zealand 42\u201339\n\nQuestion: Which team won the inaugural Fast5 World Netball Series, first contested in October 2009, which had modified rules (and was compared to Twenty20 cricket and rugby sevens)?", "output": "New Zealand"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ajax () or Aias (; , A\u00edantos; archaic ) is a Greek mythological hero, the son of King Telamon and Periboea, and the half-brother of Teucer. He plays an important role in the Trojan War, and is portrayed as a towering figure and a warrior of great courage in Homer's Iliad and in the Epic Cycle, a series of epic poems about the Trojan War, being second only to Achilles among Greek heroes of the war. He is also referred to as \"Telamonian Ajax\" (, in Etruscan recorded as Aivas Tlamunus), \"Greater Ajax\", or \"Ajax the Great\", which distinguishes him from Ajax, son of Oileus, also known as Ajax the Lesser. Family Ajax is the son of Telamon, who was the son of Aeacus and grandson of Zeus, and his first wife Periboea. Through his uncle Peleus (Telamon's brother), he is the cousin of Achilles, and is the elder half-brother\n\nIn Greek mythology, Perses (; ) is the brother of Ae\u00ebtes, Aloeus, Circe and Pasipha\u00eb, which makes him a son of Helios, the god of the sun, by Perse, an Oceanid nymph. Etymology His name is derived from the Ancient Greek word perth\u014d ( \u2013 \"to sack\", \"to ravage\", \"to destroy\"). Mythology Perses' brother Ae\u00ebtes had been warned by an oracle that great peril would come to him if the golden fleece was ever removed from Colchis. Indeed, after Medea helped Jason steal the fleece, Perses usurped the throne of Colchis from his brother, but was subsequently slain by Medea, his paternal niece, who restored her father to the throne,<ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus, Bibliotheca 1.9.28</ref> as an oracle had once predicted that he would be slain by his own kin. One tale goes that after Perses seized power, Medea's son by either Aegeus or Jason, Medus, arrived in Colchis and was imprisoned immediately,\n\nIn Greek mythology, Perses (; ) is the son of the Titan Crius and Eurybia, and thus brother to Astraeus and Pallas. Ancient tradition records very little of Perses other than his marriage and offspring, his role largely being purely genealogical, existing merely to provide a parentage for other, more important figures. Etymology His name is derived from the Ancient Greek word perth\u014d ( \u2013 \"to sack\", \"to ravage\", \"to destroy\"). Mythology Hesiod describes Perses as \"eminent among all men in wisdom.\" He was wed to Asteria, the daughter of Phoebe and Coeus, with whom he had one child, Hecate, honoured by Zeus above all others as the goddess of magic, crossroads, and witchcraft. He might be the Perses that is the father of Chariclo, the wife of Chiron, in some versions. He was confused with another Perses (the son of the sun god Helios and Perse), who was made\n\nQuestion: In Greek Mythology which god was the brother of Artemis?", "output": "Apollo"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A triduum (; ) is a religious observance that lasts three days. Major tridua The best-known and most significant example today is the liturgical Paschal Triduum (the three days from the evening of Maundy Thursday to Easter Sunday). Other liturgical tridua celebrated in Western Christianity include the Rogation Days preceding Ascension Thursday, the feasts of Christmas and Pentecost together with the first two days of their octave, and Allhallowtide that lasts from Halloween to All Souls Day. In Eastern Christianity (both Orthodox and Catholic) the analogues of festive tridua take the form of a major feasts followed by an associated Synaxis. The most publicly celebrated examples are the feast of Epiphany together with its eve and the following day dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, and the Nativity feast with Christmas Eve and the Synaxis of Theotokos. Ecclesiastical approval has been granted for tridua in honour of the Trinity, the\n\nAll Souls' Day, also called The Commemoration of All the Faithful Departed, is a day of prayer and remembrance for the faithful departed, observed by certain Christian denominations on 2 November. Through prayer, intercessions, alms and visits to cemeteries, people commemorate the poor souls in purgatory and gain them indulgences. In Western Christianity, including Roman Catholicism and certain parts of Lutheranism and Anglicanism, All Souls' Day is the third day of Allhallowtide, after All Saints' Day (1 November) and All Hallows' Eve (October 31). Before the standardization of Western Christian observance on 2 November by St. Odilo of Cluny in the 10th century, many Catholic congregations celebrated All Souls Day on various dates during the Easter season as it is still observed in some Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Catholic and Eastern Lutheran churches. Churches of the East Syriac Rite (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church, Chaldean Catholic Church, Assyrian Church of the East,\n\nWhit Tuesday (syn. Whittuesday, Whitsun Tuesday) is the Christian holiday celebrated the day after Pentecost Monday, the third day of the week beginning on Pentecost. Pentecost is a movable feast in the Christian calendar dependent upon the date of Easter. \"Whit\" relates either to the white robes worn by those baptized on Pentecost, or to the French word \"huit,\" since Pentecost is the eighth Sunday after Easter. Observance It was a holiday in the Lutheran Church in Germany at Bach's time, where all major holidays were celebrated for three days. Bach and others composed cantata music for the occasion. It used to be a public holiday in Denmark and Sweden. In Denmark it was abolished 26 October 1770, and in Sweden 4 November 1772, both places as part of larger reductions of the number of holidays. The Dancing procession of Echternach takes place on Pentecost Tuesday. In the 19th century,\n\nQuestion: What religious holiday immediately follows Halloween?", "output": "All Saints day"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Caesium (IUPAC spelling; cesium in American English) is a chemical element with the symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-golden alkali metal with a melting point of , which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature. Caesium has physical and chemical properties similar to those of rubidium and potassium. It is pyrophoric and reacts with water even at . It is the least electronegative element, with a value of 0.79 on the Pauling scale. It has only one stable isotope, caesium-133. Caesium is mined mostly from pollucite. Caesium-137, a fission product, is extracted from waste produced by nuclear reactors. It has the largest atomic radius of all elements whose radii have been measured or calculated, at about 260 picometers. The German chemist Robert Bunsen and physicist Gustav Kirchhoff discovered caesium in 1860 by the newly developed method\n\nCarbon () is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number 6. It is nonmetallic and tetravalent\u2014its atom making four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds. It belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Carbon makes up about 0.025 percent of Earth's crust. Three isotopes occur naturally, C and C being stable, while C is a radionuclide, decaying with a half-life of about 5,730 years. Carbon is one of the few elements known since antiquity. Carbon is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust, and the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Carbon's abundance, its unique diversity of organic compounds, and its unusual ability to form polymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth, enables this element to serve as a common element of all known life. It is the second most abundant element in the\n\nBarium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity, barium is never found in nature as a free element. The most common minerals of barium are baryte (barium sulfate, BaSO4) and witherite (barium carbonate, BaCO3). The name barium originates from the alchemical derivative \"baryta\", from Greek (), meaning 'heavy'. Baric is the adjectival form of barium. Barium was identified as a new element in 1772, but not reduced to a metal until 1808 with the advent of electrolysis. Barium has few industrial applications. Historically, it was used as a getter for vacuum tubes and in oxide form as the emissive coating on indirectly heated cathodes. It is a component of YBCO (high-temperature superconductors) and electroceramics, and is added to steel and cast iron to\n\nQuestion: Which element has the atomic number 55 and the chemical symbol Cs?", "output": "Caesium"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Seleucia (, also transliterated as Seleuceia, Seleukeia, Seleukheia; formerly Coche or Mahoza, also Veh Ardashir) was an ancient city near the Euphrates river and across the Tigris from the better-known Seleucia on the Tigris, in Sittacene, Mesopotamia. The editors of the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World place the city at Sliq Kharawta in central Iraq. References Richard Talbert, Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, (), p. 91. Ardashir I External links Seleucid colonies Sittacene Former populated places in Iraq\n\nThe Murat River, also called Eastern Euphrates (, , ), is a major source of the Euphrates River. The Ancient Greeks and Romans used to call the river Arsanias (). It originates near Mount Ararat north of Lake Van, in Eastern Turkey, and flows westward for through mountainous area. Before the construction of the Keban Dam, the Murat River joined the Karasu River or Western Euphrates north of the dam site and north of the town of Keban. In Mu\u015f Province, the river is interrupted near Mount G\u00f6ztepe by the Alpaslan-1 Dam, which was completed in 2009. The Alpaslan-2 Dam was completed in 2021 and is located downstream of Alpaslan-1. The river merges into the reservoir of the Keban Dam, at one time Turkey's largest dam, which was completed in 1974 and provides electrical power. In Bing\u00f6l and Elaz\u0131\u011f provinces, Kalehan Energy has four dams planned for the river: from\n\nApamea or Apameia () was an ancient city \u2013 and possibly two ancient cities lying close together \u2013 of Mesopotamia mentioned by Stephanus of Byzantium and Pliny as situated near the Tigris near the confluence of the Euphrates, the precise location of which is still uncertain, but it lies in modern-day Iraq. Stephanus (s. v. Apameia) describes Apamea as in the territory of Mesene, and surrounded by the Tigris, at which place, that is Apamea, or it may mean, in which country, Mesene, the Tigris is divided; on the right part there flows round a river Sellas, and on the left the Tigris, having the same name with the large one. It does not appear what writer he is copying; but it may be Arrian. Pliny says of the Tigris, that around Apamea, a town of Mesene, on this side of the Babylonian Seleucia, 125 miles, the Tigris being divided\n\nQuestion: Name the ancient civilised region bordered by the two rivers, Tigris and Euphrates?", "output": "Mesopotamia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A chemist (from Greek ch\u0113m(\u00eda) alchemy; replacing chymist from Medieval Latin alchemist) is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, chemical reaction rates, and other chemical properties. In Commonwealth English, pharmacists are often called chemists. Chemists use their knowledge to learn the composition and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes. Chemists may specialize in any number of subdisciplines of chemistry. Materials scientists and metallurgists share much of the same education and skills with chemists. The work of chemists is often related to the work of chemical engineers, who are primarily concerned with the\n\nIn chemistry, the Biuret test (IPA: , ), also known as Piotrowski's test, is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of at least two peptide bonds in a molecule. In the presence of peptides, a copper(II) ion forms mauve-colored coordination complexes in an alkaline solution. The reaction was first observed in 1833; In Poland, the biuret test is also known as Piotrowski's test in honor of the Polish physiologist who independently rediscovered it in 1857. Several variants on the test have been developed, such as the BCA test and the Modified Lowry test. The biuret reaction can be used to assess the concentration of proteins because peptide bonds occur with the same frequency per amino acid in the peptide. The intensity of the color, and hence the absorption at 540 nm, is directly proportional to the protein concentration, according to the Beer\u2013Lambert law. Despite its name, the reagent\n\nChemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a physical science under natural sciences that covers the elements that make up matter to the compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances. Chemistry also addresses the nature of chemical bonds in chemical compounds. In the scope of its subject, chemistry occupies an intermediate position between physics and biology. It is sometimes called the central science because it provides a foundation for understanding both basic and applied scientific disciplines at a fundamental level. For example, chemistry explains aspects of plant growth (botany), the formation of igneous rocks (geology), how atmospheric ozone is formed and how environmental pollutants are degraded (ecology), the properties of the soil on the moon (cosmochemistry), how medications work (pharmacology), and how to collect DNA evidence at\n\nQuestion: In science, what is the name given to a substance with characteristic reactions used as a chemical test?", "output": "REAGENT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "in one of only two mausoleums in Arlington, the other being that of Lieutenant General Nelson Appleton Miles in Section 3. External links 1833 births 1908 deaths Burials at Arlington National Cemetery People from Montgomery County, Ohio People of Ohio in the American Civil War United States Army generals United States Military Academy alumni Union Army officers\n\nAlexandria National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the city of Pineville, in Rapides Parish, Louisiana. It occupies approximately , and is site to over 10,000 interments as of the end of 2020. History In 1867, an plot was appropriated from a local resident to establish the Alexandria National Cemetery. It was originally intended as a place to bury Union soldiers who died in the area during the Civil War, but later, remains from Mount Pleasant, Cheneyville, Yellow Bayou, and Fort Brown, Texas, were re-interred in Alexandria. Of approximately 1378 Civil War burials, 507 are known and 871 are unknown. Alexandria National Cemetery was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. Notable burials Sputnik Monroe (1928\u20132006), professional wrestler Patsy Flaherty (1876-1968), professional baseball player US Representative Gillis William Long (1923\u20131985) Major Jacob Brown (1778\u20131846), for whom Fort Brown, Texas is named John J. Williams\n\nAlexandria National Cemetery is the name of two US National Cemeteries: Alexandria National Cemetery (Alexandria, Virginia), in Virginia Alexandria National Cemetery (Alexandria, Louisiana), in Louisiana, listed on the NRHP\n\nQuestion: In which US state will you find Arlington, the national cemetery?", "output": "Virginia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In Nordic mythology, Asgard (Old Norse: \u00c1sgar\u00f0r ; \"enclosure of the \u00c6sir\") is a location associated with the gods. It appears in a multitude of Old Norse sagas and mythological texts. It is described as the fortified home of the \u00c6sir gods, often associated with gold imagery. Many of the best-known Nordic gods are \u00c6sir or live in Asgard such as Odin, Thor, Loki, and Baldr. Etymology The word \u00c1sgar\u00f0r is a compound formed from (\"god\") and (\"enclosure\"). Possible anglicisations include: \u00c1sgarthr, \u00c1sgard, \u00c1segard, \u00c1sgardr, Asgardr, \u00c1sgarth, Asgarth, Esageard, and \u00c1sgardhr. Attestations The Poetic Edda Asgard is named twice in Eddic poetry. The first case is in Hymiskvi\u00f0a, when Thor and T\u00fdr journey from Asgard to Hymir's hall to obtain a cauldron large enough to brew beer for a feast for \u00c6gir and the gods. The second instance is in \u00derymskvi\u00f0a when Loki is attempting to convince Thor to dress\n\nBaldr (Old Norse: ; also Balder, Baldur) is a god in Germanic mythology. In Norse mythology, he is a son of the god Odin and the goddess Frigg, and has numerous brothers, such as Thor and V\u00e1li. In wider Germanic mythology, the god was known in Old English as , and in Old High German as , all ultimately stemming from the Proto-Germanic theonym ('hero' or 'prince'). During the 12th century, Danish accounts by Saxo Grammaticus and other Danish Latin chroniclers recorded a euhemerized account of his story. Compiled in Iceland during the 13th century, but based on older Old Norse poetry, the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda contain numerous references to the death of Baldr as both a great tragedy to the \u00c6sir and a harbinger of Ragnar\u00f6k. According to Gylfaginning, a book of Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda, Baldr's wife is Nanna and their son is Forseti. Baldr\n\nIn Norse mythology, \u00der\u00fa\u00f0vangr (plural: \u00der\u00fa\u00f0vangar; Old Norse: , \"power-field\", sometimes anglicized as Thrudvang or Thruthvang) is a field where the god Thor resides. The field is attested in the Prose Edda and in Heimskringla, both written by Snorri Sturluson in the 13th century. In the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning, the enthroned figure of High tells Gangleri (King Gylfi in disguise) about the god Thor. Among other details, High mentions that Thor's realm is \u00der\u00fa\u00f0vangr and that Thor owns the hall Bilsk\u00edrnir, the largest of all buildings ever erected. Further in Gylfaginning, High mentions that Thor returned to \u00der\u00fa\u00f0vangr after \u00datgar\u00f0a-Loki's fortress disappeared. In the Prose Edda book Sk\u00e1ldskaparm\u00e1l, Thor's battle with Hrungnir is recounted. The narration details that, after defeating Hrungnir and left with a whetstone lodged in his head, Thor returned to \u00der\u00fa\u00f0vangr, where the v\u00f6lva Gr\u00f3a unsuccessfully attempted to remove the stone. In the Heimskringla book Ynglinga\n\nQuestion: Who is the god of mischief and destruction in Norse myth?", "output": "Loki"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chad (; ), officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It borders Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the \"Dead Heart of Africa\". Prehistory The territory now known as Chad possesses some of the richest archaeological sites in Africa. A hominid skull was found by Michel Brunet, that is more than 7 million years old, the oldest discovered anywhere in the world; it has been given the name Sahelanthropus tchadensis. In 1996 Michel Brunet had unearthed a hominid jaw which he named Australopithecus bahrelghazali, and unofficially dubbed Abel. It was dated using Beryllium based Radiometric dating as living circa. 3.6 million years ago. During the 7th\n\nChad ( ), officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the southwest, Nigeria to the southwest (at Lake Chad), and Niger to the west. Chad has a population of 16 million, of which 1.6 million live in the capital and largest city of N'Djamena. Chad has several regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the second-largest wetland in Africa. Chad's official languages are Arabic and French. It is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Islam (55.1%) and Christianity (41.1%) are the main religions practiced in Chad. Beginning in the 7th\n\nThe Battle of Adwa (; ; , also spelled Adowa) was the climactic battle of the First Italo-Ethiopian War. The Ethiopian forces defeated the Italian invading force on Sunday 1 March 1896, near the town of Adwa. The decisive victory thwarted the campaign of the Kingdom of Italy to expand its colonial empire in the Horn of Africa. By the end of the 19th century, European powers had carved up almost all of Africa after the Berlin Conference; only Ethiopia and Liberia still maintained their independence. Adwa became a pre-eminent symbol of pan-Africanism and secured Ethiopian sovereignty until the Second Italo-Ethiopian War forty years later. Background In 1889, the Italians signed the Treaty of Wuchale with the then King Menelik of Shewa. The treaty, signed after the Italian occupation of Eritrea, recognized Italy's claim over the coastal colony. In it, Italy also promised to provide financial assistance and military supplies.\n\nQuestion: In which modem day African country was Roman Emperor Septimius Severus born?", "output": "Libya"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Slieve Binnian () is one of the Mourne Mountains in County Down, Northern Ireland, 9 km north of Kilkeel. It is the third-highest mountain in Northern Ireland at . The summit is broad and flat with rocky tors at the north and south ends, with the Back Castles, impressive towers of granite, in between. To the south-west is Wee Binnian () (460m). It lies east of Silent Valley Reservoir and west of the Annalong Valley. The Mourne Wall also crosses over Slieve Binnian. The mountain is in the townland of Brackenagh East Upper (379 acres), the civil parish of Kilkeel and the historic barony of Mourne. Places of interest Overlooking Annalong Wood on the eastern slopes of Slieve Binnian is the disused quarry of Douglas Crag. What appears to be the remains of an abandoned quarrying village lies on the south eastern slopes of Slieve Binnan. Ruins of rock huts\n\nKippure () at , is the 56th-highest peak in Ireland on the Arderin scale, and the 72nd-highest peak on the Vandeleur-Lynam scale. Kippure is situated in the far northern sector of the Wicklow Mountains, where it lies on the border of the counties of Dublin and Wicklow in Ireland. Kippure is the County Top for Dublin, and its height and positioning over Dublin city have made its summit an important site for transmission masts, which are highly visible from a distance. Kippure's slopes feed into the Liffey Head Bog which forms the source of the River Liffey. The summit can be easily accessed from the east via a path that lies off the R115 (also called the \"Military Road\") road along the route to the Sally Gap. Naming According to Irish academic Paul Tempan, \"Kippure\" is simply a \"transliteration of a pronunciation collected locally, but without any clear meaning\". Tempan\n\nAttical or Atticall () is a small village and townland (of 396 acres) in the Mourne Mountains of County Down, Northern Ireland. It is situated in the civil parish of Kilkeel and the historic barony of Mourne. In the 2001 Census it had a population of 153 people. It lies within the Newry and Mourne District Council area. The village has a Catholic maintained primary school, called Holy Cross, for 4\u201311 year olds. There are a Roman Catholic church, a shop and a Gaelic football club. The Cnocnafeola Cultural and Residential Centre offers accommodation for trekkers and visitors to the Mournes. The village is also home to the Holy Cross Accordion Band, which has won All Ireland Fleadh Cheoil na h\u00c9ireann competitions on six occasions: 2010, 2011, 2014, 2016, 2017 and 2018. They were also crowned All Ireland Junior Fleadh Cheoil na h\u00c9ireann champions in 2016. Geography At the end\n\nQuestion: In which Northern Ireland county are the Mourne Mountains, which contain the highest NI peak Slieve Donard?", "output": "Co. Down"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Ashbury Carriage and Iron Company Limited was a manufacturer of railway rolling stock founded by John Ashbury in 1837 in Commercial Street, Knott Mill in Manchester, England, near the original terminus of the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway. It moved to Ashton Old Road, Openshaw in 1841 and became a limited company in 1862 as The Ashbury Railway Carriage and Iron Company. After the founder's death in 1866, the company was owned by his son, James Lloyd Ashbury. In 1898 the works covered about and employed about 1,700. Later history In 1902 the business was transferred to Saltley in Birmingham when it merged with Ashbury, Brown and Marshalls. This was absorbed into the Metropolitan Amalgamated Railway Carriage & Wagon Company, which later became the Metropolitan-Cammell Carriage & Wagon Co. Examples of its rolling stock survive to this day on preserved railways all over the world. The company name was\n\nin England. They were on common land, separated from local communities. The drovers had a licence to travel, granted by Elizabeth I, and were regarded as \"foreigners\" by the local parishioners who could not travel without a \"settlement certificate\". One of the Old English words for \"foreigners\" was utlenden (\"outlanders\"), which could be corrupted to \"Little London\". References Sources Hamlets in Buckinghamshire\n\nhorse. Other names for specific or regional designs of dogcarts include Battlesden cart, Bent panel cart, Bounder, Country cart, Essex trap, Farmer's dogcart, Going-to-cover cart, High dogcart, Hurdle cart, Leamington cart, Malvern cart, Moray car, Newport Pagnell cart, Norfolk cart, Norfolk shooting cart, Nottingham cart, Oxford bounder, Oxford dogcart, Pony dogcart, Ralli dogcart, Sliding bodied dogcart, Surrey cart, Tandem cart, To-cart, Whitechapel cart, Worcester cart, and Worthing cart. Dogcart phaeton A dogcart phaeton is a four-wheeled vehicle pulled by a single horse in shafts, or a pair of horses with a carriage pole. The dogcart phaeton seats four people and is arranged as two back-to-back crosswise seats, called dos-\u00e0-dos, with two people facing forward and two others facing the rear. Though the word cart generally means a two-wheeled vehicle, the name dogcart stuck when the body style was mounted on four-wheeled phaeton undercarriages. Other names for specific or regional designs\n\nQuestion: Which type of four-wheeled open carriage shares its name with an English county?", "output": "Surrey"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Channel Islands are an archipelago in the English Channel, off the French coast of Normandy. They are divided into two Crown Dependencies: the Bailiwick of Jersey, which is the largest of the islands; and the Bailiwick of Guernsey, consisting of Guernsey, Alderney, Sark, Herm and some smaller islands. Historically, they are the remnants of the Duchy of Normandy. Although they are not part of the United Kingdom, the UK is currently responsible for the defence and international relations of the islands. The Crown Dependencies are neither members of the Commonwealth of Nations, nor part of the European Union. They have a total population of about , and the bailiwicks' capitals, Saint Helier and Saint Peter Port, have populations of 33,500 and 18,207 respectively. \"Channel Islands\" is a geographical term, not a political unit. The two bailiwicks have been administered separately since the late 13th century. Each has its own\n\nThe British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Northern Isles (Orkney and Shetland), and over six thousand smaller islands. They have a total area of and a combined population of almost 72 million, and include two sovereign states, the Republic of Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of Ireland), and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The Channel Islands, off the north coast of France, are normally taken to be part of the British Isles, even though they do not form part of the archipelago. The oldest rocks are 2.7 billion years old and are found in Ireland, Wales and the northwest of Scotland. During the Silurian period, the north-western regions collided with the south-east, which had been\n\nCornwall (; ) is a ceremonial county in South West England. It is recognised as one of the Celtic nations and is the homeland of the Cornish people. The county is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, Devon to the east, and the English Channel to the south. The largest settlement is Falmouth, and the county town is Truro. The county is rural, with an area of and population of 568,210. The largest settlements are Falmouth (23,061), Newquay (20,342), St Austell (19,958), and Truro (18,766). Most of Cornwall forms a single unitary authority area, and the Isles of Scilly have a unique local authority. The Cornish nationalist movement disputes the constitutional status of Cornwall and seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom. Cornwall is the westernmost part of the South West Peninsula. Its coastline is characterised by steep cliffs and, to the south, several rias, including\n\nQuestion: St George's Channel separates mainland Britain from where?", "output": "Ireland"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "discharged in April 1919. While in the Army, Kelly entered the armed forces boxing tournament as a heavyweight and ran up a 12\u20130 record before being waylaid by a broken ankle. Future world professional boxing champion Gene Tunney won the tournament. In later years, Kelly would kid Tunney: \"Aren't you lucky I broke my ankle?\" Following his Army discharge in 1919, Kelly continued his dominance in the single scull. He also started a brickwork contracting company in Philadelphia, John B. Kelly, Inc, with a $7,000 loan from his brothers George, a future Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright, and Walter, who was a popular vaudeville actor. A self-promoter, Kelly coined the slogan \"Kelly for Brickwork\", which was often seen at local construction sites. Kelly developed a technique to ensure payment for his brickwork from less-than-trustworthy real estate developers. Kelly's crews would mortar a single pane of glass into each chimney they built. When\n\nArsenal Football Club is an English professional football club based in Holloway, North London. Arsenal compete in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 league titles (including one unbeaten title), a record 14 FA Cups, two League Cups, 17 FA Community Shields, the Football League Centenary Trophy, one European Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. In terms of trophies won, it is the third-most successful club in English football. Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join the Football League in 1893, and they reached the First Division in 1904. Relegated only once, in 1913, they continue the longest streak in the top division, and have won the second-most top-flight matches in English football history. In the 1930s, Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups, and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war.\n\nlatter's death. He currently works with adults with autism and learning difficulties in a daycentre in the London Borough of Barnet. John has been a care worker in the area for a number of years. Trivia Dempsey was the first Irish international player ever to be sent off in a 1970 FIFA World Cup qualification game, being that against Hungary national football team in the Ferenc Pusk\u00e1s Stadium Honours Chelsea FA Cup: 1970 European Cup Winners' Cup: 1971 See also List of Republic of Ireland international footballers born outside the Republic of Ireland References External links 1946 births Living people Chelsea F.C. players Fulham F.C. players North American Soccer League (1968\u20131984) players Philadelphia Fury (1978\u20131980) players Republic of Ireland men's association footballers Republic of Ireland men's international footballers Dundalk F.C. managers Republic of Ireland association football managers League of Ireland managers Dundalk F.C. players League of Ireland players English Football\n\nQuestion: In what sport did Gene Tunney defeat Jack Dempsey?", "output": "Boxing"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "would be likely to deflect the ball into the air for a catch. Jardine called this modified form of the tactic fast leg theory. On the 1932\u201333 English tour of Australia, Larwood and Voce bowled fast leg theory at the Australian batsmen. It turned out to be extremely dangerous, and most Australian players sustained injuries from being hit by the ball. Wicket-keeper Bert Oldfield's skull was fractured by a ball hitting his head (although the ball had first glanced off the bat and Larwood had an orthodox field), almost precipitating a riot by the Australian crowd. The Australian press dubbed the tactic Bodyline, and claimed it was a deliberate attempt by the English team to intimidate and injure the Australian players. Reports of the controversy reaching England at the time described the bowling as fast leg theory, which sounded to many people to be a harmless and well-established tactic. This\n\nEdward Winchester \"Nobby\" Clark (9 August 1902 \u2013 28 April 1982) was a Northamptonshire and England cricketer of the inter-war period. He was regarded at the time as one of the best fast bowlers in England. Talents and limitations While Clark was playing for them, Northamptonshire was one of the weakest counties ever to play in the County Championship. Nonetheless, Clark was a bowler of genuine pace who could swing the ball in and make it break away to produce catches in the slips. He could also bowl, as Bill Voce did under Jardine, to a leg-side field, but was never as effective doing so. Like Voce, Clark often bowled round the wicket. At his best, \"Nobby\" Clark was the fastest professional bowler apart from Harold Larwood and his beautiful action enabled him to stand up to the considerable spells of work required of him given that Northamptonshire had little\n\n1946\u201347 tour. Scott's last match was at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 28 February to 5 March 1947. As a player, Scott was regarded as a \"likeable larrikin\". In his early career, Johnnie Moyes compared him to Tibby Cotter, while Jack Pollard called him \"a fiery, outspoken fast bowler with a long record of defying authority\". Indeed, Scott was barred for an entire Sydney grade season after a show of bad temper. As an umpire, he earned a reputation for disciplining fast bowlers for bowling short rising deliveries \u2013 the type of bowling for which he had been known. Scott died at Springbank, South Australia at the age of 76. See also List of Test cricket umpires List of New South Wales representative cricketers References Footnotes Moyes, A. G., Australian Cricket: A History, Sydney, Angus & Robertson, 1959. Pollard, Jack, Australian Cricket: 1918\u20131948, The Bradman Years. Sydney, The Book Company,\n\nQuestion: What was the name of the Nottinghamshire fast bowler, who, together with Harold Larwood, took part in the infamous Bodyline tour in Australia, in 1932-33?", "output": "BILL VOCE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Boron is a chemical element with the symbol B and atomic number 5. In its crystalline form it is a brittle, dark, lustrous metalloid; in its amorphous form it is a brown powder. As the lightest element of the boron group it has three valence electrons for forming covalent bonds, resulting in many compounds such as boric acid, the mineral sodium borate, and the ultra-hard crystals of boron carbide and boron nitride. Boron is synthesized entirely by cosmic ray spallation and supernovae and not by stellar nucleosynthesis, so it is a low-abundance element in the Solar System and in the Earth's crust. It constitutes about 0.001 percent by weight of Earth's crust. It is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals. These are mined industrially as evaporites, such as borax and kernite. The largest known deposits are in Turkey, the largest\n\nthe elements are available industrially in varying amounts. The discovery and synthesis of further new elements is an ongoing area of scientific study. Description The lightest chemical elements are hydrogen and helium, both created by Big Bang nucleosynthesis during the first 20 minutes of the universe in a ratio of around 3:1 by mass (or 12:1 by number of atoms), along with tiny traces of the next two elements, lithium and beryllium. Almost all other elements found in nature were made by various natural methods of nucleosynthesis. On Earth, small amounts of new atoms are naturally produced in nucleogenic reactions, or in cosmogenic processes, such as cosmic ray spallation. New atoms are also naturally produced on Earth as radiogenic daughter isotopes of ongoing radioactive decay processes such as alpha decay, beta decay, spontaneous fission, cluster decay, and other rarer modes of decay. Of the 94 naturally occurring elements, those with\n\nthe most abundant, followed by potassium, lithium, rubidium, caesium, and finally francium, which is very rare due to its extremely high radioactivity; francium occurs only in minute traces in nature as an intermediate step in some obscure side branches of the natural decay chains. Experiments have been conducted to attempt the synthesis of element 119, which is likely to be the next member of the group; none were successful. However, ununennium may not be an alkali metal due to relativistic effects, which are predicted to have a large influence on the chemical properties of superheavy elements; even if it does turn out to be an alkali metal, it is predicted to have some differences in physical and chemical properties from its lighter homologues. Most alkali metals have many different applications. One of the best-known applications of the pure elements is the use of rubidium and caesium in atomic clocks, of\n\nQuestion: What is the lightest solid element?", "output": "Lithium"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chinese ( or ) is a group of languages spoken natively by the ethnic Han Chinese majority and many minority ethnic groups in Greater China. Approximately 1.3 billion people, or around 16% of the global population, speak a variety of Chinese as their first language. Chinese languages form the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The spoken varieties of Chinese are usually considered by native speakers to be dialects of a single language. However, their lack of mutual intelligibility means they are sometimes considered to be separate languages in a family. Investigation of the historical relationships among the varieties of Chinese is ongoing. Currently, most classifications posit 7 to 13 main regional groups based on phonetic developments from Middle Chinese, of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin with 66%, or around 800 million speakers, followed by Min (75 million, e.g. Southern Min), Wu (74 million, e.g. Shanghainese),\n\nnoticeably different and are not mutually intelligible amongst each other or with Mandarin, the official language of China. It is not unusual for a local to speak more than one local dialect and passable Mandarin. See also Archives of Yuhuan References External links Official website County-level cities in Zhejiang Island counties of China Taizhou, Zhejiang\n\nsome degree, and are largely analytic. The earliest Chinese written records are oracle bone inscriptions dating from the Shang dynasty . The phonetic categories of Old Chinese can be reconstructed from the rhymes of ancient poetry. During the Northern and Southern period, Middle Chinese went through several sound changes and split into several varieties following prolonged geographic and political separation. The Qieyun, a rime dictionary, recorded a compromise between the pronunciations of different regions. The royal courts of the Ming and early Qing dynasties operated using a koin\u00e9 language known as Guanhua, based on the Nanjing dialect of Mandarin. Standard Chinese is an official language of both the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China on Taiwan, one of the four official languages of Singapore, and one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Standard Chinese is based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin, and was\n\nQuestion: What is the official spoken language of China?", "output": "Mandarin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Weird War, briefly known as Scene Creamers, is an indie rock band based out of Washington, D.C. The current lineup consists of Ian Svenonius on vocals, Michelle Mae on bass guitar, Alex Minoff on guitar, and Sebastian Thomson on drums. Weird War was initially formed as an umbrella organization in 2001 to encompass disparate anti-authoritarian groups and to \"challenge the idiocy of the new epoch.\" While the current lineup appears on the group's first release I'll Never Forget What's His Name, the group's first full length, self-titled release featured Neil Hagerty (of Royal Trux) and Jessica Espeleta (formerly of Love as Laughter) on guitars, and Steve McCarty (later of Dead Meadow) on drums. These collaborators soon left to pursue other programs, and the band became known as The Scene Creamers, with Ian Svenonius on vocals, Michelle Mae on bass, Alex Minoff (of Golden) on guitar, and Blake Brunner on drums.\n\nGang-related organised crime in the United Kingdom is concentrated around the cities of London, Manchester and Liverpool and regionally across the West Midlands region, south coast and northern England, according to the Serious Organised Crime Agency. With regard to street gangs the cities identified as having the most serious gang problems, which also accounted for 65% of firearm homicides in England and Wales, were London, Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool. Glasgow in Scotland also has a historical gang culture with the city having as many teenage gangs as London, which had six times the population, in 2008. In the early part of the 20th century, the cities of Leeds, Bristol, Bradford (and more prominently Keighley) and Nottingham all commanded headlines pertaining to street gangs and suffered their share of high-profile firearms murders. Sheffield, which has a long history of gangs traced back to the 1920s in the book \"The Sheffield Gang\n\nThe Droppin Well bombing or Ballykelly bombing occurred on 6 December 1982, when the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) detonated a time bomb at a disco in Ballykelly, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. The disco, known as the Droppin Well, was targeted because it was frequented by British Army soldiers from nearby Shackleton Barracks. The bomb killed 17 people: eleven soldiers and six civilians, while dozens more were wounded. It was the deadliest attack during the INLA's paramilitary campaign and one of the deadliest bombings of The Troubles. Attack The bomb was made by the INLA in nearby Derry. One of those involved later revealed that the INLA unit had carried out reconnaissance missions to the Droppin Well to see if there were enough soldiers to justify the likelihood of civilian casualties. On the evening of 6 December 1982, an INLA member left a bomb inside the pub. There\n\nQuestion: In which British city did gangs in the 1980s fight a turf war dubbed the \u201cIce Cream Wars\u201d?", "output": "Glasgow"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Timon and Pumbaa are an animated meerkat and warthog duo introduced in Disney's 1994 animated feature film The Lion King and its franchise. Timon was played through his many appearances by Nathan Lane (in all three films and early episodes of the show), Max Casella (the original actor in Broadway musical), Kevin Schon (in certain episodes of the show), Quinton Flynn (in certain episodes of the show), Bruce Lanoil in the Wild About Safety shorts and Kingdom Hearts II, while Pumbaa is voiced by Ernie Sabella (in all of his traditionally animated speaking appearances), and was portrayed by Tom Alan Robbins in the original cast of the Broadway musical. In the CGI remake, the characters are portrayed by Billy Eichner and Seth Rogen, respectively. Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella first came to audition for the roles of the hyenas, but when the producers saw how well they worked together, they\n\nand Seth Rogen, respectively. Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella first came to audition for the roles of the hyenas, but when the producers saw how well they worked together, they decided to cast them as Timon and Pumbaa. As with many characters in The Lion King, Pumbaa's name derives from the East African language Swahili. In Swahili, pumbaa (v.) means \"to be foolish, silly, weakminded, careless, negligent.\" Timon is one of the few characters whose name has no meaning in Swahili; Timon is a historical Greek name, taken to mean \"he who respects.\" Timon's name may derive from Shakespeare's tragedy Timon of Athens, another Shakespeare reference in a film which derives its plot from Hamlet. The tragedy is based in the history of the real Timon of Athens, a famous misanthrope during the era of the Peloponnesian War, who refused life in Athens to live isolated. Another explanation is that\n\nRhythm of the Pride Lands is an audio CD released on February 28, 1995, by Walt Disney Records, a \"sequel\" to the original motion picture soundtrack of the animated film The Lion King (1994). Most of the tracks were composed by Lebo M, Jay Rifkin, and Hans Zimmer and focused primarily on the African influences of the film's original music, with most songs being sung either partially or entirely in various African languages. The CD was originally an independent project developed by Rifkin and Lebo M and included songs and performances inspired by, but not featured in the film. As the project developed, Walt Disney Records came on board and supported the project as then-newly appointed senior vice president Carolyn Mayer Beug sought to expand Disney Records' foray into adult contemporary music. Several songs featured on the album would later have incarnations in other The Lion King-oriented projects, inspiring Julie\n\nQuestion: What was 'Timon' in the 1994 Disney movie 'The Lion King'?", "output": "Meerkat"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In Greek mythology, Achilles ( ) or Achilleus () was a hero of the Trojan War who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors. A central character in Homer's Iliad, he was the son of the Nereid Thetis and Peleus, king of Phthia and famous Argonaut. Achilles was raised in Phthia along his childhood companion Patroclus and received his education by the centaur Chiron. In the Iliad, he is presented as the commander of the mythical tribe of the Myrmidons. Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan prince Hector outside the gates of Troy. Although the death of Achilles is not presented in the Iliad, other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the Trojan War by Paris, who shot him with an arrow. Later legends (beginning with Statius' unfinished epic Achilleid, written in the 1st\n\nAjax () or Aias (; , A\u00edantos; archaic ) is a Greek mythological hero, the son of King Telamon and Periboea, and the half-brother of Teucer. He plays an important role in the Trojan War, and is portrayed as a towering figure and a warrior of great courage in Homer's Iliad and in the Epic Cycle, a series of epic poems about the Trojan War, being second only to Achilles among Greek heroes of the war. He is also referred to as \"Telamonian Ajax\" (, in Etruscan recorded as Aivas Tlamunus), \"Greater Ajax\", or \"Ajax the Great\", which distinguishes him from Ajax, son of Oileus, also known as Ajax the Lesser. Family Ajax is the son of Telamon, who was the son of Aeacus and grandson of Zeus, and his first wife Periboea. Through his uncle Peleus (Telamon's brother), he is the cousin of Achilles, and is the elder half-brother\n\nhe was killed near the end of the Trojan War by Paris, who shot him with an arrow. Later legends (beginning with Statius' unfinished epic Achilleid, written in the 1st century AD) state that Achilles was invulnerable in all of his body except for one heel. According to that myth, when his mother Thetis dipped him in the river Styx as an infant, she held him by one of his heels leaving it untouched by the waters and thus his only vulnerable body part. Alluding to these legends, the term \"Achilles' heel\" has come to mean a point of weakness which can lead to downfall, especially in someone or something with an otherwise strong constitution. The Achilles tendon is named after him following the same legend. Etymology Linear B tablets attest to the personal name Achilleus in the forms a-ki-re-u and a-ki-re-we, the latter being the dative of the former.\n\nQuestion: Who was the mother of Achilles, who dipped him into the River Styx?", "output": "Thetis"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Katheryn of Berain () (born 1535 - Latin eulogy; died aged 56 on 27 August 1591), sometimes called Mam Cymru (\"mother of Wales\"), was a Welsh noblewoman noted for her four marriages and her extensive network of descendants and relations. Life She is sometimes referred to as Katheryn Tudor, her father being Tudur ap Robert Vychan and her mother Jane Velville. Her maternal grandfather Sir Roland de Velville (1474 \u2013 25 June 1535), is said to have been a natural son of King Henry VII of England by a Breton lady. Katheryn, who is said to have been a ward of Queen Elizabeth, was the heiress to the Berain and Penymynydd estates in Denbighshire and Anglesey. John Salusbury At the age of 22, Katheryn married John Salusbury, Esquire, son of Sir John Salusbury of Llewenni (died 1578), of the prestigious Salusbury Family of Lleweni, Denbighshire. According to John Ballinger, this\n\n1470s births 1507 deaths 03 Elizabeth Elizabeth Daughters of British earls Wives of knights Hereditary women peers 16th-century English women 16th-century English nobility English baronesses 15th-century English women 15th-century English people\n\nThe House of Beaufort is an English noble and quasi-royal family, which originated in the fourteenth century as the legitimated issue of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster and his long time mistress Katherine Swynford. Gaunt and Swynford had four children: John Beaufort, 1st Earl of Somerset (1373\u20131410); Cardinal Henry Beaufort, (1375\u20131447), Bishop of Winchester; Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter (1377\u20131426) and Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmorland (1379\u20131440). When Gaunt finally married Swynford as his third wife in 1396, the Beaufort children were legitimized by Pope Boniface IX and by royal proclamation of the reigning monarch King Richard II (r. 1377-1399), who was John of Gaunt\u2019s nephew. John of Gaunt\u2019s eldest legitimate son by his first wife Blanche of Lancaster was Henry Bolingbroke, who would eventually take the throne from Richard II as King Henry IV in 1399, the year of Gaunt\u2019s death. Henry would be the first of\n\nQuestion: Catherine of Valois was the wife of which English king?", "output": "Henry the Fifth"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Anguilla ( ) is a British Overseas Territory in the Caribbean. It is one of the most northerly of the Leeward Islands in the Lesser Antilles, lying east of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and directly north of Saint Martin. The territory consists of the main island of Anguilla, approximately long by wide at its widest point, together with a number of much smaller islands and cays with no permanent population. The territory's capital is The Valley. The total land area of the territory is , with a population of approximately (). Etymology The native Arawak name for the island was Malliouhana. In reference to the island's shape, the Italian , meaning \"eel\" (in turn, from the Latin diminutive of anguis, \"snake\") was used as its name. Christopher Columbus is held in Anguillan tradition to have named the island. History Anguilla was first settled by Indigenous Amerindian peoples who\n\nAntigua and Barbuda (, ) is a sovereign island country in the Caribbean. It lies at the conjuncture of the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean in the Leeward Islands part of the Lesser Antilles. The country consists of two major islands, Antigua and Barbuda, which are approximately apart, and several smaller islands, including Great Bird, Green, Guiana, Long, Maiden, Prickly Pear, York, and Redonda. The permanent population is approximately 97,120 ( estimates), with 97% residing in Antigua. St. John's, Antigua, is the country's capital, major city, and largest port. Codrington is Barbuda's largest town. In 1493, Christopher Columbus surveyed the island of Antigua, which he named for the Church of Santa Mar\u00eda La Antigua. Great Britain colonized Antigua in 1632 and Barbuda in 1678. A part of the Federal Colony of the Leeward Islands from 1871, Antigua and Barbuda joined the West Indies Federation in 1958. With the breakup\n\nthe time that the original settlers, the mutineers of the Bounty, burned the vessel in a symbolic (and, from the defence viewpoint, actual) rejection of further British sovereignty and rule. The Supreme Court ruled that the Pitcairns were in fact British territory and were generally internationally recognised to be such and that the trial was thus legal. The Court later (October 23) found the defendants to be guilty of the sexual offences alleged against them, which created turmoil as the defendants included the islands' mayor, Steve Christian, direct descendant of leading Bounty mutineer Fletcher Christian. Steve Christian's sister was then installed as mayor until a new election could be held for a new island government. Child pornography trial In 2010, then-mayor of the islands Mike Warren was charged with possession of child pornography. In 2016 he was found guilty of downloading more than 1000 images and videos of child sexual\n\nQuestion: On which Island did many of the mutineers from HMS Bounty famously settle?", "output": "PITCAIRN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Joseph Williams (1759\u20131823) 1759 births 1823 deaths 18th-century American painters 18th-century American male artists American male painters 19th-century American painters 19th-century American male artists People from New Bern, North Carolina Painters from North Carolina Painters from New York City American people of Welsh descent People from Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)\n\nWilliam Joseph Williams (November 17, 1759 \u2013 November 30, 1823) was an American portrait and miniature painter. Biography He was born in New York City, the son of William Williams, a Welsh painter born in Bristol, and Mary Mare Williams, sister of the painter John Mare. Williams resided in New Bern, North Carolina from 1804 to 1823, after living in Philadelphia, Georgetown, and Charleston. He painted portraits of Presidents Washington and John Adams, as well as other important figures of his time. Williams died in New Bern and buried in Cedar Grove Cemetery. Today, Williams is viewed as one of the first American national portraitists. References External links About Williams' painting of Washington, National Portrait Gallery Archived American Gallery: William Joseph Williams (1759\u20131823) 1759 births 1823 deaths 18th-century American painters 18th-century American male artists American male painters 19th-century American painters 19th-century American male artists People from New Bern, North Carolina\n\nWilliam Alexander (10 April 1767 \u2013 23 July 1816) was an English painter, illustrator and engraver. The hallmarks of his work, usually executed in watercolours, were clearness and harmony of colour, simplicity and taste in composition, grace of outline, and delicacy of execution. He accompanied the Macartney Embassy to China in 1792. Prints of his work were reproduced from engravings. One of his works was used to illustrate Cadell & Davies' Britannia depicta. Life and works Alexander was born in Maidstone, Kent, the son of Harry Alexander, a coachmaker. He was educated at Maidstone Grammar School, but in 1782, at the age of 15, moved to London to study art - first under William Pars, and subsequently Julius Caesar Ibbetson. In February 1784, he was admitted to the Royal Academy Schools. He assiduously applied himself to the mastery of his profession, obtaining the notice and approbation of Sir Joshua Reynolds.\n\nQuestion: Born on this day in 1775, what was the first name of the painter JMW Turner?", "output": "JOSEPH"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Vincent\" is a song by Don McLean, written as a tribute to Vincent van Gogh. It is often erroneously titled after its opening refrain, \"Starry, Starry Night\", a reference to Van Gogh's 1889 painting The Starry Night. McLean wrote the lyrics in 1971 after reading a book about the life of Van Gogh. It was released on McLean's 1971 American Pie album; the following year, the song topped the UK Singles Chart for two weeks, and peaked at No. 12 in the United States, where it also hit No. 2 on the Easy Listening chart. Billboard ranked it as the No. 94 song for 1972. The song makes use mainly of the guitar, but also includes the accordion, marimba, and strings. In July 2020, the original handwritten lyrics went up for sale for $1.5 million. Background McLean said the following about the genesis of the song: Critical reception The Telegraph\n\nLieutenant Pigeon were an English novelty musical group popular in the early 1970s, originating in Coventry. Career A spin-off from an experimental music band Stavely Makepeace, the group was fronted by Rob Woodward and managed by him and drummer Nigel Fletcher. Other members included bassist Steven Johnson. The group's sound was dominated by a heavy honky-tonk-style piano played by Woodward's mother, Hilda. Lieutenant Pigeon (an anagram of Genuine Potential) achieved two UK hits: \"Mouldy Old Dough\", written by Woodward with bandmate Fletcher, which reached number one in 1972, followed by \"Desperate Dan\" (number 17 in 1973). Both tracks were largely instrumental, with the titles providing virtually the only lyrics. \"Mouldy Old Dough\" (the title being an adaptation of the 1920s jazz phrase, \"vo-de-o-do\") became the second biggest selling UK single of the year, behind The Band of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards' bagpipe version of \"Amazing Grace\". Lieutenant Pigeon scored\n\nChristopher Ward Norman (born 25 October 1950) is an English soft rock singer. Norman was the original lead singer of the English rock band Smokie, (1964\u20131986), who found success in Europe in the 1970s. \"Stumblin' In\", a 1978 duet with Suzi Quatro, was a big US hit. Life and career With the advent of rock and roll, Norman acquired his first guitar at the age of seven. His early musical influences were Elvis Presley, Little Richard, Otis Redding, and Lonnie Donegan. In these early years, Norman's parents moved around the country a lot, which resulted in him going to nine different schools, and living in various locations around England, such as Redcar, Luton, Kimpton, and Nottingham. By 1962, however, the family had moved back to Norman's mother's home city of Bradford. Approaching his twelfth birthday, Norman started at St. Bede's Grammar School, where he was to meet Alan Silson and\n\nQuestion: Who had a UK No.1 hit in May 1972 with 'Vincent'?", "output": "Don McLean"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The 56th British Academy Film Awards, given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts, took place on 23 February 2003 and honoured the best films of 2002. The Pianist won Best Film and Best Director for Roman Polanski. Daniel Day-Lewis won Best Actor for Gangs of New York and Nicole Kidman won Best Actress for The Hours. Christopher Walken won Best Supporting Actor for Catch Me If You Can and Catherine Zeta-Jones won Best Supporting Actress for Chicago. The Warrior, directed by Asif Kapadia, was voted Outstanding British Film of 2002. Winners and nominees Statistics See also 75th Academy Awards 28th C\u00e9sar Awards 8th Critics' Choice Awards 55th Directors Guild of America Awards 16th European Film Awards 60th Golden Globe Awards 23rd Golden Raspberry Awards 7th Golden Satellite Awards 17th Goya Awards 18th Independent Spirit Awards 8th Lumi\u00e8res Awards 14th Producers Guild of America Awards 29th Saturn Awards\n\nis a 2004 Japanese film directed by Tetsuo Shinohara about a struggling classical pianist who is sent to heaven to work in a bookstore. It is based on two novels, written by Atsushi Matsuhisa and Wataru Tanaka. Plot Kenta (Tetsuji Tamayama), a classically trained pianist, is fired from his orchestra and gets drunk in a bar. He wakes up the following morning in what turns out to be a bookstore in heaven. The owner of the bookstore had brought him there, and explains that people live to be 100; people who die before this age go to heaven to live out the rest of their allotted time before they are reborn on earth. In heaven, he meets Shoko (Y\u016bko Takeuchi), a pianist who he had admired on earth. Together, they start work on a special composition that she had started writing on earth. Meanwhile, on earth, Shoko's niece Natsuko (also\n\nHairspray is a 2007 musical romantic comedy film based on the 2002 Broadway musical of the same name, which in turn was based on John Waters's 1988 comedy film of the same name. Produced by Ingenious Media and Zadan/Meron Productions, and adapted from both Waters's 1988 script and Thomas Meehan and Mark O'Donnell's book for the stage musical by screenwriter Leslie Dixon, the film was directed and choreographed by Adam Shankman and has an ensemble cast including John Travolta, Michelle Pfeiffer, Christopher Walken, Amanda Bynes, James Marsden, Queen Latifah, Brittany Snow, Zac Efron, Elijah Kelley, Allison Janney, and Nikki Blonsky in her feature film debut. Set in 1962 Baltimore, Maryland, the film follows the \"pleasantly plump\" teenager Tracy Turnblad (Blonsky) as she pursues stardom as a dancer on a local television dance show and rallies against racial segregation. The film began development in 2004, and Dixon reworked Meehan and O'Donnell's\n\nQuestion: Who directed the 2002 film 'The Pianist'?", "output": "ROMAN POLANSKI"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "a voice sounding like Bette Davis). He takes a taxi to her house and immediately falls in love with her upon seeing her, but she sternly rebuffs him. Eventually, Cinderella calls her Fairy Godmother (whose voice is reminiscent of Barbara Jo Allen's) to get rid of him and set her up for that night's ball. The second the Fairy Godmother hears that there is a Wolf, she rushes right over. The Fairy Godmother traps the Wolf, then gives Cinderella a red evening gown and transforms a pumpkin into a Woodie for her to go the ball, but tells Cinderella that she has to get home by midnight (just like in the classic fairy tale). The oversexed Fairy Godmother then keeps the Wolf busy. She appears before him in an old-fashioned 1890s swimsuit (\"Miss Repulsive 1898\") and then an evening gown before trying to snuggle up to him on the couch.\n\nand chases after Cinderella, but the smitten Godmother uses various methods (usually a mallet) to keep him in line. When the clock strikes midnight, the Fairy Godmother warns Cinderella and she leaves, but not before the Wolf starts to pursue his chase. The Godmother once again tries to stop him, but this time, the Wolf uses her own methods against her and pursues Cinderella. Cinderella rushes home as the Fairy Godmother's transformation wears off, but she manages to make it home in time\u2014it turns out that Cinderella is a Rosie the Riveter and that the reason she had to be home by midnight was so she would not be late for the night shift at Lockweed. Cinderella is relieved to be rid of the Wolf, but to her dismay and horror, it is revealed that the bus is full of wolves, who start wolf-whistling and catcalling at her as the\n\nRevolting Rhymes is a 1982 poetry collection by British author Roald Dahl. Originally published under the title Roald Dahl's Revolting Rhymes, it is a parody of traditional folk tales in verse, where Dahl gives a re-interpretation of six well-known fairy tales, featuring surprise endings in place of the traditional happily-ever-after finishes. Contents There are a total of six poems in the book, each of the featured fairy tales humorously deviating from the traditional version. In Cinderella, the plot stayed true to the original tale until one of the ugly sisters switches her shoe with the one Cinderella left behind at the ball. However, when the prince sees that the shoe fits one of the sisters, he decides not to marry her, and instead chops off her head on the spot while she is standing. When the prince removes the head of the second sister and makes to do the same\n\nQuestion: According to the fairy tale Cinderella, what vegetable gets turned into the carriage?", "output": "A pumpkin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The National Museum of the United States Navy, or U.S. Navy Museum for short, is the flagship museum of the United States Navy and is located in the former Breech Mechanism Shop of the old Naval Gun Factory on the grounds of the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C., United States. The U.S. Navy Museum is one of ten official Navy museums, and is part of the Naval History & Heritage Command, the official history program of the United States Navy. Mission The U.S. Navy Museum collects, preserves, displays, and interprets historic naval artifacts and artwork to inform, educate, and inspire naval personnel and the general public. History The U.S. Navy Museum was established in 1961 and opened to the public in 1963. As one of 15 Navy museums throughout the country, it is the only one that presents an overview of U. S. naval history. Permanent and temporary exhibitions\n\nThe Naval Academy Foreign Affairs Conference (NAFAC) is an undergraduate foreign-affairs conference in the United States. NAFAC seeks to explore current, demanding issues from both a civilian and military perspective, thus provide a forum for addressing pressing international concerns. Held at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland since 1961, NAFAC brings together Naval Academy students and their civilian and military counterparts from around the world to share ideas and concerns relating to international affairs. Past speakers include: George H. W. Bush, Joseph Biden, Stephen Hadley, Madeleine Albright, Condoleezza Rice, Robert Gates, Wesley Clark, Charles Krauthammer, Sheryl Sandberg and Hillary Clinton. The 2022 NAFAC Conference will take place April 11\u201314 at the United States Naval Academy. The theme will be announced shortly. Structure Each year a unique theme is chosen for NAFAC; noteworthy individuals with expertise in relevant fields are invited to address the conference delegates representing colleges and\n\nAlbert Joseph Herberger (April 28, 1931 \u2013 August 26, 2022) was a Vice Admiral of the United States Navy, and the first United States Merchant Marine Academy graduate to attain the rank. Early life Albert J. Herberger was born in Albany, New York. He graduated in 1949 from the Vincentian Institute, a Roman Catholic high school in Albany, where he was one of the two senior class presidents. Herberger then sailed in the Merchant Marine with both Grace Line and United States Lines. He was commissioned an ensign in the U.S. Navy upon graduation from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, Kings Point, New York, in February 1955. On February 26, 1955, Ensign Herberger married Rosemary C. Blair of Albany, New York. The Herbergers have four children: Jeffrey, Mary-Terese, Bethann, and Jon. United States Navy His early duty was aboard the patrol boat , and the cable repair ship . Herberger\n\nQuestion: In which city is the U.S. Naval Academy?", "output": "Annapolis"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "(where it is best kept during transport), it loses its metallic lustre and takes on a duller, grey appearance. It has a melting point of , making it one of the few elemental metals that are liquid near room temperature. Mercury is the only stable elemental metal with a known melting point lower than caesium. In addition, the metal has a rather low boiling point, , the lowest of all metals other than mercury. Its compounds burn with a blue or violet colour. Caesium forms alloys with the other alkali metals, gold, and mercury (amalgams). At temperatures below , it does not alloy with cobalt, iron, molybdenum, nickel, platinum, tantalum, or tungsten. It forms well-defined intermetallic compounds with antimony, gallium, indium, and thorium, which are photosensitive. It mixes with all the other alkali metals (except lithium); the alloy with a molar distribution of 41% caesium, 47% potassium, and 12% sodium\n\nBoron is a chemical element with the symbol B and atomic number 5. In its crystalline form it is a brittle, dark, lustrous metalloid; in its amorphous form it is a brown powder. As the lightest element of the boron group it has three valence electrons for forming covalent bonds, resulting in many compounds such as boric acid, the mineral sodium borate, and the ultra-hard crystals of boron carbide and boron nitride. Boron is synthesized entirely by cosmic ray spallation and supernovae and not by stellar nucleosynthesis, so it is a low-abundance element in the Solar System and in the Earth's crust. It constitutes about 0.001 percent by weight of Earth's crust. It is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals. These are mined industrially as evaporites, such as borax and kernite. The largest known deposits are in Turkey, the largest\n\nAluminium (aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals; about one-third that of steel. It has a great affinity towards oxygen, forming a protective layer of oxide on the surface when exposed to air. Aluminium visually resembles silver, both in its color and in its great ability to reflect light. It is soft, nonmagnetic and ductile. It has one stable isotope: 27Al, which is highly abundant, making aluminium the twelfth-most common element in the universe. The radioactivity of 26Al is used in radiometric dating. Chemically, aluminium is a post-transition metal in the boron group; as is common for the group, aluminium forms compounds primarily in the +3 oxidation state. The aluminium cation Al3+ is small and highly charged; as such, it has more polarizing power, and bonds formed by aluminium\n\nQuestion: Which metallic element has the highest melting point?", "output": "TUNGSTEN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The candela ( or ; symbol: cd) is the unit of luminous intensity in the International System of Units (SI). It measures luminous power per unit solid angle emitted by a light source in a particular direction. Luminous intensity is analogous to radiant intensity, but instead of simply adding up the contributions of every wavelength of light in the source's spectrum, the contribution of each wavelength is weighted by the luminous efficiency function, the model of the sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths, standardized by the CIE and ISO. A common wax candle emits light with a luminous intensity of roughly one candela. If emission in some directions is blocked by an opaque barrier, the emission would still be approximately one candela in the directions that are not obscured. The word candela is Latin for candle. The old name \"candle\" is still sometimes used, as in foot-candle and\n\nbe approximately one candela in the directions that are not obscured. The word candela is Latin for candle. The old name \"candle\" is still sometimes used, as in foot-candle and the modern definition of candlepower. Definition The 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) redefined the candela in 2018. The new definition, which took effect on 20 May 2019, is: The candela [...] is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of the luminous efficacy of monochromatic radiation of frequency , Kcd, to be 683 when expressed in the unit lm W\u22121, which is equal to , or , where the kilogram, metre and second are defined in terms of h, c and \u0394\u03bdCs. Explanation The frequency chosen is in the visible spectrum near green, corresponding to a wavelength of about 555 nanometres. The human eye, when adapted for bright conditions, is most sensitive near this frequency. Under these\n\nIn measure theory, a branch of mathematics, a finite measure or totally finite measure is a special measure that always takes on finite values. Among finite measures are probability measures. The finite measures are often easier to handle than more general measures and show a variety of different properties depending on the sets they are defined on. Definition A measure on measurable space is called a finite measure if it satisfies By the monotonicity of measures, this implies If is a finite measure, the measure space is called a finite measure space or a totally finite measure space. Properties General case For any measurable space, the finite measures form a convex cone in the Banach space of signed measures with the total variation norm. Important subsets of the finite measures are the sub-probability measures, which form a convex subset, and the probability measures, which are the intersection of the unit\n\nQuestion: A candela is a measure of what?", "output": "Luminous intensity"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Big Brother is a fictional character and symbol in George Orwell's dystopian 1949 novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. He is ostensibly the leader of Oceania, a totalitarian state wherein the ruling party, Ingsoc, wields total power \"for its own sake\" over the inhabitants. In the society that Orwell describes, every citizen is under constant surveillance by the authorities, mainly by telescreens (with the exception of the Proles). The people are constantly reminded of this by the slogan \"Big Brother is watching you\": a maxim that is ubiquitously on display throughout the novel. In modern culture, the term \"Big Brother\" has entered the lexicon as a synonym for abuse of government power, particularly in respect to civil liberties, often specifically related to mass surveillance and a lack of choice in society. Character origins In the essay section of his novel 1985, Anthony Burgess states that Orwell got the idea for the name of\n\nto the tendency to attribute one's own behaviour to situational factors while attributing other people's behaviour to their disposition. Jones and Nisbett's own explanation for this was that our attention is focused on the situation when we are actors, but on the person when we are observers, although other explanations have been advanced for the actor-observer bias. In popular culture In an interview with The New York Times, Malcolm Gladwell said, \"The most influential thinker, in my life, has been the psychologist Richard Nisbett. He basically gave me my view of the world.\" Books and significant papers Nisbett, R. and T. Wilson (1977). \"Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.\" Psychological Review 84(3): 231\u2013259. Ross, L and Nisbett, R.E. The Person and the Situation. McGraw Hill, 1991. Reissued with new foreword by Malcolm Gladwell and afterword by the authors, 2011 Culture of Honor: The Psychology of\n\nA Stranger is Watching is a 1982 American horror film directed by Sean S. Cunningham. The screenplay was written by Earl Mac Rauch and Victor Miller, based on the 1977 novel of the same name by Mary Higgins Clark. Plot Steve Peterson's wife, Nina is murdered in front of their young daughter Julie. Three years later, Julie and Peterson's new girlfriend Sharon Martin are kidnapped by the same killer, the psychotic Artie Taggart. Taggart imprisons them in a bunker below Grand Central Station, throwing the police into a race against time to save the girl. Cast Kate Mulgrew as Sharon Martin Rip Torn as Artie Taggart James Naughton as Steve Peterson Shawn von Schreiber as Julie Peterson Barbara Baxley as Lally Stephen Joyce as Detective Taylor James Russo as Ronald Thompson Frank Hamilton as Bill Lufts Maggie Task as Mrs. Lufts Roy Poole as Walter Kurner Maurice Copeland as Roger\n\nQuestion: \"Who \"\"is watching you\"\" in George Orwell's book \"\"Nineteen Eighty-Four\"\"?\"", "output": "Big Brother"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Kuwait Air Force () is the air arm of the Armed Forces of Kuwait. The Air Force headquarters is located at Abdullah Al-Mubarak Air Base, with the remaining forces stationed at Air Defense Brigades, Ali Al Salem Air Base and Ahmad al-Jaber Air Base. The Kuwait Air Force numbers approximately 2,500 officers and enlisted personnel. History The Kuwait Air Force was founded in 1953 by Field Marshal Sheikh Abdullah Mubarak Al-Sabah when the Directorate of Public Security Force split from the Kuwaiti Army; the new force was equipped with a number of Austers in different configurations and two de Havilland DH.104 Doves. The Kuwait Air Force was expanded concurrently with the course of the British intervention during Operation Vantage that deterred Iraq from annexing Kuwait as one of its provinces. The first aircraft to enter KAF service were four Whirlwind helicopters and six BAC/Hunting Jet Provost T.51s. This support\n\nThe Kuwait International Fair is a large fairground Founded in 1971 and located in Mishrif, Kuwait. The fairgrounds consists of six large air-conditioned exhibition halls, its largest spanning 7,000 square meters. The fairgrounds is a popular site for several exhibitions that occur in Kuwait, with over 45 occurring annually. External links Entertainment venues in Kuwait Fairgrounds 1971 establishments in Kuwait\n\nThe Catholic Church in Kuwait is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. In 2020, Christians made up 17.93% of the population. Of these, 80% were Catholic, or approximately 560,000 people. Overview There are no dioceses in the country, but Kuwait falls under the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia. The superior was the Italian bishop Camillo Ballin until his death on April 12, 2020. There is a cathedral in Kuwait City dedicated to the Holy Family. However, this church is now a co-cathedral with the Cathedral of Our Lady of Arabia in Bahrain. The other parishes are St. Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Parish, Salmiya, Our Lady of Arabia Parish, Ahmadi and St. Daniel Comboni Parish, Jleeb Al-Shuyoukh. In 2002, the Salesian religious order started an English language school in the country. There are also some churches belonging to the Eastern Catholic Church: the Syro-Malankara Catholic\n\nQuestion: What is the capital of Kuwait?", "output": "Kuwait City"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Corpus, Requiem Carl Orff \u2013 Carmina Burana, Meum est propositum in taberna mori Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina \u2013 Missa Papae Marcelli Antonio Vivaldi \u2013 Nulla in mundo pax sincera The libretto for the opera-oratorio Oedipus rex by Igor Stravinsky is in Latin, as well as the 1963 choral composition Cantata misericordium by Benjamin Britten. Hymns and carols \"Adeste Fideles\" \"Boar's Head Carol\" \"Gaudeamus Igitur\", also known as De Brevitate Vitae \"Gaudete\" \"Gloria Tibi Domine\" \"Io Vivat\" \"Tempus Adest Floridum\" \"Veni, Veni, Emmanuel\" Light classical music Sarah Brightman \u2013 In Paradisum Popular music Folk Die Irrlichter \u2013 Totus Floreo, Cantum Corvi, Angelus ad Virginem, Orientes Partibus, Puer Nobis Nascitur, Gaudete Garmarna \u2013 Euchari, O Viridissima Virga, O Frondens Virga Ougenweide \u2013 Totus Floreo, Terra Sinus Aperit, Gaudete Steeleye Span \u2013 Gaudete \u2020 Metal After Forever \u2013 Mea Culpa, Leaden Legacy Avenged Sevenfold \u2013 Requiem Behemoth \u2013 Ora Pro Nobis Lucifer Ghost\n\nPietro Antonio Fiocco (or Pier Antonio or Pierre-Antoine) (3 February 1654 \u2013 3 September 1714) was an Italian Baroque composer. Life Pietro Antonio Fiocco was born in Venice. Nothing is known of his childhood and his musical formation in Italy, but it is known that he soon made a name for himself, since Dirck Strijcker, the son of the Dutch consul in Venice had him come to Amsterdam, where an opera was founded. In 1681 the booklet of Helena rapita da Paride appeared, composed by Domenico Freschi, and for which Fiocco arranged the music. The same year he composed a prologue for Alceste by Pietro Andrea Ziani sung in Hanover in 1682, and for the Lully operas Amadis, Acis et Galath\u00e9e, Armide and Th\u00e9s\u00e9e. In the summer of 1682, he went to Brussels to enter the service of Eugen Alexander Franz, Count of Thurn and Taxis. He married Jeanne de\n\nto 1836. William Henry had four brothers\u2014Joseph Reese, Edward Plunket, Charles, and Horace Fry. He was educated at what is now Mount Saint Mary's University in Emmitsburg, Maryland. After returning to Philadelphia to work for his father, he studied composition with Leopold Meignen, a former band leader in Napoleon Bonaparte's army and the music director of the Musical Fund Society orchestra. He eventually became secretary of the Musical Fund Society. Fry's operatic compositions include Aurelia the Vestal, Leonora (based on the 1838 play The Lady of Lyons), and Notre-Dame of Paris (based on the 1831 novel by Victor Hugo). Leonora was a very successful production at its premiere in 1845 and second run the following year. Leonora is also significant as it was the first grand opera written by an American composer. The opera was written for Ann Childe Seguin who took the title role when it opened. After a\n\nQuestion: Who wrote and composed the opera Oedipus Rex in 1927?", "output": "Stravinsky"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alfred the Great (also spelled \u00c6lfred; \u2013 26 October 899) was King of the West Saxons from 871 to 886, and King of the Anglo-Saxons from 886 until his death in 899. He was the youngest son of King \u00c6thelwulf and his first wife Osburh, who both died when Alfred was young. Three of Alfred's brothers, \u00c6thelbald, \u00c6thelberht and \u00c6thelred, reigned in turn before him. Under Alfred's rule, considerable administrative and military reforms were introduced, prompting lasting change in England. After ascending the throne, Alfred spent several years fighting Viking invasions. He won a decisive victory in the Battle of Edington in 878 and made an agreement with the Vikings, dividing England between Anglo-Saxon territory and the Viking-ruled Danelaw, composed of Scandinavian York, the north-east Midlands and East Anglia. Alfred also oversaw the conversion of Viking leader Guthrum to Christianity. He defended his kingdom against the Viking attempt at conquest,\n\nHenry III (c. 940 \u2013 5 October 989), called the Younger, a member of the Luitpolding dynasty, was the first Duke of Carinthia from 976 to 978, Duke of Bavaria from 983 to 985 and again Duke of Carinthia from 985 to 989. Life Henry the Younger was the only surviving son of Duke Berthold of Bavaria, who at the time of his birth was a loyal supporter of the royal Ottonian dynasty descending from Saxony. In 921 Henry's uncle Arnulf the Bad after two years of struggle had finally acknowledged the rule of Henry the Fowler as King of Germany and in turn achieved a certain autonomy for his Duchy of Bavaria. However, this exceptional status was denied by King Henry's son and successor Otto I, who in 938 had Arnulf's son and successor Duke Eberhard deposed and banned. King Otto appointed Arnulf's younger brother Berthold duke instead, after\n\nIsabella, Countess of Gloucester (1173/1174 \u2013 14 October 1217), was an English noblewoman who was married to King John prior to his accession. Lineage Isabella was the daughter of William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester, and his wife Hawise. Her paternal grandfather, Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester, was the illegitimate son of King Henry I. Her father died in 1183, at which time she became Countess of Gloucester suo jure. Royal marriage and annulment On 28 September 1176, King Henry II betrothed Isabella, an infant at most three years old, to his youngest son, John. John and Isabella were half-second cousins as great-grandchildren of Henry I, and thus within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity. But in the marriage agreement, the King agreed to find the best husband possible for Isabella should the Pope refuse to grant a dispensation for the proposed marriage. Henry also declared Isabella the sole heir\n\nQuestion: Who was the father of English King, Henry III?", "output": "King JOHN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the octagon edges. In other fields 177 is the second highest score for a flight of three darts, below the highest score of 180. See also The year AD 177 or 177 BC List of highways numbered 177 References Integers\n\n184 (one hundred [and] eighty-four) is the natural number following 183 and preceding 185. In mathematics There are 184 different Eulerian graphs on eight unlabeled vertices, and 184 paths by which a chess rook can travel from one corner of a 4 \u00d7 4 chessboard to the opposite corner without passing through the same square twice. 184 is also a refactorable number. In other fields Some physicists have proposed that 184 is a magic number for neutrons in atomic nuclei. In poker, with one or more jokers as wild cards, there are 184 different straight flushes. See also The year AD 184 or 184 BC List of highways numbered 184 References Integers\n\nfor the king. It is drawn with a heavy or double border or otherwise made visually distinct. In the modern game, standard shogi pieces are used. Each player wields 18 pieces, the standard shogi set of 20 less one knight and one pawn. The pieces face away from the players: That is, they point toward the gap between the opposing players' territories. The three players represent three countries, and are called First, Middle, and Last. If two players start the game as allies, the remaining player is automatically First. Otherwise any random method may be used to determine the order of play. Play then precedes clockwise from First to Middle to Last. Board notation Standard shogi notation is used, with allowance made for the shape of the board. Numbering the ranks poses no problem: They are the rows that are horizontal from the viewpoint of Middle, and are given the\n\nQuestion: On a standard dartboard, which number lies between 13 and 18?", "output": "4"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The aorta ( ; : aortas or aortae) is the main and largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart, branching upwards immediately after, and extending down to the abdomen, where it splits at the aortic bifurcation into two smaller arteries (the common iliac arteries). The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation. Structure Sections In anatomical sources, the aorta is usually divided into sections. One way of classifying a part of the aorta is by anatomical compartment, where the thoracic aorta (or thoracic portion of the aorta) runs from the heart to the diaphragm. The aorta then continues downward as the abdominal aorta (or abdominal portion of the aorta) from the diaphragm to the aortic bifurcation. Another system divides the aorta with respect to its course and the direction of blood flow. In this system, the\n\nThe cardiac plexus is a plexus of nerves situated at the base of the heart that innervates the heart. Structure The cardiac plexus is divided into a superficial part, which lies in the concavity of the aortic arch, and a deep part, between the aortic arch and the trachea. The two parts are, however, closely connected. The sympathetic component of the cardiac plexus comes from cardiac nerves, which originate from the sympathetic trunk. The parasympathetic component of the cardiac plexus originates from the cardiac branches of the vagus nerve. Superficial part The superficial part of the cardiac plexus lies beneath the aortic arch, in front of the right pulmonary artery. It is formed by the superior cervical cardiac branch of the left sympathetic trunk and the inferior cardiac branch of the left vagus nerve. A small ganglion, the cardiac ganglion of Wrisberg, is occasionally found connected with these nerves at\n\nof the neural tube, with centralized control over all body segments. All vertebrate brains can be embryonically divided into three parts: the forebrain (prosencephalon, subdivided into telencephalon and diencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon) and hindbrain (rhombencephalon, subdivided into metencephalon and myelencephalon). The spinal cord, which directly interacts with somatic functions below the head, can be considered a caudal extension of the myelencephalon enclosed inside the vertebral column. Together, the brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous system in all vertebrates. In humans, the cerebral cortex contains approximately 14\u201316 billion neurons, and the estimated number of neurons in the cerebellum is 55\u201370 billion. Each neuron is connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons, typically communicating with one another via root-like protrusions called dendrites and long fiber-like extensions called axons, which are usually myelinated and carry trains of rapid micro-electric signal pulses called action potentials to target specific recipient cells in other\n\nQuestion: How many ventricles are there in the human heart?", "output": "Two"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "June 30, 1521, the French were beaten at the Battle of Noain, which gave the kings of Castile control over Navarre. During the fragile peace which had followed the election of Charles V, the English arbitrated between France and the Holy Roman Empire. Following the Field of the Cloth of Gold, Henry VIII of England and his minister Thomas Wolsey made an alliance with the young emperor. In June 1521, Francis I of France first accepted the mediation of the English. Threatened on several fronts, the financial crisis that struck the French forbade the rapid emergence of a new army. The Duke of Bouillon had been making incursions into Flanders for several weeks when Imperial force invaded northern France on 20 August. Troops commanded by Count Franz de Nassau-Sickingen moved on Mouzon. The siege During the siege the villagers took refuge in the citadel of M\u00e9zi\u00e8res. Defended by Bayard with\n\nThe Diet of Speyer or the Diet of Spires (sometimes referred to as Speyer II) was a Diet of the Holy Roman Empire held in 1529 in the Imperial City of Speyer (located in present-day Germany). The Diet condemned the results of the Diet of Speyer of 1526 and prohibited future reformation. It resulted in the Protestation at Speyer. Diet The Diet of Speyer was convened in March 1529, for action against the Turks, whose armies were pressing forward in Hungary, and would besiege Vienna later in the year, and against the further progress of Protestantism. The Diet opened on 15 March. The Catholic dignitaries appeared in full force, as did various princes and representatives of imperial cities who were leaning towards Luther and Zwingli's reforms. Ascendant Roman Catholic forces, particularly given Charles V's recent successes against the French in Italy, aimed to reverse the policy of religious tolerance adopted\n\nEvents Pre-1600 796 \u2013 King \u00c6thelred I of Northumbria is murdered in Corbridge by a group led by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. The patrician Osbald is crowned, but abdicates within 27 days. 1428 \u2013 Peace of Ferrara between Republic of Venice, Duchy of Milan, Republic of Florence and House of Gonzaga: ending of the second campaign of the Wars in Lombardy fought until the Treaty of Lodi in 1454, which will then guarantee the conditions for the development of the Italian Renaissance. 1506 \u2013 The cornerstone of the current St. Peter's Basilica is laid. 1518 \u2013 Bona Sforza is crowned as queen consort of Poland. 1521 \u2013 Trial of Martin Luther begins its second day during the assembly of the Diet of Worms. He refuses to recant his teachings despite the risk of excommunication. 1601\u20131900 1689 \u2013 Bostonians rise up in rebellion against Sir Edmund Andros. 1738 \u2013 Real\n\nQuestion: In 1520, what was the name given to the meeting held between Henry VIII and Francis I?", "output": "The FIELD OF THE CLOTH OF"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin is a fictional supervillain in the comic book series Hellboy. The character was created by Mike Mignola and John Byrne, and was based on the real life Russian mystic of the same name. Rasputin serves as the second archenemy of Hellboy after the Ogdru Jahad. Fictional biography In 1895, questioning his powers and purpose, Rasputin is visited by the witch Baba Yaga who told him that he is destined to father a new age. Rasputin then allowed Baba Yaga to take a fragment of his soul and hide it within the roots of Yggdrasil to become immortal. It was only after his assassination by Prince Felix Yusupov on December 16, 1916 that Rasputin is contacted by the Ogdru Jahad as he is revived. They enlisted him as their mortal agent in the world. Soon after, Rasputin was contacted by the Nazis to begin development on an occult\n\nSalah ad-Din (), or Salahu\u2019d-Din, \u1e62al\u0101\u1e25 ud-D\u012bn or other variant spellings, is an Arabic name that means The Righteousness of the Faith. It commonly refers to An-Nasir Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub (Arabic: \u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628), known as Saladin, the first sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Other notable people with the name, or known by the name, include (listed by nationality): Middle East and Africa Algeria Salaheddine Mokdad Saidi (born 1978), volleyball player Central African Republic Jean-B\u00e9del Bokassa (1921\u20131996), military ruler, briefly known as Salah Eddine Ahmed Bokassa Egypt Al-Ashraf Khalil (Al-Ashraf Sal\u0101h ad-D\u012bn Khalil issalahuddinbn Qalaw\u016bn, c. 1260s \u2013 1293), Mamluk sultan Salah Nasr (Salah ad-Din Nasr, 1920\u20131982), head of the Egyptian General Intelligence Directorate Salah Jahin (Muhammad Salah Eldin Bahgat Ahmad Helmy, 1930\u20131986), writer and cartoonist Salah al-Deen Hafez (1938\u20132008), writer and journalist Walid Salah El-Din (born 1971), footballer\n\nColm is a male given name of Irish origin. Colm can be pronounced \"Collum\" or \"Kullum\". It is not an Irish version of Colin, but like \"Callum\" and \"Malcolm\" derives from a Gaelic variation on columba, the Latin word for \"dove\" People Colm Bair\u00e9ad (born 1981), Irish filmmaker Colm Brogan (1902\u20131977), Scottish writer Colm Byrne (born 1971), Irish playwright Colm Collins, Gaelic football manager Colm Condon (1921\u20132008), Irish lawyer Colm Connolly (born 1942), Irish broadcaster and author Colm Cooper (born 1983), Irish Gaelic football player Colm Coyle (born 1963), Irish Gaelic football player and manager Colm Feore (born 1958), American-born Canadian actor Colm Hilliard (1936\u20132002), Irish politician Colm Imbert (born 1957), Trinidad and Tobago politician Colm Magner (born 1961), Canadian actor Colm Mangan (born 1942), Irish general Colm Meaney (born 1953), Irish actor Colm Mulcahy (born 1958), Irish mathematician, academic, columnist and author Colm \u00d3 C\u00edos\u00f3ig (born 1964), Irish drummer\n\nQuestion: What was Rasputin's first name?", "output": "Grigory"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Satnam (, pronunciation: ) is the main word that appears in the Sikh sacred scripture called the Guru Granth Sahib. Meaning and usage It is part of the Gurbani shabad called Mool Mantra which is repeated daily by Sikhs. This word succeeds the word \"Ek-onkar\" which means \"There is only one constant\" or commonly \"There is one God\". The word sat means \"true/everlasting\" and nam means \"name\". In this instance, this would mean, \"whose name is truth\". Satnam is referred to God as the Name of God is True and Everlasting. The word nam in Sikhism has two meanings. \"It meant both an application and a symbol of the All-pervading Supreme Reality that sustained the universe. Guru Nanak in his teachings emphasized the need of repeating Sat-Nam to realize the All-pervading Supreme Reality.\" References Shabda Sikh practices Sanskrit words and phrases Names of God in Sikhism Sikh terminology\n\nThe principal Sikh scripture is the Adi Granth (First Scripture), more commonly called the Guru Granth Sahib. The second most important scripture of the Sikhs is the Dasam Granth. Both of these consist of text which was written or authorised by the Sikh Gurus. Within Sikhism the Sri Guru Granth Sahib or Adi Granth is more than just a scripture. Sikhs consider this Granth (holy book) to be a living Guru. The holy text spans 1430 pages and contains the actual words spoken by the Gurus of the Sikh religion and the words of various other Saints from other religions including Hinduism and Islam. Terminology Bir The word 'bir' (; alternatively spelt as 'birh') in Sikhism refers to a complete volume of a Sikh scripture as an individual corpus. The term \"Bir\" is dervied from the Sanskrit verb v\u012b\u1e0d which means \"to make strong or firm, strengthen, fasten, or to\n\nHukam () is a Punjabi word derived from the Arabic hukm, meaning \"command\" or \"divine order.\" In Sikhism, Hukam represents the goal of becoming in harmony with the will of God and thus attaining inner peace. It also designates the practice of opening up at random to a page in the Sikh scripture (Guru Granth Sahib) to receive God's guidance on how to handle a certain situation, as answer to a question, or as more general guidance for that day. This ceremony is also known as Vak. See also Hukamnama References Sikh terminology Sikh practices\n\nQuestion: What is the name of the holy book of the Sikh religion?", "output": "Adi Granth"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Fins Bois is a wine producing sub-region within the Cognac appellation, geographically surrounding the sub-regions of Grande Champagne, Petite Champagne and Borderies, and which falls within both the Charente and Charente-Maritime departments in South-West France, just north of Bordeaux. Fins Bois is regarded as producing fine (fins) quality eaux-de-vie \u2013 though ranked behind those listed above \u2013 and is widely used as either a base- or filler- eaux-de-vie in many Cognac blends. While the major brands usually produce blends of several crus, many smaller producers produce single cru blends of various ages. Examples of such producers who release Cru Fins Bois include A. de Fussigny, Chateau de Beaulon and Jean Grosperrin. Fins Bois eaux-de-vies are characterised by their floral, fruity softness which adds good complexity and body to blends, but without the structure to age well as an exclusive cru blend. References Wine regions of France\n\nIn retail terms, a go-back is an item of merchandise which must be placed back on the store shelves. Such items usually accumulate during the store's open hours, and comprise a combination of returned items, items customers have decided not to purchase, and items store employees may have found left lying on the wrong shelf. Go-backs can often accumulate over several days because businesses, especially larger department stores, tend to have other priorities at the time and not enough employment to put the go-backs away. Go-backs are sometimes referred to as re-shop, put-backs, misplaced, shop-backs, returns, abandons, left-behinds, loose-stock, back-stock or shop-downs. See also Stock-taking Retail merchandise types by status\n\nA bogie ( ) (or truck in North American English) is a chassis or framework that carries a wheelset, attached to a vehicle\u2014a modular subassembly of wheels and axles. Bogies take various forms in various modes of transport. A bogie may remain normally attached (as on many railroad cars and semi-trailers) or be quickly detachable (as the dolly in a road train or in railway bogie exchange); it may contain a suspension within it (as most rail and trucking bogies do), or be solid and in turn be suspended (as most bogies of tracked vehicles are); it may be mounted on a swivel, as traditionally on a railway carriage or locomotive, additionally jointed and sprung (as in the landing gear of an airliner), or held in place by other means (centreless bogies). In Northern England (particularly Yorkshire),Scotland and some part of Wales, the term is used for a child\u2019s (usually\n\nQuestion: Racerback, Balconette, Bandeau, and Shelf are types of what?", "output": "Bra"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aruba ( , or , ), officially the Country of Aruba (; ), is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands physically located in the mid-south of the Caribbean Sea, about north of the Venezuelan peninsula of Paraguan\u00e1 and northwest of Cura\u00e7ao. It measures long from its northwestern to its southeastern end and across at its widest point. Together with Bonaire and Cura\u00e7ao, Aruba forms a group referred to as the ABC islands. Collectively, these and the other three Dutch substantial islands in the Caribbean are often called the Dutch Caribbean, of which Aruba has about one-third of the population. In 1986, it became a constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and acquired the formal name the Country of Aruba. Aruba is one of the four countries that form the Kingdom of the Netherlands, along with the Netherlands, Cura\u00e7ao, and Sint Maarten; the citizens of these\n\nColombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country mostly in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogot\u00e1 is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urbes include Medell\u00edn, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, C\u00facuta, Ibagu\u00e9, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage\u2014including language, religion, cuisine, and art\u2014reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by mass immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those\n\nThe Canary Islands (; , ), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish autonomous community and archipelago in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. At their closest point to the African mainland, they are west of Morocco. They are the southernmost of the autonomous communities of Spain. The islands have a population of 2.2 million people and are the most populous special territory of the European Union. The eight main islands are (from largest to smallest in area) Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro and La Graciosa. The archipelago includes many smaller islands and islets, including Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Monta\u00f1a Clara, Roque del Oeste, and Roque del Este. It also includes a number of rocks, including Garachico and Anaga. In ancient times, the island chain was often referred to as \"the Fortunate Isles\". The Canary Islands are the southernmost region of Spain, and\n\nQuestion: Curacao, off the Venezuelan coast, is a constituent country of which European kingdom ?", "output": "NETHERLANDS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Brokeback Mountain is a 2005 American epic romantic drama film directed by Ang Lee. Based on the short story of the same name by author Annie Proulx, the story was adapted by Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana. The film depicts the complex emotional and sexual relationship between two men, Ennis Del Mar and Jack Twist (played by Heath Ledger and Jake Gyllenhaal, respectively) in the American West between 1963 and 1983. Michelle Williams, Anne Hathaway, Linda Cardellini, Randy Quaid, Anna Faris, and Kate Mara feature in supporting roles. Brokeback Mountain premiered at the Venice International Film Festival, where it won the Golden Lion. Focus Features gave the film a limited release on December 9, 2005, before a wide release on January 13, 2006. The film grossed $178 million worldwide on a production budget of $14 million. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes surveyed 234 reviews and judged 87% of them to be\n\nJack Twist is a fictional character in the short novel \"Brokeback Mountain\", by Annie Proulx, and the 2005 film adaptation of the same name where he is portrayed by American actor Jake Gyllenhaal. Jack's story primarily follows the complex sexual and romantic relationship he has with Ennis Del Mar in the American West from 1963 to 1983. Gyllenhaal received a BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance. Characterization In an interview about her work, and \"Brokeback Mountain\" in particular, author Proulx stated Jack Twist is a \"confused Wyoming ranch kid\" who finds himself in a personal sexual situation he did not foresee, nor can understand. She said both men were \"beguiled by the cowboy myth\", and Jack \"settles on rodeo as an expression of the Western ideal. It\n\nThe Hawk Is Dying is a 2006 American drama film written and directed by Julian Goldberger, based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Harry Crews. It stars Paul Giamatti, Michelle Williams, and Michael Pitt. The film premiered at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival, and was also accepted to the 2006 Director's Fortnight Competition at the Cannes Film Festival. It released to theatres in New York City and Los Angeles on March 30, 2007. Plot George Gattling, a Gainesville, Florida auto upholsterer, is a man out of place in the world and out of place in his own skin. Gattling attempts to transcend his mundane life by training a wild red-tailed hawk. He owns University Custom Auto Shop and is the disgruntled patriarch of his family: his divorced sister, Precious, and her 20-year-old autistic son, Fred. He's also the unwitting case study of a \"life-gone-wrong\" for Betty, a\n\nQuestion: Heath Ledger and Jake Gyllenhaal played two sheep herders in which 2005 film?", "output": "Brokeback Mountain"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Amber is fossilized tree resin that has been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since Neolithic times. Much valued from antiquity to the present as a gemstone, amber is made into a variety of decorative objects. Amber is used in jewelry and has been used as a healing agent in folk medicine. There are five classes of amber, defined on the basis of their chemical constituents. Because it originates as a soft, sticky tree resin, amber sometimes contains animal and plant material as inclusions. Amber occurring in coal seams is also called resinite, and the term ambrite is applied to that found specifically within New Zealand coal seams. Etymology The English word amber derives from Arabic (ultimately from Middle Persian ambar) via Middle Latin ambar and Middle French ambre. The word referred to what is now known as ambergris (ambre gris or \"grey amber\"), a solid waxy substance derived\n\nconifers closely related to modern kauri and Norfolk pine, were buried by ancient volcanic mud flows and gradually replaced by silica to produce the fossils now exposed by the sea. The fossilised forest grew at a time of semi-tropical climate and before grasses and flowering plants had come into existence. The original forest of cycads, conifers and ferns was buried by massive floods of ash and volcanic debris either directly from a volcanic eruption or from later heavy rain on a barren volcanic mountain. Distinct bands of fossilised vegetation exposed in the cliff face indicate that in between such floods, the forest grew back at least four times over a period of some 20,000 years. Following this, the area remained buried over millions of years. Silica started to impregnate the wood and eventually turned it into stone, preserving not just tree stumps and wood, but in some places also fern\n\nPersian ambar) via Middle Latin ambar and Middle French ambre. The word referred to what is now known as ambergris (ambre gris or \"grey amber\"), a solid waxy substance derived from the sperm whale. The word, in its sense of \"ambergris,\" was adopted in Middle English in the 14th century. In the Romance languages, the sense of the word was extended to Baltic amber (fossil resin) from as early as the late 13th century. At first called white or yellow amber (ambre jaune), this meaning was adopted in English by the early 15th century. As the use of ambergris waned, this became the main sense of the word. The two substances (\"yellow amber\" and \"grey amber\") conceivably became associated or confused because they both were found washed up on beaches. Ambergris is less dense than water and floats, whereas amber is too dense to float, though less dense than stone.\n\nQuestion: What is the fossilised resin of coniferous trees called", "output": "Amber"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the more important contribution was by the films' supervising director, Leo McCarey, who probably more than anyone else at Roach saw the greatest possibilities for Laurel and Hardy as a comedy team. McCarey later used the same title for the classic Marx Brothers film, Duck Soup, which he directed for Paramount Pictures in 1933. The sketch on which the film was based was written by Stan Laurel's father, Arthur J. Jefferson. Duck Soup was remade as Another Fine Mess (1930). The print found in 1974 was a cropped 9.5mm re-release with French intertitles replacing the originals. However, since then a pristine quality full aperture 35mm nitrate print was located at the BFI National Archive, which appears to be from a British re-release. A restored version of the film with a theater organ soundtrack accompaniment was televised on the Movies! channel in the U.S. on December 26, 2020. Cast References Further\n\nThe Strawberry Blonde is a 1941 American romantic comedy film directed by Raoul Walsh, starring James Cagney and Olivia de Havilland, and featuring Rita Hayworth, Alan Hale, Jack Carson, and George Tobias. Set in New York City around 1900, it features songs of that era such as \"The Band Played On\", \"Bill Bailey\", \"Meet Me in St. Louis, Louie\", \"Wait Till The Sun Shines Nellie\", and \"Love Me and the World Is Mine\". It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1941 for Best Scoring of a Musical Picture. The title is most often listed beginning with the word The (as it appears in the opening credits), but the film's posters and promotional materials called it simply Strawberry Blonde. The film was a more lighthearted remake of the 1933 non-musical movie One Sunday Afternoon, directed by Stephen Roberts and starring Gary Cooper. Unlike that earlier picture, it was a hit.\n\n1933 \u2013 1934 \u2013 1935 \u2013 1936 \u2013 1937 \u2013 1938 \u2013 1939 1940 \u2013 1941 \u2013 1942 \u2013 1943 \u2013 1944 \u2013 1945 \u2013 1946 \u2013 1947 \u2013 1948 \u2013 1949 1950 \u2013 1951 \u2013 1952 \u2013 1953 \u2013 1954 \u2013 1955 \u2013 1956 \u2013 1957 \u2013 1958 \u2013 1959 1960 \u2013 1961 \u2013 1962 \u2013 1963 \u2013 1965 \u2013 1968 1970 Ted Healy and His Stooges Moe, Larry and Shemp 1930 Soup to Nuts (September 28) Moe, Larry and Curly 1933 Screen Snapshots Series 13 #5 (May 10) The Prizefighter and the Lady (May 27) (scene deleted) \u00a7 Nertsery Rhymes (July 6) \u2690 Beer and Pretzels (August 26) \u2690 Hello Pop! (September 16) \u2690 Plane Nuts (October 14) \u2690 Meet the Baron (October 20) \u00a7 Dancing Lady (November 24) \u00a7 Myrt and Marge (December 4) \u00a7 1934 Fugitive Lovers (January 5) \u00a7 Hollywood on Parade # B-9 (Mar\n\nQuestion: Who starred in the 1933 comedy satire film 'Duck Soup'?", "output": "The Marx Brothers"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Strone () is a village on the Cowal peninsula in Argyll and Bute in the Scottish Highlands at the point where the north shore of the Holy Loch becomes the west shore of the Firth of Clyde. The village lies within the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park. Origin of name The name comes from the Scottish Gaelic for nose, and applies to the hill above the village as well as to Strone Point. It adjoins the settlement of Kilmun on the loch, and the village of Blairmore on Loch Long. It has a (now disused) pier (built in 1847) and was a regular stop for the Clyde steamer services. Village A high road on the side of the hill serves additional houses including Dunselma, a Scottish baronial style house above the point. It was built as a sailing lodge for the wealthy Coats family (proprietors of the eponymous\n\nPortvoller () is a small village on the north tip of the Eye Peninsula (which along with Melbost and Parkend makes up Point), on the Isle of Lewis in northwestern Scotland. It is on the A866 from the Outer Hebrides' only town, Stornoway. Portvoller is within the parish of Stornoway. About the village Portvoller's most prominent feature is the Tiumpan Head Lighthouse, which is located at the northernmost tip of the village. Portvoller is also near some of the Western Isles' best fishing waters, especially rock fishing or beach casting. The headlands that are most popular for these pursuits are known locally as Billy Mor (Bilidh Mhor) and Foitelair (Foitealar). These two fishing hotspots are found about five minutes' walk from the ruined Portvoller slipway\u2014a walk that can be a treacherous clamber after a squall or downpour. The Portvoller slipway is also near to small and secluded Shinega (Sinigeadh) beach.\n\nIsleornsay (Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Iarmain) is a village lying off the main Armadale to Sleat road (the A851) on the Isle of Skye in Scotland. It overlooks, but is not upon, the island of Ornsay. The island itself shelters one of the best natural harbours in southern Skye. The location was exploited from the 18th century or earlier by the MacDonalds who owned this part of Skye. There is a hotel in the village called the Isle Ornsay Hotel and a local company Pr\u00e0ban na Linne founded by Iain Noble which produces a vatted malt whisky called Poit Dhubh (literally the \"Black Pot\" or \"Illicit Still\" and two blends, T\u00e9 Bheag nan Eilean (\"small dram of the islands\") and Mac na Mara (the \"Son of the Sea\"). Ornsay was the principal location for the international bestseller, The Ice Twins, by S. K. Tremayne, published in 2015. Emigration Emigration from the\n\nQuestion: On which Scottish island is Stornoway?", "output": "Lewis"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Brisbane City is the central suburb and central business district of Brisbane, the state capital of Queensland, Australia. It is colloquially referred to as the \"Brisbane CBD\" or \"the city\". It is located on a point on the northern bank of the Brisbane River, historically known as Meanjin, Mianjin or Meeanjin in the local Aboriginal Australian dialect. The triangular shaped area is bounded by the median of the Brisbane River to the east, south and west. The point, known at its tip as Gardens Point, slopes upward to the north-west where the city is bounded by parkland and the inner city suburb of Spring Hill to the north. The CBD is bounded to the north-east by the suburb of Fortitude Valley. To the west the CBD is bounded by Petrie Terrace, which in 2010 was reinstated as a suburb (after being made a locality of Brisbane City in the 1970s).\n\nBabinda is a rural town and locality in the Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. In the , the locality of Babinda had a population of 1,253 people. Geography Babinda is located south of Cairns. The town is noted for its proximity to Queensland's two highest mountains Mount Bartle Frere (Queensland's highest peak) and Mount Bellenden Ker. Babinda and Tully annually compete for the Golden Gumboot, an award for Australia's wettest town. Babinda is usually the winner, recording an annual average rainfall of over each year. History Babinda takes its name from the local Indigenous Australian language for mountain. Other sources, however, claim it is a Yidinji word for water, possibly referring to the high rainfall of the area. Babinda State School opened on 4 November 1914. Initially occupying temporary premises, the school's first permanent site was 24-34 Church Street (), now Babinda Swimming Pool and adjacent properties. In 1963, it expanded\n\nLockyer is an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Queensland. The district consists primarily of Gatton and Laidley Shires and northern parts of Beaudesert Shire. It includes the major town of Gatton and a number of smaller centres including Laidley, Helidon and Withcott. The eastern parts of the district are part of the outer southern suburbs of Ipswich and Brisbane in the area of Greenmount. The district is bounded on the west by Toowoomba North, and Toowoomba South. On the southwest and south by Condamine, Southern Downs and Beaudesert. To the north and northwest by Nanango. To the northeast, where it passes south of Ipswich and Brisbane, it is bounded by Ipswich West, Ipswich, Moggill. To the east it shares a boundary with the seat of Logan. The electorate has been represented by Jim McDonald since the 2017 election. Pauline Hanson came within just 114\n\nQuestion: What is the state capital of Queensland?", "output": "Brisbane"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Advance Australia Fair\" is the national anthem of Australia. Written by Scottish-born composer Peter Dodds McCormick, the song was first performed as a patriotic song in Australia in 1878. It replaced \"God Save the Queen\" as the official national anthem in 1974, following a nationwide opinion survey, only for \"God Save the Queen\" to be reinstated in January 1976. However, a plebiscite to choose the national song in 1977 preferred \"Advance Australia Fair\", which was in turn reinstated as the national anthem in 1984. \"God Save the King/Queen\" became known as the royal anthem, and is used at public engagements attended by the King or members of the monarchy of Australia. The lyrics of the 1984 version of \"Advance Australia Fair\" were modified from McCormick's original and its verses were trimmed down from four to two. In January 2021, the lyrics were changed once again. History Origin \"Advance Australia Fair\"\n\nis an alternative, \"International Anthem\". A version of the song was performed by South African soprano Pumeza Matshikiza at the opening ceremony of the 2014 Commonwealth Games. References External links Song sung by Robyn Stapleton European anthems Scottish songs Scottish patriotic songs Anti-war songs Works by Hamish Henderson\n\nThe National Anthem (; ) is the national anthem of Myanmar. It consists of two parts; the first half is a traditional Burmese style section, before transitioning into the second half, a Western-style orchestra. Because of the second half, both the \"National Anthem\" and its predecessor \"Dobama Song\" are popularly known as \"\" (, ; ). A long-standing tradition is that those who sing the national anthem bow at the end, as a show of respect for the nation. History Pre-colonial Burma did not have a proper national anthem, but had compositions glorifying the king, which served as royal anthems. After the annexation of Burma by the British Raj in 1886, \"God Save the King\" became the national anthem of British Burma. In 1930, a musician from Mandalay named Saya Tin went to Rangoon and contacted the Thakins to write a new national anthem together. They set four criteria for\n\nQuestion: \"What country's unofficial national anthem is \"\"Waltzing Matilda\"\"?\"", "output": "Australia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Agua Fria River (Spanish for \"cold water\") is a long intermittent stream which flows generally south from east-northeast of Prescott in the U.S. state of Arizona. Prescott draws much of its municipal water supply from the upper Agua Fria watershed. The Agua Fria runs through the Agua Fria National Monument. The river then flows through a small canyon called \"Black Canyon\" into Lake Pleasant, a popular recreation area near Peoria, Arizona. (There is a large \"Black Canyon\" on the Colorado River along the Arizona\u2013Nevada border.) During rainy weather and at times when water is flowing in the intermittent Agua Fria River, it discharges into the Gila River, which also only flows during wet periods of the year. The Central Arizona Water Conservation District of the Central Arizona Project operates the Agua Fria Recharge Project, which is about south of the New Waddell Dam. It serves to recharge underground aquifers\n\nflowing river. The Agua Fria puts most of its winter drainage, or snowmelt/rain floodwaters into Lake Pleasant Regional Park. The largest of the three north/south rivers, the Verde River (plus the East Verde), goes through Horseshoe Reservoir and Bartlett Reservoir before joining the Salt River. (The Salt River enters the Gila, 40 miles downstream, through central Phoenix, and five miles before the Agua Fria River tributary. The Hassayampa River is 35 miles farther downstream, and just prior to the tributary of Centennial Wash.) The Verde River drainage extends north and northwest of the Agua Fria River, and Hassayampa River drainages, and continues to the South Rim of the Grand Canyon. The combined Salt River\u2013Verde River drainage would be the major (and central) component of the south Mogollon Rim drainages of central Arizona (the Mogollon Plateau also drains north to the Little Colorado River). Gila watershed Agua Fria River \u2013 north\n\ndrainage into the Gila River. The Verde and Salt rivers effectively drain the western and central portion of the Mogollon Rim, NW to SE across the state, and the White Mountain region of the Mogollon Rim, in east-central, and east Arizona. The Verde River drainage into the Salt River, at its very northwestern drainages, east of Kingman, Arizona, even drains the South Rim, of the Grand Canyon. Thus, the Gila River watershed, may cover more than sixty (60) percent of the state. Three north\u2013south drainages and Salt\u2013Verde watershed From west to east, the Hassayampa River's final destination is the dry desert, and groundwater. The second drainage, the Agua Fria River enters the Gila in western Phoenix, but not as a flowing river. The Agua Fria puts most of its winter drainage, or snowmelt/rain floodwaters into Lake Pleasant Regional Park. The largest of the three north/south rivers, the Verde River (plus\n\nQuestion: Which river flows through the Grand Canyon in Arizona, USA?", "output": "Colorado"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Jos\u00e9 de Melo, rose up and threatened to bombard the city of Rio de Janeiro, then the capital of Brazil. To avoid a civil war, marshal Deodoro resigned the presidency in 23 November. With the resignation of Deodoro, after just nine months from the beginning of his administration, vice president Floriano Peixoto took office. The 1891 Constitution, however, provided for a new election if the presidency or vice-presidency became vacant sooner than two years in office. The opposition then accused Floriano of staying as head of the nation illegally. Second revolt The second revolt started in March 1892, when thirteen generals sent a letter and manifesto to the President Marshal Floriano Peixoto. This document demanded new elections be called to fulfill the constitutional provision and ensure internal tranquility in the nation. Floriano harshly suppressed the movement, ordering the arrest of their leaders. Thus, not legally solved, the political tensions increased.\n\nAfonso VI (; 21 August 164312 September 1683), known as \"the Victorious\" (), was the second king of Portugal of the House of Braganza from 1656 until his death. He was initially under the regency of his mother, Luisa de Guzm\u00e1n, until 1662, when he removed her to a convent and took power with the help of his favourite, the Lu\u00eds de Vasconcelos e Sousa, 3rd Count of Castelo Melhor. Afonso's reign saw the end of the Restoration War (1640\u201368) and Spain's recognition of Portugal's independence. He also negotiated a French alliance through his marriage. In 1668, his brother Pedro II conspired to have him declared incapable of ruling, and took supreme de facto power as regent, although nominally Afonso was still sovereign. Queen Maria Francisca, Afonso's wife, received an annulment and subsequently married Pedro. Afonso spent the rest of his life and reign practically a prisoner. Early life Afonso\n\nthe First Emperor of Brazil, D. Pedro, as he had previously served his father, King John VI of Portugal. He died as a Brazilian citizen in Rio de Janeiro in 1830. He authored the first official national anthems of Portugal (, 1809) and Brazil (, 1822). In 2010, Bampton Classical Opera presented the UK premi\u00e8re of Portugal's The Marriage of Figaro. On Site Opera produced this work's North American premiere in 2016. References External links Composer's biography, excerpts of (1797) and overture to Il duca di Foix (1805). D. Jo\u00e3o VI and Marcos Portugal: The Brazilian Period, by Ant\u00f3nio Jorge Marques MarcosPortugal.com, biography, links Musical Manuscripts Collection at the Harry Ransom Center External links 1762 births 1830 deaths Musicians from Lisbon Portuguese Classical-period composers Brazilian classical composers Portuguese classical composers 18th-century Portuguese musicians 19th-century Brazilian people 19th-century Portuguese people Portuguese male classical composers 19th-century male musicians\n\nQuestion: Emperor Pedro II, Deodoro da Fonseca, Floriano Peixoto, Manuel Vitorino Pereira and Prudente de Morais are names that crop up in the politics of what country in the 19th century?", "output": "Brazil"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bowery Electric was an American post-rock band, formed by Lawrence Chandler and Martha Schwendener in 1993. History Formed by Lawrence Chandler and Martha Schwendener in late 1993, Bowery Electric played their first show in New York City in January 1994. The band's debut double 7-inch single was recorded by Kramer and released by Hi-Fidelity Recordings in 1994. After listening to it, Kranky contacted the band. The band's first album, Bowery Electric, was recorded by Michael Deming at Studio .45 in Hartford, Connecticut and released by Kranky in 1995. The album was included by Andrew Earles in his 2014 book, Gimme Indie Rock: 500 Essential American Underground Rock Albums 1981\u20131996. In 2016, Pitchfork named it the 36th best shoegaze album of all time. In 1996, the band released an album, Beat. It includes a single, \"Fear of Flying\". In 2016, Beat was reissued on vinyl as a 20th anniversary edition by\n\nThe Bowery Savings Bank was a bank in New York City, chartered in May 1834. By 1980, it had over 35 branches in the New York metropolitan area. In 1992, it was sold to H. F. Ahmanson & Co. for $200 million. The bank's first branch at 130 Bowery was replaced twice; the current building on the site, designed by Stanford White and completed in 1895, is now an upscale venue. The bank decided to move its headquarters in 1920, and a new building was constructed from 1921 to 1923 at 110 East 42nd Street in Midtown Manhattan. Both of these buildings are New York City designated landmarks. History The Bowery Savings Bank opened in 1834 at the site of what is now 128-130 Bowery in Manhattan. By 1980, it had over 35 branches located in the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Queens, as well as Nassau and Suffolk counties\n\nNew York: R. Long & R.R. Smith, 1932. Harlow, Alvin Fay. Old Bowery Days: The Chronicles of a Famous Street. New York: D. Appleton, 1931. Terrett, Courtenay. Only Saps Work: A Ballyhoo for Racketeering. New York: Vanguard Press, 1930. Works of Peter Potatoes gangland atrocities and down right naughty behaviour! 2020 Year of birth missing Year of death missing Whyos American robbers American murder victims\n\nQuestion: \"\"\"The Bowery\"\" is a street in which US city?\"", "output": "New York"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "1728 is the natural number following 1727 and preceding 1729. It is a dozen gross, or one great gross (or grand gross). It is also the number of cubic inches in a cubic foot. In mathematics 1728 is the cube of 12, and therefore equal to the product of the six divisors of 12 (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12). It is also the product of the first four composite numbers (4, 6, 8, and 9), which makes it a compositorial. As a cubic perfect power, it is also a highly powerful number that has a record value (18) between the product of the exponents (3 and 6) in its prime factorization. It is also a Jordan\u2013P\u00f3lya number such that it is a product of factorials: 1728 has twenty-eight divisors, which is a perfect count (as with 12, with six divisors). It also has a Euler totient of 576 or\n\n189 (one hundred [and] eighty-nine) is the natural number following 188 and preceding 190. In mathematics 189 is a centered cube number and a heptagonal number. The centered cube numbers are the sums of two consecutive cubes, and 189 can be written as sum of two cubes in two ways: and The smallest number that can be written as the sum of two positive cubes in two ways is 1729. There are 189 zeros among the decimal digits of the positive integers with at most three digits. The largest prime number that can be represented in 256-bit arithmetic is the \"ultra-useful prime\" used in quasi-Monte Carlo methods and in some cryptographic systems. See also The year AD 189 or 189 BC List of highways numbered 189 References Integers\n\n178 (one hundred [and] seventy-eight) is the natural number following 177 and preceding 179. In mathematics There are 178 biconnected graphs with six vertices, among which one is designated as the root and the rest are unlabeled. There are also 178 median graphs on nine vertices. 178 is one of the indexes of the smallest triple of dodecahedral numbers where one is the sum of the other two: the sum of the 46th and the 178th dodecahedral numbers is the 179th. See also The year 178 AD or 178 BC List of highways numbered 178 References Integers\n\nQuestion: What is the cube root of 216?", "output": "6"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "and the publication continued until 1751. At that time, there were only two newspapers in New York City and the second was not critical of Cosby's government. U.S. Constitution The First Amendment permits information, ideas and opinions without interference, constraint or prosecution by the government. It was adopted on December 15, 1791, as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights. Early federal laws In 1798, eleven years after adoption of the Constitution and seven years after ratification of the First Amendment, the governing Federalist Party attempted to stifle criticism with the Alien and Sedition Acts. According to the Sedition Act, criticism of Congress or the president (but not the vice-president) was a crime; Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican, was vice-president when the act was passed. These restrictions on the press were very unpopular, leading to the party's reduction to minority status after 1801, and eventual dissolution in\n\nThe American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is an American nonprofit human rights organization founded in 1920. The organization strives \"to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States\". The ACLU works through litigation and lobbying and has over 1,800,000 members as of July 2018, with an annual budget of over $300 million. Affiliates of the ACLU are active in all 50 states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico. The ACLU provides legal assistance in cases where it considers civil liberties at risk. Legal support from the ACLU can take the form of direct legal representation or preparation of amicus curiae briefs expressing legal arguments when another law firm is already providing representation. In addition to representing persons and organizations in lawsuits, the ACLU lobbies for policy positions established by its board of directors. Current positions\n\nThe Bricker Amendment is the collective name of a number of slightly different proposed amendments to the United States Constitution considered by the United States Senate in the 1950s. None of these amendments ever passed Congress. Each of them would require explicit congressional approval, especially for executive agreements that did not require the Senate's two-thirds approval for treaty. They are named for their sponsor, conservative Republican Senator John W. Bricker of Ohio, who distrusted the exclusive powers of the president to involve the United States beyond the wishes of Congress. American entry into World War II led to a new sense of internationalism, which seemed threatening to many conservatives. Frank E. Holman, president of the American Bar Association (ABA), called attention to federal court decisions, notably Missouri v. Holland, which he claimed could give international treaties and agreements precedence over the United States Constitution and could be used by foreigners\n\nQuestion: What is the collective name for the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution?", "output": "Bill of Rights"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Accrington is a town in the Hyndburn borough of Lancashire, England. It lies about east of Blackburn, west of Burnley, east of Preston, north of Manchester and is situated on the culverted River Hyndburn. Commonly abbreviated by locals to \"Accy\", the town has a population of 35,456 according to the 2011 census. Accrington is a former centre of the cotton and textile machinery industries. The town is famed for manufacturing the hardest and densest building bricks in the world, \"The Accrington NORI\" (iron), which were used in the construction of the Empire State Building and for the foundations of Blackpool Tower; famous for Accrington Stanley F.C. and the Haworth Art Gallery which holds Europe's largest collection of Tiffany glass. History Etymology The name \"Accrington\" likely has Anglo-Saxon origins. The earliest known recording of the name is found in the Parish of Whalley records from 850, where it is written as\n\nSlyne-with-Hest is a civil parish in the City of Lancaster in Lancashire, England. It had a population of 3,163 recorded in the 2001 census, decreasing to 3,126 at the 2011 Census. The parish is north of Lancaster and consists of two villages; Slyne, on the A6 road, and Hest Bank on the coast. History Hest Bank ( ) is a village in north-western Lancashire, England, the boundaries of which include the coastline, from a western shoreline of salt-flats that adjoin the northern extremities of Morecambe's Victorian era Promenade, to a less clearly defined boundary in the east with the village of Slyne, which dates from Anglo-Saxon times. Notable buildings and roads Hest Bank's best-known building, 'The Hest Bank Hotel' (previously named the Sands Inn), is itself hundreds of years old, and once served as a coaching station for traffic crossing the sands of what is now called Morecambe Bay. Ordnance\n\nBredstedt (; ; North Frisian: Br\u00e4ist, ) is a town in the district of Nordfriesland, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. It is situated near the North Sea coast, approximately 20 km northwest of Husum. Notable people Christian Albrecht Jensen (1792\u20131870), portrait painter who depicted most of the leading figures of the Danish Golden Age Hans Carl Knudtzon (1751\u20131823) emigrated to Norway and became a merchant, ship-owner and politician. References Nordfriesland\n\nQuestion: The Haworth Art Gallery is located in which Lancashire town?", "output": "ACCRINGTON ."}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Book of Joshua ( , Tiberian: S\u0113p\u0304er Y\u014fh\u014d\u0161\u016ba\u02bf) is the sixth book in the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament, and is the first book of the Deuteronomistic history, the story of Israel from the conquest of Canaan to the Babylonian exile. It tells of the campaigns of the Israelites in central, southern and northern Canaan, the destruction of their enemies, and the division of the land among the Twelve Tribes, framed by two set-piece speeches, the first by God commanding the conquest of the land, and, at the end, the second by Joshua warning of the need for faithful observance of the Law (torah) revealed to Moses. The strong consensus among scholars is that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value for early Israel and most likely reflects a much later period. The earliest parts of the book are possibly chapters 2\u201311, the story of the conquest;\n\nAbel is a Biblical figure in the Book of Genesis within Abrahamic religions. He was the younger brother of Cain, and the younger son of Adam and Eve, the first couple in Biblical history. He was a shepherd who offered his firstborn flock up to God as an offering. God accepted his offering but not his brother's. Cain then killed Abel out of jealousy. According to Genesis, this was the first murder in the history of mankind. Life and death Interpretations Jewish and Christian interpretations According to the narrative in Genesis, Abel ( H\u00e9bel, in pausa H\u0101\u0301\u1e07el; H\u00e1bel; , H\u0101b\u0113l) is Eve's second son. His name in Hebrew is composed of the same three consonants as a root meaning \"breath\". Julius Wellhausen has proposed that the name is independent of the root. Eberhard Schrader had previously put forward the Akkadian (Old Assyrian dialect) ablu (\"son\") as a more likely etymology.\n\nThe Book of Samuel (, Sefer Shmuel) is a book in the Hebrew Bible, found as two books (1\u20132 Samuel) in the Old Testament. The book is part of the Deuteronomistic history, a series of books (Joshua, Judges, Samuel, and Kings) that constitute a theological history of the Israelites and that aim to explain God's law for Israel under the guidance of the prophets. According to Jewish tradition, the book was written by Samuel, with additions by the prophets Gad and Nathan, who together are three prophets who had appeared within 1 Chronicles during the account of David's reign. Modern scholarly thinking posits that the entire Deuteronomistic history was composed circa 630\u2013540 BCE by combining a number of independent texts of various ages. The book begins with Samuel's birth and Yahweh's call to him as a boy. The story of the Ark of the Covenant follows. It tells of Israel's\n\nQuestion: Which book of the Bible recounts the death of Joshua and the life of Samson?", "output": "JUDGES"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "An archipelago ( ), sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster, or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands. Examples of archipelagos include: the Indonesian Archipelago, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep Islands, the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, the Japanese archipelago, the Philippine Archipelago, the Maldives, the Balearic Islands, the \u00c5land Islands, The Bahamas, the Aegean Islands, the Hawaiian Islands, the Canary Islands, Malta, the Azores, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the British Isles, the islands of the Archipelago Sea, and Shetland. Archipelagos are sometimes defined by political boundaries. For example, while they are geopolitically divided, the San Juan Islands and Gulf Islands geologically form part of a larger Gulf Archipelago. Etymology The word archipelago is derived from the Ancient Greek \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9-(arkhi-, \"chief\") and \u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 (p\u00e9lagos, \"sea\") through the Italian arcipelago. In antiquity, \"Archipelago\" (from Medieval Greek *\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 and Latin\n\nThe Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about west of Lisbon, about northwest of Morocco, and about southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. Its main industries are agriculture, dairy farming, livestock, fishing, and tourism, which has become a major service activity in the region. The government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors. The largest city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada. The culture, dialect, cuisine, and traditions of the Azorean islands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries. There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups.\n\neast end of the island, the Molokai Advertiser-News. References Defunct newspapers published in Hawaii Molokai Newspapers established in 2004 2004 establishments in Hawaii Publications disestablished in 2008 2008 disestablishments in Hawaii\n\nQuestion: Which famous archipelago comprises eight major islands including Maui, Oahu, Kauai, and Molokai?", "output": "Hawaiian Islands"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Kevin Corrigan (born ) is an American character actor. He has appeared mostly in independent films and television since the 1990s, including as Uncle Eddie on the sitcom Grounded for Life (2001\u20132005). His film appearances include supporting roles in Goodfellas (1990), Walking and Talking (1996), Henry Fool (1997), The Departed (2006), Superbad (2007), Pineapple Express (2008), Seven Psychopaths (2012), The King of Staten Island (2020), and co-starring roles in Big Fan (2009) and Results (2015). He has been twice nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male. Life and career Corrigan grew up in the Bronx, New York City. After studying at Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute, he made his film debut in 1989 in Lost Angels, starring Donald Sutherland and Adam Horovitz. He was cast in Goodfellas as the younger brother of Henry Hill (Ray Liotta). During the independent film boom of the 1990s, Corrigan built\n\nGarc\u00eda, Joe Mantegna and Sophia Coppola Goodfellas (film) starring Ray Liotta, Robert De Niro, Joe Pesci, Lorraine Bracco, Paul Sorvino, Mike Starr and Frank Vincent. King of New York \u2013 (film) starring Christopher Walken, David Caruso, Laurence Fishburne, Wesley Snipes and Steve Buscemi. The Krays (film) starring Gary Kemp and Martin Kemp. The Lost Capone (film) starring Adrian Pasdar, Eric Roberts, Anthony Crivello and Dominic Chianese. Miller's Crossing \u2013 (film) starring Gabriel Byrne, John Turturro, Jon Polito, Mike Starr and Steve Buscemi. Mob Story (film) My Blue Heaven (film) starring Steve Martin, Rick Moranis and Joan Cusack. Payback (film) State of Grace (film) starring Sean Penn, Ed Harris, Gary Oldman and John Turturro. Boiling Point (film) Births Deaths Bruno Facciolo, Lucchese crime family member February 4 \u2013 Anthony DiLapi, Lucchese crime family soldier (53) September 28 \u2013 Roy Francis Adkins, English gangster and drug trafficker (42) References Organized crime Years\n\nRegarding Henry is a 1991 American drama film directed by Mike Nichols and written by J.J. Abrams. It stars Harrison Ford as a New York City lawyer from a dysfunctional family, who struggles to regain his memory and recover his speech and mobility after he survives a shooting, inadvertently restoring his family's integrity in the process. The supporting cast includes Annette Bening, Mikki Allen, Bill Nunn, Rebecca Miller, Bruce Altman and Elizabeth Wilson. The film received mixed reviews with praise for the cast and Ford's performance but criticized for its sentimentality and manipulativeness. The film grossed $88 million at the box office on a production budget of $25 million. Plot Ambitious, callous, narcissistic, and at times unethical, Henry Turner is a wealthy successful Manhattan lawyer whose obsession with his work leaves him little time for his socialite wife, Sarah, and troubled preteen daughter, Rachel. He has just won a malpractice\n\nQuestion: \"Who played mobster Henry Hill in the 1990 film \"\"Goodfellas\"\"?\"", "output": "Ray Liotta"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cowlersley is a district west of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England. It is situated between Milnsbridge and Linthwaite and south of the A62 and the River Colne. The name Cowlersley means 'a charcoal burner's wood' and was first recorded in 1226. The district has a primary school which was inspected by Ofsted in 2013 and listed as \"requiring improvement\". Its main claim to fame is that the former British prime minister Harold Wilson was born and lived in Cowlersley in his early childhood, at 4 Warneford Road. See also Listed buildings in Colne Valley (eastern area) Listed buildings in Golcar References Areas of Huddersfield Colne Valley\n\nMarsh is a suburb of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, England that is situated west of the town centre. At the 2001 census the population was recorded as 4,482. It is said that the area is so-called because it was wetland before it was reclaimed. It used to be known as Paddock-with-Marsh. The A640 road between Huddersfield town centre and Junction 23 of the M62 motorway runs through Marsh. This thoroughfare is known as Westbourne Road and is Marsh's main shopping area. One of Huddersfield's private schools, Huddersfield Grammar, is situated on Luck Lane. The Yorkshire and England cricketer Wilfred Rhodes and his family lived in Marsh for over 40 years. The actor James Mason originated from this area before going to Cambridge University and Hollywood. Holy Trinity Church lies in the eastern part of the suburb, just outside Huddersfield town centre, and was built between 1816 and 1819. See also Listed\n\nthe Ministry of Transportation, a bronze statue of Pavel Melnikov (1804\u20131880) was erected on the square. Melnikov was the Russian minister of transportation who oversaw the construction of the first railways in Russia. See also This square is not the only place in Europe, where is available interchange with many of major interchange stations. St Pancras railway station, Euston railway station and London King's Cross railway station in London are located similarly to Moscow stations at Komsomolskaya Square. In France, Gare du Nord and Gare de l'Est in Paris are also located nearby. External links Description and photographs Virtual tour of Komsomolskaya Square Squares in Moscow\n\nQuestion: Which Prime Minister has a statue in St. George's Square, Huddersfield opposite the railway station?", "output": "HAROLD WILSON"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Barmera ( ) is a town in the Riverland region of South Australia. It is on the Sturt Highway A20, 220 kilometres north-east of Adelaide, the capital of the state of South Australia. It is primarily an agricultural and viticultural town and is located on Lake Bonney Riverland, a freshwater lake. The population was 1,914 in 2011. History The original inhabitants were the Barmerara Meru clan of the Ngawadj people. It is not known where the name \"Barmera\" comes from but it is suspected that it means \"water place\" or \"land dwellers\", being a word from the local Aboriginal group. Others postulate it comes from Barmeedjie, the name of the tribe that lived to the north of the Murray River prior to European settlement. Lake Bonney was first seen by Charles Bonney and Joseph Hawdon in 1838 drove cattle along the Murray River. The land however, was settled in 1859\n\nWinsen (Luhe) () is the capital of the district of Harburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the small river Luhe, near its confluence with the Elbe, approx. 25 km southeast of Hamburg, and 20 km northwest of L\u00fcneburg. History Winsen was first mentioned in a document of the Diocese of Verden in 1158. Winsen Castle, first mentioned in 1315, was built at a crossing over the Luhe to protect the harbor. At the beginning of the 15th century, the Church of Saint Mary was built. In 1593, Dorothea of Denmark, widow of William the Younger, moved into Winsen Castle and lived there until her death in 1617. During this time, the Marstall (stables) was built. In the Thirty Years' War, Danes invaded the town and burned down about 25 houses. On 1 May 1847, Winsen was connected to the Hanover\u2013Hamburg railway of the Royal Hanoverian State Railways.\n\nLake Dutton, formerly known as Lake Gill, is a salt lake in the Australian state of South Australia located in the locality of Oakden Hills on the west side of the Stuart Highway, approximately north-west of Port Augusta in the state's Far North region. It was named after artist S. T. Gill by explorer John Horrocks, who accompanied Horrocks and his party on an exploration trip to the north west of South Australia in 1846. It was also the location where Horrocks accidentally shot himself on 1 September 1846 and the injuries received caused his death on 23 September 1846. The lake was discovered again by Benjamin Herschel Babbage who reported in July 1858 in a dispatch to Francis Dutton. Later on, Commissioner of Crown Lands reported that he had named this lake after the Commissioner. Babbage's name as the name that was never changed in the official use. See\n\nQuestion: Winch Australian state capital is on the River Torrens?", "output": "ADELAIDE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Muselmann (German plural ) was a term used amongst prisoners of German Nazi concentration camps during the Holocaust of World War II to refer to those suffering from a combination of starvation (known also as \"hunger disease\") and exhaustion, as well as those who were resigned to their impending death. The Muselmann prisoners exhibited severe emaciation and physical weakness, an apathetic listlessness regarding their own fate, and unresponsiveness to their surroundings owing to their barbaric treatment. Some scholars argue that the term possibly comes from the Muselmanns' inability to stand for any time due to the loss of leg muscle, thus leading them to spend much of their time in a prone position. Muselmann also literally means \"a Muslim\" in Yiddish and a number of other languages (albeit with spelling differences), and ultimately derives from the Old Turkish word for Muslim, \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 (m\u00fcsliman). Etymology \"Muselmann\" seemingly derives from the ,\n\nThe history of the Jews during World War II is almost synonymous with the persecution and murder of Jews which was committed on an unprecedented scale in Europe and European North Africa (pro-Nazi Vichy-North Africa and Italian Libya). The massive scale of the Holocaust which happened during World War II greatly affected the Jewish people and world public opinion, which only understood the dimensions of the Final Solution after the war. The genocide, known as HaShoah in Hebrew, aimed at the elimination of the Jewish people on the European continent. It was a broadly organized operation led by Nazi Germany, in which approximately six million Jews were murdered methodically and with horrifying cruelty. Although the Holocaust was organized by the highest levels of the Nazi German government, the vast majority of Jews murdered were not German, but were instead residents of countries invaded by the Nazis after 1938. Of the\n\nYiddish and a number of other languages (albeit with spelling differences), and ultimately derives from the Old Turkish word for Muslim, \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 (m\u00fcsliman). Etymology \"Muselmann\" seemingly derives from the , a historical term for \"Muslim\" (literally 'mussulman') which is now considered derogatory. If this derivation is correct, \"Muselmann\" would literally mean \"Muslim man\" (Muselman + Mann); but how this term later came to be used to denote starving concentration camp prisoners is uncertain. Some scholars argue that the term may derive from the Muselmann's inability to stand due to a combination of exhaustion and starvation-induced muscular atrophy in their legs, thus forcing them to spend much of their time in a prone position, which may have evoked the image of the Muslim practice of prostration during prayer, called Sujud. Viktor Frankl, who survived internment in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp, wrote in his memoirs that the term was first used by\n\nQuestion: What is the Hebrew word for the holocaust?", "output": "Shoah"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Fran\u00e7ois Auguste Ren\u00e9 Rodin (12 November 184017 November 1917) was a French sculptor, generally considered the founder of modern sculpture. He was schooled traditionally and took a craftsman-like approach to his work. Rodin possessed a unique ability to model a complex, turbulent, and deeply pocketed surface in clay. He is known for such sculptures as The Thinker, Monument to Balzac, The Kiss, The Burghers of Calais, and The Gates of Hell. Many of Rodin's most notable sculptures were criticized, as they clashed with predominant figurative sculpture traditions in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic. Rodin's most original work departed from traditional themes of mythology and allegory. He modeled the human body with naturalism, and his sculptures celebrate individual character and physicality. Although Rodin was sensitive to the controversy surrounding his work, he refused to change his style, and his continued output brought increasing favor from the government and\n\nThe Rodin Museum is an art museum located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania that contains one of the largest collections of sculptor Auguste Rodin's works outside Paris. Opened in 1929, the museum is administered by the Philadelphia Museum of Art. The museum houses a collection of nearly 150 objects containing bronzes, marbles, and plasters by Rodin. In 2012, the museum re-opened after a three-year, $9 million renovation that brought the museum back to its original vision of displaying Rodin's works. Founding The Museum was the gift of movie-theatre magnate Jules Mastbaum (1872\u20131926) to the city of Philadelphia. Mastbaum began collecting works by Rodin in 1923 with the intent of founding a museum to enrich the lives of his fellow citizens. Within just three years, he had assembled the largest collection of Rodin's works outside Paris, including bronze castings, plaster studies, drawings, prints, letters, and books. In 1926, Mastbaum commissioned French architects Paul\n\nis no longer used. This massive 5.5-m-tall bronze doorway was originally created for the Museum of Decorative Arts (which was to have been located in Paris but never came into existence). Rodin sculpted more than 100 figures for these doors from 1880 until his death in 1917. This casting is one of the three originals; several others have been made since. Several of his most famous works, including The Thinker, are actually studies for these doors which were later expanded into separate works. The museum's several rooms house many more of the artist's works, including The Kiss (1886), Eternal Springtime (1884), The Age of Bronze (1875\u201376), and The Burghers of Calais, a monument commissioned by the City of Calais in 1884. In 2019, the Rodin museum mounted a two-year special exhibition titled Rethinking the Modern Monument, curated by Alexander Kauffman, which paired 16 works from the Philadelphia Museum of Art\n\nQuestion: Which sculpture by Auguste Rodin was originally named \u2018The Poet\u2019?", "output": "The Thinker"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A colloid is a mixture in which one substance consisting of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance. Some definitions specify that the particles must be dispersed in a liquid, while others extend the definition to include substances like aerosols and gels. The term colloidal suspension refers unambiguously to the overall mixture (although a narrower sense of the word suspension is distinguished from colloids by larger particle size). A colloid has a dispersed phase (the suspended particles) and a continuous phase (the medium of suspension). The dispersed phase particles have a diameter of approximately 1 nanometre to 1 micrometre. Some colloids are translucent because of the Tyndall effect, which is the scattering of light by particles in the colloid. Other colloids may be opaque or have a slight color. Colloidal suspensions are the subject of interface and colloid science. This field of study began in 1845 by Francesco\n\na complex salt and contains the discrete hexaiodoytterbate(II) ion , which remains intact in aqueous solutions. In many cases, the complex ion is indicated by square brackets \"[ ]\". Double salts are distinct from mixed-crystal systems where two salts cocrystallise; the former involves a chemical combination with fixed composition, whereas the latter is a mixture. In general, the properties of the double salt formed will not be the same as the properties of its component single salts. Gallery References\n\nalloy constituents are usually measured by mass percentage for practical applications, and in atomic fraction for basic science studies. Alloys are usually classified as substitutional or interstitial alloys, depending on the atomic arrangement that forms the alloy. They can be further classified as homogeneous (consisting of a single phase), or heterogeneous (consisting of two or more phases) or intermetallic. An alloy may be a solid solution of metal elements (a single phase, where all metallic grains (crystals) are of the same composition) or a mixture of metallic phases (two or more solutions, forming a microstructure of different crystals within the metal). Examples of alloys include red gold (gold and copper), white gold (gold and silver), sterling silver (silver and copper), steel or silicon steel (iron with non-metallic carbon or silicon respectively), solder, brass, pewter, duralumin, bronze, and amalgams. Alloys are used in a wide variety of applications, from the steel\n\nQuestion: In chemistry, a 'homogeneous mixture composed of only one phase' (basically a mixed yet uniform substance) is called a?", "output": "Solution"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "(2013\u20132017). For her accomplishments in sport and for representing her country with distinction, in 2013 she was awarded the Gold Cross of Merit by Polish President Bronis\u0142aw Komorowski. On 14 November 2018, Radwa\u0144ska announced her retirement from professional tennis at the age of 29. Personal life Born in Krak\u00f3w to Robert Radwa\u0144ski, and his wife, Marta, Radwa\u0144ska began playing tennis at the age of four after her father introduced her to the sport. Her younger sister, Urszula, is also a tennis player. Radwa\u0144ska named Pete Sampras and Martina Hingis as inspirations. In 2009, Radwa\u0144ska became a WTA ambassador for Habitat for Humanity. She has also studied tourism at universities in Krak\u00f3w. Radwa\u0144ska is a practising Roman Catholic, and she took part in the Catholic campaign in her native country \"\" (\"I'm not ashamed of Jesus!\"). She released a video for the campaign in which she urged her fans to \"not\n\n(the 2007 Nordic Light Open), and was part of the first Polish team to win the Hopman Cup in 2015. In addition, she won the WTA award for Most Impressive Newcomer in 2006, and finished with a top 10 year-end ranking eight times (including six consecutive times from 2011 to 2016). Radwa\u0144ska is widely considered one of the best tennis players to have never won a major; her accomplishments among Polish players have only recently been surpassed by those of Iga \u015awi\u0105tek. Radwa\u0144ska was voted the WTA's Fan Favorite Singles Player for six consecutive years (2011\u20132016), the most of any player, in polls held by WTATennis.com. Radwa\u0144ska also won WTA's Fan Favorite Shot of the Year for five consecutive years (2013\u20132017). For her accomplishments in sport and for representing her country with distinction, in 2013 she was awarded the Gold Cross of Merit by Polish President Bronis\u0142aw Komorowski. On 14\n\nMagdalena Grzybowska (born 22 November 1978) is a former tennis player from Poland. Grzybowska, born in Pozna\u0144, won the juniors singles competition at the 1996 Australian Open. She also competed for Poland in the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, where she lost in the first round. Until her knee injury in 1998, she managed a rather successful career, culminating in the 30th position in the cumulative WTA rankings for that year, the highest standing for a Polish woman until Agnieszka Radwa\u0144ska. She retired in 2002 at age 24. Playing for Poland Fed Cup team, she has a win\u2013loss record of 8\u201310. After having retired from tennis, she completed her university studies in Paris, and she is working as a tennis commentator for Eurosport in Warsaw, Poland. ITF Circuit finals Singles: 6 (4\u20132) Doubles: 4 (3\u20131) External links 1978 births Living people Polish female tennis players Olympic tennis players for Poland Tennis\n\nQuestion: What nationality is tennis player Agnieszka Radwanska?", "output": "POLISH"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Berlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its more than 3.85 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constituent states, Berlin is surrounded by the State of Brandenburg and contiguous with Potsdam, Brandenburg's capital. Berlin's urban area, which has a population of around 4.5 million, is the most populous urban area in Germany. The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has around 6.2 million inhabitants and is Germany's second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr region. Berlin straddles the banks of the Spree, which flows into the Havel (a tributary of the Elbe) in the western borough of Spandau. Among the city's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree, Havel and Dahme, the largest of which is Lake M\u00fcggelsee. About one-third\n\nAachen ( , ; ; French and traditional English: Aix-la-Chapelle ) is the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 249,000 inhabitants. It is the westernmost city in Germany, and borders Belgium and the Netherlands to the west, the triborder area. It is located between Maastricht (NL) and Li\u00e8ge (BE) in the west, and Bonn and Cologne in the east. The Wurm River flows through the city, and together with M\u00f6nchengladbach, Aachen is the only larger German city in the drainage basin of the Meuse. Aachen is the seat of the City Region Aachen (). Aachen developed from a Roman settlement and (bath complex), subsequently becoming the preferred medieval Imperial residence of Emperor Charlemagne of the Frankish Empire, and, from 936 to 1531, the place where 31 Holy Roman Emperors were crowned Kings of the Germans. One of Germany's leading institutes of higher education\n\nLuque () is a city in Central Department of Paraguay, part of the Gran Asunci\u00f3n metropolitan area. Both 1635 and 1750 have been recorded as dates of its founding. It was temporarily the capital of Paraguay in 1868 during the Paraguayan War before relocation to San Estanislao. It is located at around . Luque is one of the most important cities in the country. The city counts as home of Paraguay's main international airport, Silvio Pettirossi International Airport and the \u00d1u Guas\u00fa Park, which is where the Paraguayan Olympic Committee is also located. The continental governing body of association football in South America, CONMEBOL, has its headquarters approximately 3 minutes from the Airport, consisting of the South American Football Museum and walking distance from the Bourbon CONMEBOL Asunci\u00f3n Convention Hotel. When it existed, ARPA \u2013 Aerol\u00edneas Paraguayas had its headquarters in the ARPA Terminal on the grounds of the airport.\n\nQuestion: Tegel airport serves which European capital city?", "output": "Berlin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Phoenix theophrasti, the Cretan date palm, is a palm native to the eastern Mediterranean, in Greece and Turkey. It and Chamaerops humilis (the European fan palm) are the only native palm trees in continental Europe; areas forested with these species constitute Europe's only palm forests. Similarly in Turkey, it is the only native palm species; all other species\u2014although much more common\u2014are introduced. Taxonomy The specific epithet theophrasti was chosen by the Swiss botanist Werner Greuter in 1967 for the fact that Theophrastus, the ancient Greek \"father of botany\", had described several types of palms, including one from Crete. A genomic study from New York University Abu Dhabi Center for Genomics and Systems Biology showed that domesticated date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) varieties from North Africa, including well-known varieties such as Medjool and Deglet Noor, are a hybrid between Middle East date palms and P. theophrasti. Description Apart from the usually inedible\n\nvarieties from North Africa, including well-known varieties such as Medjool and Deglet Noor, are a hybrid between Middle East date palms and P. theophrasti. Description Apart from the usually inedible dates and upright fruit clusters, the Cretan species can appear quite similar to the cultivated date. Phoenix theophrasti grows up to 15 m tall, usually with several slender stems. The leaves are pinnate, 2\u20133 m long, with numerous rigid greyish-green linear leaflets 15\u201350 cm long on each side of the central rachis. Dead leaves are marcescent, remaining attached to the stem for years after withering. The fruit is an oval yellowish-brown drupe 1.5 cm long and 1 cm diameter and containing a single large seed. The fruit pulp is too thin and fibrous to be of agricultural significance and has an acrid taste, though the fruits are sometimes eaten by the locals. Distribution The species has a relatively restricted distribution,\n\nDiospyros nigra, the black sapote, is a species of persimmon. Common names include chocolate pudding fruit, black soapapple and (in Spanish) zapote prieto. The tropical fruit tree is native to Mexico, Central America, and Colombia. The common name sapote refers to any soft, edible fruit. Black sapote is not related to white sapote nor mamey sapote. The genus Diospyros has numerous other fruit bearing tree species in addition to the persimmons and black sapote. Etymology The etymology of Diospyros is \"divine fruit\". It derives from the greek words \"dios\" and \"pyron\". There are multiple meanings including \"God's pear\", \"Wheat of Zeus\" and \"Jove's fire\". Description Mature trees can grow to over in height and are evergreen. It is frost sensitive but can tolerate light frosts. The leaves are elliptic-oblong, tapered at both ends, dark green, glossy and long. Some trees bear only male flowers. Others have both male and female\n\nQuestion: What is the fruit of the tree technically known as Phoenix Dactylifera?", "output": "Dates"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Warwick Line (also known as the Warwick\u2013Yorktown line) was a defensive works across the Virginia Peninsula maintained along the Warwick River by Confederate General John B. Magruder against much larger Union forces under General George B. McClellan during the American Civil War in 1861\u201362. The main line extended 12 miles from Yorktown to the Warwick River and downstream to Lee's Mill, then westward to Skiffe's Creek, which flowed into the James River at Mulberry Island, where the line was anchored on the east by a four-gun battery at Mulberry Island Point. The south end of Mulberry Island (now part of Fort Eustis) is located at the confluence of the Warwick and James Rivers. Notes See also Dam No. One Battlefield Site Fort Crafford Lee's Mill Earthworks Queen Hith Plantation Complex Site Southern Terminal Redoubt Virginia in the American Civil War History of Newport News, Virginia\n\nWarwick River is the name of several rivers: In New Zealand Warwick River (New Zealand) In the United States Warwick River (Maryland) Warwick River (Virginia) Warwick River Shire, a former division of Virginia\n\nLake Harrison or Lake Bosworth is the name given to a lake that in parts of the Ice Age may have covered much of the Midlands in England around Warwick, Birmingham and Leicester. It is suggested that it was formed when ice sheets over Wales and Northern England blocked drainage north-eastwards, trapping a lake between this and the Cotswolds. Finally the lake made two overflow courses, until drainage by the Cole and Soar could resume due to glacial retreat: South-east. Across the Fenny Compton Gap into the Cherwell which drains into the Thames. This has become a wind gap. South-west. This course became lasting for the south-west zone of where the lake was, as the River Avon, Warwickshire which flows into the Severn. See also stream capture. The extent of this proposed lake has been disputed, and it is now thought that several smaller proglacial lakes may explain the glacial\n\nQuestion: Warwick stands on which river?", "output": "AVON"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of the one person who inquired at the reference desk while the tea was being prepared, a furrier named Ernest Beilstein. Professor Rodney alleges that Morey could not possibly have forgotten this due to the coincidence of his sharing a name with Beilstein's Handbook of Organic Chemistry, a sixty volume encyclopedia of chemical compounds and reactions. Allusions to other works The title is from William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (Act 2, scene 2): \"What's in a name? that which we call a rose/ By any other name would smell as sweet\". External links Short stories by Isaac Asimov 1956 short stories Mystery short stories Works originally published in American magazines Works originally published in mystery fiction magazines Works originally published in pulp magazines\n\nAmbergris ( or , , ), ambergrease, or grey amber is a solid, waxy, flammable substance of a dull grey or blackish colour produced in the digestive system of sperm whales. Freshly produced ambergris has a marine, fecal odor. It acquires a sweet, earthy scent as it ages, commonly likened to the fragrance of isopropyl alcohol without the vaporous chemical astringency. Ambergris has been highly valued by perfume makers as a fixative that allows the scent to last much longer, although it has been mostly replaced by synthetic ambroxide. Dogs are attracted to the smell of ambergris and are sometimes used by ambergris searchers. Etymology The English word amber derives from the Arabic word (ultimately from Middle Persian ambar, also ambergris), via Middle Latin ambar and Middle French ambre. The word \"amber,\" in its sense of \"ambergris,\" was adopted in Middle English in the 14th century. The word \"ambergris\" comes\n\nHierochloe is a genus of plants in the grass family known generally as sweetgrass. These are perennial rhizomatous grasses found primarily in temperate and subarctic regions of Eurasia and North America, although some species extend southwards into Australia and Latin America. These erect green grasses are known for their sweet scent. They bear panicle inflorescences with rounded grass grain fruits. Some authors advocate merging the two genera Hierochloe and Anthoxanthum, though others disagree. Species formerly included numerous species now regarded as better suited to other genera: Anthoxanthum Centotheca Holcus References Pooideae Poaceae genera\n\nQuestion: What by any other name would smell as sweet?", "output": "A Rose"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "2004, Steve Chia of the National Solidarity Party was let off with a warning after being found in possession of an obscene film. In 2008, Ong Kian Cheong and Dorothy Chan Hien Leng were charged under both the Sedition Act and Undesirable Publications Act for allegedly distributing evangelistic publication titled The Little Bride that cast Prophet Muhammad in negative light. In 2015, the government lifted the ban of 240 publications, including the erotic novel Fanny Hill or anti-colonial books. Taking part in an outdoor nude photo shoot may trigger the Miscellaneous Offences (Public Order and Nuisance) Act instead of the UPA, as in the case of two tourists taking nude photographs at Sentosa in 2016. In 2017, Singapore banned nine books from a Singaporean preacher. In 2021, Cherian George's book, Red Lines: Political Cartoons and the Struggle against Censorship, was banned for reproducing materials that are offensive to religious feelings.\n\nBook of Longing was the first new poetry book by Leonard Cohen since 1984's Book of Mercy. First published in 2006 by McClelland and Stewart, Book of Longing contains 167 previously unpublished poems and drawings, mostly written at a Zen monastery on Mount Baldy in California, where Cohen lived from 1994 to 1999, and in India, which he visited regularly during the late 1990s. The book also incorporates a number of poems written after his 1978 book, Death of a Lady's Man (not to be confused with his 1977 album, Death of a Ladies' Man). These presumably were left out of his 1984 Book of Mercy, which contained only psalm-like meditations. Book of Longing also collects some of the lyrics to songs from the albums Ten New Songs (2001) and Dear Heather (2004). Many of these poems were first published at The Blackening Pages of The Leonard Cohen Files website.\n\nworking in Europe while Banning stayed in London, where she worked part time for the Red Cross and began work on her first novel. After a year, she moved back to the United States and spent a summer in New York with her children, tutoring with Viola Roseboro, a former editor of McClure's Magazine. Her first novel, Barbara Lives, was published in 1917. In 1920, This Marrying was bought and published by George H. Doran. Her book was initially advertised alongside works by Stephen Vincent Benet and Elisabeth Sanxay Holding. She was guided in the literary world by Eugene Saxton of Harper & Brothers and Carl Brandt, a literary agent. She wrote thirty-nine books as well as over 400 short stories and personal essays, many of which were published in magazines such as Good Housekeeping, McCall\u2019s, Ladies\u2019 Home Journal, The Saturday Evening Post, Atlantic Monthly, Harper\u2019s Bazaar, and Reader\u2019s Digest.\n\nQuestion: 'Memoirs Of A Woman Of Pleasure' is the original title of which frequently banned book?", "output": "'FANNY HILL'"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Members of the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada People from Grimsby, Ontario People from Montgomery County, New York United Empire Loyalists Canadian people of English descent Huguenot participants in the American Revolution\n\nImmigrants to the Province of Canada Mayors of Guelph Members of the Executive Council of Ontario Ontario Liberal Party MPPs People from Brockville People from Johnstone Provincial Secretaries of Ontario Scottish emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario\n\ngreat-grandson, William L. Walsh, served as Lieutenant Governor of Alberta. References Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online 1742 births 1816 deaths American Revolutionary War prisoners of war held by Spain Upper Canada judges American Loyalists from Maryland\n\nQuestion: What name was given to the loyal refugees that settled in Ontario after the American War of Independence?", "output": "United Empire Loyalists"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alicante () is a city and municipality in the Valencian Community, Spain. It is the capital of the province of Alicante and a historic Mediterranean port. The population of the city was 337,482 , the second-largest in the Valencian Community. Toponymy The name of the city echoes the Arabic name Laqant () or al-Laqant (), which in turn reflects the Latin Lucentum and Greek root Leuk\u00e9 (or Leuka), meaning \"white\". History The area around Alicante has been inhabited for over 7000 years. The first tribes of hunter-gatherers moved down gradually from Central Europe between 5000 and 3000 BC. Some of the earliest settlements were made on the slopes of Mount Benacantil. By 1000 BC Greek and Phoenician traders had begun to visit the eastern coast of Spain, establishing small trading ports and introducing the native Iberian tribes to the alphabet, iron, and the pottery wheel. The Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca\n\nThe Alc\u00e1zar de los Reyes Cristianos (Spanish for \"Castle of the Christian Monarchs\"), also known as the Alc\u00e1zar of C\u00f3rdoba, is a medieval alc\u00e1zar () located in the historic centre of C\u00f3rdoba (in Andalusia, Spain), next to the Guadalquivir River and near the Mosque-Cathedral. The fortress served as one of the primary residences of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon. It is a building of military character whose construction was ordered by the King Alfonso XI of Castile in the year 1328, on previous constructions (the Islamic-era Umayyad Alc\u00e1zar, also the previous residence of the Roman Governor and the Customs). The architectural ensemble has a sober character in its exterior and splendid in its interior, with the magnificent gardens and courtyards that maintain a Mud\u00e9jar inspiration. The Alc\u00e1zar has been declared a Cultural Interest Heritage since 1931. It forms part of the Historic Center of C\u00f3rdoba that\n\nderived from the Vandals, the Goths or pre-Roman Iberian tribes. The toponym al-Andalus is first attested by inscriptions on coins minted in 716 by the new Muslim government of Iberia. These coins, called dinars, were inscribed in both Latin and Arabic. The region's history and culture have been influenced by the Tartessians, Iberians, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Greeks, Romans, Vandals, Visigoths, Byzantines, Berbers, Arabs, Jews, Romanis and Castilians. During the Islamic Golden Age, C\u00f3rdoba surpassed Constantinople to be Europe's biggest city, and became the capital of Al-Andalus and a prominent center of education and learning in the world, producing numerous philosophers and scientists. The Crown of Castile conquered and settled the Guadalquivir Valley in the 13th century. The mountainous eastern part of the region (the Kingdom of Granada) was subdued in the late 15th century. Atlantic-facing harbors prospered upon trade with the New World. Chronic inequalities in the social structure caused by\n\nQuestion: Which Spanish city houses 'La Mezquita', and was the capital of Muslim Spain from 756 until its capture in 1236?", "output": "CORDOBA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Pisa International Airport () , also named Galileo Galilei Airport is an airport located in Pisa, Italy. It is the main airport in Tuscany and the 10th in Italy in terms of passengers. It is named after Galileo Galilei, the famous scientist and native of Pisa. The airport was first developed for the military in the 1930s and 1940s. The airport was used by 5,233,118 passengers in 2017. It serves as a focus city of Ryanair. Overview Since 2017 the airport has its own Pisa Mover shuttle service to and from Pisa Central railway station. A return ticket is ten euros and the shuttle takes 5 minutes. The airport also has 5 passenger and 1 coach parking areas. Besides civilian operations, the airport is also used extensively by the Aeronautica Militare (Italian Air Force) and is a base for, amongst others, the C-130 Hercules and C-27J Spartan transport aircraft. The\n\nSalzburg Airport , branded as Salzburg Airport Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, is Austria's second largest airport. It serves Salzburg, the fourth-largest Austrian city, and is a gateway to Austria's numerous ski areas. The airport is located west-south-west of Salzburg city centre and from the Austrian-German border. It is jointly owned by Salzburg municipality (25%) and Salzburg Province (75%). The airport is named after the Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Salzburg Airport has a small footprint, covering only 175 hectares (432 acres) of land but has a 2,750m runway equipped to handle aircraft as large as the Boeing 747-400. History Pre-World War II In 1910, the first powered aircraft taxied on to the new race track in Salzburg-Aigen. In 1926, Deutsche Luft Hansa inaugurated the Munich-Salzburg-Bad Reichenhall route. In 1927, the Vienna-Salzburg-Innsbruck route was started by \u00d6LAG (Austrian Aviation AG). In one of the earlier incidents Luft Hansa, which flew the London-Brussels-Frankfurt-Munich-Vienna\n\nWarsaw Airport may refer to the following airports in Poland: Warsaw Chopin Airport (IATA: WAW, ICAO: EPWA), Poland's busiest airport, previously known as Warsaw-Okecie Airport Warsaw Modlin Airport (IATA: WMI, ICAO: EPMO), Warsaw's secondary airport, intended to be used by low-cost carriers Warsaw Radom Airport (IATA: RDO, ICAO: EPRA), located in Radom, located 100km south of Warsaw, with minimal usage Warsaw Babice Airport (ICAO: EPBC), also known as Bemowo, for civil, sports, and Interior Ministry use See also Warsaw Municipal Airport (disambiguation) for airports in the United States\n\nQuestion: Where is Frederic Chopin Airport?", "output": "WARSAW"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Columbia River (Upper Chinook: or ; Sahaptin: Nch\u2019i-W\u00e0na or Nchi wana; Sinixt dialect ) is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river forms in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. It flows northwest and then south into the U.S. state of Washington, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river is long, and its largest tributary is the Snake River. Its drainage basin is roughly the size of France and extends into seven states of the United States and one Canadian province. The fourth-largest river in the United States by volume, the Columbia has the greatest flow of any North American river entering the Pacific. The Columbia has the 36th greatest discharge of any river in the world. The Columbia and its tributaries have been central\n\nAlaska ( ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. It borders British Columbia and Yukon in Canada to the east and it shares a western maritime border in the Bering Strait with Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean lie to the north and the Pacific Ocean lies to the south. Technically a semi-exclave of the U.S., Alaska is the largest exclave in the world. Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area, comprising more total area than the next three largest states of Texas, California and Montana combined and is the seventh-largest subnational division in the world. It is the third-least populous and most sparsely populated U.S. state, but with a population of 736,081 as of 2020, is the continent's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel, with more than quadruple the combined populations\n\nWestport is an unincorporated community and census-designated place on the Columbia River in Clatsop County, Oregon, United States. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 321. Westport is connected to Cathlamet, Washington, across the river via the Wahkiakum County ferry to Puget Island. U.S. Route 30 passes through the community, connecting it to Astoria to the west and Clatskanie to the east. Westport is named after \"Captain\" John West, a millwright and lumberman who settled in the area in the early 1850s. West was a native of Scotland, emigrated to Canada as a young man where he worked in a sawmill on the St. Lawrence River and then came to Oregon via California during the gold rush of 1849. West ran a sawmill and a salmon cannery in the community. The Westport post office was established in 1863 with West was its first postmaster. Demographics References Unincorporated\n\nQuestion: Which river forms most of the boundary between the US states of Oregon and Washington?", "output": "COLUMBIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of the surrounding landscape. There's no more passenger traffic between Arequipa and Matarani, and it was also suspended on the Juliaca - Arequipa line for several years until May 2017 when the Belmond Andean Explorer was inaugurated. There is a dual gauge track connection between the San Pedro railway station ( gauge) and the Huanchac Railway station () in Cusco. There is a switch-back to reach San Pedro station. The trains for Aguas Calientes (Machu Picchu) leave from San Pedro station. Route table Passenger transport Tourist trains Cusco - Aguas Calientes (Machu Picchu) On the route from Cusco to Machu Picchu, PeruRail transports the vast majority of visitors and provides several different services. The Belmond Hiram Bingham Pullman, named after Machu Picchu's American discoverer, Hiram Bingham, is the most expensive service. It departs from Poroy at 9 a.m., later than other departures. Meals, guides, bus service and entrance to the\n\nRigi Railways () is a railway company that operates a group of railways on the mountain Rigi, located between two of the arms of Lake Lucerne, in Switzerland. They include two standard gauge rack railways, the Vitznau\u2013Rigi Bahn (VRB) and the Arth\u2013Rigi Bahn (ARB), along with the Luftseilbahn Weggis\u2013Rigi Kaltbad (LWRK) cable car. Reaching a height of above sea level, the Rigi Railways are the highest standard gauge railway in Europe. They are also the highest railway in both cantons of Lucerne and Schwyz. The Vitznau\u2013Rigi Bahn is also notable as the first mountain rack railway in Europe, and even the second in the world, after the Mount Washington Cog Railway in the United States. History Building of the Vitznau\u2013Rigi Railway Aware of the scenic location of Mount Rigi, Swiss engineer Niklaus Riggenbach masterminded the construction of a railway from Vitznau, on the shores of Lake Lucerne and the southern\n\nThe Belmond Royal Scotsman is a Scottish overnight luxury train, started in 1985 by GS&WR (Great Scottish and Western Railway Co.), and run since 2005 by Belmond Ltd. Its itineraries include 2, 3, 4, 5 or 7-night journeys around the Scottish Highlands, visiting castles, distilleries and historic sites. Once each year, it also makes a 7-night journey around the whole of Great Britain. Train's history The first train was composed of Mark 1 sleeping cars and three vintage dining and lounge carriages. After the inauguration of the current train set in 1989, the vintage coaches have kept on running as the Queen of Scots charter train. For the second train batch the train's former owner acquired Pullman cars, which were built in 1960 by Metropolitan Cammell for the East Coast Main Line. This train consisted of four sleeping cars, two dining cars, and one observation car. The train's two dining\n\nQuestion: The Hiram Bingham luxury train has what magnificent location as its destination?", "output": "Machu Picchu"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "could argue that all Medieval-sounding tunes written after the Middle Ages are in some way neo-Medieval music; this definition would include music from as early as the Renaissance and onwards. Other examples of early neo-Medievalism in music would also include a number of Romantic composers such as Niels W. Gade, Edvard Grieg, and Felix Mendelssohn (who often used Medieval- and folk-style tunes in their music), as well as parts of the Carmina Burana by Carl Orff, and many movie soundtracks from the 20th century. However, as a popular music form, the birth of neo-Medieval music is closely connected with the folk rock and roots music movement of the 1960s and 1970s. In many countries in Europe musicians sought to find their cultural roots, reviving music that had largely died out as a result of centuries of industrialization, and decades of exposure to United States music styles like jazz and rock.\n\nof film scores. He conducted scores by Nino Rota for The Leopard, Mario Nascimbene for Barabbas, and Toshiro Mayuzumi for John Huston's film The Bible: In the Beginning, and others. His wife was Maritza (Maria Letizia) Carini (1934-2000). References External links 1911 births 1985 deaths Conservatorio Giovanni Battista Martini alumni Academic staff of Conservatorio Santa Cecilia Musicians from Palermo Italian male conductors (music) Italian music educators Curtis Institute of Music faculty Juilliard School faculty Italian male composers 20th-century Italian composers 20th-century Italian conductors (music) 20th-century Italian male musicians\n\nthe early twentieth century as a result of both philosophical developments and as a reflection of the war-torn times. Notable composers whose works are often linked with the concept include Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss (operas and ), Claude Debussy (opera , ballet Jeux), Jean Sibelius (especially the Fourth Symphony), Arnold Schoenberg (A Survivor from Warsaw), Alban Berg, Francis Poulenc (opera Dialogues of the Carmelites), Dmitri Shostakovich (opera Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk, symphonies and chamber music), B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k (opera Bluebeard's Castle), and Krzysztof Penderecki (especially Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima). Angst began to be discussed in reference to popular music in the mid- to late 1950s, amid widespread concerns over international tensions and nuclear proliferation. Jeff Nuttall's book Bomb Culture (1968) traced angst in popular culture to Hiroshima. Dread was expressed in works of folk rock such as Bob Dylan's \"Masters of War\" (1963) and \"A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall\".\n\nQuestion: In 1936, who composed \u2018Carmina Burana\u2019, the first part of a trilogy?", "output": "Carl ORFF"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Highway Companion is the third and final solo studio album by American singer-songwriter Tom Petty. It was released on July 25, 2006, and charted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 album chart. The album was produced by former Traveling Wilburys bandmate Jeff Lynne, who also produced Petty's highly acclaimed first solo album, Full Moon Fever, as well as the Heartbreakers' next album Into the Great Wide Open. Petty released the album through Rick Rubin's American Recordings label and Warner Bros. Records, where Petty has had a record contract since his second solo album, Wildflowers (which was produced by Rubin). The tracks \"Saving Grace\" and \"Big Weekend\" were released July 4, 2006 on the iTunes Music Store. It ended up being Petty's only album for American Recordings, as that label moved to Columbia Records distribution in 2007; Warner Bros retained the rights to Petty, eventually reassigning him to subsidiary label\n\nare credited as the first band Nirvana backed (having recently backed Paul McCartney for the 12-12-12: The Concert for Sandy Relief). References External links Stinky puffs at VH1 American alternative rock groups Child musical groups Child rock musicians\n\nband The Agony Scene, metalcore band Elvin Bishop, blues and rock music singer-songwriter, guitarist and bandleader Garth Brooks, country music singer Broncho, punk rock band with Ryan Lindsey, Johnathon Ford of Roadside Monument, and Nathan Price Anita Bryant, singer J. J. Cale, songwriter and musician, an originator of The Tulsa Sound Capital Lights, pop rock band Rodney Carrington country music singer and comedian Jeff Carson, country musician Chuck Cissel, singer and dancer Annie Clark (St. Vincent) Roy Clark, country musician David Cook, 2008 American Idol winner Denny Cordell, record producer, signed Tom Petty as part of Mudcrutch Ester Dean, singer-songwriter Joe Diffie, country musician Phil Driscoll, trumpet player and singer, Christian and jazz musician Ronnie Dunn (Brooks and Dunn) Annie Ellicott, jazz, swing singer Scott Ellison, electric blues guitarist, singer and songwriter Ester Drang, indie band Rocky Frisco, pianist for J.J. Cale; 2008 inductee into Oklahoma Blues Hall of Fame\n\nQuestion: What is or was the name of Tom Petty's backing group", "output": "The Heartbreakers"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cue sports are a wide variety of games of skill played with a cue, which is used to strike billiard balls and thereby cause them to move around a cloth-covered table bounded by elastic bumpers known as . There are three major subdivisions of games within cue sports: Carom billiards, played on tables without , typically ten feet in length, including straight rail, balkline, one-cushion carom, three-cushion billiards, artistic billiards, and four-ball Pocket billiards (or pool), played on six-pocket tables of seven, eight, nine, or ten-foot length, including among others eight-ball (the world's most widely played cue sport), nine-ball (the dominant professional game), ten-ball, straight pool (the formerly dominant pro game), one-pocket, and bank pool Snooker, English billiards, and Russian pyramid, played on a large, six-pocket table (dimensions just under 12 ft by 6 ft), all of which are classified separately from pool based on distinct development histories, player culture,\n\nThe following is a glossary of traditional English-language terms used in the three overarching cue sports disciplines: carom billiards referring to the various games played on a billiard table without ; pool, which denotes a host of games played on a table with six pockets; and snooker, played on a large pocket table, and which has a sport culture unto itself distinct from pool. There are also games such as English billiards that include aspects of multiple disciplines. Definitions and language The term \"\" is sometimes used to refer to all of the cue sports, to a specific class of them, or to specific ones such as English billiards; this article uses the term in its most generic sense unless otherwise noted. The labels \"British\" and \"UK\" as applied to entries in this glossary refer to terms originating in the UK and also used in countries that were fairly recently\n\nthe electronics and telecommunications industries. A typical spudger is an insulating stick, made of either wood, plastic or a nylon fiberglass material. For instances where the spudger is used for prising it is commonly made of stainless steel or other metals. Materials and versions The most common modern spudger is a black or yellow nylon stick with a metal hook at one end. Various versions have blunt, sharpened, or insulated hooks. The hook can be used for pulling bridge clips from 66 blocks, manipulating wires in a crowded wire wrap block, or setting DIP switches. The body of a plastic spudger is usually contoured to offer a better grip. Some spudgers are made of orangewood, used in electronics assembly and soldering because of its heat tolerance and dense grain. The same orangewood sticks are commonly used in filmmaking, manicure and pedicure, but these industries do not use the term \"spudger\".\n\nQuestion: What is the main material out of which a pool cue is usually made?", "output": "Wood"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Return to Sender\" is a song recorded by American singer Elvis Presley and featured in the film Girls! Girls! Girls!. The song was written by Winfield Scott and Otis Blackwell to suit Presley's rock and roll musical style. The singer laments his relationship with a spiteful partner. Released on October 2, 1962, and published by Elvis Presley Music, the song became a commercial hit and received praise for its lyricism and melody. The song peaked at number one on the UK Singles Chart, and was the UK Christmas number one in 1962. It was also the first Christmas number one in the Irish Singles Chart. In the United States, \"Return to Sender\" reached No. 2 on the American Billboard singles chart, kept out of the top spot by The Four Seasons' \"Big Girls Don't Cry.\" However, the song reached No. 1 on the rival Cash Box and Music Vendor singles\n\nW. S. \"Fluke\" Holland (April 22, 1935 \u2013 September 23, 2020) was an American drummer who played with Carl Perkins, and later for Johnny Cash in the bands The Tennessee Three, The Great Eighties Eight, and The Johnny Cash Show Band. Holland was born in Saltillo, Tennessee in April 1935 and graduated from J.B. Young High School in Bemis. He played drums on the 1955 Sun Records recording of \"Blue Suede Shoes\" and performed on the \"Million Dollar Quartet\" session that featured Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Perkins, and Cash. Holland appeared with the Carl Perkins band in the 1957 rock and roll movie Jamboree, performing \"Glad All Over.\" In 2014, Holland was honored at the Carl Perkins Center in Jackson, Tennessee for his 60 years of musical contributions. In 2018, Holland was honored with the \"Lifetime Achievement\" award during the annual Tennessee Music Awards event at the University of\n\nElvis is the eighteenth studio album by American singer and musician Elvis Presley, released on July 16, 1973. It sold over 1 million copies worldwide. To differentiate it from his eponymous 1956 release, it is sometimes called The \"Fool\" Album, after its first track which appears just below Elvis' name on the front cover. In the US, \"Fool\" was issued as the B-side of \"Steamroller Blues\" from the Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite album. In the UK the sides were flipped and \"Fool\" was issued as the A-side. It reached No. 15. Content The album tracks \"Fool\" and \"Where Do I Go From Here\" were recorded in March 1972. \"It's Impossible\" is a live recording from the Hilton Hotel in Las Vegas from February 1972, recorded during a successful fifty-seven show season. The remaining tracks were leftovers from the March and May 1971 recording sessions at RCA's Studio B in\n\nQuestion: \"Who wrote and recorded the song, \"\"Blue Suede Shoes\"\", later a hit record for Elvis Presley?\"", "output": "CARL PERKINS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Blackjack (formerly black jack and vingt-un) is a casino banking game. It is the most widely played casino banking game in the world. It uses decks of 52 cards and descends from a global family of casino banking games known as \"twenty-one\". This family of card games also includes the European games vingt-et-un and pontoon, and the Russian game . Blackjack players do not compete against each other. The game is a comparing card game where each player competes against the dealer. History Blackjack's immediate precursor was the English version of twenty-one called vingt-un, a game of unknown (but likely Spanish) provenance. The first written reference is found in a book by the Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes. Cervantes was a gambler, and the protagonists of his \"Rinconete y Cortadillo\", from Novelas Ejemplares, are card cheats in Seville. They are proficient at cheating at veintiuna (Spanish for \"twenty-one\") and state\n\nBlackjack is a video game simulation of blackjack programmed by Bob Whitehead and published by Atari, Inc. for its Video Computer System (later known as the Atari 2600). The game was one of the nine launch titles available when the Atari 2600 went on sale in September 1977. The objective is identical to the card game: to beat the dealer's card total, without going over 21, to win a bet. One to three players play the computer dealer. Gameplay The player uses the paddle controller to enter a bet of up to 25 chips from an initial stack of 200. An up card is then presented, and the player decides whether to \"hit\" (accept another card) or stand. The player breaks the bank by obtaining a score of 1,000 chips, or is \"busted\" upon losing everything. Due to a glitch in the program, while a player is selecting among the\n\nclubs or the jack of spades). This hand was called a \"blackjack\", and the name stuck even after the ten-to-one bonus was withdrawn. French card historian Thierry Depaulis debunks this story, showing that prospectors during the Klondike Gold Rush (1896\u201399) gave the name blackjack to the game of American vingt-un, the bonus being the usual ace and any 10-point card. Since blackjack also refers to the mineral zincblende, which was often associated with gold or silver deposits, he suggests that the mineral name was transferred by prospectors to the top bonus hand. He could not find any historical evidence for a special bonus for having the combination of an ace and a black jack. In September 1956, Roger Baldwin, Wilbert Cantey, Herbert Maisel, and James McDermott published a paper titled \"The Optimum Strategy in Blackjack\" in the Journal of the American Statistical Association, the first mathematically sound optimal blackjack strategy.\n\nQuestion: What is Blackjack called in France?", "output": "Vingt-et-un"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "with the ability to merge with their Transtectors (robot bodies). Most of the Godmasters would be adults with the exception of Clouder who is about the same age as the Junior Headmasters. Other characters would later appear including Black Zarak who would later merge with the Decepticons leader; Devil Z for the final battle and for the Autobots comes Grand Maximus who has a Pretender guise and is Fortress Maximus' younger brother. Also the Firecons make a brief appearance in one episode and a robot who transforms into a gun (similar to G1 Megatron) was given to Cancer of the Headmaster Junior Decepticons as a gift from Lady Mega. His name was Browning (or BM in the dub). The Decepticons also had the Targetmaster Seacons under their command, but like the Pretenders, they were sentient robots and didn't require humans to operate them. The Autobots would also gain the help\n\nwith the human beings themselves rising up to fight and defend their home, rather than the alien Transformers doing it for them. Going hand-in-hand with this idea, the Japanese incarnations of the Autobot Pretenders actually shrink down to pass for normal human beings, whose emotions and strengths they value and wish to safeguard. The Decepticon Pretenders tend to remain large monsters, unless they battle in their robot forms. Later on children and adults would be recruited to become Headmaster Juniors for both the Autobots and Decepticons but as the story progressed the story focuses more on the Godmasters (released as Powermasters in the West) and they became the more powerful Transformers on the show. The Godmasters themselves are human beings with the ability to merge with their Transtectors (robot bodies). Most of the Godmasters would be adults with the exception of Clouder who is about the same age as the\n\nIn Greek mythology, the primordial deities are the first generation of gods and goddesses. These deities represented the fundamental forces and physical foundations of the world and were generally not actively worshipped, as they, for the most part, were not given human characteristics; they were instead personifications of places or abstract concepts. Hesiod, in his Theogony, considers the first beings (after Chaos) to be Erebus, Gaia, Tartarus, Eros and Nyx. Gaia and Uranus in turn gave birth to the Titans, and the Cyclopes. The Titans Cronus and Rhea then gave birth to the generation of the Olympians, Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Hera and Demeter, who overthrow the Titans, with the reign of Zeus marking the end of the period of warfare and usurpation among the gods. Hesiod's primordial genealogy Hesiod's Theogony, () which could be considered the \"standard\" creation myth of Greek mythology, tells the story of the genesis of\n\nQuestion: Who is the leader of the Decepticons (usually)?", "output": "Megatron"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Gary Portnoy (born June 8, 1956) is an American musician and singer-songwriter. He is best known for co-writing and performing the main theme song of the NBC sitcom Cheers, \"Where Everybody Knows Your Name\". Career In the early 1980s, Gary Portnoy and Judy Hart Angelo set out to write a theme for Cheers. After their first two attempts were rejected, \"Where Everybody Knows Your Name\" was selected. Prior to that, Portnoy's songs had been recorded by various artists, including Dolly Parton's \"Say Goodnight\" (co-written by Susan Sheridan) and Air Supply's \"I'll Never Get Enough of You\" (co-written by Jeanne Napoli and Judy Quay). He also recorded and released a self-titled album in 1980 for Columbia Records. Portnoy also wrote several songs for the NBC television series Fame, including the Emmy-nominated track for Best Original Song, \"I Still Believe In Me\" (co-written by Susan Sheridan) as well as \"It's Gonna Be\n\nFinder of Lost Loves is an American drama series aired by the ABC network during the 1984\u20131985 season. Synopsis After Cary Maxwell's (Anthony Franciosa) wife Kate dies, he decides to set up a private detective agency specializing in reuniting clients with a former loved one. The leading cast members were Franciosa, Deborah Adair, Anne Jeffreys, Richard Kantor, and Larry \"Flash\" Jenkins. Similar to The Love Boat (another Aaron Spelling production), the series featured various weekly guest stars. The series was canceled after 23 episodes. The series' theme song, \"Finder of Lost Loves\", was performed by Dionne Warwick and Luther Vandross and written by Burt Bacharach and Carole Bayer Sager. It was an Adult Contemporary chart hit in 1985. The TV version was sung by Dionne Warwick and Luther Vandross. Cast Anthony Franciosa as Cary Maxwell Deborah Adair as Daisy Lloyd Anne Jeffreys as Rita Hargrove Larry \"Flash\" Jenkins as Lyman\n\nHigh Society is an American sitcom television series starring Jean Smart and Mary McDonnell that aired Monday nights on CBS from October 30, 1995, to February 26, 1996; it was entered into the CBS schedule as a replacement for If Not for You, a sitcom that was quickly canceled by the network. The theme song was \"The Lady Is a Tramp\" sung by Chaka Khan. Its premise was similar to the campy British comedy series Absolutely Fabulous. Storyline The series revolves around two New York City women who acted in an outrageous, campy, and decadent manner. Ellie Walker (Jean Smart) is a successful author of trashy romantic novels, and her best friend and publisher is Dorothy 'Dott' Emerson (Mary McDonnell). Emerson is a divorced mother with a preppie college-aged son, Brendan Emerson (Dan O'Donahue), a College Republican, who resists Ellie's relentless sexual advances. At the publishing house, the women worked\n\nQuestion: \u2018Where Everybody Knows Your Name\u2019 is the theme tune to which US television series?", "output": "Cheers"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ascorbic acid is an organic compound with formula , originally called hexuronic acid. It is a white solid, but impure samples can appear yellowish. It dissolves well in water to give mildly acidic solutions. It is a mild reducing agent. Ascorbic acid exists as two enantiomers (mirror-image isomers), commonly denoted \"\" (for \"levo\") and \"\" (for \"dextro\"). The isomer is the one most often encountered: it occurs naturally in many foods, and is one form (\"vitamer\") of vitamin C, an essential nutrient for humans and many animals. Deficiency of vitamin C causes scurvy, formerly a major disease of sailors in long sea voyages. It is used as a food additive and a dietary supplement for its antioxidant properties. The \"\" form can be made via chemical synthesis but has no significant biological role. History The antiscorbutic properties of certain foods were demonstrated in the 18th century by James Lind. In\n\nDepartment of Pathology at Case Western Reserve University). Deficiency Properdin deficiency is a rare X-linked disease in which properdin is deficient. Affected individuals are susceptible to fulminant meningococcal disease. References External links Complement system\n\nA sclerotium (; : sclerotia (), is a compact mass of hardened fungal mycelium containing food reserves. One role of sclerotia is to survive environmental extremes. In some higher fungi such as ergot, sclerotia become detached and remain dormant until favorable growth conditions return. Sclerotia initially were mistaken for individual organisms and described as separate species until Louis Ren\u00e9 Tulasne proved in 1853 that sclerotia are only a stage in the life cycle of some fungi. Further investigation showed that this stage appears in many fungi belonging to many diverse groups. Sclerotia are important in the understanding of the life cycle and reproduction of fungi, as a food source, as medicine (for example, ergotamine), and in agricultural blight management. Examples of fungi that form sclerotia are ergot (Claviceps purpurea), Polyporus tuberaster, Psilocybe mexicana, Agroathelia delphinii and many species in Sclerotiniaceae. Although not fungal, the plasmodium of slime molds can form\n\nQuestion: Scurvy is caused by a deficiency of what?", "output": "Vitamin C"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alaska ( ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. It borders British Columbia and Yukon in Canada to the east and it shares a western maritime border in the Bering Strait with Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean lie to the north and the Pacific Ocean lies to the south. Technically a semi-exclave of the U.S., Alaska is the largest exclave in the world. Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area, comprising more total area than the next three largest states of Texas, California and Montana combined and is the seventh-largest subnational division in the world. It is the third-least populous and most sparsely populated U.S. state, but with a population of 736,081 as of 2020, is the continent's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel, with more than quadruple the combined populations\n\nstate, but with a population of 736,081 as of 2020, is the continent's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel, with more than quadruple the combined populations of Northern Canada and Greenland. The state capital of Juneau is the second-largest city in the United States by area. The former capital of Alaska, Sitka, is the largest U.S. city by area. The state's most populous city is Anchorage. Approximately half of Alaska's residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. Indigenous people have lived in Alaska for thousands of years, and it is widely believed that the region served as the entry point for the initial settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge. The Russian Empire was the first to actively colonize the area beginning in the 18th century, eventually establishing Russian America, which spanned most of the current state, and promoted and maintained a\n\nSoutheast Alaska, often abbreviated to Southeast or Southeastern, and sometimes called the Alaska(n) Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east and north by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia (and a small part of Yukon). The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild, rainy climate. The largest cities in the region are Juneau, Sitka, and Ketchikan. This region is also home to Hyder, the easternmost town in Alaska. Geography Southeast Alaska has a land area of , comprising much of the Alexander Archipelago. The largest islands are, from North to South, Chichagof Island, Admiralty Island, Baranof\n\nQuestion: What is the state capital of Alaska?", "output": "Juneau"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Liver spots (also known as age spot, solar lentigo, \"lentigo senilis\", \"old age spot\", \"senile freckle\") are blemishes on the skin associated with aging and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun. They range in color from light brown to red or black and are located in areas most often exposed to the sun, particularly the hands, face, shoulders, arms and forehead, and the scalp if bald. The spots derive their name from the fact that they were once incorrectly believed to be caused by liver problems, but they are physiologically unrelated to the liver, save for a similar color. From the age of 40, the skin is less able to regenerate from sun exposure, and liver spots are very common in this age group, particularly in those who spend time in the sun. In the overwhelming majority of cases, liver spots pose no threat and require no treatment, though\n\nFlorida keratopathy, also known as Florida spots, is an eye condition characterized by the presence of multiple spots within both corneas. It is most commonly seen in dogs and cats, but is also rarely seen in horses and birds. The disease is found in the southeastern parts of the United States. In other parts of the world it is confined to tropics and subtropics, and it is known as tropical keratopathy. Florida keratopathy appears as multiple cloudy opacities in the stromal layer of the cornea. The spots appear concentrated at the center and become more diffuse at the periphery. They can range in size from one to eight millimeters. There are no other symptoms, and there is no response to treatment with either anti-inflammatory or antimicrobial drugs. Histological analysis of affected corneas has found acid-fast staining organisms, suggesting Florida keratopathy may be caused by a type of mycobacterium. The disease\n\nof the skin, becomes infected and inflamed. It is predominantly caused by bacterial infections, especially Staphylococcus aureus, leading to superficial bacterial folliculitis. Other causative agents of folliculitis include fungi (most commonly Malassezia species), viruses (such as herpes simplex virus), and mites (Demodex species). Impetigo, a highly contagious ABSSSI (acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection) common among pre-school children, primarily associated with the pathogens S. aureus and S. pyogenes. Impetigo has a characteristic appearance with yellow (honey-coloured), crusted lesions occurring around mouth, nose, and chin. It is estimated, that at any given time, it affects 140 million people globally. Impetigo can be further classified into bullous and nonbullous forms. Nonbullous impetigo is the most common form, representing approximately 70% of diagnosed cases. The remaining 30% of cases represent bullous form, which is primarily caused by S. aureus. In rare instances, bullous impetigo can spread and lead to Staphylococcal Scalded Skin\n\nQuestion: Freckles, brownish yellow spots usually found mostly on the face, neck and hands are also known as . ?", "output": "Lentigo"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Gregorio \"Gringo\" Ballesteros Honasan II (, born March 14, 1948), is a Filipino politician and a cashiered Philippine Army officer who led unsuccessful coups d'\u00e9tat against President Corazon Aquino. He played a key role in the 1986 EDSA Revolution that toppled President Ferdinand Marcos. After 1986, he led a series of unsuccessful but violent coup attempts against the administration of Corazon Aquino. President Fidel Ramos granted him amnesty in 1992. He entered politics and became a senator from 1995 to 2004, and again from 2007 to 2019. He ran for vice president of the Philippines, being Jejomar Binay's running-mate in 2016, but both were respectively defeated by Leni Robredo and Rodrigo Duterte. On November 22, 2018, President Duterte appointed then-Senator Honasan as Secretary of Department of Information and Communications Technology, which took effect after the latter's senatorial term, with Eliseo Rio serving as acting secretary. Early life Gregorio Honasan was\n\nA parliamentary election was held in the Philippines on April 7, 1978, for the election of the 165 regional representatives to the Interim Batasang Pambansa (the nation's first parliament). The elections were participated in by the leading opposition party, the Lakas ng Bayan (LABAN), which had twenty-one candidates for the Metro Manila area while the leading candidate was the jailed opposition leader Ninoy Aquino, and the Marcos regime's party known as the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL), which was led by the then-First Lady Imelda Marcos. Ninoy was allowed to run by his fellow partymates under the Liberal Party, who boycotted the election and was not allowed to campaign, and so his family campaigned for him. The night before the election on April 6, 1978, a noise barrage was organized by the supporters of (LABAN) which occurred up to dawn. These elections were followed by the sectoral election on April 27,\n\nThe Department of Energy (, abbreviated as DOE) is the executive department of the Philippine government responsible for preparing, integrating, manipulating, organizing, coordinating, supervising, and controlling all plans, programs, projects and activities of the Government relative to energy exploration, development, utilization, distribution and conservation. History The Department of Energy was created by then-president Ferdinand Marcos as he issued Presidential Decree No. 1206 which created the Ministry of Energy and attached the National Power Corporation and Philippine National Oil Company to this new agency. The ministry and its two bureaus (Bureau of Energy Development and Bureau of Energy Utilization) remained intact but was downgraded into a mere Office of Energy Affairs\u2014headed by Wenceslao de la Paz and reporting to then Deputy Executive Secretary for Energy Catalino Macaraig, Jr. based in Malacanang\u2014during the administration of President Corazon Aquino. During the presidency of Fidel V. Ramos, the department was created due to Republic\n\nQuestion: Who was elected President of The Philippines in 1965?", "output": "Ferdinand Marcos"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Great Northern Peninsula (Inuttitut: Ikkarumiklua) is the largest and longest peninsula of Newfoundland, Canada, approximately 270 km long and 90 km wide at its widest point and encompassing an area of 17,483 km2. It is defined as that part of Newfoundland from Bonne Bay northwards around Cape Norman and Cape Bauld and thence southwards to the head of White Bay, bounded by the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the west, the Strait of Belle Isle on the north and the Labrador Sea and White Bay on the east. The vast majority of the peninsula is located within Division No. 9, Newfoundland and Labrador, except for the southeastern corner, which is part of Subdivision G of Division No. 5, Newfoundland and Labrador. In 1991, the peninsula had 23,854 inhabitants. By 2016, however, the population had decreased to 15,607, further decreased to 14,733 in 2021. St. Anthony is the largest population\n\nThe Avalon Mall is a Canadian shopping mall located in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador on Kenmount Road. With over , two floors, and 142 stores, it is the largest shopping mall in Newfoundland and Labrador. The mall opened in 1967 and is owned by Crombie REIT. History The Avalon Mall underwent major extensions in 1977, 1987 and 1999. In the late-1980s and early-1990s, low retail performance promoted mall management to embark on major renovation programs. The Scotiabank branch was renovated. Department store Ayre and Sons became The Gap in 1991, but then renovated in early 2018 once more to become Charm Diamond Centres, Claire's, The Source, and Jump Plus. In 2005, the food court, washrooms, entrances and exterior of the mall underwent major renovations. Some of the tenants of anchor locations include Winners/HomeSense (formerly Sobeys) and, until January 9, 2018, Sears. Sears was originally Woolco until 1994, then Walmart,\n\nTorngat Mountains National Park () is a Canadian national park located on the Labrador Peninsula in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The park encompasses of mountainous terrain between Northern Quebec and the Labrador Sea. It is the largest national park in Atlantic Canada and the southernmost national park in the Arctic Cordillera. It partially contains the Torngat Mountains, the highest mountains in mainland Canada east of the Rocky Mountains. The Torngat Mountains National Park was created to honour the relationship that Inuit of Labrador and Nunavik have with the land. Parks Canada works with these groups in order to conserve the ecological integrity of the land, as well as to inform visitors of the park's history with Inuit groups. The subarctic mountains are part of the greater Inuit homeland, known as Inuit Nunangat. They are a treasure trove of the powerful stories, spirits and traditions of centuries of travellers.\n\nQuestion: What is the capital of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada?", "output": "St John's"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Apollo Creed is a fictional character from the Rocky films, played by Carl Weathers. He played in the series' first four films, serves as the main antagonist in Rocky and Rocky II, and became one of the protagonists in Rocky III and Rocky IV. The character was inspired by the real-life boxer champion Muhammad Ali, having what one author remarked as the same \"brash, vocal, [and] theatrical\" personality. The film's writer and star Sylvester Stallone stated, \"[Jack] Johnson served as the inspiration for the character of Apollo Creed in the Rocky movies\"; the character is loosely based on a combination of Ali, Sugar Ray Leonard, Joe Louis, and Johnson. Protagonist Rocky Balboa, Creed's rival in Rocky and Rocky II, faces underdog odds (five-to-one in Rocky II) and views Creed with respect, pointedly refusing the prodding of a reporter to trash-talk Creed (although it is implied that, being poorly educated at\n\nAnaxarchus (; ; c. 380 \u2013 c. 320 BC) was a Greek philosopher of the school of Democritus. Together with Pyrrho, he accompanied Alexander the Great into Asia. The reports of his philosophical views suggest that he was a forerunner of the Greek skeptics. Life Anaxarchus was born at Abdera in Thrace. He was the companion and friend of Alexander the Great in his Asiatic campaigns. His relationship with Alexander, however, was ambiguous, owing to contradictory sources. Some paint Anarxchus as a flatterer, among them Plutarch, who tells a story that at Bactra, in 327 BC in a debate with Callisthenes, Anaxarchus advised all to worship Alexander as a god even during his lifetime. In contrast, others paint Anaxarchus as scathingly ironic towards the monarch. According to Diogenes Laertius, in response to Alexander's claim to have been the son of Zeus-Ammon, Anaxarchus pointed to his bleeding wound and remarked, \"See\n\nIvan Vasilyevich Drago (, , ) is a fictional Russian character from the Rocky film series. He first appears in the 1985 film Rocky IV, in which he is the main antagonist and rival of Rocky Balboa and is also responsible for the death of Apollo Creed after brutally defeating him in their match. He also appears in the 2018 film Creed II, in which he is the main antagonist and serves as the trainer to his son Viktor. He is portrayed by Swedish actor and real-life martial artist Dolph Lundgren in both films. Despite Drago only having a single professional fight due to all other fights being amateur bouts, a poll of former heavyweight champions and prominent boxing writers ranked Drago as the third-best fighter in the Rocky film series. Character biography Ivan Drago is an Olympic gold medalist and a boxing champion from the Soviet Union, who had\n\nQuestion: Apollo Creed is the enemy of whom?", "output": "Rocky"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "August 15, 1945, after the dropping of the atomic bombs on mainland Japan and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. Planning By mid-1944, American forces were only southeast of Mindanao, the largest island in the southern Philippines \u2013 and able to bomb Japanese positions there using long-range bombers. American forces under Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz had advanced across the Central Pacific Ocean, capturing the Gilbert Islands, some of the Marshall Islands, and most of the Marianas Islands, bypassing many Japanese Army garrisons and leaving them behind, with no source of supplies and militarily impotent. Aircraft carrier-based warplanes were already conducting air strikes and fighter sweeps against the Japanese in the Philippines, especially their military airfields. U.S. Army and Australian Army troops under the American General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander of the Southwest Pacific Theater of Operations, had either overrun, or else isolated and bypassed, all of the Japanese Army\n\nThe Philippines campaign, Battle of the Philippines, Second Philippines campaign, or the Liberation of the Philippines, codenamed Operation Musketeer I, II, and III, was the American, Mexican, Australian and Filipino campaign to defeat and expel the Imperial Japanese forces occupying the Philippines during World War II. The Japanese Army overran all of the Philippines during the first half of 1942. The liberation of the Philippines from Japan commenced with amphibious landings on the eastern Philippine island of Leyte on October 20, 1944. The United States and Philippine Commonwealth military forces, with naval and air support from Mexico and Australia, were progressing in liberating territory and islands when the Japanese forces in the Philippines were ordered to surrender by Tokyo on August 15, 1945, after the dropping of the atomic bombs on mainland Japan and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. Planning By mid-1944, American forces were only southeast of Mindanao, the\n\nbecame captain of the aircraft carrier . Promoted to rear admiral on 15 November 1940, he was commander of the 24th Air Flotilla before being appointed Chief of Staff of the 1st Air Fleet under Admiral Ch\u016bichi Nagumo in April 1941. He was involved in strategic and tactical planning and execution, including the attack on Pearl Harbor and Battle of Midway. During the aftermath of the Battle of Midway, Kusaka was able to dissuade the fleet commander and senior officers from committing suicide after the Japanese defeat. Kusaka badly sprained both ankles and was burned during the evacuation from the critically damaged Akagi during the battle. Kusaka remained with the fleet until November 1942, and accepted a number of staff positions thereafter. He was promoted to vice admiral on 1 May 1944 and transferred to the Combined Fleet as Chief of Staff under commander-in-chief Admiral Soemu Toyoda in November 1944.\n\nQuestion: Which Chief of Staff of the US Army retired in 1937 but returned to lead the defence of the Philippines in WWII, and to direct both the occupation of Japan and the allied effort early in the Korean War?", "output": "Douglas MacArthur"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Thingyan is the Myanmar New Year festival that usually occurs in middle of April. It is a Buddhist festival celebrated over a period of four to five days, culminating in the New Year. The dates of the Thingyan Festival are calculated according to the Burmese calendar. The dates of the festival are observed as public holidays throughout Myanmar, and are part of the summer holidays at the end of the school year. Water-throwing or dousing one another from any shape or form of vessel or device that delivers water is the distinguishing feature of this festival and may be done on the first four days of the festival. The New Year takes place at virtually the same time as the new year celebrations of many countries in South Asia like China (Dai People of Yunnan Province), Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Nepal, Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka. Thingyan is comparable to other\n\n16 distinct public holidays are observed in Myanmar. Public holidays References External links 2016 Public Holidays in Myanmar Myanmar Burmese culture Observances set by the Burmese calendar Holidays Public holidays in Myanmar\n\nUpasampad\u0101 Shinbyu References External links \"The Poy Sang Long Festival\" in Chiangrai Magazine \"The Poy Sang Long Festival\" by Thanapol Chadchaidee Poi Sang Long Festival in Chiang Dao Shan Tradition Rules in a Northern Thai Town Sai Silp, The Irrawaddy, April 2007 \"Shan - Rites of Passage - Sang Long\" in Chiang Mai Colorful 2015 Poi Sang Long \"Poi Sang Long Festival (Beloved Sons) Mueang Mae Hong Son\" in Festivals of Thailand Ceremonies Buddhist festivals in Myanmar Children's festivals Burmese culture Buddhist festivals in Thailand Rites of passage Buddhism and children\n\nQuestion: What does the Water Festival mark in Burma/Myanmar?", "output": "Burmese New Year"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, abbreviated as BMW (), is a German multinational manufacturer of luxury vehicles and motorcycles headquartered in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. The company was founded in 1916 as a manufacturer of aircraft engines, which it produced from 1917 to 1918 and again from 1933 to 1945. Automobiles are marketed under the brands BMW, Mini and Rolls-Royce, and motorcycles are marketed under the brand BMW Motorrad. In 2017, BMW was the world's fourteenth-largest producer of motor vehicles, with 2,279,503 vehicles produced and in 2022 the 7th largest by revenue. The company has significant motor-sport history, especially in touring cars, sports cars, and the Isle of Man TT. BMW is headquartered in Munich and produces motor vehicles in Germany, Brazil, China, India, Mexico, the Netherlands, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The Quandt family is a long-term shareholder of the company, following investments by the brothers Herbert\n\nAudi AG () is a German automotive manufacturer of luxury vehicles headquartered in Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Germany. A subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group, Audi produces vehicles in nine production facilities worldwide. The origins of the company are complex, dating back to the early 20th century and the initial enterprises (Horch and the Audiwerke) founded by engineer August Horch (1868\u20131951). Two other manufacturers (DKW and Wanderer) also contributed to the foundation of Auto Union in 1932. The modern Audi era began in the 1960s, when Auto Union was acquired by Volkswagen from Daimler-Benz. After relaunching the Audi brand with the 1965 introduction of the Audi F103 series, Volkswagen merged Auto Union with NSU Motorenwerke in 1969, thus creating the present-day form of the company. The company name is based on the Latin translation of the surname of the founder, August Horch. , meaning \"listen\", becomes in Latin. The four rings of the\n\nBerlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its more than 3.85 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constituent states, Berlin is surrounded by the State of Brandenburg and contiguous with Potsdam, Brandenburg's capital. Berlin's urban area, which has a population of around 4.5 million, is the most populous urban area in Germany. The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has around 6.2 million inhabitants and is Germany's second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr region. Berlin straddles the banks of the Spree, which flows into the Havel (a tributary of the Elbe) in the western borough of Spandau. Among the city's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree, Havel and Dahme, the largest of which is Lake M\u00fcggelsee. About one-third\n\nQuestion: In which German city are the headquarters of the car maker BMW?", "output": "MUNICH"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cambodia is a country in mainland Southeast Asia. It borders Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, the Gulf of Thailand and covers a total area of approximately . The country is situated in its entirety inside the tropical Indomalayan realm and the Indochina Time zone (ICT). Cambodia's main geographical features are the low lying Central Plain that includes the Tonl\u00e9 Sap basin, the lower Mekong River flood-plains and the Bassac River plain surrounded by mountain ranges to the north, east, in the south-west and south. The central lowlands extend into Vietnam to the south-east. The south and south-west of the country constitute a long coast at the Gulf of Thailand, characterized by sizable mangrove marshes, peninsulas, sandy beaches and headlands and bays. Cambodia's territorial waters account for over 50 islands. The highest peak is Phnom Aural, sitting above sea level. The landmass is bisected by the Mekong River, which at is the longest\n\nBayinnaung Kyawhtin Nawrahta ( ; , ; 16 January 1516 \u2013 10 October 1581) was king of the Toungoo Dynasty of Myanmar from 1550 to 1581. During his 31-year reign, which has been called the \"greatest explosion of human energy ever seen in Burma\", Bayinnaung assembled what was most likely the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia, which included much of modern-day Myanmar, the Chinese Shan states, Lan Na, Lan Xang, Manipur and Siam. Although he is best remembered for his empire building, Bayinnaung's greatest legacy was his integration of the Shan states into the Irrawaddy Valley-based kingdoms. After the conquest of the Shan states in 1557\u20131563, the king put in an administrative system that reduced the power of hereditary Shan saophas, and brought Shan customs in line with lowland norms. It eliminated the threat of Shan raids into Upper Burma, an overhanging concern since the late 13th\n\nBrunei ( , ), formally Brunei Darussalam (, Jawi: , ), is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Apart from its coastline on the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak, with its territory bifurcated by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between Malaysia and Indonesia. the country had a population of 460,345, of whom approximately 100,000 resided in the capital and largest city Bandar Seri Begawan. The government of Brunei is an absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan of Brunei, and it implements a fusion of English common law and jurisprudence inspired by Islam, including sharia. At the Bruneian Empire's peak during the reign of Sultan Bolkiah (1485\u20131528), the state is claimed to have had control over the most\n\nQuestion: King Rama and Queen Sirikit rule which country (at 2012), bordered by Burma, Laos, and Cambodia?", "output": "Thailand"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of the lunar surface in his 1952\u201353 The Adventures of Tintin comic, Explorers on the Moon. Arthur C. Clarke was also an admirer of The Conquest of Space; in his novel 2001: A Space Odyssey, Clarke refers to Saturn's moon Iapetus as \"Japetus\" due to that being the spelling used by Ley in The Conquest of Space. Larry Niven's 1967 short story \"The Soft Weapon\" is set on a planet around Beta Lyrae; Niven's description of Beta Lyrae is actually a meticulous retelling of the details of Bonestell's painting rather than any kind of portrayal of the Beta Lyrae system itself, which is now understood to look quite different. References Notes Bibliography Ley, Willy. The Conquest of Space. New York: Viking, 1949. Pre-ISBN era. Astronomy books Spaceflight books\n\n7066 Nessus is a very red centaur on an eccentric orbit, located beyond Saturn in the outer Solar System. It was discovered on 26 April 1993, by astronomers of the Spacewatch program at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Tucson, Arizona. The dark and reddish minor planet is likely elongated and measures approximately in diameter. It was named after Nessus from Greek mythology. Orbit and classification Nessus is a centaur, a dynamically unstable population of minor planets between the classical asteroids and the trans-Neptunian objects. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 11.9\u201337.4 AU once every 122 years and 4 months (44,670 days; semi-major axis of 24.64 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.52 and an inclination of 16\u00b0 with respect to the ecliptic. At its perihelion (11.9 AU), it moves much closer to the Sun than Uranus (19.2 AU) but not as close as Saturn (9.6 AU),\n\n5264 Telephus is a large Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 17 May 1991, by American astronomer couple Carolyn and Eugene Shoemaker at the Palomar Observatory in California, and later named after King Telephus from Greek mythology. The dark and possibly elongated D-type asteroid belongs to the 50 largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of 9.5 hours. Classification and orbit Telephus is a dark Jovian asteroid orbiting in the leading Greek camp at Jupiter's Lagrangian point, 60\u00b0 ahead of the Gas Giant's orbit in a 1:1 resonance (see Trojans in astronomy). It is also a non-family asteroid in the Jovian background population. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 4.6\u20135.8 AU once every 11 years and 11 months (4,342 days; semi-major axis of 5.21 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.11 and an inclination of 34\u00b0 with respect to\n\nQuestion: Iapetus (or Japetus) is a satellite of which planet?", "output": "Saturn"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "State Route 153 (SR 153) is a very short state highway in the U.S. state of California in El Dorado County. It extends only from the junction of Cold Springs Road and SR 49, in the town of Coloma in the heart of California's Gold Country, to the monument marking the grave of James Marshall, whose finding of gold along the American River, January 24, 1848 sparked the California Gold Rush. The exact routing is from SR 49 south on Cold Springs Road then west on Monument Road in Marshall Gold Discovery State Historic Park to the monument. Although the California Department of Transportation has posted a sign indicating that SR 153 is \"California's shortest state highway\", it is not: SR 77, SR 265, SR 283, and SR 275 are all shorter. However, these highways are merely short connectors between other highways. Route description The route connects SR 49 in\n\nSS Winfield Scott was a sidewheel steamer that transported passengers and cargo between San Francisco, California and Panama in the early 1850s, during the California Gold Rush. After entering a heavy fog off the coast of Southern California on the evening of December 1, 1853, the ship crashed into Middle Anacapa Island. All 450 passengers and crew survived, but the ship was lost. Winfield Scott has been the object of numerous salvage operations since the crash, and currently rests underwater as part of the Channel Islands National Park and Marine Sanctuary. The Winfield Scott wreck site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. History California Gold Rush The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1848 brought thousands of people to California in search of fortune until the late 1850s. Since neither the Panama Canal nor the First transcontinental railroad had been constructed, people emigrating to California from\n\nand others followed up on his discovery later that year, it helped set the gold rush into full boom. In mid-June, 1859, while returning from the mountains, the partners stopped on Clear Creek and Jackson fished for their lunch. He was caught in a flash flood, and Golden stayed with him, though he was certain for three to four minutes that Jackson would perish. They returned to their camp in the valley to discover a new town was being laid out there. At Jackson's suggestion it was named for Tom Golden. Golden helped lay out the townsite, but did not remain there. He teamed with others in July to establish Golden Gate City nearby at the mouth of Golden Gate Canyon. Golden opened a storage and commission business and is said to be the first in the area to advertise his prices. Around 1860, Golden was elected to the legislature\n\nQuestion: Where was gold discovered by James Wilson Marshall on January 24, 1848, that led to the California Gold Rush (18481855)?", "output": "Sutter's Mill"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "graduated from Radcliffe College of Harvard University in 1970, from Harvard Law School in 1974, and from Harvard University with a PhD, in 1990, in East Asian Languages and Civilizations. She was married to former Massachusetts governor William Weld from July 7, 1975, until she divorced him in 2002. She is the mother of five children by Weld: David Minot, Ethel Derby, Mary Blake, Quentin Roosevelt and Frances Wylie. She is a second cousin of her former husband's opponent in the 1994 Massachusetts gubernatorial race, Mark Roosevelt, grandson of her grandfather's brother Kermit Roosevelt. Selected works Books Covenant in Jin's Walled Cities: The Discoveries at Houma and Wenxian, Harvard University Press, 1990. References See also Weld family Year of birth missing (living people) Living people Roosevelt family Schuyler family First ladies and gentlemen of Massachusetts American people of Dutch descent Harvard University faculty Bulloch family Radcliffe College alumni Georgetown University\n\nGracie Hall Roosevelt (June 28, 1891 \u2013 September 25, 1941) was an American engineer, banker, soldier, and municipal official who was the youngest brother of First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt and a nephew of President Theodore Roosevelt. Early life and education Gracie Hall Roosevelt, generally known as Hall, was born on June 28, 1891, in Neuilly, France. He was a son of Elliot Roosevelt (who died when he was three years old) and Anna Rebecca Hall (who died when he was one-and-a-half years old). His uncle was Theodore Roosevelt Jr. and his grandmother was Martha Bulloch. Through his sister, Eleanor, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was his brother-in-law, and through his father, his fifth cousin once removed. He was also the uncle of U.S. Air Force Brigadier General Elliott Roosevelt. He was named Gracie for his father's aunt, Anna Bulloch and her husband James Gracie, and Hall for his\n\nSusan Roosevelt Weld is an American educator who is a former professor at Harvard specializing in ancient Chinese civilization and law. She also was General Counsel to the Congressional-Executive Commission on China. She was the First Lady of Massachusetts from 1991 until 1997. Career Weld is currently an Adjunct Professor and Executive Director of the Law Asia Leadership program at Georgetown University Law School. She serves on the Advisory Council of the US-China Education Trust. Personal life and ancestry She is the daughter of Quentin Roosevelt II, and Frances Blanche Webb, and granddaughter of Theodore Roosevelt Jr., great-granddaughter of Theodore Roosevelt. She is the grand-niece of Kermit Roosevelt, Quentin Roosevelt, Archibald Roosevelt, Ethel Roosevelt Derby and Alice Roosevelt Longworth. She graduated from Radcliffe College of Harvard University in 1970, from Harvard Law School in 1974, and from Harvard University with a PhD, in 1990, in East Asian Languages and Civilizations.\n\nQuestion: Which Muppet shares his name with members (male & female) of the Roosevelt clan?", "output": "KERMIT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A damped wave was an early method of radio transmission produced by the first radio transmitters (spark gap transmitters) which consisted of a series of damped radio waves. Information was carried on this signal by telegraphy, turning the transmitter on and off (on-off keying) to send messages in Morse code. Damped waves were the first practical means of radio communication, used during the wireless telegraphy era which ended around 1920. In radio engineering it is now generally referred to as \"Class B\" emission. Such transmissions have a wide bandwidth and generate electrical \"noise\" (electromagnetic interference) which interferes with other radio transmissions. Because of their potential to cause interference and their resulting wasteful use of radio spectrum resources, there is an international prohibition against the use of class B damped wave radio emissions (except in the USA under Part 15: \"\u00a715.521 Technical requirements applicable to all UWB devices. (i) The prohibition\n\nPresent-day telecommunications in Canada include telephone, radio, television, and internet usage. In the past, telecommunications included telegraphy available through Canadian Pacific and Canadian National. History The history of telegraphy in Canada dates back to the Province of Canada. While the first telegraph company was the Toronto, Hamilton and Niagara Electro-Magnetic Telegraph Company, founded in 1846, it was the Montreal Telegraph Company, controlled by Hugh Allan and founded a year later, that dominated in Canada during the technology's early years. Following the 1852 Telegraph Act, Canada's first permanent transatlantic telegraph link was a submarine cable built in 1866 between Ireland and Newfoundland. Telegrams were sent through networks built by Canadian Pacific and Canadian National. In 1868 Montreal Telegraph began facing competition from the newly established Dominion Telegraph Company. 1880 saw the Great North Western Telegraph Company established to connect Ontario and Manitoba but within a year it was taken over by\n\nApril 1912 sinking. History The primitive spark gap radio transmitters used during the first three decades of radio (1886-1916) could not transmit audio (sound) and instead transmitted information by wireless telegraphy; the operator switched the transmitter on and off with a telegraph key, creating pulses of radio waves to spell out text messages in Morse code. So the radio receiving equipment of the time did not have to convert the radio waves into sound like modern receivers, but merely detect the presence or absence of the radio signal. The device that did this was called a detector. The first widely used detector was the coherer, invented in 1890. The coherer was a very poor detector, insensitive and prone to false triggering due to impulsive noise, which motivated much research to find better radio wave detectors. Ernest Rutherford had first used the hysteresis of iron to detect Hertzian waves in 1896\n\nQuestion: What was originally called 'wireless telegraphy'?", "output": "Radio"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. the British Army comprises 76,225 regular full-time personnel, 4,139 Gurkhas, 26,755 volunteer reserve personnel and 4,532 \"other personnel\", for a total of 111,651. The modern British Army traces back to 1707, with antecedents in the English Army and Scots Army that were created during the Restoration in 1660. The term British Army was adopted in 1707 after the Acts of Union between England and Scotland. Members of the British Army swear allegiance to the monarch as their commander-in-chief, but the Bill of Rights of 1689 and Claim of Right Act 1689 require parliamentary consent for the Crown to maintain a peacetime standing army. Therefore, Parliament approves the army by passing an Armed Forces Act at least once every five years.\n\nBangladesh (; , ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most-populous and among the most densely populated countries, with a population of around 170 million in an area of . Bangladesh shares land borders with India to the west, north, and east, and Myanmar to the southeast; to the south it has a coastline along the Bay of Bengal. It is narrowly separated from Bhutan and Nepal by the Siliguri Corridor; and from China by the Indian state of Sikkim in the north. Dhaka, the capital and largest city, is the nation's political, financial and cultural centre. Chittagong, the second-largest city, is the busiest port on the Bay of Bengal. The official language is Bengali. Bangladesh forms the sovereign part of the historic and ethnolinguistic region of Bengal, which was divided during the Partition of India in 1947. The country has\n\nThe Western Armed Forces (Forces Arm\u00e9es Occidentales or FAO) is a rebel insurgent group active in Chad during the civil war. An offshoot of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Chad (Movement Populaire pour la Lib\u00e9ration du Tchad or MPLT) born in 1979, the FAO recruited its forces mainly among the Kanembu group located along the shores of Lake Chad and enjoyed support from some political elements in Nigeria. Initially part of the Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT), the FAO had reportedly divided into pro- and anti-Goukouni factions. Its leader, Moussa Medela, rejected Acheikh ibn Oumar as head of GUNT after Goukouni Oueddei was deposed at the close of 1986. They refused to depose the arms like Goukouni, and were an opposition force also against Idriss D\u00e9by, when they merged with other factions to form the Movement for Democracy and Development (MDD), led by Medela. See also FROLINAT\n\nQuestion: The Tatmadaw are the armed forces of which Asian country?", "output": "Burma (Myanmar)"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country located in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. With an area of and a population of 17.5 million as of 2017, Chile shares borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. The country also controls several Pacific islands, including Juan Fern\u00e1ndez, Isla Salas y G\u00f3mez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island, and claims about of Antarctica as the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The capital and largest city of Chile is Santiago, and the national language is Spanish. Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century, replacing Inca rule, but failed to conquer the independent Mapuche people who inhabited what is now south-central Chile. Chile\n\nThe Triveneto () or (; ; \"Three Venetias\"; ), also often referred to as North-Eastern Italy or simply North-East ( or ), is a historical region of Italy. The area is made up of the three smaller historical regions of (\"Euganean Venetia\"), (\"Julian Venetia\") and (\"Tridentine Venetia\"). This territory was named after the Roman region of . Nowadays the name Triveneto is more commonly used in the Northern Italian languages, while its original title is still in use in the Southern Italian languages, and it includes the three administrative regions of Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino-Alto Adige/S\u00fcdtirol: that is to say, the provinces of Belluno, Bolzano, Gorizia, Padua, Pordenone, Rovigo, Trento, Treviso, Trieste, Udine, Venice, Verona, and Vicenza. This area also corresponds to the Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical Region of Triveneto. History The entire area was under Austrian rule in 1863; Italy annexed Venezia Euganea in 1866, following the Third Italian\n\nAlbania ( ; or ), officially the Republic of Albania (), is a country in Southeast Europe. The country is located in the Balkans on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south. Spanning an area of , it displays a varied range of climatic, geological, hydrological and morphological conditions. The country's landscapes range from rugged snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps and the Korab, Skanderbeg, Pindus and Ceraunian Mountains, to fertile lowland plains extending from the coasts of the Adriatic and Ionian seas. Tirana is the capital and largest city in the country, followed by Durr\u00ebs, Vlor\u00eb, and Shkod\u00ebr. In ancient times, the Illyrians inhabited northern and central regions of Albania, whilst Epirotes inhabited the south. Several important ancient Greek colonies were also established on\n\nQuestion: Lombardy is part of what country?", "output": "Italy"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of patients reporting such an experience; however, visual, tactile, and olfactory hallucinations have also been reported. The paranoia and hallucinations can combine in the form of \u201cthreatening or accusatory voices coming from neighbouring houses [and] are frequently reported by the patients as disturbing and undeserved\". Patients also present with a lack of symptoms commonly found in other mental disorders similar to paraphrenia. There is no significant deterioration of intellect, personality, or habits and patients often remain clean and mostly self-sufficient. Patients also remain oriented well in time and space. Paraphrenia is different from schizophrenia because, while both disorders result in delusions and hallucinations, individuals with schizophrenia exhibit changes and deterioration of personality whereas individuals with paraphrenia maintain a well-preserved personality and affective response. Causes Neurological Paraphrenia is often associated with a physical change in the brain, such as a tumor, stroke, ventricular enlargement, or neurodegenerative process. Research that reviewed the\n\nparaphrenia as very late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis. In the Russian psychiatric manuals, paraphrenia (or paraphrenic syndrome) is the last stage of development of paranoid schizophrenia. \"Systematized paraphrenia\" (with systematized delusions i. e. delusions with complex logical structure) and \"expansive-paranoid paraphrenia\" (with expansive/grandiose delusions and persecutory delusions) are the variants of paranoid schizophrenia (). Sometimes systematized paraphrenia can be seen with delusional disorder (). The word is from \u2013 beside, near + \u03c6\u03c1\u03ae\u03bd \u2013 intellect, mind. Signs and symptoms The main symptoms of paraphrenia are paranoid delusions and hallucinations. The delusions often involve the individual being the subject of persecution, although they can also be erotic, hypochondriacal, or grandiose in nature. The majority of hallucinations associated with paraphrenia are auditory, with 75% of patients reporting such an experience; however, visual, tactile, and olfactory hallucinations have also been reported. The paranoia and hallucinations can combine in the form of \u201cthreatening or accusatory voices\n\nAccording to Auerbach, ghosts fall under three categories: poltergeists, which he has explained as the energy of a living person causing things to move, apparitions, which are believed to be the spirits of the deceased, and hauntings, which he has described as psychic imprints on the environment. The office focuses more on research than profit, charging fees to cover funding for the research and lend legitimacy. Auerbach has described himself akin to a psychiatrist who deals with psychic phenomena, stating that most ghosts and poltergeists are not real entities, but rather psychic phenomena. Auerbach has expressed irritation that more money has been spent for psychics than serious parapsychological research, such as extrasensory perception, telekinesis, and the mind surviving physical death. Auerbach believes that if spirits are stuck between worlds, they should be helped. Some better-known paranormal cases Auerbach has investigated include a ghost of a little girl haunting The Brookdale\n\nQuestion: What is the name of a ghost or other supernatural being which is supposedly responsible for physical disturbances, such as creating disorder and noises?", "output": "Poltergeist"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "G\u00f6ran Bror Benny Andersson (; born 16 December 1946) is a Swedish musician, composer and producer best known as a member of the pop group ABBA and co-composer of the musicals Chess, Kristina fr\u00e5n Duvem\u00e5la, and Mamma Mia! For the 2008 film version of Mamma Mia! and its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, he worked also as an executive producer. Since 2001, he has been active with his own band Benny Anderssons orkester. Early life G\u00f6ran Bror Benny Andersson was born 16 December 1946 in the Vasastan district of Stockholm to civil engineer G\u00f6sta Andersson (1912\u20131973) and his wife Laila (1920\u20131971). His sister Eva-Lis Andersson followed in 1948. Andersson's musical background comes from his father and grandfather (Efraim); they both enjoyed playing the accordion, and at six, Benny got his own. His father and grandfather taught him Swedish folk music, traditional music, and schlager. The first records\n\nBj\u00f6rn Kristian Ulv\u00e6us (; born 25 April 1945) is a Swedish musician, singer, songwriter, and producer best known as a member of the musical group ABBA. He is also the co-composer of the musicals Chess, Kristina fr\u00e5n Duvem\u00e5la, and Mamma Mia! He co-produced the films Mamma Mia! and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again with fellow ABBA member and close friend Benny Andersson. He is the oldest member of the group. Early life Bj\u00f6rn Kristian Ulv\u00e6us was born in Gothenburg on 25 April 1945. In 1951, he moved with his family to V\u00e4stervik, Kalmar County. His parents were Aina Eliza Viktoria (n\u00e9e Bengtsson; 1909\u20132005) and Erik Gunnar Ulvaeus (1912\u20131999). Ulvaeus has one sister, Eva Margareta (born 1948). Ulvaeus studied business and law at Lund University after undertaking his military service, alongside comedian Magnus Holmstr\u00f6m. Career Pre-ABBA Before gaining international recognition with ABBA, Ulvaeus was a member of the Swedish folk-schlager\n\nHoney Ryder is a male/female British music group, consisting of Lindsay O'Mahony and Sara Eker on vocals, Matt Bishop on rhythm guitar, and Jason Huxley on lead guitar. The band's style of music varies from rock to folk and indie. Originally a duo, they scored two UK top 40 hits in the late 2000s. Early years Lindsay O'Mahony and Martyn Shone came together through a mutual friend at MTV. They then spent several years honing their sound with various bands on the London circuit before striking out on to the commercial scene in 2008. O'Mahony was working alongside the likes of Chris Evans, Edith Bowman, Russell Brand and Alex Zane at MTV, whilst Shone was working as a banker in the city and jobbing as a musician. Recording career Rising Up was the debut album by the duo and featured 10 tracks, including the singles \"Numb\", \"Fly Away\" and \"Choices\".\n\nQuestion: \"\"\"Mamma Mia!\"\" features music from what band?\"", "output": "ABBA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Wheel of Fortune is an American television game show that was created by Merv Griffin and first aired in 1975, with a syndicated version airing since 1983. Since its premiere, the program has been adapted into several international adaptations. The 1975 version premiered on Australian TV in 1981 and premiered in the UK in 1988. It has also been adapted to numerous countries around the world. International versions Legend: Currently airing Awaiting confirmation Status unknown Upcoming season No longer airing See also List of television show franchises References External links Official site of the Singapore edition (via internet Archive) Wheel of Fortune (franchise) Television lists by series\n\nJohn Samuel Hendricks (born March 29, 1952) is an American businessman and is the founder and former chairman of Discovery, Inc. (later Warner Bros. Discovery), a broadcasting and film production company which owned the Discovery Channel, TLC, and Animal Planet networks, among other ventures. On March 20, 2014, after 32 years at the helm, he made public his decision to retire as chairman of Discovery Communications after the annual shareholders' meeting of May 16, 2014. He moved on to found CuriosityStream, an ad-free, on-demand nonfiction streaming service. Early life Born in Matewan, West Virginia, Hendricks' father was a home builder and his mother a clerk for city government. In 1958, the Hendricks family moved to Huntsville, Alabama, where Hendricks grew up. His father died when he was 20, and his mother died when he was 30. He attended S.R. Butler High School where he met his first wife, Pattie Miller.\n\nMing Hsieh (; born 1956) is a billionaire Chinese-born American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He is the founder of Cogent Systems in 1990. In 2011, he founded a genetic testing technology company. According to Forbes magazine, his estimated net worth exceeds $1.6 billion, ranking him the 198th richest person in America and 562nd among The World's Richest People In 2006. He also owns the Sanlorenzo Ocean Dreamwalker Yacht. Early life Ming Hsieh was born in 1956. His parents were Baoyan and Sun Hsieh. His family originated in Guangzhou (Canton). Hsieh was raised in Shenyang, the capital city of Liaoning province in Northeast China. His family was persecuted during the Cultural Revolution as a part of China's upper middle class having ties with the Nationalist government and moved to Taiwan (Yingzhou, Ming's grandfather, was a high-ranking official of Republic of China). As a result, his family was forced to move in 1966\n\nQuestion: What entertainment business magnate and talk show host created the TV staples Jeopardy! and Wheel of Fortune?", "output": "Merv Griffin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Book of Revelation, also erroneously called the Book of Revelations, is the final book of the New Testament (and therefore the final book of the Christian Bible). Written in Koine Greek, its title is derived from the first word of the text: , meaning 'unveiling' or 'revelation'. The Book of Revelation is the only apocalyptic book in the New Testament canon. It occupies a central place in Christian eschatology. The author names himself as simply \"John\" in the text, but his precise identity remains a point of academic debate. Second-century Christian writers such as Papias of Hierapolis, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Melito of Sardis, Clement of Alexandria, and the author of the Muratorian fragment identify John the Apostle as the \"John\" of Revelation. Modern scholarship generally takes a different view, with many considering that nothing can be known about the author except that he was a Christian prophet. Modern theological\n\nSee Book of prophecies for the literary genre. The Book of Prophecies (in Spanish, El Libro de las Profec\u00edas) is a compilation of apocalyptical religious revelations written by Christopher Columbus towards the end of his life, probably with the assistance of his friend, the Carthusian monk Gaspar Gorricio. It was written between September 1501 and March 1502, with additions until about 1505. This journal of sorts conveys the medieval notion that in order for the end of the world or the second coming of Jesus Christ to occur, certain events must first be enacted: Christianity must be spread throughout the world. The Garden of Eden must be found - It was the common belief in the Middle Ages that the biblical Garden of Eden must have been on the top of a crag or mountaintop so that it would not have been affected by the first destruction of the world\n\nThe Apocalypse of Zephaniah (or Apocalypse of Sophonias) is a 1st-century pseudepigraphic Jewish text attributed to the Biblical Zephaniah and so associated with the Old Testament, but not regarded as scripture by Jews or any Christian group. It was rediscovered and published at the end of the 19th century. The canonical Book of Zephaniah has much mystical and apocalyptic imagery, and this apocalyptic-style text deals with a similar subject. Manuscript Tradition The existence of the Apocalypse of Zephaniah was known from ancient texts (for example the Stichometry of Nicephorus) but it was considered lost. In 1881 two fragmentary manuscripts, respectively written in Akhmimic and Sahidic Coptic dialects, and probably coming from the White Monastery in Egypt, were bought by the Biblioth\u00e8que Nationale of Paris (inventory number Copte 135) and first published by U. Bouriant in 1885. These fragments, together with others later bought by the Staatliche Museum of Berlin (inventory\n\nQuestion: Which book of the Christian Bible provides the details of the Apocalypse?", "output": "Revelation"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Vincent\" is a song by Don McLean, written as a tribute to Vincent van Gogh. It is often erroneously titled after its opening refrain, \"Starry, Starry Night\", a reference to Van Gogh's 1889 painting The Starry Night. McLean wrote the lyrics in 1971 after reading a book about the life of Van Gogh. It was released on McLean's 1971 American Pie album; the following year, the song topped the UK Singles Chart for two weeks, and peaked at No. 12 in the United States, where it also hit No. 2 on the Easy Listening chart. Billboard ranked it as the No. 94 song for 1972. The song makes use mainly of the guitar, but also includes the accordion, marimba, and strings. In July 2020, the original handwritten lyrics went up for sale for $1.5 million. Background McLean said the following about the genesis of the song: Critical reception The Telegraph\n\n\"Song for Bob Dylan\" is a song written by English singer-songwriter David Bowie for his 1971 album Hunky Dory. The song references Bob Dylan's 1962 homage to Woody Guthrie, \"Song to Woody\". Yet while Dylan opens with \"Hey, hey, Woody Guthrie, I wrote you a song,\" Bowie addresses Dylan by his birth name saying, \"Now, hear this, Robert Zimmerman, I wrote a song for you.\" In the song, Bowie also describes Bob Dylan's voice \"like sand and glue\" which is similar to how Joyce Carol Oates described it upon first hearing Dylan: \"When we first heard this raw, very young, and seemingly untrained voice, frankly nasal, as if sandpaper could sing, the effect was dramatic and electrifying.\" History and recording Bowie premiered \"Song for Bob Dylan\" on 3 June 1971 during a BBC concert session, with George Underwood (King Bees bandmate and school friend) singing lead vocals. During broadcast, Bowie\n\n\"My Lodging Is In The Cold, Cold Ground\".) Horatio Alger Jr., an 1852 graduate of Harvard's Divinity School, composed his \"Harvard Odes\" I-IV, and Paul Laurence Dunbar originally wrote the lyrics of the \"Tuskegee Song\", to the tune. The song is referenced in The Simpsons episode \u201cThe Front\u201d. Original version Fair Harvard! Thy sons to thy Jubilee throng, And with blessings surrender thee o'er By these festival rites, from the age that is past, To the age that is waiting before. O relic and type of our ancestors' worth That hast long kept their memory warm, First flow'r of their wilderness! Star of their night! Calm rising thro' change and thro' storm. To thy bow'rs we were led in the bloom of our youth, From the home of our infantile years, When our fathers had warn'd, and our mothers had pray'd, And our sisters had blest thro' their tears. Thou\n\nQuestion: At auction in 2015, $1.2m was paid for Don McLean's original handrwitten lyrics for which 1971 big hit song?", "output": "American Pie"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of England then issued orders for the apprehension of the primogeniture of Dafydd ap Gruffudd. On 29 June, Llywelyn ap Dafydd was arrested and taken to Rhuddlan to be imprisoned alongside his brother. A force of cavalry and infantry were deployed to escort Llywelyn and Owain out of Gwynedd via Acton Burnell in Shropshire to Bristol before the end of July 1283. After his father was executed for high treason in October 1283, he became the de jure Prince of Gwynedd. The only senior members of the Welsh royal family who retained their liberty were Llywelyn ap Dafydd's uncle Rhodri ap Gruffudd and cousin Thomas ap Rhodri, who had formally renounced their rights to the Principality. Llywelyn ap Dafydd died at Bristol Castle in 1287 and was buried in the nearby Dominican church (now known as Quakers Friars). His burial was paid for by King Edward I. His brother Owain\n\nOwain ap Dafydd ( \u2013 ), potential claimant to the title Prince of Gwynedd, was the younger son of Dafydd ap Gruffydd, the last free ruler of Gwynedd and the self-proclaimed Prince of Wales. Nothing is known of his early life, though it is thought likely he accompanied his father during periods of exile in England in the 1270s. His mother was Elizabeth Ferrers. After the death of his uncle Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in late 1282, the governance of Gwynedd was assumed by his father Dafydd ap Gruffudd. He and his father were captured together, after a brief struggle, close to Bera Mawr, above Bethesda on 21 or 22 June 1283. Shortly after this, Dafydd was brought to Shrewsbury where he was executed for treason in October. Following the arrest of his elder brother Llywelyn on 29 June, they were both escorted under guard out of Gwynedd via Acton Burnell\n\nLlywelyn ap Dafydd (c.1267\u20131287), potential claimant to the title Prince of Gwynedd, was the eldest son of Dafydd ap Gruffydd, the last free ruler of Gwynedd, and his wife Elizabeth Ferrers. Nothing is known of his early life, though it is thought he was probably born some time around 1267. It is likely he accompanied his father during periods of exile in England in the 1270s. Following the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd on 11 December 1282 the governance of Gwynedd was placed in the hands of Llywelyn's successor, his brother, Dafydd ap Gruffudd. Dafydd and his son Owain were captured together at Nanhysglain near to Bera Mawr in the uplands above Abergwyngregyn on 21 June 1283. King Edward I of England then issued orders for the apprehension of the primogeniture of Dafydd ap Gruffudd. On 29 June, Llywelyn ap Dafydd was arrested and taken to Rhuddlan to be imprisoned\n\nQuestion: Who, dying in 1282, was the last Prince of an independent Wales?", "output": "LLEWELYN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Hovercraft Museum, in Lee-on-the-Solent, Hampshire, England is a museum run by a registered charity dedicated to hovercraft. The museum has a collection of over 60 hovercraft of various designs. Situated at HMS Daedalus by the large slipway from where many hovercraft have been tested, the museum collection includes SR.N5 and SR.N6 hovercraft. The collection also contains the last remaining SR.N4 craft, the world's largest civil hovercraft, which has been laid up in Lee-on-the-Solent since cross-Channel services ceased on 1 October 2000. The museum houses the world's largest library of documents, publications, film, video, photographs and drawings on hovercraft, all of which is available for research by prior arrangement. A number of hovercraft manufacturers have deposited their complete archives with the museum for safekeeping, thus swelling this important repository of information. The museum also contains a large collection of original manufacturers' hovercraft models including the world's first working hovercraft model\n\nGriffon Hoverwork Ltd (GHL) is a British hovercraft designer and manufacturer. It was originally founded as Griffon Hovercraft Ltd in 1976, based in Southampton. The firm set about the development of its own product range, launching its first diesel-powered hovercraft, the 1000TD, in 1983. During 2008, Griffon Hovercraft was acquired by the Bland Group; in the following year, it was merged with two other hovercraft specialists, Hoverwork Ltd and Hovercraft Consultants Ltd; the combined entity was branded Griffon Hoverwork Ltd. The company's primary facility is based along the River Itchen in Southampton. At present, Griffon Hoverwork supplies a range of hovercraft, boats and other specialised marine services to governments, NGOs, and private companies for use in humanitarian, search and rescue, security and commercial roles. Being one of the oldest hovercraft manufacturers, Griffon Hoverwork's products have been used in various parts of the world. By August 2016, the company's existing market\n\nsecurity and commercial roles. Being one of the oldest hovercraft manufacturers, Griffon Hoverwork's products have been used in various parts of the world. By August 2016, the company's existing market share extended into 41 countries while around 180 hovercraft have been delivered to end users. Perhaps its most commercially successful vehicle has been the Griffon Hoverwork 8000TD hovercraft. History As a business entity, the company was established under the name Griffon Hovercraft in 1976; for the onset, it operated as a specialised manufacturer of hovercraft for commercial, military and search and rescue purposes. The company's founder, Dr E. W. H. Gifford, had been one of the early pioneers in the field, working alongside British inventor Sir Christopher Cockerell and having been involved with the first commercial hovercraft operations during the 1960s. Likewise, many of Griffon's engineering staff had participated in the development of various hovercraft at the competing manufacturing interest\n\nQuestion: Which boat builder invented the hovercraft in 1956?", "output": "Christopher Cockerel"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aegisthus (; ; also transliterated as Aigisthos, ) was a figure in Greek mythology. Aegisthus is known from two primary sources: the first is Homer's Odyssey, believed to have been first written down by Homer at the end of the 8th century BC, and the second from Aeschylus's Oresteia, written in the 5th century BC. Aegisthus also features heavily in the action of Euripides's Electra ( 420 BC), although his character remains offstage. Family Aegisthus was the son of Thyestes and Thyestes's own daughter Pelopia, an incestuous union motivated by his father's rivalry with the house of Atreus for the throne of Mycenae. Aegisthus murdered Atreus in order to restore his father to power, ruling jointly with him, only to be driven from power by Atreus's son Agamemnon. In another version, Aegisthus was the sole surviving son of Thyestes after Atreus killed his brother's children and served them to Thyestes\n\nIn Greek mythology, Broteas (Ancient Greek: \u0392\u03c1\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03b1\u03c2), a hunter, was the son of Tantalus (by Dione, Euryanassa or Eurythemista), whose other offspring were Niobe and Pelops. Broteas was also one of the Lapiths, killed at the battle of the Lapiths and the centaurs. Historical accounts Broteas was consumed on a pyre as a propitiating sacrifice. The mythic rationale, that he was a famous hunter who refused to honour Artemis. Artemis then drove him mad, causing him to immolate himself. He can be compared to the hunter Actaeon, whose sacrifice is also justified as retribution. Broteas had a son Tantalus, like his grandfather. A Hesiodic papyrus fragment from Oxyrhyncus connects Dardanus, Broteas and Pandion, in a tradition of which there is no further evidence. Manisa relief This ancient rock carving was famous in antiquity. It's located near the town of Magnesia ad Sipylum, and it was believed to have been carved\n\nIn Greek mythology, Agamemnon (; Agam\u00e9mn\u014dn) was a king of Mycenae who commanded the Greeks during the Trojan War. He was the son (or grandson) of King Atreus and Queen Aerope, the brother of Menelaus, the husband of Clytemnestra, and the father of Iphigenia, Iphianassa, Electra, Laodike, Orestes and Chrysothemis. Legends make him the king of Mycenae or Argos, thought to be different names for the same area. Agamemnon was killed upon his return from Troy by Clytemnestra, or in an older version of the story, by Clytemnestra's lover Aegisthus. Etymology His name in Greek, \u1f08\u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, means \"very steadfast\", \"unbowed\" or \"resolute\". The word comes from *\u1f08\u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03b4\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd (*Agam\u00e9dm\u014dn) from \u1f04\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd, \"very much\" and \u03bc\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \"think on\". Description In the account of Dares the Phrygian, Agamemnon was described as \". . .blond, large, and powerful. He was eloquent, wise, and noble, a man richly endowed.\" Ancestry and early life Agamemnon was\n\nQuestion: In Greek mythology , who was the god of flocks and herds ?", "output": "PAN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia. They are a paraphyletic group encompassing all tetrapods excluding the amniotes (tetrapods with an amniotic membrane, such as modern reptiles, birds, and mammals). All extant (living) amphibians belong to the subclass Lissamphibia, with three living orders: Anura (frogs), Urodela (salamanders), and Gymnophiona (caecilians). Evolved to be mostly semiaquatic, amphibians have adapted to inhabit a wide variety of habitats, with most species living in freshwater, wetland or terrestrial ecosystems (such as riparian woodland, fossorial and even arboreal habitats). Their life cycle typically starts out as aquatic larvae with gills known as tadpoles, but some species have developed behavioural adaptations to bypass this. The young generally undergo metamorphosis from larva with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs. Amphibians use their skin as a secondary respiratory surface and some small terrestrial salamanders and frogs lack lungs and rely entirely\n\nAbdominal hair is the hair that grows on the abdomen of humans and non-human mammals, in the region between the pubic area and the thorax (chest). The growth of abdominal hair follows the same pattern on nearly all mammals, vertically from the pubic area upwards and from the thorax downwards to the navel. The abdominal hair of non-human mammals is part of the pelage, (hair or fur). It connects pubic hair and chest hair. In humans Before puberty, the abdominal region of both males and females is covered with very fine vellus hair. In response to rising levels of androgens (mainly dihydrotestosterone) during and after puberty, the skin of the abdomen begins to produce coarser, longer and more pigmented hair (terminal hair). This process primarily affects men. Initially, hair grows in a vertical line from the pubic area up to the navel and from the thorax down to the navel.\n\nbased on collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequence data (see Fig. 4 of Presslee et al., 2019). Characteristics Famously slow-moving, a sloth travels at an average speed of . Three-toed sloths are about the size of a small dog or a large cat, with the head and body having a combined length of around and a weight of . Unlike the two-toed sloths, they also have short tails of , and they have three clawed toes on each limb. All sloths have three digits on their hindlimbs; the difference is found in the number of digits on the forelimbs; thus they are sometimes referred to as three-fingered sloths. However, sloths are generally regarded as quadrupeds. Behavior Like the two-toed sloth, three-toed sloths are agile swimmers. They are still slow in trees. The muscles that sloths use to grip and produce a pulling motion are much more prominent than those that produce\n\nQuestion: Which animal has very low metabolic rates and a quarter of the muscle tissue of animals of similar size, and whose hair grows in a direction opposite to that of its extremities?", "output": "Sloth"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In the Book of Exodus, Amram (; ) is the husband of Jochebed and father of Aaron, Moses and Miriam. In the Bible In addition to being married to Jochebed, Amram is also described in the Bible as having been related to Jochebed prior to the marriage, although the exact relationship is uncertain; some Greek and Latin manuscripts of the Septuagint state that Jochebed was Amram's father's cousin, and others state that Amram was Jochebed's cousin, but the Masoretic Text states that she was his father's sister. He is praised for his faith in the Epistle to the Hebrews. Textual scholars attribute the biblical genealogy to the Book of Generations, a hypothetically reconstructed document theorized to originate from a similar religiopolitical group and date to the priestly source. According to critical scholars, the Torah's genealogy for Levi's descendants, is actually an aetiological myth reflecting the fact that there were four\n\nThe Pharaoh's daughter () in the story of the finding of Moses in the biblical Book of Exodus is an important, albeit minor, figure in Abrahamic religions. Though some variations of her story exist, the general consensus among Jews, Christians, and Muslims is that she is the adoptive mother of the prophet Moses. Muslims identify her with Asiya, the Great Royal Wife of the pharaoh. In either version, she saved Moses from certain death from both the Nile river and from the Pharaoh. As she ensured the well-being of Moses throughout his early life, she played an essential role in lifting the Hebrew slaves out of bondage in Egypt, their journey to the Promised Land, and the establishment of the Ten Commandments. Her name The Book of Exodus (Exodus 2:5) does not give a name to Pharaoh's daughter, or to her father; she is referred to in Hebrew as simply\n\nAccording to Abrahamic religions, Aaron ( or ) was a prophet, a high priest, and the elder brother of Moses. Information about Aaron comes exclusively from religious texts such as the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament (Luke, Acts, and Hebrews), and the Quran. The Hebrew Bible relates that, unlike Moses, who grew up in the Egyptian royal court, Aaron and his elder sister Miriam remained with their kinsmen in the northeastern region of the Nile Delta. When Moses first confronted the Egyptian king about the enslavement of the Israelites, Aaron served as his brother's spokesman to the Pharaoh (). Part of the Law given to Moses at Sinai granted Aaron the priesthood for himself and his male descendants, and he became the first High Priest of the Israelites. Levitical priests or kohanim are traditionally believed and halakhically required to be of direct patrilineal descent from Aaron. According to the Book\n\nQuestion: Who in the Old Testament is the sister of Moses?", "output": "MIRIAM"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 \u2013 May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (\"the North\") and the Confederacy (\"the South\"), formed by states that had seceded from the Union. The cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which many believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction. Decades of political controversy over slavery were brought to a head by the victory in the 1860 U.S. presidential election of Abraham Lincoln, who opposed slavery's expansion into the western territories. Seven southern slave states responded to Lincoln's victory by seceding from the United States and forming the Confederacy. The Confederacy seized U.S. forts and other federal assets within their borders. Four more southern\n\nAbraham Lincoln ( ; February 12, 1809 \u2013 April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the Union through the American Civil War to defend the nation as a constitutional union and succeeded in defeating the insurgent Confederacy, abolishing slavery, expanding the power of the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy. Lincoln was born into poverty in a log cabin in Kentucky and was raised on the frontier, primarily in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. congressman from Illinois. In 1849, he returned to his successful law practice in Springfield, Illinois. In 1854, he was angered by the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, causing him to re-enter politics. He soon became a leader of the\n\nAndrew Johnson (December 29, 1808July 31, 1875) was the 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. He assumed the presidency following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, as he was vice president at that time. Johnson was a Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket, coming to office as the Civil War concluded. He favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the newly freed people who were formerly enslaved. This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868. He was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. Johnson was born into poverty and never attended school. He was apprenticed as a tailor and worked in several frontier towns before settling in Greeneville, Tennessee. He served as alderman and mayor there before being elected to the Tennessee House\n\nQuestion: Who was President of The U.S.A. during the American Civil War", "output": "Abraham Lincoln"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Stewart of Darnley, also known as the Lennox Stewarts, were a notable Scots family, a branch of the Clan Stewart, who provided the English Stuart monarchs with their male-line Stuart descent, after the reunion of their branch with the royal Scottish branch. In 1565 the Darnley branch was re-united with the Royal House of Stewart when Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley married his half-first cousin, Mary, Queen of Scots. Despite what their common surname suggests, they were not related closely by virtue of both being Stewarts \u2014 being only ninth cousins once removed in the male line. It was rather through their shared grandmother, Margaret Tudor (daughter of King Henry VII of England) that they were related, and which gave both their claims to the English throne. The son of their union James VI of Scots succeeded to the throne of England and the throne of Ireland as James I. Lord\n\nAlexander I (medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Ma\u00edl Coluim; modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim; c. 1078 \u2013 23 April 1124), posthumously nicknamed The Fierce, was the King of Scotland from 1107 to his death. He succeeded his brother, King Edgar, and his successor was his brother David. He was married to Sybilla of Normandy, an illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England. Life Alexander was the fifth (some sources say fourth) son of Malcolm III and his wife Margaret of Wessex, grandniece of Edward the Confessor. Alexander was named after Pope Alexander II. He was the younger brother of King Edgar, who was unmarried, and his brother's heir presumptive by 1104 (and perhaps earlier). In that year, he was the senior layman present at the examination of the remains of Saint Cuthbert at Durham prior to their re-interment. He held lands in Scotland north of the Forth and in Lothian.\n\ntheir claims to the English throne. The son of their union James VI of Scots succeeded to the throne of England and the throne of Ireland as James I. Lord Darnley\u2019s claim to the Scottish throne was also not by virtue of his being a Stewart, rather he derived it through his great grandmother, Elizabeth Hamilton, a granddaughter of James II. The later English kings and queens of the House of Stuart, from James I and Charles I onwards, were more properly members of the Stewart of Darnley branch, and all drew upon their feudal heritage in Lennox. Origins and name The Stewarts of Darnley were descended from Sir John Stewart (d. 1298), the second son of Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland. Their name is derived from Derneley, a barony in Eastwood parish, Renfrewshire. It was located east of Barrhead, present day Darnley, within the city of Glasgow.\n\nQuestion: Who was the second Stuart king on the English throne?", "output": "Charles I"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "This is a list of islands of the Comoros. Major islands Anjouan Grande Comore Moh\u00e9li The three islands under the control of the Comoros have the status of autonomous islands (formerly governorates). Minor islands Islands located of the coast of Ngazidja (Grand Comore) \u00celot La Tcheka Islands located off the coast of Mwali (Moh\u00e9li) Chissioua Bou\u00e9lachamba Chissioua Bouelamahombe Chissioua Mbouzi Chissioua Bouelamanga Chissioua Chikoundo Chissioua Gnandza Chissioua Mchaco Chissioua Foro Chissioua Mea Chissioua Bouelamiradji Chissioua Mbougo Ilot Sanzi Chissioua Ouenefou Chissioua Kanzoni Chissioua Dzaha Chissioua Magnougni Mbo Mbili Islands located off the coast of Anjouan Ile de la Selle Mchakojou See also ISO 3166-2:KM References Comoros Comoros Islands\n\nAir Service Comores was a small airline which served to transport people and cargo between the three islands of the Comoros, as well as the nearby island of Mayotte. Fleet As of August 2006 the Air Service Comores fleet included: 2 Let L-410 UVP Banned in the EU All but 1 L-410 are on the List of air carriers banned in the EU. See also List of defunct airlines of the Comoros References External links List of banned airlines in Europe Defunct airlines of the Comoros Airlines established in 1996 Airlines disestablished in 2016\n\nAn archipelago ( ), sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster, or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands. Examples of archipelagos include: the Indonesian Archipelago, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep Islands, the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, the Japanese archipelago, the Philippine Archipelago, the Maldives, the Balearic Islands, the \u00c5land Islands, The Bahamas, the Aegean Islands, the Hawaiian Islands, the Canary Islands, Malta, the Azores, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, the British Isles, the islands of the Archipelago Sea, and Shetland. Archipelagos are sometimes defined by political boundaries. For example, while they are geopolitically divided, the San Juan Islands and Gulf Islands geologically form part of a larger Gulf Archipelago. Etymology The word archipelago is derived from the Ancient Greek \u1f04\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9-(arkhi-, \"chief\") and \u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 (p\u00e9lagos, \"sea\") through the Italian arcipelago. In antiquity, \"Archipelago\" (from Medieval Greek *\u1f00\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 and Latin\n\nQuestion: Which archipelago, formerly administered by Madagascar, includes the islands of Mayotte, Anjouan, Grande Comore and Moheli?", "output": "Comoro"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Eric Foreman, M.D., is a fictional character on the Fox medical drama House. He is portrayed by Omar Epps, and appeared in all eight seasons of the show. Background A neurologist, Foreman was a member of Dr. Gregory House's handpicked team of specialists at Princeton\u2013Plainsboro Teaching Hospital's Diagnostic Medicine Department. He was hired by House merely three days prior to the series' pilot episode (as implied in a deleted scene of the pilot). Foreman attended Columbia University as an undergraduate before matriculating at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. In the pilot episode, he mentioned he had a 4.0 GPA through medical school, a fact confirmed by Dr. James Wilson in \"Histories\". Little is known about Foreman's past, although it has been suggested that his family was quite underprivileged and his parents are currently living on a pension (cf. \"Histories\"). Foreman was also a former juvenile delinquent who once burglarized\n\nAllison Cameron, M.D., is a fictional character on the Fox medical drama House, portrayed by American actress Jennifer Morrison. An immunologist, Cameron was a member of Dr. Gregory House's team of handpicked specialists at Princeton\u2013Plainsboro Teaching Hospital's Department of Diagnostic Medicine. She returned for the final episode of the series, \"Everybody Dies\". Personality At the start of the show, Cameron was the only woman on House's initial diagnostic team. She is known for her honesty, sincerity, idealism and strong ethical center. Even so, she is not out of her depth teasing others, as she does when alone with Chase, telling him that women can have hour-long orgasms (in response to Foreman telling her Chase is interested but shy); but, when Foreman enters, she acts completely deadpan. She is a deist, claiming \"I believe in a higher order that's in control of what happens, but not in one anthropomorphic entity called\n\nRobert Chase, M.D. is a fictional character portrayed by Jesse Spencer on the Fox TV series House. Chase works a part of the team of diagnosticians who work under Gregory House until the end of the third season, when House fires him. Following season 3 Chase continues to work at the hospital as a surgeon, and returns to House's team in season 6. Chase is the longest-serving member of House's staff. Chase is attracted to Allison Cameron through season 3 of the show and embarks on a romantic relationship with her in \"Human Error\". In \"Post Mortem\", he leaves the diagnostic team after realizing he was in the same position as he was 10 years earlier, unlike all of the other former members of the team. In the series finale, he rejoins the hospital as the new head of diagnostic medicine, replacing House. Characterization Chase is Australian and was born\n\nQuestion: \"Who had a team of Dr. Eric Foreman, Dr. Robert Chase, and Dr. Allison Cameron and replaced them with Dr. Eric Foreman, Dr. Remy \"\"Thirteen\"\" Hadley, Dr. Chris Taub and Dr. Lawrence Kutner?\"", "output": "Dr. Gregory House"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Catch Us If You Can (released as Having a Wild Weekend in the U.S.) is the 1965 feature-film debut of director John Boorman. It was designed as a vehicle for pop band the Dave Clark Five, whose popularity at the time rivaled that of the Beatles, and it is named after their hit song \"Catch Us If You Can\". Plot The five are living together in a London flat. They make breakfast then drive to Smithfield Market, passing multiple advertising posters featuring a girl and the slogan \"Meat for Go\". During the filming of a TV commercial for a \"Meat for Go\" campaign set in London's Smithfield Market, stuntman Steve (Dave Clark), disillusioned by the inanity of his job, absconds in an E-type Jaguar (260 EYW, one of the props) with a young actress/model, Dinah (Barbara Ferris). After a visit to Oasis Swimming Pools, an open-air swimming pool in central\n\nThe Men They Couldn't Hang (TMTCH) are a British folk punk group. The original group consisted of Stefan Cush (vocals, guitar), Paul Simmonds (guitar, bouzouki, mandolin, keyboards), Philip \"Swill\" Odgers (vocals, guitar, tin whistle, melodica), Jon Odgers (drums, percussion) and Shanne Bradley (bass guitar). 1984\u20131991: Formation, controversy and success The Men They Couldn't Hang came together in 1984 to perform at the alternative music festival in Camden Town alongside The Pogues and the Boothill Foot Tappers. Paul Simmonds, Philip 'Swill' Odgers and his brother Jon, veterans of the Southampton-based pop-punk band Catch 22, met Pogues roadie Stefan Cush whilst busking in Shepherds Bush in London. Their early line-up was Stefan Cush, Philip Odgers, Paul Simmonds, Jon Odgers and Shanne Bradley. The band's name is inspired by \"The Man They Couldn't Hang\". Their first single, a cover version of \"The Green Fields of France\", was released in 1984. Written by Eric\n\nEddie\" were top ten hits on the UK Indie Chart in 1980. The \"group\" ceased activity after 1980, but film director John Hughes was so taken with it that their rendition of \"Red River Rock\" (in a re-recorded version) can be heard in the film soundtrack of the Steve Martin and John Candy film Planes, Trains, and Automobiles. It was also issued as a single in 1988 in both the US and the UK. The band's rendition of \"You Really Got Me\" was featured on a compilation album of new wave songs put out by French covers band Nouvelle Vague. The group is the subject of a song called \"Silicon Teens\" by The Pulsars on their 1997 album, Pulsars. Discography Albums Music for Parties (September 1980) \u2013 UK Indie No. 4 Singles \"Memphis Tennessee\" / \"Let's Dance\" (August 1979) \"Judy in Disguise\" / \"Chip 'n' Roll\" \u2013 UK Indie No.\n\nQuestion: Which British pop group appeared in the 1965 film 'Catch Us If You Can'?", "output": "DAVE CLARK FIVE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "side of the Entente powers during the WW1. Following the Munich Agreement, the country was occupied by Nazi Germany and the Army was reconstituted in exile, fighting on the side of Allies of World War II in the European as well as Mediterranean and Middle East theatre. After the 1948 Communist Coup, the Czechoslovak People's Army with over 200,000 active personnel and some 4,500 tanks formed one of the pillars of the Warsaw Pact military alliance. Following the Velvet Revolution and dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999. The conscription was abolished in 2004, leading to transformation into a modern professional army inspired mostly by the British Armed Forces and USMC example. Today, the Czech Army has 27.000 professional personnel and 4.000 members of active reserves. Additionally, any citizen can voluntarily join a five week basic training without becoming a soldier or join advanced shooting training with\n\nThe Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia () are the military forces of Croatia. The President is the Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief, and exercises administrative powers in times of war by giving orders to the chief of staff, while administration and defence policy execution in peacetime is carried out by the Government through the Ministry of Defence. This unified institution consists of land, sea, and air branches referred to as: Croatian Army (Hrvatska kopnena vojska - HKoV) Croatian Navy (Hrvatska ratna mornarica - HRM) Croatian Air Force (Hrvatsko ratno zrakoplovstvo - HRZ) The Croatian Armed Forces are charged with protecting the Republic as well as supporting international peacekeeping efforts, when mandated by the NATO, United Nations and/or European Union. The Army has 650 AFVs, around 150 pieces of artillery, 100 MLRSs, around 75 tanks, and 25 SPGs. The Air Force has 12 MiG-21 jet fighters, 10 combat-transport Mi-171 and 16\n\nIn 2008, a portion of uniformed ICRU deployed personnel still armed for self-defense returned their weapons and changed to civilian clothing. The policy since 2008, is that, unless under special circumstances, ICRU personnel do not wear uniforms or carry weapons. The Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Iceland oversees the roster and deployment of personnel. Personnel The deployed personnel of the ICRU were experts, including Icelandic policemen, Coast Guardsmen and others that had relative training for the concerned institutions. In addition to those mentioned above, these backgrounds range from logistical backgrounds, medical or engineering backgrounds, social sciences and so on. But now, after a law was passed in 2007 the \"peacekeepers\" need a college degree. In 2014, it is much more of an aid squad rather than peacekeepers. The previously deployed doctors, nurses, those deployed as Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRT) as well as those working at Kabul International Airport (KAIA) were\n\nQuestion: Which NATO member country is the only one with no permanent professional army?", "output": "Iceland"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Bye Bye Bye\" is a song by American boy band NSYNC from their third studio album, No Strings Attached. It was released on January 17, 2000, as the lead single from the album. The song was written and produced by Kristian Lundin and Jake Schulze, with additional writing by Andreas Carlsson. Its lyrics describe the end of a romantic relationship; it was reported to also reference the group's separation from their manager Lou Pearlman and their record label RCA Records. \"Bye Bye Bye\" was a commercial success, peaking at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 and within the top 10 in almost every country in which it charted. The song received a Grammy nomination in 2001 for Record of the Year, but lost to U2's \"Beautiful Day\". Background and development \"Bye Bye Bye\" was written and produced by Kristian Lundin and Jake Schulze, as part of Cheiron Productions,\n\nthe \"Brackish\" music video, but with a performance of the band still being a strong element. The music video, which got played very frequently on MTV, follows an angel who has crashed down and lost his wings. Track list \"Charlotte - Alternate Mellow Version\" \"Suck - Live\" \"Spit - Live\" \"Charlotte - Alge Remix Radio Edit\" Charts Release history References 2000 singles 2000 songs Works about serial killers Kittie songs\n\n\"Dancing Junk\" is a song by Super Monkey's 4, released in 1993 as their first single under their new name. The B-side, \"Rainbow Moon\", is a solo song by the group's lead singer, Namie Amuro. It was her first of many during her time with the group. \"Dancing Junk\" was used as the first ending theme to the anime series Nintama Rantarou. Track listing \"Dancing Junk\" (Masao Urino, Koji Magaino) - 4:38 \"Rainbow Moon\" (Masao Urino, Koji Magaino) - 4:18 \"Dancing Junk\" (Original Karaoke)\" (Koji Magaino) - 4:38 \"Rainbow Moon\" (Original Karaoke)\" (Koji Magaino) - 4:14 Personnel Namie Amuro - vocals, background vocals Hisako Arakaki - background vocals Minako Ameku - background vocals Nanako Takushi - background vocals Charts Oricon Sales Chart (Japan) 1993 singles Super Monkey's songs 1993 songs Nintama Rantar\u014d\n\nQuestion: In what music video did NSYNC dance like marionettes?", "output": "Bye Bye Bye"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The \u00c9sagila or Esangil ( , \"temple whose top is lofty\") was a temple dedicated to Marduk, the protector god of Babylon. It lay south of the ziggurat Etemenanki. Description In this temple was the statue of Marduk, surrounded by cult images of the cities that had fallen under the hegemony of the Babylonian Empire from the 18th century BC; there was also a little lake which was named Abzu by the Babylonian priests. This Abzu was a representation of Marduk's father, Enki, who was god of the waters and lived in the Abzu that was the source of all the fresh waters. Esarhaddon, king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (681 \u2013 669 BC), reconstructed the temple. He claimed that he built the temple from the foundation to the battlements, a claim corroborated by dedicatory inscriptions found on the stones of the temple's walls on the site. The Esagila complex, completed\n\nAbraham (originally Abram) is the common Hebrew patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Judaism, he is the founding father of the special relationship between the Jews and God; in Christianity, he is the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish; and in Islam, he is a link in the chain of Islamic prophets that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad. The story of the life of Abraham as told in the narrative of the Book of Genesis revolves around the themes of posterity and land. He is said to have been called by God to leave the house of his father Terah and settle in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Abraham and his progeny. This promise is subsequently inherited by Isaac, Abraham's son, by his wife Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Ishmael is also promised that he will be\n\nEnos or Enosh ( \u02be\u0114n\u014d\u0161; \"mortal man\"; ; En\u1e53s; Ge'ez: \u1204\u1296\u1235/Henos) is a figure in the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible. He is described as the first son of Seth who figures in the Generations of Adam, and is also referred to within the genealogies of 1 Chronicles. According to Christianity, he is part of the genealogy of Jesus as mentioned in . Enos is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of tales of the pre-Islamic prophets, which honor him in an identical manner. Furthermore, early Islamic historians like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, (Arabic: \u2019An\u016bsh \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0634 or: Y\u0101nish \u064a\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650\u0634). In the Hebrew Bible According to the Masoretic Genesis, Seth was 105 years old when Enos was born (but the Septuagint version gives 205 years), and Seth had further sons and daughters. Enos was\n\nQuestion: In the Bible who was the father of Jacob and Esau?", "output": "Isaac"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The soft pedal or , is one of the standard pedals on a piano, generally placed leftmost among the pedals. On a grand piano this pedal shifts the whole action (including the keyboard) slightly to the right, so that the hammers which normally strike all three of the strings for a note strike only two of them. This softens the note and also modifies its tone quality. Tone quality is also affected by forcing the remaining two strings being struck to make contact with a part of the hammer felt which is not often hit (due to the whole action being shifted); this results in a duller sound, as opposed to the bright sound which is usually produced (due to the felt being hardened from regular use). History The essential function of the soft pedal was invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori, the inventor of the piano. On some of his pianos,\n\nmodule, which featured the DRAKE (DSP RISC Advanced Keyboard Engine) simulating instruments like the Fazioli F308 and Steinway & Sons grand pianos. The Genesys series marked Generalmusic's last generation of synthesizers, offering onboard sampling from an integrated CD-ROM, audio sequencer , audio sequencer tracks, and flash ROM. Additionally, the company provided the entry-level GK series and a simplified WK version named WK-1000/2000. Generalmusic also produced digital pianos, notably the Promega series, which garnered more interest than their synthesizer products. However, in February 2009, Generalmusic dismissed its employees and promptly filed for bankruptcy, with the declaration occurring in 2011. In December 2014, the Finnish group Soundion Oy Ltd (the new owner of GEM, LEM, and Elka) announced plans for Generalmusic to release a product lineup in 2015, consisting of re-issued models alongside new technology offerings. Production was set to be established in Finland. By July 2015, there were intentions to launch\n\nRoland GS, or just GS, sometimes expanded as General Standard or General Sound, is a MIDI specification. It requires that all GS-compatible equipment must meet a certain set of features and it documents interpretations of some MIDI commands and bytes sequences, thus defining instrument tones, controllers for sound effects, etc. In addition to the simpler General MIDI standard, GS defines 98 additional tone instruments, 15 more percussion instruments, 8 more drum kits, 3 effects (reverb/chorus/variation) and some other features. The Roland SC-55 was the first synthesizer to support the GS standard. History The GS extensions were first introduced and implemented on Roland Sound Canvas series modules, starting with the Roland SC-55 in 1991. The first model supported 317 instruments, 16 simultaneous melodic voices, 8 percussion voices and a compatibility mode for Roland MT-32 (although it only emulated it and lacked programmability of original MT-32) and gained explosive popularity. In addition\n\nQuestion: How many pedals are standard on a grand piano in the USA?", "output": "3"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Black Russian is a cocktail of vodka and kahlua. It contains 50 ml vodka and 20 ml coffee liqueur, per IBA specified ingredients. The drink is made by pouring the vodka and coffee liqueur over ice cubes or cracked ice in an old-fashioned glass and stirring. The Black Russian is often garnished with a lemon slice and a Luxardo maraschino cherry on a stick. History The Black Russian cocktail first appeared in 1949 and is ascribed to Gustave Tops, a Belgian barman, who created it at the Hotel Metropole in Brussels in honor of Perle Mesta, then United States Ambassador to Luxembourg. The cocktail owes its name to the use of vodka, a typical Russian spirit, and the blackness of the coffee liqueur. Variations Dirty Black Russian, tall Black Russian, Australian Black Russian or Colorado bulldog: served in a highball glass and topped up with cola. Black magic: served\n\nof the coffee liqueur. Variations Dirty Black Russian, tall Black Russian, Australian Black Russian or Colorado bulldog: served in a highball glass and topped up with cola. Black magic: served with a dash of lemon juice and a lemon twist to garnish. Irish Russian or smooth Black Russian: served with a head of Guinness. Brown Russian: served in a highball glass and topped with ginger ale. Belarusian or white Russian: served with milk or cream. Mudslide: served with Irish cream, either fresh cream or ice cream, with or without chocolate sauce rim. Mind eraser: topped up with sparkling water. Paralyzer: Made with cola and milk in addition to vodka and coffee liqueur. See also List of cocktails References Cocktails with vodka Cocktails with coffee liqueur Coffee culture Coffee drinks Alcoholic coffee drinks Two-ingredient cocktails\n\nthe word \"dansk\", simply meaning Danish, and the use of Z instead of S and \"ka\"-ending, that makes the word sound Russian. Types Danzka is available in 7 flavours: Danzka Vodka (red) - the original (40% ABV) Danzka Vodka Fifty (black) - increased alcohol content (50% ABV) Danzka Vodka Apple (green) - apple flavoured (40% ABV) Danzka Vodka Citrus (yellow) - lemon flavoured (40% ABV) Danzka Vodka Cranraz (fuchsia) - cranberry and raspberry flavoured (40% ABV) Danzka Vodka Currant (purple) - blackcurrant flavoured (40% ABV) Danzka Vodka Grapefruit (orange) - grapefruit flavoured (40% ABV) External links Danzka Vodka References Danish vodkas Danish brands Products introduced in 1989\n\nQuestion: In drinks, what ingredient is the difference between a White Russian and a Black Russian?", "output": "Milk"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Island is a novel by Peter Benchley, published in 1979 by Doubleday & Co. Plot summary Blair Maynard, a divorced journalist in New York City, decides to write a story about the unexplained disappearance of yachts and other small boats in the Caribbean, hoping to debunk theories about the Bermuda Triangle. He has week-end custody of his preadolescent son Justin, and decides to mix a vacation with work, taking his son along. They fly from Miami to the Turks and Caicos island chain but, while on a fishing trip, are captured by a band of pirates. The pirates have, amazingly, remained undetected since the establishment of their pirate enclave by Jean-David Nau, the notorious buccaneer L'Olonnais, in 1671. The pirates have a constitution of sorts, called the Covenant, and have a cruel but workable society. They raise any children they capture to ensure the survival of the colony, but\n\nwhale\" was derived from the Norwegian \"bl\u00e5hval\", coined by Svend Foyn shortly after he had perfected the harpoon gun. The Norwegian scientist G. O. Sars adopted it as the common name in 1874. Blue whales were referred to as 'Sibbald's rorqual', after Robert Sibbald, who first described the species. Herman Melville called the blue whale \"sulphur bottom\" in his novel Moby Dick because of the accumulation of diatoms creating a yellowish appearance on their pale underside. Evolution Blue whales are rorquals in the family Balaenopteridae. A 2018 analysis estimates that the Balaenopteridae family diverged from other families in between 10.48 and 4.98 million years ago during the late Miocene. The earliest discovered anatomically modern blue whale is a partial skull fossil found in southern Italy, dating to the Early Pleistocene, roughly 1.5\u20131.25 million years ago. The Australian pygmy blue whale diverged during the Last Glacial Maximum. Their more recent divergence\n\nThe Unteleported Man (later republished in a greatly expanded version as Lies, Inc.) is a 1966 science fiction novel by American writer Philip K. Dick, first published as a novella in 1964. It is about a future in which a one-way teleportation technology enables 40 million people to emigrate to a colony named Whale's Mouth on an Earth-like planet, which advertisements show as a lush green utopia. When the owner of a failing spaceship travel firm tries to take the 18-year flight to the colony to bring back any unhappy colonists, powerful forces try to stop him from finding out the truth. Plot summary A new teleportation technology (\"telpor\") makes travel by spaceship obsolete. A new colony in the Fomalhaut star system, Whale's Mouth, has been the destination for forty million emigrants, but it is a one-way trip - teleportation back to Earth is supposedly impossible. The only way to\n\nQuestion: Which 1851 novel has the alternative title \u2018The Whale\u2019?", "output": "Moby Dick"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The tabasco pepper is a variety of the chili pepper species Capsicum frutescens originating in Mexico. It is best known through its use in Tabasco sauce, followed by peppered vinegar. Like all C. frutescens cultivars, the tabasco plant has a typical bushy growth, which commercial cultivation makes stronger by trimming the plants. The tapered fruits, around 4 cm long, are initially pale yellowish-green and turn yellow and orange before ripening to bright red. Tabascos rate from 30,000 to 50,000 on the Scoville scale of heat levels,. Tabasco fruits, like all other members of the C. frutescens species, remain erect when mature, rather than hanging down from their stems. A large part of the tabasco pepper stock fell victim to the tobacco mosaic virus in the 1960s; the first resistant variety (Greenleaf tabasco) was not cultivated until around 1970. Naming The peppers are named after the Mexican state of Tabasco. The\n\nSauce ravigote is a classic, lightly acidic sauce in French cuisine, which may be prepared either warm or cold. The warm sauce is classically based on a vegetable or meat broth, or a velout\u00e9, with herbs. Current recipes often add Dijon mustard. The cold sauce is based on a vinaigrette. Many other preparations pass under the term ravigote, but in general ravigote sauces are highly seasoned with chopped, saut\u00e9ed shallots or onion, capers and herbs like chives, chervil and tarragon: ravigot\u00e9 connotes \"reinvigorated\" or \"freshened up\". It is generally served with mild-flavored proteins or those that have been boiled or poached, such as fish, fowl, eggs, and, traditionally, with t\u00eate de veau, jellied hare, head cheese, p\u00e2t\u00e9 or calf's brains and feet. References French sauces\n\nA chocolate truffle is a type of chocolate confectionery traditionally made with a chocolate ganache center and coated in cocoa powder, coconut, or chopped nuts. A chocolate truffle is handrolled into a spherical or ball shape. The name derives from the chocolate truffle's similarity in appearance to truffles, a French tuber fungus. Varieties Major types of chocolate truffle include: The Swiss truffle, made by combining melted chocolate into a boiling mixture of dairy cream and butter, which is poured into molds to set before sprinkling with cocoa powder. Like the French truffles, these have a very short shelf life and must be consumed within a few days of making. The French truffle, made with fresh cream and chocolate, and then rolled in cocoa or nut powder. The Spanish truffle, prepared with dark chocolate, condensed milk, rum (or any preferred liqueur), and chocolate sprinkles. The typical European truffle, made with syrup\n\nQuestion: Cayenne pepper is a condiment prepared from the dried and pounded pods of several species of what?", "output": "Capsicum"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Astrometry is a branch of astronomy that involves precise measurements of the positions and movements of stars and other celestial bodies. It provides the kinematics and physical origin of the Solar System and this galaxy, the Milky Way. History The history of astrometry is linked to the history of star catalogues, which gave astronomers reference points for objects in the sky so they could track their movements. This can be dated back to Hipparchus, who around 190 BC used the catalogue of his predecessors Timocharis and Aristillus to discover Earth's precession. In doing so, he also developed the brightness scale still in use today. Hipparchus compiled a catalogue with at least 850 stars and their positions. Hipparchus's successor, Ptolemy, included a catalogue of 1,022 stars in his work the Almagest, giving their location, coordinates, and brightness. In the 10th century, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi carried out observations on the stars and\n\nIn astronomy, aberration (also referred to as astronomical aberration, stellar aberration, or velocity aberration) is a phenomenon where celestial objects exhibit an apparent motion about their true positions based on the velocity of the observer: It causes objects to appear to be displaced towards the observer's direction of motion. The change in angle is of the order of v/c where c is the speed of light and v the velocity of the observer. In the case of \"stellar\" or \"annual\" aberration, the apparent position of a star to an observer on Earth varies periodically over the course of a year as the Earth's velocity changes as it revolves around the Sun, by a maximum angle of approximately 20 arcseconds in right ascension or declination. The term aberration has historically been used to refer to a number of related phenomena concerning the propagation of light in moving bodies. Aberration is distinct\n\nAn astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies \u2013 in either observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies. A related but distinct subject is physical cosmology, which studies the Universe as a whole. Types Astronomers usually fall under either of two main types: observational and theoretical. Observational astronomers make direct observations of celestial objects and analyze the data. In contrast, theoretical astronomers create and investigate models of things that cannot be observed. Because it takes millions to billions of years for a system of stars or a galaxy to complete a life cycle, astronomers must observe snapshots\n\nQuestion: What is the name for the branch of astronomy that relates to precise measurements and explanations of the positions and movements of celestial bodies?", "output": "Astrometry"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Mongoose refers to two types of carnivorous mammals. Mongoose or The Mongoose may also refer to: Personal nickname Tom McEwen (drag racer) (1937-2018), American drag racer nicknamed \"The Mongoose\", Adam Rose (born 1979), South African professional wrestler commonly called \"The Radical Mongoose\", also shortened to \"The Mongoose\" Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1784\u20131865), British Prime Minister nicknamed \"The Mongoose\" Brands and enterprises Mongoose (bicycles), a brand name of bicycles produced by Pacific Cycle Mongoose Publishing, British manufacturer of role-playing books, pewter miniatures, and card games Fictional characters Mongoose (comics), a supervillain appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics The Mongoose, a hitman in the graphic novel XIII The Mongoose, a pulp fiction character created by Johnston McCulley (1883\u20131958) Military Agusta A129 Mangusta (\"Mongoose\"), attack helicopter , a Dutch brig captured by the Royal Navy in 1799 or 1800 Technology Mongoose (web server) Mongoose, an application development platform created\n\nRugose means \"wrinkled\". It may refer to: Rugosa, an extinct order of coral, whose rugose shape earned it the name Rugose, adjectival form of rugae Species with \"rugose\" in their names Idiosoma nigrum, more commonly, a black rugose trapdoor spider Rugose spiraling whitefly\n\nMilitary Agusta A129 Mangusta (\"Mongoose\"), attack helicopter , a Dutch brig captured by the Royal Navy in 1799 or 1800 Technology Mongoose (web server) Mongoose, an application development platform created and distributed by Infor Armstrong Siddeley Mongoose, a British aero engine developed in the 1920s Mongoose-V, a series of 32-bit computer processors used for NASA satellites Mongoose (MongoDB), a JavaScript library for programming in Node.js Other uses Cuban Project, also known as Operation Mongoose, a covert CIA operation against Fidel Castro Mongoose Cricket Bat, a cricket bat for 20/20 games See also\n\nQuestion: What is the plural of mongoose?", "output": "Mongooses"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Upper Mississippi River is the portion of the Mississippi River upstream of St. Louis, Missouri, United States, at the confluence of its main tributary, the Missouri River. History In terms of geologic and hydrographic history, the Upper Mississippi east and south of Fort Snelling is a portion of the now-extinct Glacial River Warren which carved the valley of the Minnesota River, permitting the immense Glacial Lake Agassiz to join the world's oceans at the Gulf of Mexico. The collapse of ice dams holding back Glacial Lake Duluth and Glacial Lake Grantsburg carved out the Dalles of the St. Croix River at Interstate Park. The Upper Mississippi River valley likely originated as an ice-marginal stream during the Pre-Illinoian Stage. The Driftless Area is a portion of North America left unglaciated at that ice age's height, hence not smoothed out or covered over by previous geological processes. Inasmuch as the Wisconsin\n\nThe Mississippi River System, also referred to as the Western Rivers, is a mostly riverine network of the United States which includes the Mississippi River and connecting waterways. The Mississippi River is the largest drainage basin in the United States. In the United States, the Mississippi drains about 59% of the country's rivers. From the perspective of natural geography and hydrology, the system consists of the Mississippi River itself and its numerous natural tributaries and distributaries. The major tributaries are the Illinois, Missouri, Ohio and Red rivers. Given their flow volumes, major Ohio River tributaries like the Allegheny, Tennessee, and Wabash rivers are considered important tributaries to the Mississippi system. Before the Mississippi River reaches the Gulf of Mexico, it runs into its distributary, the Atchafalaya River. From the perspective of modern commercial navigation, the system includes the above as well as navigable inland waterways which are connected by artificial\n\nThis is a list of all current and notable former bridges or other crossings of the Upper Mississippi River which begins at the Mississippi River's source and extends to its confluence with the Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois. Crossings Minnesota Minnesota \u2013 Wisconsin Iowa \u2013 Wisconsin Iowa \u2013 Illinois Missouri \u2013 Illinois Confluence with the Ohio River (See List of crossings of the Lower Mississippi River) See also List of crossings of the Lower Mississippi River List of crossings of the Ohio River List of crossings of the Missouri River List of locks and dams of the Upper Mississippi River References Minnesota DOT County Maps External links Road Bridge Info Rail Bridge Info Mississippi bridges MSP Bridges Mississippi River River crossings River crossings River crossings River crossings River crossings\n\nQuestion: What river intersects the Mississippi river near St. Louis?", "output": "Missouri"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Juan Jos\u00e9 Torres Gonz\u00e1lez (5 March 1920 \u2013 2 June 1976) was a Bolivian socialist politician and military leader who served as the 50th president of Bolivia from 1970 to 1971, when he was ousted in a coup that resulted in the dictatorship of Hugo Banzer. He was popularly known as \"J.J.\" (Jota-Jota). Juan Jos\u00e9 Torres was murdered in 1976 in Buenos Aires, in the frame of the United States-backed campaign Operation Condor. Early life Torres was born in Cochabamba to a poor Aymara-Mestizo family and joined the army in 1941. He served as military attache to Brazil from 1964 and as ambassador to Uruguay from 1965 to 1966, when he was appointed Labor Minister. He became the reform-minded Alfredo Ovando's right-hand man and commander-in-chief of the armed forces when the latter came to power as a result of a coup d'\u00e9tat in September 1969. Torres became one of the\n\nThe Salvadoran Civil War () was a twelve-year period of civil war in El Salvador that was fought between the government of El Salvador and the Farabundo Mart\u00ed National Liberation Front (FMLN), a coalition or \"umbrella organization\" of left-wing groups backed by the Cuban regime of Fidel Castro as well as the Soviet Union. A coup on 15 October 1979 followed by government killings of anti-coup protesters is widely seen as the start of civil war. The war did not formally end until 16 January 1992 with the signing of the Chapultepec Peace Accords in Mexico City. The United Nations (UN) reports that the war killed more than 75,000 people between 1979 and 1992, along with approximately 8,000 disappeared persons. Human rights violations, particularly the kidnapping, torture, and murder of suspected FMLN sympathizers by state security forces and paramilitary death squads \u2013 were pervasive. The Salvadoran government was considered an\n\nThe Marxism of Che Guevara: Philosophy, Economics, and Revolutionary Warfare () is a 1970 book by Michael L\u00f6wy. It is a short work addressing the political, ethical and economic components of Ernesto Guevara's thinking. The English translation by Brian Pearce was published by Monthly Review Press in 1973. Response Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica described it as \"a short but lucid introduction to Guevara's ideas\". References External links Facebook Page Front and Back Cover of Book 1973 non-fiction books Books about Marxism Books about Che Guevara French non-fiction books\n\nQuestion: In which country was Che Guevara executed in 1967?", "output": "Bolivia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Human overpopulation (or human population overshoot) describes a concern that human populations may become too large to be sustained by their environment or resources in the long term. The topic is usually discussed in the context of world population, though it may concern individual nations, regions, and cities. Since 1804, the global human population has increased from 1 billion to 8 billion due to medical advancements and improved agricultural productivity. Annual world population growth peaked at 2.1% in 1968, and has since dropped to 1.1%. According to the most recent United Nations' projections, \"[t]he global population is expected to reach 9.7 billion in 2050 and 10.4 billion in 2100.\" The UN's projections report predicts that the human population will peak at around 10.4 billion people, before decreasing, noting that fertility rates are falling worldwide. Other models agree that the population will stabilize before or after 2100. Early discussions of overpopulation\n\nhence the widely used expression \"living on less than a dollar a day\". The vast majority of those in extreme poverty reside in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. As of 2018, it is estimated that the country with the most people living in extreme poverty is Nigeria, at 86 million. In the past, the vast majority of the world population lived in conditions of extreme poverty. The percentage of the global population living in absolute poverty fell from over 80% in 1800 to under 20% by 2015. According to UN estimates, roughly 734 million people or 10% remained under those conditions. The number had previously been measured as 1.9 billion in 1990, and 1.2 billion in 2008. Despite the significant number of individuals still below the international poverty line, these figures represent significant progress for the international community, as they reflect a decrease of more than one billion people over\n\npolitically and economically dominant. Population According to , the total population was 11,891,000 in 2020, compared to only 2 309 000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2020 was 45.3%, 52.4% were between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.4% of the population was 65 years or older. . Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2015) (Unrevised data.): Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2020): UN population projections Numbers are in thousands. UN medium variant projections 2020 11,891 2025 13,764 2030 15,773 2035 17,932 2040 20,253 2045 22,728 2050 25,325 Vital statistics Registration of vital events is in Burundi not complete. The Population Departement of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. Source: UN DESA, World Population Prospects, 2022 Fertility and births Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Fertility data as of 2010 (DHS Program):\n\nQuestion: According to the UN, what round figure did the world population reach on October 31st 2011?", "output": "7 BILLION"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Syvash or Sivash (Russian and Ukrainian: ; , Cyrillic: \u0421\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0448, \"dirt\"), also known as the or (, Gniloye More; , Hnyle More; , Cyrillic: \u0427\u044e\u0440\u044e\u043a \u0414\u0435\u043d\u044a\u0438\u0437), is a large area of shallow lagoons on the west coast of the Sea of Azov. Separated from the sea by the narrow Arabat Spit, the water of the Syvash covers an area of around and the entire area spreads over about . The Henichesk Strait is its eastern connection to the Sea of Azov. The Syvash borders the northeastern coast of the main Crimean Peninsula. Central and Eastern Syvash were registered as wetlands of Ukraine under the Ramsar Convention. Since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the entire Syvash has been occupied by Russia. Overview The Syvash nearly cuts the Crimean Peninsula off from the mainland, serving as a natural border for its autonomous republic. The long () and narrow () Arabat\n\nKalmuk Steppe, or Kalmyk Steppe is a steppe with a land area of approximately 100,000 km\u00b2, bordering the northwest Caspian Sea, bounded by the Volga on the northeast, the Manych on the southwest, and the territory of the Don Cossacks on the northwest. The historic home to the Kalmuck or Kalmyks, it is in the Federal subject of Astrakhan Oblast in Russia. Before the appearance of the Kalmyks to this region, the area was long known as the Povoletsk steppe by the Russians. The western Kalmuck Steppe occupied by the Yergeni hills, is deeply trenched by ravines and rises 300 and occasionally 630 ft. above the sea. It is built up of Tertiary deposits, belonging to the Sarmatian division of the Miocene period and covered with bess and black earth, and its escarpments represent the old shore-line of the Caspian. No Caspian deposits are found on or within the Yergeni.\n\nThe Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North and Central European Plain. The sea stretches from 53\u00b0N to 66\u00b0N latitude and from 10\u00b0E to 30\u00b0E longitude. It is a shelf sea and marginal sea of the Atlantic with limited water exchange between the two, making it an inland sea. The Baltic Sea drains through the Danish Straits into the Kattegat by way of the \u00d8resund, Great Belt and Little Belt. It includes the Gulf of Bothnia (divided into the Bothnian Bay and the Bothnian Sea), the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga and the Bay of Gda\u0144sk. The \"Baltic Proper\" is bordered on its northern edge, at latitude 60\u00b0N, by \u00c5land and the Gulf of Bothnia, on its northeastern edge by the Gulf of Finland, on its eastern edge by the\n\nQuestion: The Volga flows into which sea?", "output": "Caspian Sea"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 \u2013 9 June 1870) was an English novelist and social critic who created some of the world's best-known fictional characters, and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime and, by the 20th century, critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories are widely read today. Born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school at the age of 12 to work in a boot-blacking factory when his father John was incarcerated in a debtors' prison. After three years he returned to school, before he began his literary career as a journalist. Dickens edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15 novels, five novellas, hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles, lectured and performed readings extensively, was an indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned vigorously for\n\nto inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also frequently adapted and, like many of his novels, evoke images of early Victorian London. His 1859 novel A Tale of Two Cities (set in London and Paris) is his best-known work of historical fiction. The most famous celebrity of his era, he undertook, in response to public demand, a series of public reading tours in the later part of his career. The term Dickensian is used to describe something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings, such as poor social or working conditions, or comically repulsive characters. Early life Charles Dickens was born on 7 February 1812 at 1 Mile End Terrace (now 393 Commercial Road), Landport in Portsea Island (Portsmouth), Hampshire, the second of eight children of Elizabeth Dickens (n\u00e9e Barrow; 1789\u20131863) and John Dickens (1785\u20131851). His father was a clerk in the Navy\n\nThe Thief Lord is a children's novel written by Cornelia Funke. It was published in Germany in 2000 and translated into English by Oliver Latsch in 2002 for The Chicken House, a division of Scholastic publishing company. It was Funke's first novel published in the United States and was adapted into a film in 2006. Plot summary Orphaned and unwilling to be separated, brothers Prosper and Boniface Hartleib run away to Venice where they are taken in by a group of street children led by a proud orphan named Scipio, AKA \"The Thief Lord.\" A man calling himself the Conte asks the \"Thief Lord\" to steal a wooden lion's wing for him. The runaway boys' rich but shallow aunt and uncle wish to adopt only sweet-faced Boniface. They hire a detective, Victor Getz, to find them. Over the course of his investigation, Victor has several run-ins with the gang. He\n\nQuestion: Which novel by Charles Dickens has sold the most copies?", "output": "A Tale of Two Cities"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Canary Islands (; , ), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish autonomous community and archipelago in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. At their closest point to the African mainland, they are west of Morocco. They are the southernmost of the autonomous communities of Spain. The islands have a population of 2.2 million people and are the most populous special territory of the European Union. The eight main islands are (from largest to smallest in area) Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro and La Graciosa. The archipelago includes many smaller islands and islets, including Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Monta\u00f1a Clara, Roque del Oeste, and Roque del Este. It also includes a number of rocks, including Garachico and Anaga. In ancient times, the island chain was often referred to as \"the Fortunate Isles\". The Canary Islands are the southernmost region of Spain, and\n\nCyprus (), officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea, south of the Anatolian Peninsula and east of the Levant. It is geographically in Western Asia, but its cultural ties and geopolitics are overwhelmingly Southeastern European. Cyprus is the third-largest and third-most populous island in the Mediterranean. It is located north of Egypt, east of Greece, south of Turkey, and west of Lebanon and Syria. Its capital and largest city is Nicosia. The northeast portion of the island is de facto governed by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains include the well-preserved ruins from the Hellenistic period such as Salamis and Kourion, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves\n\nCyprus is an island country in the Eastern Basin of the Mediterranean Sea. It is the third-largest island in the Mediterranean, after the Italian islands of Sicily and Sardinia, and the 80th-largest island in the world by area. It is located south of the Anatolian Peninsula, yet it belongs to the Cyprus Arc. Geographically, Cyprus is located in West Asia, but the country is considered a European country in political geography. Cyprus also had lengthy periods of mainly Greek and intermittent Anatolian, Levantine, Byzantine, Turkish, and Western European influence. The island is dominated by two mountain ranges, the Troodos Mountains and the Kyrenia Mountains or Pentadaktylos, and the central plain, the Mesaoria, between them. The Troodos Mountains cover most of the southern and western portions of the island and account for roughly half its area. The narrow Kyrenia Range extends along the northern coastline. It is not as high as\n\nQuestion: The Costa Smerelda is on which Mediterranean island?", "output": "Sardinia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A calf (: calves) is a young domestic cow or bull. Calves are reared to become adult cattle or are slaughtered for their meat, called veal, and their hide. The term calf is also used for some other species. See \"Other animals\" below. Terminology \"Calf\" is the term used from birth to weaning, when it becomes known as a weaner or weaner calf, though in some areas the term \"calf\" may be used until the animal is a yearling. The birth of a calf is known as calving. A calf that has lost its mother is an orphan calf, also known as a poddy or poddy-calf in British. Bobby calves are young calves which are to be slaughtered for human consumption. A vealer is a calf weighing less than about which is at about eight to nine months of age. A young female calf from birth until she has had\n\nA round steak is a beef steak from the \"round\", the rear leg of the cow. The round is divided into cuts including the eye (of) round, bottom round, and top round, with or without the \"round\" bone (femur), and may include the knuckle (sirloin tip), depending on how the round is separated from the loin. This is a lean cut and it is moderately tough. Lack of fat and marbling makes round dry out when cooked with dry-heat cooking methods like roasting or grilling. Round steak is commonly prepared with slow moist-heat methods including braising, to tenderize the meat and maintain moisture. The cut is often sliced thin, then dried or smoked at low temperature to make jerky. Rump cover, with its thick layer of accompanying fat, is considered one of the best (and most flavorful) beef cuts in many South American countries, particularly Brazil and Argentina. This specific\n\nCow is a colloquial term for cattle, and the name of female cattle. Cow, cows or COW may also refer to: Science and technology Cow, an adult female of several animals AT2018cow, a large astronomical explosion also known as \"The Cow\" Distillation cow, a piece of glassware that allows fractions to be collected without breaking vacuum Cell on wheels, a means of providing temporary mobile phone network coverage Copy-on-write, in computing Literature Al-Baqara, the second and longest sura of the Qur'an, usually translated as \"The Cow\" Cows, a 1998 novel by Matthew Stokoe Cow, the English translation of Beat Sterchi's novel Bl\u00f6sch \"Cows!\", a children's story from the Railway Series book Edward the Blue Engine by the Reverend Wilbert Awdry \"Cows\", a poem from The Wiggles' album Big Red Car Film and television The Cow (1969 film), an Iranian film The Cow (1989 film), a Soviet animated short Cow (2009\n\nQuestion: What is the culinary word for the meat of a cow calf?", "output": "Veal"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The New Zealand fernbird or simply fernbird (Poodytes punctatus) is an insectivorous bird endemic to New Zealand. In the M\u0101ori language, it is named or . Taxonomy The New Zealand fernbird was described by the French zoologists Jean Quoy and Joseph Gaimard in 1832 from a specimen collected in Tasman Bay / Te Tai-o-Aorere, South Island, New Zealand. They coined the binomial name, Synallaxis punctata. In the past, this species had the binomial name Megalurus punctatus. There are five subspecies present on different islands. They differ in extent of reddish-brown and intensity of streaking, as well as size: P. p. vealeae (Kemp, R, 1912) \u2013 North Island (New Zealand) P. p. punctatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1832) \u2013 South Island (New Zealand) P. p. stewartianus (Oliver, 1930) \u2013 Stewart Island (New Zealand) P. p. wilsoni (Stead, 1936) \u2013 Codfish Island (=Whenua Hou, west of Stewart Island, New Zealand) P. p. caudatus\n\nBirds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the bee hummingbird to the common ostrich. There are about ten thousand living species, more than half of which are passerine, or \"perching\" birds. Birds have whose development varies according to species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moa and elephant birds. Wings, which are modified forelimbs, gave birds the ability to fly, although further evolution has led to the loss of flight in some birds, including ratites, penguins, and diverse endemic island species. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly seabirds and some waterbirds, have further evolved for swimming.\n\nThe Chatham raven (Corvus moriorum) is a prehistoric raven formerly native to the Chatham Islands (New Zealand). The closely related New Zealand raven, C. antipodum occurred in the North and South Islands of New Zealand. C. antipodum was formerly included in C. moriorum, and later considered a distinct species, however in 2017 genetic research determined that the two raven populations were subspecies rather than separate species, having only split 130,000 years ago. A reconstruction of the raven is in the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, specimen MNZ S.036749. Description and ecology The Chatham raven was significantly larger than the New Zealand raven, and probably the world's fourth- or fifth-largest passerine. They had long, broad bills that were not as arched as those of some of the Hawaiian crows (C. hawaiiensis). Presumably, they were black all over like all their close relatives. There do not seem to be recorded\n\nQuestion: What country's national bird is the kiwi?", "output": "New Zealand"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Okan Buruk (born 19 October 1973) is a Turkish professional football manager and former player. He is currently the manager of S\u00fcper Lig club Galatasaray. As a former midfielder, he played for Galatasaray, Inter Milan, Be\u015fikta\u015f, and \u0130stanbul B.B. He was capped 56 times for the Turkey national team. Club career Okan Buruk played for Turkish giants Galatasaray between 1991 and 2001, winning six Turkish S\u00fcper Lig titles and the 1999\u20132000 UEFA Cup. He was also named man of the match as Galatasary upset Real Madrid 2\u20131 to win the 2000 UEFA Super Cup. Inter Milan In 2001, he was signed by Italian Serie A club Inter Milan along with his teammate Emre, where he played for three years. On August 26, 2001, Okan made his debut against Perugia coming in as a substitute for Seedorf. He made his first Champions League appearance for Inter in a home game win\n\nTurn- und Sportgemeinschaft 1899 Hoffenheim e.V., or simply TSG Hoffenheim, or just Hoffenheim (), is a German professional football club based in Hoffenheim, a village of Sinsheim, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. Originally founded in 1899 as a gymnastics club, Hoffenheim came into being in its modern form in 1945. A fifth division side in 2000, the club rapidly advanced through the German football league system with the financial backing of alumnus and software mogul Dietmar Hopp, and in 2008 Hoffenheim was promoted to the top tier Bundesliga. In the 2017\u201318 season, Hoffenheim finished third in the Bundesliga (its best to date), qualifying for the UEFA Champions League group stage for the first time. Since 2009, Hoffenheim has played its home games at the Rhein-Neckar-Arena (currently known as PreZero Arena), having previously played at the Dietmar-Hopp-Stadion from 1999. History The modern-day club was formed in 1945, when gymnastics club Turnverein Hoffenheim (founded 1 July\n\nAssociazione Sportiva Roma (Rome Sport Association), commonly referred to as Roma (), is a professional football club based in Rome, Italy. Founded by a merger in 1927, Roma has participated in the top tier of Italian football for all of its existence, except for the 1951\u201352 season. Roma has won Serie A three times, in 1941\u201342, 1982\u201383 and 2000\u201301, as well as nine titles and two titles. In European competitions, Roma won the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup in 1960\u201361 and the UEFA Europa Conference League in 2021\u201322, while they finished runners-up in the 1983\u201384 European Cup, the 1990\u201391 UEFA Cup and the 2022\u201323 UEFA Europa League. Sixteen players have won the FIFA World Cup while playing at Roma: Attilio Ferraris and Enrique Guaita (1934); Guido Masetti and Eraldo Monzeglio (1934 and 1938); Aldo Donati and Pietro Serantoni (1938); Bruno Conti (1982); Rudi V\u00f6ller and Thomas Berthold (1990); Aldair (1994); Vincent Candela\n\nQuestion: Galatasaray are a football team based in which European country?", "output": "Turkey"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Magburaka is the capital and largest city of Tonkolili District in the Northern Province of Sierra Leone. Its population was 16,313 in the 2004 census. and a current estimate of 40,313. It is located at around , along the Rokel River. Magburaka lies just about 26 miles (42 km) drive south-west of Makeni, the economic center of Northern Sierra Leone and about 80 miles (135 km) drive east of the country's capital Freetown. Magburaka is a trade center and is one of the main cities in Northern Sierra Leone. As with most parts of Sierra Leone, the Krio language of the Sierra Leone Creole people is the most widely spoken language in Magburaka. Magburaka is an educational center and is home to the Magburaka Government Secondary School for Boys, the first western standard Secondary school built in the Northern Sierra Leone. The school is one of the elite secondary schools\n\nBonthe is a coastal town located on Sherbro Island in Bonthe District in the southern Province of Sierra Leone. The town lies on the eastern shore of Sherbro Island, on the Sherbro River estuary. Bonthe is about 60 miles south-west of Bo and 187 miles south-east of Freetown. Bonthe is by far the smallest of Sierra Leone's six municipalities and is directly governed by a city council, headed by a mayor. The municipality of Bonthe had a population of 9,535 in the 2004 census, with a current estimate of 10,206. The major industry in Bonthe is fishing. In colonial times the town used to be a major trading centre for piassava and other agricultural products. The population of Bonthe is ethnically diverse, though mainly from the Sherbro, and Mende ethnic groups. As with most parts of Sierra Leone, the Krio language of the Sierra Leone Creole people is by far\n\nBu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t (formerly Lac Giao) or sometimes Bu\u00f4n M\u00ea Thu\u1ed9t or Ban M\u00ea Thu\u1ed9t (), is the capital city of \u0110\u1eafk L\u1eafk Province in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Its population was 420,000 in 2016, and grew to 502,170 by 2018. The city is the largest in Vietnam's Central Highlands region, and is famous as the regional \"capital of coffee\". Bu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t has Bu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t Airport as its main airport. Geography The city is located at 12.6667\u00b0 N 108.0500\u00b0 E, right at the heart of the Central Highlands of Vietnam, 1300 km from Hanoi, 500 km from Da Nang, and 350 km from Ho Chi Minh City. Lying on a fairly flat highland, at an average height of above sea level, Bu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t has a vital role in Vietnam's national security and defense system. Bu\u00f4n Ma Thu\u1ed9t is the capital of \u0110\u1eafk L\u1eafk Province and also\n\nQuestion: What is the capital city of Sierra Leone?", "output": "FREETOWN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Canary Islands (; , ), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish autonomous community and archipelago in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. At their closest point to the African mainland, they are west of Morocco. They are the southernmost of the autonomous communities of Spain. The islands have a population of 2.2 million people and are the most populous special territory of the European Union. The eight main islands are (from largest to smallest in area) Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro and La Graciosa. The archipelago includes many smaller islands and islets, including Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Monta\u00f1a Clara, Roque del Oeste, and Roque del Este. It also includes a number of rocks, including Garachico and Anaga. In ancient times, the island chain was often referred to as \"the Fortunate Isles\". The Canary Islands are the southernmost region of Spain, and\n\nMameria is an area of high-elevation jungle to the northeast of the Paucartambo range in southeast Peru, drained by the Mameria river, an affluent of the Nistr\u00f3n river. Until the 1960s this remote and sparsely populated area would have been considered a part of the Callanga jungle area. Machiguenga peoples, fleeing the slavery that they were subject to along the Yavero river, fled to this area which acquired its current name from the Machiguenga observing that \"mameri,\" which means \"there are none,\" regarding the lack of fish in the river. Mameria has pre-Columbian stone ruins that are the remains of ancient Incan coca plantations, some of which were sacked by the Peruvian helicopter-borne General Ludwig Essenwanger in 1980, a year after the area was first brought to the attention of the outside world by the also helicopter-borne expedition made by French-Peruvian explorers Herbert and Nicole Cartagena, guided by Peruvian campesino/adventurer\n\nThe Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about west of Lisbon, about northwest of Morocco, and about southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. Its main industries are agriculture, dairy farming, livestock, fishing, and tourism, which has become a major service activity in the region. The government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors. The largest city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada. The culture, dialect, cuisine, and traditions of the Azorean islands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries. There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups.\n\nQuestion: Fuerteventura and La Gomera are two islands in which archipelago?", "output": "CANARY ISLANDS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "red to orange to yellow. The color does not necessarily indicate the ripeness of the berries. The berries taste somewhat similar to the related cranberries, less ripe ones being tart, while ripe berries are quite sweet but bland. They are an important food source for the n\u0113n\u0113 (Branta sandvicensis); the seeds are dispersed in the birds' droppings (endozoochory). Uses Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (OPC) can be obtained by the means of V. pahalae in vitro cell culture. See also Hawaiian Vaccinium References Plants of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park: Vaccinium reticulatum External links Alpine flora Endemic flora of Hawaii reticulatum Flora without expected TNC conservation status\n\nTeinturier grapes are grapes whose flesh and juice are red in colour due to anthocyanin pigments accumulating within the pulp of the grape berry itself. In non-teinturier red grapes, anthocyanin pigments are confined to the outer skin tissue only, and the squeezed grape juice of most dark-skinned grape varieties is clear. The red color of red wine normally comes from anthocyanins extracted from the macerated (crushed) skins, over a period of days during the fermentation process. The name teinturier comes from French, meaning \"dyer\". Wines Teinturier varieties, while containing a lot of color, usually make special wines, perhaps due to a higher level of tannins, compounds structurally related to the anthocyanins. Many winemakers blend small volumes of teinturier juices into their wines, to boost the colour, without dramatically impacting the taste. In addition, with the rise of regular forest fires and the resulting smoke taint risk in winemaking, tenteurier grapes\n\nThe leaves are compound, with three leaflets. The fruit is red, large (up to long and wide), and edible but not often eaten, as it is sour and somewhat bitter. Although frequently described as prickle-free (\"thornless\"), and often used as an example of loss of defenses in island plants, most plants do have thin prickles at least when small. As the cane grows the outer layer of bark usually sheds, taking the prickles with it. Interest in breeding \"thornless\" varieties of edible raspberries (possibly even with distantly related species since most Rubus readily hybridize) has led to the introduction of several species of continental Rubus species which have since escape cultivation and become serious pests. These include the yellow Himalayan raspberry, Rubus ellipticus, and the Florida prickly blackberry, R. penetrans (R. argutus). Impact The presence of invasive alien Rubus species along with two native species has led to a debate\n\nQuestion: What colour are the berries from the rowan tree?", "output": "Red"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Whit Tuesday (syn. Whittuesday, Whitsun Tuesday) is the Christian holiday celebrated the day after Pentecost Monday, the third day of the week beginning on Pentecost. Pentecost is a movable feast in the Christian calendar dependent upon the date of Easter. \"Whit\" relates either to the white robes worn by those baptized on Pentecost, or to the French word \"huit,\" since Pentecost is the eighth Sunday after Easter. Observance It was a holiday in the Lutheran Church in Germany at Bach's time, where all major holidays were celebrated for three days. Bach and others composed cantata music for the occasion. It used to be a public holiday in Denmark and Sweden. In Denmark it was abolished 26 October 1770, and in Sweden 4 November 1772, both places as part of larger reductions of the number of holidays. The Dancing procession of Echternach takes place on Pentecost Tuesday. In the 19th century,\n\nIron Age, among them the calendar system of the Persian Empire, which in turn gave rise to the Zoroastrian calendar and the Hebrew calendar. A great number of Hellenic calendars were developed in Classical Greece, and during the Hellenistic period they gave rise to the ancient Roman calendar and to various Hindu calendars. Calendars in antiquity were lunisolar, depending on the introduction of intercalary months to align the solar and the lunar years. This was mostly based on observation, but there may have been early attempts to model the pattern of intercalation algorithmically, as evidenced in the fragmentary 2nd-century Coligny calendar. The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC. His \"Julian\" calendar was no longer dependent on the observation of the new moon, but followed an algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years. This created a dissociation of the calendar month from lunation. The Gregorian\n\nA year zero does not exist in the Anno Domini (AD) calendar year system commonly used to number years in the Gregorian calendar (nor in its predecessor, the Julian calendar); in this system, the year is followed directly by year . However, there is a year zero in both the astronomical year numbering system (where it coincides with the Julian year ), and the ISO 8601:2004 system, the interchange standard for all calendar numbering systems (where year zero coincides with the Gregorian year ; see conversion table). There is also a year zero in most Buddhist and Hindu calendars. History The Anno Domini era was introduced in 525 by Scythian monk Dionysius Exiguus (c. 470 \u2013 c. 544), who used it to identify the years on his Easter table. He introduced the new era to avoid using the Diocletian era, based on the accession of Roman Emperor Diocletian, as he\n\nQuestion: The Gregorian Calendar replaced which earlier calendar in western Europe?", "output": "Julian"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 \u2013 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin. His discovery in 1928 of what was later named benzylpenicillin (or penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium rubens has been described as the \"single greatest victory ever achieved over disease\". For this discovery, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. He also discovered the enzyme lysozyme from his nasal discharge in 1922, and along with it a bacterium he named Micrococcus lysodeikticus, later renamed Micrococcus luteus. Fleming was knighted for his scientific achievements in 1944. In 1999, he was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century. In 2002, he was chosen in the BBC's television poll for determining the 100\n\nRonald Finn (12 June 1930 \u2013 21 May 2004) was a medical researcher born in Liverpool, England. His research work contributed to advancing knowledge on the Rhesus factor. He died of cancer of the stomach. Career and awards 1954 - Qualified as a medical doctor from Liverpool University. 1958 - MRCP 1961 - Appointed consultant in kidney disease at a Liverpool Hospital. 1980 - Finn, together with Cyril Clarke, John Gorman, Vincent Freda, and William Pollack were jointly awarded the 1980 Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research for pioneering work on the Rhesus blood group system, the role of anti-RhD antibodies in the causation of Rh disease, and the prevention of Rh disease with anti-D antibodies. 1997 - Retired from clinical work. 2000 - Appointed visiting professor in immunology at Liverpool University. References 1980 Lasker award for clinical advances in Rh disease Obituary on BMJ website - includes a\n\nThe Calcutta Chromosome is a 1995 English-language novel by Indian author Amitav Ghosh. The book, set in Calcutta and New York City at some unspecified time in the future, is a medical thriller that dramatizes the adventures of people who are brought together by a mysterious turn of events. The book is loosely based on the life and times of Sir Ronald Ross, the Nobel Prize\u2013winning scientist who achieved a breakthrough in malaria research in 1898. The novel was the recipient of the Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1997. Ghosh employs a factual background for the invented events in the novel, drawing upon Ross's Memoirs which were published in 1923. Plot summary The novel begins with the story of Antar, a resident of the future New York doing data processing for the International Water Council. A chance bit of data causes Antar to recall a bizarre encounter he had with\n\nQuestion: Sir Ronald Ross was the first British winner of the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1902 for his research in combating which disease?", "output": "Malaria"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "at a pressure of . For thermochemistry a calorie of is used, but other calories have also been defined, such as the International Steam Table calorie of . In many regions, food energy is measured in large calories or kilocalories equalling , sometimes written capitalized as . In the European Union, food energy labeling in joules is mandatory, often with calories as supplementary information. Atom physics and chemistry In physics and chemistry, it is common to measure energy on the atomic scale in the non-SI, but convenient, units electronvolts (eV). 1 eV is equivalent to the kinetic energy acquired by an electron in passing through a potential difference of 1 volt in a vacuum. It is common to use the SI magnitude prefixes (eg milli- , mega- etc) with electronvolts. Because of the relativistic equivalence between mass and energy, the eV is also sometimes used as a unit of mass.\n\nAn ammeter (abbreviation of Ampere meter) is an instrument used to measure the current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. For direct measurement, the ammeter is connected in series with the circuit in which the current is to be measured. An ammeter usually has low resistance so that it does not cause a significant voltage drop in the circuit being measured. Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, are designated as milliammeters or microammeters. Early ammeters were laboratory instruments that relied on the Earth's magnetic field for operation. By the late 19th century, improved instruments were designed which could be mounted in any position and allowed accurate measurements in electric power systems. It is generally represented by letter 'A' in a circuit. History The relation between electric current, magnetic fields and physical forces was first noted by Hans\n\nby MicroCal Inc. in 1988. Compared to other calorimeters, ITC has an advantage in not requiring any correctors since there was no heat exchange between the system and the environment. Thermodynamic measurements ITC is a quantitative technique that can determine the binding affinity (), enthalpy changes (), and binding stoichiometry () of the interaction between two or more molecules in solution. This is achieved from integrating the area of the injection peaks and plotting the individual values by molar ratio of the binding event versus \\Delta H (kcal/mol). From these initial measurements, Gibbs free energy changes () and entropy changes () can be determined using the relationship: (where is the gas constant and is the absolute temperature). For accurate measurements of binding affinity, the curve of the thermogram must be sigmoidal. The profile of the curve is determined by the c-value, which is calculated using the equation: where is the\n\nQuestion: What does a Calorimeter measure?", "output": "Heat"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "2010, neither side has managed to be a consistent force for Rangers and Celtic to reckon with, and Aberdeen's league success in 1984\u201385 is the last time a non-Old Firm club won the Scottish league title. Since 2010 however, the sides have seen a divergence in fortunes, as Aberdeen capitalised on Rangers' implosion to win the Scottish League Cup in 2014 and finish runners-up behind Celtic for four years running between 2014\u201315 and 2017\u201318 (losing three cup finals to the same club in that period), while Dundee United were relegated from the top flight in 2016 having lost the 2014 Scottish Cup Final to a local rival, St Johnstone. Domestic head-to-head In domestic head-to-head matches, the teams have played each other 246 times, Aberdeen winning 98 compared to United's 79. Aberdeen have won more league and Scottish Cup matches while United have won more League Cup matches between the two.\n\nThe Scottish League Championship (Formerly Scottish Premiership Division Three) is the third tier of Scotland's national rugby union league system, and therefore part of the Scottish League Championship. Between 1973 and 2012 the league was the lowest division in the Scottish Premiership and as such was a nationwide league with the best teams being promoted to Scottish Premiership Division Two and the bottom teams relegated to Scottish National League Division One. Beginning in the 2012\u201313 season the SRU have regionalised the third tier of the Scottish League Championship, replacing the 12 team nationwide league with two 10 team 'East' and 'West' Championships. Division Three, 2011-2012 Ardrossan Academicals RFC Cartha Queens Park RFC Dalziel RFC Dumfries RFC Greenock Wanderers RFC Glasgow Hutchesons Aloysians RFC Haddington RFC Howe of Fife RFC Kirkcaldy RFC Lasswade RFC Morgan Academy RFC Perthshire RFC Details: Past winners Kilmarnock RFC Highland RFC Haddington Preston Lodge Leith Academicals\n\nBathgate Thistle Football Club are a Scottish football club, based in the town of Bathgate, West Lothian. They play in the . Nicknamed Thistle, they were formed in 1937 and presently play their home games at the recently WLC determined \u2018common good\u2019 land of the Creamery Park, which has room for 3,000 spectators. Their home shirts are Nike royal blue with navy sleeves and shorts and socks royal blue. Away Nike kit is all navy. In 2006, Thistle reached the final of the Scottish Junior Cup, losing 2\u20131 to Auchinleck Talbot at Rugby Park, Kilmarnock, in front of around 7,000 spectators. In 2008, the club reached the final again, this time defeating Cumnock Juniors 2\u20131. The Senior side is managed by Gordon Wilson. The U20's are Bathgate Juniors led by Kevin McDonald and started in 22/23 and play in the Scottish Lowland Development League. Coaching staff Source Current squad As\n\nQuestion: In the Scottish Football League, in which City do St Johnstone play their home matches?", "output": "PERTH"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the substantial back catalogue. Since 1994, Thompson has created and produced several television series and movies, including The Enid Blyton Adventure Series, The Enid Blyton Secret Series, The Adventures of Swiss Family Robinson (starring Richard Thomas), Return to Treasure Island, The Legend of William Tell (created by Thompson), William Shatner's A Twist in the Tale (also created by Thompson). Other series Thompson created include Atlantis High, Revelations \u2013 The Initial Journey, and The New Tomorrow. Perhaps his best known creation is the teen drama/sci-fi hybrid The Tribe, which has become a cult classic around the world and ran for five years with almost three hundred episodes being produced. The series is constantly being repeated and has a fanatical fan base. In 2001, he returned to his music roots and composed the soundtracks of Cloud 9's portfolio, as well as the Spirit Symphony, which was partly inspired by his Asperger syndrome.\n\nOdds Bodkin (born February 14, 1953) is the pseudonym of an American storyteller, musician, and author who has published a number of spoken and/or musical interpretations of traditional tales, as well as a number of original tales and children's books. \"Little Proto's T-Rex Adventure\" was awarded the Parents' Choice Gold Award. Odds and his family live in Bradford, New Hampshire. Bodkin tours both nationally and internationally, appearing at storytelling festivals, schools, universities, theaters and museums. He has performed at the White House and the National Storytelling Festival. Bodkin projects include The Vanishers: The App that Brings Objects to Life, a story-based Alternative Reality Game (ARG) for museums and outdoor places, and Young Hercules: The Legendary Bully, an empathy-awareness program for middle, high school and college students. Under the pseudonym \"McKenzie Bodkin\", Bodkin's original epic poem The Water Mage's Daughter: A Novel of Love, Magic and War in Verse was published\n\nDog of Flanders Magic Boy Santa Claus The Shaggy Dog Sleeping Beauty 1960s 1960 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Alakazam the Great The Boy and the Pirates David and Goliath The Hound That Thought He Was a Raccoon Hand in Hand Kidnapped Pollyanna Swiss Family Robinson Ten Who Dared Those Calloways Toby Tyler 1961 The Absent-Minded Professor Babes in Toyland Boy Who Caught a Crook Greyfriars Bobby The Legend of Lobo Misty Mysterious Island Nikki, Wild Dog of the North One Hundred and One Dalmatians The Parent Trap Snow White and the Three Stooges Tomboy and the Champ 1962 Big Red Gay Purr-ee In Search of the Castaways Jack the Giant Killer Little Red Riding Hood and Tom Thumb vs. the Monsters The Magic Sword The Two Who Stole the Moon The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm 1963 Captain Sindbad The Courtship of Eddie's Father Flipper The Incredible Journey\n\nQuestion: The dog Timmy made how many in Enid Blyton's 'Famous...' series of children's adventure books?", "output": "5"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Julian Opie (; born 1958) is a visual artist of the New British Sculpture movement. Life and education Opie was born in London in 1958 and raised in the city of Oxford. He attended The Dragon School and then Magdalen College School, Oxford, from 1972 to 1977. He graduated in 1982 from Goldsmiths, University of London, where he was taught by conceptual artist and painter Michael Craig-Martin. Work Julian Opie\u2019s artwork is similar to pop-art. Portraits and animated walking figures, rendered with minimal detail in black line drawing, are hallmarks of the artist's style. His themes have been described as \"engagement with art history, use of new technology, obsession with the human body\" and \"work with one idea across different media\". Similarly, the national art critic of The Australian, Christopher Allen, laments Opie's \"limited repertoire of tricks\" and described his work as \"slight and ultimately commercial, if not actually kitsch\".\n\nPaul Morris (born November 2, 1959) is an American musician best known as a keyboardist in Ritchie Blackmore's Rainbow. He played keyboards on the Stranger in Us All album and co-wrote the song \"Black Masquerade\". Biography Paul Morris studied piano as a child in New York City. He studied under well-known jazz pianists, Lennie Tristano, Hal Galper, and Sal Mosca. He began his career playing with some local bands on Long Island named Vixen and Full House. He then played with Todd Wolfe in the band, Troy and the Tornados. Todd Wolf later became the guitarist for Sheryl Crow. In 1989 Paul got a call from rock drummer Bobby Rondinelli to play keyboards for Doro Pesch's first solo tour without Warlock for the Force Majeure album tour. In 1990 Paul Morris played keyboards on the Doro (album) by former Warlock singer Doro Pesch. The album was produced by Gene Simmons.\n\nDominic Muldowney (born 19 July 1952 in Southampton) is a British composer. Biography Dominic Muldowney studied at the University of Southampton with Jonathan Harvey, at the University of York (with Bernard Rands and David Blake), and privately with Harrison Birtwistle. From 1974 to 1976 he was composer-in-residence to the Southern Arts Association. In 1976 he was invited by Birtwistle to become Assistant Music Director of the Royal National Theatre in London. He succeeded Birtwistle as Music Director in 1981, remaining in that post until 1997. Muldowney's orchestral music includes a number of concerti (for piano, saxophone, oboe, violin, percussion, trumpet and trombone), many of which explore his fascination with polyrhythms. Other works include Three Pieces for Orchestra (1991), the song cycle Lonely Hearts (1988) and three full-length ballets, including The Bront\u00ebs (1994). Muldowney\u2019s radio opera The Voluptuous Tango (1996) won the Prix Italia in 1997, and the Gold Award for\n\nQuestion: What year were these entertainers all born: Morrisey, Bob Mortimer and Julian Clary?", "output": "1959"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "at the same time as Wuthering Heights by her sister Emily Bront\u00eb. Anne\u2019s second novel, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, was published in 1848. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall is often considered one of the first feminist novels. Anne died at 29, most likely of pulmonary tuberculosis. After her death, her sister Charlotte edited Agnes Grey to fix issues with its first edition, but prevented republication of The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. As a result, Anne is not as well known as her sisters. Nonetheless, both of her novels are considered classics of English literature. Family background Anne's father was Patrick Bront\u00eb (1777\u20131861). Patrick Bront\u00eb was born in a two-room cottage in Emdale, Loughbrickland, County Down, Ireland. He was the oldest of ten children born to Hugh Brunty and Eleanor McCrory, poor Irish peasant farmers. The family surname, mac Aedh \u00d3 Proinntigh, was Anglicised as Prunty or Brunty. Struggling against\n\nAnne Bront\u00eb (, commonly ; 17 January 1820 \u2013 28 May 1849) was an English novelist and poet, and the youngest member of the Bront\u00eb literary family. Anne Bront\u00eb was the daughter of Maria ( Branwell) and Patrick Bront\u00eb, a poor Irish clergyman in the Church of England. Anne lived most of her life with her family at the parish of Haworth on the Yorkshire moors. Otherwise, she attended a boarding school in Mirfield between 1836 and 1837, and between 1839 and 1845 lived elsewhere working as a governess. In 1846 she published a book of poems with her sisters and later two novels, initially under the pen name Acton Bell. Her first novel, Agnes Grey, was published in 1847 at the same time as Wuthering Heights by her sister Emily Bront\u00eb. Anne\u2019s second novel, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, was published in 1848. The Tenant of Wildfell Hall is\n\nHelen Cross (born 1967) is an English author. Biography She was raised in the East Riding of Yorkshire and educated at Goldsmiths, University of London (BA) and the University of East Anglia (MA, 1998). Cross's first novel, My Summer of Love, was published in 2001 and was the winner of a Betty Trask Award in 2002. It was made into an acclaimed film directed by Pawe\u0142 Pawlikowski and starring Emily Blunt and Natalie Press. She also wrote The Secrets She Keeps, published in 2005. These two books are set in Yorkshire. Her third and latest novel, Spilt Milk, Black Coffee, was published in 2009.. Helen Cross lives in Birmingham with her partner Andy, and her two daughters, Kendra and Cleo. She tutors at the Arvon centre. References \"About: Helen Cross\" biography from Pulp Net (Cross served as guest editor) \"Top Secrets: Helen Cross\", by Annie Roberts, icSolihull \"Bloomsbury Publishing Author\n\nQuestion: Helen Graham is the eponymous heroine of which Bronte novel?", "output": "The Tenant of Wildfell Hall"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Big Audio Dynamite (later known as Big Audio Dynamite II and Big Audio, and often abbreviated BAD) were an English band, formed in London in 1984 by Mick Jones, former lead guitarist and co-lead vocalist of the Clash. The band mixed various musical styles, incorporating elements of punk rock, dance music, hip hop, reggae, and funk. After releasing a number of well-received studio albums and touring extensively throughout the 1980s and 1990s, Big Audio Dynamite broke up in 1997. In 2011, the band embarked on a reunion tour. History T.R.A.C. (1984) After being fired from the Clash in 1983 and following a brief stint with new wave band General Public, Mick Jones formed a new band called Top Risk Action Company (T.R.A.C.). He recruited bassist Leo \"E-Zee Kill\" Williams, saxophonist John \"Boy\" Lennard (from post-punk band Theatre of Hate), and former Clash drummer Topper Headon. Headon was quickly fired for\n\nPercy Jones (born 3 December 1947) is a Welsh bass guitarist known as a member of the jazz fusion ensemble Brand X, from 1974-1980, and 1992-1999. Jones, who was born near Llandrindod Wells, has also done extensive work as a session musician, and has been active with other groups. He played with a New York City trio called Stone Tiger (featuring guitarist Bill Frisell and drummers Mike Clark and Dougie Bowne during different periods) in 1982/83 Jones was also the driving force behind Tunnels, an improvisation collective which released four albums including Progressivity and Live From The Knitting Factory. Residing in New York, he currently is a member of MJ12, an instrumental group based in NYC. Jones was also a member of the jazz fusion group Soft Machine, the poetry rock group The Liverpool Scene (featuring poet Adrian Henri), and has contributed to recordings by Kate Bush, David Sylvian, Brian\n\nBalance was an early 1980s American hard rock band. based out of New York City, United States, and fronted by Peppy Castro, formerly of Blues Magoos. They are best known for their top 40 1981 hit, \"Breaking Away\". Biography In addition to Castro, original members included guitarist Bob Kulick and arranger/keyboardist Doug Katsaros. The trio recorded their self-titled debut album with session musicians, one of whom, drummer Andy Newmark also co-wrote one of the songs on the album and was apparently an official member of the band at one point. Newmark was later replaced by Gregg Gerson, who departed soon thereafter to play with Billy Idol. Prior to recording their follow-up album, Balance added the rhythm section of drummer Chuck Burgi (ex-Brand X) and bassist Dennis Feldman (ex-Speedway Blvd.) to the lineup. The group's most noteworthy release was 1981's \"Breaking Away\" from their eponymous debut album which reached No. 133\n\nQuestion: Which band did Mick Jones form on leaving the Clash?", "output": "Big Audio Dynamite"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Gratin dauphinois ( ) is a French gratin of sliced raw potatoes baked in cream, from the Dauphin\u00e9 region in south-eastern France. There are many variants of the name of the dish, including pommes de terre dauphinoise, potatoes \u00e0 la dauphinoise and gratin de pommes \u00e0 la dauphinoise. It is distinguished from ordinary gratin potatoes (potatoes au gratin) by the use of raw rather than boiled potatoes. It is a quite different dish from pommes dauphine. History The first mention of the dish is from 12 July 1788. It was served with ortolans at a dinner given by Charles-Henri, Duke of Clermont-Tonnerre and Lieutenant-general of the Dauphin\u00e9, for the municipal officials of the town of Gap, now in the d\u00e9partement of Hautes-Alpes. Preparation Gratin dauphinois is made with thinly sliced raw potatoes and cream, cooked in a buttered dish rubbed with garlic; cheese is sometimes added. The potatoes are peeled\n\n(, also , , ; literally \"rotten pot\", although podrida is probably a version of the original word poderida, so it could be translated as \"powerful pot\") is a Spanish stew, usually made with chickpeas or beans, and assorted meats like pork, beef, bacon, partridge, chicken, ham and sausage, and vegetables such as carrots, leeks, cabbage, potatoes and onions. The meal is traditionally prepared in a clay pot over several hours. It is eaten as a main course, sometimes as a single dish, and sometimes with ingredients separated (i.e., meats from the rest, or liquids from solids). It is a specialty of the city of Burgos. The recipe can be found in Opera dell\u2019arte del cucinare by Bartolomeo Scappi, the cook of Pope Pius V, published in 1570. This recipe was translated in Dutch by Antonius Magirus for the Koock-boeck oft Familieren kevken-boeck, first published in Leuven in 1612. The\n\nof Hautes-Alpes. Preparation Gratin dauphinois is made with thinly sliced raw potatoes and cream, cooked in a buttered dish rubbed with garlic; cheese is sometimes added. The potatoes are peeled and sliced to the thickness of a coin, usually with a mandoline; they are layered in a shallow earthenware or glass baking dish and cooked in a slow oven; the heat is raised for the last 10 minutes of the cooking time. By tradition, the gratin dauphinois does not include cheese, which would make it more similar to a gratin savoyard (which does not include cream). Recipes given by many chefs \u2013 including Auguste Escoffier, Austin de Croze and Constance Spry \u2013 call for cheese and eggs; others such as Robert Carrier specify cheese but no egg. The gratin dauphinois is distinguished from ordinary gratin potatoes by the use of raw rather than boiled potatoes. It is a quite different\n\nQuestion: A dish described as la Bretonne' is garnished with which vegetable?", "output": "Beans"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Benelux Union (; ; ) or Benelux is a politico-economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighbouring states in western Europe: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The name is a portmanteau formed from joining the first few letters of each country's name and was first used to name the customs agreement that initiated the union (signed in 1944). It is now used more generally to refer to the geographic, economic, and cultural grouping of the three countries. The Benelux is an economically dynamic and densely populated region, with 5.6% of the European population (29.55 million residents) and 7.9% of the joint EU GDP (\u20ac36,000/resident) on 1.7% of the whole surface of the EU. Currently 37% of the total number of EU frontier workers work in the Benelux and surrounding areas. 35,000 Belgian citizens work in Luxembourg, while 37,000 Belgian citizens cross the border to work in the\n\nin the blood Beryllium, symbol Be, a chemical element Computing .be, the country code top-level domain for Belgium Backup Exec, backup and recovery software from Veritas Software Big-endian, a system that stores the most significant byte of a word at the smallest memory address BeOS, an operating system by Be Physics Baum\u00e9 scale (\u00b0B\u00e9), a density scale Be star, in astronomy, a B-type star Bejan number (Be), in thermodynamics and fluid mechanics Transportation BE Be Electric, Electric Car Manufacturing Company Baltimore and Eastern Railroad Company (B&E), US Beriev (design office prefix: Be), a Russian aircraft manufacturer Blue Engines (prefix: BE), the rocket engines from Blue Origin BE, then IATA code of Flybe (2022-2023), former English airline BE, then IATA code of Flybe (1979-2020), former English airline BE, then IATA code of British European Airways (1946-1974), fromer British airline Other uses B\u00e9 (footballer), Portuguese footballer Bachelor of Engineering, an academic degree\n\nof Flybe (1979-2020), former English airline BE, then IATA code of British European Airways (1946-1974), fromer British airline Other uses B\u00e9 (footballer), Portuguese footballer Bachelor of Engineering, an academic degree Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Era, in timekeeping Buddhist Era, in timekeeping See also B (disambiguation) Bay (disambiguation) BBE (disambiguation) Bebe (disambiguation) Bee (disambiguation)\n\nQuestion: What does the Be represent in the portmanteau Benelux?", "output": "Belgium"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Jonathan H. Alter (born October 6, 1957) is a liberal American journalist, best-selling author, Emmy-winning documentary filmmaker and television producer who was a columnist and senior editor for Newsweek magazine from 1983 until 2011. Alter has written several books about American presidents, most recently His Very Best: Jimmy Carter, a Life, published in 2020, the first independent biography of Carter. Alter is a contributing correspondent to NBC News, where since 1996 he has appeared on NBC, MSNBC, and CNBC. In 2021, Alter launched a newsletter called \"Old Goats: Ruminating With Friends\", where he has conversations with accomplished people who share their wisdom and experience. In 2013 and 2014, Alter served as an executive producer on the Amazon Studios production Alpha House, which starred John Goodman, Mark Consuelos, Clark Johnson, and Matt Malloy. In 2019, he co-produced and co-directed Breslin and Hamill: Deadline Artists,\" a documentary about the columnists Jimmy Breslin\n\nBruce Wayne Carter (May 7, 1950 \u2013 August 7, 1969) was a United States Marine who was killed in action during the Vietnam War. He posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his heroism. In August 1969, his unit was ambushed outside of Vandegrift Combat Base in Quang Tri Province. Carter had stopped the enemy's advance when a grenade landed between him and his fellow Marines \u2013 Carter threw himself on the grenade, sacrificing his life to save the lives of others. Biography Carter was born May 7, 1950, in Schenectady, New York. He received his early schooling at Queens Elementary School in Pasadena, Texas. From September 1959 until January 1960, he attended Gretna Park Elementary School in Gretna, Louisiana, and graduated from Mimosa Park Elementary School, Mimosa Park, Louisiana, in May 1962. PFC Carter's education continued in Hialeah, Florida, where he attended Filer Junior High and Hialeah Junior High.\n\nRuby Jee Tun, middle school science teacher Declined to run Oscar Goodman, Mayor of Las Vegas Frankie Sue Del Papa, Attorney General of Nevada Dina Titus, member of the Nevada Senate (ran for Governor) Results General election Candidates Jack Carter (D), Navy veteran and son of President Jimmy Carter John Ensign (R), incumbent U.S. Senator David Schumann (I), retired financial analyst, 2004 nominee, and 2002 state senator nominee Brendan Trainor (L), state party chair, airline quality manager, and frequent candidate Campaign Carter's advantages included his formidable speaking abilities and kinship with a former U.S. President. On the other hand, Ensign was also considered to be an effective speaker and as of the first quarter of 2006, held an approximately 5-1 advantage over Carter in cash-on-hand. Debates Complete video of debate, October 15, 2006 Endorsements Predictions Polling Results Ensign won a majority of the votes in every county in the state,\n\nQuestion: What is the middle name of ex-US President Jimmy Carter?", "output": "Earl"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Colt 45 is an American brand of lager or malt liquor made and primarily marketed in the United States, originally introduced by National Brewing Company in the spring of 1963. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, the National Brewing Company and its brands (including Colt 45) are today owned by the Pabst Brewing Company. Colt 45 is available today in a multitude of packages and sizes. Cans are available in 12-, 16-, 24-, and 32-ounce packages and bottles are available in 7-, 12-, 16-, 18-, 22-, 32-, and 40-ounce packages. Cans are available in multi-packs including: 6-, 12-, 15-, 18-, 24-, 30-, 36-, and 42-packs of 12-ounce cans. History National Brewing Company introduced Colt 45 in 1963. Previously, the only major national brand of malt liquor was Country Club. The label was designed with a kicking horse and horseshoe, a reference to its \"extra kick\" compared to competing brands.\n\ncompany) Michter's (a brand which has single barrel bourbon and rye expressions) Willett Pot Still Reserve (a single barrel bourbon) Willett Family Estate (single barrel bourbon and rye) Knob Creek Distillery (a Beam Inc. distillery) Knob Creek Single Barrel Reserve (a bourbon aged 9 years) Four Roses Distillery (offers single barrel bourbon) See also Bottled in bond Single malt whisky Small batch whiskey Outline of whisky References External links \"Single Barrel and Small Batch Bourbon\" Bourbon whiskey Whisky\n\nprimarily made from malted barley, is not called malt whisky because it contains unmalted barley. It is considered a separate category under Irish regulations. In the United States Code of Federal Regulations, the Standards of Identity for Distilled Spirits define a \"malt whisky\" as a whisky produced at an alcohol by volume (ABV) level not exceeding 80% from a fermented mash of not less than 51% malted barley grain that is stored for aging in charred new oak containers at less than 62.5% ABV. If such a whisky has been aged for at least two years, contains no added coloring and flavoring, and has not been blended with neutral spirits or other types of whisky, the adjective \"straight\" can be applied, as in straight malt whisky. A blended whisky that contains at least 51% straight malt whisky may be labelled as blended malt whisky or malt whiskey \u2013 a blend.\n\nQuestion: What is both a revolver and a type of malt liquor?", "output": "Colt .45"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "launching the first Leadbetter Golf Academy over 30 years ago, David has coached players to 26 Major Championship titles and over 150 individual worldwide tournament victories. Seven of those players have even held first place in the Official World Golf Ranking. Leadbetter himself concentrates on teaching tour professionals and on instructing other coaches in his methods, who then teach his ideas at his academies. Apart from Faldo his students include Nick Price, Charles Howell III, Michelle Wie, Lydia Ko and Byeong Hun An. Pros who formerly worked with Leadbetter included: Nick Faldo (1984\u20131998), Greg Norman (1997), and Ernie Els (1990\u20132008). He was ranked second to Butch Harmon on the 2005-2006 edition of Golf Digest's list of the \"50 Greatest Teachers\" in the United States. Throughout his career, Leadbetter has also written eight books about golf swings. He has also overseen the development of various golf training media, products and services,\n\nHe also instructed the great lady champion Dorothy Campbell (a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame) and Frenchman Arnaud Massy, who became the first overseas player to win the Open Championship. He was also an innovative club maker, and patented several new club designs (see for example GB 21,122 and GB 24,473). His course designing credits include the East course at North Berwick, Moffat, Rothesay, Craigielaw Links, the Merchants of Edinburgh, Adare Manor, West Monmouthshire, the Spey Bay Golf Club in Banffshire, and the Ballathie Hotel course in Perthshire. Ben Sayers & Son The Ben Sayers & Son factory in North Berwick was responsible for creating several revolutionary pieces of golf equipment, from gutta-percha balls and the \"Benny\" putter (the first to have a square-edged handgrip) to, in later years, the first set of carbon-shafted clubs and a specially commissioned putter for Jack Nicklaus. Ben Sayers Jnr. also\n\nDavid Leadbetter (born 27 June 1952) is a leading golf instructor, originally from Worthing in Sussex, England. Career Leadbetter began his career on the European and Southern African tours, but had little success as a player. Having an interest in the techniques, mechanics and psychology of the sport, he soon moved into instruction and came to wide notice in the 1980s when he rebuilt the swing of Nick Faldo, who then went on to win six major championships. Leadbetter now runs an international chain of golf academies headquartered at the ChampionsGate Golf Club in Davenport, Florida, U.S. which has 36 holes designed by Greg Norman. There are also branches elsewhere in North America and in Europe, Asia, and Africa. Since launching the first Leadbetter Golf Academy over 30 years ago, David has coached players to 26 Major Championship titles and over 150 individual worldwide tournament victories. Seven of those players\n\nQuestion: Which professional golfer is known as \u2018The Big Easy\u2019?", "output": "Ernie Els"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "in marathon running Helen Stephens - 2 Olympic medals in athletics Shirley Strickland - 7 Olympic medals Irena Szewi\u0144ska - sprinter & long jumper, 7 Olympic medals; world records (100-m, 200-m, and 400-m) Grete Waitz - marathon running Fatima Whitbread - 2 Olympic medals in javelin throw B\u00e4rbel W\u00f6ckel - 4 Olympic medals Joanna Zeiger - triathlete, Ironman 70.3 World champion; world record (half ironman) Catherine Ibarg\u00fcen - Colombian athlete, 2018 IAAF Female athlete of the year award, 2 Olympic medals in triple Basketball Sue Bird, 4x WNBA champion, 5x Olympic champion Tamika Catchings, WNBA champion, 4x Olympic champion, Cynthia Cooper-Dyke, 4x WNBA champion, Olympic champion Lauren Jackson, 2x WNBA champion Nancy Lieberman, WNBA, Olympic silver Lisa Leslie, 2x WNBA champion, 4x Olympic champion Cheryl Miller, Olympic champion Maya Moore, 4x WNBA champion, 2x Olympic champion Candace Parker, 2x WNBA champion, 2x Olympic champion Katie Smith, 3x WNBA champion, 3x\n\nThe men's marathon event was a special race invented as part of the Athletics at the 1896 Summer Olympics programme. Seventeen athletes from 5 nations competed. It was the capstone of the athletics programme. The event was won by Spyridon Louis and was the only Greek victory in athletics. Background Michel Br\u00e9al originated the idea of a race from the city of Marathon to Athens, taking inspiration from the legend of Pheidippides. The first such marathon race was a Greek national competition that served as a qualifier for the Olympic marathon, won by Charilaos Vasilakos. The length of the marathon in 1896 was approximately 40 km (25 mi). While twenty-five athletes traveled to Marathon for the race, only seventeen actually began the race. At least one woman, Stamata Revithi, attempted to enter the race, but this was rejected. Officially, the reason given was that her entry came after the deadline;\n\nCuthbert - 4 Olympic medals Cathy Freeman - 2 Olympic medals in running Kim Gevaert - sprint runner Florence Griffith Joyner - 5 Olympic medals Wilma Glodean Rudolph - 4 Olympic medals in athletics Kelly Holmes - 3 Olympic medals in middle distance running Jackie Joyner-Kersee - 6 Olympic medals in athletics Zhanna Pintusevich-Block - sprint runner, world 100-m & 200-m champion Tamara Press - 6 world records (shot put & discus throw); 3x Olympic champion (2x shot put & discus) Irina Press - sprint runner, 2x Olympic champion (80-m hurdles & pentathlon) Paula Radcliffe - long distance runner Bobbie Rosenfeld - runner & long jumper, world record (100-yard dash); Olympic champion (4x100-m relay) Joan Benoit Samuelson - Olympic medal in marathon running Helen Stephens - 2 Olympic medals in athletics Shirley Strickland - 7 Olympic medals Irena Szewi\u0144ska - sprinter & long jumper, 7 Olympic medals; world records (100-m,\n\nQuestion: Who became the first Women's Marathon, Olympic Gold medallist?", "output": "Joan Benoit"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "family. Sequel Pinky Pye is a 1958 book by Eleanor Estes, the sequel to Ginger Pye. In this book, the eponymous black kitten is adopted by the Pyes during their summer vacation on Fire Island. 1951 American novels American children's novels Newbery Medal\u2013winning works Novels set in Connecticut Novels set in New York (state) Children's novels about dogs Fictional dogs 1951 children's books Children's books set in Connecticut Children's books set in New York City\n\n\"Dark Eyes\" () is a well-known and popular Russian romance. The lyrics were written by the poet and writer Yevhen Hrebinka and first published on January 17, 1843. The melody associated with the lyrics have been borrowed from the \"Valse hommage\", Op. 21 for piano, written by Florian Hermann and published in 1879. The Russian singer Feodor Chaliapin popularized a version of \"Dark Eyes\" with changes to the lyrics and additional verses. Another popular version was written by an Italian-born British composer Adalgiso Ferraris. It was first published in 1910 as \"Schwarze Augen\" (Black Eyes). The song became one of his major successes in the 1920s and 1930s; his version was played by Albert Sandler and Leslie Jeffries in 1939, and sung by Al Bowlly as \"Black Eyes\" in 1939 with words of Albert Mellor. Max Jaffa also recorded it. Composition The lyrics were written by the poet and writer\n\nThe Color Kittens is a children's book by Margaret Wise Brown, illustrated by Alice and Martin Provensen, and published, as part of the Little Golden Books series, in 1949. Plot The story revolves around two kittens, \"Hush\" and \"Brush,\" who attempt to create their favorite color green by mixing the primary colors red, yellow and blue, and black and white. Their attempts lead to pink, orange and purple before \"almost by accident,\" they mix yellow and blue to successfully create green. Now they have the colors to paint everything they see around them. Later when they fall asleep, they dream about things in various colors. Publication history The Color Kittens, 1949, USA, Simon and Schuster The Colour Kittens, 1973, Australia, Golden Press The Color Kittens, (Kathi Ember, illustrator) 1994, USA, Western Publishing The Color Kittens, 2003, USA, Random House Reception Children's book author and illustrator Paul O. Zelinsky, for whom\n\nQuestion: Which writer had a pet cat called Caterina, that was the inspiration for his story \u2018The Black Cat\u2019?", "output": "Edgar Allen Poe"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 \u2013 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin. His discovery in 1928 of what was later named benzylpenicillin (or penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium rubens has been described as the \"single greatest victory ever achieved over disease\". For this discovery, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. He also discovered the enzyme lysozyme from his nasal discharge in 1922, and along with it a bacterium he named Micrococcus lysodeikticus, later renamed Micrococcus luteus. Fleming was knighted for his scientific achievements in 1944. In 1999, he was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century. In 2002, he was chosen in the BBC's television poll for determining the 100\n\nRonald Finn (12 June 1930 \u2013 21 May 2004) was a medical researcher born in Liverpool, England. His research work contributed to advancing knowledge on the Rhesus factor. He died of cancer of the stomach. Career and awards 1954 - Qualified as a medical doctor from Liverpool University. 1958 - MRCP 1961 - Appointed consultant in kidney disease at a Liverpool Hospital. 1980 - Finn, together with Cyril Clarke, John Gorman, Vincent Freda, and William Pollack were jointly awarded the 1980 Albert Lasker Award for Clinical Medical Research for pioneering work on the Rhesus blood group system, the role of anti-RhD antibodies in the causation of Rh disease, and the prevention of Rh disease with anti-D antibodies. 1997 - Retired from clinical work. 2000 - Appointed visiting professor in immunology at Liverpool University. References 1980 Lasker award for clinical advances in Rh disease Obituary on BMJ website - includes a\n\nThe Calcutta Chromosome is a 1995 English-language novel by Indian author Amitav Ghosh. The book, set in Calcutta and New York City at some unspecified time in the future, is a medical thriller that dramatizes the adventures of people who are brought together by a mysterious turn of events. The book is loosely based on the life and times of Sir Ronald Ross, the Nobel Prize\u2013winning scientist who achieved a breakthrough in malaria research in 1898. The novel was the recipient of the Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1997. Ghosh employs a factual background for the invented events in the novel, drawing upon Ross's Memoirs which were published in 1923. Plot summary The novel begins with the story of Antar, a resident of the future New York doing data processing for the International Water Council. A chance bit of data causes Antar to recall a bizarre encounter he had with\n\nQuestion: Sir Ronald Ross became the first Briton to win the Nobel Prize for medicine for his research into which disease?", "output": "MALARIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "no signs of the disease and it is very rare. Dogs usually contract the disease by eating infected horse meat, although a recent report has been made of the disease occurring in dogs with no known horse-meat ingestion. Transmission This disease is spread by insect vectors. The biological vector of the virus is the Culicoides (midges) species, but this disease can also be transmitted by species of mosquitoes including Culex, Anopheles, and Aedes including A. aegypti, and species of ticks such as Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus. Clinical signs Horses are the most susceptible host with close to 90% mortality of those affected, followed by mules (50%) and donkeys (10%). African donkeys and zebras very rarely display clinical symptoms, despite high virus titres in blood, and are thought to be the natural reservoir of the virus. AHS manifests itself in four different forms: Pulmonary form The peracute form of the disease is\n\nBluetongue disease is a noncontagious, insect-borne, viral disease of ruminants, mainly sheep and less frequently cattle, yaks, goats, buffalo, deer, dromedaries, and antelope. It is caused by Bluetongue virus (BTV). The virus is transmitted by the midges Culicoides imicola, Culicoides variipennis, and other culicoids. Signs In sheep, BTV causes an acute disease with high morbidity and mortality. BTV also infects goats, cattle, and other domestic animals, as well as wild ruminants (for example, blesbuck, white-tailed deer, elk, and pronghorn antelope). Major signs are high fever, excessive salivation, swelling of the face and tongue, and cyanosis of the tongue. Swelling of the lips and tongue gives the tongue its typical blue appearance, though this sign is confined to a minority of the animals. Nasal signs may be prominent, with nasal discharge and stertorous respiration. Some animals also develop foot lesions, beginning with coronitis, with consequent lameness. In sheep, this can lead\n\nTyzzer's disease is an acute epizootic bacterial disease found in rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, birds, pandas, deer, foals, cattle, and other mammals including gerbils and spinifex hopping-mice (Notomys alexis). It is caused by the spore-forming bacterium Clostridium piliforme, formerly known as Bacillus piliformis. It is an infectious disease characterized by necrotic lesions on the liver, is usually fatal, and is present worldwide. Animals with the disease become infected through oral ingestion of the bacterial spores and usually die within a matter of days. Animals most commonly affected include young, stressed animals in laboratory environments, such as immature rodents and rabbits. Most commonly affected wild animals include muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) and occasionally cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus spp.). Even today, much remains unknown about Tyzzer's disease, including how and why it occurs. Distribution Although Tyzzer's disease is commonly found in laboratory animals worldwide, infected wild animal populations have been identified in North America\n\nQuestion: What animal causes lyme disease?", "output": "Tick"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Operation Terminal was an Allied operation during World War II. Part of Operation Torch (the Allied invasion of French North Africa, 8 November 1942) it involved a direct landing of infantry into the Vichy French port of Algiers with the intention of capturing the port facilities before they could be destroyed. Background The attacking forces were two Royal Navy destroyers, and (commanded by Henry Fancourt) carrying 600 troops of the 3d Battalion, 135th Infantry, (commanded by Colonel Edwin Swenson), part of the US 34th Infantry Division. The plan was to land the troops directly into the port. It was hoped that either complete surprise would be achieved or that the defenders would support the invasion to the extent at least of refusing to fire on the attackers. However the Vichy forces opened fire on the ships, damaging them heavily. Action At 4.00 am on the morning of 8 November 1942\n\nCecile Pearl Witherington Cornioley, (24 June 1914 \u2013 24 February 2008), code names Marie and Pauline, was an agent in France for the United Kingdom's clandestine Special Operations Executive (SOE) during the Second World War. The purpose of SOE was to conduct espionage, sabotage, and reconnaissance in occupied Europe against the Axis powers. SOE agents allied themselves with French Resistance groups and supplied them with weapons and equipment parachuted in from England. Witherington was born in Paris to British parents. She parachuted into France in September 1943 as a courier for the SOE Stationer Network and, in May 1944, became head of the SOE Wrestler Network in the Indre region in central France. She was the only woman to lead an SOE network and associated resistance groups, called maquis, in France. Witherington's network, comprising about 2,000 maquisard fighters after the invasion of Normandy on 6 June 1944, was especially efficient\n\nQuartier La Horie is a French Army base. It is located in the Moselle d\u00e9partement, about 2 miles(3 km) west of the town of Phalsbourg, on the north side of the Route nationale 4 (N4) Highway adjacent to the village Saint-Jean-Kourtzerode; 29 miles (47 km) northwest of Strasbourg. During the Cold War, Phalsbourg-Bourscheid Air Base was a front-line base for the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). Origins Prior to 1950, there were no existing airfields in the Phalsbourg area. With the advent of the Cold War in the late 1940s and the formation of NATO, agreements were made to expand the United States military presence in western Europe. The United States would also provide some of the tactical air power. This led to the expansion of the United States Air Forces in Europe. The United States would eventually base combat aircraft and personnel in Belgium, England, France, Iceland,\n\nQuestion: What was the codename for the British/American landings in French North Africa, begun in November 1942?", "output": "Operation Torch"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1974 throughout the world. Events The FIFA World Cup is held from June 12 to July 7 in West Germany. West Germany wins its second title, defeating much favored Netherlands 2\u20131 in the final. Surprisingly, Poland take 3rd after defeating Brazil 1\u20130. European Cup: Bayern Munich beats Atl\u00e9tico Madrid 4\u20130 in the final. This was the first German EC win. UEFA Cup: Feyenoord wins 2\u20131 (Away) and 2\u20130 (Home) in the final against Tottenham Hotspur, winning the cup for the first time. UEFA Cup Winners Cup: 1. FC Magdeburg wins 2\u20130 over AC Milan, winning the cup for the first time. This also marks the only instance of an East German club winning a European title. Copa Libertadores 1974: Won by Independiente after defeating S\u00e3o Paulo Futebol Clube on an aggregate score of 1\u20130. February 17 \u2013 Zamalek disaster, that\n\nThe 1973\u201374 season was the 94th season of competitive football in England. Honours Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition Football League First Division Don Revie marked his last season as Leeds United's manager by guiding them to the league championship, before taking over from Sir Alf Ramsey as the England national team manager, with England having failed to qualify for the 1974 World Cup. Revie's Leeds side beat Liverpool to the title by five points to win it for the second time in their history. Despite the sensational dismissal of manager Brian Clough only 18 months after he won the First Division with the club, Derby County regrouped well under new manager Dave Mackay to finish third and qualify for the UEFA Cup, along with Ipswich Town and Stoke City. Newly promoted Burnley finished in sixth\n\nEngland took part in the 1970 FIFA World Cup, qualifying from their group after beating Romania and Czechoslovakia but losing to Brazil. The team then went out in the quarterfinals after losing 3\u20132 (after extra time) to West Germany. Preparations had been damaged after star defender Bobby Moore was arrested in Bogot\u00e1 over later disproven allegations of theft. Honours Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition Football League First Division Everton, one of the English game's dominant forces during the 1960s, had a strong start to the 1970s as league champions by a nine-point margin ahead of runners-up Leeds United, who had gone into the final stages of the season in contention for three major trophies but had failed to win any of them. They were beaten in an FA Cup final replay by Chelsea, who lifted\n\nQuestion: Which nation\u2019s football team prevented England from competing in the 1974 FIFA World Cup finals?", "output": "Poland"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the late 1920s at Guilford College. He was a political conservative who supported Nixon's foreign policy, including the Vietnam War, and gave the invocation at the 1972 Republican National Convention. Nonetheless, he was known for maintaining an internationalist perspective, serving for many years as the permanent representative from the global Quaker community to the World Council of Churches, an organization he helped bring into being. In the 1950s, he served as a senior advisor to President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who created a post for him as Director of Religious Information at the U.S. Information Agency (formerly the Voice of America). Time magazine profiled him in this role on March 15, 1954. During the Nixon Administration he again served as an adviser to the President. Publications Elton Trueblood wrote 33 books, including: The Predicament of Modern Man, Alternative to Futility, Foundations for Reconstruction, Signs of Hope, The Logic of Belief, Philosophy\n\nimprisonment; and his son, \u02bbAbdu'l-Bah\u00e1 (1844\u20131921), who made teaching trips to Europe and the United States after his release from confinement in 1908. After \u02bbAbdu'l-Bah\u00e1's death in 1921, the leadership of the religion fell to his grandson Shoghi Effendi (1897\u20131957). Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00eds annually elect local, regional, and national Spiritual Assemblies that govern the religion's affairs, and every five years an election is held for the Universal House of Justice, the nine-member governing institution of the worldwide Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed community that is located in Haifa, Israel, near the Shrine of the B\u00e1b. According to Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed teachings, religion is revealed in an orderly and progressive way by a single God through Manifestations of God, who are the founders of major world religions throughout human history; Buddha, Jesus, and Muhammad are noted as the most recent of these before the B\u00e1b and Bah\u00e1\u02bcu'll\u00e1h. Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00eds regard the world's major religions as fundamentally unified in purpose, but\n\nHeathenry is a modern Pagan new religious movement that has been active in the United States since at least the early 1970s. Although the term \"Heathenry\" is often employed to cover the entire religious movement, different Heathen groups within the United States often prefer the term \"\u00c1satr\u00fa\" or \"Odinism\" as self-designations. Heathenry appeared in the United States during the 1960s, at the same time as the wider emergence of modern Paganism in the United States. Among the earliest American group was the Odinist Fellowship, founded by Danish migrant Else Christensen in 1969. History \u00c1satr\u00fa grew steadily in the United States during the 1960s. In 1969, the Danish Odinist Else Christensen established the Odinist Fellowship from her home in Florida. Heavily influenced by Alexander Rud Mills' writings, she began publication of a magazine, The Odinist, although this focused to a greater extent on right-wing and racialist ideas than theological ones. Stephen\n\nQuestion: What was former US President Richard Nixon\u2019s religion?", "output": "Quaker"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Africa is a continent comprising 63 political territories, representing the largest of the great southward projections from the main mass of Earth's surface. Within its regular outline, it comprises an area of , excluding adjacent islands. Its highest mountain is Mount Kilimanjaro; its largest lake is Lake Victoria. Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea and from much of Asia by the Red Sea, Africa is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez (which is transected by the Suez Canal), wide. For geopolitical purposes, the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt \u2013 east of the Suez Canal \u2013 is often considered part of Africa. From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia, at 37\u00b021\u2032 N, to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas in South Africa, 34\u00b051\u203215\u2033 S, is a distance approximately of ; from Cap-Vert, 17\u00b031\u203213\u2033W, the westernmost point, to Ras Hafun in the Somali\n\nThe Central African Republic is a landlocked nation within the interior of the African continent. It is bordered by Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo. Much of the country consists of flat, or rolling plateau savanna, about above sea level. In the northeast are the Fertit Hills, and there are scattered hills in the southwestern part of the country. To the northwest is the Karre Mountains (also known as Yade Massif), a granite plateau with an altitude of . At , the Central African Republic is the world's 45th-largest country (after Somalia). It is comparable in size to Ukraine. Much of the southern border is formed by tributaries of the Congo River, with the Mbomou River in the east merging with the Uele River to form the Ubangi River. In the west, the Sangha River flows through part of\n\nAngola ( ; ; , ), officially the Republic of Angola (), is a country on the west-central coast of Southern Africa. It is the second-largest Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) country in both total area and population (behind Brazil in both cases), and is the seventh-largest country in Africa. It is bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Angola has an exclave province, the province of Cabinda, that borders the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The capital and most populous city is Luanda. Angola has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Age. Its formation as a nation-state originates from Portuguese colonisation, which initially began with coastal settlements and trading posts founded in the 16th century. In the 19th century, European settlers gradually began to establish themselves in the\n\nQuestion: What is the largest country in Africa?", "output": "Sudan"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Polog (; ), also known as the Polog Valley (; ), is located in the north-western part of the Republic of North Macedonia, near the border with Kosovo. It is divided into Upper () and Lower Polog (). Tetovo and Gostivar are the largest populated towns in this valley and Albanians form an ethnic majority in the region. Polog Statistical Region is named after the valley. Etymology The name Polog is Slavic in origin most likely coming from the Slavic word \"pole\" meaning field. History Antiquity The Polog Valley and the surrounding regions belonged to the Illyro-Dardanian cultural sphere of influence. Throughout antiquity, the Polog valley and its main settlements - Oaeneum and Draudacum - were ruled and inhabited by the Illyrian Penestae tribe as well as the Dardanians. The Polog region served as a border region between the Dardanians and the lands of the Paeonians. In the period of\n\nTsaghkadzor () is a spa town and urban municipal community, as well as one of the most popular health resorts in Armenia, located north of the capital Yerevan in the Kotayk Province. According to the 2011 census, the town has a population of 1,256, down from 3,350 reported in the 1989 census. Currently, the town has an approximate population of 900 as per the 2016 official estimate. Etymology Tsaghkadzor literally means valley of flowers or flower canyon in Armenian. The name of Tsaghkadzor is associated with the name of the nearby Tsaghkunyats Mountains, located to the west of the town. Originally, it was known as Tsaghkunyats Dzor (\u053e\u0561\u0572\u056f\u0578\u0582\u0576\u0575\u0561\u0581 \u0571\u0578\u0580) by its foundation during the 3rd century. In the 11th century, the town was known as Kecharuyk (\u053f\u0565\u0579\u0561\u057c\u0578\u0582\u0575\u0584), or Kecharis (), derived from the Kecharis Principality under the Armenian Pahlavuni family. Later, during the 17th century, the town was called Darachichak\n\n(, \"southern land\" or \"southern territories\") is a historical political term referring to varying areas in the southern part of what was the Kingdom of Hungary. In present-day usage, it often refers to the Vojvodina region of Serbia. In the Middle Ages, like the names Alvid\u00e9k (\"lower land\") and V\u00e9gvid\u00e9k (\"borderland\"), referred to the Hungarian counties (Ver\u0151ce, Pozsega, Szer\u00e9m, B\u00e1cs, Toront\u00e1l, Temes, Keve) and vassal banates (Macs\u00f3, \u00d3zora, S\u00f3, Sz\u00f6r\u00e9ny) beyond the Danube and the Sava. By the 18th and 19th centuries, referred only to B\u00e1cska and Banat. After the 1920 dismemberment of Hungary, the meaning was further narrowed to only those areas of the former Kingdom of Hungary attached to the newly formed Yugoslav state. In the Second World War, the Yugoslav areas occupied and annexed by Hungary (Ba\u010dka, part of Baranja, Me\u0111imurje, and Prekmurje) were in some Hungarian sources called \"az anyaorsz\u00e1ghoz visszat\u00e9rt d\u00e9lvid\u00e9ki ter\u00fcletek\" (\"the southern territories\n\nQuestion: Magyarorszag is the local name for which country?", "output": "Hungary"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The 2008 NBA Finals was the championship series of the National Basketball Association's (NBA) 2007\u201308 season and conclusion of the season's playoffs. A best-of-seven playoff series that was played from June 5 to June 17, 2008, the series was contested between the Eastern Conference champion Boston Celtics and the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers. It was the 11th Finals meeting between the Lakers and the Celtics. Led by the \"Big 3\" of Paul Pierce, Kevin Garnett, and Ray Allen, and holding home court advantage, the Celtics defeated the Lakers, led by Pau Gasol and MVP Kobe Bryant, in six games. It was their first title in twenty-two years and their 17th title overall, a record that still stands today even when the Lakers tied this record in 2020. Pierce was named Finals MVP. Rodd Houston narrated the Boston Celtics' championship season documentary on NBA Entertainment. The made-for-TV version of\n\nThe Atlantic Division is one of the three divisions in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division consists of five teams, the Boston Celtics, the Brooklyn Nets, the New York Knicks, the Philadelphia 76ers and the Toronto Raptors. All teams, except the Raptors, are located on the East Coast of the United States. However, Toronto sports teams have over the years enjoyed rivalries with teams in the Northeastern United States (particularly, Toronto teams also share divisions with Boston and New York teams in Major League Baseball and the National Hockey League. The division was created at the start of the 1970\u201371 season, when the league expanded from 14 to 17 teams with the addition of the Buffalo Braves, the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Portland Trail Blazers. The league realigned itself into two conferences, the Western Conference and the Eastern Conference, with two divisions in each conference.\n\nmarried to Chrissy (Roche) Sweeney. Together they have three children, Lily, Emily, and Timothy Sweeney. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs International Awards and honors References External links 1967 births Living people American men's ice hockey left wingers Boston Bruins players Boston College Eagles men's ice hockey players Calgary Flames draft picks Calgary Flames players Hartford Wolf Pack players Ice hockey people from Boston Ice hockey players at the 1992 Winter Olympics Mighty Ducks of Anaheim players Minnesota Wild scouts New York Rangers players Olympic ice hockey players for the United States Providence Bruins players Salt Lake Golden Eagles (IHL) players Sportspeople from Weymouth, Massachusetts Ice hockey people from Norfolk County, Massachusetts AHCA Division I men's ice hockey All-Americans\n\nQuestion: The Bruins ice hockey team and the Celtics basketball team are based in which US city?", "output": "BOSTON"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Simian Line is a 2001 American improvisational film released in New York City and Los Angeles. It was filmed over an eleven-day period. The ensemble cast includes Harry Connick Jr., Cindy Crawford, Tyne Daly, William Hurt, Monica Keena, Samantha Mathis, Lynn Redgrave, Jamey Sheridan and Eric Stoltz. Plot When Katharine (Lynn Redgrave) throws a party on Halloween, a psychic called Arnita (Tyne Daly) predicts that one of the three couples present at the party will break up by the end of the year. The guests don't take her seriously. Arnita doesn't tell them that she can see a fourth couple at the party, the long dead Mae (Samantha Mathis) and Edward (William Hurt). As days go by, Katharine grows increasingly jealous of her lover Rick (Harry Connick, Jr.), and his flirting with her neighbor Sandra (Cindy Crawford). Sandra is married to Paul (Jamey Sheridan). Marta (Monica Keena) and Billy\n\nThe War is a seven-part American television documentary miniseries about World War II from the perspective of the United States. The program was directed by American filmmakers Ken Burns and Lynn Novick, written by Geoffrey Ward, and narrated primarily by Keith David. It premiered on September 23, 2007. The world premiere of the series took place at the Palace Theater in Luverne, Minnesota, one of the towns featured in the documentary. It was funded in part by the National Endowment for the Humanities. Content The series focuses on World War II in a \"bottom up\" fashion through the lenses of four \"quintessentially American towns\": Luverne, Minnesota Mobile, Alabama Sacramento, California Waterbury, Connecticut The series recounts the experiences of a number of individuals from these communities as they move through the war in the Pacific, African and European theaters, and focuses on the effect of the war on them, their families\n\nis a novel by Western author Zane Grey exploring the Pleasant Valley War in 1880s Arizona. Oklahoma! (1943 Broadway musical, 1955 film) Rodgers and Hammerstein musical about a cowboy in love with a farm girl, complicated by a rivalry between local farmers and ranchers over fences and water rights. El Dorado is a 1966 movie about an aging gunfighter who goes \"straight\" to help a lawman friend after being hired to intervene in a range war. Chisum is a 1970 western movie loosely based on the 1878 Lincoln County War in New Mexico Territory, which erupted over mercantile economic competition rather than issues of range. Centennial (1978) features an episode titled 'The Shepherds' , which depicted a range war between cattlemen on one hand, against farmers and sheepherders on the other. Texas (1985) details the evolving conflicts due to the introduction of barbed wire in cattle country in the 1880s.\n\nQuestion: \"The 1998 Terrence Malick directed film \"\"The Thin Red Line\"\" is set during which war?\"", "output": "World War Two"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The African National Congress (ANC) is a social-democratic political party in South Africa. A liberation movement known for its opposition to apartheid, it has governed the country since 1994, when the first post-apartheid election resulted in Nelson Mandela being elected as President of South Africa. Cyril Ramaphosa, the incumbent national President, has served as President of the ANC since 18 December 2017. Founded on 8 January 1912 in Bloemfontein as the South African Native National Congress, the organisation was formed to agitate for the rights of black South Africans. When the National Party government came to power in 1948, the ANC's central purpose became to oppose the new government's policy of institutionalised apartheid. To this end, its methods and means of organisation shifted; its adoption of the techniques of mass politics, and the swelling of its membership, culminated in the Defiance Campaign of civil disobedience in 1952\u201353. The ANC was\n\nStephanus Schoeman (14 March 1810 \u2013 19 June 1890) was President of the South African Republic from 6 December 1860 until 17 April 1862. His red hair, fiery temperament and vehement disputes with other Boer leaders earned him the moniker \"Stormvogel den Noorden,\" \"Storm bird of the North.\" Early life The first member of the Schoeman clan arrived in the Cape in 1724 from Ditmarschen in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Ditmarschen had been a Boer Republic (Burenrepublik) of Merchant-farmers until 1550, and the memory of this free Boer Republic must have lived on in her sons who emigrated to South Africa. He originally settled in the Zoutpansberg but also owned a farm in Pretoria \u2013 the area now occupied by the Pretoria Zoo. Bloedstraat was also part of his farm. Stephanus Schoeman was a minor Trekker leader, who had his own flag. He joined Andries Pretorius' group, fighting in the Battle of\n\nWesterford High School is a public English medium co-educational high school situated in the suburbs of Rondebosch and Newlands in Cape Town in the Western Cape province of South Africa. It has a campus in Rondebosch where the main school buildings are located and a secondary campus in Newlands used for sport. The school is located close to the Newlands Rugby Ground and Table Mountain. The school opened on 21 January 1953 and celebrated its Diamond Jubilee on 7 March 2013. Westerford enjoys a prominent position in the local community, hosting visits from key figures within South Africa such as the then President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela and guest speakers such as former Minister of Education Kader Asmal . In 2009, Westerford High School was ranked by the Sunday Times newspaper as the top state school in South Africa and one of the largest feeder schools for the University\n\nQuestion: On this day in which year was Nelson Mandela inaugurated as President of South Africa?", "output": "1994"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Prophet by Swedish rock band Jerusalem. \"A City on Fire\", a 2009 song by Fightstar \"City on Fire\", a song from the musical Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street See also City of Fire (disambiguation)\n\nThe rue de la Harpe is a street in Paris' Latin Quarter. Relatively calm and cobblestoned along much of its length, it runs in a south-easterly direction between the rue de la Huchette and the rue Saint-S\u00e9verin, where it turns south-west to where it ends at the boulevard Saint-Germain. It is a largely residential street; it is graced through its odd numbers (eastern side) with a few buildings dating from the Louis XV period, but buildings along the opposite side of the street are most all of a 'Haussmannian' style of a more recent stature. Its street-front commerces are varied to its southern end, but tend towards restaurants and the tourism trade towards the river. It appeared in the 19th century magazine, The Tell Tale, as the site of the murders which may have been the origin of the Sweeney Todd story. Name origin Named after a prominent member of\n\nBroadway () is a road in the U.S. state of New York. Broadway runs from State Street at Bowling Green for through the borough of Manhattan and through the Bronx, exiting north from New York City to run an additional through the Westchester County municipalities of Yonkers, Hastings-On-Hudson, Dobbs Ferry, Irvington, and Tarrytown, and terminating north of Sleepy Hollow. It is the oldest north\u2013south main thoroughfare in New York City, with much of the current street beginning as the Wickquasgeck trail before the arrival of Europeans. This then formed the basis for one of the primary thoroughfares of the Dutch New Amsterdam colony, which continued under British rule, although most of it did not bear its current name until the late 19th century. Broadway in Manhattan is known widely as the heart of the American commercial theatrical industry, and is used as a metonym for it, as well as in\n\nQuestion: What street did demon barber Sweeney Todd live on?", "output": "Fleet"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Boston Red Sox are an American professional baseball team based in Boston. The Red Sox compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the American League (AL) East division. Founded in as one of the American League's eight charter franchises, the team's home ballpark has been Fenway Park since . The \"Red Sox\" name was chosen by the team owner, John I. Taylor, , following the lead of previous teams that had been known as the \"Boston Red Stockings\", including the Boston Braves (now the Atlanta Braves). The team has won nine World Series championships, tied for the third-most of any MLB team, and has played in 13 World Series. Their most recent World Series appearance and win was in . In addition, they won the American League pennant, but were not able to defend their 1903 World Series championship when the New York Giants refused\n\nalso owns Liverpool F.C. of the Premier League in England, the National Hockey League's Pittsburgh Penguins, and partially owns RFK Racing of the NASCAR Cup Series. They are consistently one of the top MLB teams in average road attendance, while the small capacity of Fenway Park prevents them from leading in overall attendance. From May 15, 2003, to April 10, 2013, the Red Sox sold out every home game\u2014a total of 820 games (794 regular season) for a major professional sports record. Both Neil Diamond's \"Sweet Caroline\" and The Standells' \"Dirty Water\" have become anthems for the Red Sox. As of the end of the 2022 season, the franchise's all-time regular-season record is 9,796\u20139,098 (). Nickname The name Red Sox, chosen by owner John I. Taylor after the 1907 season, refers to the red hose in the team uniform beginning in 1908. Sox had been previously adopted for the Chicago\n\nThe Atlanta Braves are an American professional baseball team based in the Atlanta metropolitan area. The Braves compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) East division. The Braves were founded in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1871, as the Boston Red Stockings. The club was known by various names until the franchise settled on the Boston Braves in 1912. The Braves are the oldest continuously operating professional sports franchise in North America. After 81 seasons and one World Series title in Boston, the club moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1953. With a roster of star players such as Hank Aaron, Eddie Mathews, and Warren Spahn, the Milwaukee Braves won the World Series in 1957. Despite the team's success, fan attendance declined. The club's owners moved the team to Atlanta, Georgia, in 1966. The Braves did not find much success in Atlanta until 1991. From\n\nQuestion: What MLB team calls Fenway Park home?", "output": "The Boston Red Sox"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "having one of the largest religious dome in the world, measuring in diameter and reaching above ground level. The four minarets, each reaching above ground level, are the third tallest in the world, after those at the Hassan II Mosque in Casablanca, Morocco, and the Djamaa el Djaza\u00efr in Algiers, Algeria. In its early years, the mosque was listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the tallest minaret in the world before being supplanted by the minaret at the Hassan II Mosque in August 1993. However, the mosque still maintains the distinction of having the world's tallest group of minarets. Architecture and features The design of the Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Mosque is a combination of Malay and Modernist styles, and elements of Malay and Islamic architecture are incorporated into the finishes of the building. Fine decorative khat (Arabic calligraphy) can be seen on the inner curve\n\nAl-Askari Shrine, the Askariyya Shrine (, , meaning \"Resting Place of the Two Imams Ali al-Hadi and Hasan al-Askari\") or the Al-Askari Mosque is a Shia Muslim mosque and mausoleum in the Iraqi city of Samarra from Baghdad. It is one of the most important Shia shrines in the world. It was built in 944. The dome was destroyed in a bombing by Sunni extremists in February 2006 and its two remaining minarets were destroyed in another bombing in June 2007, causing widespread anger among Shias and instigation of the Iraqi Civil War between the country's Shia and Sunni factions. The remaining clock tower was also destroyed in July 2007. The dome and minarets were repaired and the mosque reopened in April 2009. The 10th and 11th Sh\u012b'\u012bte Imams, 'Al\u012b al-H\u0101d\u012b (\"an-Naq\u012b\") and his son \u1e24asan al-'Askar\u012b, known as al-'Askariyyayn (\"the two Askar\u012bs\"), are buried in the shrine. Housed in\n\nThe Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque () is the largest mosque in Oman, located in the capital city of Muscat. Construction In 1992, the then Sultan of Oman, Qaboos bin Said al Said, directed that his country should have a Grand Mosque. In 1993, a competition for the design of the proposed mosque took place. The building contract was awarded to Carillion Alawi LLC. Construction commenced in December 1994, after a site was chosen at Bausher, and it took six years and seven months to build the mosque. The mosque is made of stone, with doors, windows and embellishments made of wood and glass. Around 300,000 tons of Indian sandstone was imported for the building. Five minarets have been built around the premises of the mosque: the main minaret () in height, and the four flanking minarets () are the mosque\u2019s chief visual features from the exterior. In the interior, the\n\nQuestion: The Hassan II Mosque, opened in 1993, with the world's tallest minaret, is in which country?", "output": "Morocco"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Busfest (known before 2012 as Vanfest) is a three-day annual festival held in early September at the Three Counties Showground in Malvern, Worcestershire, England, for owners of VW camper-vans\u2014the Volkswagen Type 2 Transporter or \"Bus\". First held in 1994, it is an international festival, with a large contingency from Germany every year, and attendees from the Netherlands, France, Belgium, Sweden, USA and even Australia. The festival is owned and produced by Vanfest Ltd and it is the largest VW Transporter festival in the world, attended by up to 9000 vans and 45,000 people. Simon Holloway owns the event and is Festival Coordinator; Neil Pickett is Festival Director. They are assisted by over 50 event professionals and 150 volunteers. Attendees camp in their vans at campsites within the showground, which is equipped with sanitation facilities. The festival, which is open to day visitors as well as campers, has over 350 trade\n\nValeFest, previously known as The Vale Festival, is a charitable summer music and arts festival that takes place on the Vale, a park and student accommodation site at the University of Birmingham, in Birmingham, England now going into its 19th year. It is planned, organised and largely staffed by volunteer students - it is believed to be the largest solely student-organised event in the UK and is the largest student-run charity festival in Europe. Every year it is held on the Saturday after summer examinations finish and all proceeds go towards charities selected earlier in the academic year. So far it has raised over \u00a3200,000. The capacity of the 2019 event was 5,000. The committee is a student group associated with University of Birmingham Guild of Students, the university's students' union. The beginning of each year sees the nomination and selection of charities that each year would raise money for,\n\nThe Kernewek Lowender (officially the Kernewek Lowender Copper Coast Cornish Festival) is a Cornish-themed biennial festival held in the Copper Coast towns of Kadina, Moonta and Wallaroo on Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. 'Kernewek Lowender' means 'Cornish happiness' in the Cornish language. It is held in the late autumn starting on the second Monday of May, in odd-numbered years. The Kernewek Lowender claims to be the world\u2019s largest Cornish Festival outside Cornwall. Activities The festival is held over seven days with the highlight being 'The Big Weekend', featuring three large fairs: the Village Green Fair, Fer Kernewek, and a Classic Cavalcade of Cars (with over 500 vintage cars and motorcycles). Traditional Cornish food, such as Cornish pasties and Swanky beer is served during the Festival. maypole performances, furry dancing, and the selection of a May Queen are also included. Other events include a street parade, a bake-off, the Gathering of the\n\nQuestion: @3choirs is the twitter username of the Festival that alternates between Hereford, Gloucester and which other city where it will be held this year?", "output": "WORCESTER"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bouzonville (; ; Lorraine Franconian: Busendroff) is a commune in the Moselle department in Grand Est in northeastern France. The localities of Aidling, Benting and Heckling are incorporated in the commune. It lies from Metz and the same distance from Thionville. History Built on the \"salt road\" between the Rhine and the Moselle, at the site of an easy ford of the Nied, the site's traces of Celtic La T\u00e8ne culture are most vividly represented by the \"Bouzonville flagon\", in which Scythian influence on Celtic craftsmenship is clearly represented in the animal that forms its handle and in the nature of coral inlays, with enamels of similar colour supplementing it, that form bands around the base and rim of the high-shouldered vessel; the beak-flagon was among a group of bronze objects from Bouzonville acquired by the British Museum in 1928. A minor Roman vicus represented by tiles that the plough\n\nMoselle is an unincorporated community in Franklin County, Missouri, United States. It is located approximately five miles northeast of St. Clair. Moselle had its start in 1849 when a blast furnace was built at the site. The community most likely was named after Moselle, France. A post office called Moselle was established in 1860, and remained in operation until 1971. The Moselle Iron Furnace Stack was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. References Unincorporated communities in Franklin County, Missouri Unincorporated communities in Missouri\n\nThe Op\u00e9ra de Marseille, known today as the Op\u00e9ra Municipal, is an opera company located in Marseille, France. In 1685, the city was the second in France after Bordeaux to have an opera house which was erected on a tennis court. However, the first real theatre, the Grand-Th\u00e9\u00e2tre or Salle Bauveau was constructed in 1787. During its period of great opulence following the Revolution, it was the site of many major opera presentations, including Verdi\u2019s Rigoletto and Il Trovatore in 1860 and performances in 1866 of Lucia di Lammermoor and Il Barbiere di Siviglia by the famous soprano, Adelina Patti. Also, French premieres of major operatic works were given in the theatre: these include Aida (1877), La Fanciulla del West (1912), and an historic performance by Dame Nellie Melba in Ambroise Thomas\u2019 Hamlet in 1890. Some years following the installation of electricity, in November 1919 a fire destroyed the 18th\n\nQuestion: Which city, home to the oldest working opera house in France, is the capital of the Lorraine region and the Moselle department?", "output": "Metz"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Plough and the Stars is a four-act play by the Irish writer Se\u00e1n O'Casey that was first performed on 8 February 1926 at the Abbey Theatre. It is set in Dublin and addresses the 1916 Easter Rising. The play's title references the Starry Plough flag which was used by the Irish Citizen Army. It is the third play of O'Casey's well-known \"Dublin Trilogy\" \u2013 the other two being The Shadow of a Gunman (1923) and Juno and the Paycock (1924). Plot The first two acts take place in November 1915, looking forward to the liberation of Ireland. The last two acts are set during the Easter Rising, in April 1916. Characters Residents of the tenement house: Jack Clitheroe: a bricklayer and former member of the Irish Citizen Army. Nora Clitheroe: housewife of Jack Clitheroe. Peter Flynn: a labourer, and uncle of Nora Clitheroe. The Young Covey: a fitter, ardent\n\nNicolas Billon (born March 22, 1978) is a Canadian writer. He is best known for his plays The Elephant Song, Iceland, and Butcher. Biography Nicolas Billon was born in Ottawa, Ontario and grew up in Montreal, Quebec. He is the son of Johanne Archambault and writer Pierre Billon. The Elephant Song, his first play, premiered at the Stratford Shakespeare Festival in 2004. His second play, The Measure of Love, was produced there in 2005. A member of the inaugural Soulpepper Academy, Nicolas's version of Anton Chekhov's Three Sisters was produced at Soulpepper in 2007, directed by L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Marton. He also co-created BLiNK with the other members of the Academy for the Luminato Festival. In 2009, Billon joined the Tarragon Playwrights Unit. That June, his adaptation of Moli\u00e8re's The Sicilian was one of the hits of the Toronto Fringe Festival. A few months later, his play Greenland opened at the 2009\n\nDame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, (; 15 September 1890 \u2013 12 January 1976) was an English writer known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections, particularly those revolving around fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. She also wrote the world's longest-running play, the murder mystery The Mousetrap, which has been performed in the West End since 1952. A writer during the \"Golden Age of Detective Fiction\", Christie has been called the \"Queen of Crime\". She also wrote six novels under the pseudonym Mary Westmacott. In 1971, she was made a Dame (DBE) by Queen Elizabeth II for her contributions to literature. Guinness World Records lists Christie as the best-selling fiction writer of all time, her novels having sold more than two billion copies. Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay, Devon, and was largely home-schooled. She was initially an unsuccessful writer\n\nQuestion: 'Juno And The Paycock'is a play written by who?", "output": "SEAN O'CASEY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "(the .348 Winchester). The rifle and cartridge were very effective against any North American big game in heavy timber, including the great bears, if using the bullet. It was once very popular for hunting in Canada and Alaska. Unfortunately, economics caused the rifle to be very expensive, and with less costly lever action rifles available in common and fairly powerful rounds such as .35 Remington, and the growing popularity of cheap bolt-actions in military and Magnum chamberings, the Winchester 71 with its excellent but unique cartridge was destined for commercial oblivion. The .348 was also the only 34 caliber cartridge ever made by an American manufacturer and essentially the first short magnum cartridge, making it a little problematic for handloaders, as there was never a wide selection of 34 caliber bullets. Cartridges of the World remarks that factory ammunition was available in 150, 200 and weights. Only the weight is\n\nThe AK-47, officially known as the Avtomat Kalashnikova (; also known as the Kalashnikov or just AK), is a gas-operated assault rifle that is chambered for the 7.62\u00d739mm cartridge. Developed in the Soviet Union by Russian small-arms designer Mikhail Kalashnikov, it is the originating firearm of the Kalashnikov (or \"AK\") family of rifles. After more than seven decades since its creation, the AK-47 model and its variants remain one of the most popular and widely used firearms in the world. Design work on the AK-47 began in 1945. It was presented for official military trials in 1947, and, in 1948, the fixed-stock version was introduced into active service for selected units of the Soviet Army. In early 1949, the AK was officially accepted by the Soviet Armed Forces and used by the majority of the member states of the Warsaw Pact. The model and its variants owe their global popularity\n\nIt is most often used for hunting birds and for clay target games such as trap and skeet. Condor Supreme The Stoeger Condor Supreme is a model of Stoeger Condor. The Condor Supreme has a grade-AA walnut stock and fore-end, and high-luster bluing on the receiver and barrels. It also has automatic ejectors, and a selectable trigger that allows the shooter to choose which barrel will fire first. Condor Outback The Condor Outback model has 20-inch barrels. It has rifle style sights, with a fixed blade front sight and a notched rear sight. It is chambered in 12-gauge, 20-gauge 410-bore, and 28-gauge. It has been manufactured with two different finishes \u2013 walnut stock and fore-end with blued metal, and black hardwood stock and fore-end with nickel-plated metal. Notes External links Stoeger Condor official web page Stoeger Condor Outback official web page Shotguns of Brazil Double-barreled shotguns\n\nQuestion: From what wood are the stocks of fine rifles and shotguns made?", "output": "WALNUT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The London Traffic Area was established by the London Traffic Act 1924 to regulate the increasing amount of motor traffic in the London area. The LTA was abolished in 1965 on the establishment of the Greater London Council. The traffic area extended for about from Charing Cross in central London, and was thus much larger than the existing County of London or Metropolitan Police District. It included the whole of the County of London and Middlesex, much of Surrey and Hertfordshire, plus parts of Kent, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire and Essex. At its outer limits it included Harlow, Billericay, Gravesend, Sevenoaks, Reigate, Guildford, Slough, Amersham, Harpenden and Stevenage. The traffic area was defined by Schedule 1 of the Act as: The administrative county of London; The administrative county of Middlesex; The county boroughs of Croydon, East Ham, and West Ham; So much of the administrative county of Buckingham as comprises:\u2014 The urban\n\nThe New Works Programme of 1935\u20131940 was the major investment programme delivered by the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB), commonly known as London Transport, which had been created in 1933 to coordinate underground train, tram, trolleybus and bus services in the capital and the surrounding areas. The programme was to develop many aspects of the public transport services run by the LPTB and the suburban rail services of the Great Western Railway (GWR) and London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). The investment was largely backed by government assistance as well as by the issuing of financial bonds and was estimated to cost \u00a342,286,000 in 1936 (approximately \u00a3 today). London Underground The Programme saw major reconstructions of many central area Underground stations, with escalators being installed to replace lifts; extensions of several tube lines; and connection to and electrification of a number of suburban lines. These included: Metropolitan line (The majority\n\n9A to avoid the unusual bifurcation, being further diverted via Monument and Tower Hill instead of Bank and Leadenhall Street. This variation had been dropped completely by 1990, and the route thus then ran daily from Mortlake to Aldwych with a Monday to Friday extension to Liverpool Street. The whole route was cut back to Aldwych on 18 July 1992, the replacement to Liverpool Street being new route 23. In 1976 the route was the subject of a British Transport Films documentary The Nine Road. In the lead up to the introduction of the London congestion charge in February 2003, service levels were increased with MCW Metrobuses drafted in to supplement the AEC Routemasters. On 4 September 2004, crewed operation finished with the AEC Routemasters replaced by East Lancs Myllennium Vyking bodied Volvo B7TL and the route was transferred to Stamford Brook garage, in an economy swap with route 49.\n\nQuestion: In what year were congestion charges introduced into London?", "output": "2003"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Thonburi Kingdom (, ) was a major Siamese kingdom which existed in Southeast Asia from 1767 to 1782, centered around the city of Thonburi, in Siam or present-day Thailand. The kingdom was founded by Taksin the Great, who reunited Siam following the collapse of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, which saw the country separate into five warring regional states. The Thonburi Kingdom oversaw the rapid reunification and reestablishment of Siam as a preeminient military power within mainland Southeast Asia, overseeing the country's expansion to its greatest territorial extent up to that point in its history, incorporating Lan Na, the Laotian kingdoms (Luang Phrabang, Vientiane, Champasak), and Cambodia under the Siamese sphere of influence. The Thonburi Kingdom saw the consolidation and continued growth of Chinese trade from Qing China, a continuation from the late Ayutthaya period (1688-1767), and the increased influence of the Chinese community in Siam, with Taksin and later monarchs\n\nThe Durrani Empire (; ) or the Afghan Empire (; ), also known as the Sadozai Kingdom (; ), was an Afghan empire that was founded by Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1747, that spanned parts of Central Asia, the Iranian plateau, and the Indian Subcontinent. At its peak, it ruled over the present-day Afghanistan, much of Pakistan, parts of northeastern and southeastern Iran, eastern Turkmenistan, and northwestern India. Next to the Ottoman Empire, the Durrani Empire is considered to be among the most significant Islamic Empires of the 18th century. Ahmad was the son of Muhammad Zaman Khan (an Afghan chieftain of the Abdali tribe) and the commander of Nader Shah Afshar. Following Afshar's death in June 1747, Ahmad secured Afghanistan by taking Kandahar, Ghazni, Kabul, and Peshawar. After his accession as the nation's king, he changed his tribal name from Abdali to Durrani. In 1749, the Mughal Empire had\n\nKampot () is a city in southern Cambodia and the capital of Kampot Province. It is on the Praek Tuek Chhu River southeast of the Elephant Mountains and around from the Gulf of Thailand. Kampot was the capital of the Circonscription R\u00e9sidentielle de Kampot under French rule and Cambodia's most important seaport after the loss of the Mekong Delta and before the establishment of Sihanoukville. Its center is, unlike most Cambodian provincial capitals, composed of 19th century French colonial architecture. The region and town are known for high quality pepper, which is exported worldwide. It is also known for its Kampot fish sauce, and durian. The government and the Ministry of Culture and Fine Art have been preparing documents to nominate The Old Town of Kampot for admission to the UNESCO World Heritage Site list (along with The Old Town of Battambang and The Old Town of Kratie) since 2017.\n\nQuestion: Thon Buri was the capital of which Asian country during the 18th Century?", "output": "Thailand"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Nuclear power in the United Kingdom generated 16.1% of the country's electricity in 2020. , the UK has 9 operational nuclear reactors at five locations (8 advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGR) and one pressurised water reactor (PWR)), producing 5.9GWe. It also has nuclear reprocessing plants at Sellafield and the Tails Management Facility (TMF) operated by Urenco in Capenhurst. The United Kingdom established the world's first civil nuclear programme, opening a nuclear power station, Calder Hall at Windscale, England, in 1956. The British installed base of nuclear reactors used to be dominated by domestically developed Magnox and their successor AGR reactors with graphite moderator and coolant but the last of those are nearing the end of their useful life and will be replaced with \"international\" pressurised water reactors. At the peak in 1997, 26% of the nation's electricity was generated from nuclear power. Since then several reactors have closed and by 2012\n\nHeysham nuclear power station is operated by EDF Energy in Heysham, Lancashire, England. The site is divided into two separately-managed nuclear power stations, Heysham 1 and Heysham 2, both with two reactors of the advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) type. In 2010, the British government announced that Heysham was one of the eight sites it considered suitable for future nuclear power stations. On 1 August 2016, Heysham 2's Unit 8 broke the world record for longest continuous operation of a nuclear generator without a shutdown. This record-breaking run exceeds the previous record of 894days set by Pickering Nuclear Generating Station's Unit 7 (Lake Ontario, Canada) in 1994. The reactor has generated 13.5TWh of electricity so far during this continuous operation, taking its lifetime generation to 115.46TWh. Heysham 1 Construction of Heysham 1, which was undertaken by British Nuclear Design & Construction (BNDC), a consortium backed of English Electric, Babcock & Wilcox\n\nThe Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Station (NPS; []) was the third of the Soviet Union's nuclear plants. It is situated by Zarechny in Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia. Zarechny township was created to service the station, which is named after the Beloyarsky District. The closest city is Yekaterinburg. Early reactors Two earlier reactors were constructed at Beloyarsk: an AMB-100 reactor (operational 1964\u20131983) and an AMB-200 reactor (operational 1967\u20131989). Both were supercritical water reactors; the first unit used 67 tons of uranium enriched to 1.8%, while the second unit used 50 tons of uranium enriched to 3.0%. The first unit had an indirect steam cycle, while the second had a direct one. Although they were comparable in power to the Shippingport Atomic Power Station, the Soviet planners regarded the Beloyarsk reactors as prototypes. Their main novelty was the use of superheated steam ran through a standard turbine thus resulting in a better efficiency compared\n\nQuestion: What was the former name of Sellafield Nuclear Power Station?", "output": "WINDSCALE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "|Winner of the main award for best film in its section |- | colspan=\"2\"| The opening and closing films are screened during the opening and closing ceremonies respectively. |} Awards The following prizes were awarded by the Jury: Golden Berlin Bear: Grbavica: The Land of My Dreams by Jasmila \u017dbani\u0107 Best Short Film \u2013 Never Like the First Time! by Jonas Odell Silver Berlin Bear: Best Film Music \u2013 Isabella by Peter Kam Best Actor \u2013 Moritz Bleibtreu for The Elementary Particles Best Actress \u2013 Sandra H\u00fcller for Requiem Best Director \u2013 Michael Winterbottom & Mat Whitecross for The Road to Guantanamo Best Short Film \u2013 Penpusher by Guillaume Martinez Outstanding Artistic Contribution \u2013 J\u00fcrgen Vogel for The Free Will Jury Grand Prix \u2013 En soap by Pernille Fischer Christensen Honorable Mention: Short Film \u2013 Maryam Keshavarz for El d\u00eda que mor\u00ed Honorary Golden Berlin Bear: Andrzej Wajda Ian McKellen\n\nbeing on the jury for the festival: International Jury Charlotte Rampling, actress (United Kingdom) - Jury President Matthew Barney, director and multimedia artist (United States) Yash Chopra, director and producer (India) Marleen Gorris, director (Netherlands) Janusz Kami\u0144ski, director of photography (Poland) Armin Mueller-Stahl, actor (Germany) Fred Roos, producer (United States) Lee Young-ae, actress (South Korea) Best First Feature Award Jury Valentina Cervi, actress (Italy) Goran Paskaljevi\u0107, director (Serbia and Montenegro) Hans Weingartner, director and producer (Austria) International Short Film Jury Mariela Besuievsky, producer (Spain) Florian Gallenberger, director and screenwriter (Germany) Jung-Wan Oh, producer (South Korea) In competition The following films were in competition for the Golden Bear and Silver Bear awards: Key {| class=\"wikitable\" width=\"550\" colspan=\"1\" | style=\"background:#FFDEAD;\" align=\"center\"| \u2020 |Winner of the main award for best film in its section |- | colspan=\"2\"| The opening and closing films are screened during the opening and closing ceremonies respectively. |} Awards\n\n2006: Johanna ter Steege 2007: Burny Bos 2008: Monic Hendrickx 2009: Jack Wouterse 2010: Anneke Blok 2011: Frans van Gestel 2012: Jeroen Willems 2013: Paula van der Oest 2014: Fons Merkies 2016: Willem de Beukelaer Awards Besides the Golden Calves the Festival also has its own special awards. Dutch Film Critics award Award of the city Utrecht Tuschinski Award (former Cannon City Prize) Talent & Pro Student Award NPS Award for best short film Teen Award Cinema.nl Film Poster Award (former Skrien Afficheprijs) Grolsch Film Award Opening films 1981 The Girl with the Red Hair 1982 1983 Giovanni 1984 1985 1986 The Pointsman 1987 1988 Shadow Man 1989 Blueberry Hill 1990 Vigour 1991 The Province 1992 The Three Best Things in Life 1993 Unknown Time 1994 1000 Roses 1995 Antonia's Line 1996 1997 Tropic of Emerald 1998 1999 Under the Palms 2000 Wild Mussels 2001 2002 Ramses 2003 Phileine Says\n\nQuestion: At which film festival is the Golden Bear awarded?", "output": "Berlin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Grigori Yefimovich Rasputin is a fictional supervillain in the comic book series Hellboy. The character was created by Mike Mignola and John Byrne, and was based on the real life Russian mystic of the same name. Rasputin serves as the second archenemy of Hellboy after the Ogdru Jahad. Fictional biography In 1895, questioning his powers and purpose, Rasputin is visited by the witch Baba Yaga who told him that he is destined to father a new age. Rasputin then allowed Baba Yaga to take a fragment of his soul and hide it within the roots of Yggdrasil to become immortal. It was only after his assassination by Prince Felix Yusupov on December 16, 1916 that Rasputin is contacted by the Ogdru Jahad as he is revived. They enlisted him as their mortal agent in the world. Soon after, Rasputin was contacted by the Nazis to begin development on an occult\n\nIvan Petrovich Pnin (; 1773\u20131805) was a Russian poet and political writer. In accordance with Russian Illegitimacy custom, Pnin's surname was the abbreviation of that of his father, Prince Nicholas Repnin. Biography Born out of wedlock, he famously deplored the status of illegitimate children in his 1802 petition to Alexander I of Russia (Pnin's father was rumored to have also illegitimately fathered Poland's Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski.) Pnin's liberal Essay on the Enlightenment in Russia (1804) attacked serfdom and therefore was banned in the Russian Empire. The titles of Pnin's best-known poems, Man (1804) and God (1805), mirror Derzhavin's on purpose, as he sought to refute the great poet's idealism by taking up the Deist stance of Radishchev, Volney, and d'Holbach. References Russian male poets 1773 births 1805 deaths 18th-century poets from the Russian Empire 19th-century poets from the Russian Empire Illegitimate children of Russian monarchs\n\nAlexander Fyodorovich Ilyin (; November 28, 1894 \u2013 September 3, 1941), known with the party name Zhenevsky, \"the Genevan\" because he joined the Bolshevik group of Russian \u00e9migr\u00e9s while exiled in that city, was a Soviet chess master and organizer, one of founders of the Soviet chess school, an Old-Guard Bolshevik cadre, a writer, a military organizer, a historian and a diplomat. He was born in Saint Petersburg and was the younger brother of Red Navy leader Fedor Raskolnikov. Ilyin-Zhenevsky promoted chess as an educational vehicle for developing tactical and strategical comprehension during military training, and, within the Soviet Union, he was the main person responsible for the spreading of the idea of chess as a way to teach the basics of scientific and rational thought. The All-Russian Chess Olympiad (retroactively recognized as the first Soviet Championship) in 1920 and the 1933 match Mikhail Botvinnik \u2013 Salo Flohr were organized\n\nQuestion: What was the first name of Russian monk Rasputin, who befriended Nicholas II and his family?", "output": "Grigori"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (; 21 May 192114 December 1989) was a Soviet physicist and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, which he was awarded in 1975 for emphasizing human rights around the world. Although he spent his career in physics in the Soviet program of nuclear weapons, overseeing the development of thermonuclear weapons, Sakharov also did fundamental work in understanding particle physics, magnetism, and physical cosmology. Sakharov is mostly known for his political activism for individual freedom, human rights, civil liberties and reforms in Russia, for which he was deemed a dissident and faced persecution from the Soviet establishment. In his memory, the Sakharov Prize was established and is awarded annually by the European Parliament for people and organizations dedicated to human rights and freedoms. Biography Family background and early life Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was born in Moscow on 21 May 1921, to a Russian family. His father, Dmitri Ivanovich Sakharov,\n\nAlexander Valentinovich Amfiteatrov (); (26 December 1862 \u2013 26 February 1938) was a Russian writer, novelist, and historian. Biography Born a priest's son in Kaluga, Russian Empire, he was trained as a lawyer but became a journalist and popular novelist. In 1902 he was exiled for writing a satirical article on the imperial family. He returned to visit the front during the Russo-Japanese War, then returned to Western Europe, living in France and Italy. Amfiteatrov conceived writing a book on Nero and early Christianity in the 1890s. An Italian exile provided him with plenty of sources and evidence, and exposed him to leading European scholars, and in 1913 he completed Nero: The Beast out of the Bottomless Pit (\"\u0417\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043d\u044b. \u041d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\", referring to Book of Revelation 11:7), a life story of Emperor Nero that evolved into a comprehensive encyclopedia of Rome at the end of Julio-Claudian dynasty and a\n\nAleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn (11 December 1918 \u2013 3 August 2008) was a Russian writer. A prominent Soviet dissident, Solzhenitsyn was an outspoken critic of communism and helped to raise global awareness of political repression in the Soviet Union, in particular the Gulag system. Solzhenitsyn was born into a family that defied the Soviet anti-religious campaign in the 1920s and remained devout members of the Russian Orthodox Church. However, Solzhenitsyn lost his faith in Christianity, became an atheist, and embraced Marxism\u2013Leninism. While serving as a captain in the Red Army during World War II, Solzhenitsyn was arrested by SMERSH and sentenced to eight years in the Gulag and then internal exile for criticizing Soviet leader Joseph Stalin in a private letter. As a result of his experience in prison and the camps, he gradually became a philosophically minded Eastern Orthodox Christian. As a result of the Khrushchev Thaw, Solzhenitsyn was released\n\nQuestion: What was the Soviet government agency that administered the country's forced labor camps which were compared to 'a chain of islands' by a Nobel Prize winning author?", "output": "Gulag"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Immortal Hulk, introduced as the Devil Hulk, is a fictional alternate-personality character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Publication history The Devil Hulk first appeared in The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #13 (April 2000) and was created by Paul Jenkins, Ron Garney, and Sal Buscema. The Devil Hulk returns in Hulk form in The Immortal Hulk, a Marvel Comics series that was launched with issue #1 on June 6, 2018. The series writer, Al Ewing, stated \" I wanted to give some much-needed nuance to Bruce and the Hulk's side of this story \u2013 and also reveal more about the Banner/Hulk dynamic at the core of Immortal Hulk\". The Immortal Hulk series is penciled by Joe Bennett, and features covers by such artists as Alex Ross, Kaare Andrews, Clayton Crain, and Sal Buscema. Fictional character history As the Devil Hulk The Devil Hulk is an alternate\n\nBennett, and features covers by such artists as Alex Ross, Kaare Andrews, Clayton Crain, and Sal Buscema. Fictional character history As the Devil Hulk The Devil Hulk is an alternate personality of Bruce Banner, personifying all of Bruce's resentment at the way he is treated by the world, and all his negative emotions such as self-hatred. The Devil Hulk is also one of the Hulk's enemies, constantly threatening to escape the confines of Bruce's mind and destroy the world that has tormented and abused them. While the character's physical appearance varies, he is always depicted as having glowing red eyes and reptilian traits. The Devil Hulk first appears when Bruce uses a machine created by Angela Lipscombe to travel into his own mind, which is being overtaken by the Guilt Hulk as he begins to die of Lou Gehrig's disease. In a cavern containing innumerable other personalities frozen in ice,\n\nThe U-Foes is a supervillain team appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, usually as enemies of the Hulk. The group consists of four members: Vector, the group's leader, who can repel matter telekinetically; Vapor, who can transform into any form of gaseous matter; X-Ray, who can generate and project radiation and fly; and Ironclad, who has a metallic body and can control his density. Publication history The U-Foes first appeared in The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #254 (Dec. 1980) and were created by Bill Mantlo and Sal Buscema. Per The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #254's credits, editor Al Milgrom designed the costumes of the U-Foes while editor-in-chief Jim Shooter helped with the names of the U-Foes. As noted on the first page of that issue, the group's name was inspired by the 1979 Graham Parker song \"Waiting for the UFOs\". Fictional team biography Simon Utrecht, a former\n\nQuestion: In comic books who is the alter ego of the Incredible Hulk?", "output": "DR BRUCE BANNER"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Callitrichidae (also called Arctopitheci or Hapalidae) are a family of New World monkeys, including marmosets, tamarins, and lion tamarins. At times, this group of animals has been regarded as a subfamily, called the Callitrichinae, of the family Cebidae. This taxon was traditionally thought to be a primitive lineage, from which all the larger-bodied platyrrhines evolved. However, some works argue that callitrichids are actually a dwarfed lineage. Ancestral stem-callitrichids likely were \"normal-sized\" ceboids that were dwarfed through evolutionary time. This may exemplify a rare example of insular dwarfing in a mainland context, with the \"islands\" being formed by biogeographic barriers during arid climatic periods when forest distribution became patchy, and/or by the extensive river networks in the Amazon Basin. All callitrichids are arboreal. They are the smallest of the simian primates. They eat insects, fruit, and the sap or gum from trees; occasionally, they take small vertebrates. The marmosets rely\n\nCarnivora is an order of placental mammals that have specialized in primarily eating flesh, whose members are formally referred to as carnivorans. The order Carnivora is the fifth largest order of mammals, comprising at least 279 species. Carnivorans live on every major landmass and in a variety of habitats, ranging from the cold polar regions to the hyper-arid region of the Sahara Desert to the open seas. They come in a very large array of different body plans with a wide diversity of shapes and sizes. Carnivora can be divided into two suborders: the Feliformia, containing the true felines and several feline-like forms, and the Caniformia, containing the true canids (such as wolves and dingos) and many somewhat \"dog-like\" forms such as sea lions and bears. The feliforms include families such as the cats, the hyenas, the mongooses and the civets. The majority of feliform species are found in the\n\ncallitrichids are arboreal. They are the smallest of the simian primates. They eat insects, fruit, and the sap or gum from trees; occasionally, they take small vertebrates. The marmosets rely quite heavily on tree exudates, with some species (e.g. Callithrix jacchus and Cebuella pygmaea) considered obligate exudativores. Callitrichids typically live in small, territorial groups of about five or six animals. Their social organization is unique among primates, and is called a \"cooperative polyandrous group\". This communal breeding system involves groups of multiple males and females, but only one female is reproductively active. Females mate with more than one male and each shares the responsibility of carrying the offspring. They are the only primate group that regularly produces twins, which constitute over 80% of births in species that have been studied. Unlike other male primates, male callitrichids generally provide as much parental care as females. Parental duties may include carrying, protecting,\n\nQuestion: A marmoset is what type of animal?", "output": "Monkey"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Dmitri Vladimirovich Nabokov (; May 10, 1934February 22, 2012) was an American opera singer and translator. Born in Berlin, he was the only child of Russian parents: author Vladimir Nabokov and his wife Vera; they emigrated to the United States from France in 1940. He later was naturalized. In his later years, Nabokov translated many of his father's works into other languages, and served as the executor of his father's literary estate. Early life and education Dmitri Nabokov was born on May 10, 1934, in Berlin. He was the only child of Vladimir Nabokov and V\u00e9ra Slonim Nabokov. Due to Nazi Germany's growing political and social repression, and the likelihood that the regime might target the family (his mother was Jewish), the family fled to Paris in 1937. With the Germans advancing into France, they emigrated to New York City by ship in 1940. Subsequently, Nabokov was raised in the\n\nB\u00e9la Viktor J\u00e1nos Bart\u00f3k (; ; 25 March 1881 \u2013 26 September 1945) was a Hungarian composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist. He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century; he and Franz Liszt are regarded as Hungary's greatest composers. Through his collection and analytical study of folk music, he was one of the founders of comparative musicology, which later became known as ethnomusicology. Biography Childhood and early years (1881\u20131898) Bart\u00f3k was born in the Banatian town of Nagyszentmikl\u00f3s in the Kingdom of Hungary (present-day S\u00e2nnicolau Mare, Romania) on 25 March 1881. On his father's side, the Bart\u00f3k family was a Hungarian lower noble family, originating from Borsodszir\u00e1k, Borsod. His paternal grandmother was a Catholic of Bunjevci origin, but considered herself Hungarian. Bart\u00f3k's father (1855\u20131888) was also named B\u00e9la. Bart\u00f3k's mother, Paula (n\u00e9e Voit) (1857\u20131939), also spoke Hungarian fluently. A native of Tur\u00f3cszentm\u00e1rton (present-day Martin, Slovakia), she\n\nGrieg Hall () is a 1,500 seat concert hall located on Edvard Griegs' square in Bergen, Norway. Grieghallen was named in honor of Bergen-born composer Edvard Grieg, who served as music director of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra from 1880 until 1882. It serves as the home of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra. The building was designed in modernist architecture style by the Danish architect Knud Munk. Construction began in 1967 and was finished by May 1978. Events Grieghallen is used each year for a series of concerts, ballet and opera performances. The facility has featured symphonic, choir, jazz and pop music. Grieghallen is also a conference and exhibition center. Grieghallen has hosted seminars and lectures as well as national and international congresses. It hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in 1986, and is the host of the annual Norwegian Brass Band Championship competition, which occurs in mid-winter. The recording studio is also\n\nQuestion: What nationality was the composer Edvard Grieg?", "output": "NORWEGIAN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "men who did the backbreaking work that made this feat possible. The primary villain is an unscrupulous businessman who masquerades as a renegade Cheyenne. It culminates with the scene of driving of the golden spike at Promontory Summit on May 10, 1869. Cast Production Among the extras used in the Central Pacific sequences were several Chinese men playing coolies who worked on the railroad. They were in fact retired Central Pacific Railroad employees who had helped build the first transcontinental railroad through the Sierras, who came out to participate in the filming as a lark. There is a note in the title before this scene that the two original locomotives from the 1869 event are used in the film, although this is false - both engines (Union Pacific No. 119 and Jupiter) were scrapped before 1910. Legacy In December 2011, The Iron Horse was selected for inclusion in the Library\n\nPromontory Summit on May 10, 1869, for the driving of the golden spike, commemorating the completion of the First transcontinental railroad. Despite its historical significance, in 1909 the GVGN, by then controlled by Central Pacific successor Southern Pacific, sold No. 1 for $1000 as scrap. In 2006, Arizona Eastern announced the construction of a new spur from Safford to the new Safford Mine of Freeport-McMoRan Corporation, north of Safford. The mine opened in 2008. In 2008, AZER purchased the Clifton Subdivision from Union Pacific. The Clifton subdivision serves the Morenci Mine near Clifton, Arizona, and interchanges with UP at Lordsburg, New Mexico. In December 2008, weekend excursion service under the name Copper Spike began operating from Globe to the Apache Gold Hotel Casino near San Carlos. Trains operated four daily round-trips through the winter and spring, on Thursdays through Sundays. The Copper Spike excursion train did not resume operation for\n\nThe Golden Rod Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race held annually in late November at Churchill Downs in Louisville, Kentucky. A Grade II event open to two-year-old fillies, it is currently contested on dirt over a distance of miles (8.5 furlongs). The namesake goldenrod is the official flower of the state of Kentucky,. Historical notes The inaugural running of the Golden Rod Stakes took place on October 20, 1910. It was established as a selling race and won by Helen Barbee. Heavy favorite Danger Mark finished sixth in the seven-horse field. It would remain a selling race until 1919 when it became the Golden Rod Handicap. For that year only it was run at one mile (8 furlongs). The Edward R. Bradley filly Busy Signal ran away from 15 competitors and won by 12 lengths. The race remained a handicap event through 1927 when it was placed on hiatus.\n\nQuestion: The golden spike, driven at Promontory Summit, Utah on May 10, 1869, is famous for completing what?", "output": "The Transcontinental Railroad"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Mojanda is an inactive stratovolcano of the Eastern Cordillera of the Andes in northern Ecuador. A summit caldera, which was produced by an explosive Plinian Eruption that marked the end of Mojanda activity 200,000 years ago, is occupied by three crater lakes: Karikucha (the largest), Yanakucha, and Warmikucha. Having received protected status in 2002, they are a popular tourist destination and are about 20 minutes taxi ride from the largely indigenous town of Otavalo. Mojanda is a complex of two volcanoes which were active simultaneously. The volcanic vents are only 3 km apart. The other volcano, which produced at least two Plinian Eruptions of its own, is known as Fuya Fuya. Fuya Fuya partially collapsed around 165,000 years ago, creating a large caldera to the west. A new volcanic cone and other lava domes subsequently extruded inside the caldera, probably during the Late Pleistocene. The high altitude grasslands and shrublands\n\nBlizzard Entertainment, Inc. is an American video game developer and publisher based in Irvine, California. A subsidiary of Activision Blizzard, the company was founded in February 1991 as Silicon & Synapse, Inc. by three graduates of the University of California, Los Angeles: Michael Morhaime, Frank Pearce and Allen Adham. The company originally concentrated on the creation of game ports for other studios' games before beginning development of their own software in 1993, with games like Rock n' Roll Racing and The Lost Vikings. In 1993, the company became Chaos Studios, Inc., and then Blizzard Entertainment soon after being acquired by distributor Davidson & Associates early in the following year. Shortly after, Blizzard released Warcraft: Orcs & Humans. Since then, Blizzard Entertainment has created several Warcraft sequels, including highly influential massively multiplayer online role-playing game World of Warcraft in 2004, as well as three other multi-million selling video game franchises: Diablo,\n\nRockstar Vancouver Inc. (formerly Barking Dog Studios Ltd.) was a Canadian video game developer and a studio of Rockstar Games based in Vancouver. The studio is best known for developing Bully (2006). Six former Radical Entertainment developers\u2014Glenn Barnes, Peter Grant, Michael Gyori, Christopher Mair, Brian Thalken, and Sean Thompson\u2014founded the company as Barking Dog Studios in May 1998. In its early years, Barking Dog briefly assisted Relic Entertainment with Homeworld (1999) before being greenlit to develop an expansion pack, Homeworld: Cataclysm (2000). The studio also developed Counter-Strikes \"Beta 5\" update (1999), Global Operations (2002), and Treasure Planet: Battle at Procyon (2002). Take-Two Interactive acquired Barking Dog in August 2002 and it became part of Rockstar Games as Rockstar Vancouver. The studio then developed Bully and was one of the Rockstar Games studios leading the development of Max Payne 3 (2012). In July 2012, Rockstar Games merged Rockstar Vancouver into Rockstar\n\nQuestion: Developed by Swedish company Mojang, Minecraft is a popular?", "output": "Video game"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The East African mountains are a mountain region in the African Great Lakes, within Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. Location and description The mountains are related to the East African Rift, and are in two chains, the Western Rift includes the Virunga Mountains, Mitumba Mountains, and the Rwenzori Range, while the mountains to the east include the largest peaks in Africa: the snow-covered Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895m, 19,340 ft), and Mount Kenya (5,199m, 17,058 ft). Other mountains in the Eastern Rift area include Mount Elgon in Kenya and Uganda. All but the Ruwenzori are of volcanic origin. The weather at the highest elevations is often cold and wet. Fauna The mountains are rich in wildlife, including animals who migrate to higher altitudes during the hot season in the surrounding savanna. The mountains are home to a number of endemic bird species such as Hinde's babbler\n\nAfrica is a continent comprising 63 political territories, representing the largest of the great southward projections from the main mass of Earth's surface. Within its regular outline, it comprises an area of , excluding adjacent islands. Its highest mountain is Mount Kilimanjaro; its largest lake is Lake Victoria. Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea and from much of Asia by the Red Sea, Africa is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez (which is transected by the Suez Canal), wide. For geopolitical purposes, the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt \u2013 east of the Suez Canal \u2013 is often considered part of Africa. From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia, at 37\u00b021\u2032 N, to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas in South Africa, 34\u00b051\u203215\u2033 S, is a distance approximately of ; from Cap-Vert, 17\u00b031\u203213\u2033W, the westernmost point, to Ras Hafun in the Somali\n\nthe range. It is the highest peak of Southern Africa, and the highest in Africa south of the Kilimanjaro. The high Namahadipiek, the highest mountain in the Free State, is also part of the Maloti Range. The mountains form a continuous upland area of rounded peaks with incised deep valleys on the flanks which drain into the Senqu River. Snow and frost may be found even in summer on the highest peaks. The bioregion is made up of sandstone and shale overlain by basalt. The mountain's rough terrain makes it less accessible to visitors and prevented any significant exploitation of its mineral resources. The topography differs between the two countries. In Lesotho, the mountain range is made up of a continuous landscape of more rounded mountains with deep valleys that drain into Lesotho's Senqu River, known as the Orange River in South Africa. In South Africa, sheer basalt cliffs drop\n\nQuestion: What is the second highest mountain in Africa?", "output": "MOUNT KENYA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 \u2013 September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was the military conflict of the American Revolution in which American Patriot forces under George Washington's command defeated the British, resulting in the Treaty of Paris (1783) recognizing the independence and sovereignty of the United States. Fighting began on April 19, 1775, at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The war was formalized and intensified following passage of the Lee Resolution, which asserted that the Thirteen Colonies were \"free and independent states\", by the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia on July 2, 1776, and the unanimous ratification of the Declaration of Independence two days later, on July 4, 1776. American patriot forces eventually gained the support of the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Spain. The British and Loyalist forces also included Hessian soldiers from Germany. The\n\nA battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force commitment. An engagement with only limited commitment between the forces and without decisive results is sometimes called a skirmish. The word \"battle\" can also be used infrequently to refer to an entire operational campaign, although this usage greatly diverges from its conventional or customary meaning. Generally, the word \"battle\" is used for such campaigns if referring to a protracted combat encounter in which either one or both of the combatants had the same methods, resources, and strategic objectives throughout the encounter. Some prominent examples of this would be the Battle of the Atlantic, Battle of Britain, and Battle of Stalingrad, all in World War II. Wars and military\n\nThe American Civil War (April 12, 1861 \u2013 May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (\"the North\") and the Confederacy (\"the South\"), formed by states that had seceded from the Union. The cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which many believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction. Decades of political controversy over slavery were brought to a head by the victory in the 1860 U.S. presidential election of Abraham Lincoln, who opposed slavery's expansion into the western territories. Seven southern slave states responded to Lincoln's victory by seceding from the United States and forming the Confederacy. The Confederacy seized U.S. forts and other federal assets within their borders. Four more southern\n\nQuestion: Which war was said to be 'The war to end all wars'?", "output": "World War I"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Cleveland Press was a daily American newspaper published in Cleveland, Ohio from November 2, 1878, through June 17, 1982. From 1928 to 1966, the paper's editor was Louis B. Seltzer. Known for many years as one of the country's most influential newspapers for its focus on working class issues, its neighborhood orientation, its promotion of public service, and its editorial involvement in political campaigns at the state and local levels, the paper may best be remembered for its controversial role in the 1954 Sam Sheppard murder case. History The paper was founded by Edward W. Scripps as the Penny Press in 1878. It was the first newspaper in what would become the Scripps-Howard chain. The name that was shortened to the Press in 1884, before finally becoming the Cleveland Press in 1889. By the turn of the century, the Press had become Cleveland's leading daily newspaper, bypassing its main\n\nMichael Bailey, better known as Kabaka Oba (; February 9, 1958April 15, 2006), was an American civil rights activist and public transportation worker who was fatally shot outside City Hall in Cincinnati, Ohio. Founding the Black Fist Kabaka Oba co-founded the \"Black Fist\" for the purposes of opposing police brutality. The group had been previously known as \"The Black Special Forces.\" Activism Kabaka Oba had a radio show on Cincinnati local public radio station WAIF (88.3 FM) from noon - 1 p.m. on Tuesdays. Oba, a bus driver for Southwest Ohio Regional Transit Authority, frequently addressed Cincinnati City Council with language and conduct that once caused him to be banned from addressing City Council for 60 days. Shooting and death Kabaka Oba was shot at approximately 2:55 p.m. April 12, 2006, across from Cincinnati City Hall near 810 Plum Street after addressing Cincinnati City Council. He was shot while sitting\n\nThe Children's Crusade, or Children's March, was a march by over 5,000 school students in Birmingham, Alabama on May 2\u201310, 1963. Initiated and organized by Rev. James Bevel, the purpose of the march was to walk downtown to talk to the mayor about segregation in their city. Many children left their schools and were arrested, set free, and then arrested again the next day. The marches were stopped by the head of police, Bull Connor, who brought fire hoses to ward off the children and set police dogs after the children. This event compelled President John F. Kennedy to publicly support federal civil rights legislation and eventually led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Malcolm X and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. were both opposed to the event because they thought it would expose the children to violence. Background Although the Civil Rights Movement had been\n\nQuestion: Which human rights activist delivered a speech in Cleveland, Ohio in April 1964 entitled \u2018The Ballot or the Bullet\u2019?", "output": "Malcolm X"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Henri Konow (7 February 1862 \u2013 18 January 1939) was a Danish naval officer, vice-admiral, and the last governor of the Danish West Indies, overseeing the transfer of administration to the United States of America following the Treaty of the Danish West Indies in 1916 under which the Kingdom of Denmark sold the islands now named the US Virgin Islands to the United States in exchange for US$25,000,000 in gold. Early life Henri Konow was born on 7 February 1862 in Copenhagen, Denmark, the son of the diplomat and ship-owner Hans Jacob Hesselberg Konow and Ida Marie West. Career Konow started his naval career in 1879 as a cadet in the Danish Navy, advancing to the rank of second lieutenant after 4 years on 30 August 1883. He continued ascending through the naval ranks until becoming a vice-admiral in 1923, four years before his retirement. Furthermore, he was made a\n\nDanish West Indies. Governor-generals of the Danish West Indies The Danish West Indies were sold by Denmark to the United States on December 12, 1916. The administration was officially turned over on March 31, 1917, and the first US governor was Navy Captain Edwin Taylor Pollock. For governors of the territory after the establishment of the US administration, see List of governors of the United States Virgin Islands. See also History of the United States Virgin Islands Danish colonization of the Americas 1868 Danish West Indies status referendum 1916 Danish West Indies status referendum 1916 Danish West Indian Islands sale referendum Treaty of the Danish West Indies Transfer Day Notes References Bibliography Waldemar Westergaard, The Danish West Indies under Company Rule (1671 \u2013 1754) (MacMillan, New York, 1917) World Statesmen. Retrieved April 6, 2006 Danish West Indies Lists of office-holders in Denmark Danish West Indies\n\nThis article lists the governors of the Danish West Indies () or Danish Antilles or Danish Virgin Islands, a Danish colony in the Caribbean encompassing the territory of the present-day United States Virgin Islands. Governors of St. Thomas St. Thomas was claimed by Denmark\u2013Norway in 1665. Governors of St. Thomas and St. John St. John (St. Jan) was claimed by Danish West India Company in 1683, which was disputed by the British until 1718. Governors of St. Croix St. Croix was bought from French West India Company in 1733. In 1754, the Danish West Indies were sold by Danish West India Company to King Frederick V, becoming royal Danish-Norwegian colonies. Hereafter, St. Croix was governed by the Governors-General of the Danish West Indies. Governor-generals of the Danish West Indies The Danish West Indies were sold by Denmark to the United States on December 12, 1916. The administration was officially turned\n\nQuestion: In 1916 the USA purchased the Virgin Islands from which country?", "output": "Denmark"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Sliver by the River is a nickname for the area of New Orleans, Louisiana, closest to the Mississippi River, which escaped major flooding after Hurricane Katrina hit the city on August 29, 2005. It exists on higher ground, the natural levee built up by centuries of flooding before there was human settlement. It generally corresponds to the mid-19th-century Crescent City nickname for the city. After people returned to New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina, many settled in this area. In this area are many businesses and historic homes which survived the hurricane. This area also saw more redevelopment following the hurricane, while other (usually poorer) areas saw little investment. The Sliver by the River included parts or all of the Bywater, Faubourg Marigny, French Quarter, Warehouse District, Garden District, Uptown, and Carrollton neighborhoods of New Orleans. References Geography of New Orleans\n\nA New England hurricane is a tropical cyclone originating in the Atlantic Ocean that affects the states of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, or Maine in the United States. Due to geography and climatology, the vast majority of tropical cyclone strikes to the New England region occur in Connecticut, Rhode Island, and eastern Massachusetts. Since record keeping began for Atlantic tropical cyclones in 1851, there have been approximately 30 tropical cyclones to directly strike New England. Due to the location of New England, most tropical cyclones that threaten the region tend to recurve out to sea, mainly due to upper-level steering patterns, such as the jet stream. Tropical cyclones also tend to weaken upon approach due to the cooler waters above 40 latitude (near southeastern New England). Thus, tropical cyclone formation near New England and over the Gulf of Maine is very unfavorable. However, tropical cyclones moving up\n\narea began after World War II, with the predominant housing style being bungalows. New Orleans became a majority-African American city around 1980, and by the 1990s, Lakeview was one of the only almost entirely white neighborhoods remaining in New Orleans. Originally, Lakeview was mostly middle class, but it became more economically upscale in the last couple decades of the 20th century. By the late 20th century, many larger newly constructed homes had replaced older, more modest homes in much of Lakeview. Hurricane Katrina Hurricane Katrina hit southeast Louisiana on August 29, 2005. As the waters of Lake Pontchartrain rose with the storm, a section of levee floodwall along the 17th Street Canal near its mouth with the lake collapsed catastrophically. This was one of the most significant levee failures which occurred in the wake of Katrina's landfall and put the majority of the city underwater. Floodwaters from the floodwall breach\n\nQuestion: What hurricane struck New Orleans in 2005?", "output": "Hurricane Katrina"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Battle of Gloucester was a skirmish fought between November 25, 1777 and the early morning of November 26, 1777, during the Philadelphia campaign of the American Revolutionary War. It was the first battlefield command for the Marquis de Lafayette. Background In mid-1777, British General William Howe embarked on a plan to regain control of Britain's rebellious Thirteen Colonies by capturing Philadelphia, the city where the Continental Congress met. He successfully captured the city in September 1777, and then, after consolidating his command of the city by repulsing an attack from General George Washington's Continental Army at Germantown in October, sought to gain control of the Delaware River as far north as the city, on which his army depended for supplies. After a Hessian assault on Fort Mercer, one of the principal defenses on the New Jersey side of the river, was repulsed in the Battle of Red Bank, Howe\n\nThe Philadelphia campaign (1777\u20131778) was a British effort in the American Revolutionary War to gain control of Philadelphia, the Revolutionary-era capital where the Second Continental Congress convened and signed the Declaration of Independence, which formalized and escalated the war. As part of the Philadelphia campaign, British General William Howe, after failing to draw the Continental Army under General George Washington into a battle in North Jersey, embarked his army on transports, and landed them at the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay. From there, he advanced northward toward Philadelphia. Washington prepared defenses against Howe's movements at Brandywine Creek, but was flanked and beaten back in the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777. After further skirmishes and maneuvers, Howe entered and occupied Philadelphia. Washington then unsuccessfully attacked one of Howe's garrisons at Germantown before retreating to Valley Forge for the winter. Howe's campaign was controversial because, while he succeeded in\n\nThe American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 \u2013 September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was the military conflict of the American Revolution in which American Patriot forces under George Washington's command defeated the British, resulting in the Treaty of Paris (1783) recognizing the independence and sovereignty of the United States. Fighting began on April 19, 1775, at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The war was formalized and intensified following passage of the Lee Resolution, which asserted that the Thirteen Colonies were \"free and independent states\", by the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia on July 2, 1776, and the unanimous ratification of the Declaration of Independence two days later, on July 4, 1776. American patriot forces eventually gained the support of the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Spain. The British and Loyalist forces also included Hessian soldiers from Germany. The\n\nQuestion: Immortalized in an 1851 painting by Emmanuel Gottlieb Leutze, which river did George Washington cross on Christmas night in 1776 before attacking the Hessian forces during the Battle of Trenton?", "output": "The Delaware"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The concept of Seven Archangels is found in some works of early Jewish literature and in Christianity. In those texts, they are referenced as the angels who serve God directly. The Catholic Church venerates seven archangels: in the Latin Christianity three are invoked by name (Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael) while the Eastern Catholic Churches name seven. Lutheranism and Anglicanism's traditions generally recognize three to five archangels: Michael and Gabriel, as well as Raphael, Uriel and Jerahmeel. In parts of Oriental Orthodox Christianity and Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Eight Archangels may be honoured, including Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, Uriel, as well as Salathiel, Jegudiel, Barachiel and Jeremiel (in the Coptic tradition the latter four are named as Surael, Sakakael, Sarathael and Ananael). The Eight Archangels are commemorated on the Feast of the Archangels. Bible The term archangel itself is not found in the Hebrew Bible or the Christian Old Testament, and in the\n\nhim.\" () The other two angels mentioned by name in the Bibles used by Catholics and Protestants are the archangel Michael and the angel Gabriel; Uriel is named in 2 Esdras (4:1 and 5:20) and Jerahmeel is named in 2 Esdras 4:36, a book that is regarded as canonical by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, the Georgian and Russian Orthodox Churches, and falls within the Apocrypha section of the Protestant Bible used by Lutherans and Anglicans. The names of other archangels come from tradition. tells about \"seven rejoices\" that are \"the eyes of the Lord, Which scan to and from throughout the whole earth.\" Revelation 8 () mentions seven angels () who \"stand before God, and to them were given seven trumpets.\" Similarly, Revelation 16 () indicates: \"and I heard a loud voice from the temple saying to the seven angels (): Go and pour out the seven bowls of the\n\nEight Archangels are commemorated on the Feast of the Archangels. Bible The term archangel itself is not found in the Hebrew Bible or the Christian Old Testament, and in the Greek New Testament the term archangel only occurs in 1 Thessalonians 4 () and the Epistle of Jude (), where it is used of Michael, who in Daniel 10 () is called 'one of the chief princes,' and 'the great prince'. In the Septuagint, this is rendered \"the great angel.\" The idea of seven archangels is most explicitly stated in the deuterocanonical/apocryphal Book of Tobit when Raphael reveals himself, declaring: \"I am Raphael, one of the seven angels who stand in the glorious presence of the Lord, ready to serve him.\" () The other two angels mentioned by name in the Bibles used by Catholics and Protestants are the archangel Michael and the angel Gabriel; Uriel is named in 2\n\nQuestion: In the bible what name is given to the following Michael, Raphael, Uriel, Selaphiel, Jegudiel and Barachiel known as?", "output": "ARCHANGELS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the first public square, The Grand Plaza, established in the early 19th century in the Mexican community of Yerba Buena. The site was first used as a public gathering site in 1833; it was set aside as an official plaza in 1835. Jean Jacques Vioget was commissioned to survey the settlement in 1839, and Vioget imposed a grid of streets centered on the plaza overlooking the cove. In 1844, a custom house was built at the northwest corner of the plaza by the Mexican government. During the Mexican\u2013American War, Captain John Berrien Montgomery of the was ordered to seize Yerba Buena. On July 9, 1846, Montgomery and a party of 17 men landed and raised the first American flag near the Mexican adobe custom house. The plaza would be named Portsmouth Square in honor of the ship later that year, and the settlement's name was changed to San Francisco in\n\nPortsmouth Square (), formerly known as Portsmouth Plaza, and originally known as Plaza de Yerba Buena, or simply La Plaza, is a one-block plaza () in Chinatown, San Francisco, California. Portsmouth Square is the first park in San Francisco, predating both Washington Square (1847) and Union Square (1850). Established in the early 19th century, during the period of Mexican California, the plaza was renamed following the U.S. Conquest of California in honor of the USS Portsmouth, the American ship which captured the city. It is bounded by Kearny Street on the east, Washington Street on the north, Clay Street on the south, and Walter Lum Place on the west. History Early history Portsmouth Square is located on the site of the first public square, The Grand Plaza, established in the early 19th century in the Mexican community of Yerba Buena. The site was first used as a public gathering site\n\nA traquero is a railroad track worker, or \"section hand\", especially a Mexican or Mexican American railroad track worker (\"gandy dancer\" in American English usage). The word derives from \"traque\", Spanglish for \"track\". Background While the U.S. railroad track force in the Southwest and Midwest had always included some Mexican and Mexican American workers, their numbers were greatly increased following the exclusion of the Chinese and the recruitment and training of Mexican rail workers in Mexico as part of the construction of railroads in Mexico, financed largely by U.S. railroad companies, in particular, the Santa Fe, the Denver & Rio Grande Western and the Southern Pacific. The peak of traquero employment programs took place between 1880 and 1915, right before the Mexican Revolution and federal restrictions placed on Mexican immigration by the 1930s. The Pacific Electric interurban system in the Los Angeles area was constructed and maintained by a workforce\n\nQuestion: Yerba Buena, was the original Spanish name of which Major American City?", "output": "SAN FRANCISCO"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Barry Lyndon is a 1975 historical drama film written, directed, and produced by Stanley Kubrick, based on the 1844 novel The Luck of Barry Lyndon by William Makepeace Thackeray. Starring Ryan O'Neal, Marisa Berenson, Patrick Magee, Leonard Rossiter, and Hardy Kr\u00fcger, the film recounts the early exploits and later unravelling of an 18th-century Anglo-Irish rogue and golddigger who marries a rich widow to climb the social ladder and assume her late husband's aristocratic position. Kubrick began production on Barry Lyndon after his 1971 film A Clockwork Orange. He had originally intended to direct a biopic on Napoleon, but lost his financing because of the commercial failure of the similar 1970 Dino De Laurentiis-produced Waterloo. Kubrick eventually directed Barry Lyndon, set partially during the Seven Years' War, utilising his research from the Napoleon project. Filming began in December 1973 and lasted roughly eight months, taking place in England, Ireland, and Germany.\n\npassed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which was signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The bombing is marked in history as a critical and pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement. The film covered the events in Birmingham, Alabama, in 1963 related to civil rights demonstrations and the movement to end racial discrimination in local stores and facilities. In 1963, Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.arrived in the town to help with their strategy and to speak at the funeral of the four young girls. People of the community met at the 16th Street Baptist Church while organizing their events. The demonstrations were covered by national media, and the use by police of police dogs and pressured water from hoses on young people shocked the nation. The large number of demonstrators who were arrested resulted in local jails filling capacity. The film ends with the trial and conviction in\n\nJames Luther Bevel (October 19, 1936 \u2013 December 19, 2008) was a minister and leader of the 1960s Civil Rights Movement in the United States. As a member of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and then as its Director of Direct Action and Nonviolent Education, Bevel initiated, strategized, and developed SCLC's three major successes of the era: the 1963 Birmingham Children's Crusade, the 1965 Selma voting rights movement, and the 1966 Chicago open housing movement. He suggested that SCLC call for and join a March on Washington in 1963. Bevel strategized the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches, which contributed to Congressional passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act. Prior to his time with SCLC, Bevel worked in the Nashville Student Movement, which conducted the 1960 Nashville Lunch-Counter Sit-Ins, the 1961 Open Theater Movement, and recruited students to continue the 1961 Freedom Rides after they were attacked. He helped with\n\nQuestion: Which film that won Oscars in April 2015, told the story of Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement in 1965?", "output": "SELMA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the toughest provinces to compete in. Ulster teams have gained considerable dominance on the All-Ireland scene, having won three All-Irelands from four in the early 2000s, including in 2003 when for the first time ever, the All-Ireland football final was competed for by two teams from one province. The Ulster football final is normally played on the third Sunday in July, usually at St Tiernach's Park in Clones. From 2004 until 2006, it was staged at Croke Park in Dublin. The 2007 final\u2014contested by Monaghan and Tyrone\u2014marked a return to Clones, with Tyrone emerging victorious. The Athletic Grounds in Armagh hosted the 2020 final, as the fixture was played behind closed doors due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games. The final was last played in Belfast in 1971. In the 2000s, Armagh were a dominant force in Ulster, winning six titles in eight years between 1999\n\nand the All Saints College are located on the upper Glen Road. Sport Casement Park, the main Gaelic Athletic Association stadium for Antrim GAA, is in Andersonstown. Donegal Celtic F.C., an association football club, play their home games at Donegal Celtic Park on Suffolk Road on the outskirts of Andersontown. In 1990, an Irish Cup game between Donegal Celtic and Linfield F.C., a club with a mainly Protestant following, was moved away from the area on the orders of police due to fears that violence would break out. The game was played at Windsor Park, but despite the move a riot broke out anyway. On the Glen Road, the path that leads into the mountains known as Glen Road Heights is home to both Sport & Leisure Swifts F.C. and St. Teresa's GAC, with the two clubs grounds being almost adjacent to one another. Culture and media The local newspaper,\n\ndugouts have been refurnished. The ground bar has full sports coverage, including Setanta for Live GAA. In 2016, the stadium was closed while a new stand was built, at a cost of \u00a34.17m. On May 28, 2017, the stadium was reopened, with the name changed from Emerald GAA Grounds to McGovern Park. It is named after local businessman Tony McGovern, who helped fund the redevelopment. London GAA The Pitch is the home ground of the London hurling team, hosting the Christy Ring Cup, and the NHL. The grounds is also the home of the London Football Team, and their Allianz NFL matches are held there. The female teams play in the Brendan Martin Cup (the ladies senior football cup), and the O'Duffy Cup (camogie). Railway Cup Final 2009 Final Score: Munster 1-08 ---- 0\u201315 Ulster On the 125th anniversary of the GAA, it was decided that the Railway Cup final\n\nQuestion: At which ground are the All Ireland Gaelic Football finals held", "output": "Croke Park in Dublin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"The Sopranos\", also known as \"Pilot\", is the first episode of the HBO television drama series, The Sopranos, which premiered on January 10, 1999. It was written and directed by the series creator and executive producer David Chase. Synopsis In the summer of 1998, New Jersey mobster Tony Soprano, a capo in the DiMeo crime family, is referred to a psychiatrist, Dr. Jennifer Melfi, after having a panic attack. Tony tells Melfi he is a waste management consultant, but she knows who he actually is. After Melfi establishes what will and will not fall under doctor-patient confidentiality, Tony begins to partly open up. Tony has recently been dealing with tensions between his wife Carmela and teenage daughter Meadow, as well as trying to keep his nephew, Christopher Moltisanti, in check. Tony's uncle, Corrado \"Junior\" Soprano, resents Tony for rising in the family hierarchy while he himself is in decline. Tony\n\n\"Two Tonys\" is the 53rd episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos and the first of the show's fifth season. Written by David Chase and Terence Winter, it was directed by Tim Van Patten and originally aired on March 7, 2004. Starring James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano Lorraine Bracco as Dr. Jennifer Melfi Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano Michael Imperioli as Christopher Moltisanti Dominic Chianese as Corrado Soprano, Jr. Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante Tony Sirico as Paulie Gualtieri Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano, Jr. Jamie-Lynn DiScala as Meadow Soprano Drea de Matteo as Adriana La Cerva Aida Turturro as Janice Soprano Baccalieri Steven R. Schirripa as Bobby Baccalieri Vincent Curatola as Johnny Sack Steve Buscemi as Tony Blundetto** ** = photo only Guest starring ** = photo only Synopsis Janice and Bobby Baccalieri are now married. A year after his separation, Tony is living in his mother's\n\n(Miss USA, of Massachusetts). She gave up her title to Shelley Hennig of Louisiana in Palm Springs on August 6, 2004. Miss California USA 2009 In the summer of 2008, she won the title of Miss Malibu USA 2009 and competed at the 2009 Miss California USA Pageant where she finished as first runner up to the winner Carrie Prejean. On June 10, 2009, she became Miss California USA 2009 after Prejean was sacked by Donald Trump. Prejean had created controversy by saying marriage should be reserved for a man and a woman during the interview portion of the Miss USA 2009 pageant. When asked about the controversy in 2009, Farrell, who is a Christian, stated that she believes that marriage is between a man and a woman but added \"I don't think that I have the right or anybody has a right to tell somebody who they can or\n\nQuestion: In the US television show \u2018The Sopranos\u2019, what did Janice Soprano change her name to after joining an ashram in Los Angeles?", "output": "Parvati Wasatch"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Taj Mahal is a German-style board game for 3\u20135 players designed by Reiner Knizia and first published in 2000 by Alea in German. Rules Basics During 12 rounds, players bid with cards on up to six different prizes each turn. Those prizes earn points in themselves, but players can also get points for connecting provinces on the map. After the twelfth round, the player with the highest point total wins the game. Auctions During the auction phase of the game, players take turns playing cards from their hands to increase the amount of their bid. A player may choose to withdraw instead of increasing their bid, in which case they immediately collect any awards they have earned for that round, and are removed from the auction. The round ends after all players have withdrawn from the auction. References External links Deutscher Spiele Preis winners Auction board games Reiner Knizia games\n\nBoard games are tabletop games that typically use . These pieces are moved or placed on a pre-marked board (playing surface) and often include elements of table, card, role-playing, and miniatures games as well. Many board games feature a competition between two or more players. To show a few examples: in checkers (British English name 'draughts'), a player wins by capturing all opposing pieces, while Eurogames often end with a calculation of final scores. Pandemic is a cooperative game where players all win or lose as a team, and peg solitaire is a puzzle for one person. There are many varieties of board games. Their representation of real-life situations can range from having no inherent theme, such as checkers, to having a specific theme and narrative, such as Cluedo. Rules can range from the very simple, such as in snakes and ladders; to deeply complex, as in Advanced Squad Leader.\n\nsometimes on the second, sometimes on the third, and sometimes not until the fourth move.\" Notable games Gedeon Barcza vs. Harry Golombek, Sweden izt (18) 1952, Queen's Indian Defense: Spassky System (E14), . Gedeon Barcza vs. Lodewijk Prins, Sweden izt (14) 1952, Zukertort Opening: Queen Pawn Defense (A06), . Gedeon Barcza vs. Robert James Fischer, Zurich 1959, Formation: King's Indian Attack (A07), \u00bd\u2013\u00bd. See also King's Indian Attack References External links 1911 births 1986 deaths Burials at Kerepesi Cemetery People from Kis\u00fajsz\u00e1ll\u00e1s Hungarian chess players Chess grandmasters Chess Olympiad competitors 20th-century chess players\n\nQuestion: Zugzwang, Skewer, Royal Fork and Indian Defence are all terms associated with which board game?", "output": "Chess"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A chemical element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances. The basic particle that constitutes a chemical element is the atom, and each chemical element is distinguished by the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms, known as its atomic number. For example, oxygen has an atomic number of 8, meaning that each oxygen atom has 8 protons in its nucleus. This is in contrast to chemical compounds and mixtures, which contain atoms with more than one atomic number. Almost all of the baryonic matter of the universe is composed of chemical elements (among rare exceptions are neutron stars). When different elements undergo chemical reactions, atoms are rearranged into new compounds held together by chemical bonds. Only a minority of elements, such as silver and gold, are found uncombined as relatively pure native element minerals. Nearly all other naturally occurring elements occur in\n\nAluminium (aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals; about one-third that of steel. It has a great affinity towards oxygen, forming a protective layer of oxide on the surface when exposed to air. Aluminium visually resembles silver, both in its color and in its great ability to reflect light. It is soft, nonmagnetic and ductile. It has one stable isotope: 27Al, which is highly abundant, making aluminium the twelfth-most common element in the universe. The radioactivity of 26Al is used in radiometric dating. Chemically, aluminium is a post-transition metal in the boron group; as is common for the group, aluminium forms compounds primarily in the +3 oxidation state. The aluminium cation Al3+ is small and highly charged; as such, it has more polarizing power, and bonds formed by aluminium\n\nThe atomic number or nuclear charge number (symbol Z) of a chemical element is the charge number of an atomic nucleus. For ordinary nuclei composed of protons and neutrons, this is equal to the proton number (np) or the number of protons found in the nucleus of every atom of that element. The atomic number can be used to uniquely identify ordinary chemical elements. In an ordinary uncharged atom, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons. For an ordinary atom which contains protons, neutrons and electrons, the sum of the atomic number Z and the neutron number N gives the atom's atomic mass number A. Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass (and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes) and the mass defect of the nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass, the atomic mass of any\n\nQuestion: Which element has the symbol Ag?", "output": "Silver"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Product The SodaStream Sparkling Water Maker is a device that forces carbon dioxide (CO2) gas (stored under pressure in a cylinder) into water, making it sparkling (fizzy). The product includes a machine, a carbon dioxide cylinder, and one or more reusable beverage bottles. The bottle, filled with water, is inserted into the machine, and with a button push or two, compressed CO2 from the cylinder is injected, creating carbonated water. Varieties of concentrated syrups are available, to create regular or diet soft drinks by adding a small amount of concentrate to the bottle after carbonation. Different flavours are created by adding fruit-flavoured concentrates. During its heyday, several famous brands were available in SodaStream concentrate form including Tizer, Fanta, Sunkist and Irn-Bru. SodaStream and Kraft Foods entered into a partnership in January 2012 involving the use of the Crystal Light and Country Time brand flavours with the SodaStream home carbonation system.\n\nWater gas is a kind of fuel gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. It is produced by \"alternately hot blowing a fuel layer [coke] with air and gasifying it with steam\". The caloric yield of this is about 10% of a modern syngas plant. Further making this technology unattractive, its precursor coke is expensive, whereas syngas uses cheaper precursor, mainly methane from natural gas. Production Synthesis gas is made by passing steam over a red-hot carbon fuel such as coke: (\u0394H = +131 kJ/mol) The reaction is endothermic, so the fuel must be continually re-heated to maintain the reaction. To do this, an air stream, which alternates with the vapor stream, is introduced to combust some of the carbon: (\u0394H = -393 kJ/mol) Theoretically, to make 6 L of water gas, 5 L of air is required. Alternatively, to prevent contamination with nitrogen, energy can be provided by\n\nSodaStream International Ltd. () is an Israel-based manufacturing company best-known as the maker of the consumer home carbonation product of the same name. The company's soda machines, in the style of soda siphons, add carbon dioxide to water from a pressurized cylinder to create carbonated water for drinking. It also sells more than 100 types of concentrated syrups and flavourings that are used in the process of making carbonated drinks. In 2018, SodaStream distributed its products to 80,000 individual retail stores across 45 countries. The company was founded in 1903 in England. After it merged with Soda-Club in 1998, it was relaunched with an emphasis on healthier drinks, and went public on the Nasdaq stock exchange in November 2010. SodaStream is headquartered in Kfar Saba, Israel, and has 13 production plants. In August 2018, the company was acquired by PepsiCo for US$3.2 billion. PepsiCo was attracted to the company due\n\nQuestion: What gas is used to make carbonated soft drinks and soda water?", "output": "Carbon dioxide"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the population. Language At the time of the 2017 census, 97.24% of the population spoke Punjabi and 1.66% Urdu as their first language. Religion Notable people Dev Anand, Bollywood actor, director & producer Muhammad Tariq Anis : Ex MPA and MNA Daniyal Aziz, State Minister of Broadcasting Shiv Kumar Batalvi, Punjabi poet Anwar Aziz Chaudhry, politician Ijaz Ahmed Chaudhry, justice Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Pakistani revolutionary poet. Abrar-ul-Haq, singer-songwriter, philanthropist, politician Syed Saeed ul Hassan, Minister of Punjab for Auqaf and Religious Affairs Adnan Ilyas, cricketer Ahsan Iqbal, Interior Minister of Pakistan Chaudhry Muhammad Sarwar Khan, longest serving Parliamentarian in the history of Pakistan. Rajendra Kumar, film actor, director, producer, recipient of Padma Shri (1969) Naseer Ahmad Malhi, one of the founding fathers of Pakistan and the first education minister of Pakistan Chaudhry Abdul Rahim, politician Des Raj, cricket umpire Afzal Ahsan Randhawa, writer Gurbachan Singh Salaria, Indian Army Officer Kidar\n\nabout %. The percentage of the district's population who declared Urdu as their language at the 1998 census was %; this includes these Haryanvi speakers as well as other, smaller, groups of Muhajirs such as the Mughal. Additionally, the nomadic Od people are speakers of the Od language, while Pashto (0.2%) is spoken by Pashtuns. References Districts of Punjab, Pakistan\n\nBrahui ( ; ; also known as Brahvi or Brohi) is a Dravidian language spoken by some of the Brahui people. The language is spoken primarily in the central part of the Balochistan Province of Pakistan, with smaller communities of speakers scattered in parts of Iranian Baluchestan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan (around Merv) and by expatriate Brahui communities in Iraq, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. It is isolated from the nearest Dravidian-speaking neighbouring population of South India by a distance of more than . The Kalat, Khuzdar, Mastung, Quetta, Bolan, Nasirabad, Nushki, and Kharan districts of Balochistan Province are predominantly Brahui-speaking. Distribution Brahui is spoken in the central part of Pakistani Balochistan, mainly in Kalat, Khuzdar and Mastung districts, but also in smaller numbers in neighboring districts, as well as in Afghanistan which borders Pakistani Balochistan; however, many members of the ethnic group no longer speak Brahui. There are also\n\nQuestion: What is the language most commonly spoken in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan?", "output": "Urdu"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 \u2013 9 June 1870) was an English novelist and social critic who created some of the world's best-known fictional characters, and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime and, by the 20th century, critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories are widely read today. Born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school at the age of 12 to work in a boot-blacking factory when his father John was incarcerated in a debtors' prison. After three years he returned to school, before he began his literary career as a journalist. Dickens edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15 novels, five novellas, hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles, lectured and performed readings extensively, was an indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned vigorously for\n\nSir Clement Higham, or Heigham, (pre-1495 \u2013 9 March 1571) of Barrow, Suffolk, was an English lawyer and politician, a Speaker of the House of Commons in 1554, and Chief Baron of the Exchequer in 1558\u20131559. A loyal Roman Catholic, he held various offices and commissions under Queen Mary, and was knighted in 1555 by King Philip, but withdrew from politics after the succession of Queen Elizabeth I in 1558. Background and early career Clement Heigham was the son and heir of Clement Heigham of Lavenham, Suffolk, the fourth son of Thomas Heigham of Heigham (died 1492). His mother was Matilda (Maud), daughter of Lawrence Cooke of Lavenham. His exact birth date is not known, but (if we follow Metcalfe's edition) he was the first of five sons, also Thomas, John, William and Edmond. His father died on 29 August 1500, and was buried under a marble slab in the\n\nBenjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, (21 December 1804 \u2013 19 April 1881) was a British statesman, Conservative politician and writer who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies and its broad outreach. Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs, his political battles with the Liberal Party leader William Ewart Gladstone, and his one-nation conservatism or \"Tory democracy\". He made the Conservatives the party most identified with the British Empire and military action to expand it, both of which were popular among British voters. He is the only British prime minister to have been born Jewish. He was also a novelist, publishing works of fiction even as prime minister. Disraeli was born in Bloomsbury, then a part of Middlesex. His father left Judaism after a dispute at his synagogue;\n\nQuestion: Which English author who died in 1870 had the middle names John Huffam?", "output": "CHARLES DICKENS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Sound of the Underground\" is the debut single of British-Irish pop group Girls Aloud, later featured on their debut album of the same name. The song was written by Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins, and Niara Scarlett, and produced by Higgins and his production team Xenomania. Following Girls Aloud's formation on the ITV1 reality television show Popstars: The Rivals, \"Sound of the Underground\" was released 16 days later, on 16 December 2002. Commercially, the song was an immediate success. It became the year's Christmas number one in the UK, spending four consecutive weeks atop of the charts in total. The song also reached number one in Ireland and peaked within the top forty in Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland. The music video was recorded in an empty London warehouse days after Girls Aloud were formed. The song has been performed by Girls Aloud in a number of live appearances\n\nLouise Griffiths (born 31 July 1978) is an English singer, songwriter, model and actress. Early life Griffiths was born in Hertfordshire, England. She is the daughter of a London taxicab driver. She plays the saxophone, and was a contestant in the BBC television series Fame Academy in 2003. Career Music Griffiths was a member of an unsuccessful all-female band Orchid, who originally recorded the song \"Sound of the Underground\" in 2001. However their version was never released, and the song became a hit only when it was subsequently re-recorded and released by Louis Walsh's pop group Girls Aloud. In 2003, Griffiths was one of the first of four students chosen by the public to appear on the second series of the BBC TV show Fame Academy when it was revealed in the press that she was the girlfriend of Formula One driver Jenson Button. Despite complaints that she was with\n\n\"No Good Advice\" is a song by British-Irish girl group Girls Aloud, taken from their debut album, Sound of the Underground (2003). The song was written by Aqua's Lene Nystr\u00f8m Rasted, Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins and his production team Xenomania, and produced by Higgins and Xenomania. The song has themes of rebellion, reflecting Higgins' general mood of failure after a business partnership fell through. Following the overwhelming success of Girls Aloud's debut single, \"Sound of the Underground\", the group waited five months until May 2003 before releasing the follow-up. \"No Good Advice\" cemented their success when it peaked at number two in Ireland and on the UK Singles Chart. \"No Good Advice\" performed moderately elsewhere, reaching the top 40 in the Netherlands, the top 50 in Belgium, and number 88 in Australia. The music video features Girls Aloud dressed in futuristic silver outfits and hologram effects. \"No Good Advice\" was\n\nQuestion: Which all-girl group had a hit with 'Sound Of The Underground' in 2003?", "output": "'GIRLS ALOUD'"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Antares is the brightest star in the constellation of Scorpius. It has the Bayer designation \u03b1 Scorpii, which is Latinised to Alpha Scorpii. Often referred to as \"the heart of the scorpion\", Antares is flanked by \u03c3 Scorpii and \u03c4 Scorpii near the center of the constellation. Distinctly reddish when viewed with the naked eye, Antares is a slow irregular variable star that ranges in brightness from an apparent visual magnitude of +0.6 down to +1.6. It is on average the fifteenth-brightest star in the night sky. Antares is the brightest and most evolved stellar member of the Scorpius\u2013Centaurus association, the nearest OB association to the Sun It is located about from Earth at the rim of the Upper Scorpius subgroup, and is illuminating the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex in its foreground. Classified as spectral type M1.5Iab-Ib, Antares is a red supergiant, a large evolved massive star and one of\n\nAntlia (; from Ancient Greek \u1f00\u03bd\u03c4\u03bb\u03af\u03b1) is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere. Its name means \"pump\" in Latin and Greek; it represents an air pump. Originally Antlia Pneumatica, the constellation was established by Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille in the 18th century. Its non-specific (single-word) name, already in limited use, was preferred by John Herschel then welcomed by the astronomic community which officially accepted this. North of stars forming some of the sails of the ship Argo Navis (the constellation Vela), Antlia is completely visible from latitudes south of 49 degrees north. Antlia is a faint constellation; its brightest star is Alpha Antliae, an orange giant that is a suspected variable star, ranging between apparent magnitudes 4.22 and 4.29. S Antliae is an eclipsing binary star system, changing in brightness as one star passes in front of the other. Sharing a common envelope, the stars are so close they will\n\nAntliae is an eclipsing binary star system, changing in brightness as one star passes in front of the other. Sharing a common envelope, the stars are so close they will one day merge to form a single star. Two star systems with known exoplanets, HD 93083 and WASP-66, lie within Antlia, as do NGC 2997, a spiral galaxy, and the Antlia Dwarf Galaxy. History The French astronomer Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille first described the constellation in French as la Machine Pneumatique (the Pneumatic Machine) in 1751\u201352, commemorating the air pump invented by the French physicist Denis Papin. De Lacaille had observed and catalogued almost 10,000 southern stars during a two-year stay at the Cape of Good Hope, devising fourteen new constellations in uncharted regions of the Southern Celestial Hemisphere not visible from Europe. He named all but one in honour of instruments that symbolised the Age of Enlightenment. Lacaille depicted Antlia\n\nQuestion: Antares is the brightest star in which zodiacal constellation?", "output": "Scorpio"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a 1910 American silent fantasy film and the earliest surviving film version of L. Frank Baum's 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, made by the Selig Polyscope Company without Baum's direct input. It was created to fulfill a contractual obligation associated with Baum's personal bankruptcy caused by The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, from which it was once thought to have been derived. It was partly based on the 1902 stage musical The Wizard of Oz, though much of the film deals with the Wicked Witch of the West, who does not appear in the musical. Plot Dorothy Gale (Bebe Daniels) and Imogene the Cow are chased by Hank the Mule. Dorothy runs to the cornfield and discovers that the family Scarecrow (Robert Leonard) is alive. They realize a cyclone is approaching, so they all hide in a haystack. Dorothy and Toto, Hank, Imogene, and\n\nSurrender Dorothy is the third album by Alana Davis. It was released in 2005 on Davis's own label, Tigress Records. \"Surrender Dorothy\" is a line from the film The Wizard of Oz. Track listing References 2005 albums Alana Davis albums Rock albums by American artists\n\nher and allowing the gang to rescue the animals. Dorothy and her friends arrive at the Emerald City. The citizens dance, and the Scarecrow reads a note that says the Wizard has declared him king, and the whole thing ends up in a celebratory dance. Cast The credits to the film list Hobart Bosworth, Eugenie Besserer, Robert Leonard, Bebe Daniels, Winifred Greenwood, Lillian Leighton and Olive Cox as the performers, and Otis Turner as director.<ref name=Swartz-174>{{cite book |last1=Swartz |first1=Mark Evan |title=Oz Before the Rainbow: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz on Stage and Screen to 1939 |date=2000 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore |isbn=0801864771 |page=174 |quote=...the credits for Selig's finished Wizard of Oz film, as published in the standard reference work American Film Index, 1908-1915, list Otis Turner as the director of the film... Assuming the published credits are correct, it is likely that Turner made a trip west\n\nQuestion: In the film 'The Wizard of Oz', what is Dorothy's surname?", "output": "Gale"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Tokelau, a dependent territory of New Zealand, adopted an official flag in 2009. Previously, the flag of New Zealand was used as the official flag for Tokelau. In May 2008, the local parliament, the General Fono, approved a distinctive flag and national emblem for Tokelau. The Governor-General presented the flag to the Ulu-o-Tokelau as Tokelau's first official flag on 7 September 2009. Blazon The official blazon of the flag of Tokelau is: History 1989 proposal An alternative and unofficial flag has been reported. The three stars in this flag represent the three atolls which make up the islands of Tokelau. 2007 proposal In June 2007 the regional parliament (General Fono) decided over the future flag, anthem and national symbol of Tokelau. The proposed flag depicted a stylized Polynesian canoe and four stars. The stars represent the three main islands and also Swains Island, administered by the United States (American Samoa)\n\npoints in pale counterchanged. The design represents the blue skies over the hills of Otago separated by a zigzag dividing line, similar to that found on the flag of the province's main centre, Dunedin. The two eight-pointed stars were taken from the former Otago Provincial Council's seal, and also represent the sun shining over the lakes and the hills of Central Otago. References Flag Flags of New Zealand Flags adopted through competition Otago\n\nOtago is one of the few regions of New Zealand to have officially adopted a flag. Otago has long been associated with several symbols and colours. The St. Andrew's Cross is one such symbol, in recognition of the former province's Scottish settlement. Another, used on the original arms of the province, is the eight-pointed star. Traditionally, the province (as the region is still called) has always been associated with the colours blue and gold, these colours representing Otago's original foundation, on the wealth of gold taken from the rivers of the province during the 1860s gold rush. The blue also again harks back to the flag of Scotland. For many years, these colours were seen in a wide variety of different designs intended to represent Otago. Popular designs included flags quartered in blue and gold, or in blue with a gold saltire. A vertically divided design in blue and gold\n\nQuestion: What colour is the flag awarded for clean beaches in New Zealand and Canada?", "output": "Blue"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ryan Hurley (born 13 September 1975 in Springhead, Barbados) is a former West Indian cricketer who played nine ODIs in 2003\u201304. He made his ODI debut in May 2003 against Australia where he took 1 for 57 and was run out without facing a ball. References External links 1975 births Living people West Indies One Day International cricketers Barbadian cricketers Barbados cricketers\n\nWadduwa (, ) is a town in the Western Province of Sri Lanka. It is situated on the western coast of Sri Lanka, about south of Colombo. It spans from 30.5 to 36.5 km area along the Galle Road, 4.5 km to the land side and 1 km to the seaside. It is also famous for its rich cultivation of coconut palms and as a major producer of toddy and vinegar. There are few historical places in the area such as ancient Catholic church and Dhaaldawatta Purana Maha Viharaya. Wadduwa is popular for the products made from coconut fibre such as brooms, carpets etc. Wadduwa is governed by Panadura Pradeshiya Sabha. Origin of the name According to folklore, there were many native indigenous doctors in this area in the past. The name for native doctors in Sinalese Language is \"veda mahaththayaa\", thus comes the name 'veda doova' meaning the land\n\nRicky Brad Sobers (born January 15, 1953) is a former professional basketball player who spent eleven seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). A 6'3\" guard born in the Bronx, New York, Sobers attended DeWitt Clinton High School in New York City, the College of Southern Idaho, and the University of Nevada at Las Vegas before being selecting by the Phoenix Suns with the 16th pick of the 1975 NBA draft. Sobers played two seasons for the Suns. In the 1976 Finals, Sobers was a key player in \"the greatest game ever played\" in NBA history. In 1977, he joined the Indiana Pacers, with whom he averaged a career best 18.2 points per game during the 1977\u201378 NBA season. Sobers also played with the Chicago Bulls, Washington Bullets, and Seattle SuperSonics before retiring in 1986. He compiled 10,902 points and 3,525 assists in his career. References External links Career Stats\n\nQuestion: On which West Indian island was cricketer Gary Sobers born?", "output": "BARBADOS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Bosporus or Bosphorus Strait ( ; , ; , colloquially ) is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul in northwestern Turkey that connects the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara. It forms part of the continental boundary between Asia and Europe, and divides Turkey by separating Anatolia from Thrace. It is the world's narrowest strait used for international navigation. Most of the shores of the Bosporus Strait, except for the area to the north, are heavily settled, with the city of Istanbul's metropolitan population of 17 million inhabitants extending inland from both banks. The Bosporus Strait and the Dardanelles Strait at the opposite end of the Sea of Marmara are together known as the Turkish Straits. Sections of the shore of the Bosporus in Istanbul have been reinforced with concrete or rubble and those sections of the Strait prone to deposition are periodically\n\nthe east, and the Crimean Mountains to the mid-north. In the west, the coast is generally small floodplains below foothills such as the Strandzha; Cape Emine, a dwindling of the east end of the Balkan Mountains; and the Dobruja Plateau considerably farther north. The longest east\u2013west extent is about . Important cities along the coast include (clockwise from the Bosporus) Burgas, Varna, Constan\u021ba, Odesa, Sevastopol, Novorossiysk, Sochi, Batumi, Trabzon and Samsun. The Black Sea has a positive water balance, with an annual net outflow of per year through the Bosporus and the Dardanelles into the Aegean Sea. While the net flow of water through the Bosporus and Dardanelles (known collectively as the Turkish Straits) is out of the Black Sea, water generally flows in both directions simultaneously: Denser, more saline water from the Aegean flows into the Black Sea underneath the less dense, fresher water that flows out of the\n\nThe Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia. It is located between the Balkans and Anatolia, and covers an area of some . In the north, the Aegean is connected to the Marmara Sea, which in turn connects to the Black Sea, by the straits of the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, respectively. The Aegean Islands are located within the sea and some bound it on its southern periphery, including Crete and Rhodes. The sea reaches a maximum depth of to the west of Karpathos. The Thracian Sea and the Sea of Crete are main subdivisions of the Aegean Sea. The Aegean Islands can be divided into several island groups, including the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, the Sporades, the Saronic islands and the North Aegean Islands, as well as Crete and its surrounding islands. The Dodecanese, located to the southeast, includes the islands of Rhodes,\n\nQuestion: What sea is located on the eastern end of the Bosphorus?", "output": "Black Sea"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The sural nerve (L4-S1) is generally considered a pure cutaneous nerve of the posterolateral leg to the lateral ankle. The sural nerve originates from a combination of either the sural communicating branch and medial sural cutaneous nerve, or the lateral sural cutaneous nerve. This group of nerves is termed the sural nerve complex. There are eight documented variations of the sural nerve complex. Once formed the sural nerve takes its course midline posterior to posterolateral around the lateral malleolus. The sural nerve terminates as the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve. Anatomy The sural nerve (L4-S1) is a cutaneous sensory nerve of the posterolateral calf with cutaneous innervation to the distal one-third of the lower leg. Formation of the sural nerve is the result of either anastomosis of the medial sural cutaneous nerve and the sural communicating nerve, or it may be found as a continuation of the lateral sural cutaneous nerve\n\nthe result of either anastomosis of the medial sural cutaneous nerve and the sural communicating nerve, or it may be found as a continuation of the lateral sural cutaneous nerve traveling parallel to the medial sural cutaneous nerve. The sural nerve specifically innervates cutaneous sensorium over the posterolateral leg and lower lateral ankle via lateral calcaneal branches. Innervation The sural nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the skin of the posterior to posterolateral leg. This nerve is part of the sciatic nerve sensorium. It only provides autonomic and sensory nerve fibers to the skin of the posterolateral leg and ankle. These fibers originate from perikaryon located in the spinal ganglia and travel via the lumbosacral plexus via nerve roots L4-S1. When testing for deficits understand that often multiple nerves (lateral calcaneal nerve, sural nerve, and lateral dorsal cutaneous nerves of the foot) provide a complicated marriage of converging sensorium around the\n\ntesting for deficits understand that often multiple nerves (lateral calcaneal nerve, sural nerve, and lateral dorsal cutaneous nerves of the foot) provide a complicated marriage of converging sensorium around the lower extremity. Anatomic Course Grossly, the course of this nerve leads it from its highly varied anastomotic formation to its more predictable terminal course down the remaining posterior leg. The anastomosis forming the sural nerve typically occurs in the deep fascia above or within the surrounding space above the gastrocnemius muscle. Once formed, the sural nerve then pierces out of a fascial crura and travels from its posterior midline position wrapping laterally around the lateral malleolus; once around the lateral malleolus the name of the nerve changes to the lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve. Eight variations of sural nerve origin have been described with categorical subtyping. Anatomic Formation The nerves contributing to the formation of the sural nerve (medial sural cutaneous\n\nQuestion: In which part of the body is the 'Sural Nerve'?", "output": "LEG"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ejnar Mikkelsen (23 December 1880 \u2013 1 May 1971) was a Danish polar explorer and writer. He is most known for his expeditions to Greenland. Biography Mikkelsen was born on 23 December 1880, in Vester Br\u00f8nderslev, Jutland. In 1900, he served in the Georg Carl Amdrup expedition to Christian IX Land in East Greenland. He then served in the Baldwin-Ziegler North Pole Expedition to Franz Joseph Land, which took place from 1900 to 1902. With Ernest de Koven Leffingwell, he organized the Anglo-American polar expedition which wintered off Flaxman Island, Alaska, in 1906\u201307. They lost their ship, but in a sledge journey over the ice, they located the continental shelf of the Arctic Ocean, offshore, where in a span of , the sea's depth increased from to more than . Mikkelsen organized an expedition to map the northeast coast of Greenland and to recover the bodies of the ill-fated Denmark\n\nBarents may refer to: Ren\u00e9 Barents (born 1951), Dutch judge and legal scholar Willem Barents (c. 1550\u20131597), Dutch navigator and explorer Barents AirLink, a Swedish airline Barents Island (), an island in the Svalbard archipelago, part of Norway Barents Sea, a part of the Arctic Ocean north of Norway and Russia Barents Region, the land along the coast of the Barents Sea Barents Basin, a sedimentary basin in the Barents Sea Barents Euro-Arctic Council, the official body for inter-governmental co-operation in the Barents Region See also Barentsburg, second largest settlement in the Svalbard archipelago Barentsj\u00f8kulen, a glacier on Barents\u00f8ya\n\nB\u00f8rge Ousland (born 31 May 1962) is a Norwegian polar explorer. He was the first person to cross Antarctica solo. He started his career as a Norwegian Navy Special Forces Officer with Marinejegerkommandoen, and he also spent several years working as a deep sea diver for the oil industry in the North Sea. On 4 May 1990 Ousland and Erling Kagge became the first explorers ever to reach the North Pole unsupported, after a 58-day ski trek from Ellesmere Island in Canada, a distance of 800 km. In 1994, he made the first solo and unsupported journey to the North Pole from Arctic Cape in Russia. Between 15 November 1996 and 17 January 1997, he became the first in the world to do an unsupported solo crossing of the Antarctic: 1,864 miles from the edge of the Ronne Ice Shelf to the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf. The ski\n\nQuestion: What nationality was the Arctic explorer Willem Barents?", "output": "DUTCH"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alders are trees comprising the genus Alnus in the birch family Betulaceae. The genus comprises about 35 species of monoecious trees and shrubs, a few reaching a large size, distributed throughout the north temperate zone with a few species extending into Central America, as well as the northern and southern Andes. Description With a few exceptions, alders are deciduous, and the leaves are alternate, simple, and serrated. The flowers are catkins with elongate male catkins on the same plant as shorter female catkins, often before leaves appear; they are mainly wind-pollinated, but also visited by bees to a small extent. These trees differ from the birches (Betula, another genus in the family) in that the female catkins are woody and do not disintegrate at maturity, opening to release the seeds in a similar manner to many conifer cones. The largest species are red alder (A. rubra) on the west coast\n\nAcer ( ) is a genus of trees and shrubs commonly known as maples. The genus is placed in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae, along with lychee and horse chestnut. There are approximately 132 species, most of which are native to Asia, with a number also appearing in Europe, northern Africa, and North America. Only one species, Acer laurinum, extends to the Southern Hemisphere. The type species of the genus is the sycamore maple, Acer pseudoplatanus, the most common maple species in Europe. Maples usually have easily recognizable palmate leaves (Acer negundo is an exception) and distinctive winged fruits. The closest relatives of the maples are the horse chestnuts. Maple syrup is made from the sap of some maple species. It is one of the most common genera of trees in Asia. Many maple species are grown in gardens where they are valued for their autumn colour. Evolutionary history The closest\n\nSearsia lancea commonly known as karee (archaically karree), is an evergreen, frost hardy, drought resistant tree, which can reach up to 8 metres in height with a 5-metre spread. It is one of the most common trees on the Highveld and in the Bushveld in South Africa, but not found in the Lowveld. In North America, where it is naturalized, it is known as African sumac and willow rhus. Common names S. lancea bears many names by locals in South Africa. By far the most common name for this tree is karee which derives from the Khoemana word !xareb (Compare Khoekhoegowab cognate |garas). This is mostly used by speakers of Afrikaans. Other Afrikaans names are Rosyntjiebos from rosyn (raisin) and bos (bush). In the Sotho\u2013Tswana languages, the names mosilabele in Southern Sotho, mokalabata in Northern Sotho and mosabele in Tswana are cognates. In Khelobedu, the names is and mushakaladza in\n\nQuestion: What is the common name for the northern hemisphere tree genus Betula, having catkins, winged nuts, and bark that peels in strips?", "output": "Birch"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Shali (; , \u015eela) is a town and the administrative center of Shalinsky District of the Chechen Republic, Russia. Population: History Sheikh Mansur was based here in 1786. Killed civilians during modern warfare (1994\u2014present days) On January 3, 1995, during the course of the First Chechen War, Shali was repeatedly bombed with cluster bombs by Russian jet aircraft. War journalist Anna Politkovskaya said that on January 9 and 10, 2000, Russian forces killed more than 200 civilians by a missile and mortar shelling in Shali. Climate Shali has a humid continental climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Dfa). Administrative and municipal status Within the framework of administrative divisions, Shali serves as the administrative center of Shalinsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Shalinsky District as Shali Town Administration. As a municipal division, Shali Town Administration is incorporated within Shalinsky Municipal District as Shalinskoye Urban Settlement. References Notes Sources Cities\n\nThis is a list of people connected to the Republic of Belarus. It is not limited to persons of Belarusian ethnicity; Russians, Jews, Poles, Vikings, etc., may be found in this list. Over time the Belarusian land has had many rulers, and often its culture was suppressed. Therefore, many Belarusian nationals are known to the world as Poles or Russians. Culture Hanna Ipatava Louis B. Mayer Solomon Mikhoels Hanna Rovina (1893\u20131980), Israeli actress J. Michael Straczynski Artists Marc Chagall Kirk Douglas Petr Elfimov Naum Gabo, sculptor Michel Kikoine Dmitry Koldun Pinchus Kremegne Yehudi Menuhin Mikhail Savitsky Cha\u00efm Soutine Sergey Voychenko Ossip Zadkine Composers Irving Berlin Vladimir Dukelsky Napoleon Orda Singers Bianka Valeria Gribusova Alyona Lanskaya Alexander Rybak Teo Writers Ales Adamovich Svetlana Alexievich Guillaume Apollinaire, Belarusian mother Isaac Asimov Maksim Bahdanovich Francishak Bahushevich Janka Bryl Vasil Bykau Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich Avraham Even-Shoshan (1906\u20131984), Israeli linguist and lexicographer Nil Hilevich Nicolai Hussoviani\n\nChistopol (; ; , \u00c7istay) is a town in Tatarstan, Russia, located on the left bank of the Kuybyshev Reservoir, on the Kama River. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 60,755. History At the end of the 19th century, Chistopol became a major center of trade for grain. Prior to 1917, it was the second largest town (after Kazan) in Kazan Governorate. During the Great Patriotic War, Chistopol become a shelter for the Union of Soviet Writers, which included Boris Pasternak, Leonid Leonov and other notables. The town is notable for its Vostok watches factory, which was founded in 1942. Chistopol was ranked first among Category III cities (population up to 100,000) in the 2015 edition of Most Comfortable City in Russia. In the year 1781, Empress Catherine the Great established the center of the \u201cChistopol District of the Kazan Governorate\u201d (Rusmania). In the 19th century, the city\n\nQuestion: Moishe Shagall, born 1887 in what is now Belarus, became famous under what other name?", "output": "Marc Chagall"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Africa is a continent comprising 63 political territories, representing the largest of the great southward projections from the main mass of Earth's surface. Within its regular outline, it comprises an area of , excluding adjacent islands. Its highest mountain is Mount Kilimanjaro; its largest lake is Lake Victoria. Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea and from much of Asia by the Red Sea, Africa is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez (which is transected by the Suez Canal), wide. For geopolitical purposes, the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt \u2013 east of the Suez Canal \u2013 is often considered part of Africa. From the most northerly point, Ras ben Sakka in Tunisia, at 37\u00b021\u2032 N, to the most southerly point, Cape Agulhas in South Africa, 34\u00b051\u203215\u2033 S, is a distance approximately of ; from Cap-Vert, 17\u00b031\u203213\u2033W, the westernmost point, to Ras Hafun in the Somali\n\nMount Pico () is a currently quiescent stratovolcano located on Pico Island, in the mid-Atlantic archipelago of the Azores. It is the highest mountain in Portugal, at above sea level, and is one of the highest Atlantic mountains; it is more than twice the elevation of any other peak in the Azores. It has been a designated nature reserve since 1972. Eruptive history Historical eruptions of Pico have occurred from vents on its flanks rather than the summit crater. In 1562\u20131564, an eruption on the southeast flank produced lava flows which reached the sea. Another flank eruption in 1718 also produced flows which reached the coast. The most recent eruption occurred in December 1720. On 29 September 2009 there were reports from local news sources that indicated that a fumarole existing at the pinnacle of the mountain (Piquinho) began emitting volcanic gas. The region's seismic and volcanological monitoring centre ()\n\nKorosi is a shield volcano located in the Gregory Rift at the northern end of Lake Baringo, Kenya. See also List of volcanoes in Kenya References Korosi Korosi Korosiol Shield volcanoes of Africa\n\nQuestion: What is the highest volcano in Africa?", "output": "Kilimanjaro"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "GT Bicycles is an American company that designs and manufactures BMX, mountain, and road bicycles. GT is a division of the Dutch conglomerate Pon Holdings, which also markets Cannondale, Schwinn, Mongoose, IronHorse, DYNO, and RoadMaster bicycle brands; all manufactured in Asia. GT was founded in 1972, by Gary Turner and Richard Long in Santa Ana, California, and was noted at its inception for spearheading the prominence of BMX bicycles, later for developing a range of bikes around its \"triple triangle\" design, and at the end of its independent history, winning a commission to manufacture a $30,000 carbon fiber \"Superbike\" for the 1996 Summer games. GT sponsored numerous race teams and individuals, including noted riders Rebecca Twigg and Juli Furtado. In 1998, the company went public and subsequently merged with Questor Partners, then owner of Schwinn. The conglomerate went bankrupt in 2001 and was acquired by Pacific Cycle, which was in\n\nformed his own Compagnie Parisienne bicycle factory, however, the bicycle craze in France (and in the United States) ended that year. The bicycle's popularity continuing only in England, it was inventors and manufacturers there who contributed the next series of improvements to its development. References Cycle manufacturers of France Place of birth missing\n\nBIAMAX (Proper Greek pronunciation Viamax) was a Greek vehicle manufacturer. In the late 70's it was one of the biggest Greek companies, operating three factories (in Athens, where its headquarters were located, Thessaloniki and Larissa) and several other auxiliary facilities throughout the country. In addition, BIAMAX became a leading industry in Greece, in areas including Quality Assurance, technical training, process documentation and Research & Development. Although its main activity was vehicle manufacture (in the late 1970s its industrial sector employed more than 2,000), some of its subsidiaries were also involved in areas like tourist services, exports of farm products and shipping. Early activities Its origins date back to the 1930s when the Fostiropoulos family became importers of Mercedes-Benz vehicles. The company with that name was founded in 1956, the name reflecting its original activity, as it started with production of bus bodies on Mercedes-Benz chassis (BIAMAX, stands for \"Biomihania Amaxomaton\",\n\nQuestion: The Bicycle manufacturers Trek, Giant and Specialized come from which country ?", "output": "U.S.A."}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "John Irwin McGiver (November 5, 1913 \u2013 September 9, 1975) was an American character actor who made more than a hundred appearances in television and motion pictures over a two-decade span from 1955 to 1975. The owl-faced, portly character actor with his mid-Atlantic accent and precise diction, was often cast as pompous Englishmen and other stuffy, aristocratic and bureaucratic types. He was known for his performances in such films as Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961); The Manchurian Candidate (1962), Who's Minding the Store? (1963) and Man's Favorite Sport? (1964). He appeared on many television shows and commercials during the 1960s and early 1970s, including the first of a long running popular series of commercials for the American Express charge card (\"Do you know me?\"). Early life McGiver was born in Manhattan, New York City, the son of Irish immigrants. He graduated from the Jesuit-run Regis High School in Manhattan in 1932.\n\n3 of the Amazon show Jack Ryan. He is a patron of the charity Chance for Childhood. Filmography Film Television References External links Official Website 20th-century births Living people Scottish male film actors Scottish male television actors Scottish male voice actors People from Clydebank 20th-century Scottish male actors 21st-century Scottish male actors Members of the Order of the British Empire Year of birth missing (living people)\n\nThe Sum of All Fears is a 2002 American spy thriller film directed by Phil Alden Robinson, based on Tom Clancy's 1991 novel of the same name. The film, which is set in the Jack Ryan film series, is a reboot taking place in 2002. Jack Ryan is portrayed as a younger character by Ben Affleck, in comparison with the previous films: The Hunt for Red October (1990) starring Alec Baldwin as Jack Ryan and the sequels, Patriot Games (1992) and Clear and Present Danger (1994), both starring Harrison Ford in the role. An Austrian Neo-Nazi plans to trigger a nuclear war between the United States and Russia, so that he can establish a fascist superstate in Europe. After the Neo-Nazi's scientists build a secret nuclear weapon that is detonated in Baltimore, and a rogue Russian officer paid off by the Neo-Nazi attacks a U.S. aircraft carrier, the world's superpowers\n\nQuestion: Which actor first played Tom Clancy's character 'Jack Ryan' on screen?", "output": "ALEC BALDWIN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Silence of the Lambs is a 1988 psychological horror novel by Thomas Harris. Published August 29, it is the sequel to Harris's 1981 novel Red Dragon and both novels feature the cannibalistic serial killer and brilliant psychiatrist Dr. Hannibal Lecter. This time, however, he is pitted against FBI trainee Clarice Starling as she works to solve the case of the \"Buffalo Bill\" serial killer. The film adaptation directed by Jonathan Demme was released in 1991 to widespread critical acclaim and box office success. It won the Academy Award for Best Picture and Anthony Hopkins won for Best Actor as Lecter. Synopsis Clarice Starling, a young FBI trainee, is asked to carry out an errand by Jack Crawford, the head of the FBI division that draws up psychological profiles of serial killers. Starling is to present a questionnaire to the brilliant forensic psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer, Hannibal Lecter. Lecter\n\nDiane Luckey (December 12, 1960 \u2013 July 19, 2022), known professionally as Q Lazzarus, was an American singer. She is best known for her 1988 song \"Goodbye Horses\", which became a cult classic after being prominently featured in a scene from Jonathan Demme's 1991 film The Silence of the Lambs. Several of her songs were featured in other films directed by Demme before she disappeared from the public eye in the mid-1990s. Life and career Diane Luckey was born on December 12, 1960, in Neptune Township, New Jersey, the youngest of seven children. While attending the Mount Pisgah Baptist Church in Neptune as a child, she sang in the Mount Pisgah Youth Choir. She graduated from Neptune High School and, inspired by a production of Bubbling Brown Sugar on Broadway, moved to New York City at age 18 to pursue a music career. She soon started working as a backup\n\nBreaking the Code, Golden Boy, Scotland Road, Indiscretions, and Big Love. She has been noted for looking very similar to Jodie Foster. Film Television Stage References External links 1966 births Living people American film actresses American television actresses American stage actresses Actresses from New York City 21st-century American women\n\nQuestion: What was Jodie Foster's character in the 1991 film Silence of the Lambs?", "output": "Clarice Starling"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Kumar (; Sanskrit: \u0915\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0930 kum\u0101r\u00e1) is a title, given name, middle name, or a family name found in the Indian subcontinent, mainly in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, though not specific to any religion, ethnicity, or caste. It is a generic title which variously means prince, son, boy, or chaste. It is the 11th most common family name in the world as of August 2019. History The origin of kumar can be traced back to the early development of Hinduism and its origin in ancient India. The first usage of Kumar was for the Four Kum\u0101ras, the four sons of Brahma from the Puranic texts of Hinduism named Sanaka, Sanatana, Sanandana, and Sanat. In Skanda Purana, the largest Mahapurana, a genre of eighteen Hindu religious texts, the text is devoted mainly to the leelas of Kartikeya, son of Shiva and Parvati. \"Kumar\" is used to refer Kartikeya. Geographical\n\nThe kingdom of Tushara, according to ancient Indian literature, such as the epic Mahabharata, was a land located beyond north-west India. In the Mahabharata, its inhabitants, known as the Tusharas, are depicted as mlechchas (\"barbarians\") and fierce warriors. Modern scholars generally see Tushara as synonymous with the historical \"Tukhara\", also known as Tokhara or Tokharistan \u2013 another name for Bactria. This area was the stronghold of the Kushan Empire, which dominated India between the 1st and 3rd centuries CE. Tukhara The historical Tukhara appears to be synonymous with the land known by Ancient Chinese scholars as Daxia, from the 3rd century BCE onwards. Its inhabitants were known later to Ancient Greek scholars as the Tokharoi and to the Ancient Romans as Tochari. Modern scholars appear to have conflated the Tukhara with the so-called Tocharians \u2013 an Indo-European people who lived in the Tarim Basin, in present-day Xinjiang, China, until the\n\nDarjeeling Himalayan hill region, also known as the Darjeeling Hills or Darjeeling Himalaya, is a mountainous area on the north-western side of the state of West Bengal in India. This region belongs to the Eastern Himalaya range. The Darjeeling district except the Siliguri subdivision and the entire Kalimpong district constitute this region. It arises abruptly from the Terai region. The region slopes from a south to north direction. The river Teesta divides the region in two parts \u2014 the region to the east of Teesta and the region to the west of Teesta. Hills to the west of Teesta This is the highest region of the Darjeeling Himalayan Hill Region. Two distinct ranges are visible here \u2014 the Singalila range and the Darjeeling-Kurseong range. Singalila range The Singalila range is on the western limit of the region and separates Nepal from West Bengal. Singalila National Park is situated here. The\n\nQuestion: Which tea growing region of India has a Hindi name meaning 'Land of the Thunderbolt'?", "output": "Darjeeling"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American coming-of-age legal drama crime film directed by Robert Mulligan. The screenplay by Horton Foote is based on Harper Lee's 1960 Pulitzer Prize\u2013winning novel of the same name. The film stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout. It marked the film debut of Robert Duvall, William Windom and Alice Ghostley. It gained overwhelmingly positive reception from both the critics and the public; a box-office success, it earned more than six times its budget. The film won three Academy Awards, including Best Actor for Peck, and was nominated for eight, including Best Picture. In 1995, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Film Registry as \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\". In 2003, the American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century. In 2007, the film ranked twenty-fifth\n\nLearning to Walk is a compilation album by UK indie band The Boo Radleys, released by Rough Trade Records in 1992. It is a collection of the band's first three EPs, Kaleidoscope (1990), Every Heaven (1991) and Boo! Up (1991), as well as two previously unreleased covers, \"Alone Again Or\" and \"Boo! Faith\". The band's 1992 EP Adrenalin is not represented, as it was released on a separate record label. The covers of \"Alone Again Or\" (originally by Love) and \"Boo! Faith\" (New Order's \"True Faith\", retitled) are taken from the band's second and third Peel Sessions, from 1991. Track listing All tracks written by Martin Carr, except track 9 by Carr and Bryan MacLean and track 14 by The Boo Radleys and New Order. \"Kaleidoscope\" (EP version) \"How I Feel\" \"Aldous\" \"Swansong\" \"The Finest Kiss\" \"Tortoiseshell\" \"Bluebird\" \"Naomi\" \"Alone Again Or\" \"Everybird\" \"Sometime Soon She Said\" \"Foster's Van\" \"Song\n\nsixth book, Vox. Plot summary Rook Barkwater lives in the network of sewer-chambers beneath Undertown, in which a society of librarians has established itself, secretly opposing the cruel Guardians of Night. Rook, a lowly under-librarian, dreams of becoming a librarian knight\u2014one of the select few to travel into the Deepwoods and gather information which may lead to the discovery of the cure to stone-sickness (an affliction which has destroyed the buoyant rocks, making skysailing impossible). Rook does not expect his dreams ever to come true\u2014his best friend, Felix Lodd, seems a much more likely candidate\u2014but, to everyone's surprise, Rook is chosen to be a knight, along with Stob Lummus and Magda Burlix. Rook, Magda and Stob make their way along the Great Mire Road, a shryke-controlled bridge that has been built to traverse the marshy Mire in place of sky ships. While on the way, Rook helps an imprisoned sky\n\nQuestion: What book featured the characters Scout Finch and Boo Radley?", "output": "To Kill a Mockingbird"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The As Syakirin Mosque (), also known as KLCC Mosque, is a mosque located in the Kuala Lumpur City Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The mosque is situated near the Suria KLCC shopping centre and the Petronas Twin Towers, the tallest twin towers in the world. In 2009, the mosque went through a major renovation to increase the capacity from 6000 people to 12,000 people. Mosque initially registered as a prayer on 12 July 1999 for Petronas staff, and status as a mosque before being administered by the Federal Territory Islamic Religious Council (religious council). This two-storey mosque area of 21 hectares. It is regarded as the jewel in the park because of its strategic location and facing KLCC Park also provides a hall that can accommodate up to 500 people with audio system complete with meeting rooms and room remains. Ash-Syakirin name means' the people of the grateful chosen as\n\nPetronas (; died November 11, 865) was a notable Byzantine general and leading aristocrat during the mid-9th century. Petronas was a brother of Empress Theodora and hence brother-in-law of Emperor Theophilos, under whom he advanced to the high court rank of and the post of commander of the guard regiment. After Theophilos' death, he played a role in the ending of Iconoclasm, but was sidelined along with his brother Bardas during the minority of his nephew, Michael III, when power was held by the regent Theoktistos. In 855, Petronas and Bardas encouraged Michael III to seize control of the government: Theoktistos was murdered, Theodora banished to a monastery, Bardas became Michael's chief minister, and Petronas was tasked with the war against the Arabs. In 863, he scored a crushing victory at the Battle of Lalakaon, a feat which marked the gradual beginning of a Byzantine counter-offensive in the East. Promoted\n\nLes Mercuriales are twin towers in Bagnolet, along the Boulevard Peripherique, in Paris, France. They were built in 1975, and are named Levant (Eastern) and Ponant (Western). They are the tallest twin towers in the EU and Europe\u2019s second tallest twin towers after City of Capitals in Moscow. The architecture of the tower was inspired by the twin towers of the former World Trade Center in New York City. Description These towers were part of a larger project in the business district of eastern Paris, designed to rebalance the western district La Defense. This project was interrupted by the first oil crisis, leaving the isolated towers on the A3 motorway interchange. Not counting the antennas, the towers are the third highest in the Seine-Saint-Denis administrative division, behind Tour Pleyel (143m) and behind the Tour La Villette (125m). Including the antennas, the West Tower is the highest in Seine-Saint-Denis with a\n\nQuestion: In which city are the Petronas Twin Towers?", "output": "KUALA LUMPUR"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "(36) in a single high school basketball game. Miscellaneous A graduate of Patton High School in the late 1930s who lived in the area claimed that there were still members of the Frank and Jesse James Gang residing in Bollinger County during his childhood. Edward Capehart O'Kelley was reportedly born in Patton in 1858 and raised there. O'Kelley shot and killed Robert Ford, the man who fatally shot Jesse James. A memorial to O'Kelley for this act stands in the Patton United Methodist Church cemetery, on Country Road 878. Notes Unincorporated communities in Bollinger County, Missouri Cape Girardeau\u2013Jackson metropolitan area Unincorporated communities in Missouri\n\nJuly 19, 1845 \u2013 d. August 21, 1845) Jesse Woodson James (b. September 5, 1847 \u2013 d. April 3, 1882) Susan Lavenia James (b. November 25, 1849 \u2013 d. March 3, 1889) Shortly after the birth of his daughter, Susan, Robert James moved to California to preach to the gold miners, where he contracted either pneumonia, cholera or typhoid and died on (according to tradition) August 18, 1850. His grave has never been officially identified, and no marker exists for him today. There is a much-disputed story that in later years, Jesse went looking for his father's grave. Second marriage Benjamin Simms (born circa 1830 \u2013 d. January 2, 1854) was a wealthy farmer who married the widowed Zerelda James on September 30, 1852. The marriage proved unhappy, primarily because Simms disliked Frank James and Jesse James, to whom he was reportedly cruel. Zerelda left Simms, who died on January\n\nVirginia, the capital of the Confederate States of America. 1882 \u2013 American Old West: Robert Ford kills Jesse James. 1885 \u2013 Gottlieb Daimler is granted a German patent for a light, high-speed, four-stroke engine, which he uses seven months later to create the world's first motorcycle, the Daimler Reitwagen. 1888 \u2013 Jack the Ripper: The first of 11 unsolved brutal murders of women committed in or near the impoverished Whitechapel district in the East End of London, occurs. 1895 \u2013 The trial in the libel case brought by Oscar Wilde begins, eventually resulting in his imprisonment on charges of homosexuality. 1901\u2013present 1920 \u2013 Attempts are made to carry out the failed assassination attempt on General Mannerheim, led by Aleksander Weckman by order of Eino Rahja, during the White Guard parade in Tampere, Finland. 1922 \u2013 Joseph Stalin becomes the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.\n\nQuestion: Who, in 1882 shot and killed Jesse James in St Joseph, Missouri?", "output": "ROBERT FORD"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, (21 December 1804 \u2013 19 April 1881) was a British statesman, Conservative politician and writer who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies and its broad outreach. Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs, his political battles with the Liberal Party leader William Ewart Gladstone, and his one-nation conservatism or \"Tory democracy\". He made the Conservatives the party most identified with the British Empire and military action to expand it, both of which were popular among British voters. He is the only British prime minister to have been born Jewish. He was also a novelist, publishing works of fiction even as prime minister. Disraeli was born in Bloomsbury, then a part of Middlesex. His father left Judaism after a dispute at his synagogue;\n\nClement Richard Attlee, 1st Earl Attlee, (3 January 18838 October 1967) was a British statesman and Labour Party politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1935 to 1955. He was Deputy Prime Minister during the wartime coalition government under Winston Churchill, and served twice as Leader of the Opposition from 1935 to 1940 and from 1951 to 1955. Attlee remains the longest serving Labour leader and is widely considered by historians and members of the public through various polls to be one of the greatest Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom. Attlee was born into an upper-middle-class family, the son of a wealthy London solicitor. After attending Haileybury College and the University of Oxford, he practised as a barrister. The volunteer work he carried out in London's East End exposed him to poverty, and his political\n\nJames Waldegrave, 2nd Earl Waldegrave, (4 March 171513 April 1763) was an English politician and peer who is sometimes regarded as one of the shortest-serving prime ministers in British history. His brief tenure as First Lord of the Treasury is lent a more lasting significance by his memoirs, which are regarded as significant in the development of Whig history. Early life Waldegrave was born the eldest son of James Waldegrave, 1st Earl Waldegrave, and his wife, Mary Webb, a daughter of Sir John Webb, 3rd Baronet. Waldegrave was educated at Westminster and Eton and he inherited his father's titles in 1741. Career He was a Lord of the Bedchamber from 1743 to 1752, appointed to the Privy Council in 1752 and Governor to The Prince of Wales (the future George III) and Prince Edward from 1752 to 1756. After the resignation of the Duke of Newcastle as Prime Minister in\n\nQuestion: Who was the first British Prime Minister to serve under Queen Elizabeth II?", "output": "Winston Churchill"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Catherine Howard, Countess of Nottingham ( Carey; c. 1547 \u2013 25 February 1603), was a cousin, lady-in-waiting, and close confidante of Elizabeth I of England. She was in attendance on the queen for 44 years. Life Catherine Carey was the eldest daughter of Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon and his wife Anne Morgan, daughter of Sir Thomas Morgan and Anne Whitney. Hunsdon was Queen Elizabeth's cousin, being the son of Mary Boleyn, and court gossip hinted at a closer connection, since Mary had been the mistress of Henry VIII. Catherine may have joined Elizabeth's household at Hatfield House as a child during the reign of Elizabeth's elder sister Mary. On Elizabeth's accession, Catherine and her younger sister Philadelphia came to court as maids of honour under the auspices of their aunt, Catherine Carey, the queen's first cousin and a Lady of the Bedchamber. In July 1563, Catherine married Charles Howard\n\nLady Jane Grey ( \u2013 12 February 1554), also known as Lady Jane Dudley after her marriage and as the \"Nine Days' Queen\", was an English noblewoman who claimed the throne of England and Ireland from 10 to 19 July 1553. Jane was the great-granddaughter of Henry VII through his daughter, Mary Tudor, and was therefore a grandniece of Henry VIII, and a first cousin once removed of Edward VI, Mary I and Elizabeth I. She had an excellent humanist education, and a reputation as one of the most learned young women of her day. In May 1553, she married Lord Guildford Dudley, a younger son of Edward's chief minister John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland. In June 1553, the dying Edward VI wrote his will, nominating Jane and her male heirs as successors to the Crown, in part because his half-sister Mary was Catholic, while Jane was a committed Protestant\n\nMary Woodville, Countess of Pembroke (c. 1456\u20131481) was a sister of Edward IV's Queen consort, Elizabeth Woodville, and of Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers. She later became the first wife of William Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, by whom she had one daughter. Biography She was born in about 1456 to Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers and his wife, Jacquetta of Luxembourg. After King Edward IV's public recognition of Elizabeth Woodville as his wife, the new queen sought to raise her family's standing by arranging a series of advantageous marriages for her five brothers and seven unwed sisters. In September 1466, Mary was betrothed to William Herbert, the eldest son and heir of the first Earl of Pembroke. Lord Herbert had been Henry VII's guardian. The young William was recognized as Lord Dunster in view of his approaching marriage (a grant of the lordship of Dunster and all the possessions\n\nQuestion: What relation was Mary I of England to Elizabeth I?", "output": "Half sister"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field ( ) was the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses, the civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York that extended across England in the latter half of the 15th century. Fought on 22 August 1485, the battle was won by an alliance of Lancastrians and disaffected Yorkists. Their leader Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, became the first English monarch of the Tudor dynasty by his victory and subsequent marriage to a Yorkist princess. His opponent Richard III, the last king of the House of York, was killed during the battle, the last English monarch to die in combat. Historians consider Bosworth Field to mark the end of the Plantagenet dynasty, making it one of the defining moments of English history. Richard's reign began in 1483 when he ascended the throne after his twelve-year-old nephew, Edward V, was declared\n\nJohn Clifford, 9th Baron Clifford, 9th Lord of Skipton (8 April 1435 \u2013 28 March 1461) was a Lancastrian military leader during the Wars of the Roses in England. The Clifford family was one of the most prominent families among the northern English nobility of the fifteenth century, and by the marriages of his sisters, John Clifford had links to some very important families of the time, including the earls of Devon. He was orphaned at twenty years of age when his father was slain by partisans of the House of York at the first battle of the Wars of the Roses, the Battle of St Albans in 1455. It was probably as a result of his father's death there that Clifford became one of the strongest supporters of Margaret of Anjou, wife of King Henry VI, who ended up as effective leader of the Lancastrian faction. Clifford had already\n\nThe First Battle of Middlewich took place on 13 March 1643, during the First English Civil War, and was fought between the Parliamentarians, under Sir William Brereton, and the Royalist supporters of King Charles I of England, under Sir Thomas Aston. Background In the summer of 1642 came the final split between the King and Parliament and both sides made preparations for raising an army. Throughout the summer Commissioners of Array for the King and Deputy Lieutenants for Parliament attempted to raise the Trained Bands and to seize the magazine in every county. During the confusion caused by the troops waiting to be shipped from Chester to Ireland to suppress the rebellion there, Sir William Brereton, the Parliamentary representative in Cheshire, turned to what was virtually recruiting. He found himself opposed by Sir Thomas Aston and all the resident Cheshire nobility and he failed in his attempt to secure Chester\n\nQuestion: What was the first battle in the Wars of the Roses in England in 1455?", "output": "Battle of St Albans"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "as the B\u00e1thory \"wolf teeth\"; Prince Sigismund also used a prototype of the Hungarian tricolor, but the practice died out long before the Habsburg conquest. Transylvania's Habsburg tricolor and the flag of Romania resemble each other superficially: Transylvania has blue-red-yellow displayed horizontally, while Romania has blue-yellow-red, vertically. The Transylvanian colors were codified from the heraldic tinctures, but Romanian scholars such as Iosif Sterca-\u0218ulu\u021biu ascribe them a Dacian origin and links to the Romanian ethnogenesis. They became popular among the Romanian community of Transylvania in the later stages of the 1848 Revolution, after replacing combinations of blue, red and white. On such grounds, Transylvanian flags were often used in Austria-Hungary to camouflage celebrations of Romanian nationalism, and as such contributed to a simmering Hungarian\u2013Romanian conflict before and during World War I. In this context, references to the \"Transylvanian tricolor\" often referred to a blue-yellow-red horizontal variation. Saxon organizations have traditionally reduced\n\nThe Sala del Tricolore (Italian for \"Room of the Tricolor\"), formerly the Patriotic Hall, is an historical hall that currently serves as the council chamber of the comune of Reggio Emilia, northern Italy. It was designed by the architect Lodovico Bolognini as the archive of the ducal family of Este. In the Sala del Tricolore, on 7 January 1797, the flag of Italy (also known as \"the Tricolor\") was born, hence the name of the hall. Adjacent to the room is the Tricolour Flag Museum, whose collection is made up of relics related to the Italian flag. Description The palace The Sala del Tricolore is located within the town hall of Reggio Emilia. The palace was built between 1414 and 1417, and began use as a meeting room of the municipal council of Reggio Emilia in 1434. The room was enlarged in 1461 with the construction of the wing towards\n\nPiran's flag\"), Cornwall , California (\"Red-White Flag\"), Indonesia , United States (\"The Saffron Banner\"), Flag of the Hindus and former flag of the Maratha Empire (\"White-Red\"), Poland (\"White-Red-White\"), former flag of Belarus , Austria , Jamaica , Confederate States (\"Flag of the Star and the Crescent\"), Libya Bonnie Blue Flag, official flag of the now-defunct Republic of West Florida, also used in some places as an unofficial banner of the Confederate States. (\"Bosnian lily\"), former flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (\"Saltire\"), Scotland , Barbados (\"Federal Flag\"), Germany, official designation /Balgarski Trikolyor (\"Bulgarian Three Colors\"), Bulgaria C (\"The light blue one\"), Uruguay , Australia (\"St. Andrew's Cross\"), Scotland (\"Red Flag and Yellow Star\"), Vietnam (\"Flag of Fatherland\"), Vietnam (\"Occitan cross\"), Occitania , European Union and the Council of Europe , Jamaica D (\"Danish cloth\"), Denmark (\"My Nation/Land\"), Kuwait E (\"Our flag\"), Greenland (\"The Lone Star\"), Chile, (\"The Lone Star\"), Cuba (\"Blue-Starred\n\nQuestion: Which colour is on the left of the three colours on the flag of Italy ?", "output": "GREEN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Symphony No. 4 in A minor, Op. 63, is a four-movement work for orchestra written from 1909 to 1911 by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. It was premiered in Helsinki on 3 April 1911 by the Philharmonia Society, with Sibelius conducting. Instrumentation It is scored for an orchestra including 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets (in B and A), 2 bassoons, 4 horns (in F and E), 2 trumpets (in F and E), 3 trombones, timpani, glockenspiel, and strings. Movements The work comprises four movements: For this work Sibelius reversed the traditional classical positions of the second and third movements, placing the slow movement as the third. He also begins the piece with a slow movement instead of the traditional fast opening movement (this is the same order as many baroque orchestral works). A typical performance lasts 35 to 40 minutes. Analysis The interval of the tritone dominates the\n\nThe Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125, is a choral symphony, the final complete symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven, composed between 1822 and 1824. It was first performed in Vienna on 7 May 1824. The symphony is regarded by many critics and musicologists as a masterpiece of Western classical music and one of the supreme achievements in the entire history of music. One of the best-known works in common practice music, it stands as one of the most frequently performed symphonies in the world. The Ninth was the first example of a major composer scoring vocal parts in a symphony. The final (4th) movement of the symphony features four vocal soloists and a chorus in the parallel modulated key of D major. The text was adapted from the \"An die Freude (Ode to Joy)\", a poem written by Friedrich Schiller in 1785 and revised in 1803, with additional\n\nThe String Quartet No. 16 in F major, Op. 135, by Ludwig van Beethoven was written in October 1826 and was the last major work he completed. Only the final movement of the Quartet Op. 130, written as a replacement for the Gro\u00dfe Fuge, was composed later. The work was premiered by the Schuppanzigh Quartet in March 1828, one year after Beethoven's death. The Op. 135 quartet is the shortest of Beethoven's late quartets. Under the introductory slow chords in the last movement, which is headed \"Der schwer gefa\u00dfte Entschlu\u00df\" (The Difficult Decision), Beethoven wrote in the manuscript \"Mu\u00df es sein?\" (Must it be?) to which he responds, with the faster main theme of the movement, \"Es mu\u00df sein!\" (It must be!). It is in four movements: Allegretto (F major) Vivace (F major) Lento assai, cantante e tranquillo (D major) \"Der schwer gefa\u00dfte Entschlu\u00df\". Grave, ma non troppo tratto (\"Muss\n\nQuestion: What name is given to the Fourth (4th) movement in Beethoven's / Ninth (9th) Symphony?", "output": "Ode to Joy"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Tree shaping (also known by several other alternative names) uses living trees and other woody plants as the medium to create structures and art. There are a few different methods used by the various artists to shape their trees, which share a common heritage with other artistic horticultural and agricultural practices, such as pleaching, bonsai, espalier, and topiary, and employing some similar techniques. Most artists use grafting to deliberately induce the inosculation of living trunks, branches, and roots, into artistic designs or functional structures. Tree shaping has been practiced for at least several hundred years, as demonstrated by the living root bridges built and maintained by the Khasi people of India. Early 20th-century practitioners and artisans included banker John Krubsack, Axel Erlandson with his famous circus trees, and landscape engineer Arthur Wiechula. Several contemporary designers also produce tree-shaping projects. History Some species of trees exhibit a botanical phenomenon known as\n\nFructification () are the generative parts of the plant (flower and fruit) (as opposed to its vegetative parts: trunk, roots and leaves). Sometimes it is applied more broadly to the generative parts of gymnosperms, ferns, horsetails, and lycophytes, though they produce neither fruit nor flower. Since the works of Andrea Caesalpino (1519\u20131603) the characters of fructification have been extensively used as a basis for the scientific classification of plants. Carl Linnaeus (1707\u20131778) raised the description of the parts of fructification to an unprecedented level of precision. He insisted that genera and the higher groups of plants must be characterised in terms of the fructification alone without using vegetative parts (which can be used only to characterise the species within genera). At that time it was believed that all plants have flowers and fruits. It was not until the nineteenth century that the important difference between seeds and spores was recognised\n\nashes that may once have been shredded\". Another name for cutting side branches off trees, used mainly in Northern England, is snagging. Other similar woodland management techniques include pollarding and coppicing. See also Woodland management References Forest management Horticulture Trees\n\nQuestion: What name is given to the art of trimming trees and shrubs into ornamental shapes?", "output": "topiary"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "|} The Champagne Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old colts and geldings. It is run at Doncaster over a distance of 7 furlongs and 6 yards (1,414 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in September. History The event was established in 1823, and it was originally open to horses of either gender. For a period it was contested over a mile, and it was shortened to 6 furlongs in 1870. It was extended to 7 furlongs in 1962, and restricted to male horses in 1988. The Champagne Stakes is held during Doncaster's four-day St. Leger Festival, and it is currently run on the final day, the same day as the St Leger Stakes. The leading horses from the race sometimes go on to compete in the following month's Dewhurst Stakes. The most recent horse to win both races\n\nThe Count Fleet Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race run at Aqueduct Racetrack, located in Jamaica, New York, at the beginning of January each year. It is the first stakes race of the year run in New York City for three-year-olds. Named after Count Fleet, the 1943 Triple Crown winner, the race is open to three-year-olds willing to race one mile and seventy yards on the inner dirt track. Offering a purse of $65,000 added, the race is a prep to the Whirlaway Stakes, the Gotham Stakes, the Bay Shore Stakes and the Wood Memorial Stakes. Inaugurated in 1975 as the Count Fleet Handicap at Belmont Park, it was run that year at a distance of one mile. In 1976 it was raced at seven furlongs then from 1977 through 1983 at a mile and a sixteenth. It has been contested at a mile and seventy yards since 1984.\n\n|} The Coventry Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old horses. It is run at Ascot over a distance of 6 furlongs (1,207 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in June. History The event was established in 1890, and it was named after the 9th Earl of Coventry, who served as the Master of the Buckhounds at that time. The present system of race grading was introduced in 1971, and for a period the Coventry Stakes was classed at Group 3 level. It was promoted to Group 2 status in 2004. It is usually contested on the opening day of the Royal Ascot meeting. Records Leading jockey (9 wins): Sir Gordon Richards \u2013 Manitoba (1932), Medieval Knight (1933), Hairan (1934), Nasrullah (1942), Khaled (1945), Tudor Minstrel (1946), The Cobbler (1947), Palestine (1949), King's Bench (1951) Leading trainer (10 wins):\n\nQuestion: The St. Leger and the Lincoln Handicap are both run at which racecourse?", "output": "DONCASTER"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "to 1961. Preservation Several tramcars have been preserved at the UK's National Tramway Museum, Beamish Museum, Black Country Living Museum, East Anglia Transport Museum, Heaton Park Tramway, Seaton Tramway, Summerlee Museum and the Wirral Transport Museum, where the cars are still in operation. Some have been preserved at New Zealand's Ferrymead Museum in Christchurch and MOTAT Museum in Auckland, which operates restored Wellington double-deck tramcar No. 47, which operated in 1906 and also has Auckland double-deck tramcar No. 17 in storage. The Douglas Bay Horse Tramway on the Isle of Man, opened in 1876 and continuously operating since then (with the exception of WWII), still operates the only remaining horse-drawn double-deck tramway cars in the world, as a heritage tramway. Blackpool Tramway still operates several double-deckers on weekends, of which there are several Balloon Cars from the 1930s (some of them rebuilt later) and one Standard Car from the 1920s.\n\nSheffield Tramway was an extensive tramway network serving the English city of Sheffield and its suburbs. The first tramway line, horse-drawn, opened in 1873 between Lady's Bridge and Attercliffe, subsequently extended to Brightside and Tinsley. Routes were built to Heeley, where a tram depot was built, Nether Edge and Hillsborough. In 1899, the first electric tram ran between Nether Edge and Tinsley, and by 1902 all the routes were electrified. As of 1910 the network covered 39 miles (62.7 km) and as of 1951 48 miles (77.2 km). The last trams ran between Leopold Street to Beauchief and Tinsley on 8 October 1960\u2014three Sheffield trams were subsequently preserved at the National Tramway Museum in Crich. 34 years later trams returned to the streets of Sheffield under a new network called Supertram. History Horse tram era The Sheffield horse tramway was created under the Tramways Act 1870, with powers granted in\n\nThe Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft is a transport museum which specialises in the preservation of trolleybuses. It is located by the village of Sandtoft, near Belton on the Isle of Axholme in the English county of Lincolnshire. Description The museum occupies part of the former RAF Sandtoft, an operational bomber airfield during the Second World War. RAF Sandtoft was disposed of by the RAF in 1958 and the site was acquired for the museum in November 1969. Since that time, volunteers have transformed a barren site into a museum with the addition of workshop, vehicle depot and exhibition building. The first event held was the Sandtoft Gathering in 1971, an event which is still held annually. The museum is recognised as having the largest collection of preserved trolleybuses in Europe, if not the world, with over 60 examples. Whilst the exhibits are predominantly from the UK, a collection of international\n\nQuestion: In which Derbyshire town is the famous Tramway Museum?", "output": "Crich"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Euromus or Euromos () \u2013 also, Europus or Europos (\u0395\u1f50\u03c1\u03c9\u03c0\u03cc\u03c2), Eunomus or Eunomos (\u0395\u1f54\u03bd\u03c9\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2), Philippi or Philippoi (\u03a6\u03af\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9); earlier Kyromus and Hyromus \u2013 was an ancient city in Caria, Anatolia; the ruins are approximately 4 km southeast of Selimiye and 12 km northwest of Milas (the ancient Mylasa), Mu\u011fla Province, Turkey. It was situated at the foot of Mount Grium, which runs parallel to Mount Latmus, and was built by one Euromus, a son of Idris, a Carian. History Probably dating from the 6th century BC, Euromus was a member of the Chrysaorian League during Seleucid times. Euromus also minted its own coins from the 2nd century BCE to the 2nd century CE. Under the Roman dominion Euromus belonged to the conventus of Alabanda. The ruins contain numerous interesting buildings, the most outstanding of which is the temple of Zeus Lepsinos from the reign of Emperor Hadrian. Archaeology Archaeologists have\n\nAnkara ( , ; ), historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and 5.7 million in Ankara Province, making it Turkey's second-largest city after Istanbul, but first by the urban area (2,767 km2). Serving as the capital of the ancient Celtic state of Galatia (280\u201364 BC), and later of the Roman province with the same name (25 BC\u20137th century), the city is very old, with various Hattian, Hittite, Lydian, Phrygian, Galatian, Greek, Persian, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman archeological sites. The Ottomans made the city the capital first of the Anatolia Eyalet (1393 \u2013 late 15th century) and then the Angora Eyalet (1827\u20131864) and the Angora Vilayet (1867\u20131922). The historical center of Ankara is a rocky hill rising over the left bank of the Ankara River, a tributary\n\nAntioch on the Maeander or Antiochia on the Maeander (; ), earlier Pythopolis, was a city of ancient Caria, in Anatolia. The city was situated between the Maeander and Orsinus rivers near their confluence. Though it was the site of a bridge over the Maeander, it had \"little or no individual history\". The scanty ruins are located on a hill (named, in Turkish, Yeni\u015fer) a few km southeast of Kuyucak, Ayd\u0131n Province, Turkey, near the modern city of Ba\u015faran, or the village of Alia\u011fa\u00e7iftli\u011fi. The city already existed when Antiochus I enlarged and renamed it. It was home to the sophist Diotrephes. The Venus de Milo is believed to have been sculpted by a citizen of Antioch named [\u2026]andros (possibly Alexandros). In 1148 the army of the Second Crusade forced a passage of the Maeander at Antioch in the face of determined Turkish resistance in the Battle of the Meander.\n\nQuestion: The ancient cities of Troy and Ephesus can be found in which modern-day country?", "output": "Turkey"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "explaining the universe and its purpose, carefully clarifying and syncretising terms as it takes the reader through the spiritual journey of the atma (soul) through its imagined evolution, reincarnation, and involution, to its goal, its origin, of Paramatma (Over-soul). The journey winds up being one from God-unconscious (\"Beyond Beyond State of God\") to God-conscious (\"Beyond State of God\"). Cohen summarizes, \"In elaborate detail he explains the universe is an arena where infinite existence, identifying with the apparently limited soul, becomes more and more conscious of its oneness with itself as the Over-Soul.\" Birth of consciousness According to God Speaks, in the evolution of consciousness, before the Soul has any consciousness of anything or itself, there is an infinite, impressionless unconscious tranquil state. Meher Baba calls this state the Eternal Beyond-Beyond State of God (or Paratpar Paramatma), which has no experience of Self, nor of any of its Infinite latent attributes.\n\nIn Sufism, ma\u02bfrifa (\"experiential knowledge\" or \"gnosis\") is the mystical understanding of God or Divine Reality. It has been described as an immediate recognition and understanding of the true nature of things as they are. Ma'rifa encompasses a deep understanding of the ultimate Truth, which is essentially God, and extends to the comprehension of all things in their connection to God. Sufi mystics attain ma\u02bfrifa by embarking on a spiritual journey, typically consisting of various stages referred to as \"stations\" and \"states.\" In the state of ma'rifa, the mystic transcends the temptations of the self and is absorbed in God, experiencing a sense of alienation from their own self. The term 'arif, \"gnostic\" has been used to designate advanced mystics who have attained the spiritual station of ma'rifa. Concept Ma'rifa is a central tenet of Sufism that embodies the notions of \"gnosis\" or \"experiential knowledge.\" It is considered the ultimate\n\nsuch as the \"four divine abodes\" (brahmavih\u0101ras) of loving-kindness (maitr\u012b), compassion (karu\u1e47\u0101), empathetic joy (mudit\u0101) and equanimity (upek\u1e63\u0101), as well as the various bodhisattva \"perfections\" (p\u0101ramit\u0101s) which include praj\u00f1\u0101p\u0101ramit\u0101 (\"transcendent knowledge\" or \"perfection of wisdom\") and skillful means (up\u0101ya). In Therav\u0101da Buddhism, the bodhisattva is mainly seen as an exceptional and rare individual. Only a few select individuals are ultimately able to become bodhisattvas, such as Maitreya. Mah\u0101y\u0101na Buddhism generally understands the bodhisattva path as being open to everyone, and Mah\u0101y\u0101na Buddhists encourage all individuals to become bodhisattvas. Spiritually advanced bodhisattvas such as Avalokiteshvara, Maitreya, and Manjushri are also widely venerated across the Mah\u0101y\u0101na Buddhist world and are believed to possess great magical power which they employ to help all living beings. In Early Buddhism In pre-sectarian Buddhism, the term bodhisatta is used in the early texts to refer to Gautama Buddha in his previous lives and as a young\n\nQuestion: P\u0101ramit\u0101, p\u0101ram\u012b, or the Ten Perfections, are an aspirational model of which belief system?", "output": "Buddhism"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "indulgence. Later, Martin Luther addressed a letter of protest to Albert concerning the conduct of Tetzel. Largely in reaction to Tetzel's actions, Luther wrote his famous Ninety-five Theses, which led to the Reformation. Luther sent these to Albert on 31 October 1517, and according to a disputable tradition, nailed a copy to the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg. Albert forwarded the theses to Rome, suspecting Luther of heresy. As Archbishop of Mainz, he tried unsuccessfully in 1515 and 1516 to expel the Jews living in Mainz. In 1518, at the age of 28, he was made a cardinal. When the imperial election of 1519 drew near, partisans of the two leading candidates (kings Charles I of Spain and Francis I of France) eagerly solicited the vote of the Prince-Archbishop of Mainz, and Albert appears to have received a large amount of money for his vote. The electors eventually chose\n\nWittenberg Concord, is a religious concordat signed by Reformed and Lutheran theologians and churchmen on 29 May 1536 as an attempted resolution of their differences with respect to the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist. It is considered a foundational document for Lutheranism but was later rejected by the Reformed. The Reformed signers included Martin Bucer, Wolfgang Fabricius Capito, Matth\u00e4us Alber, Martin Frecht, Jakob Otter, and Wolfgang Musculus. The Lutherans signers included Martin Luther, Philipp Melanchthon, Johannes Bugenhagen, Justus Jonas, Caspar Cruciger, Justus Menius, Friedrich Myconius, Urban Rhegius, George Spalatin. This document defined the doctrine of the Real Presence of Christ's body and blood in the Eucharist as the Sacramental Union and maintained the real eating of the body and blood of Christ by \"unworthy communicants\" (manducatio indignorum). Notes History of Protestantism in Germany Lutheran Eucharistic theology Christianity in the Holy Roman Empire\n\nWittenberg is an unincorporated community in Brazeau Township in eastern Perry County, Missouri, United States. It is located on the Mississippi River, southeast of Perryville. Wittenberg is situated in the Brazeau Bottoms on Brazeau Creek opposite Grand Tower, Illinois, and Tower Rock, the latter a landmark island in the Mississippi River. History Wittenberg is one of seven towns and villages in the area founded by German Lutheran immigrants in 1839. Wittenberg and the others\u2014Altenburg, Dresden, Frohna, Johannisberg, Paitzdorf, and Seelitz\u2014were all named by settlers for towns in the Saxony region of their native country. The city's namesake, Wittenberg, Germany, is important in Lutheran history as the place where Martin Luther posted the Ninety-five Theses, which sparked the Reformation. The immigrant group would eventually form the backbone of the Lutheran Church\u2013Missouri Synod, and they considered Tower Rock, nearby in the Mississippi River, to be their own version of Plymouth Rock in\n\nQuestion: Who nailed a paper with 95 theses as a basis for debate with Friar John Tetzel to a church door at Wittenberg on 31 October 1517?", "output": "Martin Luther"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Anthropornis is a genus of giant penguin that lived 45-33 million years ago, during the Late Eocene and the earliest part of the Oligocene. Description Anthropornis reached in length from the tip of the beak to the tip of the tail, and in weight. There is also an estimate that one remain of Anthropornis can reach that body length of and in weight. Fossils of it have been found in the La Meseta Formation on Seymour Island off the coast of Antarctica and in New Zealand. By comparison, the largest modern penguin species, the emperor penguin, is just long. The type species, Anthropornis nordenskjoldi, had a bent joint in the wing, probably a vestigial trait from its flying ancestors. References Prehistoric bird genera Eocene birds Oligocene birds Extinct penguins Priabonian genus first appearances Rupelian genus extinctions Prehistoric birds of Antarctica Paleogene Antarctica Fossils of Antarctica Fossil taxa described in 1905\n\nthe family is taken from its type genus, Bovichtus which is derived from meaning \"bull\" and which means fish, based on the local name for Bovichtus species in Valparaiso, Chile, torrito, the \u201clittle bull\u201d. The Bovichtidae is the sister family to the Pseudaphritidae which in turn is sister to the Eleginopidae and these are all sister to the rest of the families in the Notothenoidei which have been placed in the suggested superfamily Cryonotothenioidea. The Bovichtidae are regarded as the most basal family in the suborder. Genera Currently, three genera are included in this family, with the catadromous genus Pseudaphritis (Castelnau, 1872) now being placed in its own family, Pseudaphritidae. Bovichtus Valenciennes, 1832 Cottoperca Steindachner, 1875 Halaphritis Last, Balushkin & Hutchins, 2002 Characteristics Bovichtidae icefishes are characterised by a protrusible a not very elongated or pronounced snout. The gill membranes not connected to the isthmus and they project quite far\n\nwhich can annoy some of the other penguins. Together with his best friend P\u00e9p\u00e9, Lolo goes on many journeys through the wild, learning about the creatures that live in region. He eventually also makes friends with a tame husky puppy called Don (though his name is Cowboy in the English version), who is on an Antarctic trek with his scientist master. Eventually, however, Lolo and Pepe get separated from their home, and face many dangers such as attacks by leopard seals and killer whales. Eventually, they get captured by a large group of poachers, from whom they later escape with the help of a Macaroni Penguin named Mak and an old guard dog on board named Jack. The young penguins return home, only to find that the poachers have also come to catch all the baby penguins to sell to a zoo; Despite some of the penguins getting killed in\n\nQuestion: Which is the largest member of the penguin family", "output": "Emperor penguin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Kachhi () is a geographical region of Punjab, Pakistan. It lies between the Thal Desert and the part of Chenab which flows after its confluence with the Jhelum River at Atharan Hazari in Jhang District. Parts of the districts of Kot Addu District and Layyah form this region. See also Kacchi Plain Regions of Punjab, Pakistan\n\nThe Lut Desert, widely referred to as Dasht-e Lut (, \"Emptiness Plain\"), is a large salt desert located in the provinces of Kerman and Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran. It is the world's 33rd-largest desert, and was included on UNESCO's World Heritage List on July 17, 2016. The name is derived from 'Lut' which means bare and empty in Persian and 'dasht' which means plain in Persian. The surface of its sand has been measured at temperatures as high as 70.7 \u00b0C (159.3 \u00b0F), making it one of the world's driest and hottest places. Description Iran is climatically part of the Afro-Asian belt of deserts, which stretches from Mauritania all the way to Mongolia. The patchy, elongated, light-colored feature in the foreground (parallel to the mountain range) is the northernmost of the Dasht dry lakes that stretch southward . Iran's geography consists of a plateau surrounded by mountains and divided into\n\nThe Hunza Valley (; ) is a mountainous valley in the northern part of the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan. Geography It takes shape alongside the Hunza River. The valley shares its borders with Ishkoman to the northwest, Shigar to the southeast, Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor to the north, and the Xinjiang region of China to the northeast. The Hunza Valley floor is at an elevation of 2,438 meters (7,999 feet). Geographically, the Hunza Valley consists of three regions: Upper Hunza (Gojal), Central Hunza, and Lower Hunza (Shinaki). History Buddhism and, to a lesser extent, B\u00f6n were the primary religions in the area. The region holds several surviving Buddhist archaeological sites, such as the Sacred Rock of Hunza. Hunza Valley was central in the network of trading routes connecting Central Asia to the subcontinent. It also provided protection to Buddhist missionaries and monks visiting the subcontinent, and the region played a significant\n\nQuestion: The Gobi Desert lies in which area?", "output": "Asia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A bio satellite is an artificial satellite designed to carry plants or animals in outer space. They are used to research the effects of space (cosmic radiation, weightlessness, etc.) on biological matter while in orbit around a celestial body. The first satellite carrying an animal (a dog, \"Laika\") was Soviet Sputnik 2 on November 3, 1957. On August 20, 1960 Soviet Sputnik 5 launched and recovered dogs from Earth orbit. NASA launched 3 satellites between 1966 and 1969 for the Biosatellite program. The most famous biosatellites include: Biosatellite program launched by NASA between 1966 and 1969. Bion space program by Soviet Union The Mars Gravity Biosatellite Orbiting Frog Otolith (OFO-A) See also Animals in space Biosatellite (NASA) References Satellites by type Animals in space\n\nThe timeline of first Earth observation satellites shows, in chronological order, those successful Earth observation satellites, that is, Earth satellites with a program of Earth science. Sputnik 1, while the first satellite ever launched, did not conduct Earth science. Explorer 1 was the first satellite to make an Earth science discovery when it found the Van Allen belts. 1950s 1960s See also List of Earth observation satellites References Claude LaFleur's The Spacecraft Encyclopedia Encyclopedia Astronautica Earth science satellites Lists of satellites\n\nsplashed down in the northern Pacific Ocean. The crew members were named Time magazine's \"Men of the Year\" for 1968 upon their return. It is the last Apollo mission for which all three crew members are still living. Background In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United States was engaged in the Cold War, a geopolitical rivalry with the Soviet Union. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. This unexpected success stoked fears and imaginations around the world. It not only demonstrated that the Soviet Union had the capability to deliver nuclear weapons over intercontinental distances, it challenged American claims of military, economic, and technological superiority. The launch precipitated the Sputnik crisis and triggered the Space Race. President John F. Kennedy believed that not only was it in the national interest of the United States to be superior to other nations, but\n\nQuestion: What was the first artificial satellite?", "output": "Sputnik 1"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cheswardine ( ) is a rural village and civil parish in north east Shropshire, England. The village lies close to the border with Staffordshire and is about 8 miles north of Newport and 5 miles south east of Market Drayton. At the 2001 Census, the parish (which also includes the villages of Chipnall and Soudley as well as several small hamlets such as Goldstone and Ellerton), had a population of 991 people, increasing to 1,076 at the 2011 Census. History and architecture The name Cheswardine, recorded in 1086 as Ciseworde, in 1189 as Chesewordin and about 1650 as Cheswardyne, is probably derived from the Old English for \"cheese-producing settlement\". Cheswardine was mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, when the manor was held by Robert of Stafford, but is probably a much older settlement, with the church likely being built on an ancient fortified site. Land north of the church\n\nChelwood is a small village and civil parish in Somerset, England, and is in the affluent Chew Valley in the Bath and North East Somerset council area, about from Bristol and Bath. The parish, which includes the hamlets of West Chelwood and Breach, has a population of 148. It is situated on the A368 (Bath to Weston-super-Mare road) between Marksbury and Bishop Sutton, very close to the A37. History The first mention of Chelwood dates from 925 when Robert le Bok, a native of Chelwood, was tried and acquitted of attempting to burn down the house of John de Kylkenny. According to Robinson there are two entries in the 1086 Domesday Book: Cellwert and Celeworde both indicating the same meaning, \"the hill farm\" from the Old English ceol and wor. Although spellings varied down the years, the first attested use of the form \"Chelwood\" dates from the 12th century. The\n\nColeraine Cheddar is a brand of cheese which originated in Northern Ireland. History The product range was originally manufactured at a factory which was built in 1948 in Coleraine, County Londonderry for the manufacture of roller and spray dried powders, sterilised cream, butter and other products, and in 1951, the plant was expanded to begin production of about 5 tonnes of cheddar cheese a day from about 13,000 gallons of full cream milk. By the early 1960s the factory was taken over by Fisons. Coleraine Cheddar continues to be distributed under the name of Dairy Produce Packers Ltd of Coleraine, part of the Kerry Group, but the cheeses are mostly made in a factory in Portadown, County Armagh. The Coleraine factory makes only processed cheese slices for the supermarket/fast food industries. The Portadown company makes Coleraine Cheddar, Coleraine Mature White Cheddar, Coleraine Medium Cheddar, Coleraine Mild White Cheddar and Royal\n\nQuestion: The village of Cheddar is in which English county?", "output": "Somerset"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Osmorhiza is a genus of perennial herbs, known generally as sweet cicely, sweetcicely, or sweetroot. Most species are native to North America, but some grow in South America and Asia. Some species are used for medicinal purposes, but have dangerous lookalikes. The fruits of this plant have barbs on the end allowing them to stick to clothing, fur, or feathers. American Indians used the roots of sweet cicely as a panacea. It was used as a tonic for upset stomach and to ease childbirth. The root was poulticed on boils and wounds, and a root tea was used as an eye wash. Folk medicine list uses of the plant as an expectorant and as a tonic for coughs and for stomachaches. Species Osmorhiza aristata Osmorhiza berteroi (Tapering sweetroot, mountain sweet cicely, mountain sweetroot) Osmorhiza brachypoda (California sweet cicely) Osmorhiza claytonii (Clayton's sweetroot, sweet cicely) Osmorhiza depauperata (Bluntseed sweetroot) Osmorhiza glabrata\n\nWater celery is a common name for several plants and may refer to: Oenanthe (plant), primarily: Oenanthe javanica (Apiaceae), native to eastern Asia Ranunculus sceleratus (Ranunculaceae), native to North America, Africa, Europe, and Asia Vallisneria Vallisneria americana (Hydrocharitaceae), native to North and South America\n\nChervil (; Anthriscus cerefolium), sometimes called French parsley or garden chervil (to distinguish it from similar plants also called chervil), is a delicate annual herb related to parsley. It was formerly called myrhis due to its volatile oil with an aroma similar to the resinous substance myrrh. It is commonly used to season mild-flavoured dishes and is a constituent of the French herb mixture . Name The name chervil is from Anglo-Norman, from Latin or , meaning \"leaves of joy\"; the Latin is formed, as from an Ancient Greek word (). Biology A member of the Apiaceae, chervil is native to the Caucasus but was spread by the Romans through most of Europe, where it is now naturalised. It is also grown frequently in the United States, where it sometimes escapes cultivation. Such escape can be recognized, however, as garden chervil is distinguished from all other Anthriscus species growing in\n\nQuestion: Alternative name for the plant Sweet Cicely, from its Latin name?", "output": "Myrrh"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Lumisterol is a compound that is part of the vitamin D family of steroid compounds. It is the (9\u03b2,10\u03b1) stereoisomer of ergosterol and was produced as a photochemical by-product in the preparation of vitamin D1, which was a mixture of vitamin D2 and lumisterol. Vitamin D2 can be formed from lumisterol by an electrocyclic ring opening and subsequent sigmatropic [1,7] hydride shift. Lumisterol has an analog based on 7-dehydrocholesterol, known as lumisterol 3. References Vitamin D Sterols\n\nCarotenosis is a benign and reversible medical condition where an excess of dietary carotenoids results in orange discoloration of the outermost skin layer. The discoloration is most easily observed in light-skinned people and may be mistaken for jaundice. Carotenoids are lipid-soluble compounds that include alpha- and beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin. The primary serum carotenoids are beta-carotene, lycopene, and lutein. Serum levels of carotenoids vary between region, ethnicity, and sex in the healthy population. All are absorbed by passive diffusion from the gastrointestinal tract and are then partially metabolized in the intestinal mucosa and liver to vitamin A. From there they are transported in the plasma into the peripheral tissues. Carotenoids are eliminated via sweat, sebum, urine, and gastrointestinal secretions. Carotenoids contribute to normal-appearing human skin color, and are a significant component of physiologic ultraviolet photoprotection. Carotenemia most commonly occurs in vegetarians and young children with light skin. Carotenemia\n\nCarotenoid oxygenases are a family of enzymes involved in the cleavage of carotenoids to produce, for example, retinol, commonly known as vitamin A. This family includes an enzyme known as RPE65 which is abundantly expressed in the retinal pigment epithelium where it catalyzed the formation of 11-cis-retinol from all-trans-retinyl esters. Carotenoids such as beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein and beta-cryptoxanthin are produced in plants and certain bacteria, algae and fungi, where they function as accessory photosynthetic pigments and as scavengers of oxygen radicals for photoprotection. They are also essential dietary nutrients in animals. Carotenoid oxygenases cleave a variety of carotenoids into a range of biologically important products, including apocarotenoids in plants that function as hormones, pigments, flavours, floral scents and defence compounds, and retinoids in animals that function as vitamins, chromophores for opsins and signalling molecules. Examples of carotenoid oxygenases include: Beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase (BCO1; ) from animals, which cleaves beta-carotene symmetrically at\n\nQuestion: Retinol is a form of which vitamin?", "output": "Vitamin A"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Edward S. Jordan (November 21, 1882 \u2013 December 29, 1958) was an American entrepreneur, automotive industrialist and pioneer in evocative advertising copy, which he wrote and used to advertise the automobiles produced by his Jordan Motor Car Company of Cleveland, Ohio. Jordan\u2019s June 1923 advertisement for the company\u2019s Somewhere West of Laramie is considered a breakthrough in the art of writing advertising copy. Early years Jordan was born in Merrill, Wisconsin in 1882, the only son in a family of six children. His mother, Kate Griffin Jordan, supported the family by running a series of small general stores along the Overland Trail. University Jordan supported his own way through the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison and achieved high grades while working as a sports reporter for a Madison, Wisconsin newspaper and the Milwaukee Journal. He then joined the National Cash Register Company in Dayton, Ohio for a year, and in 1907 began\n\nthe right. Only a small range of hangeul syllables are valid for each type of vehicle. Some of them identify more specific vehicle types; e.g., heo (\ud5c8) is only used for rental cars. Some special plates have the hangeul prefix replaced by a circled hangeul word. Diplomat's cars: \"diplomat\" (\uc678\uad50) Construction vehicles: \"commerce\" (\uc0c1\ud488) - These will have the province name/vehicle class replaced by an organization name. National government vehicles: \"country\" (\uad6d) - These have no province name. South Korean military: \"army\" (\uc721) - These have no province name Private vehicles used by the US military in South Korea had no Korean character but instead had a single half-size digit followed by a dash and the four digit number. The digit identified the city where the car was registered. A license plate that read 5-4187, for example, was a US Army car registered in Taegu. Vehicles to be used on\n\nThe Arabic alphabet (, or , ), or Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language. It is written from right-to-left in a cursive style, and includes 28 letters, of which most have contextual letterforms. The Arabic alphabet is considered an abjad, with only consonants required to be written; due to its optional use of diacritics to notate vowels, it is considered an impure abjad. Consonants The basic Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters. Forms using the Arabic script to write other languages added and removed letters: for example Persian, Ottoman Turkish, Kurdish, Urdu, Sindhi, Azerbaijani, Malay, Pashto, Punjabi, Uyghur, Arwi and Arabi Malayalam all have additional letters in their alphabets. There are no distinct upper and lower case letterforms. Many letters look similar but are distinguished from one another by dots () above or below their central part (). These dots are an integral\n\nQuestion: What are the international registration letters for a vehicle form Jordan?", "output": "HKJ"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Negue Djogo (born February 2, 1932) was a Chadian officer and politician. A French-trained Sara Catholic officer, his first prominent assignment came in 1966 when, still a lieutenant, he was made by President Fran\u00e7ois Tombalbaye prefect of the key Bourkou-Ennedi-Tibesti (BET) region, which France, Chad's former colonial power, had evacuated only in 1964, four years after the independence of the country. He was among those accused of misrule by the French Administrative Reform Mission (MRA) in 1969, for his contempt of Muslim traditions and especially of the dia, the blood wealth. All the same, under Tombalbaye Djogo made a fast career and became general and Chief of Staff of the Chadian Armed Forces (FAT), when he was arrested by the President on March 23, 1975, in what was yet another of many purges in the army. He did not remain long in jail: on April 13 a military coup removed\n\nThe Burkina Faso Armed Forces () is the term used for the national military of Burkina Faso. The service branches of the armed forces include its Army, Air Force, National Gendarmerie and People's Militia. Being a landlocked country, Burkina Faso has no navy. History In 1966 a military coup deposed the first president of Upper Volta, Maurice Yam\u00e9ogo, suspended the constitution, dissolved the National Assembly, and placed Lieutenant Colonel Sangoul\u00e9 Lamizana at the head of a government of senior army officers. The army remained in power for 4 years; on June 14, 1970, the Voltans ratified a new constitution that established a 4-year transition period toward complete civilian rule. Lamizana remained in power throughout the 1970s as president of military or mixed civil-military governments. After conflict over the 1970 constitution, a new constitution was written and approved in 1977, and Lamizana was reelected by open elections in 1978. Lamizana's government\n\nAlain Dominique Zoubga (born 1953 in Poa) is a Burkinabe politician and medical doctor who has served in the government of Burkina Faso as Minister of Social Action since 2013. Previously, he was appointed as Minister of Health by President Blaise Compaor\u00e9 following the 1987 coup d'\u00e9tat and served until 1989. Dr. Zougba currently leads the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party (PDP-PS). References \"Health services and quality in Burkina Faso\" African Societies 1953 births Living people Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party politicians Government ministers of Burkina Faso Burkinab\u00e9 physicians 21st-century Burkinab\u00e9 people Health ministers of Burkina Faso\n\nQuestion: Between 1960 and 1987, Maurice Yamogo, Lt. Col. Sangoul Lamizana, Col. Saye Zerbo, Maj. Dr. Jean-Baptiste Oudraogo, Capt. Thomas Sankara and Capt. Blaise Compaor were involved in the politics of which country?", "output": "Burkina Faso"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Tsai Ing-wen (; born 31 August 1956) is a Taiwanese politician who has been serving as the president of the Republic of China (Taiwan) since 2016. A member of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), Tsai is the first female president of Taiwan. She served as chair of the DPP from 2020 to 2022, and also previously from 2008 to 2012 and 2014 to 2018. Tsai grew up in Taipei and studied law and international trade, and later became a law professor at Soochow University School of Law and National Chengchi University after earning an LLB from National Taiwan University and an LLM from Cornell Law School. She later studied law at the London School of Economics and Political Science, with her thesis titled \"Unfair trade practices and safeguard actions\", and was awarded a Ph.D. in law from the University of London. In 1993, as an independent (without party affiliation), she\n\nmade the annual government report to the Congress outlining government policy and its progress from 2005. The Eleventh Five-Year Plan will undergo review. A Budget will be drafted for the following fiscal year. NPC Standing Committee Chairman Wu Bangguo will review the work of the NPC Standing Committee from last year. The Judiciary system will also make its respective reports. In official Chinese news, the phrase \"core of leadership\" has been omitted when describing Hu Jintao. This came in stark contrast to the repetitive \"unify under the core of leadership under Jiang Zemin\" slogan used frequently in China during his years in power. Vice-Premier Huang Ju was absent because of health problems. Wen Jiabao's government report Premier Wen Jiabao delivered the PRC government's 2006 Working Report on the morning of March 5 at the Great Hall of the People. It was nationally televised on four CCTV channels and other networks.\n\nEconomics and Trade, \u9996\u90fd\u7ecf\u6d4e\u8d38\u6613\u5927\u5b66), where he majored in information engineering. In January 2006 Hu married Zeng Jinyan, with whom he has a daughter. Zeng was included in Time magazine's 100 Heroes and Pioneers for her blogging after his arrest in February 2008 for voicing his indignation at China as the host of the 2008 Summer Olympics. Both his wife and daughter were held in house arrest and harassed by the Ministry of State Security, and disappeared one day before the opening ceremony in Beijing. Hu is a Buddhist of the Tibetan tradition and began to practice Buddhism after the student uprisings. Activism Hu became interested in environmental issues while in university and participated in several environmental organizations including the Friends of Nature, led by Liang Congjie, and the 1997 Green Camp university student environmental camp led by Tang Xiyang. In 1998 Hu Jia was involved in rescuing some wild elk\n\nQuestion: As at at 2012 Hu Jintao and Wen Jiabao are/were president and premier of which country?", "output": "China"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A chemical element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances. The basic particle that constitutes a chemical element is the atom, and each chemical element is distinguished by the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms, known as its atomic number. For example, oxygen has an atomic number of 8, meaning that each oxygen atom has 8 protons in its nucleus. This is in contrast to chemical compounds and mixtures, which contain atoms with more than one atomic number. Almost all of the baryonic matter of the universe is composed of chemical elements (among rare exceptions are neutron stars). When different elements undergo chemical reactions, atoms are rearranged into new compounds held together by chemical bonds. Only a minority of elements, such as silver and gold, are found uncombined as relatively pure native element minerals. Nearly all other naturally occurring elements occur in\n\nAluminium (aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element with the symbol Al and atomic number 13. Aluminium has a density lower than those of other common metals; about one-third that of steel. It has a great affinity towards oxygen, forming a protective layer of oxide on the surface when exposed to air. Aluminium visually resembles silver, both in its color and in its great ability to reflect light. It is soft, nonmagnetic and ductile. It has one stable isotope: 27Al, which is highly abundant, making aluminium the twelfth-most common element in the universe. The radioactivity of 26Al is used in radiometric dating. Chemically, aluminium is a post-transition metal in the boron group; as is common for the group, aluminium forms compounds primarily in the +3 oxidation state. The aluminium cation Al3+ is small and highly charged; as such, it has more polarizing power, and bonds formed by aluminium\n\n(where it is best kept during transport), it loses its metallic lustre and takes on a duller, grey appearance. It has a melting point of , making it one of the few elemental metals that are liquid near room temperature. Mercury is the only stable elemental metal with a known melting point lower than caesium. In addition, the metal has a rather low boiling point, , the lowest of all metals other than mercury. Its compounds burn with a blue or violet colour. Caesium forms alloys with the other alkali metals, gold, and mercury (amalgams). At temperatures below , it does not alloy with cobalt, iron, molybdenum, nickel, platinum, tantalum, or tungsten. It forms well-defined intermetallic compounds with antimony, gallium, indium, and thorium, which are photosensitive. It mixes with all the other alkali metals (except lithium); the alloy with a molar distribution of 41% caesium, 47% potassium, and 12% sodium\n\nQuestion: Under standard conditions, the lightest and least dense of all metallic elements is?", "output": "Lithium"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A triduum (; ) is a religious observance that lasts three days. Major tridua The best-known and most significant example today is the liturgical Paschal Triduum (the three days from the evening of Maundy Thursday to Easter Sunday). Other liturgical tridua celebrated in Western Christianity include the Rogation Days preceding Ascension Thursday, the feasts of Christmas and Pentecost together with the first two days of their octave, and Allhallowtide that lasts from Halloween to All Souls Day. In Eastern Christianity (both Orthodox and Catholic) the analogues of festive tridua take the form of a major feasts followed by an associated Synaxis. The most publicly celebrated examples are the feast of Epiphany together with its eve and the following day dedicated to Saint John the Baptist, and the Nativity feast with Christmas Eve and the Synaxis of Theotokos. Ecclesiastical approval has been granted for tridua in honour of the Trinity, the\n\nFowler is an English and/or Scots surname. Its origin is the Old English , an occupational name for a bird-catcher or hunter of wild birds. Old English or means \"bird\" and has evolved into the modern word fowl. Notable Fowlers Born before 1700 Constance Aston Fowler (born \"Constance Aston\"), English author and anthologist Edward Fowler (bishop) (1632\u20131714), English churchman, Bishop of Gloucester Eliza Haywood (born \"Elizabeth Fowler\" 1693\u20131756), English writer, actress and publisher Richard Fowler (chancellor) (c.1425\u20131477) - Chancellor of the Exchequer to Edward IV Thomas Fowler (courtier), (d. 1590), steward of the Countess of Lennox, and spy William Fowler (makar) (c. 1560\u20131612), Scottish poet, writer, courtier, and translator Born after 1700 Charles Fowler (1792\u20131867), English architect John Fowler (politician) (1755\u20131840), American national politician Robert Fowler (archbishop) (1724\u20131801), Archbishop of Dublin in the Church of Ireland Robert Fowler (bishop) (1767\u20131841), his son, Bishop of Ossory in the Church of Ireland\n\nAdam, and the traditional liturgical feast of Saints Adam and Eve has been celebrated on 24 December since the Middle Ages in many European nations, including Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, and the Scandinavian nations. Etymology \"Eve\" in Hebrew is \"\u1e24aww\u0101h\" and is most commonly believed to mean \"living one\" or \"source of life\" as it is phonetically similar to \"\u1e25\u0101y\u00e2\", \"to live\", from the Semitic root \u1e25yw. Haww\u0101h has been compared to the Hurrian goddess \u1e2aepat, who was shown in the Amarna letters to be worshipped in Jerusalem during the Late Bronze Age. It has been suggested that the name \u1e2aepat may derive from Kubau, a woman who was the first ruler of the Third Dynasty of Kish. It has been suggested that the Hebrew name Eve () also bears resemblance to an Aramaic word for \"snake\" (Old Aramaic language ; Aramaic ). The origin for this etymological hypothesis is\n\nQuestion: Hilary, Easter, Trinity and Michaelmas are traditional English (and Welsh) seasonal names in what?", "output": "Law courts"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Arundel was twice a parliamentary constituency in the Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the United Kingdom. The first incarnation strictly comprised the town centre of Arundel and was a borough constituency in Sussex first enfranchised in 1332 and disfranchised in 1868 under the Reform Act 1867. Arundel initially elected two members, but this was reduced to one in 1832 by the Great Reform Act. The second incarnation was broader, reaching to Bognor Regis. It was created by the Boundary Commission in the 1974 boundary changes, and existed until 1997. This Arundel seat elected only one member. The territory previously covered by Arundel was split between Arundel & South Downs and Bognor Regis & Littlehampton constituencies. Members of Parliament 1332-1640 Back to Members of Parliament 1640-1832 Back to Members of Parliament 1832-1868 Back to Members of Parliament Arundel County Constituency (1974-1997) Elections Elections in the 1830s Elections\n\nat St Mary's in New Abbey before interment in the Norfolk burial vault at Arundel Castle in Sussex. References Sources 1877 births 1945 deaths Gwendolen Hereditary women peers Lords Herries of Terregles Gwendolen Gwendolen Wives of knights\n\nCharlotte Sophia Fitzalan-Howard (n\u00e9e Leveson-Gower), Duchess of Norfolk (bapt. 9 July 1788 \u2013 7 July 1870) was a daughter of the 1st Duke of Sutherland and his wife, Elizabeth, suo jure Countess of Sutherland. On 27 December 1814, she married Henry Charles Howard (b. 1791), the son and heir of Bernard Edward Howard, who was the heir presumptive to his childless and elderly cousin Charles Howard, 11th Duke of Norfolk. She became the Countess of Arundel and Surrey in 1815 when Bernard succeeded as 12th Duke, and upon the death of her husband's father in 1842, she became the Duchess of Norfolk. The couple later had five children: Henry Granville Fitzalan-Howard, 14th Duke of Norfolk (1815\u20131860) Lord Edward Fitzalan-Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Glossop (1818\u20131883) Lady Mary Charlotte Howard (1822\u20131897) Lord Bernard Thomas Fitzalan-Howard (1825\u20131846) Lady Adeliza Matilda Fitzalan-Howard (1829-1904) Henry Charles Howard and his father were Roman Catholics, although\n\nQuestion: Arundel Castle in Sussex is the family seat of which Dukes?", "output": "Dukes of Norfolk"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "T\u00e9n\u00e8s (; from Berber TNS 'camping') is a town in Algeria located around 200 kilometers west of the capital Algiers. , it has a population of 65,000 people. History T\u00e9n\u00e8s was founded as a Phoenician port in or before the 8th centuryBC. As with other Phoenician harbors, it fell under the hegemony of Carthage around the 6th centuryBC and of the Romans after the Punic Wars. Its Punic name was Latinized as Cartenna or Cartennae, a plural which suggested the existence of a separate Berber settlement nearby. Ptolemy mentions that the local tribes were known as the \"Bakoyta\". The city rose to colony status under the empire. It was sacked by the Vandals during their conquest of Roman North Africa. Reconquered by the Byzantines and then taken by the Umayyad Caliphate, it disappeared except for a mostly ruined fortification. Medieval T\u00e9n\u00e8s was founded by Spaniards in the 9th century; Al-Bakri\n\nAztec society was a highly complex and stratified society that developed among the Aztecs of central Mexico in the centuries prior to the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, and which was built on the cultural foundations of the larger region of Mesoamerica. Politically, the society was organized into independent city-states, called altepetls, composed of smaller divisions (calpulli), which were again usually composed of one or more extended kinship groups. Socially, the society depended on a rather strict division between nobles and free commoners, both of which were themselves divided into elaborate hierarchies of social status, responsibilities, and power. Economically the society was dependent on agriculture, and also to a large extent on warfare. Other economically important factors were commerce, long-distance and local, and a high degree of trade specialization. Overview Aztec society can trace its roots to Mesoamerican Origins. Their language, lifestyle, and technology were all impacted by contact\n\nAhuitzotl (, ) was the eighth Aztec ruler, the Huey Tlatoani of the city of Tenochtitlan, son of princess Atotoztli II. His name literally means \"Water Thorny\" and was also applied to the otter. It is also theorized that more likely, the animal called ahuitzotl is actually the water opossum, the hand symbolizing its prehensile tail, which otters notably lack. Either Ahuitzotl or his predecessor Tizoc was the first tlatoani of Tenochtitlan to assume the title Huey Tlatoani (\"supreme tlatoani\") to make their superiority over the other cities in the Triple Alliance (Aztec Empire) clear. Ahuitzotl was responsible for much of the expansion of the Mexica domain, and consolidated the empire's power after emulating his predecessor. He took power as Emperor in the year 7 Rabbit (1486), after the death of his predecessor and brother, Tizoc. He had two sons, the kings Chimalpilli II and Cuauht\u00e9moc, and one daughter. Biography\n\nQuestion: What group of people had their capital at Tenochtitlan?", "output": "The Aztecs"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"And did those feet in ancient time\" is a poem by William Blake from the preface to his epic Milton: A Poem in Two Books, one of a collection of writings known as the Prophetic Books. The date of 1804 on the title page is probably when the plates were begun, but the poem was printed . Today it is best known as the hymn \"Jerusalem\", with music written by Sir Hubert Parry in 1916. The famous orchestration was written by Sir Edward Elgar. It is not to be confused with another poem, much longer and larger in scope and also by Blake, called Jerusalem The Emanation of the Giant Albion. It is often assumed that the poem was inspired by the apocryphal story that a young Jesus, accompanied by Joseph of Arimathea, a tin merchant, travelled to what is now England and visited Glastonbury during his unknown years. However,\n\nScreenplay and Best Original Score for Vangelis' electronic theme tune. At the 35th British Academy Film Awards, the film was nominated in 11 categories and won in three, including Best Film. It is ranked 19th in the British Film Institute's list of Top 100 British films. The film's title was inspired by the line \"Bring me my Chariot of fire!\" from the William Blake poem adapted into the British hymn and unofficial English anthem \"Jerusalem\"; the hymn is heard at the end of the film. The original phrase \"chariot(s) of fire\" is from 2 Kings 2:11 and 6:17 in the Bible. Plot During a 1978 funeral service in London in honour of the life of Harold Abrahams, headed by his former colleague Lord Andrew Lindsay, there is a flashback to when he was young and in a group of athletes running along a beach. In 1919, Harold Abrahams enters the\n\nknown as the \"National Anthem of Christianity\" in churches around the world... \"All Hail the Power of Jesus' Name\". Several of his hymns are also preserved in the Sacred Harp. His body is buried in Canterbury Cathedral, Kent, England. Notes External links Hymns by Edward Perronet 1726 births 1792 deaths English hymnwriters Christian hymnwriters British evangelicals English evangelists People from Sundridge, Kent English male poets Christian poets Musicians from Kent 18th-century Christians\n\nQuestion: \"Whose words are used in the 1916 hymn \"\"Jerusalem\"\" composed by Hubert Parry?\"", "output": "William Blake"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In Greek mythology, Andromeda (; or ) is the daughter of Cepheus, the king of Aethiopia, and his wife, Cassiopeia. When Cassiopeia boasts that she (or her daughter) is more beautiful than the Nereids, Poseidon sends the sea monster Cetus to ravage the coast of Aethiopia as divine punishment. Andromeda is chained to a rock as a sacrifice to sate the monster, but is saved from death by Perseus, who marries her and takes her to Greece to reign as his queen. As a subject, Andromeda has been popular in art since classical times; rescued by a Greek hero, Andromeda's narration is considered the forerunner to the \"princess and dragon\" motif. From the Renaissance, interest revived in the original story, typically as derived from Ovid's Metamorphoses. The story has appeared many times in such diverse media as plays, poetry, novels, operas, classical and popular music, film, and paintings. A significant\n\ntypically as derived from Ovid's Metamorphoses. The story has appeared many times in such diverse media as plays, poetry, novels, operas, classical and popular music, film, and paintings. A significant part of the northern sky contains several constellations named after the story's figures; in particular, the constellation Andromeda is named after her. The Andromeda tradition, from classical times onwards, has incorporated elements of other stories, including Saint George and the Dragon, introducing a horse for the hero, and the tale of Pegasus, Bellerophon's winged horse. Ludovico Ariosto's epic poem , which tells a similar story, has introduced further confusion. The tradition has been criticized for depicting the princess of Aethiopia as white; few artists have chosen to portray her as dark-skinned, despite Ovid's account of her. Others have noted that Perseus's liberation of Andromeda was a popular choice of subject among male artists, reinforcing a narrative of male superiority with\n\ndark-skinned, despite Ovid's account of her. Others have noted that Perseus's liberation of Andromeda was a popular choice of subject among male artists, reinforcing a narrative of male superiority with its powerful male hero and its submissive female in bondage. Etymology The name Andromeda is from the Greek , perhaps meaning 'mindful of her husband'. The name is from the noun meaning 'man', and a verb, whether , , or , all related to , the likely origin of the name of Medea, the sorceress. Classical mythology Central story In Greek mythology, Andromeda is the daughter of Cepheus and Cassiopeia, king and queen of ancient Aethiopia. Her mother Cassiopeia foolishly boasts that she is more beautiful than the Nereids, a display of hubris by a human that is unacceptable to the gods. To punish the queen for her arrogance, Poseidon floods the Ethiopian coast and sends a sea monster named\n\nQuestion: Which constellation is named after the mother of the legendary Greek princess Andromeda?", "output": "Cassiopeia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alchemy (from Arabic: al-k\u012bmiy\u0101; from Ancient Greek: \u03c7\u03c5\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1, khume\u00eda) is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practiced in China, India, the Muslim world, and Europe. In its Western form, alchemy is first attested in a number of pseudepigraphical texts written in Greco-Roman Egypt during the first few centuries AD. Alchemists attempted to purify, mature, and perfect certain materials. Common aims were chrysopoeia, the transmutation of \"base metals\" (e.g., lead) into \"noble metals\" (particularly gold); the creation of an elixir of immortality; and the creation of panaceas able to cure any disease. The perfection of the human body and soul was thought to result from the alchemical magnum opus (\"Great Work\"). The concept of creating the philosophers' stone was variously connected with all of these projects. Islamic and European alchemists developed a basic set of laboratory techniques, theories, and terms, some of which\n\nchemistry, metallurgy, philosophy, astrology, astronomy, mysticism, and medicine. Alchemy is often associated with the quest to turn lead or other base metals into gold, though alchemists were also interested in many of the questions of modern chemistry. The modern word alchemy in turn is derived from the Arabic word (). This may have Egyptian origins since is derived from the Ancient Greek , which is in turn derived from the word , which is the ancient name of Egypt in the Egyptian language. Alternately, may derive from 'cast together'. Modern principles The current model of atomic structure is the quantum mechanical model. Traditional chemistry starts with the study of elementary particles, atoms, molecules, substances, metals, crystals and other aggregates of matter. Matter can be studied in solid, liquid, gas and plasma states, in isolation or in combination. The interactions, reactions and transformations that are studied in chemistry are usually the\n\nmetallurgists share much of the same education and skills with chemists. The work of chemists is often related to the work of chemical engineers, who are primarily concerned with the proper design, construction and evaluation of the most cost-effective large-scale chemical plants and work closely with industrial chemists on the development of new processes and methods for the commercial-scale manufacture of chemicals and related products. History of chemistry The roots of chemistry can be traced to the phenomenon of burning. Fire was a mystical force that transformed one substance into another and thus was of primary interest to mankind. It was fire that led to the discovery of iron and glasses. After gold was discovered and became a precious metal, many people were interested to find a method that could convert other substances into gold. This led to the protoscience called alchemy. The word chemist is derived from the Neo-Latin\n\nQuestion: What is often thought of as the medieval forerunner of chemistry, especially seeking to turn base metals into gold or silver?", "output": "Alchemy"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Carl Ferdinand von Jaenisch (, Karl Andreyevich Yanish; April 11, 1813 \u2013 March 7, 1872) was a Finnish and Russian chess player and theorist. In the 1840s, he was among the top players in the world. Life and career Born in Vyborg, he began a military career in Finland, but soon moved to Russia to teach rational mechanics in Petersburg (now Saint Petersburg). He dedicated his life to mathematics and chess, two subjects which he considered closely related. He tried to show their connections in his work D\u00e9couvertes sur le cavalier (aux \u00e9checs), published in Petersburg in 1837. In 1842\u201343, he published a book on the openings in two volumes: Analyse Nouvelle des ouvertures. In 1862\u201363, he published his major work: Trait\u00e9 des applications de l'analyse math\u00e9matique au jeu des \u00e9checs, in three volumes. He wanted to take part in the London 1851 chess tournament, but arrived late and instead\n\nAlbrecht D\u00fcrer (; ; 21 May 1471 \u2013 6 April 1528), sometimes spelled in English as Durer, was a German painter, printmaker, and theorist of the German Renaissance. Born in Nuremberg, D\u00fcrer established his reputation and influence across Europe in his twenties due to his high-quality woodcut prints. He was in contact with the major Italian artists of his time, including Raphael, Giovanni Bellini, and Leonardo da Vinci, and from 1512 was patronized by Emperor Maximilian I. D\u00fcrer's vast body of work includes engravings, his preferred technique in his later prints, altarpieces, portraits and self-portraits, watercolours and books. The woodcuts series are more Gothic than the rest of his work. His well-known engravings include the three Meisterstiche (master prints) Knight, Death and the Devil (1513), Saint Jerome in his Study (1514), and Melencolia I (1514). His watercolours mark him as one of the first European landscape artists, while his woodcuts\n\nAndrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky (; 4 April 1932 \u2013 29 December 1986) was a Russian film director and screenwriter. Widely considered one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinema history, Tarkovsky's films explore spiritual and metaphysical themes, and are noted for their slow pacing and long takes, dreamlike visual imagery, and preoccupation with nature and memory. Tarkovsky studied film at Moscow's VGIK under filmmaker Mikhail Romm, and subsequently directed his first five features in the Soviet Union: Ivan's Childhood (1962), Andrei Rublev (1966), Solaris (1972), Mirror (1975), and Stalker (1979). A number of his films from this period are ranked among the best films ever made. After years of creative conflict with state film authorities, Tarkovsky left the country in 1979 and made his final two films abroad; Nostalghia (1983) and The Sacrifice (1986) were produced in Italy and Sweden respectively. In 1986, he also published an influential book\n\nQuestion: A 1480s painting by Albertus Pictor in T\u00e4by Church located north of Stockholm that inspired a film director depicts a man playing chess with whom?", "output": "Death"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Copenhagen interpretation is a collection of views about the meaning of quantum mechanics, stemming from the work of Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and others. The term \"Copenhagen interpretation\" was apparently coined by Heisenberg during the 1950s to refer to ideas developed in the 1925\u20131927 period, glossing over his disagreements with Bohr. Consequently, there is no definitive historical statement of what the interpretation entails. Features common across versions of the Copenhagen interpretation include the idea that quantum mechanics is intrinsically indeterministic, with probabilities calculated using the Born rule, and the principle of complementarity, which states that objects have certain pairs of complementary properties that cannot all be observed or measured simultaneously. Moreover, the act of \"observing\" or \"measuring\" an object is irreversible, and no truth can be attributed to an object except according to the results of its measurement (that is, the Copenhagen interpretation rejects counterfactual definiteness). Copenhagen-type\n\nAage Niels Bohr (; 19 June 1922 \u2013 8 September 2009) was a Danish nuclear physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1975 with Ben Roy Mottelson and James Rainwater \"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection\". His father was Niels Bohr. Starting from Rainwater's concept of an irregular-shaped liquid drop model of the nucleus, Bohr and Mottelson developed a detailed theory that was in close agreement with experiments. Since his father, Niels Bohr, had won the prize in 1922, he and his father are one of the six pairs of fathers and sons who have both won the Nobel Prize and one of the four pairs who have both won the Nobel Prize in Physics. Early life and education Bohr was born\n\nAlfred Bernhard Nobel ( , ; 21 October 1833 \u2013 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, inventor, businessman, and philanthropist. He is known for creating dynamite as well as having bequeathed his fortune to establish the Nobel Prize. He also made several important contributions to science, holding 355 patents in his lifetime. Nobel's most famous invention was dynamite, an explosive using nitroglycerin; it was patented in 1867. Nobel displayed an early aptitude for science and learning, particularly in chemistry and languages; he became fluent in six languages and filed his first patent at the age of 24. He embarked on many business ventures with his family, most notably owning the company Bofors, which was an iron and steel producer that he had developed into a major manufacturer of cannons and other armaments. Nobel was later inspired to donate his fortune to the Nobel Prize institution, which would annually\n\nQuestion: \"Which Dane won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1922 for \"\"his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them\"\"?\"", "output": "Niels Bohr"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "by CBS on May 12, 2008. The fourth season began on September 28, 2008 and ended on May 10, 2009, which was also the series finale as the show was not renewed for a fifth season. A total of 69 episodes of the series aired. The first three seasons have been released to Region 1 DVD by 20th Century Fox in the form of individual season box sets, which include deleted scenes, behind-the-scenes featurettes, and commentaries. 20th Century Fox has also released both sets to Region 2 DVD in the United Kingdom. Season four was released to Region 1 on September 29, 2009 and was released on February 22, 2010 in Region 2. Series overview Episodes Season 1 (2006) Season 2 (2006\u201307) Season 3 (2007) Season 4 (2008\u201309) Explanatory notes References External links Lists of American action television series episodes The Unit\n\nThe entire series of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine was released on Region 1 and Region 2 DVD in 2003. In Region 4, it was released on DVD between May 2003 and May 2004. Slimpack versions (like those released in 2006 for Star Trek: The Next Generation) were released in Region 2 areas on April 30, 2007. An entire series boxed set was released in Region 4 on August 6, 2009. Box sets These are box sets, featuring entire seasons, that have been released on Region 1 (North America) and Region 2 (Europe). The Complete First Season This is the first Deep Space Nine box set, released on February 25, 2003 on Region 1, March 24, 2003 on Region 2, and May 9, 2003 on Region 4. Episodes Disc 1: \"Emissary\" \"Past Prologue\" \"A Man Alone\" Disc 2: \"Babel\" \"Captive Pursuit\" \"Q-Less\" \"Dax\" Disc 3: \"The Passenger\" \"Move Along Home\"\n\nDisplay code is the six-bit character code used by many computer systems manufactured by Control Data Corporation, notably the CDC 6000 series in 1964, the 7600 in 1967 and the following Cyber series in 1971. The CDC 6000 series and their successors had 60 bit words. As such, typical usage packed 10 characters per word. It is a six-bit extension of the four-bit BCD encoding, and was referred to as BCDIC (BCD interchange code.) There were several variations of display code, notably the 63-character character set, and the 64-character character set. There were also 'CDC graphic' and 'ASCII graphic' variants of both the 63- and 64-character sets. The choice between 63- or 64-character character set, and between CDC or ASCII graphic was site-selectable. Generally, early CDC customers started out with the 63-character character set, and CDC graphic print trains on their line printers. As time-sharing became prevalent, almost all sites\n\nQuestion: What is the DVD region code for the US?", "output": "1"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "product. Its five main applications, featured on the tabs or \"section dividers\" were a phone/address book, diary, to-do list, notepad, and a measurement conversion tool. A separate desktop application, accessible via a desk icon printed on the border above the screen, provided access to a collection of functions including an alarm clock, world clock, anniversary and appointment management, and utilities for monitoring the battery level and communicating with a personal computer. Another icon provided access to a pop-up calculator. Interaction with the device's software was conducted using a supplied stylus to point at the icons around the edge of the screen and to user interface elements on screen, with text entry being performed by writing with the stylus on the screen itself. The recognition of handwritten text was limited to the interpretation of individual characters entered into distinct boxes displayed for the purpose of text entry, and where the recognition\n\nThe art of memory () is any of a number of loosely associated mnemonic principles and techniques used to organize memory impressions, improve recall, and assist in the combination and 'invention' of ideas. An alternative term is \"Ars Memorativa\" which is also translated as \"art of memory\" although its more literal meaning is \"Memorative Art\". It is also referred to as mnemotechnics. It is an 'art' in the Aristotelian sense, which is to say a method or set of prescriptions that adds order and discipline to the pragmatic, natural activities of human beings. It has existed as a recognized group of principles and techniques since at least as early as the middle of the first millennium BCE, and was usually associated with training in rhetoric or logic, but variants of the art were employed in other contexts, particularly the religious and the magical. Techniques commonly employed in the art include\n\nnot recording her world verbatim in its totality. One day after several hours together, she was asked to close her eyes and tell what her two interviewers were wearing. She was unable to do so. There is a distinction between those with hyperthymesia and those with other forms of exceptional memory, who generally use mnemonic or similar rehearsal strategies to memorize long strings of information. Memories recalled by hyperthymestic individuals tend to be personal, autobiographical accounts of both significant and mundane events in their lives. This extensive and highly unusual memory does not derive from the use of mnemonic strategies; it is encoded involuntarily and retrieved automatically. Despite perhaps being able to remember the day of the week on which a particular date fell, hyperthymestics are not calendrical calculators, like some people with savant syndrome. Rather, hyperthymestic recall tends to be constrained to a person's lifetime and is believed to\n\nQuestion: What does a mnemonic device help you do?", "output": "Remember"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "and kaymak, served with cold milk, buttermilk or yoghurt) Kuvana krtola (boiled potato halves, served with cold yoghurt, cheese or fresh cream) Ukljeva (smoked and dried bleak) Krap (smoked and fresh carp, from Skadar lake) Pastrmka or Pastrva (fresh water trout) Ra\u0161tan (a slightly bitter, sturdy dark-green vegetable from the cabbage family, similar to Italian cavolo nero. It is deliciously cooked into a stew with smoked pork ribs or ham hocks) Zelje u kokote na kastradinu (cooked headed cabbage with smoked and dried mutton) Punjene paprike (dolma made with Bell peppers) \u010corbast pasulj (bean stew with smoked ribs and various types of salami and sausages. The style is quite similar to French cassoulet, fabada, and feijoada) Maune (green bean stew) Gra\u0161ak (peas and beef stew) Bal\u0161i\u0107a tava (fried veal with an assortment of vegetables and dairy products) Pa\u0161trovski makaruli (a type of homemade macaroni with olive oil and cheese from\n\nthat only the wealthy could afford, () (horse meat sausages), , a dish made from roasted horse, sheep, or cow offal, with the heart, liver, kidneys, and other organs, diced and served with onions and peppers, and various horse delicacies, such as () (smoked lard from horse's neck) and () (salted and smoked meat from horse's hip and hind leg). Another popular dish is (), which is made from meat fried with carrots, onions or garlic, then cooked with rice. , also known as crackler, is melted fat in a large bowl with sugar, eaten by dipping it with bread and is often served with tea. () is a sausage made during fall and winter slaughtering and is made by stuffing intestines with pieces of ground meat, fat, blood, garlic, salt, and black pepper. (), also known as k\u00e4wap (), is popular among hunters and travelers and is a dish\n\nalso contains B complex vitamins, magnesium, and vitamin D. See also Gravlax, Scandinavian cured raw salmon Gwamegi, Korean half-dried Pacific herring or Pacific saury Katsuobushi, Japanese dried and smoked bonito Lox, Jewish cured salmon fillet Lutefisk, Scandinavian salted/dried whitefish Musciame di tonno, Italian salted tuna Rakfisk, Norwegian salted and fermented fish List of dried foods List of Spanish dishes References External links Andalusian cuisine Italian cuisine Dried fish\n\nQuestion: What sort of fish is in the Scandinavian dish called gravlax?", "output": "Salmon"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "suspected to be a mouthbrooder and eats a wide range of foods, including arthropods and small fish, but unlike in some relatives, no frogs. References Sources External links snakeheads.org harcourtbutleri Fish described in 1918 Taxa named by Nelson Annandale\n\nare predators of invertebrates and in some cases \u2013 like the large water scorpions (Nepidae) and giant water bugs (Belostomatidae) \u2013 even small fish and amphibians. Others are omnivores or feed on plants. Their mouthparts form a rostrum as in all Heteroptera and most Hemiptera. With this, they pierce their food source to suck out fluids; some, like the Corixidae, are also able to chew their food to some extent, sucking up the resulting pulp. The rostrum can also be used to sting in defence; some, like the common backswimmer (Notonecta glauca) of the Notonectidae can easily pierce the skin of humans and deliver a wound often more painful than a bee's sting. Systematics The Nepomorpha probably originated around the start of the Early Triassic, some . As evidenced by fossils such as the rather advanced Triassocoridae or the primitive water boatman Lufengnacta, the radiation establishing today's superfamilies seems to\n\nIn ants, the traditional subfamily Ponerinae has been subdivided into several Poneromorph subfamilies, with several former tribes now elevated to subfamily rank. According to this analysis, some ponerine groups may be more closely related to other subfamilies than to each other. The subfamilies of \"poneromorph\" Formicidae include: Amblyoponinae Ectatomminae (apparently related to the widely distributed and highly diverse Myrmicinae) Heteroponerinae Paraponerinae Ponerinae (in a much more restricted sense) Proceratiinae. Long considered primitive on the basis of retention of a typical hymenopteran sting and pupae in cocoons, some groups among the poneromorphs exhibit considerable specialization in predatory habits and mandibular form. These two evolutionary developments are often, but not necessarily, seen in association: elongated mandibles with modified teeth for handling large and potentially toxic prey in Amblyopone and Thaumatomyrmex, and strongly modified \"snap-jaws\" and associated musculature in the generalized predator Odontomachus. Most poneromorphs are strict predators just like their ancestors (stinging\n\nQuestion: What type of creature is a mouthbrooder?", "output": "Fish"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In chemistry, an alcohol is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl () functional group bound to a saturated carbon atom. Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like sucrose and cholesterol. The presence of an OH group strongly modifies the properties of hydrocarbons, conferring hydrophilic (water-loving) properties. The OH group provides a site at which many reactions can occur. History The flammable nature of the exhalations of wine was already known to ancient natural philosophers such as Aristotle (384\u2013322 BCE), Theophrastus (\u2013287 BCE), and Pliny the Elder (23/24\u201379 CE). However, this did not immediately lead to the isolation of alcohol, even despite the development of more advanced distillation techniques in second- and third-century Roman Egypt. An important recognition, first found in one of the writings attributed to J\u0101bir ibn \u1e24ayy\u0101n (ninth century CE), was that by adding salt to boiling wine,\n\nThe regulations are administered by the Institut National des Appellations d'Origine (INAO). A.P. number Abbreviation for Amtliche Pr\u00fcfungsnummer, the official testing number displayed on a German wine label that shows that the wine was tasted and passed government quality control standards. ATTTB Abbreviation for the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau, a United States government agency that is primarily responsible for the regulation of wines sold and produced in the United States. Amontillado Best described as a matured Fino. After the flor dies, the yeast sinks to the bottom of the wine and is no longer able to protect the Sherry from oxidation. The now unprotected Sherry begins to take on a rich and deep nutty flavor. Anbaugebiet A German wine region. Anbaugebiete are further divided into Bereiche or districts. Annata Italian term for a vintage Aperitif A wine that is either drunk by itself (i.e. without food) or\n\nAmyl alcohols are alcohols with the formula C5H11OH. Eight are known. A mixture of amyl alcohols (also called amyl alcohol) can be obtained from fusel alcohol. Amyl alcohol is used as a solvent and in esterification, by which is produced amyl acetate and other products. The name amyl alcohol without further specification applies to the normal (straight-chain) form, 1-pentanol. {| class=\"wikitable sortable\" |+Amyl alcohol isomers |- ! Common name !! Structure !! Type !! IUPAC name !! Boiling point (\u00b0C) |- | 1-pentanolor normal amyl alcohol | | primary | Pentan-1-ol | 138.5 |- | 2-methyl-1-butanolor active amyl alcohol | | primary | 2-Methylbutan-1-ol | 128.7 |- | 3-methyl-1-butanolor isoamyl alcoholor isopentyl alcohol | | primary | 3-Methylbutan-1-ol | 131.2 |- | 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanolor neopentyl alcohol | | primary | 2,2-Dimethylpropan-1-ol | 113.1 |- | 2-pentanolor sec-amyl alcoholor methyl (n) propyl carbinol | | secondary | Pentan-2-ol | 118.8 |- |\n\nQuestion: What is the formal (systematic) chemical name for the alcohol in intoxicating drink?", "output": "Ethanol"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Bronx () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Bronx County, in the U.S. state of New York. It is south of Westchester County; north and east of the New York City borough of Manhattan, across the Harlem River; and north of the New York City borough of Queens, across the East River. The Bronx has a land area of and a population of 1,472,654 in the 2020 census. If each borough were ranked as a city, the Bronx would rank as the ninth-most-populous in the U.S. Of the five boroughs, it has the fourth-largest area, fourth-highest population, and third-highest population density. It is the only borough of New York City not primarily on an island. With a population that is 54.8% Hispanic as of 2020, it is the only majority-Hispanic county in the Northeastern United States and the fourth-most-populous nationwide. The Bronx is divided by the\n\nNew Jersey. Hinchliffe Stadium was also used as the home of the New York Black Yankees of the Negro Leagues, and is one of four stadia still standing that hosted Negro League baseball games. Early years The stadium, a large concrete oval with near-continuous seating laid out like a classical amphitheater, was inspired by a decade-long popular \"stadium movement\" in the 1920s, and was finally brought to fruition through the persistent efforts of its namesake Mayor John Hinchliffe, who made his fortune from Hinchliffe Brewing before it closed due to Prohibition. It opened on July 8, 1932, as a combination athletic facility and a \"paying investment\" for the working people of industrial Paterson, New Jersey, who were by then struggling through the early years of the Great Depression. Many workers laid off from the mills found work under a New Deal-financed program to provide enhancements to the stadium in 1932\u201334.\n\nThe David N. Dinkins Municipal Building (originally the Municipal Building and later known as the Manhattan Municipal Building) is a 40-story, building at 1 Centre Street, east of Chambers Street, in the Civic Center neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City. The structure was built to accommodate increased governmental space demands after the 1898 consolidation of the city's five boroughs. Construction began in 1909 and continued through 1914 at a total cost of $12 million (). Designed by McKim, Mead & White, the Manhattan Municipal Building was among the last buildings erected as part of the City Beautiful movement in New York. Its architectural style has been characterized as Roman Imperial, Italian Renaissance, French Renaissance, or Beaux-Arts. The Municipal Building is one of the largest governmental buildings in the world, with about of office space. The base incorporates a subway station, while the top includes the gilded Civic Fame statue.\n\nQuestion: Yankee Stadium is located in which borough of New York City?", "output": "The Bronx"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The first team to 18 points won the tournament. From 2007, the tournament was reduced slightly to 33 matches, again each match is worth 1 point so the first team to 17 will win. All matches are played in a single lane arena, with banked spectators on both sides, which is specially constructed for the event. 2003 In 2003, missing their captain Tim Mack, and up against some vociferous northern support, Team USA were never in contention as the Europeans went into the lead early on day one and never relinquished it. After three barren years of total United States domination, Team Europe finally overcame the odds in November 2003 to lift the hallowed Weber Cup for the first time. It was a total triumph for captain Tomas Leandersson, who led from the front for all three days, putting in a sterling performance that saw his side over the line.\n\nThe Weber Cup, named after bowling legend Dick Weber, is a men's ten-pin bowling competition between Team Europe and Team USA. The teams competing over three days in a series of singles, doubles and team (baker) matches. The Weber Cup is equivalent to the Ryder Cup in golf and the Mosconi Cup in pool. History and background The Weber Cup is the annual Europe vs United States ten-pin bowling championships and is currently broadcast live from start to finish on Sky Sports in the UK and in many other international channels around the world. It usually takes place in October every year. For the first seven events, from 2000 to 2006, 35 matches were played. Each match worth one point. The first team to 18 points won the tournament. From 2007, the tournament was reduced slightly to 33 matches, again each match is worth 1 point so the first team\n\nfront of a packed audience and live TV cameras, they won the first 4 singles games in the final session of play and took the title for the third successive year, 18\u201316. As in the previous year, Team Europe Captain, Tomas Leandersson won the decisive point with a win over Team USAs Tony Manna Jr. 2006 In the closest tournament to date, Team USA won on the final evening of the contest, by 18\u201317. After the first days play, Team USA led 4-2 and Europe's Paul Moor bowled the first perfect game in the Weber Cup to start the competition against Jason Couch. The only other European win in the first session came from Tomas Leandersson against Chris Barnes. Tommy Jones defeated Mika Koivuniemi, Tim Mack beat Tore Torgersen, Bill Hoffman triumphed over Jens Nickel and the Baker system game was won by Team USA. After day two Team USA\n\nQuestion: In which sport/game do Team Europe and Team USA compete for the Weber Cup?", "output": "10 pin bowling"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Khmer (; , UNGEGN: ) is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Khmer people, and the official and national language of Cambodia. Khmer has been influenced considerably by Sanskrit and Pali, especially in the royal and religious registers, through Hinduism and Buddhism. It is also the earliest recorded and earliest written language of the Mon\u2013Khmer family, predating Mon and Vietnamese, due to Old Khmer being the language of the historical empires of Chenla, Angkor and, presumably, their earlier predecessor state, Funan. The vast majority of Khmer speakers speak Central Khmer, the dialect of the central plain where the Khmer are most heavily concentrated. Within Cambodia, regional accents exist in remote areas but these are regarded as varieties of Central Khmer. Two exceptions are the speech of the capital, Phnom Penh, and that of the Khmer Khe in Stung Treng province, both of which differ sufficiently enough from Central Khmer to\n\nTwo exceptions are the speech of the capital, Phnom Penh, and that of the Khmer Khe in Stung Treng province, both of which differ sufficiently enough from Central Khmer to be considered separate dialects of Khmer. Outside of Cambodia, three distinct dialects are spoken by ethnic Khmers native to areas that were historically part of the Khmer Empire. The Northern Khmer dialect is spoken by over a million Khmers in the southern regions of Northeast Thailand and is treated by some linguists as a separate language. Khmer Krom, or Southern Khmer, is the first language of the Khmer of Vietnam, while the Khmer living in the remote Cardamom Mountains speak a very conservative dialect that still displays features of the Middle Khmer language. Khmer is primarily an analytic, isolating language. There are no inflections, conjugations or case endings. Instead, particles and auxiliary words are used to indicate grammatical relationships. General\n\nNorthern Khmer (; ), also called Surin Khmer (), is the dialect of the Khmer language spoken by approximately 1.4 million Khmers native to the Thai provinces of Surin, Sisaket, Buriram and Roi Et as well as those that have migrated from this region into Cambodia. Northern Khmer differs from the standard language, based on a dialect of Central Khmer, in the number and variety of vowel phonemes, consonantal distribution, lexicon, grammar, and, most notably, pronunciation of syllable-final , giving Northern Khmer a distinct accent easily recognizable by speakers of other dialects. Some speakers of Northern Khmer may understand other varieties of Khmer but speakers of standard Khmer who have not been exposed to Northern Khmer often have trouble understanding Northern Khmer at first. The two varieties are 80\u201385% cognate on a basic 270-word list. These facts have led some linguists to advocate considering Northern Khmer a separate, but closely\n\nQuestion: What is the official language of Cambodia ?", "output": "Khmer"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Captain James Albert Graham (August 25, 1940 \u2013 June 2, 1967) was a United States Marine who was posthumously awarded the highest U.S. military honorthe Medal of Honor for his heroism and sacrifice of life in June 1967, during the Vietnam War. James Albert Graham was born on August 25, 1940, in the Pittsburgh suburb of Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania. He attended high school in Brandywine, Maryland. In June 1963, he received a B.A. degree in Mathematics upon graduation from Frostburg State Teachers College in Frostburg, Maryland. He is seen in a photo and written about in the book \"Not Going Home Alone\" by James J. Kirschke. Military service Prior to enlisting in the regular Marine Corps, he was a member of the U.S. Army (1955\u201357), the District of Columbia National Guard (1959\u201361), the U.S. Army Reserve (1961), and the U.S. Marine Corps Reserve (1961\u201363). He was discharged from the Marine Corps\n\nBruce Wayne Carter (May 7, 1950 \u2013 August 7, 1969) was a United States Marine who was killed in action during the Vietnam War. He posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his heroism. In August 1969, his unit was ambushed outside of Vandegrift Combat Base in Quang Tri Province. Carter had stopped the enemy's advance when a grenade landed between him and his fellow Marines \u2013 Carter threw himself on the grenade, sacrificing his life to save the lives of others. Biography Carter was born May 7, 1950, in Schenectady, New York. He received his early schooling at Queens Elementary School in Pasadena, Texas. From September 1959 until January 1960, he attended Gretna Park Elementary School in Gretna, Louisiana, and graduated from Mimosa Park Elementary School, Mimosa Park, Louisiana, in May 1962. PFC Carter's education continued in Hialeah, Florida, where he attended Filer Junior High and Hialeah Junior High.\n\nLieutenant General John Wilson O'Daniel (February 15, 1894 \u2013 March 27, 1975), nicknamed \"Iron Mike\", was a senior United States Army officer who served in World War I, World War II, and the Korean War. He is perhaps best known for serving with the 3rd Infantry Division in North Africa, Sicily, Italy, and Southern France during World War II. He was the commanding general (CG) of Audie Murphy, the most decorated soldier in the U.S. Army during World War II. O'Daniel was an athlete, a teacher, a diplomat, and a lifetime military professional. He was short of stature (five foot six inches), an outspoken, doughty, gravel-voiced, combat leader of men through three major wars (World War I, World War II and the Korean War) spanning a forty-year military career. His motto was, \"sharpen your bayonet\". In his memoirs, General Dwight D. Eisenhower called him \"one of our outstanding combat soldiers\".\n\nQuestion: Born on June 20, 1924, what fifth grade dropout went on to become the most decorated American soldier of WWII, before launching a successful movie career?", "output": "Audie Murphy"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Stormbreaker is a young adult action-adventure book written by British author Anthony Horowitz, and is the first novel in the Alex Rider series. The book was released in the United Kingdom on 4 September 2000, and in United States release on 21 May 2001, where it became a New York Times Bestseller. Since its release, the book has sold more than nine million copies worldwide, been listed on the BBC's The Big Read, and in 2005 received a California Young Reader Medal. A film adaptation, starring Alex Pettyfer as Alex Rider, was released in 2006, which underperformed at the box office and earned lukewarm reception. Plot summary The protagonist, Alex Rider, after the suspicious death of his uncle, secretly becomes a teenage spy for MI6. He is sent undercover to Port Tallen, Cornwall. There he discovers the Stormbreaker computer factory where millions of computers were being filled with biological weapons\n\nRaven's Gate is the first book in The Power of Five series, written by Anthony Horowitz. It was published and released in the United Kingdom on 1 August 2005, by Walker Books Ltd and in the United States (1 June 2005) by Scholastic Press under the adjusted series title The Gatekeepers. It is followed by Evil Star, released in 2006, Nightrise in 2007, and Necropolis in 2008, with the final book Oblivion in 2012. Plot After being arrested for breaking and entering an Ipswich warehouse, 14-year-old delinquent Matthew 'Matt' Freeman is enrolled in a teenage rehabilitation program and sent to a farm in the village of Lesser Malling, Yorkshire. The farm is run by the stern spinster, Jayne Deverill, whose sister, Claire, is also a spinster and the local primary school's headmistress. While there, Matt experiences various unexplained phenomena and discovers a confidential file suggesting he possesses psychic abilities. A\n\nStormbreaker (also known as Alex Rider: Operation Stormbreaker and Alex Rider: Stormbreaker) is a 2006 action spy film directed by Geoffrey Sax. The screenplay by Anthony Horowitz is based on his 2000 novel Stormbreaker, the first novel in the Alex Rider series. The film stars Alex Pettyfer as Alex Rider, and also stars Mickey Rourke, Bill Nighy, Sophie Okonedo, Alicia Silverstone, Sarah Bolger, Stephen Fry and Ewan McGregor. Stormbreaker was an international co-production between companies and financiers from the United Kingdom, the United States, and Germany. The film's plot follows a teenage boy who is recruited by MI6 after his uncle, a secret agent, is killed in action. He is sent on a mission in Cornwall to gather intelligence behind Stormbreaker, an advanced computer system being provided to schools across Britain, and its creator, billionaire Darrius Sayle. Intended to be the first entry in a film franchise, Stormbreaker grossed between\n\nQuestion: 'Stormbreaker' is the first in a series of novels by Anthony Horowitz about which teenage spy?", "output": "'ALEX RIDER'"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ryan Steven Lochte ( ; born August 3, 1984) is an American professional swimmer and 12-time Olympic medalist. Along with Natalie Coughlin, Dara Torres, and Jenny Thompson, he is the second-most decorated swimmer in Olympic history measured by total number of medals, behind only Michael Phelps. Lochte's seven individual Olympic medals rank second in history in men's swimming (again to Michael Phelps), tied for second among all Olympic swimmers. He currently holds the world records in the 200-meter individual medley (long and short course). As part of the American teams, he also holds the world record in the 4\u00d7200-meter freestyle (long course) and 4\u00d7100-meter freestyle (mixed) relay. Lochte's success has earned him SwimSwam's Swammy Award for U.S. Male Swimmer of the Year in 2013, the World Swimmer of the Year Award, and the American Swimmer of the Year Award twice. He has also been named the FINA Swimmer of the\n\n2, finishing fourth. Australian John Devitt and American Lance Larson were left to contend. Both were teammates; Larson on his USC team, Devitt on his Australian team. Personal life Henricks married an American girl, Bonnie Wilkie, sister of his USC teammate Mike Wilkie, in 1960. The Australian and American Olympic swim teams attended the wedding, which produced a photograph of Olympic rivals Larson and Devitt hugging each other. Henricks attended Fort Street Boys' High School in Petersham, NSW. Achievements 1952 Australian Championships: gold medal in 400m freestyle, silver in 800m freestyle, bronze in 1500m freestyle Australian Athlete of the year in 1955 1956 Olympic Games: Gold medals in 100m freestyle and 4 \u00d7 200 m freestyle relay 1953-1958 Australian Championships: 10 gold medals in 100m freestyle and 4 \u00d7 200 m freestyle relay British Empire Games: 2 medals Japanese Nationals: 1 medal Keo Nakam meet: 1 medal Philippine Nationals: 1\n\nArmin Z\u00f6ggeler OMRI (born 4 January 1974) is a retired Italian luger and double Olympic champion. He is one of the most successful men in the sport, nicknamed Il Cannibale (\"The Cannibal\"), for his notable series of victories, or The Iceblood Champion, for his always cold, rational approach to the races. Fellow luger Tucker West described Z\u00f6ggeler as the sport's equivalent of Michael Jordan. At the Winter Olympic Games, Z\u00f6ggeler has won six medals in six consecutive Olympics \u2013 and this is a record in sport. He also has sixteen medals at the FIL World Luge Championships. At the FIL European Luge Championships, Z\u00f6ggeler has earned eighteen medals. In June 2019 he was inducted in the FIL Hall of Fame. Personal life Z\u00f6ggeler was born in Meran, South Tyrol, into a farming family. A Carabiniere by profession, he began to luge at a very young age, over natural tracks. He\n\nQuestion: David Wilkie, Karl Gunner Larson and Michael Phelps are all associated with which sport?", "output": "Swimming"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the toughest provinces to compete in. Ulster teams have gained considerable dominance on the All-Ireland scene, having won three All-Irelands from four in the early 2000s, including in 2003 when for the first time ever, the All-Ireland football final was competed for by two teams from one province. The Ulster football final is normally played on the third Sunday in July, usually at St Tiernach's Park in Clones. From 2004 until 2006, it was staged at Croke Park in Dublin. The 2007 final\u2014contested by Monaghan and Tyrone\u2014marked a return to Clones, with Tyrone emerging victorious. The Athletic Grounds in Armagh hosted the 2020 final, as the fixture was played behind closed doors due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Gaelic games. The final was last played in Belfast in 1971. In the 2000s, Armagh were a dominant force in Ulster, winning six titles in eight years between 1999\n\nand the All Saints College are located on the upper Glen Road. Sport Casement Park, the main Gaelic Athletic Association stadium for Antrim GAA, is in Andersonstown. Donegal Celtic F.C., an association football club, play their home games at Donegal Celtic Park on Suffolk Road on the outskirts of Andersontown. In 1990, an Irish Cup game between Donegal Celtic and Linfield F.C., a club with a mainly Protestant following, was moved away from the area on the orders of police due to fears that violence would break out. The game was played at Windsor Park, but despite the move a riot broke out anyway. On the Glen Road, the path that leads into the mountains known as Glen Road Heights is home to both Sport & Leisure Swifts F.C. and St. Teresa's GAC, with the two clubs grounds being almost adjacent to one another. Culture and media The local newspaper,\n\ndugouts have been refurnished. The ground bar has full sports coverage, including Setanta for Live GAA. In 2016, the stadium was closed while a new stand was built, at a cost of \u00a34.17m. On May 28, 2017, the stadium was reopened, with the name changed from Emerald GAA Grounds to McGovern Park. It is named after local businessman Tony McGovern, who helped fund the redevelopment. London GAA The Pitch is the home ground of the London hurling team, hosting the Christy Ring Cup, and the NHL. The grounds is also the home of the London Football Team, and their Allianz NFL matches are held there. The female teams play in the Brendan Martin Cup (the ladies senior football cup), and the O'Duffy Cup (camogie). Railway Cup Final 2009 Final Score: Munster 1-08 ---- 0\u201315 Ulster On the 125th anniversary of the GAA, it was decided that the Railway Cup final\n\nQuestion: At which ground are the All Ireland Gaelic Football finals held", "output": "Croke Park in Dublin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Coin collecting is the collecting of coins or other forms of minted legal tender. Coins of interest to collectors often include those that were in circulation for only a brief time, coins with mint errors, and especially beautiful or historically significant pieces. Coin collecting can be differentiated from numismatics, in that the latter is the systematic study of currency as a whole, though the two disciplines are closely interlinked. Many factors determine a coin's value including grade, rarity, and popularity. Commercial organizations offer grading services and will grade, authenticate, attribute, and encapsulate most coins. History People have hoarded coins for their bullion value for as long as coins have been minted. However, the collection of coins for their artistic value was a later development. Evidence from the archaeological and historical record of Ancient Rome and medieval Mesopotamia indicates that coins were collected and catalogued by scholars and state treasuries. It\n\nThe American Numismatic Society (ANS) is a New York City-based organization dedicated to the study of coins, money, medals, tokens, and related objects. Founded in 1858, it is the only American museum devoted exclusively to their preservation and study. Its collection encompasses nearly one million items, including medals and paper money, as well as the world's most comprehensive library of numismatic literature. The current President of the Society, Dr. Ute Wartenberg, served as the Executive Director for two decades and was succeeded in this role by Dr. Gilles Bransbourg. Introduction The American Numismatic Society is an organization dedicated to the study of coins, currency, medals, tokens, and related objects from all cultures, past and present. The Society's headquarters in New York City houses the foremost research collection and library specialized in numismatics in the United States. These resources are used to support research and education in numismatics for the benefit\n\nA currency is a standardization of money in any form, in use or circulation as a medium of exchange, for example banknotes and coins. A more general definition is that a currency is a system of money in common use within a specific environment over time, especially for people in a nation state. Under this definition, the British Pound Sterling (\u00a3), euros (\u20ac), Japanese yen (\u00a5), and U.S. dollars (US$) are examples of (government-issued) fiat currencies. Currencies may act as stores of value and be traded between nations in foreign exchange markets, which determine the relative values of the different currencies. Currencies in this sense are either chosen by users or decreed by governments, and each type has limited boundaries of acceptance; i.e., legal tender laws may require a particular unit of account for payments to government agencies. Other definitions of the term \"currency\" appear in the respective synonymous articles:\n\nQuestion: A Numismatist is a person who has an interest and collects which particular items ?", "output": "COINS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of which 27 are found only in the Gal\u00e1pagos. Some of these are found only on one island. The most outstanding are the Galapagos penguins, which live on the colder coasts, Darwin's finches, frigatebirds, albatrosses, gulls, boobies, pelicans and Gal\u00e1pagos hawks, among others. The flightless cormorant, a peculiar bird which has lost the ability to fly due to lack of natural predators, and the Galapagos crake, nearly flightless, are also part of this rich fauna. On the other hand, there are many mammal species, mostly sea mammals such as whales, dolphins and sea lions. A few species of endemic Galapagos mice (or rice rats) the Santiago Galapagos mouse and the Fernandina Galapagos mouse have also been recently rediscovered. Charles Darwin was the one who discovered over 100 new species of birds on the island. The most famous of his discoveries are Darwin's finches. Flora On the larger Gal\u00e1pagos Islands, four\n\nGMR are the rocky seabed, vertical rock faces, sandy beaches, mangrove swamps and, to a lesser extent, coral reefs. A popular spot is Tortuga Bay on the Island of Santa Cruz where there is a separate mangrove where there are always white tip reef sharks Animal life Coastal lakes, moist soil and areas where freshwater and seawater mix contain unique species still to be studied. Cold, hot and warm marine currents come together here, generating a wide diversity of animal life: from small coloured fish to large mammals: marine iguanas, Galapagos land iguanas, galapagos crabs, Gal\u00e1pagos sea lion, Sharks, Blue footed boobie, swallow-tailed gulls, ducks, frigatebirds and the gal\u00e1pagos tortoise. The most unique species to the Gal\u00e1pagos is the Marine Iguana, due to its amphibious nature. It is the only known reptilian lizard that can forage in water and on land. Environmental threats The Gal\u00e1pagos Marine Reserve faces a number\n\nDiploderma splendidum, the green striped tree dragon, also called splendid japalure, is an agamid lizard found in the Yangtze River Basin of southwestern China. They are sold as pets internationally. Description The top of head is covered with medium-sized, subequal, rugose, juxtaposed scales. On the snout a median series of three or four slightly enlarged subconical scales forms a faintly indicated ridge, which is flanked on each side by a considerably enlarged anterior canthal scale. No other head scales are conspicuously enlarged, except one or two on each side of the post-occipital areas. The rostral is twice as wide as high, and wider but lower than the mental. The canthus rostralis is sharply defined and continuous with the superciliaries. The nostril resides in a large suboval shield, separated from the rostral by a single small scale, is in contact with the first labial, and is separated from the second labial\n\nQuestion: Magellan, Galapagos, and Chinstrap are varieties of which animal?", "output": "Penguin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The CMLL World Middleweight Championship (Spanish: Campeonato Mundial de Peso Medio del CMLL) is a professional wrestling world championship promoted by the Mexican wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). While lighter weight classes are regularly ignored in wrestling promotions in the United States, with most emphasis placed on \"heavyweights\", more emphasis is placed on the lighter classes in Mexican companies. The official definition of the middleweight division in Mexico is a person between and , but the weight limits are not strictly adhered to. As it is a professional wrestling championship, it is not won via legitimate competition; it is instead won via a scripted ending to a match or on occasion awarded to a wrestler because of a storyline. The championship is currently held by Drag\u00f3n Rojo, Jr., who defeated Soberano Jr. for the title on April 2, 2022, at 79 Aniversario Arena Coliseo. Drag\u00f3n Rojo Jr.\n\nDami\u00e1n Guti\u00e9rrez Hern\u00e1ndez (born April 12, 1976), better known by his ring name El Terrible, is a Mexican professional wrestler who currently works for the Mexican wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). He portrays a rudo (\"bad guy\") wrestling character. He started out under the ring name Engendro del Mal (\"Spawn of Evil\") and later adopted the name Dami\u00e1n El Terrible, before being shortened to his current name. His CMLL career started in 2002 and included winning the CMLL World Heavyweight Championship, the Mexican National Heavyweight Championship, the CMLL World Tag Team Championship twice, with Tama Tonga and Rush, the CMLL World Trios Championship with H\u00e9ctor Garza and Tarzan Boy. During his time in CMLL, he has also won several major tournaments, including the 2008 Leyenda Azul, the 2012 and 2019 Universal Championship, the 2012 Gran Alternativa with Euforia and the 2015 and 2018 Torneo Nacional de Parejas\n\nLos Angeles. He beat out 150,000 people from Mexico and the United States to become one of 18 contestants during the show's fourth season. At the end he lost to Erasmo Catarino, a school teacher of indigenous ethnicity, He won fifth place of the fourth generation of the popular Mexican show La Academia. On 24 September 2005, Edgar Guerrero traveled to Burley, Idaho, to receive the keys of the city for being a good ambassador of the community. The mayor John Anderson proclaimed 24 September \"Edgar Guerrero Day\"... At this moment Edgar is working on many projects, he currently resides in Phoenix AZ, owns a marketing company called P.E.G. MPP, is the public image for many companies and works as a programmer and music consultant for 94.5 Exa FM, a radio station based in Las Vegas, Nevada. Edgar has 3 children, Phoenix, Eros and Gael. Currently married to Slidayne Guerrero.\n\nQuestion: \"What activity is known as \"\"Lucha Libre\"\" in Mexico?\"", "output": "Professional Wrestling"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Brazil (; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in South America and in Latin America. Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh most populous. Its capital is Bras\u00edlia, and its most populous city is S\u00e3o Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states and the Federal District. It is the only country in the Americas to have Portuguese as an official language. It is one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world, and the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other countries and territories in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers roughly half of the continent's land area. Its Amazon basin includes a vast\n\nThe Andes ( ), Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18\u00b0S \u2013 20\u00b0S latitude), and has an average height of about . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. Along their length, the Andes are split into several ranges, separated by intermediate depressions. The Andes are the location of several high plateaus\u2014some of which host major cities such as Quito, Bogot\u00e1, Cali, Arequipa, Medell\u00edn, Bucaramanga, Sucre, M\u00e9rida, El Alto and La Paz. The Altiplano Plateau is the world's second-highest after the Tibetan Plateau. These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate: the Tropical Andes, the Dry Andes, and the Wet Andes. The Andes\n\nThere are 12 sovereign states and 3 non-sovereign dependent territories in South America. The continent is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean. North America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. South America has an area of approximately 17,840,000 square kilometres (6,890,000 sq mi), or almost 3.5% of Earth's surface. As of 2018, its population is more than 430 million, according to estimates of population in The World Factbook. South America ranks fourth among all continents in area (after Asia, Africa, and North America) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America). The border between North and South America is at some point in the Isthmus of Panama. The most common demarcation in atlases and other sources follows the Dari\u00e9n Mountains watershed that divides along the Colombia\u2013Panama border where the isthmus meets the South\n\nQuestion: Which country has the largest area and population in South America?", "output": "Brazil"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aldebaran () is a star located in the zodiac constellation of Taurus. It has the Bayer designation \u03b1 Tauri, which is Latinized to Alpha Tauri and abbreviated Alpha Tau or \u03b1 Tau. Aldebaran varies in brightness from an apparent visual magnitude 0.75 down to 0.95, making it the brightest star in the constellation, as well as (typically) the fourteenth-brightest star in the night sky. It is positioned at a distance of approximately 65 light-years from the Sun. The star lies along the line of sight to the nearby Hyades cluster. Aldebaran is a red giant, meaning that it is cooler than the Sun with a surface temperature of , but its radius is about 44 times the Sun's, so it is over 400 times as luminous. As a giant star, it has moved off the main sequence on the Hertzsprung\u2013Russell diagram after depleting its supply of hydrogen in the core.\n\nthis star. Aldebaran is the brightest star in the constellation Taurus and so has the Bayer designation \u03b1 Tauri, Latinised as Alpha Tauri. It has the Flamsteed designation 87 Tauri as the 87th star in the constellation of approximately 7th magnitude or brighter, ordered by right ascension. It also has the Bright Star Catalogue number 1457, the HD number 29139, and the Hipparcos catalogue number 21421, mostly seen in scientific publications. It is a variable star listed in the General Catalogue of Variable Stars, but it is listed using its Bayer designation and does not have a separate variable star designation. Aldebaran and several nearby stars are included in double star catalogues such as the Washington Double Star Catalog as WDS 04359+1631 and the Aitken Double Star Catalogue as ADS 3321. It was included with an 11th-magnitude companion as a double star as H IV 66 in the Herschel Catalogue\n\nAntares is the brightest star in the constellation of Scorpius. It has the Bayer designation \u03b1 Scorpii, which is Latinised to Alpha Scorpii. Often referred to as \"the heart of the scorpion\", Antares is flanked by \u03c3 Scorpii and \u03c4 Scorpii near the center of the constellation. Distinctly reddish when viewed with the naked eye, Antares is a slow irregular variable star that ranges in brightness from an apparent visual magnitude of +0.6 down to +1.6. It is on average the fifteenth-brightest star in the night sky. Antares is the brightest and most evolved stellar member of the Scorpius\u2013Centaurus association, the nearest OB association to the Sun It is located about from Earth at the rim of the Upper Scorpius subgroup, and is illuminating the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex in its foreground. Classified as spectral type M1.5Iab-Ib, Antares is a red supergiant, a large evolved massive star and one of\n\nQuestion: Which orange star forms the \u201ceye\u201d of Taurus, the Bull?", "output": "ALDEBARAN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Municipality of the County of Halifax was created in 1879. It operated from 1880-1996 when all municipal units in the county (including the county government) were amalgamated to form the Halifax Regional Municipality. Wardens were chosen amongst the elected councillors at the beginning of each yearly session of the County Council. Wardens 1880 \u2013 Colonel John Wimburn Laurie 1881-1882 \u2013 Donald F. Archibald 1883-1888 \u2013 B.W. Chipman 1889-1898 \u2013 John E. Shatford 1899-1901 \u2013 Benjamin Curry Wilson 1902-1904 \u2013 George H. Madill 1905-1907 \u2013 Charles E. Smith 1908 \u2013 John H. Taylor 1909-1913 \u2013 William Bishop 1914-1919 \u2013 Charles E. Smith 1920-1925 \u2013 Wilson Madill 1926-1930 \u2013 R. A. Brenton 1931 \u2013 Hector M. Smiley 1932-1933 \u2013 John J. Hopkins 1934\u20131937 \u2013 W. W. Peverill 1938\u20131955 \u2013 William James Dowell 1956-1961 - Fred G. Leverman 1961-1964 - George D. Burris 1964-1979 - Ira Settle 1979-1982 - Elizabeth Lawrence Salton\n\nHopkins 1934\u20131937 \u2013 W. W. Peverill 1938\u20131955 \u2013 William James Dowell 1956-1961 - Fred G. Leverman 1961-1964 - George D. Burris 1964-1979 - Ira Settle 1979-1982 - Elizabeth Lawrence Salton 1982-1988 - Arthur C. MacKenzie 1988-1992 - Laszlo S. Lichter Mayors 1992-1994 - Laszlo S. Lichter 1994-1996 - Randy Ball Halifax County, Nova Scotia Government in Halifax, Nova Scotia Wardens\n\nElmsdale (2011 population: 3,034) is an unincorporated Canadian village and community located on the boundary of Hants County and Halifax County in Nova Scotia. Geography Specifically, the community is divided by the Shubenacadie River, in the Halifax Regional Municipality. History Elmsdale owes its early growth to the construction of the Shubenacadie Canal and the Nova Scotia Railway. Demand for workers on these projects brought many new families into the area. One of the earliest was William Read who was granted of land in 1785 at the confluence of the Nine Mile River and the Shubenacadie River. In 1852 Alexander Fraser built the first house in what is now in the village proper, about from the railway crossing. In the next six years more houses were constructed near the crossing, including a hotel and a boarding house for railway workers. The Elmsdale Presbyterian Church was completed in 1862. Its pastor, Rev.\n\nQuestion: Of which Canadian province is Halifax the capital?", "output": "NOVA SCOTIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Commander Wilfred Albert \"Biffy\" Dunderdale, (24 December 1899 \u2013 13 November 1990) was a British spy and intelligence officer. It has been suggested that Dunderdale was used by Ian Fleming as a basis for the character of James Bond. Life Wilfred Dunderdale was born in Odessa, son of Richard Albert Dunderdale, a shipping magnate. Dunderdale served in the Royal Navy (RNVR) during the First World War, despite his thick accent. he had grown up speaking Russian and English. During the Russian Civil War he was an interpreter with White Russian naval commanders in the Black Sea, once having to sit discreetly outside for a White Russian general \"chatting up\" the general's mistress until he was no longer required! (neither spoke the other's language). He went to Yekaterinburg to investigate the murder of the Imperial family. He was nicknamed Biffy for his pugilistic skills. He worked for the British Secret Intelligence\n\nJames Blish. Jack of Eagles (1952) 1954 Murray Leinster. The Black Galaxy (1949) 1954 Jack Williamson. The Humanoids (1949, expansion of \"With Folded Hands...\", in Astounding Science Fiction July 1947) 1954 Sam Merwin, Jr. Killer To Come (1953) 1954 David Reed. Murder in Space 1955 L. Sprague de Camp. Lest Darkness Fall (1939\u20131941) 1955 Murray Leinster. The Last Spaceship 1956 Lewis Padgett. Chessboard Planet 1956 Malcolm Jameson. Tarnished Utopia (1956, originally in Startling Stories, March 1942) 1957 Fritz Leiber. Destiny Times Three 1957 Ron Hubbard. Fear 1957 Fletcher Pratt. Double Jeopardy 1957 C.L. Moore. Shambleau 1957 F.L. Wallace. Address: Centauri 1958 Hal Clement. Mission of Gravity 1958 Manly Wade Wellman. Twice in Time 1958 Frank Riley and Mark Clifton. The Forever Machine 1959 (236) Olaf Stapledon. Odd John (1936, second time, see above) 1959 (242) Raymond F. Jones. The Deviates 1959 (256) George O. Smith. Troubled Star 1959 (263) Laurence\n\nKing of the River is a British television series transmitted by the BBC between 1966 and 1967. The series centred on the King family and their efforts to maintain their sail-driven barge transport business. It starred Bernard Lee, otherwise known as M in the James Bond films. No episodes are known to exist. Locations used for filming included the Old Neptune pub in Whitstable, Kent and Sheerness High Street, Kent. Episodes References External links BBC television dramas 1960s British drama television series 1966 British television series debuts 1967 British television series endings Black-and-white British television shows English-language television shows\n\nQuestion: In 1954, in a television adaptation of a book by Ian Fleming, Barry Nelson was the first person to appear on a screen as which fictional character?", "output": "James Bond"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Silence of the Lambs is a 1988 psychological horror novel by Thomas Harris. Published August 29, it is the sequel to Harris's 1981 novel Red Dragon and both novels feature the cannibalistic serial killer and brilliant psychiatrist Dr. Hannibal Lecter. This time, however, he is pitted against FBI trainee Clarice Starling as she works to solve the case of the \"Buffalo Bill\" serial killer. The film adaptation directed by Jonathan Demme was released in 1991 to widespread critical acclaim and box office success. It won the Academy Award for Best Picture and Anthony Hopkins won for Best Actor as Lecter. Synopsis Clarice Starling, a young FBI trainee, is asked to carry out an errand by Jack Crawford, the head of the FBI division that draws up psychological profiles of serial killers. Starling is to present a questionnaire to the brilliant forensic psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer, Hannibal Lecter. Lecter\n\nDiane Luckey (December 12, 1960 \u2013 July 19, 2022), known professionally as Q Lazzarus, was an American singer. She is best known for her 1988 song \"Goodbye Horses\", which became a cult classic after being prominently featured in a scene from Jonathan Demme's 1991 film The Silence of the Lambs. Several of her songs were featured in other films directed by Demme before she disappeared from the public eye in the mid-1990s. Life and career Diane Luckey was born on December 12, 1960, in Neptune Township, New Jersey, the youngest of seven children. While attending the Mount Pisgah Baptist Church in Neptune as a child, she sang in the Mount Pisgah Youth Choir. She graduated from Neptune High School and, inspired by a production of Bubbling Brown Sugar on Broadway, moved to New York City at age 18 to pursue a music career. She soon started working as a backup\n\nBreaking the Code, Golden Boy, Scotland Road, Indiscretions, and Big Love. She has been noted for looking very similar to Jodie Foster. Film Television Stage References External links 1966 births Living people American film actresses American television actresses American stage actresses Actresses from New York City 21st-century American women\n\nQuestion: What was Jodie Foster's character in the 1991 film Silence of the Lambs?", "output": "Clarice Starling"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, (21 December 1804 \u2013 19 April 1881) was a British statesman, Conservative politician and writer who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies and its broad outreach. Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs, his political battles with the Liberal Party leader William Ewart Gladstone, and his one-nation conservatism or \"Tory democracy\". He made the Conservatives the party most identified with the British Empire and military action to expand it, both of which were popular among British voters. He is the only British prime minister to have been born Jewish. He was also a novelist, publishing works of fiction even as prime minister. Disraeli was born in Bloomsbury, then a part of Middlesex. His father left Judaism after a dispute at his synagogue;\n\nin Irish political life. Political life Recognition efforts During the 1918 Westminster election, he was elected as a Sinn F\u00e9in MP for Dublin South. He was sent to Paris to join Se\u00e1n T. O'Kelly as an envoy of the newly declared Irish Republic. Gavan Duffy published articles and pamphlets urging recognition of Ireland as a sovereign nation at the Paris Peace Conference, which caused increasing embarrassment to the French establishment, who believed his publications were damaging Anglo-French relations. Gavan Duffy and O'Kelly sought France's help against Britain when the treaties ending the First World War had not yet been signed; Britain had been France's main ally for most of the war, in which France had suffered enormous losses. In January 1919, the Irish Republican Army had also started the Irish War of Independence against Britain, and the new D\u00e1il had declared independence from the United Kingdom. Further, the British position\n\nas well as several others for monarchies on the European mainland. Actions In 1931, Hall attempted \u2014 in an \"open letter\", in the form of a pamphlet, to King George V, whom he addressed as \"George Frederick Ernest Albert Windsor (alias Guelph)\" \u2014 to claim the English throne. He also made many speeches, in Birmingham and elsewhere, in which he set out his claim and challenged the King to a duel, with the loser to be beheaded. He also set forth an agenda to deal with the national debt, for the dissolution of the Government of the United Kingdom, and the abolition of income tax. One of his more popular pledges was to increase the alcoholic strength of beer. These claims were eventually raised with King George V, as records released in 2006 showed that the monarch had discussed this with the Private Secretary to the Sovereign, Sir Clive Wigram.\n\nQuestion: Which British Prime Minister said, on first taking office, 'My mission is to pacify Ireland'?", "output": "WILLIAM GLADSTONE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A fool is an English dessert. Traditionally, fruit fool is made by folding pur\u00e9ed stewed fruit (classically gooseberries) into sweet custard. Modern fool recipes often skip the traditional custard and use whipped cream. Additionally, a flavouring agent such as rose water may be added. Etymology Why the word \"fool\" is used as the name of this fruit dessert is not clear. Several authors derive it from the French verb meaning \"to crush\" or \"to press\" (in the context of pressing grapes for wine), and Alan Davidson argues that it is 'reasonable to suppose that the idea of mashed fruit was there from the start' but also points out that Norfolk fool, contained no fruit. but this derivation is dismissed by the Oxford English Dictionary as baseless and inconsistent with the early use of the word. The name trifle was also originally applied to the dish, with the two names being\n\nA custard cream is a type of sandwich biscuit popular in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland filled with a creamy, custard-flavoured centre. Traditionally, the filling was buttercream (which is still used in most home-made recipes) but nowadays cheaper fats have replaced butter in mass-produced biscuits. The filling tastes of vanilla and as such is more akin to the taste of custard made with custard powder than egg custard. It is believed that the custard cream biscuit originated in Britain in 1908. Usually, they have an elaborate baroque design stamped onto them, originating in the Victorian era and representing ferns. Some British and Irish supermarkets produce their own brand versions, with variations including lemon, orange, chocolate, strawberry, coffee, tangerine, rhubarb & custard and coconut flavours. There is a digestive cream version available, in which the biscuit is replaced with a digestive biscuit. In a 2007 poll of 7,000 Britons,\n\noften left unwhipped. The process of whipping cream before forks were adopted in the late 17th century was long and difficult. The eggs used in many earlier fool recipes became less common, and now most fools are made without them. Variations Originally, the most common fruit ingredient in fools was gooseberries, although other fruits and berries are known from early recipes, e.g., apples, strawberries, rhubarb and raspberries. Modern recipes may include any seasonal fruit readily found. In Anglo-Indian cuisine, mango fool is a popular variation. Norfolk fool is an old local variation of the fruit fool, often containing minimal or no fruit. It is seasoned with spices, such as mace and cinnamon, and thickened with eggs and boiled. The original recipe can be found in ''The Accomplisht Cook by Robert May 1660: See also Compote Cr\u00e8me br\u00fbl\u00e9e Eton mess Trifle List of desserts List of fruit dishes Panna cotta Pavlova\n\nQuestion: What deceptive old name is given to a pudding of stewed fruit blended with custard/cream/similar?", "output": "Fool"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Northern Isles (Orkney and Shetland), and over six thousand smaller islands. They have a total area of and a combined population of almost 72 million, and include two sovereign states, the Republic of Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of Ireland), and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The Channel Islands, off the north coast of France, are normally taken to be part of the British Isles, even though they do not form part of the archipelago. The oldest rocks are 2.7 billion years old and are found in Ireland, Wales and the northwest of Scotland. During the Silurian period, the north-western regions collided with the south-east, which had been\n\nSaanich Peninsula () is located north of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. It is bounded by Saanich Inlet on the west, Satellite Channel on the north, the small Colburne Passage on the northeast, and Haro Strait on the east. The exact southern boundary of what is referred to as the \"Saanich Peninsula\" (or simply as \"the Peninsula\") is somewhat fluid in local parlance. Surrounded by the Salish Sea, Saanich Peninsula is separated from Saltspring Island by Satellite Channel, Piers Island and Coal Island by Colburne Passage, and James Island by Cordova Passage in Haro Strait. Name Its name in the Saanich dialect, W\u0331S\u00c1NE\u0106, means \"raised up\" (when referring to people, that term means \"emerging people\"). Geography and climate Lying in the rain shadow of both the Vancouver Island Ranges and the Olympic Mountains, Saanich Peninsula is the driest part of Vancouver Island. The driest recording station in the provincial capital city\n\nIsleornsay (Scottish Gaelic: Eilean Iarmain) is a village lying off the main Armadale to Sleat road (the A851) on the Isle of Skye in Scotland. It overlooks, but is not upon, the island of Ornsay. The island itself shelters one of the best natural harbours in southern Skye. The location was exploited from the 18th century or earlier by the MacDonalds who owned this part of Skye. There is a hotel in the village called the Isle Ornsay Hotel and a local company Pr\u00e0ban na Linne founded by Iain Noble which produces a vatted malt whisky called Poit Dhubh (literally the \"Black Pot\" or \"Illicit Still\" and two blends, T\u00e9 Bheag nan Eilean (\"small dram of the islands\") and Mac na Mara (the \"Son of the Sea\"). Ornsay was the principal location for the international bestseller, The Ice Twins, by S. K. Tremayne, published in 2015. Emigration Emigration from the\n\nQuestion: Which island is separated from the Scottish mainland by the Sound of Sleat?", "output": "Skye"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A payable-through account (PTA) is a demand deposit account through which banking agencies located in the United States extend cheque writing privileges to the customers of other institutions, often foreign banks. PTA accounts are a concern to bank regulators because the banks or agencies providing the accounts may not subject the end customers to the same level of scrutiny as they would their own customers. These concerns were addressed in Title 3A, especially Section 311(b)(4), of the Patriot Act. Foreign financial institutions use PTAs, also known as \"pass-through\" or \"pass-by\" accounts, to provide their customers with access to the U.S. banking system. Some U.S. banks, Edge and agreement corporations, and U.S. branches and agencies of foreign financial institutions (collectively referred to as U.S. banks) offer these accounts as a service to foreign financial institutions. Law enforcement authorities have stated that the risk of money laundering and other illicit activities is\n\nA separate account is a segregated accounting and reporting account held by an insurance company not in, but rather \"separate\" from its general account. A separate account allows an investor to choose an investment category according to his individual risk tolerance, and desire for performance. An account may be a generic conservative or aggressive investment allocation, or a specific mutual fund-type account. Some offshore companies allow the account owners to specify the type of separate account to open. Separate accounts in the U.S. markets are often characterized as either managed or non-managed. A managed separate account is synonymous to a mutual fund in the sense that the investments of the separate account are actively managed (such as stocks, bonds or other debt instruments, loans, derivative instruments, etc.). A non-managed separate account is one that invests more \"passively\" in that it typically owns shares of other managed pools of investments such\n\nand investment banks to capital market activities. That distinction was repealed in the 1990s. Commercial bank can also refer to a bank or a division of a bank that deals mostly with deposits and loans from corporations or large businesses, as opposed to individual members of the public (retail banking). Products Typical banking services offered by retail banks include: Transactional accounts Checking accounts (American English) Current accounts (British English) Savings accounts Debit cards ATM cards Credit cards Traveler's cheques Mortgages Home equity loans Personal loans Certificates of deposit/Term deposits In some countries, such as the U.S., retail bank services also include more specialised accounts, such as: Sweep accounts Money market accounts Individual Retirement Accounts (IRA's) Sub-types of retail banks Community development bank are regulated banks that provide financial services and credit to underserved markets or populations. Private banks manage the assets of high-net-worth individuals. Offshore banks are banks located in\n\nQuestion: We call it a current account, what do the Americans call it?", "output": "Checking Account"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "association arose from the ancient Greek mythology story of Apollo and Daphne. Apollo mocked the god of love, Eros (Cupid), for his use of bow and arrow, since Apollo is also patron of archery. The insulted Eros then prepared two arrows\u2014one of gold and one of lead. He shot Apollo with the gold arrow, instilling in the god a passionate love for the river nymph Daphne. He shot Daphne with the lead arrow, instilling in her a hatred of Apollo. Apollo pursued Daphne until she begged to be free of him and was turned into a laurel tree. Apollo vowed to honor Daphne forever and used his powers of eternal youth and immortality to render the laurel tree evergreen. Apollo then crafted himself a wreath out of the laurel branches and turned Daphne into a cultural symbol for him and other poets and musicians. Academic use In some countries, the\n\nApollos () was a 1st-century Alexandrian Jewish Christian mentioned several times in the New Testament. A contemporary and colleague of Paul the Apostle, he played an important role in the early development of the churches of Ephesus and Corinth. Biblical account Acts of the Apostles Apollos is first mentioned as a Christian preacher who had come to Ephesus (probably in AD 52 or 53), where he is described as \"being fervent in spirit: he spoke and taught accurately the things concerning Jesus, though he knew only the baptism of John\". Priscilla and Aquila, a Jewish Christian couple who had come to Ephesus with the Apostle Paul, instructed Apollos: \"When Priscilla and Aquila heard him, they took him aside and explained to him the way of God more adequately.\" The differences between the two understandings probably related to the Christian baptism, since Apollos \"knew only the baptism of John\". Later, during\n\nAs the god of mousike, Apollo presides over all music, songs, dance and poetry. He is the inventor of string-music and the frequent companion of the Muses, functioning as their chorus leader in celebrations. The lyre is a common attribute of Apollo. Protection of the young is one of the best attested facets of his panhellenic cult persona. As a , Apollo is concerned with the health and education of children, and he presided over their passage into adulthood. Long hair, which was the prerogative of boys, was cut at the coming of age () and dedicated to Apollo. The god himself is depicted with long, uncut hair to symbolise his eternal youth. Apollo is an important pastoral deity, and was the patron of herdsmen and shepherds. Protection of herds, flocks and crops from diseases, pests and predators were his primary rustic duties. On the other hand, Apollo also encouraged\n\nQuestion: Into what was Daphne changed as a means of avoiding the advances of the God Apollo?", "output": "A LAUREL TREE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alpha decay or \u03b1-decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and thereby transforms or 'decays' into a different atomic nucleus, with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atomic number that is reduced by two. An alpha particle is identical to the nucleus of a helium-4 atom, which consists of two protons and two neutrons. It has a charge of and a mass of . For example, uranium-238 decays to form thorium-234. While alpha particles have a charge , this is not usually shown because a nuclear equation describes a nuclear reaction without considering the electrons \u2013 a convention that does not imply that the nuclei necessarily occur in neutral atoms. Alpha decay typically occurs in the heaviest nuclides. Theoretically, it can occur only in nuclei somewhat heavier than nickel (element 28), where the overall binding\n\nbecause of the combined extremely high nuclear binding energy and relatively small mass of the alpha particle. Like other cluster decays, alpha decay is fundamentally a quantum tunneling process. Unlike beta decay, it is governed by the interplay between both the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force. Alpha particles have a typical kinetic energy of 5 MeV (or \u2248 0.13% of their total energy, 110 TJ/kg) and have a speed of about 15,000,000 m/s, or 5% of the speed of light. There is surprisingly small variation around this energy, due to the strong dependence of the half-life of this process on the energy produced. Because of their relatively large mass, the electric charge of and relatively low velocity, alpha particles are very likely to interact with other atoms and lose their energy, and their forward motion can be stopped by a few centimeters of air. Approximately 99% of the\n\nnecessarily occur in neutral atoms. Alpha decay typically occurs in the heaviest nuclides. Theoretically, it can occur only in nuclei somewhat heavier than nickel (element 28), where the overall binding energy per nucleon is no longer a maximum and the nuclides are therefore unstable toward spontaneous fission-type processes. In practice, this mode of decay has only been observed in nuclides considerably heavier than nickel, with the lightest known alpha emitter being the second lightest isotope of antimony, 104Sb. Exceptionally, however, beryllium-8 decays to two alpha particles. Alpha decay is by far the most common form of cluster decay, where the parent atom ejects a defined daughter collection of nucleons, leaving another defined product behind. It is the most common form because of the combined extremely high nuclear binding energy and relatively small mass of the alpha particle. Like other cluster decays, alpha decay is fundamentally a quantum tunneling process. Unlike\n\nQuestion: Alpha particle radiation is equivalent to fast moving nuclei of which element?", "output": "HELIUM"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Myshkin (\u041c\u044b\u0301\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d) is a Russian-language surname, also transliterated Mishkin and Miskin, although the latter two words have other meanings, both in Russian and in other languages. \"Myshkin\" is the possessive case of the Russian word myshka, the diminutive of 'mouse'. Notable people with this surname include: Anatoly Myshkin (b. 1954), Soviet and Russian basketball player Ippolit Myshkin (1848\u20131885), Russian revolutionary Vladimir Myshkin (b. 1955), Soviet and Russian ice hockey goaltender Fictional characters Prince Myshkin, character in Dostoevsky's novel The Idiot See also Mishkin, surname Miskin (disambiguation) Russian-language surnames\n\nIvan Tsarevich ( or \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d-\u0446\u0430\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447) is one of the main heroes of Russian folklore, usually a protagonist, often engaged in a struggle with Koschei. Along with Ivan the Fool, Ivan Tsarevich is a placeholder name, meaning \"Prince Ivan\", rather than a definitive character. Tsarevich is a title given to the sons of tsars. He is often, but not always, the youngest son of three. In the tale \"The Three Tsardoms\" he is a son of Nastasya the Golden Braid. Different legends describe Ivan with different wives, including Yelena the Beautiful, Vasilisa the Wise and Marya Morevna. Ivan is the main hero of multiple Russian folktales. He is almost always portrayed either as the third son of a peasant family or as the third son of a king. In the latter stories, he is called Ivan Tsarevich, which means \"tsar's son\". (\"Ivan\" is one of the most common Russian forenames.) The\n\nBoris Leonidovich Pasternak (; ; 30 May 1960) was a Russian poet, novelist, composer, and literary translator. Composed in 1917, Pasternak's first book of poems, My Sister, Life, was published in Berlin in 1922 and soon became an important collection in the Russian language. Pasternak's translations of stage plays by Goethe, Schiller, Calder\u00f3n de la Barca and Shakespeare remain very popular with Russian audiences. Pasternak was the author of Doctor Zhivago (1957), a novel that takes place between the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Second World War. Doctor Zhivago was rejected for publication in the USSR, but the manuscript was smuggled to Italy and was first published there in 1957. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1958, an event that enraged the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which forced him to decline the prize. In 1989, Pasternak's son Yevgeny finally accepted the award on his\n\nQuestion: Who is Prince Myshkin in a Dostoevsky novel?", "output": "The Idiot"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "he withdrew from the race. He died in Brockton on July 19, 2005. He was buried at Union Cemetery in Brockton. See also 1953\u20131954 Massachusetts legislature 1955\u20131956 Massachusetts legislature References External links Official Biography 1915 births 2005 deaths University of Vermont alumni Harvard University alumni Boston University faculty American Congregationalists Republican Party Massachusetts state senators Deerfield Academy alumni Politicians from Brockton, Massachusetts Military personnel from Massachusetts Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts United States Army personnel of World War II 20th-century American politicians United States Army reservists United States Army colonels Massachusetts National Guard personnel\n\nScott Philip Brown (born September 12, 1959) is an American diplomat, attorney, musician, and politician who served as the United States Ambassador to New Zealand and Samoa. He is a former United States Senator for Massachusetts (2010\u20132013), and also was the 2014 Republican nominee for the U.S. Senate in New Hampshire. Before his Senate tenure, Brown served as a member of the Massachusetts General Court, first in the State House of Representatives (1998\u20132004) and then in the State Senate (2004\u20132010). In 2010, Brown faced Democratic candidate Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley in a special election which occurred after the 2009 death of longtime Senator Ted Kennedy. While initially trailing Coakley by a large margin, Brown saw a sudden late surge and posted a come-from-behind win to become the first Republican elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts since Edward Brooke in 1972. Brown ran for a full Senate term in\n\ncaused by the resignation of Jonathan Mason; he was re-elected when the term expired, and served until March 3, 1823. Afterwards he returned to the State senate for one term beginning May 28, 1823, before being elected as an Adams candidate to the Twentieth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Daniel Webster and then reelected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty-first Congress and served from July 23, 1827, to March 3, 1831. After a term filled by Nathan Appleton, he was elected as an Anti-Jacksonian to the Twenty-third Congress (March 4, 1833 - March 3, 1835). Afterward he served again a member of the State house of representatives in 1841 and resumed the practice of law. He died in Boston in 1855, aged 80, and was interred in the Phipps Street Burying Ground in Charlestown. References 1775 births 1855 deaths Harvard University alumni Massachusetts lawyers Massachusetts\n\nQuestion: Who served as senator for Massachusetts from 1962 until his death in 2009?", "output": "Edward Kennedy"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In the ancient Greek myths, ambrosia (, ) is the food or drink of the Greek gods, and is often depicted as conferring longevity or immortality upon whoever consumed it. It was brought to the gods in Olympus by doves and served either by Hebe or by Ganymede at the heavenly feast. Ancient art sometimes depicted ambrosia as distributed by the nymph named Ambrosia, a nurse of Dionysus. Definition Ambrosia is very closely related to the gods' other form of sustenance, nectar. The two terms may not have originally been distinguished; though in Homer's poems nectar is usually the drink and ambrosia the food of the gods; it was with ambrosia that Hera \"cleansed all defilement from her lovely flesh\", and with ambrosia Athena prepared Penelope in her sleep, so that when she appeared for the final time before her suitors, the effects of years had been stripped away, and\n\nNectars are a type of soft drink made by muddling the flesh of fruits or an alcoholic drink made from the fermentation of honey. Nectar (soft drink) Nectars are a type of non-carbonated soft drink made by muddling the flesh of fruits In some countries, the beverage industry distinguishes nectars from drinks labeled as \"juice\". In the United States and the United Kingdom, the term \"fruit juice\" is restricted to beverages that are 100% pure juice, whereas a \"nectar\" may be diluted (to a degree limited by regulations) with water and contain additives besides fruit juice, including natural and artificial sweeteners, and preservatives. In New Zealand, the usage is reversed, with \"juice\" denoting a sweetened fruit drink, whereas nectar refers to pure fruit. Nectar (alcoholic drink) Nectars are a variant of mead, alcohol fermented from honey. They are typically fermented to below 6% ABV, they often incorporate other flavours such\n\nand with ambrosia Athena prepared Penelope in her sleep, so that when she appeared for the final time before her suitors, the effects of years had been stripped away, and they were inflamed with passion at the sight of her. On the other hand, in Alcman, nectar is the food, and in Sappho and Anaxandrides, ambrosia is the drink. A character in Aristophanes' Knights says, \"I dreamed the goddess poured ambrosia over your head\u2014out of a ladle.\" Both descriptions could be correct, as ambrosia could be a liquid considered a food (such as honey). The consumption of ambrosia was typically reserved for divine beings. Upon his assumption into immortality on Olympus, Heracles is given ambrosia by Athena, while the hero Tydeus is denied the same thing when the goddess discovers him eating human brains. In one version of the myth of Tantalus, part of Tantalus' crime is that after tasting\n\nQuestion: What do hummingbirds and Greek gods drink?", "output": "Nectar"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Asmara International Airport () is the international airport of Asmara, the capital of Eritrea. It is the country's largest airport and the only one receiving regularly scheduled services as of 2017. History The airport was constructed by the Italian colonial authorities in 1922, the first such facility to be opened in Italian Eritrea with the name \"Aeroporto di Gura\". It served as the main military airport in the territory. In the mid-1930s, the airport (enlarged and now called Aeroporto Civile Umberto Maddalena di Asmara) began offering civilian and commercial flights. On 7 July 1935, an agreement was signed with British \"Imperial Airways\" to connect Asmara to Khartoum. A regular Kassala-Khartoum-Asmara-Massawa 770 km commercial route was subsequently started with a Caproni 133 of the Italian Ala Littoria. Additionally, a regular Asmara-Assab- Mogadishu commercial route was started in summer 1935, with an Ala Littoria's Caproni Ca.133 providing 13-hour flights from the Mogadishu\n\nGarissa () is the capital of Garissa County, Kenya. It is situated in the former North Eastern Province. Geography The Tana River, which rises in Mount Kenya east of Nyeri, flows through Garissa. The Bour-Algi Giraffe Sanctuary, situated 5 km south of Garissa, is home to endangered wildlife including the Rothschild giraffe, gerenuk and other herbivores including Kirk's dik-dik, lesser kudu, warthog and waterbuck. Demographics The town recorded a population of 319,696 in the 2009 census, which rose to 663,399 in 2019. Most of Garissa's inhabitants are ethnic Somali. Economy Garissa is a market centre and the commercial hub of the Garissa County. The town has a university, Garissa University College and a number of colleges including Medical College. In December 2019, the Garissa Solar Power Station was inaugurated, providing grid power to Garissa town. Banks with a presence in Garissa include the Gulf African Bank situated in the Al-Wayf\n\nBurkina Faso ( , ; , ) is a landlocked country in West Africa with an area of , bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and the Ivory Coast to the southwest. As of 2021, the country had an estimated population of 20,321,378. Previously called Republic of Upper Volta (1958\u20131984), it was renamed Burkina Faso by President Thomas Sankara. Its citizens are known as Burkinab\u00e8 ( ), and its capital and largest city is Ouagadougou. Its name is often translated into English as the \"Land of Honest Men\". The largest ethnic group in Burkina Faso is the Mossi people, who settled the area in the 11th and 13th centuries. They established powerful kingdoms such as the Ouagadougou, Tenkodogo, and Yatenga. In 1896, it was colonized by the French as part of French West Africa; in 1958,\n\nQuestion: Asmara is the capital of which African country?", "output": "Eritrea"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The following are the association football events of the year 1986 throughout the world. Events March 11 \u2013 Germany's Sigfried Held makes his debut as the manager of Iceland, losing (1\u20132) against Bahrain. March 21 \u2013 Egypt wins the Africa Nations Cup in Cairo after defeating Cameroon on penalties (5\u20134) after a 0\u20130 draw after extra-time. June 22 \u2013 Diego Maradona scores a goal with his hand, calling it the \"Hand of God goal\". June 29 \u2013 In the final of the 1986 FIFA World Cup, played for second time in Mexico City, Azteca Stadium, Argentina defeats West Germany 3\u20132 to win their second World Cup title. European Cup: Steaua Bucure\u0219ti 0\u20130 Barcelona; Steaua Bucure\u0219ti won 2\u20130 on penalties UEFA Cup: Two legs; 1st leg Real Madrid 5\u20131 1. FC K\u00f6ln; 2nd leg 1.FC K\u00f6ln 2\u20130 Real Madrid CF. Real Madrid CF won 5\u20133 on aggregate UEFA Cup Winners' Cup:\n\nAnthony Hand MBE (born 15 August 1967) is a Scottish former ice hockey player and coach. He was the first British player to be drafted by an NHL team when he was picked by the Edmonton Oilers in 1986. Nicknamed Two point Tony, he holds several national records, and scored over 4000 points in his career, more than any professional hockey player at any level. Still over a point-per-game scorer deep into his forties, Hand retired after the 2015 EPIHL league finals, after his Manchester Phoenix team lost. Hand served as the head coach of the Great Britain national team, a position he assumed in 2011 and resigned from in 2013. Until the franchise folded in January 2017, he was the coach of the Manchester Phoenix. In 2017, Hand received the Torriani Award from the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) in 2017, and inducted into the IIHF Hall of Fame.\n\n(1924\u201325). He scored a hat-trick against Liverpool for the South African Amateur team during a tour of England on 1 October 1924, and was signed by the club on 17 November 1925. During his time in South Africa he worked as a boiler-maker. Liverpool Hodgson had a reputation early in his career as an unselfish forward who excelled in link-up play but that didn't stop him going on to become one of Liverpool and indeed the Football League's greatest-ever goalscorers. Not averse to charging through defenders if other avenues to goal were barred, although he was capable of subtlety when the situation demanded it, Hodgson was exceptionally strong on the ball and possessed a terrific shot with either foot, which allied to his height, heading ability, pace, close-control, enthusiasm and a noted talent for shooting when going at top-speed made him a real force in attack. Only Roger Hunt (244)\n\nQuestion: Which footballer claimed that his hand-ball goal against England in 1986 was \u2018The hand of God\u2019?", "output": "Diego Maradona"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A round steak is a beef steak from the \"round\", the rear leg of the cow. The round is divided into cuts including the eye (of) round, bottom round, and top round, with or without the \"round\" bone (femur), and may include the knuckle (sirloin tip), depending on how the round is separated from the loin. This is a lean cut and it is moderately tough. Lack of fat and marbling makes round dry out when cooked with dry-heat cooking methods like roasting or grilling. Round steak is commonly prepared with slow moist-heat methods including braising, to tenderize the meat and maintain moisture. The cut is often sliced thin, then dried or smoked at low temperature to make jerky. Rump cover, with its thick layer of accompanying fat, is considered one of the best (and most flavorful) beef cuts in many South American countries, particularly Brazil and Argentina. This specific\n\nthe 12th and 13th ribs. Degree of marbling is the primary determination of quality grade. Maturity refers to the physiological age of the animal rather than the chronological age. Because the chronological age is virtually never known, physiological maturity is used; the indicators are bone characteristics, ossification of cartilage, and the color and texture of ribeye muscle. Cartilage becomes bone, lean color darkens and texture becomes coarser with increasing age. Cartilage and bone maturity receives more emphasis because lean color and texture can be affected by other postmortem factors. Beef yield grades - In beef, yield grades estimate the amount of boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts from the high-value parts of the carcass\u2013the round, loin, rib, and chuck. However, they also show differences in the total yield of retail cuts. We expect a YG 1 carcass to have the highest percentage of boneless, closely trimmed retail cuts, or higher cutability,\n\na colourful display\u2014either hot or cold. It is often eaten with chimichurri sauce. It is a rather fatty meat and is usually eaten with vegetables. Pork matambre is also used. The name matambre is formed from the combination of \"matar\" and \"hambre\" (\"hunger killer\"). Cut Matambre is cut from the side of the cow, between the skin and the ribs. The scientific name for the muscle is cutaneous trunci. It is a thin rose colored muscle, also known in packing houses as \"fly shaker\" or \"elephant ear\". It is also known as the \"twitch\" muscle because the animal makes it twitch or tremble to repel flying insects like flies. It is very thin and lends itself for rolling up with different stuffings. Argentine variations In Argentina, the matambre is sometimes served as a steak, but this is not the typical serving method. The more common method is known as \"matambre\n\nQuestion: What cut of beef is found between the rump and the fore rib?", "output": "Sirloin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Robert Lugar (1773 \u2013 23 June 1855), was a British architect and engineer in the Industrial Revolution. Although born in Colchester, England, Lugar carried out much of his most important work in Scotland and Wales, where he was employed by several leading industrialists to design grand houses such as Balloch Castle (1808), Cyfarthfa Castle (1824). The Ryes, formerly known as Rye Lodge, in Little Henny is a Grade II Georgian House designed by Lugar, whose engraving of the house and it's plans were exhibited at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1809. The house was recognised by Nikolaus Pevsner during his survey of Essex. The Rectory in Yaxham, Norfolk, which is now known as Yaxham House, was designed for Rev John Johnson (1817), with its mirror image later used for Ffrwdgrech House in Brecon (1828). He designed Denham Mount in south Buckinghamshire for Nathaniel Snell, a London merchant and partner\n\nRobert Adams (1540\u20131595) was a 16th-century English architect, engraver and surveyor of buildings to Queen Elizabeth. He was a son of Clement Adams. None of Robert Adams's architectural works are known to have survived, but some of his plans and engravings are still extant, such as a large 1588 plan of Middleburgh and, from the same year, a small parchment roll, drawn with pen, entitled \"Thamesis Descriptio\", which shows lines drawn across the River Thames and the various ranges of guns at different points from Tilbury Fort to London. Adams also drew and engraved representations of the Spanish Armada's activities on the British coasts, which were published by Augustine Ryther in 1589. Robert Adams died in his 55th year and was buried in the church at Greenwich, where the following inscription was placed to his memory: \"Egregio viro Roberto Adams, operum regiorum supervisori, architecturae peritissimo. Ob. 1595. Simon Basil, operationum\n\nAshburnham House is an extended seventeenth-century house on Little Dean's Yard in Westminster, London, United Kingdom, which since 1882 has been part of Westminster School. It is occasionally open to the public, when its staircase and first floor drawing-rooms in particular can be seen. Ashburnham House took its present form shortly after the Restoration when it was leased by Charles Ashburnham, a friend of Charles II. and subsequently became a London seat for his family that became the Earls of Ashburnham. As the staircase has the characteristics of work by Inigo Jones or his pupil John Webb the design of the house was for many years attributed to them, but now, however, the house as a whole is often attributed to architect William Samwell. The Ashburnham family lived in the house for less than eighty years until John Ashburnham, 1st Earl of Ashburnham sold the lease to the Crown in\n\nQuestion: Who designed the 'Queen's House' at Greenwich, in the early 17th century?", "output": "INIGO JONES"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "USS Meade (DD-602) was a in the United States Navy during World War II. She was the second ship named for Richard Worsam Meade III and Robert Leamy Meade. Meade was laid down by Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Shipbuilding Division, Staten Island, New York, 25 March 1941, launched 15 February 1942, sponsored by Mrs. Moray Nairne Wootton, and commissioned at Brooklyn Navy Yard 22 June 1942. Southwest Pacific Service After shakedown out of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, Meade sailed in the screen escorting to the southwest Pacific. After arriving Tongatapu 14 September, she guarded carrier task groups defending the sea lanes between Allied bases in the South Pacific and American forces in the Solomon Islands. Operating out of Noum\u00e9a, New Caledonia, she served during the months in late 1942 during the protracted struggle for control of Guadalcanal. As escort for and YT\u2011130, Meade cruised off Guadalcanal during the costly but decisive night\n\nThe military history of the United States during World War II covers the nation's role as one of the major Allies in their victory over the Axis Powers. The United States is generally considered to have entered the conflict with the 7 December 1941 surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan and exited it with the 2 September 1945 surrender of Japan. During the first two years of World War II, the US maintained formal neutrality, which was officially announced in the Quarantine Speech delivered by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937. While officially neutral, the US supplied Britain, the Soviet Union, and China with war materiel through the Lend-Lease Act signed into law on 11 March 1941, and deployed the US military to replace the British forces stationed in Iceland. Following the 4 September 1941 Greer incident involving a German submarine, Roosevelt publicly confirmed a\n\nThe , codenamed Operation Iceberg, was a battle of the Pacific War fought on the island of Okinawa by United States Army and United States Marine Corps forces against the Imperial Japanese Army. The initial invasion of Okinawa on 1 April 1945 was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific Theater of World War II. The Kerama Islands surrounding Okinawa were preemptively captured on 26 March by the 77th Infantry Division. The 82-day battle lasted from 1 April until 22 June 1945. After a long campaign of island hopping, the Allies were planning to use Kadena Air Base on the large island of Okinawa as a base for Operation Downfall, the planned invasion of the Japanese home islands, away. The United States created the Tenth Army, a cross-branch force consisting of the U.S. Army 7th, 27th, 77th and 96th Infantry Divisions with the 1st, 2nd, and 6th Marine Divisions, to\n\nQuestion: Name the famous naval base and natural port on Oahu island, Hawaii, which featured in the US entry to World War II?", "output": "Pearl Harbor"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Locusta or Lucusta (died 69), was a notorious maker of poisons in the 1st-century Roman Empire, active in the final two reigns of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. She supposedly took part in the assassinations of Claudius and Britannicus. She was a favourite of emperor Nero for several years, and Nero had her provide training to other poisoners in his service. Following Nero's death, Locusta was executed by his successor, Galba (reigned 68\u201369). Primary sources Locusta's career is described by the ancient historians Tacitus (Annals 12.66 and 13.15), Suetonius (Life of Nero, 33 and 47), and Cassius Dio (61.34 and 63.3). Juvenal also mentions Locusta in Book 1, line 71 of his Satires. Biography Locusta was said to have come from Gaul. Poisons expert Locusta served as a poisons expert under empress Agrippina the Younger. According to some historians, in AD 54, already notorious and imprisoned on poisoning charges, Locusta was ordered\n\nPoisons expert Locusta served as a poisons expert under empress Agrippina the Younger. According to some historians, in AD 54, already notorious and imprisoned on poisoning charges, Locusta was ordered by Agrippina to supply a poison for the murder of her husband, Claudius. This was sprinkled on a mushroom and given to the emperor by his food-taster Halotus; when this poison appeared to be ineffectual, the doctor Gaius Stertinius Xenophon murdered Claudius with a poisoned feather ostensibly put down his throat to induce vomiting. She reportedly advised Agrippina to use Atropa belladonna as a poison. Extracts of atropa have been used for poisoning since antiquity, as the plant and its fruits contain tropane alkaloids (primarily hyoscyamine and scopolamine). Atropa-derived poisons were commonly used in ancient Roman murders, and previous empress Livia reportedly used them to murder her contemporaries. The effective doses of atropa needed to cause hallucinations for up to\n\nOctavia is a Roman tragedy that focuses on three days in the year 62 AD during which Nero divorced and exiled his wife Claudia Octavia and married another (Poppaea Sabina). The play also deals with the irascibility of Nero and his inability to take heed of the philosopher Seneca's advice to rein in his passions. The play was attributed to Seneca, but modern scholarship generally discredits this, since it contains accurate prophecies of both his and Nero's deaths. While the play closely resembles Seneca's plays in style, it was probably written some time after Seneca's death in the Flavian period by someone influenced by Seneca and aware of the events of his lifetime. Characters Octavia. Octavia's Nurse. Chorus of Romans. Seneca. Prefect. Poppaea. Agrippina (ghost). Nero. Messenger. Plot Act I Octavia, weary of her existence, bewails her misery. Her nurse curses the drawbacks which beset life in a Palace. The\n\nQuestion: Roman Emperor Claudius was said to have been poisoned by a dish of what?", "output": "Mushrooms"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Autumn, also known as fall in North American English, is one of the four temperate seasons on Earth. Outside the tropics, autumn marks the transition from summer to winter, in September (Northern Hemisphere) or March (Southern Hemisphere). Autumn is the season when the duration of daylight becomes noticeably shorter and the temperature cools considerably. Day length decreases and night length increases as the season progresses until the Winter Solstice in December (Northern Hemisphere) and June (Southern Hemisphere). One of its main features in temperate climates is the striking change in colour for the leaves of deciduous trees as they prepare to shed. Date definitions Some cultures regard the autumnal equinox as \"mid-autumn\", while others with a longer temperature lag treat the equinox as the start of autumn. In the English-speaking world of high latitude countries, autumn traditionally began with Lammas Day and ended around Hallowe'en, the approximate mid-points between midsummer,\n\nthe equinox as the start of autumn. In the English-speaking world of high latitude countries, autumn traditionally began with Lammas Day and ended around Hallowe'en, the approximate mid-points between midsummer, the autumnal equinox, and midwinter. Meteorologists (and Australia and most of the temperate countries in the southern hemisphere) use a definition based on Gregorian calendar months, with autumn being September, October, and November in the northern hemisphere, and March, April, and May in the southern hemisphere. In the higher latitude countries in the Northern Hemisphere, autumn traditionally starts with the September equinox (21 to 24 September) and ends with the winter solstice (21 or 22 December). Popular culture in the United States associates Labor Day, the first Monday in September, as the end of summer and the start of autumn; certain summer traditions, such as wearing white, are discouraged after that date. As daytime and nighttime temperatures decrease, trees change\n\nAugust is the eighth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars, and the fifth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. In the Southern Hemisphere, August is the seasonal equivalent of February in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, August falls in the season of summer. In the Southern Hemisphere, the month falls during the season of winter. In many European countries, August is the holiday month for most workers. Numerous religious holidays occurred during August in ancient Rome. Certain meteor showers take place in August. The Kappa Cygnids take place in August, with the dates varying each year. The Alpha Capricornids meteor shower takes place as early as July 10 and ends at around August 10, and the Southern Delta Aquariids take place from mid-July to mid-August, with the peak usually around July 28\u201329. The Perseids, a major meteor shower, typically takes\n\nQuestion: During which month of the year does the Summer Solstice occur in the Northern Hemisphere?", "output": "June"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Vuelvealavida, Rompecolch\u00f3n, and Siete Potencias (Back into Life, Mattress-breaker and Seven Powers) are names given to various seafood cocktails in Venezuela. These cocktails are believed, perhaps apocryphally, to serve as revitalisers or sexual stimulants. This has not been confirmed by conventional science. These cocktails are commonly sold on Venezuelan beaches. References Venezuelan drinks\n\nPanamanian culture is a hybrid of African, Native Panamanian, and European culture - specifically Spanish. For example, the tamborito is a Spanish dance that was blended with Native American rhythms and dance moves. Dance is a symbol of the diverse cultures that have coupled in Panama. The local folklore can be experienced through a multitude of festivals, dances and traditions that have been handed down from generation to generation. Panamanian cuisine Panamanian Cuisine is a mix of African, Spanish, and Native American techniques, dishes, and ingredients, reflecting its diverse population. Since Panama is a land bridge between two continents, it has a large variety of tropical fruits, vegetables and herbs that are used in native cooking. Typical Panamanian foods are mildly flavored, without the pungency of some of Panama's Latin American and Caribbean neighbors. Common ingredients are corn, rice, wheat flour, plantains, yuca (cassava), beef, chicken, pork and seafood. Literature\n\nOxxo (stylized as OXXO) is a Mexican chain of convenience stores, with over 21,000 stores across Latin America, as well as in the United States and parts of Europe. It is the largest chain of convenience stores in Latin America. Its headquarters are in Monterrey, Nuevo Le\u00f3n. It is wholly owned by the beverage company FEMSA (Fomento Econ\u00f3mico Mexicano). History OXXO was founded in Monterrey in 1976. In the first stores, the only products sold were beer, snacks and cigararettes. The success of the stores was such that the project kept growing and OXXO built new locations rapidly, becoming ubiquitous in Mexican cities and towns. The first official OXXO store was opened in 1979 in Monterrey. OXXO stores then spread to Chihuahua, Hermosillo and Nuevo Laredo. Throughout the eighties, OXXO gained fame in the cities where it was established. In 1998, the 1000th store was opened. On July 6, 2010,\n\nQuestion: Pillbox, Panama and Fez are types of what?", "output": "Hats"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "was granted the right to process all financial transactions with French francs. Therefore, from 1921 to 1923, the French franc was used alongside the German mark (\u2133), and from 1923 on, when the Saar Territory was incorporated officially into the French economy, the franc became the only valid currency. Due to the shortage of nonferrous metal, the coal mines administration began to print its own banknotes, the so-called \"Grubengeld\" (\"coal mine money\"). After 1930, these notes were replaced by the usual French notes. After the plebiscite of 1935, when the Saar Territory was unified with the German Empire again, the Reichsmark (\u211b\u2133) was immediately introduced. The official exchange rate was 1 franc = 0.1645 \u211b\u2133. 1947\u20131959 On 16 July 1947, banknotes were issued for Saar denominated in marks, which replaced the German Reichsmark. But in November 1947, the French government reintroduced the French franc as the official currency. Between 20\n\nwas introduced to Baden but the Gulden, worth four sevenths of a Vereinsthaler, continued to be the chief unit of currency until 1873, when the German Mark was introduced at a rate of 1 Mark = 35 Kreuzer. History of Baden Currencies of Germany Modern obsolete currencies 1754 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire 1873 disestablishments in Germany Coins of the Holy Roman Empire\n\nThe Bank of Italy (Italian: Banca d'Italia, informally referred to as Bankitalia) () is the central bank of Italy and part of the European System of Central Banks. It is located in Palazzo Koch, via Nazionale, Rome. The bank's current governor is Ignazio Visco, who took the office on 1 November 2011. Until January 1999 when Italy adopted the euro, the bank was responsible for national currency, the Italian lira. From then until euro notes and coins were issued from 1 January 2002, lira coins and notes continued as denominations of the euro. Functions After the charge of monetary and exchange rate policies was shifted in 1998 to the European Central Bank, within the European institutional framework, the bank implements the decisions, issues euro banknotes and withdraws and destroys worn pieces. The main function has thus become banking and financial supervision. The objective is to ensure the stability and efficiency\n\nQuestion: Until the introduction of the Euro on 1 January 2002, which country had the Deutsche Mark as its basic currency unit?", "output": "Germany"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alexandria ( ; ; ) is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in by Alexander the Great, Alexandria grew rapidly and became a major centre of Hellenic civilization, eventually replacing Memphis, in present-day Greater Cairo, as Egypt's capital. Called the \"Bride of the Mediterranean\" internationally, Alexandria is a popular tourist destination and an important industrial centre due to its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez. The city extends about along the northern coast of Egypt, and is the largest city on the Mediterranean, the second-largest in Egypt (after Cairo), the fourth-largest city in the Arab world, the ninth-largest city in Africa, and the ninth-largest urban area in Africa. The city was founded originally in the vicinity of an Egyptian settlement named Rhacotis (that became the Egyptian quarter of the city). Alexandria grew rapidly, becoming a major centre of Hellenic civilisation,\n\nSukhumi (see also other names below) is a city in a wide bay on the Black Sea's eastern coast. It is both the capital and largest city of the Republic of Abkhazia, a partially recognised state widely recognized as a part of Georgia. The city has been controlled by Abkhazia since the Abkhazian war in 1992\u201393. The city, which has an airport, is a port, major rail junction and a holiday resort because of its beaches, sanatoriums, mineral-water spas and semitropical climate. It is also a member of the International Black Sea Club. Sukhumi's history can be traced to the 6th century BC, when it was settled by Greeks, who named it Dioscurias. During this time and the subsequent Roman period, much of the city disappeared under the Black Sea. The city was named Tskhumi when it became part of the Kingdom of Abkhazia and then the Kingdom of Georgia.\n\nKampot () is a city in southern Cambodia and the capital of Kampot Province. It is on the Praek Tuek Chhu River southeast of the Elephant Mountains and around from the Gulf of Thailand. Kampot was the capital of the Circonscription R\u00e9sidentielle de Kampot under French rule and Cambodia's most important seaport after the loss of the Mekong Delta and before the establishment of Sihanoukville. Its center is, unlike most Cambodian provincial capitals, composed of 19th century French colonial architecture. The region and town are known for high quality pepper, which is exported worldwide. It is also known for its Kampot fish sauce, and durian. The government and the Ministry of Culture and Fine Art have been preparing documents to nominate The Old Town of Kampot for admission to the UNESCO World Heritage Site list (along with The Old Town of Battambang and The Old Town of Kratie) since 2017.\n\nQuestion: Which seaport was the former capital of Egypt?", "output": "Alexandria"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In classical music, arioso (; also aria parlante ) is a category of solo vocal piece, usually occurring in an opera or oratorio, falling somewhere between recitative and aria in style. Literally, arioso means airy. The term arose in the 16th century along with the aforementioned styles and monody. It is commonly confused with recitativo accompagnato. Arioso is similar to recitative due to its unrestrained structure and inflexions, close to those of speech. It differs, however, in its rhythm. Arioso is similar to aria in its melodic form, both being closer to singing than recitative; however, they differ in form, arioso generally not resorting to the process of repetition. Well-known examples At the start of the finale in the first act of Mozart's The Magic Flute, the andante of the priest (Sprecher) \"Sobald dich f\u00fchrt der Freundschaft Hand ins Heiligtum zum ew'gen Band\" is an example of arioso. \"Amor ti\n\nA list song, also called a laundry list song or a catalog song, is a song based wholly or in part on a list. Unlike topical songs with a narrative and a cast of characters, list songs typically develop by working through a series of information, often humorous or comically, articulating their images additively, and sometimes use items of escalating absurdity. The form as a defining feature of an oral tradition dates back to early classical antiquity, where it played an important part of early hexameter poetry for oral bards like Homer and Hesiod. In classical opera the list song has its own genre, the catalogue aria, that was especially popular in Italian opera buffa and comic opera in the latter half of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Leporello's aria (), also nicknamed The Catalogue Aria, is a prominent example, and often mentioned as a direct antecedent to the\n\na form of sacred music, sung with regular voices, and , usually a form of profane music, marked by the use of overtone singing. Technique is traditionally practised by groups of four male singers standing in a close circle. Each singer has a distinct role, here listed in descending pitch order\u2014form a chorus (another meaning of ): or (pronounced /oke/ or /boke/, 'voice') is the solo voice or is the 'half voice' is the 'counter' as 'bass' The sings the same note sung by the , and a fifth above the . The and the sing in a regular voice, whereas the and the sing with a technique affecting the larynx. The sings a poetic text in Sardinian, which can be of epic, historic, satirical, amorous or even protest genre. The chorus consists of nonsense syllables (for example bim-bam-boo). According to popular tradition, imitates the sound of wind, while the\n\nQuestion: What term is used almost exclusively to describe a self-contained piece for one voice usually with orchestral accompaniment, commonly in opera, although they also form movements of oratorios and cantatas?", "output": "Aria"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "new plays at the Royal Shakespeare Company's Warehouse and Royal Court Theatre from 1978. She met Mike Leigh in 1979, when he was looking for RSC actors who could improvise. In the 1980s, her work for the Royal Court included Andrea Dunbar's Rita, Sue and Bob Too (1981) and Caryl Churchill's Top Girls (1982) and Serious Money (1987). She also starred in the Top Girls Off-Broadway production in 1983. For the RSC, she starred in As You Like It (1985) and Les Liaisons Dangereuses (1985\u201386). She made her film debut in 1985s Dance with a Stranger directed by Mike Newell, and went on to appear in Sammy and Rosie Get Laid (1987) directed by Stephen Frears, and High Season (1987). Back on the stage, she starred in The Cherry Orchard at the Aldwych Theatre in 1989, directed by Sam Mendes, and in Three Sisters at the Royal Court in 1990.\n\nBrigitte Anne-Marie Bardot ( ; ; born 28 September 1934), often referred to by her initials B.B., is a French animal rights activist and former actress, singer, and model. Famous for portraying sexually emancipated characters, often with hedonistic lifestyles, she was one of the best known sex symbols of the 1950s\u20131970s. Although she withdrew from the entertainment industry in 1973, she remains a major popular culture icon, and a noted figure in ushering in the sexual revolution. Born and raised in Paris, Bardot was an aspiring ballerina in her early life. She started her acting career in 1952, and achieved international recognition in 1957 for her role in And God Created Woman (1956), catching the attention of many French intellectuals, and earning her the nickname \"sex kitten\". She was the subject of philosopher Simone de Beauvoir's 1959 essay The Lolita Syndrome, which described her as a \"locomotive of women's history\"\n\nGreene, Monroe formed Marilyn Monroe Productions, a production company in an effort to gain control of her career (from Hollywood powerhouses). Greene would go on to produce Bus Stop (1956) and The Prince and the Showgirl (1957). The two also collaborated on some 53 photo sessions, some of which became well known, including \"The Black Sitting\". Greene's photograph for one such sitting in 1954 featuring Monroe in a ballet tutu was chosen by Time Life as one of the three most popular images of the 20th century. Monroe and Greene's friendship ended after the production of The Prince and the Showgirl in 1957, and they decided to separate. Personal life Greene's first marriage was to his childhood sweetheart Evelyn Franklin in 1942. They divorced in 1949. His second marriage was to model Amy Franco (born 1929 in Cuba), whom he married in 1953. They had two sons, Joshua and Anthony.\n\nQuestion: Which actress, who died in 1962, starred in the films Some Like It Hot and Bus Stop?", "output": "Marilyn Monroe"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "measured positions of one or more celestial objects allows the navigator to calculate latitude and longitude. Reliable marine chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century and not affordable until the 19th century. After the method was first published in 1763 by British Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne, based on pioneering work by Tobias Mayer, for about a hundred years (until about 1850) mariners lacking a chronometer used the method of lunar distances to determine Greenwich time as a key step in determining longitude. Conversely, a mariner with a chronometer could check its accuracy using a lunar determination of Greenwich time. The method saw usage all the way up to the beginning of the 20th century on smaller vessels that could not afford a chronometer or had to rely on this technique for correction of the chronometer. Method Summary The method relies on the relatively quick movement of the moon across\n\nIn celestial navigation, lunar distance, also called a lunar, is the angular distance between the Moon and another celestial body. The lunar distances method uses this angle and a nautical almanac to calculate Greenwich time if so desired, or by extension any other time. That calculated time can be used in solving a spherical triangle. The theory was first published by Johannes Werner in 1524, before the necessary almanacs had been published. A fuller method was published in 1763 and used until about 1850 when it was superseded by the marine chronometer. A similar method uses the positions of the Galilean moons of Jupiter. Purpose In celestial navigation, knowledge of the time at Greenwich (or another known place) and the measured positions of one or more celestial objects allows the navigator to calculate latitude and longitude. Reliable marine chronometers were unavailable until the late 18th century and not affordable until\n\nneeded. Morin and longitude Morin attempted to solve the longitude problem. In 1634, he proposed his solution, based on measuring absolute time by the position of the Moon relative to the stars. His method was a variation of the lunar distance method first put forward by Johann Werner in 1514. Morin added some improvements to this method, such as better scientific instruments and taking lunar parallax into account. Morin did not believe that Gemma Frisius' transporting clock method for calculating out longitude would work. Morin, unfailingly irascible, remarked, \"I do not know if the Devil will succeed in making a longitude timekeeper but it is folly for man to try.\" A prize was to be awarded, so a committee was set up by Richelieu to evaluate Morin's proposal. Serving on this committee were \u00c9tienne Pascal, Claude Mydorge, and Pierre H\u00e9rigone. The committee remained in dispute with Morin for the five\n\nQuestion: In the 18th century John Harrison solved the problem of determining longitude at sea using what instrument?", "output": "Clock"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A skin infection is an infection of the skin in humans and other animals, that can also affect the associated soft tissues such as loose connective tissue and mucous membranes. They comprise a category of infections termed skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs), or skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), and acute bacterial SSSIs (ABSSSIs). They are distinguished from dermatitis (inflammation of the skin), although skin infections can result in skin inflammation. Causes Bacterial Bacterial skin infections affected about 155 million people and cellulitis occurred in about 600 million people in 2013. Bacterial skin infections include: Cellulitis, a diffuse inflammation of connective tissue with severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin. Further, cellulitis can be classified based into purulent and non-purulent cellulitis, based on the most likely causative agent and the symptoms presentation. Purulent cellulitis is often caused by Staphylococcus aureus, including both methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant\n\nLiver spots (also known as age spot, solar lentigo, \"lentigo senilis\", \"old age spot\", \"senile freckle\") are blemishes on the skin associated with aging and exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun. They range in color from light brown to red or black and are located in areas most often exposed to the sun, particularly the hands, face, shoulders, arms and forehead, and the scalp if bald. The spots derive their name from the fact that they were once incorrectly believed to be caused by liver problems, but they are physiologically unrelated to the liver, save for a similar color. From the age of 40, the skin is less able to regenerate from sun exposure, and liver spots are very common in this age group, particularly in those who spend time in the sun. In the overwhelming majority of cases, liver spots pose no threat and require no treatment, though\n\nAcrodermatitis enteropathica is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder affecting the uptake of zinc through the inner lining of the bowel, the mucous membrane. It is characterized by inflammation of the skin (dermatitis) around bodily openings (periorificial) and the tips of fingers and toes (acral), hair loss (alopecia), and diarrhea. It can also be related to deficiency of zinc due to other, i.e. congenital causes. Other names for acrodermatitis enteropathica include Brandt syndrome and Danbolt\u2013Cross syndrome. Signs and symptoms Individuals with acrodermatitis enteropathica may present with the following: Blistering of skin Dry skin Emotional lability Glossitis Pustule Alopecia (loss of hair from the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes) may occur. Skin lesions may be secondarily infected by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or fungi such as Candida albicans. These skin lesions are accompanied by diarrhea. Genetics Acrodermatitis enteropathica, in terms of genetics, indicates that a mutation of the SLC39A4 gene on chromosome\n\nQuestion: Dermatitis affects what part of the body?", "output": "Skin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Arkansas ( ) is a landlocked state in the south-central region of the Southern United States. It is bordered by Missouri to the north, Tennessee and Mississippi to the east, Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, and Oklahoma to the west. Its name is from the Osage language, a Dhegiha Siouan language, and referred to their relatives, the Quapaw people. The state's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta. Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 34th most populous state, with a population of just over 3 million at the 2020 census. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, in the central part of the state,\n\nCalifornia is a state in the Western United States. With over 38.9million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state, the third-largest U.S. state by area, and the most populated subnational entity in North America. California borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and the Mexican state of Baja California to the south; it has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the west. The Greater Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay areas in California are the nation's second and fifth-most populous urban regions, respectively. Greater Los Angeles has over 18.7 million residents and the San Francisco Bay Area has over 9.6 million residents. Los Angeles is the state's most populous city and the nation's second-most populous city. San Francisco is the second-most densely populated major city in the country. Los Angeles County is the country's most populous county,\n\nbrochure External links Official Havasu National Wildlife Refuge website Great Blog with tons of pictures and video of the Topock Gorge Arizona Boating Locations Facilities Map Arizona Fishing Locations Map Lower Colorado River Valley Mojave Desert Canyons and gorges of Arizona Canyons and gorges of California Rock formations of California Landforms of Mohave County, Arizona Landforms of San Bernardino County, California Tourist attractions along U.S. Route 66\n\nQuestion: The majority of the Mohave Desert is located in which state?", "output": "California"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having its beginnings in prehistoric times. Anatomy is inherently tied to developmental biology, embryology, comparative anatomy, evolutionary biology, and phylogeny, as these are the processes by which anatomy is generated, both over immediate and long-term timescales. Anatomy and physiology, which study the structure and function of organisms and their parts respectively, make a natural pair of related disciplines, and are often studied together. Human anatomy is one of the essential basic sciences that are applied in medicine. Anatomy is a complex and dynamic field that is constantly evolving as new discoveries are made. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the use of advanced imaging techniques, such\n\nIn humans, the cartilaginous bar of the mandibular arch is formed by what are known as Meckel's cartilages (right and left) also known as Meckelian cartilages; above this the incus and malleus are developed. Meckel's cartilage arises from the first pharyngeal arch. The dorsal end of each cartilage is connected with the ear-capsule and is ossified to form the malleus; the ventral ends meet each other in the region of the symphysis menti, and are usually regarded as undergoing ossification to form that portion of the mandible which contains the incisor teeth. The intervening part of the cartilage disappears; the portion immediately adjacent to the malleus is replaced by fibrous membrane, which constitutes the sphenomandibular ligament, while from the connective tissue covering the remainder of the cartilage the greater part of the mandible is ossified. Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Younger discovered this cartilage in 1820. Evolution Meckel's cartilage is a\n\nof the functions of the organs and structures of the human body. Methods have also improved dramatically, advancing from the examination of animals by dissection of carcasses and cadavers (corpses) to 20th-century medical imaging techniques, including X-ray, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. Etymology and definition Derived from the Greek anatom\u0113 \"dissection\" (from anat\u00e9mn\u014d \"I cut up, cut open\" from \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac an\u00e1 \"up\", and \u03c4\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9 t\u00e9mn\u014d \"I cut\"), anatomy is the scientific study of the structure of organisms including their systems, organs and tissues. It includes the appearance and position of the various parts, the materials from which they are composed, and their relationships with other parts. Anatomy is quite distinct from physiology and biochemistry, which deal respectively with the functions of those parts and the chemical processes involved. For example, an anatomist is concerned with the shape, size, position, structure, blood supply and innervation of an organ such as the\n\nQuestion: With which part of the body is the medicinal science of orthodontics concerned?", "output": "TEETH"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Andrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 \u2013 June 8, 1845) was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, he gained fame as a general in the U.S. Army and served in both houses of the U.S. Congress. Although often praised as an advocate for ordinary Americans and for his work in preserving the union of states, Jackson has also been criticized for his racial policies, particularly his treatment of Native Americans. Jackson was born in the colonial Carolinas before the American Revolutionary War. He became a frontier lawyer and married Rachel Donelson Robards. He briefly served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate, representing Tennessee. After resigning, he served as a justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court from 1798 until 1804. Jackson purchased a property later known as\n\nin reply to her letter requesting advice, that the Navy would \"cut and staple him and use him like a negro, or rather, like a dog.\" Mary managed the family estate and 276 acres of Ferry Farm (a plantation) with the help of others until her eldest son came of age and well beyond. She lived to see that her son, George Washington, commanded the Continental Army to independence and was inaugurated as the first president of the United States in 1789. After learning that he had been elected president in April 1789, George Washington traveled from Mount Vernon to visit his mother in Fredericksburg. He knew his mother was suffering from breast cancer, the disease to which she eventually succumbed. It is said that Mrs. Washington informed her son of her poor health and expected to die soon. Further, the story continues, that her son George said that he\n\nAndrew Johnson (December 29, 1808July 31, 1875) was the 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. He assumed the presidency following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, as he was vice president at that time. Johnson was a Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket, coming to office as the Civil War concluded. He favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the newly freed people who were formerly enslaved. This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868. He was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. Johnson was born into poverty and never attended school. He was apprenticed as a tailor and worked in several frontier towns before settling in Greeneville, Tennessee. He served as alderman and mayor there before being elected to the Tennessee House\n\nQuestion: Who was the first American President?", "output": "George Washington"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cosmonautics Day () is an anniversary celebrated in Russia and some other post-Soviet states on 12 April. In Poland, an \"International Day of Aviation and Cosmonautics\" () is celebrated on the same day. In 2011, at the 65th session of the United Nations General Assembly, 12 April was declared as the International Day of Human Space Flight in dedication of the first crewed space flight made on 12 April 1961 by the 27-year-old Soviet Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin. Gagarin orbited the Earth for 1 hour and 48 minutes aboard the Vostok 1 spacecraft. History The commemorative day was established in the Soviet Union one year later, on 9 April 1962. In modern Russia, it is celebrated in accordance with Article 1.1 of the Law \"On the Days of Military Glory and the Commemorative Dates in Russia\". Gagarin's flight was a triumph for the Soviet space program, and opened a new\n\naltitude. Of eight X-15 pilots who exceeded in altitude, only one, Joseph A. Walker, exceeded 100 kilometers (about 62.1 miles) and he did it two times, becoming the first person in space twice. Space travelers have spent over 41,790 man-days (114.5 man-years) in space, including over 100 astronaut-days of spacewalks. , the man with the longest cumulative time in space is Gennady Padalka, who has spent 879 days in space. Peggy A. Whitson holds the record for the most time in space by a woman, at 675 days. Terminology In 1959, when both the United States and Soviet Union were planning, but had yet to launch humans into space, NASA Administrator T. Keith Glennan and his Deputy Administrator, Hugh Dryden, discussed whether spacecraft crew members should be called astronauts or cosmonauts. Dryden preferred \"cosmonaut\", on the grounds that flights would occur in and to the broader cosmos, while the \"astro\"\n\nThe Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which succeeded in preparing and landing the first humans on the Moon from 1968 to 1972. It was first conceived in 1960 during President Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-person spacecraft to follow the one-person Project Mercury, which put the first Americans in space. Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal for the 1960s of \"landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth\" in an address to Congress on May 25, 1961. It was the third US human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by the two-person Project Gemini conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo. Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin\n\nQuestion: Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space in what year?", "output": "1961"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Louisville, KY. 35% alcohol Variations Half Pelinkovac Pelinkovac Orange Premium Pelinkovac (Antique Pelinkovac) \u0160trukani pelinkovac - a slice of lemon is squeezed into serving of regular pelinkovac Similar drinks Bulgaria: The pelin () is a type of wine with up to 34 herbs and some fruits added, including wormwood, St John's wort, apple and quince. It is often sold carbonated. Romania: The is wormwood wine consisting mainly of bittered wine. Poland: The liqueur called Pio\u0142un\u00f3wka is considered a type of nalewka. See also Slivovitz Absinthe References External links \u201cCenturies-old Tales\u201d \u2013 The 150-Year Story of Pelinkovac, Croatia Week, 19 June 2015 Liqueurs Bitters Absinthe Herbal liqueurs Bosnia and Herzegovina alcoholic drinks Croatian distilled drinks Montenegrin distilled drinks Serbian distilled drinks Slovenian distilled drinks\n\nAn alcopop (or cooler) is any of certain mixed alcoholic beverages with relatively low alcohol content (e.g., 3\u20137% alcohol by volume), including: Malt beverages to which various fruit juices or other flavorings have been added Wine coolers: beverages containing wine to which ingredients such as fruit juice or other flavorings have been added Mixed drinks containing distilled alcohol and sweet liquids such as fruit juices or other flavourings The term alcopop (a portmanteau of the words alcohol and pop) is used commonly in the United Kingdom and Ireland to describe these drinks. In English-speaking Canada, \"cooler\" is more common but \"alcopop\" may also be used. Other terms include flavored alcoholic beverage (FAB), flavored malt beverage (FMB), \"pre-packaged\" or \"premium packaged\" spirit (PPS). In Australia and New Zealand \"premix\" and ready to drink (RTD) are both commonly used terms. \"Malternative\" is an exclusively American term for the malt-based alcopops. \"Spirit cooler\"\n\n-ade is a suffix used for a fruit\u2013 (often citrus) flavored beverage. These drinks may be carbonated or non-carbonated. Widespread examples include lemonade, cherryade, limeade, and orangeade. It is often mixed with water. The suffix has also been used in brand names, including Kool-Aid and Flavor Aid. It is also a popular naming convention with sports drinks, starting with Lucozade, first manufactured in 1927 under the name Glucozade, and it was renamed Lucozade in 1929. Other examples include Powerade, Accelerade, Staminade, Sporade, and Gatorade. The suffix is more formally used to denote an action, or a product of an action, for example with the word \"blockade\" meaning a physical barrier that was created with the intention of blocking. Etymology The suffix -ade originates from the Latin -ata, which is a past participle used for forming nouns. It was introduced to English in the word lemonade, a loanword from French. See\n\nQuestion: Pekoe is a type of which drink?", "output": "Tea"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The As Syakirin Mosque (), also known as KLCC Mosque, is a mosque located in the Kuala Lumpur City Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The mosque is situated near the Suria KLCC shopping centre and the Petronas Twin Towers, the tallest twin towers in the world. In 2009, the mosque went through a major renovation to increase the capacity from 6000 people to 12,000 people. Mosque initially registered as a prayer on 12 July 1999 for Petronas staff, and status as a mosque before being administered by the Federal Territory Islamic Religious Council (religious council). This two-storey mosque area of 21 hectares. It is regarded as the jewel in the park because of its strategic location and facing KLCC Park also provides a hall that can accommodate up to 500 people with audio system complete with meeting rooms and room remains. Ash-Syakirin name means' the people of the grateful chosen as\n\nTour Les Poissons, known in corporate real estate as Tour Ciel, is a 42-storey, skyscraper located west of Paris in Courbevoie, Hauts-de-Seine, France. While often grouped with the many office towers of La D\u00e9fense business district, it is actually located half a mile to the northeast in a smaller mixed use complex called Centre Charras, of which it remains the highest building. Completed in 1970, it has occasionally been described as France's first true skyscraper, although Tour Perret in Amiens is more frequently cited. Between its inauguration and that of Tour Montparnasse in 1973, Tour Les Poissons was France's highest building designed for occupancy (which excludes antennas or observation towers such as the Eiffel Tower). Design The French word \"poisson\" means fish, but it is also used\u2014as is the case here\u2014for the astrological sign Pisces. Tour Poissons was built as part of an ensemble called Zodiaque, whose residential buildings were\n\nPetronas (; died November 11, 865) was a notable Byzantine general and leading aristocrat during the mid-9th century. Petronas was a brother of Empress Theodora and hence brother-in-law of Emperor Theophilos, under whom he advanced to the high court rank of and the post of commander of the guard regiment. After Theophilos' death, he played a role in the ending of Iconoclasm, but was sidelined along with his brother Bardas during the minority of his nephew, Michael III, when power was held by the regent Theoktistos. In 855, Petronas and Bardas encouraged Michael III to seize control of the government: Theoktistos was murdered, Theodora banished to a monastery, Bardas became Michael's chief minister, and Petronas was tasked with the war against the Arabs. In 863, he scored a crushing victory at the Battle of Lalakaon, a feat which marked the gradual beginning of a Byzantine counter-offensive in the East. Promoted\n\nQuestion: What city's Petronas Towers became the world's tallest buildings?", "output": "Kuala Lumpur"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Victor Collot, in full Georges Henri Victor Collot (21 March 1750 \u2013 15 May 1805), was a French military officer who served in the New World in various capacities, among them as Governor of Guadeloupe. He is best known for his expedition down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers in the spring and summer of 1796. The French ambassador to the United States, assigned him his mission. French authorities believed some settlers in the region were French sympathizers. France and the United States engaged in an undeclared \"quasi war\", at sea, two years later. Collot started his expedition in Philadelphia. He triggered scrutiny, right from the beginning, and was shadowed by Zebulon Pike. Pike arrested Collot, at Fort Massac, Illinois, but had to release him as there was no charges that could be laid against him. Collot traveled through very lightly settled territories. France had ceded Louisiana, and all the Mississippi\n\nThe Mississippi River System, also referred to as the Western Rivers, is a mostly riverine network of the United States which includes the Mississippi River and connecting waterways. The Mississippi River is the largest drainage basin in the United States. In the United States, the Mississippi drains about 59% of the country's rivers. From the perspective of natural geography and hydrology, the system consists of the Mississippi River itself and its numerous natural tributaries and distributaries. The major tributaries are the Illinois, Missouri, Ohio and Red rivers. Given their flow volumes, major Ohio River tributaries like the Allegheny, Tennessee, and Wabash rivers are considered important tributaries to the Mississippi system. Before the Mississippi River reaches the Gulf of Mexico, it runs into its distributary, the Atchafalaya River. From the perspective of modern commercial navigation, the system includes the above as well as navigable inland waterways which are connected by artificial\n\nThe Upper Mississippi River is the portion of the Mississippi River upstream of St. Louis, Missouri, United States, at the confluence of its main tributary, the Missouri River. History In terms of geologic and hydrographic history, the Upper Mississippi east and south of Fort Snelling is a portion of the now-extinct Glacial River Warren which carved the valley of the Minnesota River, permitting the immense Glacial Lake Agassiz to join the world's oceans at the Gulf of Mexico. The collapse of ice dams holding back Glacial Lake Duluth and Glacial Lake Grantsburg carved out the Dalles of the St. Croix River at Interstate Park. The Upper Mississippi River valley likely originated as an ice-marginal stream during the Pre-Illinoian Stage. The Driftless Area is a portion of North America left unglaciated at that ice age's height, hence not smoothed out or covered over by previous geological processes. Inasmuch as the Wisconsin\n\nQuestion: The 17th Century explorer Robert Cavelier (or Robert de la Salle) canoed down which American river and claimed the entire river basin for France?", "output": "Mississippi River"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Syvash or Sivash (Russian and Ukrainian: ; , Cyrillic: \u0421\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0448, \"dirt\"), also known as the or (, Gniloye More; , Hnyle More; , Cyrillic: \u0427\u044e\u0440\u044e\u043a \u0414\u0435\u043d\u044a\u0438\u0437), is a large area of shallow lagoons on the west coast of the Sea of Azov. Separated from the sea by the narrow Arabat Spit, the water of the Syvash covers an area of around and the entire area spreads over about . The Henichesk Strait is its eastern connection to the Sea of Azov. The Syvash borders the northeastern coast of the main Crimean Peninsula. Central and Eastern Syvash were registered as wetlands of Ukraine under the Ramsar Convention. Since the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the entire Syvash has been occupied by Russia. Overview The Syvash nearly cuts the Crimean Peninsula off from the mainland, serving as a natural border for its autonomous republic. The long () and narrow () Arabat\n\nThe Bahamas ( ), officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an island country within the Lucayan Archipelago of the West Indies in the North Atlantic. It takes up 97% of the Lucayan Archipelago's land area and is home to 88% of the archipelago's population. The archipelagic state consists of more than 3,000 islands, cays, and islets in the Atlantic Ocean, and is located north of Cuba and northwest of the island of Hispaniola (split between the Dominican Republic and Haiti) and the Turks and Caicos Islands, southeast of the U.S. state of Florida, and east of the Florida Keys. The capital is Nassau on the island of New Providence. The Royal Bahamas Defence Force describes The Bahamas' territory as encompassing of ocean space. The Bahama Islands were inhabited by the Arawak and Lucayans, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Ta\u00edno, for many centuries. Christopher Columbus was the first European to\n\nThe Great Northern Peninsula (Inuttitut: Ikkarumiklua) is the largest and longest peninsula of Newfoundland, Canada, approximately 270 km long and 90 km wide at its widest point and encompassing an area of 17,483 km2. It is defined as that part of Newfoundland from Bonne Bay northwards around Cape Norman and Cape Bauld and thence southwards to the head of White Bay, bounded by the Gulf of St. Lawrence on the west, the Strait of Belle Isle on the north and the Labrador Sea and White Bay on the east. The vast majority of the peninsula is located within Division No. 9, Newfoundland and Labrador, except for the southeastern corner, which is part of Subdivision G of Division No. 5, Newfoundland and Labrador. In 1991, the peninsula had 23,854 inhabitants. By 2016, however, the population had decreased to 15,607, further decreased to 14,733 in 2021. St. Anthony is the largest population\n\nQuestion: Stretching for 94 miles, off the coast of which country is the Bay of Fundy?", "output": "CANADA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The parore (Girella tricuspidata) also known as luderick, black bream, black snapper or blackfish is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a sea chub from the family Kyphosidae which is found in the southwestern Pacific Ocean off Australia and New Zealand. Parore or paraore is the common name in New Zealand but in Australia luderick is preferred. Description The parore was first formally described as Boops tricuspidatus in 1824 by Jean Ren\u00e9 Constant Quoy & Joseph Paul Gaimard with the type locality given as \"Shark Bay, Western Australia\". The parore has a moderately deep, compressed, oval shaped body with a thin caudal peduncle, It has a small head which has a slightly convex forehead, and small eyes. The mouth is small and does not extend as far as the eye. The jaws have an outer row of overlapping, flattened, tricuspid teeth beside a wide band of teeth of similar shape\n\nThe Atlantic pomfret (Brama brama), also known as Ray's bream, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a pomfret of the family Bramidae. It is found in the Atlantic, Indian, and South Pacific Oceans, at depths down to . Its length is between . In South Africa, where it is a common bycatch of the hake fishery, it is generally known and sold as \"angelfish\", although it is not a true marine angelfish. The Atlantic pomfret has very significant migration patterns which greatly depend on the temperature of intermediate waters, but are also affected by secondary reactions from density dependence and the climatic conditions of the surface. Although the species was first recorded in Irish waters in 1843, it was still regarded as scarce up until the late 1950s, but between the 1960s and 1970s large numbers were recorded. The population has been booming since the late 2000s. References External\n\nBovichtus variegatus, the thornfish, is a species of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Bovichtidae, the temperate icefishes or thornfishes. It is endemic to New Zealand. Taxonomy Bovichtus variegatus was first formally described in 1846 by the Scottish naval surgeon, naturalist and Arctic explorer Sir John Richardson with the type locality given as Port Jackson in New South Wales, probably erroneously because this species has not been recorded in Australia since. The specific name variegatus means \u201cvariable\u201d and was given to emphasise how the markings of this fish differ from those of B. diacanthus. Description Bovichtus variegatus has a body which is completely lacking scales with a broad, flattened head. They have large, upward pointing eyes and a broad mouth. They have a robust upward and backwards pointing spine on each gill cover to the rear of the eyes. There is a double dorsal fin, the first one is\n\nQuestion: Which fish has the Latin name Abramis brama?", "output": "BREAM"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Count Paris () or County Paris is a fictional character in William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. He is a suitor of Juliet. He is handsome, wealthy, and a kinsman to Prince Escalus. His name comes from the Prince of Troy, Paris, in Homer's Illiad. Sources Luigi da Porto adapted the story as Giulietta e Romeo and included it in his Historia novellamente ritrovata di due Nobili Amanti published in 1530. Da Porto drew on Pyramus and Thisbe and Boccaccio's Decameron. He gave it much of its modern form, including the lovers' names, the rival Montecchi and Capuleti families, and the location in Verona. He also introduces characters corresponding to Shakespeare's Mercutio, Tybalt, and Paris, though the latter is only referred to as il conte di Lodrone. Da Porto presents his tale as historically true and claims it took place in the days of Bartolomeo II della Scala (a century earlier\n\nThe Summer Shakespeare Festival (, ) takes place in the courtyard of Burgrave Palace at Prague Castle. The festival was originally initiated by V\u00e1clav Havel. The performances are also presented at \u0160pilberk in Brno and at Bratislava Castle in Bratislava. The organizers closely cooperate with Martin Hilsk\u00fd, who translated most of the staged plays. So far, the most acclaimed was the performance of King Lear in 2002. In 2004, director Martin Huba was selected for an ambitious project, a performance of Romeo and Juliet such as that one evening Capulets would be Slovaks and Monteks Czechs and the next day vice versa. The project failed, Huba said to the media that even though the dialogs translated by \u013dubom\u00edr Feldek and Martin Hilsk\u00fd were perfect, they somehow did not fit together. In the end, the only Slovak-speaking character was the Nurse, performed by Em\u00edlia V\u00e1\u0161\u00e1ryov\u00e1. Selected performances 2002 \u2013 King Lear\n\nLove Is All There Is is a 1996 romantic comedy film written and directed by Joseph Bologna and Ren\u00e9e Taylor, who also both star in the film. Plot Love Is All There Is is a modern retelling of the Romeo and Juliet story, and it is set in the Bronx. The Capomezzos, Bronx-born Sicilians, own a local catering business. They develop a bitter rivalry with the pretentious Malacicis, recent immigrants from Florence and owners of a fine Italian restaurant. The Capomezzos' son, Rosario, falls in love with the Malacicis' daughter, Gina, after she replaces the star of the neighborhood church's staging of Romeo and Juliet. The rivalry intensifies after Rosario deflowers Gina after a fight with her parents. The movie was made in a few locations in New York: it was filmed at Greentree Country Club in New Rochelle, and many scenes were shot in City Island, Bronx. Cast Lainie\n\nQuestion: \"Shakespeare's \"\"Romeo and Juliet\"\" is mainly set in what city?\"", "output": "Verona"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Daniel Truhitte (born September 10, 1943) is an American actor, best known for his portrayal of Rolf Gruber, the young Austrian telegram delivery boy in The Sound of Music (1965). Truhitte is a singer, actor, dancer, and performance teacher. Biography and Career Daniel Truhitte began dance training at the age of 6 and began taking voice lessons at the age of 10. When he was 15 years old, he received a scholarship to The Sacramento Ballet. After high school, Truhitte received a scholarship to the Pasadena Playhouse. He also attended Ambassador College in Pasadena, California. Sound of Music He was the last person who was cast in The Sound of Music and obtained the role after going through multiple auditions, including audition with choreographers. After filming The Sound of Music, he joined the Marine Corps. In 1969, Truhitte moved to Weddington, North Carolina, and then finally to Concord, North Carolina,\n\nRing of Fire is a jukebox musical based on the music of Johnny Cash. Productions Ring of Fire was conceived by William Meade and created and directed by Richard Maltby, Jr. The musical played a \"discreet and well-reviewed test run at Buffalo's Studio Arena Theatre in fall 2005\". The musical contains 38 of Johnny Cash's songs, such as \"Country Boy,\" \"A Thing Called Love,\" \"Five Feet High and Rising,\" \"Daddy Sang Bass,\" \"Ring of Fire,\" \"I Walk the Line,\" \"I've Been Everywhere,\" \"The Man in Black\" and \"Hurt.\" The musical opened on Broadway at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on March 12, 2006. The show has six principal performers paired as three couples: young, middle-aged and older. The cast featured Beth Malone and Jarrod Emick; Lari White and Jeb Brown; and Jason Edwards and Cass Morgan. Maltby said of the concept: \"The couples progress through life. If you know Johnny Cash's\n\nHeather Menzies Urich (December 3, 1949 \u2013 December 24, 2017) was a Canadian\u2013American model and actress, known for her roles as Louisa von Trapp in the 1965 film The Sound of Music and Jessica 6 in the TV series Logan's Run. Early life Heather Margaret Brotherston Menzies was born in Toronto on December 3, 1949, to Scottish parents who had left the United Kingdom for Canada after the war. Her father was a struggling artist. By Menzies' 14th birthday, she had lived in Vancouver, Miami, London, and Southern California. She had a younger sister, Sheila, and an older brother, Neil, who died in 2019. Menzies was a graduate of John Burroughs High School in Burbank, California, in 1967, and she studied at Falcon Studio's University of the Arts. Career Menzies' first appearance on-screen was in 1964, when she appeared in the TV series The Farmer's Daughter. She was cast in\n\nQuestion: \"In what country was \"\"The Sound of Music\"\" set?\"", "output": "Austria"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "in reply to her letter requesting advice, that the Navy would \"cut and staple him and use him like a negro, or rather, like a dog.\" Mary managed the family estate and 276 acres of Ferry Farm (a plantation) with the help of others until her eldest son came of age and well beyond. She lived to see that her son, George Washington, commanded the Continental Army to independence and was inaugurated as the first president of the United States in 1789. After learning that he had been elected president in April 1789, George Washington traveled from Mount Vernon to visit his mother in Fredericksburg. He knew his mother was suffering from breast cancer, the disease to which she eventually succumbed. It is said that Mrs. Washington informed her son of her poor health and expected to die soon. Further, the story continues, that her son George said that he\n\nMary Washington (; 1707-1709 \u2013 August 25, 1789) was an American planter best known for being the mother of the first president of the United States, George Washington. The second wife of Augustine Washington, she became a prominent member of the Washington family. She spent a large part of her life in Fredericksburg, Virginia, where several monuments were erected in her honor and a university, along with other public buildings, bear her name. Early life Mary Ball was born between 1707 and 1709 at either Epping Forest, her family's slave plantation in Lancaster County, Virginia or at a plantation near the village of Simonson, Virginia. She was the only child of Col. Joseph Ball (1649\u20131711) and his second wife, Mary Johnson Ball (1672-1721). Her paternal grandfather was William Ball (1615 \u2013 c. 1680) who had left England for Virginia in the 1650s. His wife Hannah Atherold arrived later along with\n\nAndrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 \u2013 June 8, 1845) was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, he gained fame as a general in the U.S. Army and served in both houses of the U.S. Congress. Although often praised as an advocate for ordinary Americans and for his work in preserving the union of states, Jackson has also been criticized for his racial policies, particularly his treatment of Native Americans. Jackson was born in the colonial Carolinas before the American Revolutionary War. He became a frontier lawyer and married Rachel Donelson Robards. He briefly served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate, representing Tennessee. After resigning, he served as a justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court from 1798 until 1804. Jackson purchased a property later known as\n\nQuestion: In what year was George Washington inaugurated as the first president of the United States?", "output": "1789"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae (). They are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans. Although only eight species of bears are extant, they are widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats throughout most of the Northern Hemisphere and partially in the Southern Hemisphere. Bears are found on the continents of North America, South America, and Eurasia. Common characteristics of modern bears include large bodies with stocky legs, long snouts, small rounded ears, shaggy hair, plantigrade paws with five nonretractile claws, and short tails. While the polar bear is mostly carnivorous, and the giant panda is mostly herbivorous, the remaining six species are omnivorous with varying diets. With the exception of courting individuals and mothers with their young, bears are typically solitary animals. They may be diurnal or nocturnal and have an excellent sense of smell. Despite their heavy build and awkward gait, they are adept runners,\n\nCarnivora is an order of placental mammals that have specialized in primarily eating flesh, whose members are formally referred to as carnivorans. The order Carnivora is the fifth largest order of mammals, comprising at least 279 species. Carnivorans live on every major landmass and in a variety of habitats, ranging from the cold polar regions to the hyper-arid region of the Sahara Desert to the open seas. They come in a very large array of different body plans with a wide diversity of shapes and sizes. Carnivora can be divided into two suborders: the Feliformia, containing the true felines and several feline-like forms, and the Caniformia, containing the true canids (such as wolves and dingos) and many somewhat \"dog-like\" forms such as sea lions and bears. The feliforms include families such as the cats, the hyenas, the mongooses and the civets. The majority of feliform species are found in the\n\nThe Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), also known as the white fox, polar fox, or snow fox, is a small fox that belongs to the family of Canidae, native to the Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and common throughout the Arctic tundra biome. It is well adapted to living in cold environments, and is best known for its thick, warm fur that is also used as camouflage. It has a large and very fluffy tail. In the wild, most individuals do not live past their first year but some exceptional ones survive up to 11 years. Its body length ranges from , with a generally rounded body shape to minimize the escape of body heat. The Arctic fox preys on many small creatures such as lemmings, voles, ringed seal pups, fish, waterfowl, and seabirds. It also eats carrion, berries, seaweed, and insects and other small invertebrates. Arctic foxes form monogamous\n\nQuestion: Weddell, Ross and Baikal are among the varieties of which mammal?", "output": "SEALS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Brunei ( , ), formally Brunei Darussalam (, Jawi: , ), is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Apart from its coastline on the South China Sea, it is completely surrounded by the Malaysian state of Sarawak, with its territory bifurcated by the Sarawak district of Limbang. Brunei is the only sovereign state entirely on Borneo; the remainder of the island is divided between Malaysia and Indonesia. the country had a population of 460,345, of whom approximately 100,000 resided in the capital and largest city Bandar Seri Begawan. The government of Brunei is an absolute monarchy ruled by the Sultan of Brunei, and it implements a fusion of English common law and jurisprudence inspired by Islam, including sharia. At the Bruneian Empire's peak during the reign of Sultan Bolkiah (1485\u20131528), the state is claimed to have had control over the most\n\nBrunei is a country in Southeast Asia, bordering the South China Sea and East Malaysia. Its geographical coordinates are . The country is small with a total size of . It is larger in size than Trinidad and Tobago. It is close to vital sea lanes through the South China Sea linking the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The country has two parts physically separated by Malaysia, making it almost an enclave within Malaysia. Brunei shares a border with Malaysia, and has a coastline. The terrain is a flat coastal plain that rises to mountainous in the east and hilly lowlands in the west. While earthquakes are quite rare, Brunei is located along the not Pacific Ring of Fire. Climate A tropical climate with high humidity prevails in Brunei. Typically, the entire nation experiences the same climate. The entire year is hot in the country. The monsoon winds and other wind\n\nBorneo (; also known as Kalimantan in the Indonesian language) is the third-largest island in the world, with an area of . Situated at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, it is one of the Greater Sunda Islands, located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and east of Sumatra. The island is politically divided among three countries: Malaysia and Brunei in the north, and Indonesia to the south. Approximately 73% of the island is Indonesian territory. In the north, the East Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak make up about 26% of the island. The population in Borneo is 23,053,723 (2020 national censuses). Additionally, the Malaysian federal territory of Labuan is situated on a small island just off the coast of Borneo. The sovereign state of Brunei, located on the north coast, comprises about 1% of Borneo's land area. A little more than half of the island is in\n\nQuestion: Apart from its coastline with the South China Sea, which country is completely surrounded by the state of Sarawak, Malaysia, which also divides it in two?", "output": "Brunei"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Christopher Columbus (; between 25 August and 31 October 1451 \u2013 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and European colonization of the Americas. His expeditions were the first known European contact with the Caribbean and Central and South America. The name Christopher Columbus is the anglicisation of the Latin . Growing up on the coast of Liguria, he went to sea at a young age and travelled widely, as far north as the British Isles and as far south as what is now Ghana. He married Portuguese noblewoman Filipa Moniz Perestrelo, who bore a son Diego, and was based in Lisbon for several years. He later took a Castilian mistress, Beatriz Enr\u00edquez de Arana, who bore a son, Ferdinand. Largely\n\nCanada Day (, ), formerly known as Dominion Day (), is the national day of Canada. A federal statutory holiday, it celebrates the anniversary of Canadian Confederation which occurred on July 1, 1867, with the passing of the British North America Act, 1867, when the three separate colonies of the United Canadas, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were united into a single dominion within the British Empire called Canada. Originally called Dominion Day (), the holiday was renamed in 1982, the same year that the Canadian constitution was patriated by the Canada Act, 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada Day celebrations take place throughout the country, as well as in various locations around the world attended by Canadians living abroad. Commemoration Canada Day is often informally referred to as \"Canada's birthday\", particularly in the popular press. However, the term \"birthday\"\n\nThe Diocese of Columbus () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church covering 23 counties in central Ohio in the United States. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Cincinnati. The mother church of the Diocese of Columbus is St. Joseph Cathedral in Columbus. The diocese was erected on March 3, 1868, by Pope Pius IX. The current bishop of Columbus is Earl K. Fernandes. Geography The Diocese of Columbus contains 108 parishes in 23 counties: Coshocton, Delaware, Fairfield, Fayette, Franklin, Hardin, Hocking, Holmes, Jackson, Knox, Licking, Madison, Marion, Morrow, Muskingum, Perry, Pickaway, Pike, Ross, Scioto, Tuscarawas, Union, and Vinton. History 1700 to 1860 During the 17th century, present day Ohio was part of the French colony of New France. The Diocese of Quebec, had jurisdiction over the region. However, unlike other parts of the future American Midwest,\n\nQuestion: Columbus Day commemorating the discovery of America is celebrated in which month?", "output": "October"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Daily Pakistan () is a daily newspaper in Pakistan, published both in Urdu language and in English. Mujeeb-ur-Rehman Shami is its chief editor. Daily Pakistan is currently published from Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, Multan and Peshawar simultaneously. History This Lahore-based daily was started in December 1997 by Akbar Ali Bhatti. This was the first newspaper of Pakistan that came in a colored form. He suffered hardships and was put behind the bars due to some clashes with the government during the time. The newspaper was then handed over to Mujeeb ur Rehman Shami. Prior to taking over Daily Pakistan, he was Editor-in-Chief of the Weekly Zindagi, Lahore. Mujeeb also served as president, Council of Pakistan Newspaper Editors (CPNE) in 2002. Nauman Tasleem remained Web Editor of the news site from May 2013 to June 2017. Notable columnists Mujeeb-ur-Rehman Shami (Jalsa-e-Aam) (Chief editor of Daily Pakistan) Noman Nayyir Kulachvi (Sirat-e-Danish) Isar\n\nDaily Mashriq (Pashto: \u0631\u0648\ufeaf\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642) is an Urdu-language daily newspaper published from Peshawar, provincial capital of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Muhammad Iqbal Khawaja is the current chief editor of the newspaper. History Daily Mashriq was founded in 1963 by Inayat Ullah Khan. Its name translates to 'East' in Urdu. In 1964, the newspaper was nationalized by the military regime of Ayub Khan and subsequently, it became part of the National Press Trust (NPT), which was established to manage nationalized independent newspapers in order to deter free media. NPT reissued the paper from Peshawar in 1967, with additional editions from Karachi the same year and Quetta in 1972. In 1967, the NPT re-launched the paper from Peshawar and another edition from Karachi. In 1972, the third edition from Quetta was added. It remained in government hands until the government of Benazir Bhutto abolished the NPT in 1994 and privatized all newspapers. Political stance\n\nNauman Tasleem remained Web Editor of the news site from May 2013 to June 2017. Notable columnists Mujeeb-ur-Rehman Shami (Jalsa-e-Aam) (Chief editor of Daily Pakistan) Noman Nayyir Kulachvi (Sirat-e-Danish) Isar Rana (Group Editor Daily Pakistan) Anique Butt (Sabz-Bagh) Shahid Malik (Kush-Kalami) QudartUllah Chaudry (Ye Lahore Hy) Mohsin Goraya (Surkh-Fita) Mustafa Kamaal Pasha (Current Affair) Naseem Shahid (Ankahi) See also List of newspapers in Pakistan References External links Daily Pakistan (Urdu version) Homepage Daily Pakistan (English version) Homepage 1997 establishments in Pakistan Companies based in Lahore Daily newspapers published in Pakistan Publishing companies established in 1997 Urdu-language newspapers published in Pakistan English-language newspapers published in Pakistan\n\nQuestion: Amol Rajan is the editor of which national daily newspaper?", "output": "Independent"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A foreign agent is any person or entity actively carrying out the interests of a foreign principal while located in another host country, generally outside the protections offered to those working in their official capacity for a diplomatic mission. Foreign agents may be citizens of the host country. In contemporary English, the term has a generally pejorative connotation. A covert foreign agent, also known as a secret agent of a foreign government, may in some countries be presumed to be engaging in espionage. Legality Some countries have formal procedures to legalize the activities of foreign agents acting overtly. Laws covering foreign agents vary widely from country to country, and selective enforcement may prevail within countries, based on perceived national interest. United States In the United States, the Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) created a wide-ranging and detailed definition of \"foreign agent\". The FARA was enacted in 1938 to counter Nazi\n\n(born 1949), American wrestler and manager, birth name Robert Welch Robert Fuller Jr. (born 1958), American wrestler, birth name Robert Gibson Others Robert Fuller (FBI agent), American counter-terrorism agent since 1990s Robert E Fuller (born 1972), English wildlife artist Robert L. Fuller (1996\u20132020), African American found hanged in California See also Robert Fuller House, American historic house in Massachusetts\n\nFugleman (from the German Fl\u00fcgelmann, the man on the Fl\u00fcgel or wing; wingman), properly a military term for a soldier who is selected to act as guide, and posted generally on the flanks with the duty of directing the march in the required line, or of giving the time, etc., to the remainder of the unit, which conforms to his movements, in any military exercise. The word is then applied to a ringleader or one who takes the lead in any movement or concerted movement. These days it is used for a person who is a staunch advocate, a cheerleader, a publicist, or a mouthpiece. Fugalman is an alternative, archaic and potentially regional spelling variant used in Australia in the early 19th century. References Military specialisms\n\nQuestion: In the USA an FBI agent is often called a G-Man \u2013 for what does the G stand?", "output": "Government"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The railway system in Great Britain is the oldest railway system in history. The first locomotive-hauled public railway opened in 1825, which was followed by an era of rapid expansion. Most of the track is managed by Network Rail, which in 2017 had a network of of standard-gauge lines, of which were electrified. These lines range from single to quadruple track or more. In addition, some cities have separate metro, light rail and tram systems (including the extensive and historic London Underground). There are also many private railways (some of them narrow-gauge), which are primarily short lines for tourists. The main rail network is connected with that of continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel and High Speed 1 (originally the Channel Tunnel Rail Link), which fully opened in 1994 and 2007 respectively. In 2019, there were 1.738 billion journeys on the National Rail network, making the British network the fifth\n\n3.1 percent. During the tunnel's construction, a house at 58 Joralemon Street in Brooklyn was converted into a ventilation building and emergency exit. The Joralemon Street Tunnel was the first underwater subway tunnel connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn. It was built by the IRT as part of Contract 2, which the IRT signed with the Rapid Transit Commission in 1902. Construction commenced in 1903 and the tubes were completed by 1907, despite various construction accidents and engineering errors that required part of the tunnel to be rebuilt. The first train ran through the Joralemon Street Tunnel in November 1907, and the tunnel opened for passenger service on January 9, 1908. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. Description The Joralemon Street Tunnel, consisting of two parallel tubes, crosses the East River, connecting the New York City boroughs of Manhattan in the west and Brooklyn in the\n\nThe New Works Programme of 1935\u20131940 was the major investment programme delivered by the London Passenger Transport Board (LPTB), commonly known as London Transport, which had been created in 1933 to coordinate underground train, tram, trolleybus and bus services in the capital and the surrounding areas. The programme was to develop many aspects of the public transport services run by the LPTB and the suburban rail services of the Great Western Railway (GWR) and London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). The investment was largely backed by government assistance as well as by the issuing of financial bonds and was estimated to cost \u00a342,286,000 in 1936 (approximately \u00a3 today). London Underground The Programme saw major reconstructions of many central area Underground stations, with escalators being installed to replace lifts; extensions of several tube lines; and connection to and electrification of a number of suburban lines. These included: Metropolitan line (The majority\n\nQuestion: Which was the first London Underground line to be built?", "output": "Metropolitan"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "1912 \u2013 Russian troops open fire on striking goldfield workers in northeast Siberia, killing at least 150. 1941 \u2013 World War II: The Axis powers invasion of Yugoslavia is completed when it signs an armistice with Germany and Italy. 1942 \u2013 French prisoner of war General Henri Giraud escapes from his castle prison in K\u00f6nigstein Fortress. 1944 \u2013 Forces of the Communist-controlled Greek People's Liberation Army attack the smaller National and Social Liberation resistance group, which surrenders. Its leader Dimitrios Psarros is murdered. 1945 \u2013 World War II: Montese, Italy, is liberated from Nazi forces. 1945 \u2013 Historian Tran Trong Kim is appointed the Prime Minister of the Empire of Vietnam. 1946 \u2013 The last French troops are withdrawn from Syria. 1951 \u2013 The Peak District becomes the United Kingdom's first National Park. 1961 \u2013 Bay of Pigs Invasion: A group of Cuban exiles financed and trained by the CIA\n\nde Cuba. Battle began his career as a policeman in Santiago de Cuba in 1949, and he was transferred to Havana in the early 1950s. He had been a vice cop, handling cases related to illegal gambling, alcohol, drugs and racketeering and acted as a go-between for the Mafia, as a police sergeant delivering cash bribes from the criminal enterprises of Meyer Lansky to President Fulgencio Batista and his government. He became a Freemason in Cuba. He emigrated to the United States in December 1959. Bay of Pigs Invasion Battle assisted the Central Intelligence Agency in the early 1960s in training Cuban exiles and commanded one of the landing craft in the Cuban liberation effort of the Bay of Pigs Invasion at Playa Gir\u00f3n in April 1961. Battle also served as a soldier in the ground assault. The invasion result was disastrous after President John F. Kennedy aborted American air\n\nGuillermo Hern\u00e1ndez-Cartaya was a Cuban banker born sometime in 1932 (the New York Times described him in 1977 as in his \"mid-fifties\"); he spent 20 years as a banker in Cuba. Bay of Pigs fiasco He first became notable when in 1961, after having previously joined the Brigade 2506/Operation 40 organization and participating in the Bay of Pigs Invasion (possibly in revenge for Fidel Castro having destroyed his livelihood; Cartaya had been on very good terms with the former rulers of Cuba), he was sentenced to three years in jail for his part in the invasion. How he got out of jail is unclear. World Finance Corporation Back in the United States, he garnered infamy when his elaborate financial empire, centered around the World Finance Corporation which he founded in 1971, came crashing down in 1977 \u2014 the scandal was estimated to have cost depositors and taxpayers on three continents\n\nQuestion: In what country did the Bay of Pigs invasion happen?", "output": "Cuba"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Joseph Lanier Williams (October 23, 1810December 14, 1865) was an American politician that represented Tennessee's third district in the United States House of Representatives. Biography Williams was born near Knoxville, Tennessee on October 23, 1810. After completing preparatory studies, he attended the University of East Tennessee and attended the United States Military Academy at West Point. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and commenced practice in Knoxville, Tennessee. He married Malinda R. Williams and they had four children. Career Williams was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth, and Twenty-seven Congresses. He served from March 4, 1837, to March 3, 1843. He was an unsuccessful candidate for renomination in 1842. He engaged in the practice of law in Washington, D.C. Williams was appointed judge of the Dakota Territorial Supreme Court by President Abraham Lincoln, and served in that capacity from 1861 to 1865. Historian Doane Robinson wrote\n\nChristopher Harris \"Kit\" Williams (December 18, 1798 \u2013 November 27, 1857) was an American politician who represented Tennessee's United States House of Representatives, thirteenth and United States House of Representatives, eleventh districts in the United States House of Representatives. Biography Williams was born near Hillsborough, North Carolina, on December 18, 1798. He pursued an academic course and attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He studied law, was admitted to the bar about 1820, and practiced law. He married Jane Allison on December 9, 1819. Career Williams was elected as a Whig to the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth, and Twenty-seventh Congresses by Tennessee's thirteenth district. He served from March 4, 1837 to March 3, 1843. He was an unsuccessful candidate for re-election in 1842 to the Twenty-eighth Congress. After the number of districts held by Tennessee had been reduced, Williams was elected by Tennessee's eleventh district to the Thirty-first and\n\nAlabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nQuestion: In which US state was Tennessee Williams born?", "output": "Mississippi"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "insolubility. Toxic hydrogen selenide fumes can be evolved on exposure to acids. HgSe is a relatively stable compound which might mean that it is less toxic than elemental mercury or many organometallic mercury compounds. Selenium's ability to complex with mercury has been proposed as a reason for the lack of mercury toxicity in deep sea fish despite high mercury levels. See also Mercury sulfide Mercury telluride Cadmium selenide Zinc selenide References . SNV (1991) Guidelines on measures and methods for heavy metal emissions control. Solna, The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency \u2013 Naturv\u00e5rdsverket. External links https://web.archive.org/web/20051019034837/http://ctdp.ensmp.fr/species/Tiemannite.html Mercury(II) compounds Selenides Zincblende crystal structure\n\nThe chalcogens (ore forming) ( ) are the chemical elements in group 16 of the periodic table. This group is also known as the oxygen family. Group 16 consists of the elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and the radioactive elements polonium (Po) and livermorium (Lv). Often, oxygen is treated separately from the other chalcogens, sometimes even excluded from the scope of the term \"chalcogen\" altogether, due to its very different chemical behavior from sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. The word \"chalcogen\" is derived from a combination of the Greek word () principally meaning copper (the term was also used for bronze/brass, any metal in the poetic sense, ore or coin), and the Latinized Greek word , meaning born or produced. Sulfur has been known since antiquity, and oxygen was recognized as an element in the 18th century. Selenium, tellurium and polonium were discovered in the 19th\n\nMercury selenide (HgSe; sometimes mercury(II) selenide) is a chemical compound of mercury and selenium. It is a grey-black crystalline solid semi-metal with a sphalerite structure. The lattice constant is 0.608 nm. HgSe occurs naturally as the mineral Tiemannite, and is a component of the \"intimate mixture\" of HgSe and Se known as HgSe2. Along with other II-VI compounds, colloidal nanocrystals of HgSe can be formed. Applications Selenium is used in filters in some steel plants to remove mercury from exhaust gases. The solid product formed is HgSe. HgSe can be used as an ohmic contact to wide-gap II-VI semiconductors such as zinc selenide or zinc oxide. Toxicity HgSe is non-toxic as long as it is not ingested due to its insolubility. Toxic hydrogen selenide fumes can be evolved on exposure to acids. HgSe is a relatively stable compound which might mean that it is less toxic than elemental mercury or\n\nQuestion: Cinnabar, having the symbol HgS, and being highly toxic, is the common ore of which metal?", "output": "Mercury"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "nominees' names were not made public; the change was made by the awards committee to \"have a greater impact on theatregoers\". Its most recent recipient is Brandon Uranowitz for his performance in Leopoldstadt. Frank Langella holds the record for having the most wins in this category, with a total of two; he is the only person to win the award more than once. Richard Roma in Glengarry Glen Ross, Phil Hogan in A Moon for the Misbegotten, and Mason Marzac in Take Me Out are the only characters to take the award multiple times, all winning twice. A supporting actor in each of Neil Simon's Eugene trilogy plays (Brighton Beach Memoirs, Biloxi Blues, and Broadway Bound) has taken the Tony, whereas featured actors in both parts of Tony Kushner's Angels in America series have also won the award. Winners and nominees 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s\n\nAt the ceremony, he fell asleep on the shoulder of Best Actress nominee Marie Dressler; when Dressler was announced as the winner, Cooper had to be eased onto his mother's lap. Best Actor winner Lionel Barrymore became the first person to have received nominations in multiple categories, having been nominated for Best Director for Madame X at the 2nd Academy Awards, as well as the only Best Actor winner born in the 1870s. Winners and nominees Nominees were announced on October 5, 1931. Winners are listed first and highlighted in boldface. Multiple nominations and awards The following seven films received multiple nominations: 7 nominations: Cimarron 4 nominations: Skippy and Morocco 3 nominations: The Front Page and A Free Soul 2 nominations: Holiday and Svengali The following one film received multiple awards: 3 awards: Cimarron See also 1930 in film 1931 in film References Academy Awards ceremonies 1930 film awards 1931\n\nof work; and in 1929 (after having revoked his nominations for Best Director, Actor, and Writing (Original), thereby presenting him with a special award celebrating his multifaceted achievements). Cabaret, Bob Fosse's adaptation of the Broadway stage musical, set a record for the most Oscars won without winning Best Picture winning 8. Best Picture winner The Godfather received only three Academy Awards. This year was the first time that two African American women received nominations for Best Actress: Cicely Tyson and Diana Ross. Meanwhile, Edward G. Robinson, who died two months before the ceremony, became the second actor to receive his honorary Oscar posthumously, after Douglas Fairbanks (d. 1939) in 1940. This was also the first year when all the Oscar winners were brought out on stage at the end of the ceremony. The show drew a television audience of viewers. Winners and nominees Awards Nominees were announced on February 12,\n\nQuestion: How many times was Clark Gable nominated for the Oscar for Best Actor", "output": "Three"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Albania ( ; or ), officially the Republic of Albania (), is a country in Southeast Europe. The country is located in the Balkans on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares land borders with Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south. Spanning an area of , it displays a varied range of climatic, geological, hydrological and morphological conditions. The country's landscapes range from rugged snow-capped mountains in the Albanian Alps and the Korab, Skanderbeg, Pindus and Ceraunian Mountains, to fertile lowland plains extending from the coasts of the Adriatic and Ionian seas. Tirana is the capital and largest city in the country, followed by Durr\u00ebs, Vlor\u00eb, and Shkod\u00ebr. In ancient times, the Illyrians inhabited northern and central regions of Albania, whilst Epirotes inhabited the south. Several important ancient Greek colonies were also established on\n\nColombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country mostly in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogot\u00e1 is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urbes include Medell\u00edn, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, C\u00facuta, Ibagu\u00e9, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage\u2014including language, religion, cuisine, and art\u2014reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by mass immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those\n\nChile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country located in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. With an area of and a population of 17.5 million as of 2017, Chile shares borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. The country also controls several Pacific islands, including Juan Fern\u00e1ndez, Isla Salas y G\u00f3mez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island, and claims about of Antarctica as the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The capital and largest city of Chile is Santiago, and the national language is Spanish. Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century, replacing Inca rule, but failed to conquer the independent Mapuche people who inhabited what is now south-central Chile. Chile\n\nQuestion: Half the world's pistachio nuts are grown in which country?", "output": "Iran"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is a (pronounced ), plural aes. It is similar in shape to the Ancient Greek letter Alpha, from which it derives. The uppercase version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the middle by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version can be written in two forms: the double-storey a and single-storey \u0251. The latter is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on it, especially fonts intended to be read by children, and is also found in italic type. In English grammar, \"a\", and its variant \"an\", are indefinite articles. History The earliest known certain ancestor of \"A\" is aleph (also written 'aleph), the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet, which\n\nA A\n\ngrammar, \"a\", and its variant \"an\", are indefinite articles. History The earliest known certain ancestor of \"A\" is aleph (also written 'aleph), the first letter of the Phoenician alphabet, which consisted entirely of consonants (for that reason, it is also called an abjad to distinguish it from a true alphabet). In turn, the ancestor of aleph may have been a pictogram of an ox head in proto-Sinaitic script influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphs, styled as a triangular head with two horns extended. When the ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they had no use for a letter to represent the glottal stop\u2014the consonant sound that the letter denoted in Phoenician and other Semitic languages, and that was the first phoneme of the Phoenician pronunciation of the letter\u2014so they used their version of the sign to represent the vowel , and called it by the similar name of alpha. In the earliest Greek\n\nQuestion: \"The words \"\"a\"\" and \"\"an\"\" are what parts of speech?\"", "output": "Indefinite articles"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Apollo 8 (December 21\u201327, 1968) was the first crewed spacecraft to leave low Earth orbit and the first human spaceflight to reach the Moon. The crew orbited the Moon ten times without landing, and then departed safely back to Earth. These three astronauts\u2014Frank Borman, James Lovell, and William Anders\u2014were the first humans to witness and photograph the far side of the Moon and an Earthrise. Apollo 8 launched on December 21, 1968, and was the second crewed spaceflight mission flown in the United States Apollo space program after Apollo7, which stayed in Earth orbit. Apollo8 was the third flight and the first crewed launch of the Saturn V rocket, and was the first human spaceflight from the Kennedy Space Center, located adjacent to Cape Kennedy Air Force Station in Florida. Originally planned as the second crewed Apollo Lunar Module and command module test, to be flown in an elliptical medium\n\nThe Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which succeeded in preparing and landing the first humans on the Moon from 1968 to 1972. It was first conceived in 1960 during President Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-person spacecraft to follow the one-person Project Mercury, which put the first Americans in space. Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal for the 1960s of \"landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth\" in an address to Congress on May 25, 1961. It was the third US human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by the two-person Project Gemini conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo. Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin\n\nApollo 14 (January 31February 9, 1971) was the eighth crewed mission in the United States Apollo program, the third to land on the Moon, and the first to land in the lunar highlands. It was the last of the \"H missions\", landings at specific sites of scientific interest on the Moon for two-day stays with two lunar extravehicular activities (EVAs or moonwalks). The mission was originally scheduled for 1970, but was postponed because of the investigation following the failure of Apollo 13 to reach the Moon's surface, and the need for modifications to the spacecraft as a result. Commander Alan Shepard, Command Module Pilot Stuart Roosa, and Lunar Module Pilot Edgar Mitchell launched on their nine-day mission on Sunday, January 31, 1971, at 4:03:02 p.m. EST. En route to the lunar landing, the crew overcame malfunctions that might have resulted in a second consecutive aborted mission, and possibly, the premature\n\nQuestion: In which year did Apollo 8 become the first manned mission to orbit the moon?", "output": "1968"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Azerbaijan (, ; , ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia. It is a part of the South Caucasus region and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia (Republic of Dagestan) to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Baku is the capital and largest city. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state. In 1920, the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR. The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991, shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the same year. In September 1991, the ethnic Armenian majority of the Nagorno-Karabakh region formed the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh.\n\nThe Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about west of Lisbon, about northwest of Morocco, and about southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. Its main industries are agriculture, dairy farming, livestock, fishing, and tourism, which has become a major service activity in the region. The government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors. The largest city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada. The culture, dialect, cuisine, and traditions of the Azorean islands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries. There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups.\n\nunder Danish rule when the entire Kingdom of Norway became part of the Kalmar Union in 1397. Iceland remained part of the Kingdom of Denmark despite Norway's separation in 1814, and Danish nationality law became applicable to the island in 1898 when the Folketing enacted its first nationality legislation. This law established descent from Danes as the primary means of acquiring Danish nationality. Iceland became a fully independent kingdom in 1918, although it remained in personal union with Denmark. The Danish\u2013Icelandic Act of Union did not establish a separate nationality at the time of independence, and when Iceland did enact its own nationality legislation in 1919, the new law essentially mirrored the regulations set out in the 1898 Danish law. Iceland continued to be in personal union with Denmark until 1944, when it abolished the monarchy and became a republic. Prior to 1 July 1982, the acquisition of Icelandic citizenship\n\nQuestion: Greenland is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of which other country?", "output": "Denmark"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country mostly in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogot\u00e1 is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urbes include Medell\u00edn, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, C\u00facuta, Ibagu\u00e9, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage\u2014including language, religion, cuisine, and art\u2014reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by mass immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those\n\nLuque () is a city in Central Department of Paraguay, part of the Gran Asunci\u00f3n metropolitan area. Both 1635 and 1750 have been recorded as dates of its founding. It was temporarily the capital of Paraguay in 1868 during the Paraguayan War before relocation to San Estanislao. It is located at around . Luque is one of the most important cities in the country. The city counts as home of Paraguay's main international airport, Silvio Pettirossi International Airport and the \u00d1u Guas\u00fa Park, which is where the Paraguayan Olympic Committee is also located. The continental governing body of association football in South America, CONMEBOL, has its headquarters approximately 3 minutes from the Airport, consisting of the South American Football Museum and walking distance from the Bourbon CONMEBOL Asunci\u00f3n Convention Hotel. When it existed, ARPA \u2013 Aerol\u00edneas Paraguayas had its headquarters in the ARPA Terminal on the grounds of the airport.\n\nQuevedo is a city in Ecuador located in the Los R\u00edos Province. It is the seat of Quevedo Canton, a vibrant community founded in 1943. According to the latest census, Quevedo's population is 177,792. Located at 237 km SW of Quito (Ecuador's capital), or, 183 km NE of Guayaquil (Ecuador's main port). Quevedo is one of the fastest-growing cities in Ecuador and it is mainly known for its agricultural tradition. Quevedo's agroindustrial complex is one of the leading exporters in the world of banana, cacao, passion fruit and coffee bean. In recent years non-agricultural activities have experienced significant progress mainly in the financial and educational sectors. Though set inland, Quevedo's geographic location makes it an important logistics link between the Pacific coastal area's main population centers like Guayaquil, Santo Domingo and Manta and cities in the Andes highlands such as Ambato and Quito. Because of its location west of the\n\nQuestion: Although not the capital, Guayaquil is the largest city of which country?", "output": "EQUADOR"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Arsenal Football Club is an English professional football club based in Holloway, North London. Arsenal compete in the Premier League, the top flight of English football. The club has won 13 league titles (including one unbeaten title), a record 14 FA Cups, two League Cups, 17 FA Community Shields, the Football League Centenary Trophy, one European Cup Winners' Cup and one Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. In terms of trophies won, it is the third-most successful club in English football. Arsenal was the first club from the South of England to join the Football League in 1893, and they reached the First Division in 1904. Relegated only once, in 1913, they continue the longest streak in the top division, and have won the second-most top-flight matches in English football history. In the 1930s, Arsenal won five League Championships and two FA Cups, and another FA Cup and two Championships after the war.\n\nThe Manor Ground was a football stadium in Oxford, England, the home of Oxford United (previously known as Headington United) between 1925 and 2001. It hosted United's record crowd of 22,750 against Preston North End in an FA Cup 6th Round match on 29 February 1964. The main seating stand was the Beech Road stand (on the west), the 'home' terracing was the London Road stand (south), the 'away' terracing was Cuckoo Lane (north) and on the fourth side was the Osler Road stand (east). In 1966, with the demolition of Sandfield College, a new entrance to the ground was created onto London Road. With the advent of the 1990s and the Taylor Report, the Manor Ground's terracing was rapidly becoming antiquated, and it gained a reputation amongst fans as one of the more dilapidated stadiums in English professional football. The location of the Manor Ground was unsuitable for conversion\n\nThe 1995\u201396 season was the 116th season of competitive football in England. Overview Premiership Newcastle United were at one stage twelve points clear of Manchester United at the top of the table, but Alex Ferguson's relatively young and inexperienced side overhauled them during the second half of the season to win the title. Manchester United were England's entrants for the Champions League, while Newcastle United were joined in the UEFA Cup by Liverpool, the League Cup winners Aston Villa and Arsenal. The teams relegated were Manchester City, Queens Park Rangers and Bolton Wanderers. Division One Sunderland and Derby County returned to the Premiership after a five-year exile, joined by Division One play-off winners Leicester City. Watford and Luton Town, who had both been established top division sides a decade earlier, were relegated to the league's third tier. On the last day of the season they were joined by Millwall, who\n\nQuestion: Which English football team play their home games at Old Trafford?", "output": "Manchester United"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "and end up moving towards their aggressor (an unusual behavior for snakes). Saw-scaled vipers are highly aggressive compared to many of their cousins and they commonly strike to bite. Diet Little is known about the diets of some Echis species. For others, their diets are reported to be extremely varied, and may include items such as locusts, beetles, worms, slugs, spiders, scorpions, centipedes, solifugids, frogs, toads, reptiles (including other snakes), small mammals, and birds. Reproduction Most Echis species, such as those found in Africa, are oviparous, while others, such as those in India, are viviparous. Venom The snake venom of Echis species consists mostly of four types of toxins: neurotoxins, cardiotoxins, hemotoxins, and cytotoxins. The genus is recognized as medically significant in many tropical rural areas. They are widespread and live in areas lacking modern medical facilities. Most victims are bitten after dark when these snakes are active. Most of\n\ncobra is particularly fond of water, so it can be found very close to ponds, rivers, or large puddles of water. Diet This species feeds predominantly on small mammals, frogs, and even other snakes. Small rodents such as mice and small rats are their preferred prey and make up the majority of their diets. However, they will also eat other sizable snakes, small lizards, frogs, eggs, and when the opportunity arises, small birds. Predators Predators of this species include humans, birds of prey, the king cobra, and the mongoose. Large rats that have been bitten by this snake and are in a position to fight back, often do so. Although rare, large rats have been known to fatally wound the snake by scratching, biting, or even poking one or both of the snake's eyes out. Of course, the rat ends up succumbing to the venom, but the snake will often\n\nis common. Behavior As the common name water snakes implies, species in the genus Nerodia are largely aquatic. They spend the vast majority of their time in or very near permanent sources of water. Often, they can be found basking on tree branches that overhang slow-moving streams or ponds. Diet The primary diet of Nerodia species is fish and amphibians, and they are quite adept at catching both in their aquatic environment. They will also consume small reptiles and rodents that live near water. Defense While their initial instinct is to flee when disturbed, water snakes of the genus Nerodia readily defend themselves if they are unable to escape. They do not often hesitate to strike or bite if handled, and often expel a foul-smelling musk from their cloacae. Reproduction Nerodia species are viviparous, breeding in the spring and giving birth in the late summer or early fall. They are\n\nQuestion: What is the main diet of the grass snake", "output": "Frogs"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "two subspecies of Trachypithecus auratus recognized: Eastern Javan langur or spangled ebony lutung, Trachypithecus auratus auratus Western Javan langur, Trachypithecus auratus mauritius Roos et al., 2008, elevated T. a. mauritius to a separate species as Trachypithecus mauritius. Gallery References East Javan langur Primates of Indonesia Endemic fauna of Indonesia Fauna of Java Mammals of Indonesia Vulnerable fauna of Asia East Javan langur Taxa named by \u00c9tienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire\n\nThe Bali cattle (Bos domesticus), also known as Balinese cattle, domestic banteng or Bali banteng, are a domesticated species of bovine which originated from the banteng (Bos javanicus). Bali cattle are an important source of meat and are used for plowing. They are thought to have originated in Bali. History and range The Bali cattle are one of the few species of true cattle that did not descend from the extinct aurochs. Their domestication occurred around 3500 BC, originating from banteng. Bali cattle have been introduced to East Timor, Java, Malaysia and Australia as livestock, and account for about one fourth of the total cattle population of Indonesia. In eastern islands, they account for up to four-fifths of the cattle. In the Northern Territory of Australia, they have escaped from captivity and roam in large herds damaging crops. Characteristics Bali cattle have a hump, a white rump patch, white stockings,\n\nblack-tailed buff, black-tailed white, blue, blue mottled, blue-red, brown-red, buff Columbian, cuckoo, dark grey, golden duckwing, grey, lavender, Miller's grey, partridge, red, red mottled, silver-grey, tri-coloured, wheaten and white. The American Poultry Association lists nine colours. There are also frizzle-feathered, Silkie-feathered and hen-feathered variations, though not in all colours. In Japan a number of types are recognised. These include the Okina Chabo, which is bearded; two varieties of Higo-Chabo, the Dorama and Taikan, both with an unusually large comb (the Taikan has a normal Chabo tail, that of the Dorama is shorter); and the Shinguro Chabo or black-skinned black, which is entirely black, with black skin like that of a Silkie. References Further reading Joseph Batty (2005). Japanese Bantams. Midhurst: Beech Publications. . John K. Palin (1980). Understanding Japanese Bantams. Hindhead, Surrey: Saiga. Bantam chicken breeds Chicken breeds Creeper chickens Chicken breeds originating in Japan\n\nQuestion: Abyssinian, Balinese, British Shorthair, Birman, Bombay, Burmese, California Spangled, Devon Rex, Egyptian Mau, Himalayan, Japanese Bobtail and Javanese are all breeds of what?", "output": "Cat"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Jordi Casanovas G\u00fcell (; born 1978 in Vilafranca del Pened\u00e8s) is a Catalan playwright. Bibliography Plays Les millors occasions. 2002 Gebre. 2003 Estralls. 2003 Andorra. 2004 Neoburning Generation. 2005 Beckenbauer. 2005 Kuina Katalana. 2005 Wolfenstein. 2006 Tetris. 2006 City/Simcity. 2007 Aquesta tampoc ser\u00e0 la fi del m\u00f3n. 2007 La ru\u00efna. 2008[1] Lena Woyzeck. 2008 La revoluci\u00f3. 2009 Julia Smells. 2009 Transici\u00f3. 2010 Sopar amb batalla. 2010 Un home amb ulleres de pasta. 2010 Una hist\u00f2ria catalana. 2011 P\u00e0tria. 2012 K\u00f6ttbulle. 2014 Ruz-B\u00e1rcenas. 2014 Idiota. 2014 Vilafranca. 2015 Hey Boy Hey Girl. 2015 Port Arthur. 2015 Cervantes. 2016 Awarded plays Les millors occasions Premi Internacional AIET de Teatre Universitari \"Josep Robrenyo\", 2002 Beckenbauer Ciutat d'Alcoi de teatre, 2005 Andorra Marqu\u00e9s de Bradom\u00edn, 2005 Estralls Premi \"Eduard Escalante\" Premis Ciutat de Val\u00e8ncia 2006 Hardocore Videogames, una trilogia (Wolfenstein, Tetris, City/Simcity) Premi de la cr\u00edtica Serra d'Or al millor text del 2006 i\n\nAachen ( , ; ; French and traditional English: Aix-la-Chapelle ) is the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 249,000 inhabitants. It is the westernmost city in Germany, and borders Belgium and the Netherlands to the west, the triborder area. It is located between Maastricht (NL) and Li\u00e8ge (BE) in the west, and Bonn and Cologne in the east. The Wurm River flows through the city, and together with M\u00f6nchengladbach, Aachen is the only larger German city in the drainage basin of the Meuse. Aachen is the seat of the City Region Aachen (). Aachen developed from a Roman settlement and (bath complex), subsequently becoming the preferred medieval Imperial residence of Emperor Charlemagne of the Frankish Empire, and, from 936 to 1531, the place where 31 Holy Roman Emperors were crowned Kings of the Germans. One of Germany's leading institutes of higher education\n\nCarlo Battaglia (28 January 1933 \u2013 17 January 2005) was an Italian artist born from Sardinia. Born in La Maddalena, Battaglia grew up in Genoa until 1943, but returned to La Maddalena until 1947. He studied stage design at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Roma, studying under Toti Scialoja, and graduated with a thesis on Jackson Pollock in 1957. Battaglia served in the Italian Air Force from 1958\u201359, and in 1962 moved to Paris. In 1967, he lived in New York City, where he established friendships with Reinhardt, Motherwell and Rothko. In 1970, 1978 and 1980, he was invited to the Venice Biennale, exhibiting his series about Maree (\"Tides\") for the first time in 1970, which introduced a theme that would be prominent throughout his life. Battaglia's most prominent exhibitions include retrospectives at Palazzo Grassi, in Venice in 1967, Palazzo dei Diamanti in Ferrara in 1976 and the Kunsthalle\n\nQuestion: In which European city was Giacomo Casanova born?", "output": "Venice"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In Greek mythology, Agamemnon (; Agam\u00e9mn\u014dn) was a king of Mycenae who commanded the Greeks during the Trojan War. He was the son (or grandson) of King Atreus and Queen Aerope, the brother of Menelaus, the husband of Clytemnestra, and the father of Iphigenia, Iphianassa, Electra, Laodike, Orestes and Chrysothemis. Legends make him the king of Mycenae or Argos, thought to be different names for the same area. Agamemnon was killed upon his return from Troy by Clytemnestra, or in an older version of the story, by Clytemnestra's lover Aegisthus. Etymology His name in Greek, \u1f08\u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03bc\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd, means \"very steadfast\", \"unbowed\" or \"resolute\". The word comes from *\u1f08\u03b3\u03b1\u03bc\u03ad\u03b4\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd (*Agam\u00e9dm\u014dn) from \u1f04\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd, \"very much\" and \u03bc\u03ad\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9, \"think on\". Description In the account of Dares the Phrygian, Agamemnon was described as \". . .blond, large, and powerful. He was eloquent, wise, and noble, a man richly endowed.\" Ancestry and early life Agamemnon was\n\nof Dares the Phrygian, Agamemnon was described as \". . .blond, large, and powerful. He was eloquent, wise, and noble, a man richly endowed.\" Ancestry and early life Agamemnon was a descendant of Pelops, son of Tantalus. According to the common story (as told in the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer), Agamemnon and his younger brother Menelaus were the sons of Atreus, king of Mycenae, and Aerope, daughter of the Cretan king Catreus. However, according to another tradition, Agamemnon and Menelaus were the sons of Atreus' son Pleisthenes, with their mother being Aerope, Cleolla, or Eriphyle. In this tradition, Pleisthenes dies young, with Agamemnon and Menelaus being raised by Atreus. Agamemnon had a sister Anaxibia (or Astyoche) who married Strophius, the son of Crisus. Agamemnon's father, Atreus, murdered the sons of his twin brother Thyestes and fed them to Thyestes after discovering Thyestes' adultery with his wife Aerope. Thyestes fathered\n\nIn Greek mythology, Alcmene ( ; ) or Alcmena ( ; ; ; meaning \"strong in wrath\") was the wife of Amphitryon, by whom she bore two children, Iphicles and Laonome. She is best known as the mother of Heracles, whose father was the god Zeus. Alcmene was also referred to as Electryone (), a patronymic name as a daughter of Electryon. Mythology Background According to the Bibliotheca, Alcmene was born to Electryon, the son of Perseus and Andromeda, and king of Tiryns and Mycenae or Medea in Argolis. Her mother was Anaxo, daughter of Alcaeus and Astydamia. Other accounts say her mother was Lysidice, the daughter of Pelops and Hippodameia, or Eurydice, the daughter of Pelops. According to Pausanias, the poet Asius made Alcmene the daughter of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. Hesiod describes Alcmene as the tallest, most beautiful woman with wisdom surpassed by no person born of mortal parents.\n\nQuestion: In Greek mythology who was the sister of Helen and wife of Agamemnon?", "output": "CLYTEMNESTRA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alexander Graham Bell (, born Alexander Bell; March 3, 1847 \u2013 August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born inventor, scientist and engineer who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. He also co-founded the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T) in 1885. Bell's father, grandfather, and brother had all been associated with work on elocution and speech, and both his mother and wife were deaf; profoundly influencing Bell's life's work. His research on hearing and speech further led him to experiment with hearing devices which eventually culminated in Bell being awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone, on March 7, 1876. Bell considered his invention an intrusion on his real work as a scientist and refused to have a telephone in his study. Many other inventions marked Bell's later life, including groundbreaking work in optical telecommunications, hydrofoils, and aeronautics. Bell also had a strong influence on the National Geographic\n\nNokia Bell Labs, originally named Bell Telephone Laboratories (1925\u20131984), then AT&T Bell Laboratories (1984\u20131996) and Bell Labs Innovations (1996\u20132007), is an American industrial research and scientific development company owned by Finnish company Nokia. It is headquartered in Murray Hill, New Jersey, and operates a global network of laboratories. Researchers working at Bell Laboratories are credited with the development of radio astronomy, the transistor, the laser, the photovoltaic cell, the charge-coupled device (CCD), information theory, the Unix operating system, and the programming languages B, C, C++, S, SNOBOL, AWK, AMPL, and others. Ten Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work completed at Bell Laboratories. Bell Labs had its origin in the complex corporate organization of the Bell System telephone conglomerate. The laboratory began in the late 19th century as the Western Electric Engineering Department, located at 463 West Street in New York City. After years of conducting research and development under\n\nRobert Noel Hall (December 25, 1919 \u2013 November 7, 2016) was an American engineer and applied physicist. He demonstrated the first semiconductor laser and invented a type of magnetron commonly used in microwave ovens. He also contributed to the development of rectifiers for power transmission. Biography Robert N. Hall was born on December 25, 1919, in New Haven, Connecticut. He was first inspired by his inventor uncle, who showed him the wonders of small inventions and experimentation. After long studies at his local library, Hall decided to attempt controlled experiments of his own with his mother's approval. He built an 8-inch telescope, which produced a close-up view of Saturn. Later on, an interviewer from the California Institute of Technology visited him and offered a scholarship to attend the university. Hall studied there for three years but had to leave for financial reasons. After working at Lockheed Aircraft as a tester,\n\nQuestion: Percy LeBaron Spencer invented what in 1945 in USA?", "output": "Microwave Oven"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Accordions (from 19th-century German , from \u2014\"musical chord, concord of sounds\") are a family of box-shaped musical instruments of the bellows-driven free reed aerophone type (producing sound as air flows past a reed in a frame). The essential characteristic of the accordion is to combine in one instrument a melody section, also called the diskant, usually on the right-hand keyboard, with an accompaniment or Basso continuo functionality on the left-hand. The musician normally plays the melody on buttons or keys on the right-hand side (referred to as the keyboard or sometimes the manual), and the accompaniment on bass or pre-set chord buttons on the left-hand side. A person who plays the accordion is called an accordionist. The accordion belongs to the free-reed aerophone family. Other instruments in this family include the concertina, harmonica, and bandoneon. The concertina and bandoneon do not have the melody\u2013accompaniment duality. The harmoneon is also related\n\nThe oberek, also called obertas or ober, is a lively Polish dance. Its name is derived from the Polish obraca\u0107 si\u0119 (\"to spin\"). It consists of many dance lifts and jumps. It is performed at a much quicker pace than the Polish waltz and is one of the national dances of Poland. It is the second-most popular dance in Polish-American music, after the polka. Polish oberek (Folk) The oberek, in its original form, is a Polish folk dance and is the fastest of the Five National Dances of Poland. The Five National Dances are: Polonez (Polonaise), Mazur (Mazurka), Kujawiak, Krakowiak and Oberek. The Oberek consists of quick steps and constant turns. The beauty of the oberek depends on each individual dancer's talent of spinning at the fast tempo of the Oberek, which shares some steps with the Mazur. The music for the oberek was typically performed by a small village\n\nThe robe \u00e0 la polonaise or polonaise is a woman's garment of the later 1770s and 1780s or a similar revival style of the 1870s inspired by Polish national costume, consisting of a gown with a cutaway, draped and swagged overskirt, worn over an underskirt or petticoat. From the late 19th century, the term polonaise also described a fitted overdress which extended into long panels over the underskirt, but was not necessarily draped or swagged. Origin and structure As early as the 1720s, French Queen Marie Leszczy\u0144ska made the Polish dress popular in that decade. By the 1770s, elements of this style began to appear in fashionable dress, including the wide-brimmed hat (dubbed the \"Rubens hat\" in the Fashionable Magazine of 1786) and bunched-up skirts. About the same time, French fashion adopted a number of styles of English origin, such as the close-bodied gown which they called robe \u00e0 l'anglaise,\n\nQuestion: Pavane, Polonaise and Polka are all types of what activity?", "output": "Dance"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Dame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, (; 15 September 1890 \u2013 12 January 1976) was an English writer known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections, particularly those revolving around fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. She also wrote the world's longest-running play, the murder mystery The Mousetrap, which has been performed in the West End since 1952. A writer during the \"Golden Age of Detective Fiction\", Christie has been called the \"Queen of Crime\". She also wrote six novels under the pseudonym Mary Westmacott. In 1971, she was made a Dame (DBE) by Queen Elizabeth II for her contributions to literature. Guinness World Records lists Christie as the best-selling fiction writer of all time, her novels having sold more than two billion copies. Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay, Devon, and was largely home-schooled. She was initially an unsuccessful writer\n\nThe Murder Game is a BBC Books original novel written by Steve Lyons and based on the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. It features the Second Doctor, Ben, and Polly. The novel is notable for introducing an alien threat known as the Selachians, who reappear later in the Past Doctor Adventures. References External links The Cloister Library - The Murder Game 1997 British novels 1997 science fiction novels Past Doctor Adventures Second Doctor novels Novels by Steve Lyons\n\nClue VCR Mystery Game is a 1985 VCR murder mystery game based on the board game Clue, known as Cluedo in the UK. Plot and gameplay The game contained a 60-minute live-action videotape of three separate stories and 18 individual games, three sets of clue cards, 18 investigation cards, and ten suspect cards. The four new suspects Monsieur Brunette, Madame Rose, Sgt. Gray, and Miss Peach would later appear in the 1988 board game Clue Master Detective. Sequel The sequel Clue II: Murder In Disguise VCR Game was released in 1987 with most of the cast reprising their roles. Critical reception and legacy The German localisation was cited by Modern Language Journal a potential learning package for students. Mel Magazine asserts that Clue VCR Mystery Game \"not only represented a new way to play a familiar game\", but \"also ushered in a new type of gaming altogether\". The 2013 documentary\n\nQuestion: What is the name in England for the mystery crime fiction board game devised by Anthony E. Pratt and originally published in 1949?", "output": "Cluedo"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is a 1910 American silent fantasy film and the earliest surviving film version of L. Frank Baum's 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, made by the Selig Polyscope Company without Baum's direct input. It was created to fulfill a contractual obligation associated with Baum's personal bankruptcy caused by The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays, from which it was once thought to have been derived. It was partly based on the 1902 stage musical The Wizard of Oz, though much of the film deals with the Wicked Witch of the West, who does not appear in the musical. Plot Dorothy Gale (Bebe Daniels) and Imogene the Cow are chased by Hank the Mule. Dorothy runs to the cornfield and discovers that the family Scarecrow (Robert Leonard) is alive. They realize a cyclone is approaching, so they all hide in a haystack. Dorothy and Toto, Hank, Imogene, and\n\ncornfield and discovers that the family Scarecrow (Robert Leonard) is alive. They realize a cyclone is approaching, so they all hide in a haystack. Dorothy and Toto, Hank, Imogene, and the Scarecrow are all swept to the Land of Oz, where soldiers get scared away by the Witch Momba (Winifred Greenwood), who attacks the Wizard of Oz (Hobart Bosworth) due to his threat to her reign. As Dorothy plays with Toto, the good Witch Glinda (Olive Cox) changes Toto into a real protector. Dorothy then encounters the Cowardly Lion, and they encounter the Rusty Woodman and oil his joints. The children meet Eureka the Cat. The Witch kidnaps and imprisons the children. Dorothy throws water on the Witch Momba, killing her and allowing the gang to rescue the animals. Dorothy and her friends arrive at the Emerald City. The citizens dance, and the Scarecrow reads a note that says the\n\nday, after Em and Uncle Henry leave Dorothy and Toto alone in order to travel into town, a tornado appears, uproots the farmhouse, with Dorothy and Toto inside, and transports it to the Land of Oz. In Oz Dorothy meets the Good Witch of the North, who tells her that she just killed the Wicked Witch of the East, as her house landed directly on top of her, and by doing so she freed the Munchkins from slavery. She also tells her that the only person able to send her back home is the Wizard of Oz. Dorothy is given the Silver Shoes of the Wicked Witch of the East and sent off along the Yellow Brick Road towards the Emerald City to see the Wonderful Wizard of Oz in hope of getting back to Kansas. On her way to the Wizard, Dorothy meets the Scarecrow, made entirely of straw\n\nQuestion: \"What is the name of the good witch in \"\"The Wizard of Oz\"\"?\"", "output": "Glinda"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "David Alden Lambert (June 19, 1917 \u2013 October 3, 1966) was an American jazz lyricist, singer, and an originator of vocalese. He was best known as a member of the trio Lambert, Hendricks & Ross. Lambert spent a lifetime experimenting with the human voice, and expanding the possibilities of its use within jazz. Career Lambert's band debut was with Johnny Long's Orchestra in the early 1940s. Along with early partner Buddy Stewart, Lambert successfully brought singing into modern jazz (concurrently with Ella Fitzgerald). In the late 1950s he teamed with wordsmith and vocalese pioneer Jon Hendricks. The two were later joined by Annie Ross, and the lineup was a hit. After Ross left the group in 1962, Lambert and Hendricks went on without her by using various replacements, but the partnership ended in 1964. He then formed a quintet called \"Lambert & Co.\" which included the multiple voices of Mary\n\nBen Webster Meets Oscar Peterson is a 1960 studio album featuring a jazz trio, led by the Canadian jazz pianist Oscar Peterson, with the tenor saxophonist Ben Webster. Reception Writing for AllMusic, critic Stephen Cook wrote \"Another fine Webster release on Verve that sees the tenor great once again backed by the deluxe Oscar Peterson Trio... to reassure Peterson fans worried about scant solo time for their hero, the pianist lays down a healthy number of extended runs, unobtrusively shadowing Webster's vaporous tone and supple phrasing along the way. Not only a definite first-disc choice for Webster newcomers, but one of the jazz legend's all-time great records.\" Track listing \"The Touch of Your Lips\" (Ray Noble) \u2013 6:20 \"When Your Lover Has Gone\" (Einar Aaron Swan) \u2013 3:59 \"Bye Bye Blackbird\" (Mort Dixon, Ray Henderson) \u2013 6:45 \"How Deep Is the Ocean?\" (Irving Berlin) \u2013 2:36 \"In the Wee Small\n\nHerman \"Junior\" Cook (July 22, 1934 \u2013 February 3, 1992) was an American hard bop tenor saxophone player. Biography Cook was born in Pensacola, Florida. A member of a musical family, he started on alto saxophone before switching to tenor during his high school years. After playing with Dizzy Gillespie in 1958, Cook was a member of the Horace Silver Quintet (1958\u20131964); when Silver left the group in the hands of Blue Mitchell Cook stayed in the quintet for five more years (1964\u20131969). Later associations included Freddie Hubbard, Elvin Jones, George Coleman, Louis Hayes (1975\u20131976), Bill Hardman (1979\u20131989), and the McCoy Tyner big band. In addition to many appearances as a sideman, Junior Cook recorded as a leader for Jazzland (1961), Catalyst (1977), Muse, and SteepleChase. He also taught at Berklee School of Music for a year during the 1970s. In the early 1990s, Cook was playing with Clifford Jordan,\n\nQuestion: Whose name is missing to make up the 1950s/1960s jazz vocal trio Lambert, Hendricks and \u0085\u0085\u0085\u0085?", "output": "ROSS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alexandre Marnier-Lapostolle developed Grand Marnier, an orange-flavored cognac liqueur, in 1880. He learned how to distill from his father, a wine-and-spirit merchant. References Profile Grand Marnier French distillers Year of death missing Year of birth missing\n\nCognacs, with at least half the eaux-de-vie coming from Grande Champagne, is known as Fine Champagne. References External links French Wikipedia - Crus de cognac Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac. Cognac\n\nPetite Champagne is a geographic zone of Cognac production of approximately 66,000 hectares, of which about 15,000 are dedicated to wines destined for cognac, which can be marked as Petite Champagne or Petite Fine Champagne. It is situated in the d\u00e9partements of Charente and Charente-Maritime. The principal towns of the region are Barbezieux (Charente), Archiac and Jonzac (Charente-Maritime). In order of importance among the cognac crus (regions), Petite Champagne is second in place after Grande Champagne. While having similar characteristics, the cognacs of Petite Champagne have always been considered of a lesser quality than those of Grande Champagne. Geologically, this region is composed of a thinner layer of Calcareous material than Grande Champagne. A blend of Grande and Petite Champagne Cognacs, with at least half the eaux-de-vie coming from Grande Champagne, is known as Fine Champagne. References External links French Wikipedia - Crus de cognac Bureau National Interprofessionnel du Cognac.\n\nQuestion: Which fruit is used in the flavouring of the cognac-based liqueur Grand Marnier?", "output": "Orange"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sir Edward William Spencer Ford (24 July 1910 \u2013 19 November 2006) was a courtier in the Royal Households of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth II. He is perhaps best known for writing to Elizabeth II\u2019s private secretary regarding the 40th year of her reign, having hoped that the Queen would experience an annus mirabilis but instead finding 1992 an annus horribilis. She used the phrase in a speech to describe a year in which one of her four children was divorced, two more formally separated from their spouses, and Windsor Castle caught fire. Family background Ford was a fraternal twin. His family has strong connections with the Anglican church and with cricket. His father was the Very Reverend Lionel Ford, headmaster of Repton and later of Harrow, and Dean of York from 1926 to 1932; his mother Mary Catherine was a daughter of the Right Reverend Edward Stuart\n\nbut continued to appear on radio and television; in one such appearance, broadcast on Christmas Day, 1990, a month before her 99th birthday, she featured in the BBC radio show, With Great Pleasure, in which stars chose favourite readings, spoken by others, and by themselves. She chose \"The Kingdom of God\", by Francis Thompson, read by Alec McCowen; a passage from The Merchant of Venice, read by herself, and Anna Massey and Alec McCowen; \"These I Have Loved\", by Rupert Brooke, read by Anna Massey; and, a part of the Seven Pillars of Wisdom, by T. E. Lawrence, whom she once met, read by Alec McCowen; it was included in the 1992 compilation cassette With Great Pleasure. In the 1980s, well into her nineties, she appeared on the Wogan chat show, in which she recited, word for word, the famous death scene of Juliet. She made her final acting appearance\n\nSir Antony Rupert Jay, (20 April 1930 \u2013 21 August 2016) was an English writer and broadcaster. With Jonathan Lynn, he co-wrote the British political comedies Yes Minister and Yes, Prime Minister (1980\u201388). He also wrote The Householder's Guide to Community Defence Against Bureaucratic Aggression (1972). For his career as a broadcaster and in public relations, Jay received a knighthood in the 1988 New Year Honours. He also wrote the 1969 BBC television documentary Royal Family and wrote a 1992 book about Elizabeth II called Elizabeth R, after which he was appointed a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order for personal services to the royal family in the 1993 New Years Honours list. Early life and education Jay was born in Paddington, London, the son of Ernest Jay, a character actor, and Catherine (Hay) Jay. He was educated at St Paul's School and Magdalene College, Cambridge, graduating with first-class honours\n\nQuestion: How did Her Majesty the Queen describe 1992 in her Christmas speech?", "output": "Annus Horribilis -"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "An anti-ballistic missile (ABM) is a surface-to-air missile designed to counter ballistic missiles (missile defense). Ballistic missiles are used to deliver nuclear, chemical, biological, or conventional warheads in a ballistic flight trajectory. The term \"anti-ballistic missile\" is a generic term conveying a system designed to intercept and destroy any type of ballistic threat; however, it is commonly used for systems specifically designed to counter intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). Current counter-ICBM systems There are a limited number of systems worldwide that can intercept intercontinental ballistic missiles: The Russian A-135 anti-ballistic missile system (renamed in 2017 to A-235) is used for the defense of Moscow. It became operational in 1995 and was preceded by the A-35 anti-ballistic missile system. The system uses Gorgon and Gazelle missiles previously armed with nuclear warheads. These missiles have been updated (2017) and use non-nuclear kinetic interceptors instead, to intercept any incoming ICBMs. The Israeli Arrow 3\n\nGas kinetics is a science in the branch of fluid dynamics, concerned with the study of motion of gases and its effects on physical systems. Based on the principles of fluid mechanics and thermodynamics, gas dynamics arises from the studies of gas flows in transonic and supersonic flights. To distinguish itself from other sciences in fluid dynamics, the studies in gas dynamics are often defined with gases flowing around or within physical objects at speeds comparable to or exceeding the speed of sound and causing a significant change in temperature and pressure. Some examples of these studies include but are not limited to: choked flows in nozzles and valves, shock waves around jets, aerodynamic heating on atmospheric reentry vehicles and flows of gas fuel within a jet engine. At the molecular level, gas dynamics is a study of the kinetic theory of gases, often leading to the study of gas\n\nAeronautics is the science or art involved with the study, design, and manufacturing of air flight\u2013capable machines, and the techniques of operating aircraft and rockets within the atmosphere. The British Royal Aeronautical Society identifies the aspects of \"aeronautical Art, Science and Engineering\" and \"The profession of Aeronautics (which expression includes Astronautics).\" While the term originally referred solely to operating the aircraft, it has since been expanded to include technology, business, and other aspects related to aircraft. The term \"aviation\" is sometimes used interchangeably with aeronautics, although \"aeronautics\" includes lighter-than-air craft such as airships, and includes ballistic vehicles while \"aviation\" technically does not. A significant part of aeronautical science is a branch of dynamics called aerodynamics, which deals with the motion of air and the way that it interacts with objects in motion, such as an aircraft. History Early ideas Attempts to fly without any real aeronautical understanding have been made\n\nQuestion: What science is the study of missiles in motion?", "output": "Ballistics"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Colony of British Columbia was a British Crown Colony that resulted from the amalgamation of the two former colonies, the Colony of Vancouver Island and the mainland Colony of British Columbia. The two former colonies were united in 1866, and the united colony existed until its incorporation into the Canadian Confederation in 1871. Background The Colony of Vancouver Island had been created in 1849 to bolster British claims to the whole island and the adjacent Gulf Islands, and to provide a North Pacific home port for the Royal Navy at Esquimalt. By the mid-1850s, the Island Colony's non-indigenous population was around 800 people; a mix of mostly British, French-Canadian, Hawaiians, but with handfuls of Iroquoians, M\u00e9tis and Cree in the employ of the fur company, and a few Belgian and French Oblate priests. First Nations' populations had not recovered from smallpox epidemics in the 1770s and 1780s. Three years\n\nSea Island (h\u0259n\u0313q\u0313\u0259min\u0313\u0259m\u0313: sq\u02b7sa\u03b8\u0259n) is an island in the Fraser River estuary in the city of Richmond, British Columbia. It is located south of the city of Vancouver and north and west of Lulu Island. Sea Island is the home to Vancouver International Airport (YVR), a nature conservation area, and a permanent resident population of 814, most of which live in the neighbourhood of Burkeville. A small part of the island is under the administration of the Musqueam Indian Band. History The island was traditionally home to the Musqueam Indian Band, and they retain ownership over a tract of land on the island's north-west under the administrative title \"Sea Island Indian Reserve #3\". Construction of residential neighbourhoods on the island began during World War II. Under the authority of the Wartime Housing Authority, the Boeing Company built a 300 home subdivision to house its workers on Sea Island. This neighbourhood\n\nBritish Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost province of Canada. Situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains, the province has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that include rocky coastlines, sandy beaches, forests, lakes, mountains, inland deserts and grassy plains. British Columbia borders the province of Alberta to the east; the territories of Yukon to the north; the Northwest Territories to the northeast; the US states of Washington, Idaho and Montana to the south; and Alaska to the northwest. With an estimated population of over 5.5million as of 2023, it is Canada's third-most populous province. The capital of British Columbia is Victoria, while the province's largest city is Vancouver. Vancouver and its suburbs together make up the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada; with the 2021 census recording 2.6million people in Metro Vancouver. The first known human inhabitants of the area settled in British Columbia at least\n\nQuestion: Vancouver Island is a part of which Canadian Province?", "output": "BRITISH COLUMBIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Yambuku is a small village in Mongala Province in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was the center of the first documented outbreak of Ebola virus disease, in 1976, with the World Health Organization identifying a man from Yambuku as the index case. It is northeast of the capital city of Kinshasa. During the 1976 Zaire Ebola virus outbreak, the village had no running water or electricity. The village had a hospital but no radio, phone, or ambulances, and communication was by motorbike messenger. See also Western African Ebola virus epidemic Zaire ebolavirus References Populated places in Mongala Ebola\n\nfirst discovered in Italy in the 16th century. Since then, the prevalence of the disease has remained, despite many countries being declared FMD-free. Endemic regions of the disease include areas of Africa, Asia and South America. The virus commonly persists in animal feed and is able to survive environmentally for up to one month. Eradication of FMD in endemic areas has been difficult, despite the availability of a vaccine. Equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) was first isolated from horses in the 1960s and 1970s showing acute febrile respiratory disease signs, including fever, cough, clear nasal discharge and lethargy. Given its similarity to the common cold in humans (caused by another picornavirus, rhinovirus), ERAV was initially named \"equine rhinovirus 1\". Modern molecular biology techniques such as nucleotide sequencing demonstrated that ERAV was in fact more closely related to FMDV, and was reclassified to the genus Aphthovirus. See also Animal virology References\n\nwhile travelling through Kenya in October 2007, and was admitted to hospital four weeks later with rabies-like symptoms. Microbats are believed to be the natural reservoir of Duvenhage virus. It has been isolated twice from insectivorous bats, in 1981 from Miniopterus schreibersi, and in 1986 from Nycteris thebaica, and the virus is closely related to another bat-associated lyssavirus endemic to Africa, Lagos bat lyssavirus. References Lyssaviruses\n\nQuestion: Despite being named for the Ebola River in Congo the virus was first isolated some distance away; where?", "output": "Yambuku"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "in Kazakhstan. It has its headquarters in \u00c9vry-Courcouronnes, Essonne, France. History The formation of Arianespace SA is closely associated with the desire of several European nations to pursue joint collaboration in the field of space exploration and the formation of a pan-national organisation, the European Space Agency (ESA), to oversee such undertaking during 1973. Prior to the ESA's formation, France had been lobbying for the development of a new European expendable launch system to serve as a replacement for the Europa rocket. Accordingly, one of the first programmes launched by the ESA was the Ariane heavy launcher. The express purpose of this launcher was to facilitate the delivery of commercial satellites into geosynchronous orbit. France was the largest stakeholder in the Ariane development programme. French aerospace manufacturer A\u00e9rospatiale served as the prime contractor and held responsibility for performing the integration of all sections of the vehicle, while French engine manufacturer\n\nAriane 5 was a retired European heavy-lift space launch vehicle developed and operated by Arianespace for the European Space Agency (ESA). It was launched from the Centre Spatial Guyanais (CSG) in French Guiana. It was used to deliver payloads into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), low Earth orbit (LEO) or further into space. The launch vehicle had a streak of 82 consecutive successful launches between 9 April 2003 and 12 December 2017. Since 2014, Ariane 6, a direct successor system, is in development. The system was designed as an expendable launch system by the Centre national d'\u00e9tudes spatiales (CNES), the French government's space agency, in cooperation with various European partners. Despite not being a direct derivative of its predecessor launch vehicle program, it was classified as part of the Ariane rocket family. ArianeGroup was the prime contractor for the manufacturing of the vehicles, leading a multi-country consortium of other European contractors.\n\n24 December 1979, the French space agency Centre national d'\u00e9tudes spatiales (CNES) and the ESA created a new company, Arianespace, for the purpose of promoting, marketing, and managing Ariane operations. According to Arianespace, at the time of its establishment, it was the world's first launch services company. Following a further three test launches, the first commercial launch took place on 10 September 1982, which ended in failure as a result of a turbopump having failed in the third stage. The six remaining flights of the Ariane 1 were successful, with the final flight occurring during February 1986. As a result of these repeated successes, orders for the Ariane launcher quickly mounted up; by early 1984, a total of 27 satellites had been booked to use Ariane, which was estimated to be half of the world's market at that time. As a result of the commercial success, after the tenth Ariane\n\nQuestion: What launcher was used by the European Space Agency, the first of which was sucessfully launched in 1979?", "output": "Ariane"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Teresa Ann Savoy, FRSA (18 July 1955 \u2013 9 January 2017) was a British actress who appeared in a number of Italian films. Biography Savoy was 18 years old when she appeared in the Italian adult magazine Playmen (October 1973), using an alias of \"Terry\". \"Terry\", who fled from home at 16, was living in a hippie community in Sicily and soon became an attention of the press. In 1974, her acting career began when film director Alberto Lattuada (who discovered Federico Fellini and Silvana Mangano) gave her first role in the film Le far\u00f2 da padre aka La bambina, playing an intellectually disabled girl named Clotilde. Her next film was Private Vices, Public Pleasures (Vizi privati, pubbliche virt\u00f9) (1975) directed by the Hungarian director Mikl\u00f3s Jancs\u00f3. The film told the story of the Crown Prince Rudolf, son of the Austrian-Hungarian Emperor Franz Joseph and his rebellion against his father.\n\nAlannah Joy Currie (born 20 September 1957) is a New Zealand artist based in London. She is a musician and activist, best known as a former member of the pop band Thompson Twins. Career Born in New Zealand and trained as a journalist, Currie emigrated to the UK in 1977. Currie squatted in South London. She formed a band the Unfuckables that performed a single gig. In 1981, Currie joined Tom Bailey, Joe Leeway, and others to form part of Thompson Twins, the line-up of which included up to seven members in its early days. Thompson Twins became a trio in 1982 and signed two major recording contracts with Arista Records before signing with Warner Bros. Records. Currie was a lyricist, percussionist, visual stylist, and backing vocalist in the band for 15 years. She co-wrote and recorded six studio albums which included gold and platinum records and the hits \"Doctor!\n\nTamara Erin Klicman (born July 8, 1974), known professionally as Tami Erin, is an American actress, model, singer, and fashion designer. She is best known for her role as Pippi Longstocking in the 1988 movie The New Adventures of Pippi Longstocking. It was released in movie theaters worldwide in 13 languages by Columbia Pictures. Acting and modeling Erin began acting and modeling at eight years old after becoming an Elite Model with Elite Model Management. Erin took method acting, singing, dancing, and gymnastics. Erin grew up in Wheaton, Illinois, but when she was nine years old her family moved to Miami, Florida. Erin auditioned for the role of Pippi Longstocking when she was eleven years old and won the part out of over 8,000 girls. The film's director, Ken Annakin, described her personality as a good fit for the role: \"Tami radiates sunshine. When she smiles everyone is happy. She\n\nQuestion: With what activity was Isadora Duncan associated?", "output": "Dance"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "or \"night of broken glass,\" in which Jewish homes were ransacked in numerous German cities along with 11,000 Jewish shops, towns and villages, as civilians and SA stormtroopers destroyed buildings with sledgehammers, leaving the streets covered in smashed windows \u2014 the origin of the name \"Night of Broken Glass.\" The main part of the rioting took place on 9\u201310 November 1938. Jews were beaten to death; 30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps; and 1,668 synagogues ransacked with 267 set on fire. Following Operation Barbarossa launched on 22 June 1941, in the city of Lviv in the occupied territory of the General Government, Ukrainian nationalists organized two large pogroms in July 1941, in which around 6,000 Jews were murdered. In Lithuania, local militant groups engaged in anti-Jewish pogroms on July 25 and 26, 1941 around Kaunas even before the Nazi forces arrived, killing about 3,800 Jews and burning synagogues\n\nbe accompanied by violence. On the most extreme end, it consists of pogroms or genocide, which may or may not be state-sponsored. Although the term \"antisemitism\" did not come into common usage until the 19th century, it is also applied to previous and later anti-Jewish incidents. Notable instances of antisemitic persecution include the Rhineland massacres in 1096; the Edict of Expulsion in 1290; the European persecution of Jews during the Black Death, between 1348 and 1351; the massacre of Spanish Jews in 1391, the crackdown of the Spanish Inquisition, and the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492; the Cossack massacres in Ukraine, between 1648 and 1657; various anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire, between 1821 and 1906; the Dreyfus affair, between 1894 and 1906; the Holocaust by the Axis powers during World War II; and various Soviet anti-Jewish policies. Historically, most of the world's violent antisemitic events have taken\n\narea by the Russian Empire in the First World War, Cossacks carried out attacks on the Jewish residents, including acts of robbery, rape, and murder. Many local Jews fled to escape the violence and, In between the wars, large numbers of the community's Jews emigrated, many to the United States. In the 1920s and 1930s, Zionist activity in Bircza increased, particularly in the form of youth groups affiliated with Beitar and ha-No\u02bfar ha-Tsiyyoni, ha-Shomer ha-Tsa\u02bfir, and A\u1e25vah. During these years, the Jewish community numbered around 1,040 residents out of a total population of 1,930. Following the outbreak of the Second World War, Bircza and its environs were part of Polish territory under Soviet control, but in June 1941, the Nazi Germans invaded and placed local control in the hands of the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police (Ukrainische Hilfspolizei), which quickly killed sixteen Jewish community notables. Soon, various restrictions were placed upon the\n\nQuestion: From 1881 Russian Jews and their property were subjected to periodic mob attacks. What were these attacks called?", "output": "POGROMS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Carlyon Bay (, meaning forts) is a bay and a set of three beaches (Crinnis, Shorthorn and Polgaver) near St Austell on the south coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is located approximately east of the town centre. Between 1920 and the Second World War, Carlyon Bay was the site of the New Cornish Riviera Lido and large sports facilities. After the war it became known as the Cornish Leisure World. A large venue, the Cornwall Coliseum, opened in the 1950s, it hosted exhibitions, tennis tournaments and concerts by musicians, but lost its importance with the opening of the Plymouth Pavilions in 1991. The venue continued until early 2003 when only the Gossips nightclub remained open, until its closure too shortly after. The building stood, falling into disrepair, until demolition began in April 2015. Since the 1990s there have been plans for development of homes and a resort complex.\n\nThe National Museum of the Royal Navy, Portsmouth, formerly known as the Royal Naval Museum, is a museum of the history of the Royal Navy located in the Portsmouth Historic Dockyard section of HMNB Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. The museum is part of the National Museum of the Royal Navy, a non-departmental public body sponsored by the Ministry of Defence. It received 1,081,909 visitors in 2017. History The museum was founded in 1911. Known originally as the Dockyard Museum, it was conceived by Mr. Mark Edwin Pescott-Frost, then secretary to the Admiral Superintendent at Portsmouth. With a passion for naval history he spearheaded a project to save items for future generations, eventually leading to the opening of a new museum. His foresight ensured the survival of many interesting and important artefacts, several of which are still on display today. He was awarded in 1916 the Imperial Service Order. In 1985,\n\nCornwall (; ) is a ceremonial county in South West England. It is recognised as one of the Celtic nations and is the homeland of the Cornish people. The county is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, Devon to the east, and the English Channel to the south. The largest settlement is Falmouth, and the county town is Truro. The county is rural, with an area of and population of 568,210. The largest settlements are Falmouth (23,061), Newquay (20,342), St Austell (19,958), and Truro (18,766). Most of Cornwall forms a single unitary authority area, and the Isles of Scilly have a unique local authority. The Cornish nationalist movement disputes the constitutional status of Cornwall and seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom. Cornwall is the westernmost part of the South West Peninsula. Its coastline is characterised by steep cliffs and, to the south, several rias, including\n\nQuestion: In which Cornish town is there a National Maritime Museum?", "output": "FALMOUTH"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Azerbaijan (, ; , ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia. It is a part of the South Caucasus region and is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia (Republic of Dagestan) to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia and Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Baku is the capital and largest city. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic proclaimed its independence from the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic in 1918 and became the first secular democratic Muslim-majority state. In 1920, the country was incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR. The modern Republic of Azerbaijan proclaimed its independence on 30 August 1991, shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the same year. In September 1991, the ethnic Armenian majority of the Nagorno-Karabakh region formed the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh.\n\nCzechoslovakia (; Czech and , \u010cesko-Slovensko) was a landlocked state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland became part of Nazi Germany, while the country lost further territories to Hungary and Poland (Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary and Zaolzie to Poland). Between 1939 and 1945, the state ceased to exist, as Slovakia proclaimed its independence and the remaining territories in the east became part of Hungary, while in the remainder of the Czech Lands, the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed. In 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, former Czechoslovak President Edvard Bene\u0161 formed a government-in-exile and sought recognition from the Allies. After World War II, Czechoslovakia was reestablished under its pre-1938 borders, with the exception of Carpathian Ruthenia, which became part of the Ukrainian SSR (a republic of the Soviet Union). The\n\nThe Benelux Union (; ; ) or Benelux is a politico-economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighbouring states in western Europe: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The name is a portmanteau formed from joining the first few letters of each country's name and was first used to name the customs agreement that initiated the union (signed in 1944). It is now used more generally to refer to the geographic, economic, and cultural grouping of the three countries. The Benelux is an economically dynamic and densely populated region, with 5.6% of the European population (29.55 million residents) and 7.9% of the joint EU GDP (\u20ac36,000/resident) on 1.7% of the whole surface of the EU. Currently 37% of the total number of EU frontier workers work in the Benelux and surrounding areas. 35,000 Belgian citizens work in Luxembourg, while 37,000 Belgian citizens cross the border to work in the\n\nQuestion: In May 1950, Celal Bayar became the third President of which European country?", "output": "Turkey"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Pronephros is the most basic of the three excretory organs that develop in vertebrates, corresponding to the first stage of kidney development. It is succeeded by the mesonephros, which in fish and amphibians remains as the adult kidney. In amniotes, the mesonephros is the embryonic kidney and a more complex metanephros acts as the adult kidney. Once a more advanced kidney forms, the previous version typically degenerates by apoptosis or becomes part of the male reproductive system. The pronephros develops from the intermediate mesoderm, as do the later kidneys. It is a paired organ, consisting of a single giant nephron that processes blood filtrate produced from glomeruli or glomera- large embryonic glomeruli. The filtrate is deposited into the coelom. It then passes through thin ciliated tubules into the pronephric nephron where it is processed for solute recovery. The organ is active in adult forms of some primitive fish, like lampreys\n\nthen passes through thin ciliated tubules into the pronephric nephron where it is processed for solute recovery. The organ is active in adult forms of some primitive fish, like lampreys or hagfish. It is present at the embryo of more advanced fish and at the larval stage of amphibians where it plays an essential role in osmoregulation. In human beings, it is rudimentary, appears at the end of the third week (day 20) and replaced by mesonephros after 3.5 weeks. Despite this transient appearance in mammals, the pronephros is essential for the development of the adult kidneys. The duct of the mesonephros forms the Wolffian duct and ureter of the adult kidney. The embryonic kidney and its derivatives also produces the inductive signals that trigger formation of the adult kidney. Development The pronephros is the first in a sequence of kidneys that form in vertebrate embryos. The pronephric primordium develops\n\nAnalgesic nephropathy was once a common cause of kidney injury and end-stage kidney disease in parts of Europe, Australia, and the United States. In most areas, its incidence has declined sharply since the use of phenacetin fell in the 1970s and 1980s. Presentation Common findings in people with analgesic nephropathy include headache, anemia, high blood pressure (hypertension), and white blood cells in the urine (leucocyturia, pyuria). Some individuals with analgesic nephropathy may also have protein in their urine (proteinuria). Complications Complications of analgesic nephropathy include pyelonephritis and end-stage kidney disease. Risk factors for poor prognosis include recurrent urinary tract infection and persistently elevated blood pressure. Analgesic nephropathy also appears to increase the risk of developing cancers of the urinary system. Pathophysiology The scarring of the small blood vessels, called capillary sclerosis, is the initial lesion of analgesic nephropathy. Found in the renal pelvis, ureter, and capillaries supplying the nephrons, capillary\n\nQuestion: Which organ of the body is affected by nephritis ?", "output": "THE KIDNEYS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Arachnophobia is a specific phobia brought about by the irrational fear of spiders and other arachnids such as scorpions and ticks. The word Arachnophobia comes from the Greek words arachne and phobia. Signs and symptoms People with arachnophobia tend to feel uneasy in any area they believe could harbour spiders or that has visible signs of their presence, such as webs. If arachnophobes see a spider, they may not enter the general vicinity until they have overcome the panic attack that is often associated with their phobia. Some people scream, cry, have emotional outbursts, experience trouble breathing, sweat and experience increased heart rates when they come in contact with an area near spiders or their webs. In some extreme cases, even a picture, a toy, or a realistic drawing of a spider can trigger intense fear. Reasons Arachnophobia may be an exaggerated form of an instinctive response that helped early\n\nArachnophobia is the state of being afraid of spiders. Other uses include: Arachnophobia (film), a 1990 American comedy-horror film starring Jeff Daniels Arachnophobia (video game) Arachnophobiac, an album by Michael Schenker Group, 2003 Araknofobia, a 1990s electronic music group\n\nfor a threat in the animal kingdom where size is a factor, but they can have medically significant venom and/or cause skin irritation with their setae. However, a phobia is an irrational fear as opposed to a rational fear. By ensuring that their surroundings were free from spiders, arachnophobes would have had a reduced risk of being bitten in ancestral environments, giving them a slight advantage over non-arachnophobes in terms of survival. However, having a disproportionate fear of spiders in comparison to other, potentially dangerous creatures present during Homo sapiens environment of evolutionary adaptiveness may have had drawbacks. In The Handbook of the Emotions (1993), psychologist Arne \u00d6hman studied pairing an unconditioned stimulus with evolutionarily-relevant fear-response neutral stimuli (snakes and spiders) versus evolutionarily-irrelevant fear-response neutral stimuli (mushrooms, flowers, physical representation of polyhedra, firearms, and electrical outlets) on human subjects and found that ophidiophobia (fear of snakes) and arachnophobia required only\n\nQuestion: Arachnophobia is a fear of what?", "output": "Spiders"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current archbishop is Justin Welby, who was enthroned at Canterbury Cathedral on 21 March 2013. Welby is the 105th person to hold the position, as part of a line of succession going back to the \"Apostle to the English\" Augustine of Canterbury, who was sent to the island by the church in Rome in 597. Welby succeeded Rowan Williams. From the time of Augustine until the 16th century, the archbishops of Canterbury were in full communion with the See of Rome, and usually received the pallium from the Pope. The various prerogatives of Henry VIII\u2014emerging parallel with the spread of Protestantism on the continent\u2014culminated in the English Reformation, wherein the Crown broke communion with Rome and\n\nAugustine of Canterbury (early 6th century \u2013 most likely 26 May 604) was a Christian monk who became the first archbishop of Canterbury in the year 597. He is considered the \"Apostle to the English\" and a founding figure of the Church of England. Augustine was the prior of a monastery in Rome when Pope Gregory the Great chose him in 595 to lead a mission, usually known as the Gregorian mission, to Britain to Christianize King \u00c6thelberht and his Kingdom of Kent from Anglo-Saxon paganism. Kent was likely chosen because \u00c6thelberht commanded major influence over neighbouring Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in addition to his marriage to Bertha, a Frankish princess, who was expected to exert some influence over her husband. Before reaching Kent, the missionaries had considered turning back, but Gregory urged them on, and in 597, Augustine landed on the Isle of Thanet and proceeded to \u00c6thelberht's main town of\n\nfrom the Pope. The various prerogatives of Henry VIII\u2014emerging parallel with the spread of Protestantism on the continent\u2014culminated in the English Reformation, wherein the Crown broke communion with Rome and seized leadership of the church, and with it the right to appoint bishops. Henry appointed Thomas Cranmer as the first Protestant archbishop of Canterbury in 1533, who would ultimately become one of the most important figures in the development of Anglicanism. The ascent of Henry's daughter Mary to the throne would bring with it a brief restoration of Catholic rule in England, with Cranmer replaced by Reginald Pole as archbishop in 1556. For his role in the Reformation, Cranmer was tried for heresy, and ultimately burned at the stake. Pole would be the final Roman Catholic to hold the office. Before the modern era, there was a considerable variety in who appointed church offices, depending on era and political happenstance.\n\nQuestion: Who was the first Archbishop of Canterbury?", "output": "(SAINT) AUGUSTINE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "pyramid, played on a large, six-pocket table (dimensions just under 12 ft by 6 ft), all of which are classified separately from pool based on distinct development histories, player culture, rules, and terminology. Billiards has a long history from its inception in the 15th century, with many mentions in the works of Shakespeare, including the line \"let's to billiards\" in Antony and Cleopatra (1606\u201307), and enthusiasts of the sport include Mozart, Louis XIV of France, Marie Antoinette, Immanuel Kant, Napoleon, Abraham Lincoln, Mark Twain, George Washington, French president Jules Gr\u00e9vy, Charles Dickens, George Armstrong Custer, Theodore Roosevelt, Lewis Carroll, W. C. Fields, Babe Ruth, Bob Hope, and Jackie Gleason. History All cue sports are generally regarded to have evolved into indoor games from outdoor stick-and-ball lawn games, specifically those retroactively termed ground billiards, and as such to be related to the historical games jeu de mail and palle-malle, and modern\n\nA sports club or sporting club, sometimes an athletics club or sports society or sports association, is a group of people formed for the purpose of playing sports. Sports clubs range from organisations whose members play together, unpaid, and may play other similar clubs on occasion, watched mostly by family and friends, to large commercial organisations with professional players which have teams that regularly compete against those of other clubs and sometimes attract very large crowds of paying spectators. Clubs may be dedicated to a single sport or to several (multi-sport clubs). The term \"athletics club\" is sometimes used for a general sports club, rather than one dedicated to athletics proper. Organization Larger sports clubs are characterized by having professional and amateur departments in various sports such as bike polo, football, basketball, futsal, cricket, volleyball, handball, rink hockey, bowling, water polo, rugby, track and field athletics, boxing, baseball, cycling, tennis,\n\ncommercial premises. Indoors, wood and upholstery are popular in traditional settings. Bar stools are used in pool or billiard halls and the style of chair customized for such use is often called a \"spectator chair\". Bar stools are used in Ireland during weekends by followers of the English Premier League, a practice which led to the creation of the pejorative term \"barstoolers\" by supporters of the League of Ireland. References Seats Chairs Drinking culture\n\nQuestion: Which sport did William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury, describe as 'organised loafing'?", "output": "Cricket"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Greatest Hits is a compilation album by the British blues rock band Fleetwood Mac released on CBS Records in the United Kingdom in 1971. The album assembles the band's hit singles in the UK covering the period from the band's beginning in 1968 to 1971, mostly in its original incarnation led by guitarist Peter Green. It peaked at No. 36 on the UK Albums Chart. Background and content Part of the second British blues boom of the late 1960s, during that time Fleetwood Mac enjoyed six British hit singles, collated here along with one non-charting single, two B-sides, and three album tracks. The band's UK single \"Black Magic Woman\" received greater exposure in the US when it was covered by the American group Santana, who placed their version in the Billboard Top 40. A very similar release with the same title and same cover was released by Sony BMG in\n\npeaked at number 87 on the Billboard 200. References 1977 songs 2006 singles Fleetwood Mac songs Willie Nelson songs Songs written for films Songs written by Christine McVie Song recordings produced by Ken Caillat Song recordings produced by Richard Dashut Warner Records singles\n\n\"Songbird\" is a song by the British-American rock band Fleetwood Mac. The song first appeared on the band's 1977 album Rumours and was released as the B-side of the single \"Dreams\". It is one of four songs written solely by Christine McVie on the album. McVie frequently sang the song at the end of Fleetwood Mac concerts. Background McVie wrote \"Songbird\" in half an hour around midnight, but didn't have anyone around to record it. To ensure she did not forget the chord structure and melody, McVie remained awake the entire night. The next day, McVie played the song for producer Ken Caillat at the Sausalito Record Plant. Caillat loved the track and suggested she record it alone in a concert style approach. Their first venue of choice, the Berkeley Community Theatre, was unavailable, so the band instead booked the Zellerbach Auditorium for March 3, 1976. To create the appropriate\n\nQuestion: What was the only Fleetwood Mac track to top the singles charts in the 70s?", "output": "Dreams"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "plugin component of E-on Vue scenery generator software Ozone, a series of audio mastering plugins made by iZotope (Ozone 7, 8, 9, 10) Ozone (group), an early 1980s funk/soul group signed to Motown records Ozone (paddle steamer), an early Australian paddle steamer Ozone F.C., an Indian association football team Ozone Gliders, a French aircraft manufacturer See also O-Zone (disambiguation) Ozone cracking, a form of degradation in elastomers Ozone layer, a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation Ozone House, a non-profit youth shelter in Ann Arbor, Michigan, US Ozone Theatres, a former cinema chain in South Australia\n\nThe Ekman layer is the layer in a fluid where there is a force balance between pressure gradient force, Coriolis force and turbulent drag. It was first described by Vagn Walfrid Ekman. Ekman layers occur both in the atmosphere and in the ocean. There are two types of Ekman layers. The first type occurs at the surface of the ocean and is forced by surface winds, which act as a drag on the surface of the ocean. The second type occurs at the bottom of the atmosphere and ocean, where frictional forces are associated with flow over rough surfaces. History Ekman developed the theory of the Ekman layer after Fridtjof Nansen observed that ice drifts at an angle of 20\u00b0\u201340\u00b0 to the right of the prevailing wind direction while on an Arctic expedition aboard the Fram. Nansen asked his colleague, Vilhelm Bjerknes to set one of his students upon study\n\nThe oceanic or limnological mixed layer is a layer in which active turbulence has homogenized some range of depths. The surface mixed layer is a layer where this turbulence is generated by winds, surface heat fluxes, or processes such as evaporation or sea ice formation which result in an increase in salinity. The atmospheric mixed layer is a zone having nearly constant potential temperature and specific humidity with height. The depth of the atmospheric mixed layer is known as the mixing height. Turbulence typically plays a role in the formation of fluid mixed layers. Oceanic mixed layer Importance of the mixed layer The mixed layer plays an important role in the physical climate. Because the specific heat of ocean water is much larger than that of air, the top 2.5 m of the ocean holds as much heat as the entire atmosphere above it. Thus the heat required to change\n\nQuestion: In which layer of the atmosphere does the \u2018ozone layer\u2019 occur?", "output": "Stratosphere"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "County Fermanagh ( ; ) is one of the thirty-two counties of Ireland, one of the nine counties of Ulster and one of six counties of Northern Ireland The county covers an area of 1,691 km2 (653 sq mi) and had a population of 63,585 as of 2021. Enniskillen is the county town and largest in both size and population. Fermanagh is one of four counties of Northern Ireland to have a majority of its population from a Catholic background, according to the 2011 census. Geography Fermanagh spans an area of 1,851 km2 (715 sq; mi), accounting for 13.2% of the landmass of Northern Ireland. Nearly a third of the county is covered by lakes and waterways, including Upper and Lower Lough Erne and the River Erne. Forests cover 14% of the landmass (42,000 hectares). It is the only county in Northern Ireland that does not border Lough Neagh. The\n\nCounty Mayo (; ) is a county in Ireland. In the West of Ireland, in the province of Connacht, it is named after the village of Mayo, now generally known as Mayo Abbey. Mayo County Council is the local authority. The population was 137,231 at the 2022 census. The boundaries of the county, which was formed in 1585, reflect the Mac William \u00cdochtar lordship at that time. Geography It is bounded on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by County Galway; on the east by County Roscommon; and on the northeast by County Sligo. Mayo is the third-largest of Ireland's 32 counties in area and 18th largest in terms of population. It is the second-largest of Connacht's five counties in both size and population. Mayo has of coastline, or approximately 21% of the total coastline of the State. It is one of three counties which\n\nDunseverick Castle is situated in County Antrim, Northern Ireland, near the small village of Dunseverick and the Giant's Causeway. Dunseverick Castle and earthworks are Scheduled Historic Monuments in the townland of Feigh, in Causeway coast and Glens district council, at grid ref: C9871 4467. Dunseverick Castle and the peninsula on which it stands were given to the National Trust in 1962 by local farmer Jack McCurdy. The Causeway Cliff Path also runs past on its way to Dunseverick Harbour to the east and to the Giant's Causeway to the west. History Saint Patrick is recorded as having visited Dunseverick castle in the 5th century AD, where he baptized Olc\u00e1n, a local man who later became a bishop of Ireland. The original stone fort that occupied the position was attacked by Viking raiders in 870 AD. In the later part of the 6th century AD, this was the seat of Fergus\n\nQuestion: In which Irish County would you find the Giant's Causeway?", "output": "COUNTY ANTRIM"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sayyid Hasan ar-Rida al-Mahdi as-Senussi (August 1928 \u2013 28 April 1992) was the Crown Prince of the Kingdom of Libya from 26 October 1956 to 1 September 1969, when the monarchy was abolished. Biography Hasan was born in 1928 the fifth son of Muhammad ar-Ride as-Senussi (1890\u20131955, the brother of the then emir of Cyrenaica, Idris of Libya) and his tenth wife Imbaraika al-Fallatiyya. He was educated at Al-Taj, Kufra and Al-Azhar University in Cairo, Egypt. On 24 December 1951, Libya became independent. Following the death of his father, he was nominated crown prince by his uncle King Idris I on 26 October 1956. 1969 revolution The events of September 1969 proved to be pivotal both for Crown Prince Hasan and for Libya. As Crown Prince, Hasan was first in line to succeed to the Libyan throne. The ailing King Idris presented a signed document on 4 August 1969 to\n\nand for Libya. As Crown Prince, Hasan was first in line to succeed to the Libyan throne. The ailing King Idris presented a signed document on 4 August 1969 to the President of the Libyan Senate, whereby Idris was to abdicate in favour of the Crown Prince. The instrument of abdication specified 2 September, the date when the King undertook formally to stand down. Indeed, the Crown Prince was already exercising regal powers in the name of King Idris, in the run up to 2 September. However, on 1 September, while Idris was out of the country undergoing medical treatment, a group of Libyan army officers, among them Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi, staged a rebellion and announced that King Idris was deposed. Since King Idris I was unable to complete his reign as envisaged by his instrument of abdication, Hasan never actually became King. His legacy, however, was in his role\n\nHuman rights in Libya is the record of human rights upheld and violated in various stages of Libya's history. The Kingdom of Libya, from 1951 to 1969, was heavily influenced and educated by the British and Y.R.K companies. Under the King, Libya had a constitution. The kingdom, however, was marked by a feudal regime, where Libya had a low literacy rate of 10%, a low life expectancy of 57 years, and 40% of the population lived in shanties, tents, or caves. Illiteracy and homelessness were chronic problems during this era, when iron shacks dotted many urban centres on the country. From 1969 to 2011, the history of Libya was marked by the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (where jamahiriya means \"state of the masses\"), a \"direct democracy\" political system established by Muammar Gaddafi, who nominally stepped down from power in 1977, but remained an unofficial \"Brother Leader\" until 2011. Under the Jamahiriya,\n\nQuestion: Who deposed King Idris in a coup in Libya in 1969?", "output": "Colonel Gadhafi"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "alemows etc.) is milder. The lemon is a hybrid of pummelo, citron, and mandarin. The mesocarp is also edible, and is used to make succade. Uses Zest is often used to add flavor to different pastries and sweets, such as pies (e.g., lemon meringue pie), cakes, cookies, biscuits, puddings, confectionery, candy and chocolate. Zest also is added to certain dishes (including ossobuco alla milanese), marmalades, sauces, sorbets and salads. Zest is a key ingredient in a variety of sweet and sour condiments, including lemon pickle, lime chutney, and marmalade. Lemon liqueurs and liquors such as Licor de oro require zest. Zest is used in some cocktails not only for flavor and aroma but also for color as a garnish. For use as a cocktail garnish, zest often is cut in a long spiral called a twist. Cocktails featuring a twist include Dry Martini and Horse's Neck. For maximum flavor and\n\nA petit g\u00e2teau (; plural: petits g\u00e2teaux), is a small cake created by Michel Bras and Erick Jacquin in 1981. In French-speaking countries a dessert of a petit g\u00e2teau with chocolate is referred to as \"g\u00e2teau fondant au chocolat\" or simply \"chocolat fondant\" (\"melting chocolate\"). In the United States a dessert by the name \"petit g\u00e2teau\" has been popularized by some New York City restaurants since the 1990s. It is composed of a small chocolate cake with crunchy rind and creamy filling that is conventionally served hot with vanilla ice cream on the side. Variations have come to include fruits and even alcoholic beverages, such as whisky. See also List of desserts French desserts Chocolate desserts\n\nBavarian cream, cr\u00e8me bavaroise or simply bavarois is a French dessert consisting of an egg-based cooked custard (milk thickened with eggs) and gelatin or isinglass, into which whipped cream is folded. The mixture sets up in a cold mold and is unmolded for serving. Earlier versions, sometimes called fromage bavarois, did not include eggs or any actual cheese. One recipe using isinglass also calls for crumbled amaretto cookies, chocolate and other flavorings. One contemporary French recipe for \"bavarois\" is a savory preparation with a neufch\u00e2tel-type cheese and leeks, and is not a sweet dessert. History Bavarian cream is a classic dessert that was included in the repertoire of chef Marie-Antoine Car\u00eame, who is sometimes credited with it. It was named in the early 19th century for Bavaria or, perhaps in the history of haute cuisine, for a particularly distinguished visiting Bavarian, such as a Wittelsbach, given that its origin is\n\nQuestion: If a dessert is served \u2018a la mode\u2019 what is it served with?", "output": "Ice Cream"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Williams, Jim Dale, Charles Hawtrey, Joan Sims, Peter Butterworth and Bernard Bresslaw. Angela Douglas makes the third of her four Carry On appearances. Anita Harris makes the first of her two Carry On appearances. The film was followed by Carry On Doctor 1967. Plot His reputation brought into disrepute by Captain Bagshaw, a competitor for the affections of Lady Jane Ponsonby, Bertram Oliphant \"Bo\" West decides to leave England and join the French Foreign Legion, followed by his faithful manservant Simpson. Originally mistaken for enemy combatants at Sidi Bel Abb\u00e8s, the pair eventually enlist and are helped in surviving Legion life by Sergeant Nocker, although only after they discover that when he is \"on patrol\" he is actually enjoying himself at the local cafe with the female owner, Zig-Zig. Meanwhile, Lady Jane, having learnt that Bo was really innocent, heads out to the Sahara to bring him back to England.\n\nFollow That Camel is a 1967 British comedy film, the 14th in the series of 31 Carry On films (1958\u20131992). Like its predecessor Carry On Don't Lose Your Head, it does not have the words \"Carry On\" in its original title (though for screenings outside the United Kingdom it was known as Carry On In The Legion, and it is alternatively titled Carry On ... Follow That Camel). It parodies the much-filmed 1924 book Beau Geste, by PC Wren, and other French Foreign Legion films. This film was producer Peter Rogers's attempt to break into the American market; Phil Silvers (in his only Carry On) is heavily featured in a Sergeant Bilko-esque role. He appears alongside Carry On regulars Kenneth Williams, Jim Dale, Charles Hawtrey, Joan Sims, Peter Butterworth and Bernard Bresslaw. Angela Douglas makes the third of her four Carry On appearances. Anita Harris makes the first of her\n\nCarry On Up the Jungle is a 1970 British adventure comedy film, the 19th release in the series of 31 Carry On films (1958\u20131992). The film marked Frankie Howerd's second and final appearance in the series. He stars alongside regular players Sid James, Charles Hawtrey, Joan Sims, Terry Scott and Bernard Bresslaw. Kenneth Connor returns to the series for the first time since Carry On Cleo six years earlier and would now feature in almost every entry up to Carry On Emmannuelle in 1978. Jacki Piper makes the first of her four appearances in the series. This movie is a send-up of the classic Tarzan films. It features an unusually dark tone for the series, as the protagonists are faced with certain death after they are apprehended by a cannibalistic tribe in the jungle. The film was followed by Carry On Loving 1970. Plot Camp ornithologist Professor Inigo Tinkle (Frankie\n\nQuestion: Which Carry On film Starred Phil Silvers?", "output": "CARRY ON FOLLOW THAT CAMEL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The FIFA World Cup was first held in 1930, when FIFA, the world's football governing body, decided to stage an international men's football tournament under the era of FIFA president Jules Rimet who put this idea into place. Jules Rimet was the president of FIFA from 1921 to 1954. Rimet was appreciated so much for bringing the idea of FIFA to life that 1946 the trophy was named the Jules Rimet Cup instead of the World Cup Trophy. The inaugural edition, held in 1930, was contested as a final tournament of only thirteen teams invited by the organization. Since then, the World Cup has experienced successive expansions and format remodeling, with its current 48-team final tournament preceded by a two-year qualifying process, involving over 200 teams from around the world. International football before 1930 The first official international football match was played in 1872 in Glasgow between Scotland and England,\n\nqualifying process, involving over 200 teams from around the world. International football before 1930 The first official international football match was played in 1872 in Glasgow between Scotland and England, although at this stage the sport was rarely played outside Great Britain. At the end of the 19th century, games that were considered the \"football world championship\" were meetings between leading English and Scottish clubs, like the 1895 game between Sunderland A.F.C. and the Heart of Midlothian F.C., which Sunderland won. By the twentieth century, football had gained ground all around the world and national football associations were being founded. The first official international match outside the British Isles was played between Uruguay and Argentina in Montevideo in July 1902. The F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) was founded in Paris on 22 May 1904 \u2013 comprising football associations from France, Belgium (the preceding two teams having played their first\n\nThe F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) was founded in Paris on 22 May 1904 \u2013 comprising football associations from France, Belgium (the preceding two teams having played their first national against each other earlier in the month), Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland, with Germany pledging to join. As football began to increase in popularity, it was contested as an IOC-recognized Olympic sport at the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics, as well as at the 1906 Intercalated Games, before becoming an official FIFA-supervised Olympic competition at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Organised by England's Football Association, the event was for amateur players only and was regarded suspiciously as a show rather than a competition. The England national amateur football team won the event in both 1908 and 1912. There was an attempt made by FIFA to organize an international football tournament between nations outside of the Olympic framework in\n\nQuestion: In which country was the first FIFA World Cup held?", "output": "Uruguay"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Jean-Pierre Norblin de La Gourdaine (; 15 July 1745 \u2013 23 February 1830) was a Polish-French painter, draughtsman, engraver and caricaturist. Born in France, from 1774 to 1804 he resided in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, where he obtained citizenship. He is considered one of the most important painters of the Enlightenment in Poland. He achieved great success in Poland. Given many commissions from some of the most notable families of the country, he stayed there for many years, not returning to Paris until the early 19th century. His style showed the influence of Antoine Watteau, and combined the Rococo tradition of charming f\u00eates galantes and f\u00eates champ\u00eatres with a panorama of daily life and current political events, captured with journalistic accuracy. He created a gallery of portraits of representatives of all social classes in the last years of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth. Life Born in Misy-sur-Yonne in 1745,\n\nthe Virgin: The Annunciation, The Adoration of the Magi, Presentation in the Temple See also List of paintings by Raphael Notes External links The altarpiece and the predella at the Vatican Pinacotheca. The altarpiece and the left, center and right part of the predella at the Web Gallery of Art. Paintings by Raphael 1500s paintings Paintings in the Vatican Museums Raphael Altarpieces Musical instruments in art Dogs in art Horses in art Adoration of the Magi in art Paintings of apostles Raphael Paintings depicting the Annunciation\n\nThe Holy Family, Pietro da Cortona's Adoration of the Shepherds, and Rubens' Meleager. According to Houbraken he traveled to Rome, where he made prints of many Italian paintings. During 1664-1677, working with Charles de la Haye, he completed engraving of the Pietro da Cortona frescoes in the Palazzo Pitti, published as Heroicae Virtutes Imagines quas eques Petrus Beretinus pinxit Florentiae (1677). In 1659 and 1667 he did frontispiece engravings for Daniello Bartoli's Istoria della Compagnia di Gesu. He was so successful that he stayed there until receiving word that his father wished to see him once more before he died. He delayed his return so long, that his father died, so he remained in Rome until his own death. He was a member of the Bentvueghels with the nickname Winter. References External links Vermeer and The Delft School, a full text exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art, which\n\nQuestion: Who painted \u2018The Adoration of the Magi\u2019 (1624)?", "output": "Peter Paul RUBENS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Mrs. Santa Claus is a 1996 American made-for-television musical fantasy comedy film directed by Terry Hughes, with a score by Jerry Herman, starring Angela Lansbury in the title role. First broadcast as a Hallmark Entertainment presentation on CBS on December 8, 1996, the film was billed as the first original musical written for television since Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella in 1957. Plot Anna Claus has Santa's workshop running so efficiently in December 1910, the team has completed all the toys and presents a week ahead of schedule (\"Seven Days 'Til Christmas\"). Mrs. Claus attempts to offer her husband Nicholas a new, more efficient, route around the world, but he is preoccupied by the deluge of mail as Christmas approaches. Feeling ready for a change in her life, Anna decides to assert her independence by testing the route herself, flying the reindeer sleigh for an impromptu journey (\"Mrs. Santa Claus\"). A\n\nColonie Center is a shopping mall located in Roessleville, New York, a suburb of Albany, at the intersection of Central Avenue, Wolf Road, and Interstate 87. Opening in 1966, it was the first enclosed shopping mall in New York's Capital Region. The two-story mall has an area of and 110 stores as well as a food court. In April 2013, the shopping center was sold to KKR in partnership with Colonie Pacific. The mall features the traditional retailers Macy's, Boscov's, L.L. Bean, Barnes & Noble, Whole Foods Market, in addition to a 13-screen, stadium-seating, Regal Cinemas & RPX. Previously, the mall housed a Christmas Tree Shops, which closed in 2023. By 2019, the original Sears auto center had been reconstructed for both BJ's Restaurants and Ethan Allen. In August 2017, Sears announced it would shutter as part of an ongoing decision to eliminate its traditional brick-and-mortar format. A number of\n\nafterward, Murray married his longtime sweetheart, Irene, a college graduate from Illinois State University. In 1949, Ken and Irene settled in Hollywood, where Cecil B. DeMille hired Murray to help promote his 1952 Academy Award-winning circus epic, The Greatest Show on Earth. Ultimately, the Murrays moved to Miami, where Murray launched K. Gordon Murray Productions, making several deals with such top pioneers in exploitation filmmaking as Kroger Babb. He often changed the titles of his movies, giving them more sensational and more emotionally charged monikers, in order to sell them in a better way. The movie Santa Claus made so much money, that it is the only film in U.S. history (with the possible exception of Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs) to be released profitably in theaters every few years for three decades. When Murray saw this, he started to dub more children's fairy tale films into English,\n\nQuestion: In the movie 'Miracle on 34th Street', Kris Kringle is hired to play Santa Claus in what large department store?", "output": "Macy's"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "novel strategies against incurable infectious diseases. The AT&T Genomics Computing Center, \"the world's largest computer cluster devoted to statistical genetic analysis,\" helps scientists find genes that influence susceptibility to diseases at record speed. Scientific accomplishments Developed high frequency ventilator to rescue premature babies from death or lifelong disabilities. Played key role in developing the current hepatitis B vaccine now administered in 116 countries. Identified genes that influence heart disease, diabetes, obesity, and other common health problems. Developed vaccines, antibodies and antitoxins for deadly agents of bioterrorism such as Ebola, botulinum neurotoxins, and anthrax. Developed promising hormone-derived therapies with potential to treat breast and prostate cancer. Developed invaluable animal models for research on cancer, heart disease, obesity, AIDS, and hepatitis among other public health problems that afflict millions around the globe. Created methods to diagnose infections with herpes B virus, which is lethal to humans. Identified genes influencing drug resistance to\n\nother drugs routinely used to prevent blood loss during heart surgery. Dr. Annette O'Connor pioneered the use of Patient Decision Aids. Dr. Natasha Kekre is leading the first clinical trial of made-in-Canada CAR-T cells for the treatment of cancer. Notable Faculty and Alumni John Cameron Bell Dean Fergusson Ian Graham Jeremy Grimshaw Michael McBurney David Moher Annette O'Connor Michael Rudnicki References External links Official Site Medical research institutes in Canada Research in Ottawa University of Ottawa 2001 establishments in Ontario Educational institutions established in 2001\n\nIt is one of the most widely used medications globally, with an estimated (50 to 120 billion pills) consumed each year, and is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2020, it was the 36th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 17million prescriptions. Brand vs. generic name In 1897, scientists at the Bayer company began studying acetylsalicylic acid as a less-irritating replacement medication for common salicylate medicines. By 1899, Bayer had named it \"Aspirin\" and sold it around the world. Aspirin's popularity grew over the first half of the 20th century, leading to competition between many brands and formulations. The word Aspirin was Bayer's brand name; however, their rights to the trademark were lost or sold in many countries. The name is ultimately a blend of the prefix a(cetyl) + spir Spiraea, the meadowsweet plant genus from which the acetylsalicylic acid was\n\nQuestion: \"A 2010 study published in the Lancet suggested what medicine, recently found to reduce cancer development, aside from giving protection against strokes and heart attacks, is \"\"...the most amazing drug in the world...\"\"?\"", "output": "Aspirin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the equinox as the start of autumn. In the English-speaking world of high latitude countries, autumn traditionally began with Lammas Day and ended around Hallowe'en, the approximate mid-points between midsummer, the autumnal equinox, and midwinter. Meteorologists (and Australia and most of the temperate countries in the southern hemisphere) use a definition based on Gregorian calendar months, with autumn being September, October, and November in the northern hemisphere, and March, April, and May in the southern hemisphere. In the higher latitude countries in the Northern Hemisphere, autumn traditionally starts with the September equinox (21 to 24 September) and ends with the winter solstice (21 or 22 December). Popular culture in the United States associates Labor Day, the first Monday in September, as the end of summer and the start of autumn; certain summer traditions, such as wearing white, are discouraged after that date. As daytime and nighttime temperatures decrease, trees change\n\nas the end of summer and the start of autumn; certain summer traditions, such as wearing white, are discouraged after that date. As daytime and nighttime temperatures decrease, trees change colour and then shed their leaves. Persians celebrate the beginning of the autumn on Mehregan. Under the traditional East Asian solar term system, autumn starts on or around 8 August and ends on or about 7 November. In Ireland, the autumn months according to the national meteorological service, Met \u00c9ireann, are September, October, and November. However, according to the Irish Calendar, which is based on ancient Gaelic traditions, autumn lasts throughout the months of August, September, and October, or possibly a few days later, depending on tradition. In the Irish language, September is known as (\"middle of autumn\") and October as (\"end of autumn\"). Late Roman Republic scholar Marcus Terentius Varro defined autumn as lasting from the third day before\n\ncelebrated in February or March, usually the week after it is celebrated in C\u00e1diz. A temporary building is erected by the river and during the appointed week there are various dramatic, satirical and musical events. The Six Taps Square (la Plaza de los Seis Grifos) is a particular centre of activity. Holy Week is celebrated during the week before Easter with religious processions through the streets starting on Palm Sunday through to Good Friday and Easter Sunday. Tuna Gastronomy week has been held since 2008 to celebrate the central role of tuna in the towns economy. It takes the form of a fair with temporary buildings, local trade stands and other attractions St John's Night, traditionally on 23 June during the evening, artificial figures of local outstanding people, national celebrities or politicians are burned, it is customary to go down to the beach to cool down after the bonfires. St.\n\nQuestion: What does the USA celebrate on the first Monday in September?", "output": "Labor Day"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Dubai Aerospace Enterprise Ltd (DAE) () is a global aviation services company and one of the largest aircraft leasing companies in the world. Headquartered in Dubai and with over 30 years in business, DAE's leasing and engineering divisions serve over 110 airline customers around the world from its seven locations in Dubai, Dublin, Singapore, New York, Miami, Seattle and Amman. DAE Engineering Located at the Queen Alia International Airport in Amman-Jordan, DAE's engineering division, Joramco has a facility offering maintenance, repair and overhaul services for aircraft from the Airbus, Boeing and Embraer fleets. DAE Capital DAE Capital specialises in aircraft leasing, financing and other management services. DAE Capital services over 110 customers in 55 countries across the globe. DAE Capital is the largest aircraft leasing firm in the Middle East. DAE Capital has an owned, managed, committed and mandated to manage fleet of approximately 425 Airbus, ATR and Boeing aircraft\n\n2004. After dredging was completed, the runway was expanded to allow larger planes to operate into the airfield. This renovation was the largest capital project ever undertaken in the territory at that time. Some of the highlights of the renovation and expansion project include: A new terminal building An enlarged flight apron A new control tower runway extension New airport road with expanded parking (150 parking stalls) There is a $20 departure tax for anyone over the age of five years. The airport houses the BVI Outstation of the Eastern Caribbean Civil Aviation Authority. Expansion In 2016 the Government announced an expansion of the airport to increase the runway size by 2,504 feet. This followed years of speculation and proposals; discussions about expansion and how to finance it were being undertaken in 2014. Although initial reports indicated that the United Kingdom had approved the necessary financial borrowing, later reports suggested\n\nDili Airport , officially Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport (, ), and formerly Comoro Airport (), is an international airport serving Dili, the capital city of East Timor. Since 2002, the airport has been named after Nicolau dos Reis Lobato (1946\u20131978), an East Timorese politician and national hero. Location The airport is located in the suco of , which is part of the Dom Aleixo administrative post, in the western suburbs of Dili. It faces the Ombai Strait to its north and west, and the Comoro River to its east. Its runway (08/26) runs broadly east-west. North of the airport, between the runway and Ombai Strait, is a residential zone that includes houses, a small area of agricultural land, a school, a church, and a cemetery. At the zone's northern edge is Beto Tasi Beach, a hidden stretch of shoreline known to the local community and also used for fishing.\n\nQuestion: Which eastern capital is served by Queen Alia airport", "output": "Amman"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Edward Seymour, Lord Beauchamp of Hache (21 September 1561 \u2013 July 1612) was an English nobleman who had a theoretically strong claim to the throne of England through his mother, Lady Katherine Grey, but his legitimacy was questioned. He was an ancestor of the dukes of Somerset. Origins He was the son of Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford (1539\u20131621), by his wife Lady Katherine Grey (died 1568), a younger sister of Lady Jane Grey, \"The Nine Days' Queen\". His grandfather was Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (executed 1552), all of whose titles became forfeit on his attainder by the Parliament of England, during the reign of his nephew King Edward VI (reigned 1547\u201353). His father was, however, re-elevated to the peerage in 1559 by Queen Elizabeth I (1558\u20131603), as Baron Beauchamp of Hache and Earl of Hertford. During the lifetime of his father, whom he predeceased, he was\n\nPeerage of England |Duke of Cornwall (1337)||None||1377||1399|| |- |Duke of Lancaster (1362)||John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster||1362||1399|| |- |Duke of York (1385)||Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York||1385||1402||New creation |- |Duke of Gloucester (1385)||Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester||1385||1397||New creation |- |Duke of Ireland (1386)||Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland||1386||1388||9th Earl of Oxford; Marquess of Dublin in 1386, letters patent cancelled few months later; New creation; attainted, when all his honours became forfeit |- |Earl of Surrey (1088)||Richard FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Surrey||1376||1397||11th Earl of Arundel |- |Earl of Warwick (1088)||Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick||1369||1401|| |- |Earl of Norfolk (1312)||Margaret, 2nd Countess of Norfolk||1375||1399|| |- |Earl of Kent (1321)||Joan of Kent||1352||1385||Died, title extinct |- |rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of March (1328)||Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March||1360||1381||Died |- |Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March||1381||1398|| |- |Earl of Devon (1335)||Edward de Courtenay, 3rd Earl of Devon||1377||1419|| |- |Earl of Salisbury (1337)||William\n\nBaron Carteret is a title that has been created twice in British history, once in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of Great Britain. The first creation came into the Peerage of England in 1681 when the fourteen-year-old Sir George Carteret, 2nd Baronet, was made Baron Carteret, of Hawnes in the County of Bedford (now Haynes Park). The peerage was originally proposed for his grandfather Sir George Carteret, 1st Baronet, a celebrated royalist statesman, but he died before he was granted the title and as his eldest son, Philip, predeceased him, it was eventually bestowed on his grandson, George, with remainder to the latter's brothers. The Baronetcy, of Metesches in the Island of Jersey, had been created for George Carteret in the Baronetage of England on 9 May 1645. Lord Carteret married Lady Grace Granville, daughter of John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath. In 1715 Lady Grace\n\nQuestion: The family seat of which English Duke is at Bradley House in Wiltshire, with a secondary estate at Berry Pomeroy in Totnes?", "output": "DUKE OF SOMERSET"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Apollo 11 (July 16\u201324, 1969) was the American spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the Apollo Lunar Module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC, and Armstrong became the first person to step onto the Moon's surface six hours and 39 minutes later, on July 21 at 02:56 UTC. Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later, and they spent about two and a quarter hours together exploring the site they had named Tranquility Base upon landing. Armstrong and Aldrin collected of lunar material to bring back to Earth as pilot Michael Collins flew the Command Module Columbia in lunar orbit, and were on the Moon's surface for 21 hours, 36 minutes before lifting off to rejoin Columbia. Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16 at\n\nThe Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which succeeded in preparing and landing the first humans on the Moon from 1968 to 1972. It was first conceived in 1960 during President Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-person spacecraft to follow the one-person Project Mercury, which put the first Americans in space. Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal for the 1960s of \"landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth\" in an address to Congress on May 25, 1961. It was the third US human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by the two-person Project Gemini conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo. Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin\n\nTracy's Rock, known as Split Rock or the Station 6 Boulder in the scientific literature, is a large boulder on the Moon which was visited by the Apollo 17 crew on December 13, 1972 at their Taurus-Littrow landing site. \"Tracy's Rock\" is its popular name. Examination Geologist-astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt and mission commander Eugene A. Cernan spent considerable time studying the rock and its vicinity at station 6 during their third Extravehicular Activity (EVA-3). \"Gene stepped to the northeast corner of fragment 1, put his left hand on the dust-covered shelf to support himself, and reached out as far as possible toward the center of the dusted area and swept the bag twice from his right to his left, leaving furrows and, at the lefthand end of each furrow, a small mound of dust where he stopped... A labeled detail from frame AS17-140-21496 shows the sample location, the area on\n\nQuestion: Which Apollo mission brought the first rocks and other material from the Moon?", "output": "Apollo 11"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In the U.S. state of Arizona, Interstate 10 (I\u201110), the major east\u2013west Interstate Highway in the United States Sun Belt, runs east from California, enters Arizona near the town of Ehrenberg and continues through Phoenix and Tucson and exits at the border with New Mexico near San Simon. The highway also runs through the cities of Casa Grande, Eloy, and Marana. Segments of the highway are referred to as either the Papago Freeway, Inner Loop, or Maricopa Freeway within the Phoenix area and the Pearl Harbor Memorial Highway outside metro Phoenix. Route description I-10 through Arizona is designated a \"Purple Heart Trail\", after those wounded in combat who receive the Purple Heart. The western terminus is located at the California border at the Colorado River in La Paz County where I-10 continues westward into California towards Los Angeles. Here, the same physical road is signed as both I\u201110 and U.S.\n\nCalifornia is a state in the Western United States. With over 38.9million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state, the third-largest U.S. state by area, and the most populated subnational entity in North America. California borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, and the Mexican state of Baja California to the south; it has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the west. The Greater Los Angeles and San Francisco Bay areas in California are the nation's second and fifth-most populous urban regions, respectively. Greater Los Angeles has over 18.7 million residents and the San Francisco Bay Area has over 9.6 million residents. Los Angeles is the state's most populous city and the nation's second-most populous city. San Francisco is the second-most densely populated major city in the country. Los Angeles County is the country's most populous county,\n\nArizona's 7th congressional district is a congressional district located in the U.S. state of Arizona. The district stretches along the Mexico\u2013United States border and includes the western third of Tucson, parts of Yuma and Nogales, as well as Avondale and Tolleson in Metro Phoenix. It is currently represented by Democrat Ra\u00fal Grijalva. History 2003\u20132013 Arizona picked up a seventh district after the 2000 census. Situated in the southwestern part of the state, it included all of Yuma County and parts of La Paz, Maricopa, Pima, Pinal, and Santa Cruz counties. For all intents and purposes, it was the successor to what had been the 2nd district\u2014the former seat of longtime congressman Mo Udall\u2013from 1951 to 2003. The district was larger than Rhode Island, Delaware, Hawaii, Connecticut and New Jersey combined. It included 300 miles of the U.S. border with Mexico. It was home to seven sovereign Native American nations: the\n\nQuestion: What is the second biggest city in Arizona?", "output": "Tucson"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "(e.g., chess and backgammon), the best letter game readily available was Anagrams. Around that time, he was reading \"The Gold-Bug\" by Edgar Allan Poe and noticed a line containing the English letter distribution. This gave him an epiphany: Anagrams would be more fun if the most common letters in English were more common in the game. He carefully analyzed letter frequencies in newspapers and other printed works to determine the ideal letter distribution for the game. With a few other changes, he named his project Lexiko. The game design was rejected by games manufacturers such as Parker Brothers and Milton Bradley, but Butts was able to sell copies on his own, though not enough to recoup his development expenses. In 1938, he began work on a board game based on Lexiko, which he called Criss-Cross Words, which was eventually renamed Scrabble. References External links NPR: history of Scrabble and Lexiko\n\nSo Long Sucker is a board game invented in 1950 by Mel Hausner, John Nash, Lloyd Shapley, and Martin Shubik. It is a four-person bargaining/economic strategy game. Each player begins the game with seven chips, and in the course of play, attempts to acquire all the other players' chips. This requires making agreements with the other players, which are ultimately unenforceable. To win, players must eventually go back on such agreements. The game takes approximately 60 minutes to play. Rules The rules are as follows: Starting a game: Four players are required. Each player takes seven chips of one color (so that each player has their own distinct color), and all chips must remain visible at all times. One player is randomly selected as the first player to move. Playing the game: If a player has a chip that is not their color, it is referred to as their prisoner.\n\nBoard games are tabletop games that typically use . These pieces are moved or placed on a pre-marked board (playing surface) and often include elements of table, card, role-playing, and miniatures games as well. Many board games feature a competition between two or more players. To show a few examples: in checkers (British English name 'draughts'), a player wins by capturing all opposing pieces, while Eurogames often end with a calculation of final scores. Pandemic is a cooperative game where players all win or lose as a team, and peg solitaire is a puzzle for one person. There are many varieties of board games. Their representation of real-life situations can range from having no inherent theme, such as checkers, to having a specific theme and narrative, such as Cluedo. Rules can range from the very simple, such as in snakes and ladders; to deeply complex, as in Advanced Squad Leader.\n\nQuestion: Alfred Butts created which board game in 1938?", "output": "Scrabble"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Queen Elizabeth Sixth Form College, or QE as it is commonly known, is a sixth form college on Vane Terrace in Darlington, County Durham, England. It educates nearly 2000 students from Darlington and the surrounding areas with students coming from Stockton, Richmond, Newton Aycliffe and elsewhere. It is situated near the town centre, next to Stanhope Park. History It was established in 1970 on the site of the old Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, designed by George Gordon Hoskins. The original educational establishment was commissioned by Queen Elizabeth I, hence the name. Much of the building was refurbished following a fire in 1987 and on 17 April 1991, the Duchess of Kent opened the library. In 2004 a large extension was completed, the Trinity building, including a new sports hall, art department and atrium study area, increasing the capacity of students. In 2012 another extension was completed with the Stanhope building,\n\nMargaret Joy Gelling, (n\u00e9e Midgley; 29 November 1924 \u2013 24 April 2009) was an English toponymist, known for her extensive studies of English place-names. She served as President of the English Place-Name Society from 1986 to 1998, and Vice-President of the International Council of Onomastic Sciences from 1993 to 1999, as well as being a Fellow of St Hilda's College, Oxford, She was an elected fellow of both the Society of Antiquaries of London and the British Academy. Born in Manchester and raised in Kent, she studied at St Hilda's College, becoming involved in socialist activism. She proceeded to work for the English Place-Name Society from 1946 to 1953, focusing her research on the place-names of Oxfordshire and Berkshire. Marrying archaeologist Peter Gelling of the University of Birmingham in 1952, she moved to Harborne in Birmingham while undertaking her PhD research into the place-names of West Berkshire. Lecturing on the\n\nbanks authorised to issue banknotes in the United Kingdom, has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, and regulates the issuance of banknotes by commercial banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland. The bank's Monetary Policy Committee has devolved responsibility for managing monetary policy. The Treasury has reserve powers to give orders to the committee \"if they are required in the public interest and by extreme economic circumstances\", but Parliament must endorse such orders within 28 days. In addition, the bank's Financial Policy Committee was set up in 2011 as a macroprudential regulator to oversee the UK's financial sector. The bank's headquarters have been in London's main financial district, the City of London, on Threadneedle Street, since 1734. It is sometimes known as \"The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street\", a name taken from a satirical cartoon by James Gillray in 1797. The road junction outside is known\n\nQuestion: \"What British institution has the nickname \"\"The Old Lady Of Threadneedle Street\"\"?\"", "output": "The Bank Of England"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Friedrichsruh () is a district in the municipality of Aum\u00fchle, Herzogtum Lauenburg district, Schleswig-Holstein, in northern Germany. Friedrichsruh manor is known as a residence of the princely House of Bismarck, mainly of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck from 1871 onwards. History In the 18th century, the extended Sachsenwald forest in Saxe-Lauenburg east of Hamburg was a favoured hunting ground for Count Frederick of Lippe (1706\u20131781). In 1763 he had a lodge erected in the woods, named Friedrichsruh (\"Frederick's Rest\"), which upon his death changed hands several times. In the early 19th century, the premises were rebuilt as a country inn and guesthouse, which after the opening of the Hamburg-Berlin railway line running nearby became a popular destination for Hamburg citizens. After the victory over France and the German unification of 1871, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck received the Sachsenwald estates as a present from Emperor William I. Bismarck had the former inn\n\nAlbert the Bear (; 1100 \u2013 18 November 1170) was the first margrave of Brandenburg from 1157 to his death and was briefly duke of Saxony between 1138 and 1142. Life Albert was the only son of Otto, Count of Ballenstedt, and Eilika, daughter of Magnus Billung, Duke of Saxony. He inherited his father's valuable estates in northern Saxony in 1123, and on his mother's death, in 1142, succeeded to one-half of the lands of the house of Billung. Albert was a loyal vassal of his relation, Lothar I, Duke of Saxony, from whom, about 1123, he received the Margraviate of Lusatia, to the east; after Lothar became King of the Germans, he accompanied him on a disastrous expedition to Bohemia against the upstart, Sob\u011bslav I, Duke of Bohemia in 1126 at the Battle of Kulm, where he suffered a short imprisonment. Albert's entanglements in Saxony stemmed from his desire\n\nA Bismarck tower () is a specific type of monument built according to a more or less standard model across Germany to honour its first chancellor, Otto von Bismarck (d. 1898). A total of 234 of these towers were inventoried by Kloss and Seele in 2007 but more have been discovered since making the total around 240. These towers were built between 1869 and 1934 and some 173 remain today. Quite a few of these towers, including all 47 based on Wilhelm Kreis's G\u00f6tterd\u00e4mmerung design, were built as so-called Bismarck Columns (Bismarcks\u00e4ulen) or were converted into them. This description goes back to the Student Union's competition held in 1899, which was to encourage the erection of as many beacons as possible (and not observation towers). But other Bismarck towers, e.g., those that were purely beacons with no observation function, were often called Bismarck columns. History The world's first Bismarck tower\n\nQuestion: What was the name of the German Chancellor, the primary force behind the unification of Germany 1871, who also had a famous battleship named after him?", "output": "Otto von Bismarck"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Edward Seymour, Lord Beauchamp of Hache (21 September 1561 \u2013 July 1612) was an English nobleman who had a theoretically strong claim to the throne of England through his mother, Lady Katherine Grey, but his legitimacy was questioned. He was an ancestor of the dukes of Somerset. Origins He was the son of Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford (1539\u20131621), by his wife Lady Katherine Grey (died 1568), a younger sister of Lady Jane Grey, \"The Nine Days' Queen\". His grandfather was Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (executed 1552), all of whose titles became forfeit on his attainder by the Parliament of England, during the reign of his nephew King Edward VI (reigned 1547\u201353). His father was, however, re-elevated to the peerage in 1559 by Queen Elizabeth I (1558\u20131603), as Baron Beauchamp of Hache and Earl of Hertford. During the lifetime of his father, whom he predeceased, he was\n\nPeerage of England |Duke of Cornwall (1337)||None||1377||1399|| |- |Duke of Lancaster (1362)||John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster||1362||1399|| |- |Duke of York (1385)||Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York||1385||1402||New creation |- |Duke of Gloucester (1385)||Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester||1385||1397||New creation |- |Duke of Ireland (1386)||Robert de Vere, Duke of Ireland||1386||1388||9th Earl of Oxford; Marquess of Dublin in 1386, letters patent cancelled few months later; New creation; attainted, when all his honours became forfeit |- |Earl of Surrey (1088)||Richard FitzAlan, 9th Earl of Surrey||1376||1397||11th Earl of Arundel |- |Earl of Warwick (1088)||Thomas de Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick||1369||1401|| |- |Earl of Norfolk (1312)||Margaret, 2nd Countess of Norfolk||1375||1399|| |- |Earl of Kent (1321)||Joan of Kent||1352||1385||Died, title extinct |- |rowspan=\"2\"|Earl of March (1328)||Edmund Mortimer, 3rd Earl of March||1360||1381||Died |- |Roger Mortimer, 4th Earl of March||1381||1398|| |- |Earl of Devon (1335)||Edward de Courtenay, 3rd Earl of Devon||1377||1419|| |- |Earl of Salisbury (1337)||William\n\nBaron Carteret is a title that has been created twice in British history, once in the Peerage of England and once in the Peerage of Great Britain. The first creation came into the Peerage of England in 1681 when the fourteen-year-old Sir George Carteret, 2nd Baronet, was made Baron Carteret, of Hawnes in the County of Bedford (now Haynes Park). The peerage was originally proposed for his grandfather Sir George Carteret, 1st Baronet, a celebrated royalist statesman, but he died before he was granted the title and as his eldest son, Philip, predeceased him, it was eventually bestowed on his grandson, George, with remainder to the latter's brothers. The Baronetcy, of Metesches in the Island of Jersey, had been created for George Carteret in the Baronetage of England on 9 May 1645. Lord Carteret married Lady Grace Granville, daughter of John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath. In 1715 Lady Grace\n\nQuestion: The family seat of which English Duke is at Bradley House in Wiltshire, with a secondary estate at Berry Pomeroy in Totnes?", "output": "DUKE OF SOMERSET"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Flush: A Biography, an imaginative biography of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's cocker spaniel, is a cross-genre blend of fiction and nonfiction by Virginia Woolf published in 1933. Written after the completion of her emotionally draining The Waves, the work returned Woolf to the imaginative consideration of English history that she had begun in Orlando: A Biography, and to which she would return in Between the Acts. Themes Commonly read as a modernist consideration of city life seen through the eyes of a dog, Flush serves as a harsh criticism of the supposedly unnatural ways of living in the city. The figure of Elizabeth Barrett Browning in the text is often read as an analogue for other female intellectuals, like Woolf herself, who suffered from illness, feigned or real, as a part of their status as female writers. Most insightful and experimental are Woolf's emotional and philosophical views verbalised in Flush's thoughts.\n\nher husband, Robert Browning. From this material, Woolf creates a biography that works on three levels. It is overtly a biography of a dog's life. Since this dog is of interest primarily for its owner, the work is also an impressionistic biography of Elizabeth Barrett during the most dramatic years of her life. At this level, Flush mostly recapitulates the romantic legend of Barrett Browning's life: early confinement by a mysterious illness and a doting but tyrannical father; a passionate romance with an equally talented poet; an elopement that permanently estranges the father, but which allows Barrett Browning to find happiness and health in Italy. On a third level, the book gives Woolf an opportunity to return to some of her most frequent topics: the glory and misery of London; the Victorian mindset; class differences; and the ways in which women oppressed by \"fathers and tyrants\" may find freedom. Woolf\n\nexperiment with a non-human perspective. In places the novella plays with realism by allowing Flush an improbable amount of perception for a canine (Flush seems to grasp some idea of social class in humans, a concept recurrently criticized in the story as he becomes more \"democratic\" later in life), and can \"talk\" to other dogs on the street. At other times the reader is forced to interpret events from the dog's limited knowledge (Flush sees her owner agitated over markings on a paper and cannot understand that she is in love). For material, Woolf drew primarily on Barrett Browning's two poems on dogs (\"To Flush, My Dog\" and \"Flush or Faunus\") and on the published correspondence of the poet and her husband, Robert Browning. From this material, Woolf creates a biography that works on three levels. It is overtly a biography of a dog's life. Since this dog is of\n\nQuestion: What was the name of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's dog to whom she famously addressed a poem?", "output": "Flush"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Boston Tea Party was an American political and mercantile protest on December 16, 1773 by the Sons of Liberty in Boston in colonial Massachusetts. The target was the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, which allowed the British East India Company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying taxes apart from those imposed by the Townshend Acts. The Sons of Liberty strongly opposed the taxes in the Townshend Act as a violation of their rights. In response, the Sons of Liberty, some disguised as Native Americans, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company. The demonstrators boarded the ships and threw the chests of tea into the Boston Harbor. The British government considered the protest an act of treason and responded harshly. The episode escalated into the American Revolution, becoming an iconic event of American history. Since then other political protests such\n\nconsidered the protest an act of treason and responded harshly. The episode escalated into the American Revolution, becoming an iconic event of American history. Since then other political protests such as the Tea Party movement have referred to themselves as historical successors to the Boston protest of 1773. The Tea Party was the culmination of a resistance movement throughout British America against the Tea Act, a tax passed by the British Parliament in 1773. Colonists objected to the Tea Act believing it violated their rights as Englishmen to \"no taxation without representation\", that is, to be taxed only by their own elected representatives and not by a parliament in which they were not represented. The well-connected East India Company also had been granted competitive advantages over colonial tea importers, who resented the move and feared additional infringement on their business. Protesters had prevented the unloading of tea in three other\n\nsettlement, and taxation, including the Stamp and Townshend Acts. Resulting British military occupation led to the Boston Massacre in 1770, which strengthened American Patriots' desire for independence from Britain. The British responded by repealing earlier taxation measures, but in 1773, the British Parliament adopted the Tea Act to demonstrate supremacy, a measure which led to the Boston Tea Party on December 16, 1773. In response, the British Parliament imposed the Intolerable Acts in mid-1774, closed Boston Harbor, and revoked Massachusetts' charter, which placed the colony under the British monarchy's direct governance. These measures rallied the other colonies, 12 of which sent delegates to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in early September 1774 to protest the measures and deliberate on potential responses. The Congress drafted a Petition to the King asking for peace, and threatened a boycott of British goods known as the Continental Association if the Intolerable Acts were\n\nQuestion: What is the often used name of the political protest of throwing a beverage into a harbour in December 1773?", "output": "The Boston Tea Party"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha ('the awakened'), was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist tradition, he was born in Lumbini, in what is now Nepal, to royal parents of the Shakya clan, but renounced his home life to live as a wandering ascetic (). After leading a life of mendicancy, asceticism, and meditation, he attained enlightenment at Bodh Gaya in what is now India. The Buddha thereafter wandered through the lower Indo-Gangetic Plain, teaching and building a monastic order. He taught a Middle Way between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism, leading to Nirvana, that is, freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth, and suffering. His teachings are summarized in the Noble Eightfold Path, a training of the mind that includes ethical training and meditative practices such as sense restraint, kindness\n\nin that school, she graduated before her age 20 from the women's college which Karve had also started. At both of those institutions, progressive ideas of Karve and his teaching colleagues like Vaman Malhar Joshi highly influenced her thinking. After college education, Balutai joined the teaching staff of Pune's Kanya Shala, which again was a girls' school being run under Karve's guidance. In 1936, she left that high school in the position of its headmistress to take up a government job as an administrator of a \"settlement\" for certain tribes identified as \"criminal\" tribes by the British government ruling over India at that time. She met and married Vishram Bedekar in 1938, and took the name Malati Vishram Bedekar. She left the government job in 1940 to take up writing, voluntary social services, and participation in socialist political activities. She chaired a \"parallel\" Sahitya Sammelan (\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924\u094d\u092f \u0938\u092e\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0932\u0928) which was held\n\nAmitabh Bachchan (; born as Amitabh Srivastava; 11 October 1942) is an Indian actor, film producer, television host, occasional playback singer and former politician, who works in Hindi cinema. In a film career spanning over five decades, he has starred in more than 200 films. Bachchan is widely regarded as one of the most successful and influential actors in the history of Indian cinema. He is referred to as the Shahenshah of Bollywood, Sadi Ke Mahanayak (Hindi for, \"Greatest actor of the century\"), Star of the Millennium, or Big B. His dominance in the Indian movie scenario during the 1970s80s made the French director Fran\u00e7ois Truffaut call it a \"one-man industry\". Bachchan was born in 1942 in Allahabad (now Prayagraj) to the Hindi poet Harivansh Rai Bachchan and his wife, the social activist Teji Bachchan. He was educated at Sherwood College, Nainital, and Kirori Mal College, University of Delhi. His\n\nQuestion: Siddhartha Gautama became better known as who?", "output": "Buddha"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Steers is a South African quick-service restaurant brand, serving burgers and chips. Other menu items include chicken burgers, ribs as well as ice cream, milkshakes and chicken & salads among other things. History The history of the company revolves around the Halamandaris family, whose members are still part of the executive team today, with extensive experience in the food and franchising industries. Steers founder, George Halamandress, created the original Milky Lane ice cream parlours, followed in quick succession by the first South African steakhouse (the Rosebank Golden Spur), the Seven Steers steakhouse in Highlands North and the Black Steer in Yeoville in the early 1960s. He was also one of the first entrepreneurs to bring the franchising concept to South Africa. After Uncle George died in 1984, leadership of the chain passed to his nephews Peter, Theo, and their brother, Perry, as well as to Uncle George's youngest son, John.\n\nMiami Grill, formerly Miami Subs Grill, is a privately held restaurant chain, based in the US state of Florida. The chain has approximately 30 locations, the majority of which are in Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach County Florida. The company's menu consists of such items as wings, philly cheesesteak sandwiches, and Gyros along with items from Arthur Treacher's and Nathan's Famous hot dogs, all of which operate co-branding agreements with Miami Grill, and which were corporate siblings of Miami Subs from 1999 to 2007. History Founding The founder of the company, Gus Boulis, helped build the Mr. Submarine, now known as Mr. Sub, restaurant chain in Canada from a single location to over 200 locations, after which he retired to Florida. In 1980, he opened another restaurant in Key West called Mr. Submarine, which later expanded into Miami Subs Grill, offering a greater variety of food, all cooked to order.\n\nZantigo is an American fast food restaurant chain serving Mexican food. It began operation in 1969 in Minneapolis, Minnesota as Zapata. With over 80 locations at its peak, Zantigo was sold to Taco Bell in 1986. Zantigo was re-established a decade later under new ownership in the Twin Cities market. Original Zantigo chain (1969\u20131987) Zantigo was founded in 1969 as Zapata by Marno McDermott, who would later be the co-founder of another Mexican chain, Chi-Chi's. In 1974, McDermott sold Zapata to Heublein, owners at the time of KFC. (Zapata's home Mexican food product line was renamed Ortega at this time.) In 1976, the chain of Zapata Mexican fast-food restaurants was renamed Zantigo. The chain grew rapidly in this period. Television ads for Zantigo featured a Mexican-American narrator with an accent who ended the commercials with the tag line, \"Zantigo \u2013 you'll be back, amigo.\" In 1977, it was reported that\n\nQuestion: Which fast food chain was founded by Harland Saunders in 1930?", "output": "KFC"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the United Kingdom has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest forty-eight times. Thus far, the United Kingdom has won the contest five times: in 1967 with the song \"Puppet on a String\" performed by Sandie Shaw, in 1969 with the song \"Boom Bang-a-Bang\" performed by Lulu, in 1976 with the song \"Save Your Kisses for Me\" performed by Brotherhood of Man, in 1981 with the song \"Making Your Mind Up\" performed by Bucks Fizz and in 1997 with the song \"Love Shine a Light\" performed by Katrina and the Waves. To this point, the nation is noted for having finished as the runner-up in a record fifteen contests. Up to and including 1998, the UK had only twice finished outside the top 10, in 1978 and 1987. Since 1999, the year in which the rule was abandoned that songs must be performed in one of the official languages of the\n\nThe Eurovision Song Contest 2007 was the 52nd edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Helsinki, Finland, following the country's victory at the with the song \"Hard Rock Hallelujah\" by Lordi. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster (YLE), the contest was held at the Hartwall Areena, and consisted of a semi-final on 10 May, and a final on 12 May 2007. The two live shows were presented by Finnish television presenter Jaana Pelkonen and musician and TV-host Mikko Leppilampi. In addition, Krisse Salminen acted as guest host in the green room, and reported from the crowds at the Senate Square. Forty-two countries participated in the contest - three more than the previous record of thirty-nine, that took part in . The EBU decided to put aside its limit of 40 countries, which would have meant excluding some countries using a ranking order scheme.\n\nat the first contest in 1956, but had submitted its application past the deadline and was, therefore, not allowed to compete. Denmark was the first Nordic country to take part in the contest, with Sweden, Norway and Finland following soon after. Iceland, however, did not take part until 1986. Denmark's first participants were Birthe Wilke and Gustav Winckler, who sang the song \"\". Their performance was controversial as, at the end of the song, the couple performed an 11-second kiss, which caused outcry in some countries. Nevertheless, the performance achieved third place. First victory Denmark won the contest for the first time in 1963, when Grethe and J\u00f8rgen Ingmann sang \"\". The victory, however, was controversial. When Norway announced its votes, the presenter Katie Boyle had to correct the spokesperson and said that she would call them again later. Viewers around Europe could then see the votes had been changed,\n\nQuestion: To within 1 year either side, in what year did the UK first win the Eurovision Song Contest?", "output": "1967"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country located in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. With an area of and a population of 17.5 million as of 2017, Chile shares borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. The country also controls several Pacific islands, including Juan Fern\u00e1ndez, Isla Salas y G\u00f3mez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island, and claims about of Antarctica as the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The capital and largest city of Chile is Santiago, and the national language is Spanish. Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century, replacing Inca rule, but failed to conquer the independent Mapuche people who inhabited what is now south-central Chile. Chile\n\nThe Andes ( ), Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18\u00b0S \u2013 20\u00b0S latitude), and has an average height of about . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. Along their length, the Andes are split into several ranges, separated by intermediate depressions. The Andes are the location of several high plateaus\u2014some of which host major cities such as Quito, Bogot\u00e1, Cali, Arequipa, Medell\u00edn, Bucaramanga, Sucre, M\u00e9rida, El Alto and La Paz. The Altiplano Plateau is the world's second-highest after the Tibetan Plateau. These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate: the Tropical Andes, the Dry Andes, and the Wet Andes. The Andes\n\nColombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country mostly in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogot\u00e1 is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urbes include Medell\u00edn, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, C\u00facuta, Ibagu\u00e9, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage\u2014including language, religion, cuisine, and art\u2014reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by mass immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those\n\nQuestion: Which South American country has borders with all other South American countries apart from Ecuador and Chile?", "output": "Brazil"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Atelocerata is a proposed clade of arthropods that includes Hexapoda (insects and a few related taxa) and Myriapoda (millipedes, centipedes, and similar taxa), but excludes Crustacea (such as shrimp and lobsters) and Chelicerata (such as spiders and horseshoe crabs). The name is currently used interchangeably with Tracheata. or Uniramia sensu stricto. It is an extensive division of arthropods comprising all those that breathe by tracheae, as distinguished from Crustacea, which breathe by means of gills. The name Tracheata is an older term, originally proposed by Ernst Haeckel in 1866 as a grouping of arachnids, myriapods and insects. Tracheata was redefined to exclude arachnids by Pocock in 1893.(reviewed in Koenemann et al) The name Atelocerata was first proposed by Richard Heymons in 1901, and the two names are considered equivalent. The status of Atelocerata as a true clade is now doubted by molecular phylogenetic studies. Some recent authors have viewed the\n\nThe Micropezidae are a moderate-sized family of acalyptrate muscoid flies in the insect order Diptera, comprising about 500 species in about 50 genera and five subfamilies worldwide, (except New Zealand and Macquarie Island). They are most diverse in tropical and subtropical habitats, especially in the Neotropical Region. Insects in this family are commonly called stilt-legged flies, after their characteristically long legs. The fore legs are markedly smaller than the other pairs. Mostly, they are long-bodied, often black flies, usually with infuscated (darkened) wings. Wings are reduced in the genera Calycopteryx and entirely absent in the ant-like Badisis ambulans. Description For terms see Morphology of Diptera Very slender, small to large (3\u201316 mm) flies, they have long, thin legs and narrow wings. The head is small and elongated or rounded. The antennae are small and the arista is bare or pubescent. Ocelli are present, but ocellar bristles are absent. Vibrissae are\n\nAncylopoda is a group of browsing, herbivorous, mammals in the Perissodactyla that show long, curved and cleft claws. Morphological evidence indicates the Ancylopoda diverged from the tapirs, rhinoceroses and horses (Euperissodactyla) after the Brontotheria; however, earlier authorities such as Osborn sometimes considered the Ancylopoda to be outside Perissodactyla or, as was popular more recently, to be related to Brontotheriidae. Macrotherium, which is typically from the middle Miocene of Sansan, in Gers, France, may indicate a distinct genus. Limb-bones resembling those of Macrotherium, but relatively stouter, have been described from the Pliocene beds of Attica and Samos as Ancylotherium. In the Americas, the names Morothorium and Moropus have been applied to similar bones, in the belief that they indicated Xenarthrans. Macrotherium magnum must have been an animal of about nine feet in length. References Chalicotheres Eocene first appearances Pleistocene extinctions\n\nQuestion: Diplopodology is the study of which many-legged arthropods?", "output": "Millipede"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Jump (For My Love)\" is an electro-pop song by American vocal group the Pointer Sisters, released on April 11, 1984, as the third single from their tenth studio album Break Out (1983). The song hit the top ten on the US Billboard Hot 100, R&B, and Dance charts, and it was the best-selling American dance single of 1984, sold as a trio of songs including \"I Need You\" and \"Automatic\". The song features June Pointer on lead vocals and scored global chart success. Girls Aloud remade the song as \"Jump\", which saw a release in November 2003. History \"Jump (For My Love)\" features June Pointer on lead vocals. It was co-written by regular collaborators Marti Sharron, Gary Skardina, and Stephen Mitchell. Skardina and Mitchell were responsible for the chord progressions, melody, and arrangement while Sharron's focus was on the lyrics and melody. According to Sharron the instrumental track for the\n\nEddie\" were top ten hits on the UK Indie Chart in 1980. The \"group\" ceased activity after 1980, but film director John Hughes was so taken with it that their rendition of \"Red River Rock\" (in a re-recorded version) can be heard in the film soundtrack of the Steve Martin and John Candy film Planes, Trains, and Automobiles. It was also issued as a single in 1988 in both the US and the UK. The band's rendition of \"You Really Got Me\" was featured on a compilation album of new wave songs put out by French covers band Nouvelle Vague. The group is the subject of a song called \"Silicon Teens\" by The Pulsars on their 1997 album, Pulsars. Discography Albums Music for Parties (September 1980) \u2013 UK Indie No. 4 Singles \"Memphis Tennessee\" / \"Let's Dance\" (August 1979) \"Judy in Disguise\" / \"Chip 'n' Roll\" \u2013 UK Indie No.\n\nproducer to the singer's 1100 Bel Air Place album - \"Jump\" did become the final song slated for the Pointer Sister's 1983 album release Break Out. Despite being one of the last songs recorded for the album, \"Jump (For My Love)\" would be the first song on the album's song listing. It would be released as the album's third single, with the ballad \"I Need You\" being the first single, which continued the Pointer Sisters' presence at R&B radio. Automatic\" eventually became the album's second single as it had enjoyed dance club airplay as an album cut and the record company wanted to capitalize on that. \"Automatic\" returned the Pointer Sisters to top ten after a three-year absence. \"Jump...\" became the most successful US single off of Break Out upon its release as the album's third single in April 1984. \"Jump\" ascended to a peak of #3 on both the\n\nQuestion: \"Which sibling trio had top ten hits in 1984 with \"\"Automatic\"\" and \"\"Jump\"\"?\"", "output": "Pointer Sisters"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"The Sopranos\", also known as \"Pilot\", is the first episode of the HBO television drama series, The Sopranos, which premiered on January 10, 1999. It was written and directed by the series creator and executive producer David Chase. Synopsis In the summer of 1998, New Jersey mobster Tony Soprano, a capo in the DiMeo crime family, is referred to a psychiatrist, Dr. Jennifer Melfi, after having a panic attack. Tony tells Melfi he is a waste management consultant, but she knows who he actually is. After Melfi establishes what will and will not fall under doctor-patient confidentiality, Tony begins to partly open up. Tony has recently been dealing with tensions between his wife Carmela and teenage daughter Meadow, as well as trying to keep his nephew, Christopher Moltisanti, in check. Tony's uncle, Corrado \"Junior\" Soprano, resents Tony for rising in the family hierarchy while he himself is in decline. Tony\n\n\"Two Tonys\" is the 53rd episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos and the first of the show's fifth season. Written by David Chase and Terence Winter, it was directed by Tim Van Patten and originally aired on March 7, 2004. Starring James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano Lorraine Bracco as Dr. Jennifer Melfi Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano Michael Imperioli as Christopher Moltisanti Dominic Chianese as Corrado Soprano, Jr. Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante Tony Sirico as Paulie Gualtieri Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano, Jr. Jamie-Lynn DiScala as Meadow Soprano Drea de Matteo as Adriana La Cerva Aida Turturro as Janice Soprano Baccalieri Steven R. Schirripa as Bobby Baccalieri Vincent Curatola as Johnny Sack Steve Buscemi as Tony Blundetto** ** = photo only Guest starring ** = photo only Synopsis Janice and Bobby Baccalieri are now married. A year after his separation, Tony is living in his mother's\n\n(Miss USA, of Massachusetts). She gave up her title to Shelley Hennig of Louisiana in Palm Springs on August 6, 2004. Miss California USA 2009 In the summer of 2008, she won the title of Miss Malibu USA 2009 and competed at the 2009 Miss California USA Pageant where she finished as first runner up to the winner Carrie Prejean. On June 10, 2009, she became Miss California USA 2009 after Prejean was sacked by Donald Trump. Prejean had created controversy by saying marriage should be reserved for a man and a woman during the interview portion of the Miss USA 2009 pageant. When asked about the controversy in 2009, Farrell, who is a Christian, stated that she believes that marriage is between a man and a woman but added \"I don't think that I have the right or anybody has a right to tell somebody who they can or\n\nQuestion: In the US television show \u2018The Sopranos\u2019, what did Janice Soprano change her name to after joining an ashram in Los Angeles?", "output": "Parvati Wasatch"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "__notoc__ The Madison Avenue Bridge is a four-lane swing bridge crossing the Harlem River in New York City, connecting Madison Avenue in Manhattan with East 138th Street in the Bronx. It was designed by Alfred P. Boller and built in 1910, doubling the capacity of an earlier swing bridge built in 1884. The bridge is operated and maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation. For 2011, the NYCDOT reported an average daily traffic volume in both directions of 41,423; having reached a peak of 49,487 in 2002. Between 2000 and 2014, the bridge opened for vessels 69 times. Events The bridge is part of the course for the annual New York City Marathon. The runners cross from Manhattan to the Bronx via the Willis Avenue Bridge, follow a short course through the South Bronx, and then return to Manhattan for the race's final leg via the Madison Avenue\n\nBroadway () is a road in the U.S. state of New York. Broadway runs from State Street at Bowling Green for through the borough of Manhattan and through the Bronx, exiting north from New York City to run an additional through the Westchester County municipalities of Yonkers, Hastings-On-Hudson, Dobbs Ferry, Irvington, and Tarrytown, and terminating north of Sleepy Hollow. It is the oldest north\u2013south main thoroughfare in New York City, with much of the current street beginning as the Wickquasgeck trail before the arrival of Europeans. This then formed the basis for one of the primary thoroughfares of the Dutch New Amsterdam colony, which continued under British rule, although most of it did not bear its current name until the late 19th century. Broadway in Manhattan is known widely as the heart of the American commercial theatrical industry, and is used as a metonym for it, as well as in\n\nThe Bronx () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Bronx County, in the U.S. state of New York. It is south of Westchester County; north and east of the New York City borough of Manhattan, across the Harlem River; and north of the New York City borough of Queens, across the East River. The Bronx has a land area of and a population of 1,472,654 in the 2020 census. If each borough were ranked as a city, the Bronx would rank as the ninth-most-populous in the U.S. Of the five boroughs, it has the fourth-largest area, fourth-highest population, and third-highest population density. It is the only borough of New York City not primarily on an island. With a population that is 54.8% Hispanic as of 2020, it is the only majority-Hispanic county in the Northeastern United States and the fourth-most-populous nationwide. The Bronx is divided by the\n\nQuestion: Through how many of the 5 boroughs of New York City does the New York marathon run?", "output": "5"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Jebel ech Chambi ( Jabal ash-Sha\u2018\u0101nab\u012b; also Mount Ash-Sha'nabi) is a mountain peak in Tunisia. It has an elevation of and is the highest mountain in the country. It stands above the city of Kasserine in western central Tunisia. The summit is covered by a pine forest and is part of Chambi National Park. Description Jebel ech Chambi is a peak of the Monts de T\u00e9bessa at the eastern end of the Atlas Mountains in the centre-west of Tunisia, north-west of the city of Kasserine and a few kilometres from the Algerian border. It can be reached by a track suitable for all-terrain vehicles to an altitude of . Afterwards, a two-hour hike provides access to the summit. It was Les Scouts Tunisiens, in the aftermath of the country's independence in 1956, who placed a metal crescent, a symbol of Islam, to mark their ascent. This limestone mountain is deeply\n\nJezerc\u00eb ( 'Jezerca') is the highest peak in the Dinaric Alps, the fourth highest in Albania and the sixth highest in the Balkans, standing at above sea level. It is the 28th most prominent mountain peak in Europe, and is regarded as one of the toughest and most dangerous climbs in the Albanian Alps. Etymology The toponym Jezerca derives from the slavic word jezero, meaning \"lake\", in reference to the cirque lakes in the lower part of the Buni i Jezerc\u00ebs on the northern side of the mountain. During communist rule, it was given the name Maja e Rinis\u00eb (), which never stuck. Geology Jezerc\u00eb is situated within the Accursed Mountains range, which is noted for several small glaciers - among the southernmost glacial masses in Europe after Snezhnika glacier (latitude of 41\u00b046\u203209\u2033 N) and Banski Suhodol Glacier in Pirin mountain in Bulgaria. Apart from certain areas north of the\n\nBzyb Mountain Range (, Ageish'kha; ) is a mountain range in Abkhazia on the southern slope of the western part of Greater Caucasus. The ridge is about 50 km long. Geography The Bzyb Range's length is about 50 km and elevation is up to 3,033 m, it is made mainly of limestone with pronounced karst landscape. It is bounded by the valley of the Bzyb River from the north and west and partially by the valley of Kelasuri River, which separates it from the Abkhaz Range. The highest point is mountain Khimsa (3032 m), the second highest is Mount Dzishra (2623 m). There are a number of passes, including Dow - 1387 m, Himsa - 2454 m, Gudauta. The ridge contains many karst wells, mines and caves. From the north and west it is delimited by the Bzyb river valley, from the east - by a slight depression behind the\n\nQuestion: Which mountain range extends through Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria, with its highest peak at Mount Jebel Toubkal?", "output": "Atlas Mountains"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "candles are traditionally white, though other Christmas-themed colors have become popular. The custom of having an Advent candle seems to have started in Germany, where children traditionally insert a small candle into a decorated orange. This candle is called the Christingle. It is now widespread in some other European countries such as the United Kingdom. References Candle Candles\n\nAdvent is a season in the Christian calendar preceding Christmas. It is synonymous with the secularized Christmas season. Advent may also refer to: Religion Second Coming, the return of Jesus to Earth in Christian belief Nativity Fast, Advent in the Eastern Orthodox Church The Advent (magazine), a magazine published by the Sri Aurobindo Ashram Places Advent, Cornwall, United Kingdom, a civil parish Advent, West Virginia, United States, an unincorporated community Technology Advent Computers, a computer brand produced by British company DSG International Advent Corporation, a company founded by Henry Kloss that made speakers and home audio equipment Advent Software, a financial software company based in San Francisco Adaptive Versatile Engine Technology, ADVENT, an aircraft engine development program run by the US Air Force Advent (Voxx International), a brand of speakers, hi-fi equipment and computer peripherals Computer games Colossal Cave Adventure or ADVENT, a 1970s computer game Mega Man ZX Advent,\n\nor Lachryma Christi of Vesuvius is a Neapolitan type of wine produced on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius in Campania, Italy. White Lacryma Christi is made mainly from Verdeca and Coda di Volpe grapes, with smaller proportions of Falanghina, Caprettone and Greco di Tufo included. Red Lacryma Christi is made from Piedirosso and Sciascinoso grapes. It is also, as archaeologists have discovered, the nearest equivalent to wine drunk by the Ancient Romans, having analysed microscopic residue left on the taps of the casks. Origins of name The name Lacryma Christi comes from an old myth that Christ, crying over Lucifer's fall from heaven, cried his tears on the land and gave divine inspiration to the vines that grew there. The sides of Vesuvius are deeply scarred by past lava flows, and its lower slopes are extremely fertile, dotted with villages and covered with vineyards. Lacryma Christi in literature and media\n\nQuestion: Used in church advent services, a Christingle is made using which fruit?", "output": "Orange"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "interned with So by Alexander van Slobbe and worked for Maison Martin Margiela. After they maintained their relationship throughout their studies, they decided to work together and launched their first collection in 1996. Even though they have been working together since 1996, they didn't make their name official until 2000. From their creative visions sprouted individualistically abstract pieces of autonomic conceptual fashion and later on a pret-a-porter collection. Style The brand designs conceptual fashion pieces that are futuristically minimal in their design. Their clothing caters to the self-confidence of a woman by invoking edgy femininity through avant-garde artistry. With an elegant reverence, their designs cut against the mainstream of fashion. Their experimental creativity produces pieces that have all the elements of an haute couture, pret-a-porter, and fine pieces of art. Their mixture of textures shows with their valiant use of sheer materials contrasted with other common textiles. Black and white\n\nof an haute couture, pret-a-porter, and fine pieces of art. Their mixture of textures shows with their valiant use of sheer materials contrasted with other common textiles. Black and white remains consistent with many of their collections. The sleekness of the basic colours is finely exaggerated with a mild use of vibrant colours. Their sophisticated, fashion-forward European aesthetic shines through as they use a variety of techniques and layers in their clothing. Mixes of flattering cuts, slanted seams, innovative use of fasteners as well as manipulated gathering and draping fabrics adhere to the autonomous paradigms of the design duo. Each piece in the brand's collections is an individual development on its own, emulating a strong amount of character. Their stylistically detailed collections are released twice a year: one for autumn/winter and another for spring/summer. Maintaining their positions as dedicated artists, their passion for art is not only shown through their\n\nand many designers began to adapt; in 2004, the retailer H&M, a prominent fast fashion brand, collaborated with fashion designer Karl Lagerfeld to introduce a one-time collection which proved to be a huge success, as women flocked to H&M stores to own a piece of the designer's 30 selections available in the collection. Stores such as Wet Seal and American Apparel are said to be \"American precursors to the fast fashion empire\". As well as the retail stores Hollister, Abercrombie & Fitch and possibly on a much smaller scale Limited Too, but in the end, stores like Forever 21 were better able to stay on top of the retail game. Ethics The ethics of fast fashion has been the topic of numerous debates and questioning of business practices. Producing fashion at such fast rates involves less than secure worker conditions, and non-livable wages for the laborers. It also involves a\n\nQuestion: In the fashion industry, what does \u2018Pret-a-porter\u2019 mean?", "output": "Ready to wear"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Abel is a Biblical figure in the Book of Genesis within Abrahamic religions. He was the younger brother of Cain, and the younger son of Adam and Eve, the first couple in Biblical history. He was a shepherd who offered his firstborn flock up to God as an offering. God accepted his offering but not his brother's. Cain then killed Abel out of jealousy. According to Genesis, this was the first murder in the history of mankind. Life and death Interpretations Jewish and Christian interpretations According to the narrative in Genesis, Abel ( H\u00e9bel, in pausa H\u0101\u0301\u1e07el; H\u00e1bel; , H\u0101b\u0113l) is Eve's second son. His name in Hebrew is composed of the same three consonants as a root meaning \"breath\". Julius Wellhausen has proposed that the name is independent of the root. Eberhard Schrader had previously put forward the Akkadian (Old Assyrian dialect) ablu (\"son\") as a more likely etymology.\n\nAbraham (originally Abram) is the common Hebrew patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In Judaism, he is the founding father of the special relationship between the Jews and God; in Christianity, he is the spiritual progenitor of all believers, whether Jewish or non-Jewish; and in Islam, he is a link in the chain of Islamic prophets that begins with Adam and culminates in Muhammad. The story of the life of Abraham as told in the narrative of the Book of Genesis revolves around the themes of posterity and land. He is said to have been called by God to leave the house of his father Terah and settle in the land of Canaan, which God now promises to Abraham and his progeny. This promise is subsequently inherited by Isaac, Abraham's son, by his wife Sarah, while Isaac's half-brother Ishmael is also promised that he will be\n\nEnos or Enosh ( \u02be\u0114n\u014d\u0161; \"mortal man\"; ; En\u1e53s; Ge'ez: \u1204\u1296\u1235/Henos) is a figure in the Book of Genesis in the Hebrew Bible. He is described as the first son of Seth who figures in the Generations of Adam, and is also referred to within the genealogies of 1 Chronicles. According to Christianity, he is part of the genealogy of Jesus as mentioned in . Enos is also mentioned in Islam in the various collections of tales of the pre-Islamic prophets, which honor him in an identical manner. Furthermore, early Islamic historians like Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham always included his name in the genealogy of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, (Arabic: \u2019An\u016bsh \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064f\u0648\u0634 or: Y\u0101nish \u064a\u064e\u0627\u0646\u0650\u0634). In the Hebrew Bible According to the Masoretic Genesis, Seth was 105 years old when Enos was born (but the Septuagint version gives 205 years), and Seth had further sons and daughters. Enos was\n\nQuestion: In the Bible, who was the father of Jacob?", "output": "Isaac"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Eleanor of Castile (after 1363 \u2013 1415/1416) was Queen of Navarre by marriage to King Charles III of Navarre. She acted as regent of Navarre during the absence of her spouse in France in 1397\u20131398, 1403\u20131406 and 1409\u20131411. Biography Early life She was the daughter of King Henry II of Castile and his wife Juana Manuel of Castile, who was descended from a cadet branch of the Castilian royal house. Eleanor was a member of the House of Trast\u00e1mara. Eleanor was involved with plans to marry King Ferdinand I of Portugal in 1371, however he refused the match as he had secretly married the noblewoman Leonor Telles de Menezes. She was betrothed in Burgos in 1373 to Prince Charles, the heir of King Charles II of Navarre. The couple was married at Soria in May 1375. A testament dated at Burgos on 29 May 1374 shows that King Henry II\n\nJoan of England (October 1165 \u2013 4 September 1199) was a Queen of Sicily and countess consort of Toulouse. She was the seventh child of Henry II, King of England, and Eleanor, Duchess of Aquitaine. From her birth, she was destined to make a political and royal marriage. She married William II of Sicily and later Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, two very important and powerful figures in the political landscape of Medieval Europe. Early life Joan was born in October 1165 at Ch\u00e2teau d'Angers in Anjou as the seventh child of Henry II, King of England and his queen consort, Eleanor of Aquitaine. She spent her youth at her mother's courts at Winchester and Poitiers. As a young Angevin princess, Joan's early education consisted of subjects to ready her for a dynastic marriage. She likely learned how to sew and weave, sing, play an instrument, and ride a horse\n\nIsabella, Countess of Gloucester (1173/1174 \u2013 14 October 1217), was an English noblewoman who was married to King John prior to his accession. Lineage Isabella was the daughter of William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester, and his wife Hawise. Her paternal grandfather, Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester, was the illegitimate son of King Henry I. Her father died in 1183, at which time she became Countess of Gloucester suo jure. Royal marriage and annulment On 28 September 1176, King Henry II betrothed Isabella, an infant at most three years old, to his youngest son, John. John and Isabella were half-second cousins as great-grandchildren of Henry I, and thus within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity. But in the marriage agreement, the King agreed to find the best husband possible for Isabella should the Pope refuse to grant a dispensation for the proposed marriage. Henry also declared Isabella the sole heir\n\nQuestion: Which English King was married to Eleanor of Aquitaine?", "output": "Henry II"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Yockleton is a village in Shropshire, England. Yockleton is west of the county town of Shrewsbury, on the B4386 road to Montgomery and near the River Severn. The population as taken at the 2011 census can be found under Westbury. Yockleton is near to Ford (to its north) and Westbury (to its west), and lies in the Westbury civil parish; the hamlets of Edge and Farley (both in Pontesbury parish) lie due south of the village, and Nox is to the east. Amenities There is one local pub, the Yockleton Arms (formerly the Pink Elephant), several miles west on the B4386, a 19th-century village church (C of E) dedicated to the Holy Trinity, and a village hall, as well as an old people's home called Yockleton Grange in the old Vicarage. There is a Motte and Bailey in a field not far from the church. Previously Yockleton had a school,\n\nPlealey is a small village in Shropshire, England. It is located between Pontesford and Longden. Local governance The village lies in the parish of Pontesbury, being represented within the Plealey Ward of its Parish Council (whose territory also includes the smaller hamlets of Little Plealey, Arscott, and Radleth, and has a population of 122 (2001 Census). In common with the rest of Pontesbury parish it is represented on the unitary Shropshire Council and in parliament in the Shrewsbury and Atcham constituency. The village Plealey was first documented in 1308 as Plealeye, in which year there were 27 tenants of the local manor resident. Now most of the village is a conservation area with 14 listed buildings, including the Methodist Chapel, and houses \"Brookgate\" (oldest parts 15th century) and \"The Den\" (17th century, built as a \"worker's hovel\"). Another house, Galliers Farm, was occupied as a summer residence by mathematician Edward\n\nWollaston is a small village and former civil parish, now in the parish of Alberbury with Cardeston, in the Shropshire district, in the ceremonial county of Shropshire, England, only a quarter of a mile from the Welsh border. In 2001 the parish had a population of 202. Wollaston was formerly a chapelry in the parish of Alberbury, from 1866 Wollaston was a civil parish in its own right, on 1 April 2005 the parish was abolished and merged with Alberbury with Cardeston and Westbury. It is believed that Old Tom Parr was born in, or near, to the village at Winnington at The Glyn, according to the inscription on a brass plaque in the church. There is a beacon here, by the church, that is to be lit in case of an invasion from Wales. Immediately west of the church are the earthwork remains of Wollaston Castle, a motte-and-bailey castle.\n\nQuestion: What is the county town of Shropshire?", "output": "SHREWSBURY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "support, by 1964 there were 21,000 US advisors in South Vietnam. However, with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) weakened by successive defeats at the hands of the communists, the South Vietnamese government faltering, and Saigon threatened with a major offensive, the worsening situation led to a significant escalation of the war in 1965, with a large-scale commitment of US ground troops under the command of General William Westmoreland. At first the Americans had adopted a cautious strategy, applied to the strictly limited role of base defence by US Marine units. This was abandoned in April 1965, and replaced by a new \"enclave strategy\" of defending key coastal population centres and installations. This strategy required the introduction of nine additional US battalions, or 14,000 troops, to bring the total in Vietnam to 13. Allied nations of the Free World Military Forces were expected to contribute another four battalions.\n\nThe military history of the United States during World War II covers the nation's role as one of the major Allies in their victory over the Axis Powers. The United States is generally considered to have entered the conflict with the 7 December 1941 surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by the Empire of Japan and exited it with the 2 September 1945 surrender of Japan. During the first two years of World War II, the US maintained formal neutrality, which was officially announced in the Quarantine Speech delivered by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1937. While officially neutral, the US supplied Britain, the Soviet Union, and China with war materiel through the Lend-Lease Act signed into law on 11 March 1941, and deployed the US military to replace the British forces stationed in Iceland. Following the 4 September 1941 Greer incident involving a German submarine, Roosevelt publicly confirmed a\n\nthe object of attack or threat of attack by an aggressor, the resulting situation would constitute a threat to international security and would clearly be a matter for action on the party of the Security Council of the United Nations.\" Development of US-Turkish military cooperation After the British government declared on 21 February 1947 its inability to provide financial aid (though she would establish the Central Treaty Organization a decade later), Turkey turned towards the United States, who drew up the Truman Doctrine, pledging to \"support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures\". $100 million was appropriated two months after the US Congress ratified the Truman Doctrine on 12 March 1947. This figure was raised to $233 million by 1950, after Turkey contributed a brigade of about 5000 men to the United Nations forces in the Korean War. In August 1947, the Joint\n\nQuestion: In which country did the USA enter a war by sending military advisors in 1950, escalating their involvement until finally combat units played an active part between 1965 and 1975?", "output": "Vietnam"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, (21 December 1804 \u2013 19 April 1881) was a British statesman, Conservative politician and writer who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies and its broad outreach. Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs, his political battles with the Liberal Party leader William Ewart Gladstone, and his one-nation conservatism or \"Tory democracy\". He made the Conservatives the party most identified with the British Empire and military action to expand it, both of which were popular among British voters. He is the only British prime minister to have been born Jewish. He was also a novelist, publishing works of fiction even as prime minister. Disraeli was born in Bloomsbury, then a part of Middlesex. His father left Judaism after a dispute at his synagogue;\n\nindicate a Romani presence. 17th\u201319th centuries The first recorded Jew in Edinburgh was one David Brown who made a successful application to reside and trade in the city in 1691. Most Jewish immigration appears to have occurred post-industrialisation, and post-1707, by which time Jews in Scotland were subject to various anti-Jewish laws that applied to Britain as a whole. Oliver Cromwell readmitted Jews to the Commonwealth of England in 1656, and would have had influence over whether they could reside north of the border. Scotland was under the jurisdiction of the Jewish Naturalisation Act, enacted in 1753, but repealed the next year. It has been theorised that some Jews who arrived in Scotland promptly assimilated, with some converting to Christianity. Unlike their English contemporaries, Scottish university students were not required to take a religious oath. Joseph Hart Myers, born in New York, was the first Jewish student to study medicine\n\nafter 1707 Great Britain) the Oath of Abjuration denied the royal title of James II's heirs (i.e. the direct Catholic descendant of the House of Stuart exiled after the Glorious Revolution in 1688). In England, an Oath of Abjuration was taken by Members of Parliament, clergy, and laymen, pledging to support the current British monarch and repudiated the right of the Stuarts and other claimants to the throne. This oath was imposed under William III, George I and George III. It was superseded by the oath of allegiance. In Ireland, the oath was imposed of state officeholders, teachers, lawyers, and on the clergy of the established church in from 1703, the following year it was on all Irish voters and from 1709 it could be demanded of any adult male by a magistrate. Bilino Polje abjuration The Bilino Polje abjuration, also known as \"Confessio Christianorum bosniensis\", was an act of\n\nQuestion: Which 17th century English ruler re-admitted Jews to the country ?", "output": "OLIVER CROMWELL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Life Got Cold\" is a song by British girl group Girls Aloud, taken from their debut album Sound of the Underground (2003). The song was written by Miranda Cooper, Brian Higgins and his production team Xenomania, and produced by Higgins and Xenomania. Noel Gallagher of Oasis received a writing credit due to similarities with Oasis' \"Wonderwall\". Released as their third single in August 2003, \"Life Got Cold\" became Girls Aloud's third consecutive top-three hit on the UK Singles Chart. The song peaked at number two in Ireland and Scotland, and peaked at number 14 in Belgium. Set in an abandoned city, the music video suggests coldness and darkness with its blue hue. It portrays Girls Aloud moving in stunted movement. \"Life Got Cold\" was promoted through various live performances and has since been performed on three of Girls Aloud's concert tours. Described as \"surprisingly poignant\", the melancholic ballad received favourable\n\nnine on the UK Singles Chart. Track listings 7-inch single A. \"See the Day\" B. \"The Paris Match\" 12-inch single A1 \"See the Day\" A2 \"The Paris Match\" B1 \"Luck\" (live version) B2 \"Don't Do It Baby\" (remix) Charts Weekly charts Year-end charts Girls Aloud version In 2005, British all-female pop group Girls Aloud recorded a cover of \"See the Day\" for their third studio album Chemistry. Their version was produced by Brian Higgins and his production team Xenomania. A contender for the Christmas number one, the single was released just five weeks after the group's previous single, \"Biology\". The single became Girls Aloud's lowest charting single at that point, but continued their string of top ten hits on the UK Singles Chart and received extensive airplay. The music video, which had the feel of a painting, featured Girls Aloud in the scenic landscape of a snow globe. \"See the\n\n\"One Love\" is a song by English boy band Blue. Co-written by the band and StarGate, who also produced the track, it was released in the United Kingdom on 21 October 2002 as the lead single from their second studio album, One Love (2002). It reached number three on the UK Singles Chart and entered the top 10 in Denmark, Ireland, Italy, and New Zealand. \"One Love\" has received a gold certification from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), representing sales and streams of at least 400,000 units in the UK. The song's music video was directed by Cameron Casey. Chart performance The song was a hit in the UK, peaking at number three. The song also made the top 5 in Ireland (number four) and New Zealand (number five). It reached number 36 in Australia, number seven in Denmark, number 24 in Belgium and number nine in Italy. Track listings\n\nQuestion: What was Girls Aloud's 2002 UK Christmas number one single?", "output": "Sound of the Underground"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ratnavali (Precious Garland) is a Sanskrit drama about a beautiful princess named Ratnavali, and a great king named Udayana. It is attributed to the Indian emperor Harsha (606\u2013648). It is a Natika in four acts. One of the first textual references to the celebration of Holi, the festival of Colours have been found in this text. Ratn\u0101val\u012b subtitled (rajaparikatha) is also the title of a 3rd-century (?) Buddhist philosophical work by Nagarjuna, a discourse addressed to an Indian king (possibly a Satavahana monarch). Main characters Udayana (aka Vatsaraja)- The hero, King of Kaushambi Ratnavali (Sagarika)- The heroine, daughter of King Vikramabahu Vasavadatta - Queen, wife of Udayana Susangata - Bosom friend of Sagarika Vasanthaka (Vidusaka)- The hero's companion and Court-wit Yaugandharayana- The Chief Minister of Kaushambi Vikramabahu- The King of Sinhala Vijayaverma- Commander-in-chief of the King Babravya- The Chamberlain of the King Vasubhuthi- The Minister of Vikramabahu Aiyndrajalika- A magician\n\nBombay Sapphire is a brand of gin that is distilled by the Bombay Spirits Company, a subsidiary company of Bacardi, at Laverstoke Mill in the village of Laverstoke in the English county of Hampshire. The brand was first launched in 1986 by English wine-merchant IDV. In 1997 Diageo sold the brand to Bacardi. Its name originates from the gin and tonic popularised by the Royal Indian Armed Forces during the British Raj in colonial India; \"Bombay\" refers to the Indian city and \"Sapphire\" refers to the violet-blue Star of Bombay which was mined from British Ceylon (Sri Lanka), and is now on display at the Smithsonian Institution. Bombay Sapphire is marketed in a flat-sided, sapphire-coloured bottle that bears a picture of Queen Victoria on the label. The flavouring of the drink comes from a recipe of ten ingredients: almond, lemon peel, liquorice, juniper berries, orris root, angelica, coriander, cassia, cubeb,\n\nA shaligram, or shaligrama shila (), is a fossilized stone or ammonite collected from the riverbed or banks of the Kali Gandaki, a tributary of the Gandaki River in Nepal. It is also considered a form of Vishnu within Hinduism. Legends According to the Devi Bhagavata Purana, Brahmavaivarta Purana, and Shiva Purana, shilagrama shilas originated due to the following chain of events. A king named Vrishadhvaja had been cursed by Surya to endure poverty, due to his reluctance to worship any deity other than Shiva. To regain their lost prosperity, his grandsons Dharmadhvaja and Kusadhvaja performed austerities to appease the goddess Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity. Pleased with the austerities, she granted them prosperity, and the blessing of her being born as their daughters. Accordingly, Lakshmi incarnated as Vedavati, the daughter of Kusadhvaja and Tulasi, the daughter of Dharmadhvaja. Tulasi went to Badarikashrama to perform austerities in order to gain\n\nQuestion: \"What type of precious stone is the \"\"Star of India\"\"?\"", "output": "A SAPPHIRE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Frederick Charles Adler (usually known as F. Charles Adler) (born on 2 July 1889 in London and died 16 February 1959 in Vienna) was an English-German conductor. Adler studied with Gustav Mahler and served as chorus master at the premiere of Mahler's Eighth Symphony. He was held at Ruhleben internment camp during World War I. He worked as a conductor in Germany in the 1920s, and emigrated to the U.S. in 1933. He made many recordings of the works of Mahler and Anton Bruckner. He made the first commercial recordings of Mahler's Third and Sixth symphonies. His recordings of Bruckner symphonies are unusual in that they use the first published editions rather than the later critical editions. (Hans Knappertsbusch was the only other major conductor to stick with the first editions consistently.) His recording of Bruckner's Sixth Symphony is, as of 2006, the only recording ever made of the 1899\n\nWeingart Joe Zawinul (1932\u20132007) Minoru Mukaiya John Novello Saxophonists Gato Barbieri (1932\u20132016) Michael Brecker (1949\u20132007) Elton Dean (1945\u20132006) Joe Farrell (1937\u20131986) Kenny Garrett Steve Grossman Joe Henderson (1937\u20132001) Ron Holloway Dave Liebman Bennie Maupin Bob Mintzer Chris Potter Tom Scott Wayne Shorter Dave Sanborn Grover Washington Jr Sadao Watanabe Kenny G Trumpeters and Flugelhornists Randy Brecker Bill Chase (1934\u20131974) Miles Davis (1926\u20131991) Freddie Hubbard (1938\u20132008) Nicholas Payton Don Ellis (1934\u20131978) Other Instruments Kinan Azmeh (clarinet) Gary Burton (vibraphone) B\u00e9la Fleck (banjo) Jerry Goodman (violin) Didier Lockwood (violin) Mike Mainieri (vibraphone) Jean-Luc Ponty (violin) Julian Priester (trombone) Zbigniew Seifert (violin) Jeremy Steig (flute) Micha\u0142 Urbaniak (violin) Bands Aghora Animals as Leaders Animal Logic Arcana Area Atheist Ayers Rock Azteca Ginger Baker's Air Force Backwater Blackbyrds Blood Sweat & Tears Brand X Bruford BWB CAB Caldera Casiopea Centipede Colosseum Colosseum II Chicago Chick Corea Elektric Band Chon Cozzetti & Gemmill The Crusaders\n\nMagnet was a band formed for the purpose of recording the soundtrack to the 1973 film The Wicker Man. The band was assembled by musician Gary Carpenter (the film's associate musical director) to perform songs composed by New York songwriter Paul Giovanni. Originally under the moniker Lodestone, later changed to \"Magnet\" because of a conflict with another band, the group included Peter Brewis (recorders, jaw harp, harmonica, bass guitar, etc.), Michael Cole (concertina, harmonica, bassoon), Andrew Tompkins (guitars), Ian Cutler (violin), Bernard Murray (percussion) and finally Carpenter himself (piano, recorders, fife, ocarina, Nordic lyre, etc.). Carpenter, Brewis and Cole had recently graduated from The Royal College of Music in London, and Tompkins, Cutler and Murray were all members of Carpenter's band Hocket. The band featured Giovanni on guitar and vocals for many tracks; he also appeared in the film in various scenes. In 2004 the Castle label edited the anthology\n\nQuestion: Larry Adler played what instrument?", "output": "Harmonica"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "fiction, poetry, and drama. The first notable voice in Jewish- American literature was Emma Lazarus, whose poem \"The New Colossus\" on the Statue of Liberty became the great hymnal of American immigration. Gertrude Stein became one of the most influential prose-stylists of the early 20th century. The early twentieth century saw the appearance of two pioneering American Jewish novels: Abraham Cahan's \"The Rise of David Levinsky\" and Henry Roth's \"Call It Sleep\". It reached some of its most mature expression in the 20th century \"Jewish American novels\" by Saul Bellow, J. D. Salinger, Norman Mailer, Bernard Malamud, Chaim Potok, and Philip Roth. Their work explored the conflicting pulls between secular society and Jewish tradition which were acutely felt by the immigrants who passed through Ellis Island and by their children and grandchildren. Present day More recent authors like Paul Auster, Michael Chabon, Ayelet Waldman, Joshua Cohen, Helen Epstein, Jonathan Safran\n\n\"Massachusetts\" is a song with words and music by Arlo Guthrie. The song, originally released as a cut on Guthrie's 1976 album Amigo, was adopted by the Legislature in July 1981 as the official folk song of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. References External links M.G.L. 2:20, the law designating the official folk song of Massachusetts Lyrics Download a recorded version United States state songs 1976 songs American folk songs Music of Massachusetts Songs written by Arlo Guthrie Arlo Guthrie songs Songs about Massachusetts\n\nThe Deserter is a British First World War poem, written in 1916 by Winifred M. Letts (1882\u20131972). It tells the story of a young British soldier who is shot for desertion. It has been included in several anthologies of First World War poems. The poem is used as one of many in Opening Lines, a GCSE English book. It is written in iambic tetrameter. World War I poems 1916 poems\n\nQuestion: \u2018Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free\u2019 is from which sonnet by Emma Lazarus?", "output": "The New Colossus"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Anne of Denmark, As her husband was Baron Grey of Ruthin, she was named as \"Lady Ruthin\" in lists of Anne of Denmark's household. She is sometimes confused with Barbara Ruthven, the queen's favourite in Scotland in the 1590s. Lady Ruthin was a contact at court for Lady Anne Clifford, and took her gifts to Anne of Denmark, including a white satin gown embroidered with pearls and coloured silks. In 1609, an Italian poet, Antimo Galli, published Rime di Antimo Galli which includes stanzas describing the guests and participants in The Masque of Beauty. He dedicated his book to Lady Grey. In 1610 she danced in the court masque Tethys' Festival as the \"Nymph of Medway\". In 1616 the Venetian ambassador Antonio Foscarini gave the Queen a necklace but Lady Grey returned it to him. It was said she replaced Jean Drummond as the queen's personal servant in October 1617.\n\nBeowulf (; ) is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It is one of the most important and most often translated works of Old English literature. The date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars; the only certain dating is for the manuscript, which was produced between 975 and 1025. Scholars call the anonymous author the \"Beowulf poet\". The story is set in pagan Scandinavia in the 6th century. Beowulf, a hero of the Geats, comes to the aid of Hrothgar, the king of the Danes, whose mead hall in Heorot has been under attack by the monster Grendel. After Beowulf slays him, Grendel's mother attacks the hall and is then defeated. Victorious, Beowulf goes home to Geatland and becomes king of the Geats. Fifty years later, Beowulf defeats a dragon, but is mortally wounded in the\n\nThe Knight of the Sacred Lake is a historical fantasy novel by Rosalind Miles. It was first published in 2000 by Simon & Schuster in the UK followed by Crown Books in the US. The book is a retelling of the Arthurian legend and follows the lives of Queen Guinevere, consort of King Arthur and her struggles with the king's nephews Agravain and Gawain; the queen is torn between her love for her husband, her land, and her lover, Lancelot. The book was part of a series, The Guinevere Novels, and was followed by The Child of the Holy Grail. Reviewing the book, Publishers Weekly described it as \"a lush, feminist take on the English epic\". Plot introduction The Knight of the Sacred Lake is a variant of an Arthurian legend. It follows the lives of Queen Guinevere, or Guenevere, and her strife with Agravain and Gawain, as well as\n\nQuestion: \"\"\"She has a lovely face; God in his mercy lend her grace, The Lady of Shalot\"\" is spoken by which Arthurian Knight at the end of Tennyson's poem?\"", "output": "'LANCELOT'"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "British Airways (BA) is the flag carrier of the United Kingdom. It is headquartered in London, England, near its main hub at Heathrow Airport. The airline is the second largest UK-based carrier, based on fleet size and passengers carried, behind easyJet. In January 2011 BA merged with Iberia, creating the International Airlines Group (IAG), a holding company registered in Madrid, Spain. IAG is the world's third-largest airline group in terms of annual revenue and the second-largest in Europe. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and in the FTSE 100 Index. British Airways is the first passenger airline to have generated more than US$1 billion on a single air route in a year (from 1 April 2017, to 31 March 2018, on the New York-JFK - London-Heathrow route). BA was created in 1974 after a British Airways Board was established by the British government to manage the two nationalised\n\nwell as offering cheaper fares. This service also terminated at Terminal 4, together with the Heathrow Express. Upon the opening of the new Heathrow Terminal 5 station in 2008, all Heathrow Express services were re-routed to terminate there, and services to Terminal 4 were replaced with an every 15minute shuttle service, which ran between Heathrow Central and Terminal 4. Most Heathrow Connect services then terminated at Heathrow Central, although on Sundays, they continued to Terminal 4. On 20 May 2018, TfL Rail took over the Heathrow Connect service in readiness for becoming part of the Elizabeth line, which at the time was expected to open in December 2018. From May 2018 until 5 November 2022, trains ran half hourly between London Paddington and Heathrow Terminal 4; an additional shuttle runs between Terminal 4 and Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 railway station to maintain a train service of every 15minutes between\n\nHeathrow Terminal 4 is a railway station at Heathrow Terminal 4 served by the Elizabeth line. The separate Heathrow Terminal 4 tube station on the Piccadilly line is adjacent to this station. Journeys to and from Heathrow Terminals 2 & 3 railway station are free of charge and can be used by passengers changing terminals at Heathrow. History The station opened on 23 June 1998, together with the Heathrow Express. From 1998 to 2008, the station was the terminus of the Heathrow Express service from London Paddington. All services terminated here after calling at Heathrow Central. In 2005, the Heathrow Connect service was introduced, which provided a slower service to Paddington but calling at local stations along the way, as well as offering cheaper fares. This service also terminated at Terminal 4, together with the Heathrow Express. Upon the opening of the new Heathrow Terminal 5 station in 2008, all\n\nQuestion: Which London Underground line serves Heathrow Airport?", "output": "Piccadilly"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The economy of Brazil is historically the largest in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere in nominal terms. The Brazilian economy is the second largest in the Americas. The economy is a middle income developing mixed economy. In 2023, according to International Monetary Fund (IMF), Brazil has the 9th largest gross domestic product (GDP) in the world and has the 8th largest purchasing power parity in the world. In 2022, according to International Monetary Fund (IMF), Brazilian nominal GDP was US$1.894 trillion, the country has a long history of being among the ten largest economies in the world. The GDP per capita was US$8,857 per inhabitant. The country is rich in natural resources. From 2000 to 2012, Brazil was one of the fastest-growing major economies in the world, with an average annual GDP growth rate of over 5%. Its GDP surpassed that of the United Kingdom in 2012, temporarily making\n\nruled until 1985, after which civilian governance resumed. Brazil's current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. Due to its rich culture and history, the country ranks thirteenth in the world by number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Brazil is a regional and middle power and is also classified as an emerging power and a major non-NATO ally. Categorised as a developing country with a high Human Development Index, Brazil is considered an advanced emerging economy, having the ninth largest GDP in the world by nominal, and eighth by PPP measures, the largest in Latin America. As an upper-middle income economy by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country, Brazil has the largest share of global wealth in South America and it is one of the world's major breadbaskets, being the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years. However, the country retains noticeable\n\nThe peso moneda nacional (symbol: m$n) was the currency of Argentina from 5 November 1881 to 1 January 1970, the date in which the peso ley 18.188 was issued to the Argentine public. It was subdivided into 100 centavos, with the argentino worth 5 pesos. The peso was introduced to replace the Argentine peso moneda corriente at a rate of 25 = m$n 1. History The peso moneda nacional replaced the Argentine real at a rate of one to eight. It also replaced the peso fuerte at par and the peso moneda corriente at a rate of 25 pesos moneda corriente = 1 peso moneda nacional. The peso moneda nacional was itself replaced by the peso ley at a rate of one hundred to one. The peso was initially pegged to the French franc at a rate of 1 peso = 5 francs. In 1883, when silver coins ceased production,\n\nQuestion: What is the national currency of Brazil?", "output": "REAL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Boron is a chemical element with the symbol B and atomic number 5. In its crystalline form it is a brittle, dark, lustrous metalloid; in its amorphous form it is a brown powder. As the lightest element of the boron group it has three valence electrons for forming covalent bonds, resulting in many compounds such as boric acid, the mineral sodium borate, and the ultra-hard crystals of boron carbide and boron nitride. Boron is synthesized entirely by cosmic ray spallation and supernovae and not by stellar nucleosynthesis, so it is a low-abundance element in the Solar System and in the Earth's crust. It constitutes about 0.001 percent by weight of Earth's crust. It is concentrated on Earth by the water-solubility of its more common naturally occurring compounds, the borate minerals. These are mined industrially as evaporites, such as borax and kernite. The largest known deposits are in Turkey, the largest\n\nBarium is a chemical element with the symbol Ba and atomic number 56. It is the fifth element in group 2 and is a soft, silvery alkaline earth metal. Because of its high chemical reactivity, barium is never found in nature as a free element. The most common minerals of barium are baryte (barium sulfate, BaSO4) and witherite (barium carbonate, BaCO3). The name barium originates from the alchemical derivative \"baryta\", from Greek (), meaning 'heavy'. Baric is the adjectival form of barium. Barium was identified as a new element in 1772, but not reduced to a metal until 1808 with the advent of electrolysis. Barium has few industrial applications. Historically, it was used as a getter for vacuum tubes and in oxide form as the emissive coating on indirectly heated cathodes. It is a component of YBCO (high-temperature superconductors) and electroceramics, and is added to steel and cast iron to\n\nCadmium is a chemical element with the symbol Cd and atomic number 48. This soft, silvery-white metal is chemically similar to the two other stable metals in group 12, zinc and mercury. Like zinc, it demonstrates oxidation state +2 in most of its compounds, and like mercury, it has a lower melting point than the transition metals in groups 3 through 11. Cadmium and its congeners in group 12 are often not considered transition metals, in that they do not have partly filled d or f electron shells in the elemental or common oxidation states. The average concentration of cadmium in Earth's crust is between 0.1 and 0.5 parts per million (ppm). It was discovered in 1817 simultaneously by Stromeyer and Hermann, both in Germany, as an impurity in zinc carbonate. Cadmium occurs as a minor component in most zinc ores and is a byproduct of zinc production. Cadmium was\n\nQuestion: Sn is the chemical symbol for which metal?", "output": "Tin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the Sebright Cochin or American Sebright. The origin of the breed is unknown; it is thought derive partly from spangled Hamburgs and dark Brahmas \u2013 the Hamburg for the rose comb and the Brahma for the color pattern. The gold-laced Wyandotte was produced by breeding silver-laced hens with gold-spangled Hamburg and partridge Cochin cocks, the white Wyandotte was a sport of the silver-laced, and the buff variant came from crossing the silver-laced with buff Cochin stock; the black variant was also a sport, of both the silver-laced and the gold-laced. The partridge Wyandotte came from crossing the gold-laced with Indian Game, partridge Cochin, gold-pencilled Hamburghs, and a strain called \"Winnebago\". The Columbian was the result of a chance crossing of white Wyandottes with barred Plymouth Rock birds; it was named for Columbian Exposition and World's Fair in Chicago, Illinois, in 1893. The first Wyandotte bantams were added to the Standard\n\nwell-rounded breast. It is clean-legged and fairly close-feathered, and has a broad skull with a rose comb. The skin and shanks are yellow, and the ear-lobes, face and wattles are red. Silver-laced Wyandotte cocks may occasionally display hen feathering. In the United States, nine color varieties are recognized by the American Poultry Association: black (1893), blue (1977), buff (1893), Columbian (1905), golden laced (1888), partridge (1893), silver laced (1883), silver penciled (1902) and white (1888). For bantams, the same nine colors are recognized, with the addition of buff Columbian. In Europe, the Entente Europ\u00e9enne lists thirty colors. The Poultry Club of Great Britain recognizes barred, black, blue, blue-laced, blue partridge, buff, buff-laced, Columbian, gold-laced, partridge, red, silver-laced, silver-pencilled and white. Use The Wyandotte is a dual-purpose breed, raised both for eggs and for meat. It matures moderately rapidly, and hens are good layers of large brown eggs. It is a\n\ncomponent of the branch was officially designated with its historic title, the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals, but it remains a part of the C&E Branch. Uniform Cap badge: A silver depiction of Mercury with golden lightning bolts on either side placed on a field of blue. Army shoulder title: English: \"RCCS\" (all uniforms) French: \"\" (all uniforms) Miscellaneous: The signalman's trade qualification badge (worn on the lower sleeve of the Service Dress jacket) is the only such trade badge that features colours (blue and white) instead of just gold. Customs and traditions Colonel-in-Chief: Anne, Princess Royal Branch flag: Horizontal bicolour, French grey (Munsell Notation 5PB5/2) over dark blue (Munsell Notation 7.5PB2/2). It is commonly believed that the colours of the flag represent \"grey skies over blue waters\"; however, the colours were inherited from the officer's Mess Dress uniforms of the Royal Canadian Corps of Signals (RCCS), which were in\n\nQuestion: What is the original colour of a J.C.B. digger", "output": "Yellow"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "remote regions deep within the Hindu Kush. In December 2001, the United Nations Security Council established the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) to oversee military operations in Afghanistan and also train the new Afghan National Security Forces. At the Bonn Conference that same month, Hamid Karzai was selected to lead the Afghan Interim Administration. Simultaneously, the Taliban's founding leader Muhammad Umar reorganized the movement to wage asymmetric warfare against the coalition, and by 2002, the group had launched an insurgency against the American-led war effort. Protracted fighting continued for the next two decades, and by mid-2021, the international coalition and the United States had begun to withdraw from the country amidst a nationwide Taliban offensive. In August 2021, the Taliban captured Kabul and toppled the Afghan government, re-establishing their rule in the form of a second Islamic emirate. Background In 2001, Afghanistan had been at war for over 20 years.\n\nThe Taliban insurgency began after the group's fall from power during the 2001 War in Afghanistan. The Taliban forces fought against the Afghan government, led by President Hamid Karzai, and later by President Ashraf Ghani, and against a US-led coalition of forces that has included all members of NATO; the 2021 Taliban offensive resulted in the collapse of the government of Ashraf Ghani. The private sector in Pakistan extends financial aid to the Taliban, contributing to their financial sustenance. The insurgency had spread to some degree over the border to neighboring Pakistan, in particular Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The Taliban conducted warfare against Afghan National Security Forces and their NATO allies, as well as against civilian targets. Regional countries, particularly Pakistan, Iran, China and Russia, were often accused of funding and supporting the insurgent groups. The allied Haqqani Network, Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (until 2016), and smaller al-Qaeda groups had also been part\n\nwar effort, the Taliban had seized around 85% of Afghanistan's territory as well as the capital city of Kabul, effectively confining the Northern Alliance to Badakhshan Province and smaller surrounding areas. The American-led invasion in October 2001 marked the first phase of what would become the 20-year-long War in Afghanistan. After the September 11 attacks, American president George W. Bush demanded that the Taliban government extradite Osama bin Laden to the United States and also expel al-Qaeda militants from Afghanistan; bin Laden had been active in Afghanistan since the Soviet\u2013Afghan War and was already wanted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation for his role in the 1998 United States embassy bombings. The Taliban declined to extradite bin Laden and further ignored demands to shut down terrorist bases or extradite other suspected terrorists. In response, the United States launched Operation Enduring Freedom on 7 October 2001, alongside the United Kingdom. The\n\nQuestion: Oct 7, 2001 saw the start of the war in Afghanistan, which is known as what?", "output": "Operation Enduring Freedom"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The history of Liverpool can be traced back to 1190 when the place was known as 'Liuerpul', possibly meaning a pool or creek with muddy water, though other origins of the name have been suggested. The borough was founded by royal charter in 1207 by King John, made up of only seven streets in the shape of the letter 'H'. Liverpool remained a small settlement until its trade with Ireland and coastal parts of England and Wales was overtaken by trade with Africa and the West Indies, which included the slave trade. The world's first commercial wet dock was opened in 1715 and Liverpool's expansion to become a major city continued over the next two centuries. By the start of the nineteenth century, a large volume of trade was passing through Liverpool. In 1830, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway was opened. The population grew rapidly, especially with Irish migrants; by\n\nHis Sultanic Highness (HSH) () was an honorific of the Sultan of Egypt. History In 1914, as a result of the declaration of war against the Ottoman Empire (of which Egypt was nominally a part), the United Kingdom declared a protectorate over the territory. The British deposed the Egyptian Khedive (Egypt's ruler's title before His Sultanic Highness), replacing him with a family member who was made Sultan of Egypt. Seven people used this title: Isma'il Fuad, Fawkia Fuad, Faruk I , Fawzia Fuad , Faiza Fuad, Faika Fuad and Fathiya Fuad . With the Egyptian Revolution of 1919, the departure of the British from Egypt, and the proclamation of the Kingdom of Egypt in 1922, the country was recognized by the United Kingdom as a sovereign nation. Sultan Fuad I (His Sultanic Highness) was made king of Egypt, with the style of Majesty, and his descendants became Their Royal Highnesses,\n\nThe Eastland Company, or North Sea Company, was an English crown-chartered company, founded in 1579 to foster trade with Scandinavia and Baltic Sea states. Like the better-known Russia Company, this was an attempt by the English to challenge the Hanseatic League's dominance in the commerce of northern and central Europe. History Charter Its charter was dated in 1579. By the first article, the company was erected into a body politic, under the title of the Company of Merchants of the East; to consist of Englishmen, all practicing merchants, who have trafficked through the sound, before the year 1568, into Norway, Sweden, Poland, Livonia, Prussia, Pomerania, etc., and likewise Revel, K\u00f6nigsberg, Dantzic, Copenhagen, etc., excepting Narva, Muscovy, and its dependencies. Most of the following articles granted them the usual prerogatives of such companies, including a seal, governor, courts, laws, etc. The company's charter was confirmed by Charles II in 1661, with\n\nQuestion: In which year did King John grant Liverpool its charter?", "output": "1207"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Reed bird may refer to: Reed bunting Pallas's reed bunting Eurasian reed warbler Red nose flower bomb Animal common name disambiguation pages\n\nleast tern as well as the threatened piping plover are the endangered and threatened bird species that have been recorded in the district. Red-tailed hawk, Swainson's hawk, northern harrier, American kestrel, great horned owl as well as less frequent sightings of bald and golden eagles have been documented as raptors known to frequent the district. Various mammal species also thrive here, including the pronghorn, white-tailed deer, mule deer, coyote, badger, beaver and mink, and are relatively common. Fish species such as the yellow perch, northern pike and a variety of smaller non-game fish species thrive in the abundant ponds and waterways, providing a major source of food for many of the migratory bird species. The leopard frog, Great Plains toad, tiger salamander and prairie rattlesnake all have been documented as common in the district. The refuge allows fishing and hunting in limited areas and in season. References External links National\n\nbarred. Females have the throat and breast also with barring which extends further down and lacks the prominent whitish vent of the male. They are mostly insectivorous but also feed on figs and forest fruits and usually fly in small groups with a bounding flight just above the forest canopy. The Indian population has a loud call klu-eep and the birds have a characteristic habit of flicking their closed wings one after the other upon landing on a perch. The same wing movements are also used during courtship. Taxonomy and systematics Several subspecies are recognized but there is considerable confusion and the taxonomy of the group is not fully resolved. The IOC classification considers the following subspecies within the species macei: C. m. nipalensis (Hodgson, 1836) of the Himalayas (some authors treat this as a subspecies of C. javensis) C. m. macei (Lesson, R, 1831) of peninsular India C. m.\n\nQuestion: Which species of bird can be Reed, Corn or Cirl?", "output": "BUNTING"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Hocine Soltani (December 1972 \u2013 March 2002) was an Algerian boxer, who won two Olympic medals. In 1992, the southpaw placed third in the featherweight division (54\u201357 kg), and at the 1996 Summer Olympics he won the gold medal in the lightweight division. Early life Hocine Soltani was born in the Algerian town of Th\u00e9nia on 27 December 1972. He was introduced to boxing by his older brother Omar, who had already trained several other fighters. Omar later explained, \"It is a school of life and discipline that allowed him not to drag, he quickly proved diligent and determined.\" Soltani fought right-handed in the southpaw stance, using his left hand as a low guard near his hip. Boxing career Amateur career He came joint third with Arnaldo Mesa at the 1991 World Amateur Boxing Championships. Soltani was selected for the Olympics for the first time for the 1992 Summer Games\n\nTyrone \"Butterfly\" Crawley (November 2, 1958 \u2013 January 15, 2021) was a former professional boxer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Career During his professional boxing career he was known for his hand and foot speed, and the ability to switch effortlessly from the orthodox stance to the southpaw stance. Many opponents were confused by this style, and some boxing experts contend that Crawley might have been the best \"switch hitter\" of his time along with middleweight champion Marvelous Marvin Hagler. As an amateur, Tyrone compiled a record of 56-6 (22 RSCs), and was a Golden Gloves champion and All Army champion in the late 1970s. Tyrone turned pro in October 1980 and won the ESPN lightweight title in only his ninth pro fight with a twelve-round decision over knockout puncher Al \"Earthquake\" Carter in September 1982. In his next fight, Crawley scored an impressive ten-round decision over future jr. welterweight champion Gene\n\nit its name, but instead, it's how to get past the opponent's guard and fight inside of it. An example would be to say that a fighter, even at a distance where his jab is touching his opponent's chin with the opponent not leaning backwards or forwards, at a neutral stance, is an infighter when his blows and blocks use the space between them and the opponent has to attack from an outward angle (use haymakers or hooks). References Martial arts terminology\n\nQuestion: If you box in a left handed stance is described as southpaw.  How is the stance of a right handed boxer usually described?", "output": "Orthodox"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Arminianism is a movement of Protestantism initiated in the early 17th century, based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Reformed theologian Jacobus Arminius and his historic supporters known as Remonstrants. Dutch Arminianism was originally articulated in the Remonstrance (1610), a theological statement submitted to the States General of the Netherlands. This expressed an attempt to moderate the doctrines of Calvinism related to its interpretation of predestination. Classical Arminianism, to which Arminius is the main contributor, and Wesleyan Arminianism, to which John Wesley is the main contributor, are the two main schools of thought. Central Arminian beliefs are that God's preparing (prevenient) grace to regeneration is universal, and that God's justifying grace allowing regeneration is resistible. Many Christian denominations have been influenced by Arminian views, notably the Baptists in the 17th century, the Methodists in the 18th century, and the Pentecostals in the 20th century. History Precursor movements and theological\n\nZoroastrianism is the oldest remaining religion in Iran. Founded around the middle of the second millennium BCE, the religion spread through the Iranian area through conversions and eventually became state religion in the Achaemenian Empire in the 6th century BCE. The religion still survives to this day in small communities, mostly located in present Iran and India. The Zoroastrians in India are called Parsis. According to the Iran's official census, there were 25,271 Zoroastrians in the country as of 2011, but several unofficial accounts suggest higher figures growing within the country. Background and the religion The Zoroastrian religion is credited to the prophet Zoroaster, who is also known as Zarathushtra and the religion is named after him. Zoroaster was supposedly the one that founded this religion around the middle of the second millennium BCE. In contemporary times, it is stated that Zoroastrianism is a religion whose followers worship one God.\n\nIn Persian cosmology, Paristan, Peristan or Pariestan ( Pariyest\u00e2n, Perist\u00e2n, \"Land of the Peris\"; also Koh-i-Qaf or Qafkuh) is the home of peris. Muslim folklore Although originating in pre-Islamic Persian literature, peris and Peristan were adopted in the wider Middle Eastern folklore and, through the spread of Islamic culture eastward, in the Muslim mythology of Central and South Asia. With peris being identified as a benevolent (often female ) jinn in early Quran translations into Persian, Peristan became what can be fairly compared with the fairyland/elfame of European folklore. Mount Qaf The alternative name Koh-i-Qaf or Qafkuh \"Mount Qaf\" was used by Persians both as the name of a legendary mountain and for the \"strange\" and unknown territory of the Caucasus Mountains which marked the extent of their knowledge and influence. See also Peri Fairy References Jinn-related places Locations in Persian mythology\n\nQuestion: Parsees are followers of which religion?", "output": "Zoroastrianism"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Timbuktu is a city in Mali. Timbuktu and similarly spelled words may also refer to: Places Timbuktu is a common placeholder name for a distant and remote location. Specific locations include: Timbuctoo, California, a ghost town and unincorporated community in Yuba County, California, U.S. Timbuctoo, New Jersey, a small settlement along Rancocas Creek in Westampton Township, New Jersey, U.S. Timbuctoo, New York, a failed farming community of Black people in the Adirondacks. Timbuktu (crater), an old crater on Mars Timbuktu, Oregon, a historic locale in Washington County, Oregon, U.S. Tombouctou Region, administrative subdivision of Mali People Timbuktu (hip hop artist), Canadian hip hop artist Timbuktu (musician), Swedish rapper, reggae and hip hop artist Art, entertainment, and media Film Timboektoe (2007), a Dutch youth film Timbuctoo (film), a 1933 British film Timbuktu (1959 film), a 1959 film with Victor Mature Timbuktu, a 2004 film directed by Alan Gilsenan Timbuktu (2014 film),\n\nChad (; ), officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It borders Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the \"Dead Heart of Africa\". Prehistory The territory now known as Chad possesses some of the richest archaeological sites in Africa. A hominid skull was found by Michel Brunet, that is more than 7 million years old, the oldest discovered anywhere in the world; it has been given the name Sahelanthropus tchadensis. In 1996 Michel Brunet had unearthed a hominid jaw which he named Australopithecus bahrelghazali, and unofficially dubbed Abel. It was dated using Beryllium based Radiometric dating as living circa. 3.6 million years ago. During the 7th\n\nTimbuktu. The festival showcases the music of the local Tuareg people, as well as musicians from other nearby nations such as Mauritania and Niger. References External links . Communes of Tombouctou Region Tuareg\n\nQuestion: In which African country can you find Timbuktu?", "output": "MALI"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "by Siddartha Gautama, who is known as the Buddha. Buddhism is the fourth largest world religion and the third largest religion in Asia, which is adhere by 12% of Asia's population. It is the predominant religion and hold the majority population in Thailand (95%), Myanmar (89%), Cambodia (98%), Sri Lanka (70%), Laos (67%), Mongolia (54%), Japan (20%. - 36% or 67%), Bhutan (75%), Tibet (79%) and Macau (80%). Large Buddhist populations reside in Taiwan (35%), Singapore (33%), South Korea (22.9%), Malaysia (19.8%), China (18.2%), Hong Kong (15%), North Korea (13.8%), Nepal (10.7%), Vietnam (10%), Ladakh (39.65%) and Sikkim (27.39%). There are also strong Buddhist minorities in India, Indonesia, Brunei, the Philippines, Bangladesh and Russia. Before the advent of Islam, Buddhism was one of the most widely practiced religions in Central Asia, Afghanistan, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Jainism Jainism is an Indian religion. Jains are mostly found in India but\n\nAsia is the largest and most populous continent and the birthplace of many religions including Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Shinto, Sikhism, Taoism and Zoroastrianism. All major religious traditions are practiced in the region and new forms are constantly emerging. Asia is noted for its diversity of culture. Thus, the religious demographics of Asia are diverse, with no single religion representing an absolute majority of the population. Notwithstanding, Islam is the largest religion in Asia, with approximately 1.3 billion adherents as of 2022. The second largest religion is Hinduism, with about 1.2 billion adherents on the continent. Since the 1970s, the Muslim and Christian share of the Asian population has grown considerably throughout the history. History Asia is the birthplace of 11 major religions, whose written records include Judaism, Hinduism, Taoism, Shintoism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, and the Baha'i Faith. Indian religions Dharmic religions are the\n\nthe birthplace of 11 major religions, whose written records include Judaism, Hinduism, Taoism, Shintoism, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, and the Baha'i Faith. Indian religions Dharmic religions are the oldest religions of Asia. All Indian religions originated in the Indian subcontinent. These religions all have the similar concepts like dharma, karma, and reincarnation, but the interpretation of these concepts varies with each religion. Hinduism Hinduism is the second largest religion in Asia with about 1.2 billion followers, mainly in South and Southeast Asia. Hinduism, like all Dharmic religions, originates in India. More than 94% of the global Hindu population live in India. Demographically, it is the largest religion in India (80%), Nepal (85%), and the island of Bali (87%), with strong minorities in the Asian nations of Bhutan, Fiji, Indonesia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Myanmar, the\n\nQuestion: The main religion in Tibet is a style of what?", "output": "Buddhism"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Vermilion Cliffs National Monument is located in northern Coconino County, Arizona, United States, immediately south of the Utah state line. This national monument, in area, protects the Paria Plateau, Vermilion Cliffs, Coyote Buttes, and Paria Canyon. Elevations in the monument range from 3,100 feet to 6,500 feet above sea level (944 to 1,981 meters). Creation and designation Established on November 9, 2000 by a presidential proclamation by President Bill Clinton, Vermilion Cliffs National Monument was carved from existing lands already under the management of the U.S. Government in extreme northern Coconino County, Arizona, immediately south of the border with the state of Utah. The monument is administered by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, an agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior. The Vermilion Cliffs themselves run along the southern and eastern edges of the monument. Much of the monument's land consists of the Paria Plateau, a flat area\n\nFort Proctor is a ruined 19th century fort in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana, USA. It is also known as Fort Beauregard or Beauregard's Castle (after P.G.T. Beauregard, who supervised its construction with the architect J.G. Totten). The fort is on the shore of Lake Borgne just north of the mouth of Bayou Yscloskey. At the time it was built in the 1850s, there was also an adjacent railroad port called \"Proctorville\". The fort was intended to be part of the fortifications protecting water routes towards New Orleans. In 1814, the British Army had attacked New Orleans after their navy advanced up Lake Borgne and defeated a small flotilla of gunboats belonging to the New Orleans Squadron of the U.S. Navy, in the Battle of Lake Borgne. Due to delays caused by hurricane damage, and then the outbreak of the American Civil War, the fort was never garrisoned. By the end\n\nFort Fillmore, located at 32\u00b013\u203230\u2033N 106\u00b042\u203252\u2033W, was a United States military fortification established by Colonel Edwin Vose Sumner in September 1851 near Mesilla in what is now New Mexico, primarily for the purpose of protecting settlers and traders traveling to California. Early frontier migrants were under constant threat from attack by local Native Americans, and a network of forts was eventually created by the U.S. government to protect and encourage westward expansion. Fort Fillmore was intended to protect a corridor plagued by hostile Apaches, where several migration routes converged between El Paso and Tucson to take advantage of Apache Pass. Construction Fort Fillmore was originally constructed in the jacal style with upright wood posts plastered over with adobe; later, more substantial adobe walls were erected. Much of the work on the fort was done by the soldiers with the assistance of local Mexican laborers who made the adobe bricks. The\n\nQuestion: The Gila Cliff Dwellings and Fort Union National Monuments are in which US State?", "output": "New Mexico"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "have been awarded for the single events of the 20K and 50K teams, therefore in the 1993, 1995 and 1997 editions three team medals were assigned, from 1999 the combined was abolished and the team medals remained two until the present day. Host cities The 2016 Cup was due to be held in Cheboksary, Russia. However the IAAF's suspension of the All-Russia Athletic Federation prohibits Russia from hosting international competitions. This event was relocated. The 2020 Championships, planned in Minsk, Belarus, was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. World Athletics announce Oman to host 2022 Race during 2020 Summer Olympics. Events Championships records Key: Men Women Medal summary Legend: Where there is the symbol , the original top three result has been adjusted due to doping disqualifications. Men 20 km 35 km 50 km In 2008, Vladimir Kanaykin from was initially 2nd and silver medallist in 3:36:55, but disqualified because\n\nsame time as those for the 2018 tournament. Only Mexico, Italy, France, Germany (West Germany until shortly after the 1990 World Cup) and Brazil have hosted the event on two occasions. Mexico City's Estadio Azteca and Rio de Janeiro's Maracan\u00e3 are the only venues ever to have hosted two FIFA World Cup finals. Only the 2002 FIFA World Cup had more than one host, being split between Japan and South Korea, and in 2026 there will be three hosts: the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Uruguay in 1930, Italy in 1934, England in 1966, West Germany in 1974, Argentina in 1978 and France in 1998 are the countries which organized an edition of the World Cup and won it. Upon the selection of Canada\u2013Mexico\u2013United States bid for the 2026 FIFA World Cup, the tournament will be the first to be hosted by more than two countries. Mexico becomes the first\n\nthree times as many medals as the second-place United States, while fielding ten times as many athletes. 1924 Summer Olympics The 1924 Summer Olympics (the Games of the VIII Olympiad) were the second to be held after World War I. Showing a collective unity after the war, 44 nations competed in 126 different events between 4 May 1924 and 27 July 1924. Germany was not invited to the games due to security reasons. Unlike the previous time France hosted the Olympics, the French athletes did not have a high medal count, finishing 3rd in the unofficial medal count with only 28 medals. 2024 Summer Olympics The 2024 Summer Olympics (the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad) will take place from 27 July 2024 to 12 August 2024. The Paris 2024 Olympic bid was announced as the winner of the bidding process on 13 September 2017, following unsuccessful bid attempts for previous\n\nQuestion: Which country will host the Olympics in 2016?", "output": "Brazil"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Biography or Autobiography: Biography of Grover Cleveland by Allan Nevins (Dodd). Poetry: Conquistador by Archibald Macleish (Houghton). References External links Pulitzer Prizes for 1933 Pulitzer Prizes by year Pulitzer Prize Pulitzer Prize\n\nBuckeye Steel Castings was a Columbus, Ohio steelmaker best known today for its longtime president, Samuel P. Bush, who was the grandfather of President George H. W. Bush and great-grandfather of President George W. Bush. Buckeye, named for the Ohio Buckeye tree, was founded in Columbus as the Murray-Hayden Foundry, which made iron farm implements. Finding success in manufacturing iron railroad car couplers, the name changed to the Buckeye Automatic Car Coupler Company in 1891 and Buckeye Malleable Iron and Coupler Company in 1894. Eventually, demand for stronger coupling assemblies led to a switch to steel and the name Buckeye Steel Castings. The business was closely associated with rail baron E.H. Harriman, and for some time, was controlled by Frank Rockefeller, the brother of oil magnate John D. Rockefeller. In 1901, Buckeye hired Samuel Prescott \"S.P.\" Bush as general manager. Bush, a graduate of Stevens Institute of Technology, had worked\n\nAndrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 \u2013 June 8, 1845) was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, he gained fame as a general in the U.S. Army and served in both houses of the U.S. Congress. Although often praised as an advocate for ordinary Americans and for his work in preserving the union of states, Jackson has also been criticized for his racial policies, particularly his treatment of Native Americans. Jackson was born in the colonial Carolinas before the American Revolutionary War. He became a frontier lawyer and married Rachel Donelson Robards. He briefly served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate, representing Tennessee. After resigning, he served as a justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court from 1798 until 1804. Jackson purchased a property later known as\n\nQuestion: What was the first name of American President Grover Cleveland?", "output": "STEPHEN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The carotid groove is an anatomical groove in the sphenoid bone located above the attachment of each great wing of the sphenoid bone. The groove is curved like the italic letter f, and lodges the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. References External links Bones of the head and neck\n\nThe carotid canal is a passage in the petrous part of the temporal bone of the skull through which the internal carotid artery and its internal carotid (nervous) plexus pass from the neck into (the middle cranial fossa of) the cranial cavity. Structure The carotid canal is located within the middle cranial fossa, at the petrous part of the temporal bone. Anteriorly, it is limited by posterior margin of the greater wing of sphenoid bone. Posteromedially, it is limited by basilar part of occipital bone. It is divided in three parts, namely, ascending petrous, transverse petrous, and ascending cavernous parts. The carotid canal has two openings, namely internal and external openings. The internal opening is situated laterally to foramen lacerum. The external opening of the carotid canal is located posterolaterally to the foramen lacerum. Both internal and external openings of the carotid canal lies anterior to the jugular foramen, where\n\nCarotid plexus can refer to: Common carotid plexus Internal carotid plexus External carotid plexus\n\nQuestion: In the human body what is a carotid?", "output": "Artery"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Amazonite, also known as Amazonstone, is a green tectosilicate mineral, a variety of the potassium feldspar called microcline. Its chemical formula is KAlSi3O8, which is polymorphic to orthoclase. Its name is taken from that of the Amazon River, from which green stones were formerly obtained, though it is unknown whether those stones were amazonite. Although it has been used for jewellery for well over three thousand years, as attested by archaeological finds in Middle and New Kingdom Egypt and Mesopotamia, no ancient or medieval authority mentions it. It was first described as a distinct mineral only in the 18th century. Green and greenish-blue varieties of potassium feldspars that are predominantly triclinic are designated as amazonite. It has been described as a \"beautiful crystallized variety of a bright verdigris-green\" and as possessing a \"lively green colour.\" It is occasionally cut and used as a gemstone. Occurrence Amazonite is a mineral of\n\na large hoop surmounted with flower-work of wrought leaves, enriched with rubies, emeralds, and sapphires and surrounded with brilliants on a setting of matched and chosen pearls. In total, the tiara included 3,345 precious stones and 2,990 pearls. It cost 179,800 francs. The tiara carried in its monde the great emerald, which Pope Pius VI had removed from his tiara to pay the war reparations required by the Treaty of Tolentino in 1797. The emerald (404.5 carats) was originally part of a tiara worn by Pope Gregory XIII, which was made by Cristoforo Foppa; it displays Gregory XIII's name and coat of arms. The middle of the hoop of each crown contained a bas-relief glorifying Napoleon; they represented the re-establishment of worship (repeal of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy), the Concordat of 1801, and Napoleon's coronation. Additional plaques bore the names of Napoleon's military victories. Thinly veiled insult At\n\nCupstones, also called anvil stones, pitted cobbles and nutting stones, among other names, are roughly discoidal or amorphous groundstone artifacts among the most common lithic remains of Native American culture, especially in the Midwestern United States, in Early Archaic contexts. The hemispherical indentation itself is an important element of paleoart, known as a \"cupule\". Cup and ring marks are also common in the Fertile Crescent and India, and later in the Mediterranean, Atlantic, and Alpine regions of Europe, sometimes associated with complex petroglyphs or megalithic monuments. Etymology One encyclopedia of archaeology treats \"pitted stone\", \"cupstones\", and \"nutting stones\" as synonyms and says that they \"may have been formed by cracking nutshells, though this activity lacks adequate confirmation through ethnographic examples or published experimentation.\" Purpose These objects have received little study, perhaps because edged tools and weapons have more intrinsic interest to private collectors, but closer study of them might reveal\n\nQuestion: Which gemstone is associated (traditional UK/US) with a 45th wedding anniversary?", "output": "Sapphire"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Zoroastrianism is the oldest remaining religion in Iran. Founded around the middle of the second millennium BCE, the religion spread through the Iranian area through conversions and eventually became state religion in the Achaemenian Empire in the 6th century BCE. The religion still survives to this day in small communities, mostly located in present Iran and India. The Zoroastrians in India are called Parsis. According to the Iran's official census, there were 25,271 Zoroastrians in the country as of 2011, but several unofficial accounts suggest higher figures growing within the country. Background and the religion The Zoroastrian religion is credited to the prophet Zoroaster, who is also known as Zarathushtra and the religion is named after him. Zoroaster was supposedly the one that founded this religion around the middle of the second millennium BCE. In contemporary times, it is stated that Zoroastrianism is a religion whose followers worship one God.\n\nthe one that founded this religion around the middle of the second millennium BCE. In contemporary times, it is stated that Zoroastrianism is a religion whose followers worship one God. The God\u2019s name is Ahura Mazda, which is the good divine. He has sacred beings alongside him, like individual deities but also natural phenomena. In opposition, there is also an embodiment of evil, that wants to bring disorder and destruction. This evil comes in the form of Angra Mainyu in the Avestan and in the form of Ahreman in Middle Persian. The belief in a good and bad divine seems to be part of a dualistic religion. The Zoroastrian religion can therefore be seen as a dualistic or polytheistic religion. There is however a lot of resistance against this idea. Modern scholars have tried to label the religion as monotheistic. More so, the only monotheistic religion of Indo-European origin. Even\n\nthe text varies. The religious texts were compiled by different religious communities into various official collections. The earliest contained the first five books of the Bible. It is called the Torah in Hebrew and the Pentateuch (meaning five books) in Greek; the second oldest part was a collection of narrative histories and prophecies (the Nevi'im); the third collection (the Ketuvim) contains psalms, proverbs, and narrative histories. \"Tanakh\" is an alternate term for the Hebrew Bible composed of the first letters of those three parts of the Hebrew scriptures: the Torah (\"Teaching\"), the Nevi'im (\"Prophets\"), and the Ketuvim (\"Writings\"). The Masoretic Text is the medieval version of the Tanakh, in Hebrew and Aramaic, that is considered the authoritative text of the Hebrew Bible by modern Rabbinic Judaism. The Septuagint is a Koine Greek translation of the Tanakh from the third and second centuries BC; it largely overlaps with the Hebrew Bible.\n\nQuestion: In religion, what are the Zoroastrian books of Sacred Texts called?", "output": "The Avesta"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "teams - such as the 2003 RWC 3rd place play-off won by New Zealand or the 2007 RWC quarter final won by France and 2011 RWC final won by NZL - do not qualify as challenge matches. France won the 2009 challenge 37\u201336 on aggregate score over two matches, having won the first test 27\u201322 and lost the second 10\u201314. The New Zealand team had assumed the series would be drawn if each team won one test, and were upset to discover that aggregate was taken into account, which their coaching staff had deliberately withheld from them. New Zealand would retain the trophy for 12 years until being defeated 40\u201325 by France in Paris. Matches Results \u2013 Summer Test \u2013 Autumn International Other trophies The All Blacks compete with three other nations for the attribution of a similar kind of trophy. The Bledisloe Cup, versus Australia, being the most famous.\n\nperiod. Every team was guaranteed to play 6 games, and every team would be awarded a rank from 1 to 16 as a result. Pool Stage Points are awarded as follows: \u2022 2 Points for a Win \u2022 1 Points for a Draw \u2022 0 Points for a Loss In the event of a tie, the result of the game between the tied teams would be decided who was ranked higher. Tie situations would be resolved in three tie-breaker scenarios: \u2022 The team with the superior Goal Average (Goals For/Goals Against) will be ranked highest. \u2022 If the Goal Average is identical, the team with the better Goal Difference will be ranked highest. \u2022 If the Goal Difference is identical, the team with the higher Goals For will be ranked highest. All times are New Zealand Time (UCT +13 hours) Pool A Highlighted teams advanced to the quarter-finals. Remaining teams\n\nThis article contains information on rugby league played in 2006. The season commenced with the World Club Challenge in England in February and concluded with the Tri-Nations Final in Australia in November. January World Club Challenge Bradford Bulls won the one-off match against Wests Tigers 30\u201310 at Galpharm Stadium, Huddersfield. February National Rugby League trial matches Week 1 Brisbane def. Nth Qld 36\u20134. Rockhampton, NSW. 11/2/2006. Report Canberra def. New Zealand 28\u201316. Auckland, New Zealand. Report Melbourne def. Parramatta 38\u201318. Ballina, NSW. 11/2/2006 report Week 2 South Sydney Rabbitohs and the St George Illawarra Dragons played their annual Charity Shield match. The Rabbitohs narrowly took the shield with a score of 14\u201312, while most of the Dragons' top grade players were being rested on the bench in preparation for weeks to come. Other results from this week of trials included: Brisbane def. Canberra 28\u201320. Port Macquarie, NSW. Cronulla def. Canterbury\n\nQuestion: How many points are scored for a penalty goal in a game of rugby league?", "output": "Two"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alannah Joy Currie (born 20 September 1957) is a New Zealand artist based in London. She is a musician and activist, best known as a former member of the pop band Thompson Twins. Career Born in New Zealand and trained as a journalist, Currie emigrated to the UK in 1977. Currie squatted in South London. She formed a band the Unfuckables that performed a single gig. In 1981, Currie joined Tom Bailey, Joe Leeway, and others to form part of Thompson Twins, the line-up of which included up to seven members in its early days. Thompson Twins became a trio in 1982 and signed two major recording contracts with Arista Records before signing with Warner Bros. Records. Currie was a lyricist, percussionist, visual stylist, and backing vocalist in the band for 15 years. She co-wrote and recorded six studio albums which included gold and platinum records and the hits \"Doctor!\n\nname and album title were accidentally switched, and they started off as The Nutty Boys. The album was re-released in 2002, and the mistake was rectified, with the group now known as Crunch! During this time Lee was often found in the early hours flyposting with part time keyboard player of Crunch Mark Sexbery in the East End. Thompson founded The Dance Brigade with Keith Finch in 2007, and they were joined by Jennie Matthias of The Belle Stars. The other musicians came from projects that they had all been involved in. He also fronted and played saxophone with a covers band called The Camden Cowboys. Thompson was featured floating while playing a red, white, and blue-colored saxophone in the closing ceremonies of the 2012 Summer Olympics. In 2011, Thompson began performing with The Lee Thompson Ska Orchestra who released the album The Benevolence of Sister Mary Ignatius in 2013.\n\nTeddy Thompson (born 19 February 1976) is an English folk and rock musician. He is the son of folk rock musicians Richard and Linda Thompson and brother of singer Kamila Thompson. He released his first album in 2000. Biography Teddy Thompson was born in 1976 in a London Sufi commune to folk rock musicians Richard and Linda Thompson, both major musical figures in the English folk rock scene from the 1960s onward. He formed a band at the age of 18. He moved to Los Angeles to pursue his music career, which included work as a singer and guitar player in his father Richard's band during the 1990s. He appears on at least three Richard Thompson Band recordings from that time: You? Me? Us?, the live album Celtschmerz (1998) and Mock Tudor (1999), as well as singing a duet on the track \"Persuasion\", which appeared on Richard's best-of compilation Action\n\nQuestion: How many people were in the band The Thompson Twins?", "output": "Three"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Rolls-Royce Wraith (not to be confused with the earlier small horsepower Goshawk-powered car, the 25/30 h.p) was built by Rolls-Royce at their Derby factory from 1938 to 1939 and supplied to independent coachbuilders as a rolling chassis. Wraith is also the name of a new coup\u00e9 announced by Rolls-Royce in 2013. Wraith is an old Scottish word meaning \"ghost\" or \"spirit\", continuing Rolls-Royce's (at the time) new nomenclature that they had adopted, using words relating to silent, gracious, elegant, rarely seen and highly sought after for these reasons. In fact, the Wraith name originated from a 40/50 h.p, (Silver Ghost) that was named \"The Wraith\" by its original owner. Chassis design The in-line six cylinder, overhead valve, 4,257 cc engine was based on that of the 25/30 but featured a cross-flow cylinder head. The four-speed gearbox had synchromesh on second, third and fourth speeds and retained the traditional right\n\nVickers sold Rolls-Royce to Volkswagen AG, including Bentley with its name and logos (but not the name \"Rolls Royce\"). History Cricklewood (1919\u20131931) Before World War I, Walter Owen Bentley and his brother, Horace Millner Bentley, sold French DFP cars in Cricklewood, North London, but W.O, as Walter was known, always wanted to design and build his own cars. At the DFP factory, in 1913, he noticed an aluminium paperweight and thought that aluminium might be a suitable replacement for cast iron to fabricate lighter pistons. The first Bentley aluminium pistons were fitted to Sopwith Camel aero engines during the First World War. The same day that the Paris Peace Conference to end World War I started, Walter Owen (\"W.O.\") Bentley founded Bentley Motors Limited, on January 18, 1919 and registered Bentley Motors Ltd. in August 1919. In October he exhibited a car chassis (with a dummy engine) at the London\n\nThe Rolls-Royce 10 hp was the first car to be produced as a result of an agreement of 23 December 1904 between Charles Rolls and Henry Royce, and badged as a Rolls-Royce. The 10 hp was produced by Royce's company, Royce Ltd., at its factory in Cooke Street, Hulme, Manchester, and was sold exclusively by Rolls' motor dealership, C.S.Rolls & Co., at a price of \u00a3395. The 10 hp was exhibited at the Paris Salon in December 1904, along with 15 hp and 20 hp cars and engine for the 30 hp models. The 10 hp was a development of Henry Royce's first car, the Royce 10, of which he produced three prototypes in 1903. This was itself based on a second-hand Decauville owned by Royce which he correctly believed he could improve. In particular, Royce succeeded in making his car significantly quieter than existing cars. Unlike the Royce 10\n\nQuestion: What was the name given to the very first type of Rolls Royce", "output": "The Silver Ghost"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Accrington is a town in the Hyndburn borough of Lancashire, England. It lies about east of Blackburn, west of Burnley, east of Preston, north of Manchester and is situated on the culverted River Hyndburn. Commonly abbreviated by locals to \"Accy\", the town has a population of 35,456 according to the 2011 census. Accrington is a former centre of the cotton and textile machinery industries. The town is famed for manufacturing the hardest and densest building bricks in the world, \"The Accrington NORI\" (iron), which were used in the construction of the Empire State Building and for the foundations of Blackpool Tower; famous for Accrington Stanley F.C. and the Haworth Art Gallery which holds Europe's largest collection of Tiffany glass. History Etymology The name \"Accrington\" likely has Anglo-Saxon origins. The earliest known recording of the name is found in the Parish of Whalley records from 850, where it is written as\n\nCoade stone or Lithodipyra or Lithodipra () is stoneware that was often described as an artificial stone in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was used for moulding neoclassical statues, architectural decorations and garden ornaments of the highest quality that remain virtually weatherproof today. Coade stone features were produced by appointment to George III and the Prince Regent for St George's Chapel, Windsor; The Royal Pavilion, Brighton; Carlton House, London; the Royal Naval College, Greenwich; and refurbishment of Buckingham Palace in the 1820s. Coade stone was prized by the most important architects such as: John Nash-Buckingham Palace; Sir John Soane-Bank of England; Robert Adam-Kenwood House ; and James Wyatt-Radcliffe Observatory. The product (originally known as Lithodipyra) was created around 1770 by Eleanor Coade, who ran Coade's Artificial Stone Manufactory, Coade and Sealy, and Coade in Lambeth, London, from 1769 until her death in 1821. It continued to be\n\nBuckingham Palace () is a royal residence in London and the administrative headquarters of the monarch of the United Kingdom. Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is often at the centre of state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focal point for the British people at times of national rejoicing and mourning. Originally known as Buckingham House, the building at the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1703 on a site that had been in private ownership for at least 150 years. It was acquired by King George III in 1761 as a private residence for Queen Charlotte and became known as The Queen's House. During the 19th century it was enlarged by architects John Nash and Edward Blore, who constructed three wings around a central courtyard. Buckingham Palace became the London residence of the British monarch\n\nQuestion: Which famous building, on the South Coast of England did John Nash design for King George IV?", "output": "Brighton Pavilion"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The chalcogens (ore forming) ( ) are the chemical elements in group 16 of the periodic table. This group is also known as the oxygen family. Group 16 consists of the elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), and the radioactive elements polonium (Po) and livermorium (Lv). Often, oxygen is treated separately from the other chalcogens, sometimes even excluded from the scope of the term \"chalcogen\" altogether, due to its very different chemical behavior from sulfur, selenium, tellurium, and polonium. The word \"chalcogen\" is derived from a combination of the Greek word () principally meaning copper (the term was also used for bronze/brass, any metal in the poetic sense, ore or coin), and the Latinized Greek word , meaning born or produced. Sulfur has been known since antiquity, and oxygen was recognized as an element in the 18th century. Selenium, tellurium and polonium were discovered in the 19th\n\nA chemical element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances. The basic particle that constitutes a chemical element is the atom, and each chemical element is distinguished by the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms, known as its atomic number. For example, oxygen has an atomic number of 8, meaning that each oxygen atom has 8 protons in its nucleus. This is in contrast to chemical compounds and mixtures, which contain atoms with more than one atomic number. Almost all of the baryonic matter of the universe is composed of chemical elements (among rare exceptions are neutron stars). When different elements undergo chemical reactions, atoms are rearranged into new compounds held together by chemical bonds. Only a minority of elements, such as silver and gold, are found uncombined as relatively pure native element minerals. Nearly all other naturally occurring elements occur in\n\nChlorine is a chemical element with the symbol Cl and atomic number 17. The second-lightest of the halogens, it appears between fluorine and bromine in the periodic table and its properties are mostly intermediate between them. Chlorine is a yellow-green gas at room temperature. It is an extremely reactive element and a strong oxidising agent: among the elements, it has the highest electron affinity and the third-highest electronegativity on the revised Pauling scale, behind only oxygen and fluorine. Chlorine played an important role in the experiments conducted by medieval alchemists, which commonly involved the heating of chloride salts like ammonium chloride (sal ammoniac) and sodium chloride (common salt), producing various chemical substances containing chlorine such as hydrogen chloride, mercury(II) chloride (corrosive sublimate), and hydrochloric acid (in the form of ). However, the nature of free chlorine gas as a separate substance was only recognised around 1630 by Jan Baptist van\n\nQuestion: Which chemical element, Atomic Number 17, gets its name from the Greek word for green ?", "output": "CHLORINE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Niaqornat (Kalaallisut: \"head-shaped\") is a settlement in the Avannaata municipality in northwestern Greenland. The settlement is located on the northern coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula, with a wide view over Uummannaq Fjord. It had 35 inhabitants in 2020. Economy Fishing Fishing is the mainstay of the economy, with stocks of Atlantic cod, Greenland halibut and Greenland shark. A variety of mammal species are harvested: ringed seal, bearded seal, harp seal, hooded seal, and walrus. There is a seasonal catch of narwhal and beluga \u2013 on rare occasions pilot whales are caught. Capelin and fin whales have been observed at Niaqornat as late as in November in recent years. Like other settlements in northwestern Greenland, Niaqornat experiences the effects of global warming. Hunting During spring a few polar bears are shot for meat. The catch includes reindeer, caribou, Arctic hare, grouse and various seabirds. Niaqornat represents a traditional hunting culture where\n\nThe Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus), also known as the white fox, polar fox, or snow fox, is a small fox that belongs to the family of Canidae, native to the Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere and common throughout the Arctic tundra biome. It is well adapted to living in cold environments, and is best known for its thick, warm fur that is also used as camouflage. It has a large and very fluffy tail. In the wild, most individuals do not live past their first year but some exceptional ones survive up to 11 years. Its body length ranges from , with a generally rounded body shape to minimize the escape of body heat. The Arctic fox preys on many small creatures such as lemmings, voles, ringed seal pups, fish, waterfowl, and seabirds. It also eats carrion, berries, seaweed, and insects and other small invertebrates. Arctic foxes form monogamous\n\nwarming. Hunting During spring a few polar bears are shot for meat. The catch includes reindeer, caribou, Arctic hare, grouse and various seabirds. Niaqornat represents a traditional hunting culture where both dog sleds and small dinghies are used during the hunting of the marine resources. The settlement is well situated for studies of narwhal, beluga, polar bear as well as other marine resources such as the ringed seal. Niaqornat is an example of a well functioning small settlement in which the inhabitants still live from harvesting the local living resources and it represents a continuation in modern times of the Greenlandic hunting culture. A fish factory was closed, but reopened as a co-operative in 2011. Infrastructure Niaqornat only got electricity in 1988, however, the settlement is now able to communicate with the rest of the world via satellite and telephone and has access to the Internet. The settlement is in\n\nQuestion: What is the national animal of Greenland?", "output": "Polar Bear"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Beavers (genus Castor) are large, semiaquatic rodents of the Northern Hemisphere. There are two existing species: the North American beaver (Castor canadensis) and the Eurasian beaver (C. fiber). Beavers are the second-largest living rodents, after capybaras, weighing up to . They have stout bodies with large heads, long chisel-like incisors, brown or gray fur, hand-like front feet, webbed back feet, and tails that are flat and scaly. The two species differ in skull and tail shape and fur color. Beavers can be found in a number of freshwater habitats, such as rivers, streams, lakes and ponds. They are herbivorous, consuming tree bark, aquatic plants, grasses and sedges. Beavers build dams and lodges using tree branches, vegetation, rocks and mud; they chew down trees for building material. Dams restrict water flow, and lodges serve as shelters. Their infrastructure creates wetlands used by many other species, and because of their effect on\n\nThe white-eared giant rats, genus Hyomys, are a group of Old World rats from New Guinea. Description These large rodents belong to the genus Hyomys, with head and body lengths between , tail lengths between , and a weight of up to . Species Genus Hyomys - white-eared giant rats Western white-eared giant rat, Hyomys dammermani Stein, 1933 Eastern white-eared giant rat, Hyomys goliath Milne-Edwards, 1900 References Rodent genera Taxa named by Oldfield Thomas Rodents of Papua New Guinea\n\nThe giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni), the only member of its genus (Hylochoerus), is native to wooded habitats in Africa and is generally considered the largest wild member of the pig family, Suidae; however, a few subspecies of the wild boar can reach an even larger size. Despite its large size and relatively wide distribution, it was first described only in 1904. The specific name honours Richard Meinertzhagen, who shot the type specimen in Kenya and had it shipped to the Natural History Museum in England. Description The giant forest hog is, on average, the largest living species of suid. Adults can measure from in head-and-body length, with an additional tail length of . Adults stand in height at the shoulder, and can weigh from . Females are smaller than males. Females weigh a median of approximately , as opposed to males, which weigh a median of . The eastern\n\nQuestion: Which is the largest rodent in the world?", "output": "CAPYBARA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "S. H. Foulkes ( ; born Siegmund Heinrich Fuchs; 3 September 1898 \u2013 8 July 1976) was a German-British psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. He developed a theory of group behaviour that led to his founding of group analysis, a variant of group therapy. He initiated the Group Analytic Society, and the Institute of Group Analysis (IGA) in London. In 1933, owing to his Jewish descent, Foulkes emigrated to England. In 1938, he was granted British citizenship and changed his name to S. H. Foulkes. Background Foulkes was born in Karlsruhe. He studied medicine at the universities of Heidelberg, Munich and Frankfurt am Main, where he graduated in 1923. He undertook further studies in psychiatry with Otto P\u00f6tzl in Vienna and in neurology with Kurt Goldstein, whose assistant he was for two years. During that time he first encountered Gestalt psychology which influenced his later work with groups. His interest in psychological\n\nthe twentieth century, the western esoteric tradition inspired the Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology, Carl Jung to formulate his archetypal hypothesis, influenced by Plato's theory of ideas or forms. In his research into the symbolic meaning of his patient's dreams, conversations and paintings, Jung observed recurring mythical themes or archetypes. He proposed that these universal and timeless archetypes channel experiences and emotions, resulting in recognizable and typical patterns of behavior with certain probable outcomes. Jung claimed to observe a correlation between these archetypal images and the astrological themes or traditional 'gods' associated with the planets and signs of the zodiac. He concluded that the symbolic heavenly figures described by the constellations were originally inspired by projections of images created by the collective unconscious. Jung wrote \"Astrology represents the sum of all the psychological knowledge of antiquity\". In collaboration with pioneer theoretical physicist (and Nobel laureate) Wolfgang Pauli, Jung\n\nArthur Schopenhauer ( , ; 22 February 1788 \u2013 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher. He is best known for his 1818 work The World as Will and Representation (expanded in 1844), which characterizes the phenomenal world as the manifestation of a blind and irrational noumenal will. Building on the transcendental idealism of Immanuel Kant (1724\u20131804), Schopenhauer developed an atheistic metaphysical and ethical system that rejected the contemporaneous ideas of German idealism. He was among the first thinkers in Western philosophy to share and affirm significant tenets of Indian philosophy, such as asceticism, denial of the self, and the notion of the world-as-appearance. His work has been described as an exemplary manifestation of philosophical pessimism. Though his work failed to garner substantial attention during his lifetime, Schopenhauer had a posthumous impact across various disciplines, including philosophy, literature, and science. His writing on aesthetics, morality, and psychology have influenced many\n\nQuestion: Which pioneering Swiss psychologist proposed the theory of the collective unconscious?", "output": "Carl JUNG"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Hercule Poirot (, ) is a fictional Belgian detective created by British writer Agatha Christie. Poirot is one of Christie's most famous and long-running characters, appearing in 33 novels, two plays (Black Coffee and Alibi), and 51 short stories published between 1920 and 1975. Poirot has been portrayed on radio, in film and on television by various actors, including Austin Trevor, John Moffatt, Albert Finney, Peter Ustinov, Ian Holm, Tony Randall, Alfred Molina, Orson Welles, David Suchet, Kenneth Branagh, and John Malkovich. Overview Influences Poirot's name was derived from two other fictional detectives of the time: Marie Belloc Lowndes' Hercule Popeau and Frank Howel Evans' Monsieur Poiret, a retired French police officer living in London. Evans' Jules Poiret \"was small and rather heavyset, hardly more than five feet, but moved with his head held high. The most remarkable features of his head were the stiff military moustache. His apparel was\n\nDeath on the Nile is a 1978 British mystery film based on Agatha Christie's 1937 novel of the same name, directed by John Guillermin and adapted by Anthony Shaffer. The film features the Belgian detective Hercule Poirot, played by Peter Ustinov for the first time, plus an all-star supporting cast that includes Maggie Smith, Angela Lansbury, Bette Davis, Mia Farrow, Jane Birkin, David Niven, George Kennedy, and Jack Warden. The film is a follow-up to the 1974 film Murder on the Orient Express. It takes place in Egypt in 1937, mostly on a period paddle steamer on the Nile. Various famous Ancient Egyptian sights are featured in the film, such as the Great Pyramids, the Sphinx, and temples at Abu Simbel and Karnak, sometimes out of sequence (the boat trip scenes start at Aswan, move downstream to Karnak, and then shift upstream to Abu Simbel). Death on the Nile won\n\nDame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, (; 15 September 1890 \u2013 12 January 1976) was an English writer known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections, particularly those revolving around fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. She also wrote the world's longest-running play, the murder mystery The Mousetrap, which has been performed in the West End since 1952. A writer during the \"Golden Age of Detective Fiction\", Christie has been called the \"Queen of Crime\". She also wrote six novels under the pseudonym Mary Westmacott. In 1971, she was made a Dame (DBE) by Queen Elizabeth II for her contributions to literature. Guinness World Records lists Christie as the best-selling fiction writer of all time, her novels having sold more than two billion copies. Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay, Devon, and was largely home-schooled. She was initially an unsuccessful writer\n\nQuestion: What is the native country of Agatha Chrisitie's detective Hercule Poirot?", "output": "Belgium"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Broken Allegiance is a fan film that made its debut on the internet in April 2002, created by Australian fans of the Star Wars franchise. It is a live-action drama set in the Star Wars universe, taking place a few weeks between the events in A New Hope and The Empire Strikes Back. It tells the story of two Sith apprentices, Ruan and Calis, who have escaped the Empire by fleeing Coruscant in a stolen transport. They must fight for their freedom when Darth Vader sends the vicious bounty hunter Korbain Thor to track them down. The film started pre-production in January 2001, and was shot both in studio and on locations around Melbourne in Victoria, Australia. Broken Allegiance cost approximately to make, mostly spent on raw materials for sets, props, costumes, catering and equipment rental to make the film. The film was made entirely with volunteer cast and crew.\n\nThe Blues Brothers is a 1980 American musical action comedy film directed by John Landis. It stars John Belushi as \"Joliet\" Jake Blues and Dan Aykroyd as his brother Elwood, characters developed from the recurring musical sketch \"The Blues Brothers\" on NBC's variety series Saturday Night Live. The script is set in and around Chicago, Illinois, where it was filmed, and the screenplay is by Aykroyd and Landis. It features musical numbers by rhythm and blues (R&B), soul, and blues singers James Brown, Cab Calloway (in his final feature film role), Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles, Chaka Khan, and John Lee Hooker. It features non-musical supporting performances by Carrie Fisher, Henry Gibson, Charles Napier, Kathleen Freeman and John Candy. The story is a tale of redemption for paroled convict Jake and his blood brother Elwood, who set out on \"a mission from God\" to prevent the foreclosure of the Roman Catholic\n\nBlade Runner is a 1982 American neo-noir science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, which stars Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, and Edward James Olmos. Written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples, the film is an adaptation of the 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick. Its 2017 sequel, Blade Runner 2049, stars Ryan Gosling and Harrison Ford, with Ana de Armas, Sylvia Hoeks, Robin Wright, Mackenzie Davis, Carla Juri, Lennie James, Dave Bautista and Jared Leto. Characters in both films Rick Deckard Rick Deckard is a \"blade runner\", a special agent in the Los Angeles police department employed to hunt down and \"retire\" replicants. His ID number is B-263-54, which is stated twice in both the 1992 Director's Cut and the 25th-anniversary Final Cut of the film. He is the protagonist of the film and the narrator in the original theatrical release. Agent\n\nQuestion: Which Star Wars film was released in May 1980?", "output": "The Empire Strikes Back"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Barry Morris Goldwater (January 2, 1909 \u2013 May 29, 1998) was an American politician and major general in the Air Force Reserve who served as a United States senator from 1953 to 1965 and 1969 to 1987, and was the Republican Party's nominee for president in 1964. Goldwater was born in Phoenix, where he helped manage his family's department store. During World War II, he flew aircraft between the U.S. and India. After the war, Goldwater served in the Phoenix City Council. In 1952, he was elected to the U.S. Senate, where he rejected the legacy of the New Deal and, along with the conservative coalition, fought against the New Deal coalition. Goldwater also challenged his party's moderate to liberal wing on policy issues. He supported the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960 and the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution but opposed the Civil Rights Act of 1964,\n\nAndrew Johnson (December 29, 1808July 31, 1875) was the 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. He assumed the presidency following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, as he was vice president at that time. Johnson was a Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket, coming to office as the Civil War concluded. He favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the newly freed people who were formerly enslaved. This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868. He was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. Johnson was born into poverty and never attended school. He was apprenticed as a tailor and worked in several frontier towns before settling in Greeneville, Tennessee. He served as alderman and mayor there before being elected to the Tennessee House\n\nThe Republican Party, also known as the GOP (Grand Old Party), is one of the two major political parties in the United States. It is the second-oldest extant political party in the United States after its main political rival, the Democratic Party. In 1854, the Republican Party emerged to combat the expansion of slavery into American territories after the passing of the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act. The early Republican Party consisted of northern Protestants, factory workers, professionals, businessmen, prosperous farmers, and after the Civil War, former black slaves. The party had very little support from white Southerners at the time, who predominantly backed the Democratic Party in the Solid South, and from Catholics, who made up a major Democratic voting block. While both parties adopted pro-business policies in the 19th century, the early GOP was distinguished by its support for the national banking system, the gold standard, railroads, and high tariffs. The\n\nQuestion: Who was the losing presidential candidate to Lyndon B Johnson in 1964?", "output": "BARRY GOLDWATER"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Le Conte pear is a deciduous pear tree growing to 8m. It is not frost tender. The flowers are hermaphrodite and are pollinated by insects. The fruit is edible raw or cooked. The flesh resembles that of the Asian pear. The fruit can be eaten as soon as it is picked, and can store for several days to several months. It is usually cooked in pies and preserves. The fruit is up to 8cm long and 5cm wide. The pear is named after John Eatton Le Conte, who introduced it to Georgia in 1856. References Le Conte pear\n\nrange. Pawpaw fruits are the largest edible fruit indigenous to the United States (not counting gourds, which are typically considered vegetables rather than fruit for culinary purposes, although in botany they are classified as fruit). Pawpaw fruits are sweet, with a custard-like texture, and a flavor somewhat similar to banana, mango, and pineapple. They are commonly eaten raw, but are also used to make ice cream and baked desserts. However, the bark, leaves, fruit, and seeds contain the potent neurotoxin annonacin. Names This plant's scientific name is Asimina triloba. The genus name Asimina is adapted from the Native American (probably Miami-Illinois) name or combining the root terms rassi= \u201cdivided lengthwise into equal parts\u201d and min= \u201cseed, fruit, nut, berry, etc.\u201d through the French colonial . The specific epithet triloba in the species' scientific name refers to the flowers' three-lobed calyx (green in photo at right) and doubly three-lobed corollas, the\n\nAsimina triloba, the American papaw, pawpaw, paw paw, or paw-paw, among many regional names, is a small deciduous tree native to the eastern United States and Canada, producing a large, yellowish-green to brown fruit. Asimina is the only temperate genus in the tropical and subtropical flowering plant family Annonaceae, and Asimina triloba has the most northern range of all. Well-known tropical fruits of different genera in family Annonaceae include the custard-apple, cherimoya, sweetsop, ylang-ylang, and soursop. The pawpaw is a patch-forming (clonal) understory tree of hardwood forests, which is found in well-drained, deep, fertile bottomland and also hilly upland habitat. It has large, simple leaves with drip tips, more characteristic of plants in tropical rainforests than within this species' temperate range. Pawpaw fruits are the largest edible fruit indigenous to the United States (not counting gourds, which are typically considered vegetables rather than fruit for culinary purposes, although in botany\n\nQuestion: A Pearmain is what type of fruit?", "output": "Apple"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Anders Celsius (; 27 November 170125 April 1744) was a Swedish astronomer, physicist and mathematician. He was professor of astronomy at Uppsala University from 1730 to 1744, but traveled from 1732 to 1735 visiting notable observatories in Germany, Italy and France. He founded the Uppsala Astronomical Observatory in 1741, and in 1742 proposed (an inverted form of) the Centigrade temperature scale which was later renamed Celsius in his honour. Early life and education Anders Celsius was born in Uppsala, Sweden, on 27 November 1701. His family originated from Ovan\u00e5ker in the province of H\u00e4lsingland. Their family estate was at Doma, also known as H\u00f6jen or H\u00f6gen (locally as H\u00f6gen 2). The name Celsius is a latinization of the estate's name (Latin 'mound'). As the son of an astronomy professor, Nils Celsius, nephew of botanist Olof Celsius and the grandson of the mathematician Magnus Celsius and the astronomer Anders Spole, Celsius\n\nis named after him, having recorded the system in 1724. The scale is still only mainly used for everyday applications in the United States, its territories and associated states (all served by the U.S. National Weather Service) as well as the Bahamas, Belize, and the Cayman Islands. Prominent Dutch mathematician, astronomer and physicist Christiaan Huygens created a clinical thermometer in 1665, to which he added an early form of the Celsius scale by setting the scale to the freezing and boiling points of water. By 1742 Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius created the Celsius temperature scale that was the reverse of the modern scale, in that 0 was the boiling point of water, while 100 was freezing. It was later reversed by Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707\u20131778) in 1744. Working independently of Celsius, the Lyonnais physicist Jean-Pierre Christin, permanent secretary of the Acad\u00e9mie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de LyonFR, developed\n\nby Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707\u20131778) in 1744. Working independently of Celsius, the Lyonnais physicist Jean-Pierre Christin, permanent secretary of the Acad\u00e9mie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de LyonFR, developed a similar scale in which 0 represented the freezing point of water and 100 represented boiling. On 19 May 1743 he published the design of a mercury thermometer, the \"Thermometer of Lyon\" built by the craftsman Pierre Casati that used this scale. The medical thermometer was used by Dutch chemist and physician Hermann Boerhaave (1668\u20131738), as well as his notable students Gerard van Swieten (1700\u201372) and Anton de Haen (1704\u201376). It was also utilized around the same time by Scottish physician George Martine (1700\u20131741). De Haen made particular strides in medicine with the thermometer. By observing the correlation in a patient's change in temperature and the physical symptoms of the illness, he concluded that a record of one's temperature could\n\nQuestion: Which Swedish scientist had a temperature scale named after him?", "output": "Anders Celsius"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Qatar Airways is the flag carrier of Qatar, and operates flights from its home of Doha Hamad International Airport to more than 90 countries on every inhabited continent. List References Lists of airline destinations Oneworld destinations Qatar Airways id:Bandara-bandara Tujuan Qatar Airways\n\nThe Catholic Church in Qatar is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. History thumb|right|200px|Catholic Church of Our Lady of the Rosary (Doha). Qatar forms part of the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia. In 2023, there are about 350,000 Catholics in Qatar (including 9 priests), most of whom are expatriate workers from the Philippines, Europe and India. Our Lady of the Rosary, the first Catholic church in Qatar, and also the first in an Arab Muslim emirate, was dedicated in the capital, Doha, on March 14, 2008. The church cost $15 million to build and received contributions from Catholics throughout the Arabian Peninsula. Previously, Catholics and other Christians were limited to informal group meetings in homes. Catholic Mass is offered there in nine different languages. Priests have noted that most services are held on Fridays. There are two Eastern Catholic Churches, St.\n\nSukhumi (see also other names below) is a city in a wide bay on the Black Sea's eastern coast. It is both the capital and largest city of the Republic of Abkhazia, a partially recognised state widely recognized as a part of Georgia. The city has been controlled by Abkhazia since the Abkhazian war in 1992\u201393. The city, which has an airport, is a port, major rail junction and a holiday resort because of its beaches, sanatoriums, mineral-water spas and semitropical climate. It is also a member of the International Black Sea Club. Sukhumi's history can be traced to the 6th century BC, when it was settled by Greeks, who named it Dioscurias. During this time and the subsequent Roman period, much of the city disappeared under the Black Sea. The city was named Tskhumi when it became part of the Kingdom of Abkhazia and then the Kingdom of Georgia.\n\nQuestion: What is the capital of Qatar?", "output": "DOHA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A constellation is an area on the celestial sphere in which a group of visible stars forms a perceived pattern or outline, typically representing an animal, mythological subject, or inanimate object. The origins of the earliest constellations likely go back to prehistory. People used them to relate stories of their beliefs, experiences, creation, or mythology. Different cultures and countries invented their own constellations, some of which lasted into the early 20th century before today's constellations were internationally recognized. The recognition of constellations has changed significantly over time. Many changed in size or shape. Some became popular, only to drop into obscurity. Some were limited to a single culture or nation. Naming constellations also helped astronomers and navigators identify stars more easily. Twelve (or thirteen) ancient constellations belong to the zodiac (straddling the ecliptic, which the Sun, Moon, and planets all traverse). The origins of the zodiac remain historically uncertain; its\n\ngod of night, guardian of all 52 Shakti Peetha Kali, goddess of death Dewi Ratih, Balinese goddess of the moon Hurrian DINGIR.GE6 (reading uncertain), goddess representing the night and associated with dreaming Persian Ahriman, god of darkness, night and evils Lithuanian Au\u0161rin\u0117, goddess of the morning star Breksta, goddess of twilight and dreams, who protects people from sunset to sunrise M\u0117nuo, god of the moon Vakar\u0117, goddess of the evening star \u017dvaig\u017ed\u0117s, goddesses of the stars and planets Meitei/Sanamahism Sajik (Arietis) Thaba (Musca) Khongjom Nubi (Pleiades) Apaknga (Lunar mansions) Sachung Telheiba (A Orionis) Likla Saphaba (Orion) Chingcharoibi (G Geminorum) Chungshennubi (Cancer) Leipakpokpa (Mars) Yumsakeisa (Mercury) Sagolsen (Jupiter) Irai (Venus) Thangja (Saturn) Shakok (Uranus) Shamei (Neptune) Norse N\u00f3tt, female personification of night M\u00e1ni, male personification of the Moon Polynesian Hine-nui-te-p\u014d, goddess of night and death and the ruler of the underworld in M\u0101ori mythology Ira, sky goddess and mother of the\n\nThe luminaries were what traditional astrologers called the two astrological \"planets\" which were the brightest and most important objects in the heavens, that is, the Sun and the Moon. Luminary means, source of light. The Sun and Moon, being the most abundant sources of light to the inhabitants of Earth are known as luminaries. The astrological significance warrants the classification of the Sun and Moon separately from the planets, in that the Sun and Moon have to do with man's spiritual consciousness, while the planetary influences operate through the physical mechanism. The Moon is a luminary in the biblical sense that it affords to Man \"light by night\". Some early, Pre-Newtonian astronomers to observe and study luminaries include Pythagoras, Aristotle, Claudius Ptolemy, al-Khwarizmi, Nicolaus Copernicus, Tycho Brahe, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler. Origins The Sun and Moon were considered the rulers of day, and night, in accordance with the doctrine\n\nQuestion: The planet Venus is known as the Evening Star. Which of the celestial bodies is known as The Morning Star?", "output": "Venus"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "plugin component of E-on Vue scenery generator software Ozone, a series of audio mastering plugins made by iZotope (Ozone 7, 8, 9, 10) Ozone (group), an early 1980s funk/soul group signed to Motown records Ozone (paddle steamer), an early Australian paddle steamer Ozone F.C., an Indian association football team Ozone Gliders, a French aircraft manufacturer See also O-Zone (disambiguation) Ozone cracking, a form of degradation in elastomers Ozone layer, a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation Ozone House, a non-profit youth shelter in Ann Arbor, Michigan, US Ozone Theatres, a former cinema chain in South Australia\n\nAn atmosphere is a gas layer around a celestial body. Atmosphere may also refer to: Science Atmosphere (unit), a unit of pressure Atmosphere of Earth Extraterrestrial atmospheres Stellar atmosphere Arts, entertainment, and media Music Groups Atmosphere (music group), an American hip-hop duo from Minnesota Atmosphere (Polish band) Albums Atmosphere (Atmosphere album) (1997) Atmosphere (Eloy Fritsch album) (2003) Atmosphere (Kaskade album) (2013), or the title song Atmosphere (Sevenglory album) (2007) Atmosphere, a 1969 album by Colours, produced by Dan Moore and Richard Delvy Atmospheres (album) (2014) Songs and orchestral pieces \"Atmosphere\" (Drax Project song) (2023) \"Atmosphere\" (Joy Division song) (1980) \"Atmosphere\" (Kaskade song) (2013) \"Atmosphere\" (1975), from Let's Take It to the Stage by Funkadelic \"Atmosphere\" (2001), from Singularity by Joe Morris \"Atmosphere\" (1984), by Russ Abbot Atmosph\u00e8res (1961), an orchestral piece by Gy\u00f6rgy Ligeti Periodicals Atmosphere (journal), an open access scientific journal Atmosphere (magazine), the inflight magazine of Air Transat\n\nof gravity. There are many regions where an Ekman layer is theoretically plausible; they include the bottom of the atmosphere, near the surface of the earth and ocean, the bottom of the ocean, near the sea floor and at the top of the ocean, near the air-water interface. Different boundary conditions are appropriate for each of these different situations. Each of these situations can be accounted for through the boundary conditions applied to the resulting system of ordinary differential equations. The separate cases of top and bottom boundary layers are shown below. Ekman layer at the ocean (or free) surface We will consider boundary conditions of the Ekman layer in the upper ocean: where and are the components of the surface stress, , of the wind field or ice layer at the top of the ocean, and is the dynamic viscosity. For the boundary condition on the other side, as\n\nQuestion: \"In which layer of the atmosphere would you find \"\"The Ozone Layer?\"", "output": "Stratosphere"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808July 31, 1875) was the 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. He assumed the presidency following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, as he was vice president at that time. Johnson was a Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket, coming to office as the Civil War concluded. He favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the newly freed people who were formerly enslaved. This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868. He was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. Johnson was born into poverty and never attended school. He was apprenticed as a tailor and worked in several frontier towns before settling in Greeneville, Tennessee. He served as alderman and mayor there before being elected to the Tennessee House\n\nresignation of Hannibal Hamlin and served from January 16 to March 3, 1857. He then became judge of probate of Sagadahoc County, Maine in 1860. He died at Bath in 1877 and is buried in Hallowell, Maine. Sources External links 1794 births 1877 deaths People from Bolton, Massachusetts Republican Party United States senators from Maine Maine Republicans 19th-century American politicians People from Bath, Maine People from Wiscasset, Maine People from Hallowell, Maine Harvard College alumni Harvard Medical School alumni Bowdoin College faculty\n\nAndrew Jackson (March 15, 1767 \u2013 June 8, 1845) was an American lawyer, planter, general, and statesman who served as the seventh president of the United States from 1829 to 1837. Before being elected to the presidency, he gained fame as a general in the U.S. Army and served in both houses of the U.S. Congress. Although often praised as an advocate for ordinary Americans and for his work in preserving the union of states, Jackson has also been criticized for his racial policies, particularly his treatment of Native Americans. Jackson was born in the colonial Carolinas before the American Revolutionary War. He became a frontier lawyer and married Rachel Donelson Robards. He briefly served in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate, representing Tennessee. After resigning, he served as a justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court from 1798 until 1804. Jackson purchased a property later known as\n\nQuestion: Hannibal Hamlin and Andrew Johnson were Vice Presidents of which President of the USA?", "output": "ABRAHAM LINCOLN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chad (; ), officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It borders Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the \"Dead Heart of Africa\". Prehistory The territory now known as Chad possesses some of the richest archaeological sites in Africa. A hominid skull was found by Michel Brunet, that is more than 7 million years old, the oldest discovered anywhere in the world; it has been given the name Sahelanthropus tchadensis. In 1996 Michel Brunet had unearthed a hominid jaw which he named Australopithecus bahrelghazali, and unofficially dubbed Abel. It was dated using Beryllium based Radiometric dating as living circa. 3.6 million years ago. During the 7th\n\nChad ( ), officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the southwest, Nigeria to the southwest (at Lake Chad), and Niger to the west. Chad has a population of 16 million, of which 1.6 million live in the capital and largest city of N'Djamena. Chad has several regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the second-largest wetland in Africa. Chad's official languages are Arabic and French. It is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Islam (55.1%) and Christianity (41.1%) are the main religions practiced in Chad. Beginning in the 7th\n\nBurkina Faso ( , ; , ) is a landlocked country in West Africa with an area of , bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and the Ivory Coast to the southwest. As of 2021, the country had an estimated population of 20,321,378. Previously called Republic of Upper Volta (1958\u20131984), it was renamed Burkina Faso by President Thomas Sankara. Its citizens are known as Burkinab\u00e8 ( ), and its capital and largest city is Ouagadougou. Its name is often translated into English as the \"Land of Honest Men\". The largest ethnic group in Burkina Faso is the Mossi people, who settled the area in the 11th and 13th centuries. They established powerful kingdoms such as the Ouagadougou, Tenkodogo, and Yatenga. In 1896, it was colonized by the French as part of French West Africa; in 1958,\n\nQuestion: Ashanti, referring to both a region and its peoples, is found in which African country?", "output": "GHANA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A bio satellite is an artificial satellite designed to carry plants or animals in outer space. They are used to research the effects of space (cosmic radiation, weightlessness, etc.) on biological matter while in orbit around a celestial body. The first satellite carrying an animal (a dog, \"Laika\") was Soviet Sputnik 2 on November 3, 1957. On August 20, 1960 Soviet Sputnik 5 launched and recovered dogs from Earth orbit. NASA launched 3 satellites between 1966 and 1969 for the Biosatellite program. The most famous biosatellites include: Biosatellite program launched by NASA between 1966 and 1969. Bion space program by Soviet Union The Mars Gravity Biosatellite Orbiting Frog Otolith (OFO-A) See also Animals in space Biosatellite (NASA) References Satellites by type Animals in space\n\non Earth. The two dogs showed severe dehydration, weight loss, loss of muscle and coordination and took several weeks to fully recover. This spaceflight of record-breaking duration was not surpassed by humans until Soyuz 11 in June 1971 and still stands as the longest space flight by dogs. See also 1966 in spaceflight Animals in space Russian space dogs References Kosmos satellites 1966 in the Soviet Union 1966 in spaceflight Spacecraft launched in 1966 Life in space\n\nsplashed down in the northern Pacific Ocean. The crew members were named Time magazine's \"Men of the Year\" for 1968 upon their return. It is the last Apollo mission for which all three crew members are still living. Background In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United States was engaged in the Cold War, a geopolitical rivalry with the Soviet Union. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. This unexpected success stoked fears and imaginations around the world. It not only demonstrated that the Soviet Union had the capability to deliver nuclear weapons over intercontinental distances, it challenged American claims of military, economic, and technological superiority. The launch precipitated the Sputnik crisis and triggered the Space Race. President John F. Kennedy believed that not only was it in the national interest of the United States to be superior to other nations, but\n\nQuestion: In which year did the USSR bring the dogs Belka and Strelka home safe from space?", "output": "1960"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "beast The heraldic beast of Bern is the bear. It has long served as namesake, emblem, mascot and \u2014 at times \u2014 personification of Bern. The founding legend has it that Duke Berthold V of Z\u00e4hringen vowed to choose as namesake the first animal his hunt met in the wood that was to be chopped down for the new city. Then, as Konrad Justinger's chronicle puts it: Nu wart des ersten ein ber gevangen, darumb wart die stat bern genempt; und gab do den burgeren in der stat ein wappen und schilt, nemlich einen swarzen bern in einem wissen schilt in gender wise. Then they caught a bear first, which is why the city was called Bern; and so the citizens had their coat and shield, which was a black bear in a white shield, going upright. The bear motif is in evidence as early as 1224 (on city seals),\n\ncitizens had their coat and shield, which was a black bear in a white shield, going upright. The bear motif is in evidence as early as 1224 (on city seals), and has remained in use ever since. Today the city of Bern still has bears featured directly outside its Altstadt in the B\u00e4rengraben. Coat of arms As Justinger's chronicle reveals, Bern's original coat of arms was an upright black bear on a white shield (which is, incidentally, the coat of arms of Berlin). In the 13th century, the coat of arms changed to the one in use today. The modern coat of arms is already recognisable in Alsatian mercenary songs of 1375 reported by Justinger. The change, according to the chroniclers, was linked to the Battle of the Schosshalde in 1289 against the troops of Duke Rudolf II of Austria, son of Emperor Rudolf II von Habsburg. According to Justinger,\n\nthe newly formed association municipality of the same name, to which six further local municipalities belonged. Since 1 July 2014, Otterbach has been part of the Otterbach-Otterberg association of municipalities. Politics Emblem Blasonation: \"A blue shield divided by a silver wave bar. Above a silver otter with an equally coloured fish in its mouth. Below, a golden squirrel holding a golden acorn in its front paws.\" Reason for the coat of arms: The coat of arms is a combination of the two old coats of arms of the municipalities of Sambach and Otterbach. The Otter is the name giver of the place Otterbach, more exactly for the brook \"Otterbach\". The squirrel is the heraldic animal of the abbey in neighbouring Otterberg, which had a mill in Sambach. The silver waveband stands for the Otterbach. The colours blue and silver are reminiscent of the former reign of the Counts of Leyen.\n\nQuestion: Which animal appears on the coat of arms and flag of Berlin?", "output": "Bear"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Abbotsford is a historic country house in the Scottish Borders, near Galashiels, on the south bank of the River Tweed. Now open to the public, it was built as the residence of historical novelist and poet Sir Walter Scott between 1817 and 1825. It is a Category A Listed Building and the estate is listed in the Inventory of Gardens and Designed Landscapes in Scotland. Description The nucleus of the estate was a farm of , called Cartleyhole, nicknamed Clarty (i.e., muddy) Hole, and was bought by Scott on the lapse of his lease (1811) of the neighbouring house of Ashestiel. Scott renamed it \"Abbotsford\" after a neighbouring ford used by the monks of Melrose Abbey. Following a modest enlargement of the original farmhouse in 1811\u20131812, massive expansions took place in 1816\u20131819 and 1822\u20131824. In this mansion Scott gathered a large library, a collection of ancient furniture, arms and armour,\n\nIndependent Booksellers Association's President's Award for Lifetime Achievement in the Arts. Bibliography His books, in order of publication, are: Disappearances (1977) Where the Rivers Flow North (1978) Marie Blythe (1983) A Stranger in the Kingdom (1989) Northern Borders (1994) North Country (nonfiction, 1997) The Fall of the Year (1999) The True Account (2003) Waiting for Teddy Williams (2004) On Kingdom Mountain (2007) Walking to Gatlinburg (2010) The Great Northern Express (nonfiction, 2012) God's Kingdom (2015) Points North: Stories (2018) References External links Howard Frank Mosher Official Website 2007 interview with The Optimistic Curmudgeon 1942 births 2017 deaths Deaths from cancer in Vermont Vermont culture People from Irasburg, Vermont People from Cayuga County, New York Syracuse University alumni Novelists from Vermont American male novelists 20th-century American novelists 20th-century American male writers Novelists from New York (state)\n\nClive Staples Lewis, (29 November 1898 \u2013 22 November 1963) was a British writer, literary scholar, and Anglican lay theologian. He held academic positions in English literature at both Magdalen College, Oxford (1925\u20131954), and Magdalene College, Cambridge (1954\u20131963). He is best known as the author of The Chronicles of Narnia, but he is also noted for his other works of fiction, such as The Screwtape Letters and The Space Trilogy, and for his non-fiction Christian apologetics, including Mere Christianity, Miracles, and The Problem of Pain. Lewis was a close friend of J. R. R. Tolkien, author of The Lord of the Rings. Both men served on the English faculty at Oxford University and were active in the informal Oxford literary group known as the Inklings. According to Lewis's 1955 memoir Surprised by Joy, he was baptized in the Church of Ireland but fell away from his faith during adolescence. Lewis\n\nQuestion: Abbotsford House, on the banks of the Tweed, was the home of which author?", "output": "Sir Walter Scott"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 \u2013 February 10, 2005) was an American playwright, essayist and screenwriter in the 20th-century American theater. Among his most popular plays are All My Sons (1947), Death of a Salesman (1949), The Crucible (1953), and A View from the Bridge (1955). He wrote several screenplays, including The Misfits (1961). The drama Death of a Salesman is considered one of the best American plays of the 20th century. Miller was often in the public eye, particularly during the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, he received a Pulitzer Prize for Drama, testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, and married Marilyn Monroe. In 1980, he received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates. He received the Praemium Imperiale prize in 2001, the Prince of Asturias Award in 2002, and the Jerusalem Prize in 2003, and the Dorothy\n\nChristopher Marlowe, also known as Kit Marlowe (; baptised 26 February 156430 May 1593), was an English playwright, poet and translator of the Elizabethan era. Marlowe is among the most famous of the Elizabethan playwrights. Based upon the \"many imitations\" of his play Tamburlaine, modern scholars consider him to have been the foremost dramatist in London in the years just before his mysterious early death. Some scholars also believe that he greatly influenced William Shakespeare, who was baptised in the same year as Marlowe and later succeeded him as the pre-eminent Elizabethan playwright. Marlowe was the first to achieve critical reputation for his use of blank verse, which became the standard for the era. His plays are distinguished by their overreaching protagonists. Themes found within Marlowe's literary works have been noted as humanistic with realistic emotions, which some scholars find difficult to reconcile with Marlowe's \"anti-intellectualism\" and his catering to\n\nspecialty. In 1929, inspired by a carpenter named 'Lem Putt' from his hometown of Urbana, Sale wrote The Specialist, a play about an outhouse builder. Because copyright infringement was widespread in Vaudeville, Sale enlisted the aid of newspaper political cartoonist, Roy James, to adapt The Specialist into a book. Mr. James' illustrations brought Chic's humor to life and the book enjoyed great success. Sale spent the next several months responding to fan mail. Sale had a career in Hollywood, appearing in various comic roles until his death from pneumonia in 1936. In contrast to his comic roles, one of his loftier appearances came as President Abraham Lincoln in 1935. The Perfect Tribute was a short film dramatizing Lincoln's disappointment at the meager reaction to his Gettysburg Address. He encounters a dying and blind soldier who, not knowing he is addressing the President himself, tells Lincoln how inspiring the speech was.\n\nQuestion: \"Who wrote the play \"\"Death of a Salesman\"\"?\"", "output": "Arthur Miller"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "James Hogarth Pringle (born 26 January 1863 in Parramatta, Australia \u2013 died 24 April 1941 in Killearn, Scotland) was an Australian-born British surgeon in Glasgow, who made a number of important contributions to surgical practice. He is most famous for the development of the Pringle manoeuvre, a technique still used in surgery today. Early life He was the only son of George Hogarth Pringle (1830\u20131871) a well known surgeon in Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia. Before emigrating to Australia George Hogarth Pringle had worked in Edinburgh with Joseph Lister and had been responsible for the introduction of antiseptic surgical practice into Australia. After his father died in 1872, James returned to Britain to school at Sedbergh in Cumberland and from there entered the University of Edinburgh Medical School to study medicine, graduating in 1885. After graduation he was able travel to Europe to study surgical practice at Hamburg, Berlin and\n\nMarie Colinet (Fabry) (ca. 1560 - after 1638) was a midwife and surgeon who introduced the use of heat for dilating and stimulating the uterus during labor. In addition, she performed caesarian sections successfully, and also was the first person to use a magnet to extract a piece of metal from a patient's eye. Background Marie Colinet was born in Geneva, Republic of Geneva in the 1560s, the daughter of a Genevan printer. Her work spanned the late 16th and early 17th centuries. She was originally a midwife in Geneva. On July 25, 1587, at St. Gervais church in Geneva, she married a surgeon, Wilhelm Fabry (also William Fabry, Guilelmus Fabricius Hildanus, or Fabricius von Hilden, b. June 25, 1560, d. February 15, 1634, often called the \"Father of German surgery\"). Wilhelm Fabry became Germany's foremost 17th-century surgeon and a prolific author of medical treatises. Her husband taught Colinet surgery,\n\nStephen William Kuffler (August 24, 1913 \u2013 October 11, 1980) was a Hungarian-American neurophysiologist. He is often referred to as the \"Father of Modern Neuroscience\". Kuffler, alongside noted Nobel Laureates Sir John Eccles and Sir Bernard Katz gave research lectures at the University of Sydney, strongly influencing its intellectual environment while working at Sydney Hospital. He founded the Harvard neurobiology department in 1966, and made numerous seminal contributions to our understanding of vision, neural coding, and the neural implementation of behavior. He is known for his research on neuromuscular junctions in frogs, presynaptic inhibition, and the neurotransmitter GABA. In 1972, he was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University. Honors and awards Kuffler was widely recognized as an original and creative neuroscientist. In addition to numerous prizes, honorary degrees, and special lectureships from countries over the world, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences\n\nQuestion: \"Who was known as \"\"The Father of Antiseptic Surgery\"\"?\"", "output": "Joseph Lister"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "(1975) looked at the changes in the Catholic Church since the Second Vatican Council. The Year of Three Popes covered the dramatic papal events of 1978, and was later followed by two papal biographies: John XXIII: Pope of the Council appeared in 1984 and Paul VI: The First Modern Pope in 1993. Death Peter Hebblethwaite died in Oxford on 18 December 1994, aged 64. Publications Books Bernanos: An introduction (Studies in modern European literature and thought series). London: Bowes & Bowes, 1965. Understanding the Synod. Dublin and Sydney: Gill & Son, 1968. The Runaway Church. London: Collins, 1975. The Christian-Marxist Dialogue: beginnings, present status, and beyond. London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1977. The Year of Three Popes. London: Collins, 1978. with Ludwig Kaufmann, John Paul II: A Pictorial Biography. New York: McGraw-Hill, c1979. (hbk.), (pbk.) The New Inquisition? Schillebeeckx and K\u00fcng. London: Fount Paperbacks, 1980. The Papal Year. London: Chapman,\n\nBenedict of Nursia (; ; 2 March AD 480 \u2013 21 March AD 547), often known as Saint Benedict, was an Italian Christian monk, writer, and theologian - venerated in the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion, and Old Catholic Churches. In 1964 Pope Paul VI declared Benedict a patron saint of Europe. Benedict founded twelve communities for monks at Subiaco in present-day Lazio, Italy (about to the east of Rome), before moving further south-east to Monte Cassino in the mountains of central Italy. The present-day Order of Saint Benedict emerged later and, moreover, is not an \"order\" as the term is commonly understood, but a confederation of autonomous congregations. Benedict's main achievement, his Rule of Saint Benedict, contains a set of rules for his monks to follow. Heavily influenced by the writings of John Cassian ( \u2013 ), it shows strong affinity\n\nThe Bad Popes is a 1969 book by E. R. Chamberlin that documents the lives of eight of the most controversial popes (papal years in parentheses): Pope Stephen VI (896\u2013897), who had his predecessor Pope Formosus exhumed, tried, de-fingered, briefly reburied, and thrown in the Tiber. Pope John XII (955\u2013964), who gave land to a mistress, murdered several people, and was killed by a man who caught him in bed with his wife. Pope Benedict IX (1032\u20131044, 1045, 1047\u20131048), who \"sold\" the Papacy. Pope Boniface VIII (1294\u20131303), who is lampooned in Dante's Divine Comedy. Pope Urban VI (1378\u20131389), who complained that he did not hear enough screaming when Cardinals who had conspired against him were tortured. Pope Alexander VI (1492\u20131503), a Borgia, who was guilty of nepotism and whose unattended corpse swelled until it could barely fit in a coffin. Pope Leo X (1513\u20131521), a spendthrift member of the Medici\n\nQuestion: As well as John Paul the First , which other pope died in 1978 ?", "output": "PAUL VI"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Absolute zero is the lowest limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale; a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken as zero kelvin. The fundamental particles of nature have minimum vibrational motion, retaining only quantum mechanical, zero-point energy-induced particle motion. The theoretical temperature is determined by extrapolating the ideal gas law; by international agreement, absolute zero is taken as \u2212273.15 degrees on the Celsius scale (International System of Units), which equals \u2212459.67 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale (United States customary units or imperial units). The corresponding Kelvin and Rankine temperature scales set their zero points at absolute zero by definition. It is commonly thought of as the lowest temperature possible, but it is not the lowest enthalpy state possible, because all real substances begin to depart from the ideal gas when cooled as they approach the change of state to liquid,\n\nIn thermodynamics, the enthalpy of sublimation, or heat of sublimation, is the heat required to sublimate (change from solid to gas) one mole of a substance at a given combination of temperature and pressure, usually standard temperature and pressure (STP). It is equal to the cohesive energy of the solid. For elemental metals, it is also equal to the standard enthalpy of formation of the gaseous metal atoms. The heat of sublimation is usually expressed in kJ/mol, although the less customary kJ/kg is also encountered. Sublimation enthalpies See also Heat Sublimation (chemistry) Phase transition Clausius-Clapeyron equation References Enthalpy\n\nwhile maintaining a private medical practice. In 1756, Leidenfrost became a member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. During his lifetime, Leidenfrost published more than seventy manuscripts, including De Aquae Communis Nonnullis Qualitatibus Tractatus (1756) (\"A Tract About Some Qualities of Common Water\") in which the Leidenfrost effect was first described (although the phenomenon had been previously observed by Herman Boerhaave in 1732). Leidenfrost died in Duisburg. Leidenfrost effect The effect Leidenfrost described is a phenomenon in which a liquid, in near contact with a mass significantly hotter than its boiling point, produces an insulating vapor layer which keeps that liquid from boiling rapidly. It is most commonly seen when cooking; one sprinkles drops of water in a skillet to gauge its temperature. If the skillet's temperature is at or above the Leidenfrost point, the water skitters across the metal and takes longer to evaporate than it would in a\n\nQuestion: Minus 273 degrees Celsius is known as what?", "output": "ABSOLUTE ZERO"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nArkansas ( ) is a landlocked state in the south-central region of the Southern United States. It is bordered by Missouri to the north, Tennessee and Mississippi to the east, Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, and Oklahoma to the west. Its name is from the Osage language, a Dhegiha Siouan language, and referred to their relatives, the Quapaw people. The state's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta. Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 34th most populous state, with a population of just over 3 million at the 2020 census. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, in the central part of the state,\n\nProEnglish is an American nonprofit lobbying organization that is part of the English-only movement. The group supports making English the only official language of the United States. The group has also campaigned against immigration reform and bilingual education. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) and Anti-Defamation League, which track extremist groups in the United States, identify the group as an anti-immigrant group. The SPLC designated the organization as a hate group. Founding and leadership The group was founded in 1994 as English Language Advocates. The group was established by John Tanton, a leading figure in the anti-immigration movement, along with several of his associates from the organization U.S. English, from which Tanton had resigned after a controversy over racially-charged memos that he had written. The organization is part of Tanton's broader \"loose-knit\" network of anti-immigration organizations; others include Californians for Population Stabilization, the Center for Immigration Studies, NumbersUSA, and Social\n\nQuestion: Which is the only American state beginning with the letter 'L'?", "output": "LOUISIANA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Along the posterior part of the lateral margin of the carotid groove of the sphenoid bone, in the angle between the body and great wing, is a ridge of bone, called the lingula. References External links Bones of the head and neck\n\nAn atlas is a collection of maps. Atlas may also refer to: Mythology Atlas (mythology), an Ancient Greek Titanic deity Atlas, the first legendary king of Atlantis Atlas of Mauretania, a legendary king Places United States Atlas, California Atlas, Illinois Atlas, Texas Atlas, West Virginia Atlas, Wisconsin Atlas District, in Washington, D.C. Atlas Peak AVA, a California wine region Atlas Township, Michigan Other places Atlas Cinema, a historic movie theatre in Istanbul, Turkey Atlas Mountains, a set of mountain ranges in northwestern Africa Atlas, Nil\u00fcfer, a village in Bursa Province, Turkey People with the name Atlas (given name) Atlas (graffiti artist) Atlas DaBone, American wrestler and football player Charles Atlas (1892\u20131972), Italian-American bodybuilder Charles Atlas (artist) David Atlas (born 1924), American meteorologist James Atlas (1949-2019), American writer, editor and publisher Meir Atlas (1848\u20131926), Lithuanian rabbi Natacha Atlas (born 1964), Belgian singer Nava Atlas, American book artist and author Omar Atlas\n\nAtlasaurus is a genus of sauropod dinosaurs from Middle Jurassic (Bathonian to Callovian stages) beds in North Africa. Discovery and naming The Atlasaurus holotype was discovered in 1981 and was described by Monbaron, Russell & Taquet in 1999. It was named after the location of discovery in the High Atlas range of the Atlas Mountains of Morocco (where the Titan Atlas was said to hold up the heavens), and for the animal's size (about long). It is known from a nearly complete skeleton with a skull found at Wawmda, in the Middle Jurassic (Bathonian-Callovian) Guettioua Formation in Morocco's Azilal Province. The type species is Atlasaurus imelakei, the specific name coming from Arabic \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642 (\"eimlaq\" or \"imelake\"), meaning \"giant\". A second specimen of A. imelakei, a near-complete tail, was also discovered in Morocco and was pieced back together in Utah after 300 hours of preparation. It was eventually sent to Mexico\n\nQuestion: In humans, the atlas and axis bones are found in which part of the body?", "output": "Neck"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A garden is an area set aside for the cultivation and enjoyment of plant and other natural life. Garden may also refer to: Places United Kingdom Buckingham Palace Garden, full title The Garden at Buckingham Palace, and often referred to as The Garden Kent, the \"Garden of England\" United States Garden, Michigan Garden, Ohio Garden, Utah Garden County, Nebraska Garden Lake, a lake in Minnesota Garden Township (disambiguation), several Jacqueline Kennedy Garden, Washington, D.C. Madison Square Garden, in New York City, nicknamed \"The Garden\" New Jersey, a U.S. state also known as the \"Garden State\" White House Rose Garden, Washington, D.C. Elsewhere Garden, Karachi, one of the neighbourhoods of Saddar Town in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Garden Island (disambiguation), several Gardens, Cape Town Victoria (Australia), an Australian state also known as the \"Garden State\" People Garden (surname) Arts, entertainment, and media Music Garden (album), a live album by Cecil Taylor Gardens\n\nGarden Island is an uninhabited 4,990 acre (20 km\u00b2) island located in the Beaver Island archipelago in northern Lake Michigan. It is almost wholly owned by the U.S. state of Michigan and is overseen by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR) as part of the Beaver Islands State Wildlife Research Area. It is accessible by private boat. The Native American (Ojibwe language) name for the island is Minis Gitigaan, which has become Garden Island by direct translation. The Island's Native American cemetery was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in March 1978. History Garden Island's maximum length, from northwest to southeast, is approximately five miles (8 km). Currently, the island is not inhabited on a year-round basis; historically, this island was the home of many Anishinaabe. Some of these native Islanders lived on the island year-round, and others lived there during the warmer months. An increasing number\n\nAlabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nQuestion: \"Which of the United States is known as the \"\"Garden\"\" state?\"", "output": "NEW JERSEY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In 2020, renewables provided 23.1% of gross energy consumption in heating and cooling. In electricity, renewables accounted for 37.5% of gross energy consumption, led by wind (36%) and hydro-power (33%), followed by solar (14%), solid biofuels (8%) and other renewable sources (8%). In transport, the share of renewable energy used reached 10.2%. The share of renewable energy has grown in all member states since 2004. The leading state was Sweden, with 60% of its energy provided by renewable sources in 2020, followed by Finland (43.8%), Latvia (42.1%), and Austria (36.5%). The lowest proportion was recorded in Malta (10.7%), followed by Luxembourg (11.7%), Belgium (13.0%), and Hungary (13.85%). The renewable energy directive enacted in 2009 lays out a framework for individual member states to share the overall EU-wide 20% renewable energy target for 2020. Promoting the use of renewable energy sources is important both to the reduction of the EU's energy\n\nEndesa, S.A. (, originally an initialism for Empresa Nacional de Electricidad, S.A.) is a Spanish multinational electric utility company, the largest in the country. The firm, a majority-owned subsidiary of the Italian utility company Enel, has 10 million customers in Spain, with domestic annual generation of over 97,600 GWh from nuclear, fossil-fueled, hydroelectric, and renewable resource power plants. Internationally, it serves another 10 million customers and provides over 80,100 GWh annually. Total customers numbered 22.2 million as of December 31, 2004. It also markets energy in Europe. The company has additional interests in Spanish natural gas and telecommunications companies. Endesa is one of the three large companies in the electricity sector in Spain, which together with Iberdrola and Naturgy, dominate around 90% of the national electricity market. Endesa carries out activities of generation, distribution and commercialization of electricity, natural gas and renewable energythrough Enel Green Power. History The company was\n\nWaste-to-energy (WtE) or energy-from-waste (EfW) is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from the primary treatment of waste, or the processing of waste into a fuel source. WtE is a form of energy recovery. Most WtE processes generate electricity and/or heat directly through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels, often derived from the product syngas. History The first incinerator or \"Destructor\" was built in Nottingham, UK, in 1874 by Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd. to the design of Alfred Fryer. The first US incinerator was built in 1885 on Governors Island in New York, New York. The first waste incinerator in Denmark was built in 1903 in Frederiksberg. The first facility in the Czech Republic was built in 1905 in Brno.Gasification and pyrolysis processes have been known and used for centuries and for coal as\n\nQuestion: Which country's use of energy overtook the USA in 2010 to become the world's biggest consumer of power (from oil, coal, water, wind, etc)?", "output": "China"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Thomas Lee (1551/2 \u2013 14 February 1601) was an English army captain, who served under Queen Elizabeth I and spent most of his career in Ireland during the Tudor conquest of that country. Although of middle rank, he played a turbulent role in the factional politics of the time and was highly active during the Nine Years' War (1595\u20131603). He was put to death at Tyburn for his involvement in the treason of the 2nd Earl of Essex. Early life Thomas Lee was the grandson of Robert Lee (d.1539) by his second wife, Lettice Peniston, widow of Sir Robert Knollys, and daughter of Thomas Peniston of Hawridge, Buckinghamshire. His parents were Benedict Lee (d. February 1559) and Margaret Pakington, the daughter of Robert Pakington. By his first wife, Robert Lee was the father of Sir Anthony Lee, and Thomas Lee was thus a cousin of the half blood of Sir\n\nAlexander I (medieval Gaelic: Alaxandair mac Ma\u00edl Coluim; modern Gaelic: Alasdair mac Mhaol Chaluim; c. 1078 \u2013 23 April 1124), posthumously nicknamed The Fierce, was the King of Scotland from 1107 to his death. He succeeded his brother, King Edgar, and his successor was his brother David. He was married to Sybilla of Normandy, an illegitimate daughter of Henry I of England. Life Alexander was the fifth (some sources say fourth) son of Malcolm III and his wife Margaret of Wessex, grandniece of Edward the Confessor. Alexander was named after Pope Alexander II. He was the younger brother of King Edgar, who was unmarried, and his brother's heir presumptive by 1104 (and perhaps earlier). In that year, he was the senior layman present at the examination of the remains of Saint Cuthbert at Durham prior to their re-interment. He held lands in Scotland north of the Forth and in Lothian.\n\n\u00c6thelred (; c. 762 \u2013 18 April 796), was the king of Northumbria from 774 to 779 and again from 790 until he was murdered in 796. He was the son of \u00c6thelwald Moll and \u00c6thelthryth and possibly became king while still a child after Alhred was deposed. Family and early life The origin of \u00c6thelred's family isn't recorded, but his father \u00c6thelwald, who was also called Moll, seems to have come from a noble background. \u00c6thelwald first appears in the historical records in a letter written by Pope Paul I to king Eadberht, ordering him to return lands taken from an Abbot Fothred, which were given to his brother Moll. After the abdication of king Eadberht in 758, his son Oswulf took his place but despite his father's long reign and his powerful uncle Ecgbert, he was murdered just a year later in 759 at Market Weighton by his\n\nQuestion: Thomas Percy, the 7th Earl of Northumberland, 1st Baron Percy, was executed during the reign of which English monarch?", "output": "Queen Elizabeth I"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chromate conversion coating or alodine coating is a type of conversion coating used to passivate steel, aluminium, zinc, cadmium, copper, silver, titanium, magnesium, and tin alloys. The coating serves as a corrosion inhibitor, as a primer to improve the adherence of paints and adhesives, as a decorative finish, or to preserve electrical conductivity. It also provides some resistance to abrasion and light chemical attack (such as dirty fingers) on soft metals. Chromate conversion coatings are commonly applied to items such as screws, hardware and tools. They usually impart a distinctively iridescent, greenish-yellow color to otherwise white or gray metals. The coating has a complex composition including chromium salts, and a complex structure. The process is sometimes called alodine coating, a term used specifically in reference to the trademarked Alodine process of Henkel Surface Technologies. Process Chromate conversion coatings are usually applied by immersing the part in a chemical bath until\n\nThis amalgamation can continue well beyond the vulnerable aluminium was exposed, potentially reacting with a large amount of the raw aluminium before it finally ends. The net result is similar to the mercury electrodes often used in electrochemistry, however instead of providing electrons from an electrical supply, they are provided by the aluminium which becomes oxidized in the process. The reaction that occurs at the surface of the amalgam may actually be a hydrogenation rather than a reduction. The presence of water in the solution is reportedly necessary; the electron rich amalgam will oxidize aluminium and reduce H+ from water, creating aluminium hydroxide (Al(OH)3) and hydrogen gas (H2). The electrons from the aluminium reduce mercuric Hg2+ ion to metallic mercury. The metallic mercury can then form an amalgam with the exposed aluminium metal. The amalgamated aluminium then is oxidized by water, converting the aluminium to aluminium hydroxide and releasing free\n\nElectroless nickel-phosphorus plating, also referred to as E-nickel, is a chemical process that deposits an even layer of nickel-phosphorus alloy on the surface of a solid substrate, like metal or plastic. The process involves dipping the substrate in a water solution containing nickel salt and a phosphorus-containing reducing agent, usually a hypophosphite salt. It is the most common version of electroless nickel plating (EN plating) and is often referred by that name. A similar process uses a borohydride reducing agent, yielding a nickel-boron coating instead. Unlike electroplating, processes in general do not require passing an electric current through the bath and the substrate; the reduction of the metal cations in solution to metallic is achieved by purely chemical means, through an autocatalytic reaction. This creates an even layer of metal regardless of the geometry of the surface \u2013 in contrast to electroplating which suffers from uneven current density due to\n\nQuestion: 'Aquatint' is a process of etching which alloying metal with acid?", "output": "Copper"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Tamoil is the trading name of the Oilinvest Group, a fuel energy provider within the European downstream oil and gas sector. The Oilinvest Group refines crude oil and markets refined oil products primarily under the Tamoil and the HEM brands in Europe. The Oilinvest Group is involved in supplying, trading, refining and selling petroleum products in Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Spain and the Netherlands and carries out its trading activities from Cyprus. The headquarters of Oilinvest (Netherlands) B.V. is located in the World Trade Center The Hague, from where it oversees all its investments in the European oil downstream markets. History The origins of the Oilinvest Group date back to 1988, when the Group was established to consolidate a number of European energy investments that were made by the Libyan state. The \u2018Tamoil\u2019 brand name was born following the acquisition of a refinery and Amoco and Texaco retail network in Italy.\n\nOn the Run is a flagship convenience store brand developed by ExxonMobil, used at Exxon and Mobil stations in the United States and at Esso and Mobil stations internationally. Alimentation Couche-Tard acquired the On the Run trademark and franchise network in the U.S. in 2009, and Parkland Fuel did the same in Canada in 2016; ExxonMobil retains full ownership of the brand in the rest of the world. On the Run stores are described as larger and having more products than older-model convenience stores, featuring \"fresh snacks, fill-in groceries, health & beauty supplies, plus quick meal options\". The name \"On the Run\" is used, untranslated, around the world. Locations in the Canadian province of Quebec utilize similar branding as \"March\u00e9 Express\"; Imperial Oil faced criticism in 2007 when it planned to rebrand the locations as On the Run (beginning with a new location at a Mount Royal Esso station), but\n\nEsselte is a manufacturer and marketer of office products and business supplies with subsidiaries in 25 countries and sales in over 120 countries. Esselte makes files, binders, folders, covers, staplers, letter trays and computer accessories under the Esselte, Leitz, Oxford, Pendaflex, Rapid and Xyron brands. Customers range from wholesalers and direct marketers to office superstores and mass retailers. Founded in 1913 in Stockholm, Sweden, Esselte is today owned by American office supplies manufacturer ACCO Brands. History Founded in 1913, when 13 Swedish printing and graphic businesses joined forces to create the company \u2014abbreviated SLT\u2014in 1970, the company renamed itself Esselte, reflecting the pronunciation of the abbreviation. In 2002, the Boston, Massachusetts-based US private equity investment firm J. W. Childs Associates purchased Esselte for approximately $560 million in a transaction originated and introduced by Jonathan Slater of Sequel Management, a Boston-based transaction sponsor. At the time of the Esselte acquisition by\n\nQuestion: By which name does the oil company, Esso, trade as in America?", "output": "EXXON MOBIL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nThe Alabama River, in the U.S. state of Alabama, is formed by the Tallapoosa and Coosa rivers, which unite about north of Montgomery, near the town of Wetumpka. The river flows west to Selma, then southwest until, about from Mobile, it unites with the Tombigbee, forming the Mobile and Tensaw rivers, which discharge into Mobile Bay. Description The run of the Alabama is highly meandering. Its width varies from , and its depth from . Its length as measured by the United States Geological Survey is , and by steamboat measurement, . The river crosses the richest agricultural and timber districts of the state. Railways connect it with the mineral regions of north-central Alabama. After the Coosa and Tallapoosa rivers, the principal tributary of the Alabama is the Cahaba River, which is about long and joins the Alabama River about below Selma. The Alabama River's main tributary, the Coosa River,\n\nU.S. Route 80 (US 80) is a major U.S. Highway in the American state of Alabama. The Alabama Department of Transportation internally designates the majority of US 80 throughout the state as State Route 8 (SR 8), save for parts of the route throughout Selma and near the Mississippi border. Serving as the main east to west highway through Alabama's Black Belt region, US 80 became well known as the main route for the 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches; it was the route along which the Civil Rights demonstrators walked, from Selma to Alabama, and the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma was the site of Bloody Sunday. The highway was also once a major transcontinental highway (the Dixie Overland Highway) reaching from Tybee Island, Georgia, to San Diego, California, but has since been truncated to Dallas, Texas because it was largely replaced by the Interstate Highway System. Route description U.S.\n\nQuestion: What is the largest city on Alabama's Gulf Coast?", "output": "Mobile"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Zelda is a 1993 American television film, based on the lives of author F. Scott Fitzgerald and his wife Zelda Fitzgerald, artist and fellow author. References External links 1993 television films 1993 films American biographical drama films 1990s biographical films 1990s English-language films Films directed by Pat O'Connor Cultural depictions of F. Scott Fitzgerald Biographical films about writers American drama television films 1990s American films\n\nJacob Fahlstr\u00f6m (c.1794\u20131859), also known as Father Jacob, was the very first Swede to settle in Minnesota. He was known as Ozaawindib or \"Yellow Head\" to the Ojibwe, and to other white settlers as the \"Swede Indian.\" After working in the fur trade for the Hudson's Bay Company in Manitoba, he joined the American Fur Company at Fond du Lac (in present-day Duluth) as a boatman. In 1823, he married Margaret Bonga, the part-Ojibwe daughter of Pierre Bonga, a French African interpreter in the fur trade. Around 1825, he started working for the U.S. government as a woodsman, mail carrier, and blacksmith's striker at the St. Peter's Indian Agency next to Fort Snelling. In 1838, Fahlstr\u00f6m became the first Methodist convert in Minnesota. In 1840, he became a lay preacher for the Methodist Episcopal Church and was considered one of their most successful missionaries to Native Americans in the region.\n\nOlle Adolphson (2 May 1934, in Stockholm \u2013 10 March 2004, in Stockholm) was a Swedish writer, singer and songwriter. He released a range of books (Aubade, Foli\u00e1), LPs (En stol p\u00e5 Tegn\u00e9r, etc.) and CDs (\u00c4lskar inte jag dig d\u00e5, M\u00e4ssa p\u00e5 svenska spr\u00e5ket, etc.). He was the son of the actor Edvin Adolphson and the actress Mildred Mehle, and the brother of the actress Kristina Adolphson. Adolphson's theme was, according to himself, \"to see the great in small things and the small in big things\". Some of his most loved songs follow that description, for example Gustaf Lindstr\u00f6ms visa (\"The Ballad of Gustaf Lindstr\u00f6m\", about the human victims of urban renewal), Trubbel (\"Trouble\", about male disappointments and defeats), Nu har jag f\u00e5tt den jag vill ha (\"Now I've got the one I want\", about the futility of getting one's wishes), and Sigge Skoog (about the unreliability of memories:\n\nQuestion: Zelda was the wife of which writer, born in Minnesota in 1896?", "output": "F. SCOTT FITZGERALD"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A love deity is a deity in mythology associated with romance, sex, lust, or sexuality. Love deities are common in mythology and may be found in many polytheistic religions. Female sex goddesses are often associated with beauty and other traditionally feminine attributes. Sub-Sahara Africa Western African-Congo Efik Anansa, goddess of the Sea, allure and beauty. Vodun Baron La Croix, loa of the dead and sexuality. Baron Samedi, loa of the dead, sex, and resurrection. Erzulie Freda Dahomey, loa of love, beauty, jewelry, dancing, luxury, and flowers. Yoruba Oshun, goddess of luxury and pleasure, sexuality and fertility, beauty and love, the river and fresh water venerated in If\u00e1, Yoruba religion, Dahomey mythology, Vodun, Santer\u00eda, Candombl\u00e9, Haitian Vodou. Afroasiatic Middle East Canaanite Astarte, goddess of sex and war. Egyptian Bastet, goddess of felines, love, protection, perfume, beauty, and dance. Bes, god of music, love, and dance. Hathor, goddess of love, beauty, and\n\nThe winged sun is a solar symbol associated with divinity, royalty, and power in the Ancient Near East (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Persia). Ancient Egypt In ancient Egypt, the symbol is attested from the Old Kingdom (Sneferu, 26th century BC ), often flanked on either side with a uraeus. Behdety In early Egyptian religion, the symbol Behdety represented Horus of Edfu, later identified with Ra-Horakhty. It is sometimes depicted on the neck of Apis, the bull of Ptah. As time passed (according to interpretation) all of the subordinated gods of Egypt were considered to be aspects of the sun god, including Khepri. The name \"Behdety\" means the inhabitant of Behdet. He was the sky god of the region called Behdet in the Nile basin. His image was first found in the inscription on a comb's body, as a winged solar panel. The period of the comb is about 3000 BC.\n\nThe amphisbaena (, , or , plural: amphisbaenae; ) is a mythological, ant-eating serpent with a head at each end. The creature is alternatively called the amphisbaina, amphisbene, amphisboena, amphisbona, amphista, amfivena, amphivena, or anphivena (the last two being feminine), and is also known as the \"Mother of Ants\". Its name comes from the Greek words , meaning \"both ways\", and , meaning \"to go\". Mythology According to Greek mythology, the amphisbaena was spawned from the blood that dripped from the Gorgon Medusa's head as Perseus flew over the Libyan Desert with her head in his hand, after which Cato's army then encountered it along with other serpents on the march. Amphisbaena fed on the corpses left behind. The amphisbaena has been referred to by various poets such as Nicander, John Milton, Alexander Pope, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Alfred Tennyson, Aim\u00e9 C\u00e9saire, A. E. Housman and Allen Mandelbaum; as a mythological\n\nQuestion: In Egyptian mythology, what was the name of the cow- headed goddess of love?", "output": "HATHOR"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. It may be a sovereign state or make up one part of a larger state. For example, the country of Japan is an independent, sovereign state, while the country of Wales is a component of a multi-part sovereign state, the United Kingdom. A country may be a historically sovereign area (such as Korea), a currently sovereign territory with a unified government (such as Senegal), or a non-sovereign geographic region associated with certain distinct political, ethnic, or cultural characteristics (such as the Basque Country). The definition and usage of the word \"country\" is flexible and has changed over time. The Economist wrote in 2010 that \"any attempt to find a clear definition of a country soon runs into a thicket of exceptions and anomalies.\" Most sovereign states, but not all countries, are members\n\nAlgeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. It is considered part of the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has a semi-arid geography, with most of the population living in the fertile north and the Sahara dominating the geography of the south. Algeria covers an area of , making it the world's tenth largest nation by area, and the largest nation in Africa, more than 200 times as large as the continent's smallest country, The Gambia. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the tenth-most populous country in Africa, and the 32nd-most populous country in the world. The capital and largest city\n\nThe Central African Republic is a landlocked nation within the interior of the African continent. It is bordered by Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo. Much of the country consists of flat, or rolling plateau savanna, about above sea level. In the northeast are the Fertit Hills, and there are scattered hills in the southwestern part of the country. To the northwest is the Karre Mountains (also known as Yade Massif), a granite plateau with an altitude of . At , the Central African Republic is the world's 45th-largest country (after Somalia). It is comparable in size to Ukraine. Much of the southern border is formed by tributaries of the Congo River, with the Mbomou River in the east merging with the Uele River to form the Ubangi River. In the west, the Sangha River flows through part of\n\nQuestion: For a point each, name the country surrounding the Republic of The Gambia.", "output": "Senegal"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Wawoi River is a river located in Western Province, Papua New Guinea. With a total length of , mean annual discharge of and has a drainage basin of its source is located in Mount Bosavi and flows southeast into the Gulf of Papua. The river is home to fish species such as barramundi and catfish. The surrounding landscape is also home to a variety of fauna such as Rusa deer, wallabies, wild pigs, crocodiles and various lizards. The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is . References External links Wawoi River Wawoi River: Papua New Guinea Topografische Karte New Guinea 1:250,000, Blatt SB 54-16 Aworra River, U.S. Army Map Service Rivers of Papua New Guinea\n\nThe Nairobi River is a river that flows across Nairobi, the capital city of Kenya. It is the main river of the Nairobi River Basin, with several parallel streams flowing eastward. All of the Nairobi basin rivers join east of Nairobi and meet the Athi River, which eventually flows into the Indian Ocean. The rivers are mostly narrow and highly polluted, though recent efforts to clean the rivers have improved water quality. The main stream, the Nairobi River, bounds the northern city center, where it is partly canalized. Tributaries The Nairobi River originates from the Ondiri Swamp in Kikuyu. The Nairobi River has several tributaries: Athi River Gathara-ini River Gitathuru River Kiu River Mathari River Mbagathi River Nairobi River Ngong River RuiRuaka River The Motoine River flows to Nairobi Dam, an artificial lake meant to provide potable water to the residents of Nairobi. The stream continues as the Ngong River.\n\nOkavango Delta, one of the world's largest inland deltas, is in the northwest and the Makgadikgadi Pans, a large salt pan lies in the north-central area. The Makgadikgadi has been established as an early habitation area for primitive man; This large seasonal wetland is composed of several large component pans, the largest being Nwetwe Pan, Sua Pan and Nxai Pan. Botswana's lowest elevation point is at the junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers, at a height of . The highest point is Monalanong Hill, at . The country is divided into four drainage regions, which are sometimes indistinct due to the arid nature of the climate: the Chobe River on the border with the Caprivi Strip of Namibia together with a small adjacent swampy area is part of the Zambezi basin; most of the north and central region of the country is part of the Okavango inland drainage basin;\n\nQuestion: The tributaries of which river are the Olifants River (Elephant River), the Shashe River, Mzingwane River, Crocodile River, Mwenezi River and Luvuhu River?", "output": "The Limpopo"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Robert Goldfarb serves as president and CEO of Ruane, Cunniff & Goldfarb, the value investing firm founded in 1970 by William J. Ruane and Rick Cunniff. Goldfarb is a disciple of Warren Buffett, the CEO of Berkshire Hathaway. A native of St. Louis, Goldfarb received his B.A. from Yale University in 1967, where he graduated summa cum laude and Phi Beta Kappa, and went on to earn his M.B.A. from Harvard Business School in 1971. In 2010, Goldfarb and David Poppe were selected as Domestic-Stock mutual fund managers of the year by Morningstar, Inc. for the outstanding long-term performance of the Sequoia Fund. On 23 March 2016 Sequoia Fund announced to shareholders the retirement of Robert Goldfarb as Chief Executive Officer of Sequoia. References Living people Harvard Business School alumni Yale University alumni American chief executives of financial services companies Year of birth missing (living people)\n\nRuane, Cunniff & Goldfarb, based in New York City, is the investment firm founded in 1969 by William J. Ruane, Richard T. Cunniff and Robert Goldfarb. Ruane, Cunniff & Goldfarb is best known as the investment advisor and distributor of the Sequoia Fund (SEQUX). For a long time after its inception in 1970 the Sequoia Fund recorded one of the best long-term track records on Wall Street. Ruane, Cunniff & Goldfarb manages $19 billion in assets across the Sequoia Fund, hedge fund partnerships (Acacia Partners and Wishbone Partners), and separately managed accounts. Management After Robert Goldfarb retired David Poppe became the CEO, and the sole portfolio manager of the Sequoia Fund, until his retirement in Oct 2018. After Poppe stepped down, a five-person investment committee manages the Sequoia Fund. Sequoia Fund The history of the Sequoia Fund traces its roots to Bill Ruane's lifelong friendship with Warren Buffett. Bill Ruane\n\nInvestor's Business Daily (IBD) is an American newspaper and website covering the stock market, international business, finance and economics. Founded in 1984 by William O'Neil as a print news publication, it is owned by News Corp and is headquartered in Los Angeles, California. Holding a conservative political stance, IBD provides news and analysis on stocks, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds, commodities, and other financial instruments aimed at individual investors and financial professionals. It also provides tools for financial literacy. The publication focuses on the CAN SLIM investment strategy developed by founder William O'Neil. Every Monday in its weekly edition, the publication publishes the components of The IBD 50 Index, a list of 50 growth stocks that are most attractive based on earnings, stock price performance, and other criteria used in the CAN SLIM strategy. It is the basis for an exchange-traded fund (ETF) called the Innovator IBD 50 ETF (Ticker: FFTY),\n\nQuestion: Name Warren Buffett's investment corporation, which he bought in 1964, ostensibly to sack its boss who had made him angry?", "output": "Berkshire Hathaway"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nInterstate 95 (I-95) is a part of the Interstate Highway System that parallels the East Coast of the United States from Miami, Florida, in the south to Houlton, Maine, in the north. In the US state of Massachusetts, it spans along a north\u2013south axis. It is the third-longest Interstate Highway in Massachusetts, behind I-90 (the Massachusetts Turnpike) and I-495, while I-95 in full is the longest north\u2013south Interstate and sixth-longest Interstate Highway in the US. Its southern terminus within the state is located in Attleboro, where I-95 enters from Pawtucket, Rhode Island. It intersects with US Route 1 (US 1) and the northern terminus of I-295 within Attleboro, I-495 in Mansfield, and US 1 in Sharon before arriving at an interchange with I-93, US 1, and Route 128 in Canton. At this interchange, I-95 begins running concurrently with US 1 and Route 128 along a beltway roughly outside of Boston.\n\nInterstate 95 (I-95) is an Interstate Highway running along the East Coast of the United States from Miami, Florida, north to the Canada\u2013United States border at Houlton, Maine. In Maryland, the route is a major highway that runs diagonally from southwest to northeast, entering from the District of Columbia and Virginia at the Woodrow Wilson Bridge over the Potomac River, northeast to Maryland's border with Delaware near Elkton. It is the longest Interstate Highway within Maryland and is one of the most traveled Interstate Highways in the state, especially between Baltimore and Washington, D.C., despite alternate routes along the corridor, such as the Baltimore\u2013Washington Parkway, U.S. Route 1 (US 1), and US 29. I-95 also has eight auxiliary routes in the state, the most of any state along the I-95 corridor. Portions of the highway, including the Fort McHenry Tunnel and the Millard E. Tydings Memorial Bridge, are tolled. From\n\nQuestion: What is the longest continuously-serving state capital in the USA?", "output": "Boston, Massachusetts"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Boers ( ; () are the descendants of the proto Afrikaans-speaking Free Burghers of the eastern Cape frontier in Southern Africa during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. From 1652 to 1795, the Dutch East India Company controlled Dutch Cape Colony, but the United Kingdom incorporated it into the British Empire in 1806. The name of the group is derived from Trekboer then later \"boer\", which means \"farmer\" in Dutch and Afrikaans. In addition, the term also applied to those who left the Cape Colony during the 19th century to colonise in the Orange Free State, Transvaal (together known as the Boer Republics), and to a lesser extent Natal. They emigrated from the Cape to live beyond the reach of the British colonial administration, with their reasons for doing so primarily being the new Anglophone common law system being introduced into the Cape and the British abolition of slavery in\n\nthe British colonial administration, with their reasons for doing so primarily being the new Anglophone common law system being introduced into the Cape and the British abolition of slavery in 1833. The term Afrikaners or Afrikaans people is generally used in modern-day South Africa for the white Afrikaans-speaking population of South Africa (the largest group of White South Africans) encompassing the descendants of both the Boers, and the Cape Dutch who did not embark on the Great Trek. Origin European colonists The Dutch East India Company (; VOC) was formed in the Dutch Republic in 1602, and at this time the Dutch had entered the competition for the colonial and imperial trade of commerce in Southeast Asia. The end of the Thirty Years' War in 1648 saw European soldiers and refugees widely dispersed across Europe. Immigrants from Germany, Scandinavia, and Switzerland traveled to the Netherlands in the hope of finding\n\nThe Battle of Jutland (, the Battle of the Skagerrak) was a naval battle fought between Britain's Royal Navy Grand Fleet, under Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, and the Imperial German Navy's High Seas Fleet, under Vice-Admiral Reinhard Scheer, during the First World War. The battle unfolded in extensive manoeuvring and three main engagements (the battlecruiser action, the fleet action, and the night action), from 31 May to 1 June 1916, off the North Sea coast of Denmark's Jutland Peninsula. It was the largest naval battle and the only full-scale clash of battleships of the war. Jutland was the third fleet action between steel battleships, following the Battle of the Yellow Sea in 1904 and the Battle of Tsushima in 1905, during the Russo-Japanese War. Jutland was the last major battle in history fought primarily by battleships. Germany's High Seas Fleet intended to lure out, trap, and destroy a portion of\n\nQuestion: The Boer War was fought in which country?", "output": "South Africa"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and/or freight. Airlines use aircraft to supply these services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements, in which they both offer and operate the same flight. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body. Airlines may be scheduled or charter operators. The first airline was the German airship company DELAG, founded on November 16, 1909. The four oldest non-airship airlines that still exist are the Netherlands' KLM (1919), Colombia's Avianca (1919), Australia's Qantas (1920) and the Mexican Mexicana de Aviaci\u00f3n (1921). Airline ownership has seen a shift from mostly personal ownership until the 1930s to government-ownership of major airlines from the 1940s to 1980s and back to large-scale privatization following the mid-1980s. Since the 1980s, there has been a trend of major\n\nAmerican Airlines is a major US-based airline headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, within the Dallas\u2013Fort Worth metroplex. It is the largest airline in the world when measured by scheduled passengers carried and revenue passenger mile. American, together with its regional partners and affiliates, operates an extensive international and domestic network with almost 6,800 flights per day to nearly 350 destinations in 48 countries. American Airlines is a founding member of the Oneworld alliance. Regional service is operated by independent and subsidiary carriers under the brand name American Eagle. American Airlines and American Eagle operate out of 10 hubs, with Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) being its largest. The airline handles more than 200 million passengers annually with an average of more than 500,000 passengers daily. As of 2022, the company employs 129,700 staff members. History American Airlines was started in 1930 via a union of more than eighty small airlines.\n\nWider\u00f8e is the third-largest airline of Norway and the largest regional airline in the Nordic countries. They operate a fleet of 41 Bombardier Dash 8 aircraft to forty-three domestic and nine international destinations. Owned by the SAS Group, Wider\u00f8e generates 40 percent of their traffic from public service obligations (PSO) with the Ministry of Transport and Communications. The company had a revenue of 2,500 million Norwegian krone, flew 380 daily flights and served two million passengers in 2012. The Bod\u00f8-based company has 1,300 employees. Wider\u00f8e was founded in 1934. From the 1940s Wider\u00f8e started flying various seaplane routes for Norwegian Air Lines and later Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS). These routes were commonly flown using Noorduyn Norseman and de Havilland Canada Otter aircraft. From the mid-1960s a network of regional airports was built and Wider\u00f8e received the concession to operate the routes. The first four airports opened in Helgeland in 1968,\n\nQuestion: Which country does the airline Norontair come form?", "output": "Canada"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "world as one of the \"Stars of the Bolshoi\" and was a Guest Teacher at the Ballet Nacional de Cuba by invitation of Alicia Alonso. Many of his students became stars of major ballet companies throughout the world. One of Kamaletdinov's former students, Vladimir Vasiliev, became the Artistic Director of the Bolshoi Theater. In 1976, Kamaletdinov emigrated from the Soviet Union, settling first in Italy and then moving to the United States where he taught and coached at many renowned ballet and opera companies and institutions including Boston Ballet, New York City Ballet, American Ballet Theatre, Juilliard School, Ballets de San Juan, Metropolitan Opera House, Indianapolis Ballet, Richmond Ballet, Hartford Ballet, and many others. Kamaletdinov died of natural causes on April 19, 2012 at his home in Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania. References External links Vaganova Master Classes and Summer School \u2013 Official website for Mansur Kamaletdinov Ballet choreographers Ballet masters People\n\nMansur Kamaletdinov (Russian \u041c\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0443\u0440 \u0424\u0430\u0442\u0445\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041a\u0430\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0442\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432) (7 January 1926 \u2013 19 April 2012) was a Soviet-born ballet dancer, teacher, ballet master and choreographer of classical ballet and classical character dance. Kamaletdinov was born in Zlatoust, Russia and spent his early childhood in a village near Ufa, Bashkiria, which by coincidence is the same village where the great dancer Rudolf Nureyev grew up. He attended the Vaganova Academy in St. Petersburg where he studied with many illustrious teachers including Aleksandr Shiryaev, former assistant to Marius Petipa, who codified the art form known as character dance. Kamaletdinov joined the Kirov Ballet upon graduation and performed with dancers such as Natalia Dudinskaya but was soon invited to join the Tbilisi Ballet and Opera Theater where he worked with the Georgian dance prodigy Vakhtang Chabukiani. In 1951, Kamaletdinov was invited to join the Bolshoi Ballet as Principal Character Dancer and Teacher where he taught\n\nApril 19, 2012 at his home in Mt. Lebanon, Pennsylvania. References External links Vaganova Master Classes and Summer School \u2013 Official website for Mansur Kamaletdinov Ballet choreographers Ballet masters People from Zlatoust Bashkir people 1926 births 2012 deaths Soviet emigrants to Italy Soviet emigrants to the United States Soviet ballet dancers Soviet choreographers 20th-century American ballet dancers American choreographers American people of Bashkir descent\n\nQuestion: Nureyev, Makarova and Baryshnikov all defected from which ballet company?", "output": "Kirov"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Paleolimnology (from Greek: \u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03b9\u03cc\u03c2, palaios, \"ancient\", \u03bb\u03af\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7, limne, \"lake\", and \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, logos, \"study\") is a scientific sub-discipline closely related to both limnology and paleoecology. Paleolimnological studies focus on reconstructing the past environments of inland waters (e.g., lakes and streams) using the geologic record, especially with regard to events such as climatic change, eutrophication, acidification, and internal ontogenic processes. Paleolimnological studies are mostly conducted using analyses of the physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of sediments, or of biological records such as fossil pollen, diatoms, or chironomids. History Lake ontogeny Most early paleolimnological studies focused on the biological productivity of lakes, and the role of internal lake processes in lake development. Although Einar Naumann had speculated that the productivity of lakes should gradually decrease due to leaching of catchment soils, August Thienemann suggested that the reverse process likely occurred. Early midge records seemed to support Thienemann's view. Hutchinson and Wollack suggested that,\n\nEcotechnology is an applied science that seeks to fulfill human needs while causing minimal ecological disruption, by harnessing and manipulating natural forces to leverage their beneficial effects. Ecotechnology integrates two fields of study: the 'ecology of technics' and the 'technics of ecology,' requiring an understanding of the structures and processes of ecosystems and societies. All sustainable engineering that can reduce damage to ecosystems, adopt ecology as a fundamental basis, and ensure conservation of biodiversity and sustainable development may be considered as forms of ecotechnology. Ecotechnology emphasizes approaching a problem from a holistic point of view. For example, remediation of rivers should not only consider one single area. Rather, the whole catchment area, which includes the upstream, middle stream and downstream sections, should be considered. Construction can reduce its impact on nature by consulting experts on the environment. Sustainable development requires the implementation of environmentally friendly technologies which are both efficient\n\nMerriam-Webster defines chemotaxonomy as the method of biological classification based on similarities and dissimilarity in the structure of certain compounds among the organisms being classified. Advocates argue that, as proteins are more closely controlled by genes and less subjected to natural selection than the anatomical features, they are more reliable indicators of genetic relationships. The compounds studied most are proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids, peptides etc. Physiology is the study of working of organs in a living being. Since working of the organs involves chemicals of the body, these compounds are called biochemical evidences. The study of morphological change has shown that there are changes in the structure of animals which result in evolution. When changes take place in the structure of a living organism, they will naturally be accompanied by changes in the physiological or biochemical processes. John Griffith Vaughan was one of the pioneers of chemotaxonomy. Biochemical products\n\nQuestion: Of what is limnology the study?", "output": "INLAND WATERS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Finland is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in the Republic of Finland, and head of the UK's diplomatic mission there. The official title is His Britannic Majesty's Ambassador to the Republic of Finland. Heads of mission Charg\u00e9s d'affaires 1919: Henry Bell 1919: Coleridge Kennard Ambassadors 1919\u20131920: The Lord Alton 1920\u20131921: George Kidston 1921\u20131930: Sir Ernest Rennie 1930\u20131935: Sir Rowland Sperling 1935\u20131937: Herbert Grant Watson 1937\u20131940: Thomas Snow 1940\u20131941: Sir George Vereker 1941\u20131944: No representation due to Continuation War 1944\u20131947: Sir Francis Shepherd 1947\u20131951: Sir Oswald Scott 1951\u20131954: Sir Andrew Noble 1954\u20131958: Michael Cresswell 1958\u20131961: Sir Douglas Busk 1961\u20131963: Sir Con O'Neill 1963\u20131966: Sir Anthony Lambert 1966\u20131969: Sir David Scott Fox 1969\u20131972: Bernard Ledwidge 1972\u20131975: Anthony Elliott 1975\u20131980: James Cable 1980\u20131983: Andrew Stuart 1983\u20131986: Alan Brooke Turner 1986\u20131989: [Justin Staples] 1989\u20131995: Neil Smith 1995\u20131997: David Burns 1997\u20132000: Gavin Hewitt 2000\u20132002: Alyson Bailes 2002\u20132006:\n\nThe high commissioner of the United Kingdom to Jamaica is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in Jamaica, and head of the UK's diplomatic mission in Jamaica. As fellow members of the Commonwealth of Nations, diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and Jamaica are at governmental level, rather than between heads of state. Thus, the countries exchange high commissioners rather than ambassadors. Between 2005 and 2019, the British high commissioner to Jamaica was also non-resident high commissioner to The Bahamas. High commissioners to Jamaica 1962\u20131965: Sir Alexander Morley 1965\u20131970: Dalton Murray 1970\u20131973: Sir Nick Larmour 1973\u20131976: John Hennings 1976\u20131981: John Drinkall 1982\u20131984: Barry Smallman 1984\u20131987: Sir Martin Reid 1987\u20131989: Alan Payne 1989\u20131995: Derek Milton 1995\u20131999: Richard Thomas 1999\u20132002: Antony Smith CMG 2002\u20132005: Peter Mathers 2005\u20132009: Jeremy Cresswell 2009\u20132013: Howard Drake 2013\u20132017: David Fitton 2017\u20132021: Asif Ahmad 2021\u2013: Judith Slater References External links British High Commission Kingston Jamaica United Kingdom High\n\nThe Ambassador of the United Kingdom to Kuwait is the United Kingdom's foremost diplomatic representative in the State of Kuwait, and head of the UK's diplomatic mission in Kuwait. The official title is His Britannic Majesty's Ambassador to the State of Kuwait. The Sheikhdom of Kuwait became a British protectorate in 1899 after an agreement was signed between Sheikh Mubarak Al-Sabah and the British government in India, due to severe threats to Kuwait's independence from the Ottoman Empire. The British government was represented by Political Agents who were appointed by the Indian Political Service until 1948, then by the Foreign Office. In 1961 Kuwait became independent and the last political agent, John Richmond, became the first British ambassador to Kuwait. Heads of mission Political Agent 1904\u20131909: Stuart Knox 1909\u20131914: William Shakespear 1914\u20131916: William Grey 1916\u20131918: Robert Hamilton Mar\u2013Sep 1918: Percy Loch 1918\u20131920: Daniel McCollum 1920\u20131929: James More 1929\u20131936: Harold Dickson\n\nQuestion: What name is given to an ambassador to Great Britain who is representing a country that is a member of the British Commonwealth?", "output": "High Commissioner"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "AC/DC are an Australian hard rock band from Sydney. Formed in November 1973, the group originally consisted of vocalist Dave Evans, lead guitarist Angus Young, rhythm guitarist Malcolm Young (his older brother), bassist Larry Van Kriedt and drummer Colin Burgess. The band's current lineup features Angus Young, drummer Phil Rudd (from 1975 to 1983, 1994 to 2015, and since 2018), bassist Cliff Williams (from 1977 to 2016, and since 2018), vocalist Brian Johnson (from 1980 to 2016, and since 2018), and rhythm guitarist Stevie Young (nephew of Angus and Malcolm Young, a member since 2014). History 1973\u20131994 AC/DC were a rock band formed in November 1973 by brothers Angus (lead guitar) and Malcolm Young (rhythm guitar), with the original lineup also including vocalist Dave Evans, bassist Larry Van Kriedt and drummer Colin Burgess. The band's first single \"Can I Sit Next to You, Girl\" was released after the departure of\n\nAce Records Ltd. is a British record label founded in 1978. Initially the company only gained permission from the similarly named label based in Mississippi to use the name in the UK, but eventually also acquired the rights to publish their recordings. When Chiswick Records' pop side was licensed to EMI in 1984, Ace switched to more licensing and reissuing work. In the 1980s it also gained the licensing for Modern Records, and its follow-up company Kent Records, whilst in the 1990s, the company bought the labels including all original master tapes. Sublabels The following labels are owned or licensed by Ace Records. Ace Records: initially the only label (reissues, also including Ace Records (US)): Rock 'n' Roll, Rockabilly, Rhythm & Blues, Cajun, 1950s and 1960s Pop, etc. It is well known for several series of releases: \"The Golden Age of American Rock 'N' Roll\"; \"Early Girls\"; \"Teen Beat\" (showcasing\n\nThe Wood Brothers are an American roots band consisting of brothers Chris (upright bass) and Oliver Wood (acoustic and electric guitars), as well as multi-instrumentalist Jano Rix. Their music is a combination of folk, gospel, blues and jazz. Biography From early in their childhood in Boulder, Colorado, Chris and Oliver Wood were steeped in American roots music. Their father, a molecular biologist, performed classic songs at camp fires and family gatherings, while their mother, a poet, instilled a passion for storytelling and turn of phrase. The brothers bonded over their shared appreciation of bluesmen such as Jimmy Reed and Lightnin' Hopkins, but their paths, musical and otherwise, diverged. Oliver moved to Atlanta, where he played guitar in cover bands before earning a spot in Tinsley Ellis\u2019s touring act. At Ellis\u2019s behest, Oliver began to sing and then founded King Johnson, a hard-touring group that released six albums of blues-inflected R&B,\n\nQuestion: Brian Johnson is the singer with which 'hard-rock' band founded in 1973 by brothers Malcolm and Angus Young?", "output": "AC/DC"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about west of Lisbon, about northwest of Morocco, and about southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. Its main industries are agriculture, dairy farming, livestock, fishing, and tourism, which has become a major service activity in the region. The government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors. The largest city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada. The culture, dialect, cuisine, and traditions of the Azorean islands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries. There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups.\n\nThe Aegadian Islands (; , ; ) are a group of five small mountainous islands in the Mediterranean Sea off the northwest coast of Sicily, Italy, near the cities of Trapani and Marsala, with a total area of . The island of Favignana (Aegusa), the largest, lies southwest of Trapani; Levanzo (Phorbantia) lies west; and Marettimo, the ancient Hiera Nesos, west of Trapani, is now reckoned as a part of the group. There are also two minor islands, Formica and Maraone, lying between Levanzo and Sicily. For administrative purposes the archipelago constitutes the comune of Favignana in the Province of Trapani. The overall population in 2017 was 4,292. Winter frost is unknown and rainfall is low. The main occupation of the islanders is fishing, and the largest tuna fishery in Sicily is there. History There is evidence of Neolithic and even Paleolithic paintings in caves on Levanzo, and to a\n\nCatala Island Marine Provincial Park is a provincial park in British Columbia, Canaded on the west coast of Vancouver Island at the mouth of Esperanza Inlet, between Kyuquot Sound (N) and Nootka Sound (S). The park is 955 ha. in size and was established in July 1995. Name origin Catala Island, which is one of the islands comprising the park, was originally named Isla de Catala on a chart made in 1792 by Spanish explorer Dionisio Galiano. Galiano named it for Magin Catal\u00e1, a Franciscan who was serving as chaplain at the Spanish garrison at Nootka Sound at the time. Catala, who returned to California in 1794, was born in 1761 in Catalonia (Spain), and had arrived in Mexico in 1786. Serving 44 years as a missionary on the Spanish-American coast, he died in Santa Clara, California in 1830. References External links BC Parks webpage Provincial parks of British Columbia\n\nQuestion: From which island does 'Marsala Wine' come?", "output": "SICILY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bellatrix is the feminine form of bellator, the Latin word for warrior. It can also mean: Bellatrix (Gamma Orionis), a star in the constellation of Orion Bellatrix (band) (1992\u20132001), a former Icelandic rock band Bellatrix, French Navy minesweeping sloop, launched 29 May 1916 USS Bellatrix, a name common to several ships USS Bellatrix (AK-20/AKA-3) (1942\u20131991), an amphibious cargo ship of the United States Navy USS Bellatrix (AF-62) (1961\u20131968), a combat stores ship of the United States Navy USNS Bellatrix (T-AKR-288) (1973\u2013 ), a ship of the United States Navy Bellatrix Lestrange, a character from the Harry Potter novels Bellatrix Aerospace, an Indian private aerospace manufacturer and small satellite company Bellatrix Female Warriors, a British Women's professional wrestling promotion Bellatrix - former UK and World Beatbox Champion Bellatrix, the codename for a cancelled implementation of the IBM Amazon instruction set architecture.\n\n\"A Planet Named Shayol\" is a science fiction story by American writer Cordwainer Smith (the pen name of Paul Linebarger). Like most of his science fiction work, it takes place in his Instrumentality of Mankind setting. It was first published in Galaxy Science Fiction magazine in October 1961. In other media Audio The story was adapted for radio by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and broadcast in 1986. Plot summary The protagonist, Mercer, who lives within the Empire, has been convicted of \"a crime that has no name\". He is condemned by the Empire to the planet Shayol, where he lives in a penal colony whose inhabitants must undergo grotesque physical mutations caused by tiny symbiotes called dromozoans. Most grow extra organs, which the Empire harvests for medical purposes. The bull-man B'dikkat administers the prisoners a drug called super-condamine that alleviates the pain of their punishment and various surgeries. More than\n\nBo\u00f6tes ( ) is a constellation in the northern sky, located between 0\u00b0 and +60\u00b0 declination, and 13 and 16 hours of right ascension on the celestial sphere. The name comes from , which comes from 'herdsman' or 'plowman' (literally, 'ox-driver'; from bo\u00fbs 'cow'). One of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, Bo\u00f6tes is now one of the 88 modern constellations. It contains the fourth-brightest star in the night sky, the orange giant Arcturus. Epsilon Bo\u00f6tis, or Izar, is a colourful multiple star popular with amateur astronomers. Bo\u00f6tes is home to many other bright stars, including eight above the fourth magnitude and an additional 21 above the fifth magnitude, making a total of 29 stars easily visible to the naked eye. History and mythology In ancient Babylon, the stars of Bo\u00f6tes were known as SHU.PA. They were apparently depicted as the god Enlil, who was the leader\n\nQuestion: The stars Rigel and Bellatrix are in which constellation?", "output": "ORION"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Silence of the Lambs is a 1988 psychological horror novel by Thomas Harris. Published August 29, it is the sequel to Harris's 1981 novel Red Dragon and both novels feature the cannibalistic serial killer and brilliant psychiatrist Dr. Hannibal Lecter. This time, however, he is pitted against FBI trainee Clarice Starling as she works to solve the case of the \"Buffalo Bill\" serial killer. The film adaptation directed by Jonathan Demme was released in 1991 to widespread critical acclaim and box office success. It won the Academy Award for Best Picture and Anthony Hopkins won for Best Actor as Lecter. Synopsis Clarice Starling, a young FBI trainee, is asked to carry out an errand by Jack Crawford, the head of the FBI division that draws up psychological profiles of serial killers. Starling is to present a questionnaire to the brilliant forensic psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer, Hannibal Lecter. Lecter\n\nElmer Wayne Henley Jr. (born May 9, 1956) is a convicted American serial killer incarcerated in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) system. Henley was convicted in 1974 for his role as a participant in a series of murders known colloquially as the Houston Mass Murders in which a minimum of 28 teenage boys and young men were abducted, tortured, raped and murdered by Dean Corll between 1970 and 1973. Henley and David Owen Brooks (Corll's other teenage accomplice), together and individually, lured many of the victims to Corll's home. Henley, then 17 years old, shot Corll dead on August 8, 1973. Henley is serving six consecutive terms of 99 years for his involvement in the Houston Mass Murders, which at the time were characterized as \"the deadliest case of serial murders in American history\". As a result of Henley killing Corll and Brooks dying in prison in 2020\n\nLemuel Warren Smith (born July 23, 1941) is an American convicted serial killer who was the first convict to kill an on-duty female corrections officer. Smith was already in prison for the murders of at least five people when he murdered prison guard Donna Payant at Green Haven Correctional Facility in 1981. The murder of a guard in a maximum security prison was considered shocking at the time and brought scrutiny upon the New York prison systems. Smith is considered one of the most dangerous living inmates in the New York prison system and is housed in 23-hour-a-day isolation from other people. Early life Lemuel Smith was born in Amsterdam, New York, in a very religious household. During later insanity claims, Smith stated that when he was 11 years old, he nearly smothered a nine-year-old girl to death. This claim was not substantiated, however. On January 21, 1958, Dorothy Waterstreet\n\nQuestion: What name was given to the serial killer sought by Clarice Starling in Silence of the Lambs?", "output": "Buffalo Bill"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Terry (November 17, 1933 \u2013 September 1, 1945) was a female Cairn Terrier performer who appeared in many different movies, most famously as Toto in the film The Wizard of Oz (1939). It was her only credited role, though she was credited not as Terry but as Toto. She was owned and trained by Carl Spitz and Gabrielle Quinn. Life and career Terry, born in the midst of the Great Depression, was trained and owned by Carl Spitz. She was the mother of Rommy, another movie Cairn terrier, who appeared in other films including Reap the Wild Wind (1942) and Air Force (1943). Her first film appearance was in Ready for Love (1934) which was released on November 30, 1934, roughly one month before her first major film appearance, with Shirley Temple, in Bright Eyes (1934) as Rags. She did her own stunts, and was seriously injured during the filming\n\nCarl Spitz (August 26, 1894 \u2013 September 15, 1976) was a Hollywood dog trainer, most famous for owning and training the female Cairn Terrier Terry, who portrayed Toto in the 1939 MGM fantasy film The Wizard of Oz. Spitz developed the method of using silent hand signals to direct an animal. Career Spitz was born in Germany where he trained military and police dogs in WW1. He trained under Konrad Most, a pioneer of dog training. Spitz emigrated to the United States in 1926 and opened the Hollywood Dog Training School. According to screenwriter Jane Hall, Spitz went through the book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, \u201cpicking out whatever tricks or mannerisms Toto was supposed to have\u201d and trained Terry accordingly. Spitz also trained Buck, the St. Bernard from the movie Call of the Wild, starring Clark Gable. Spitz would later go on to become the man responsible for setting\n\nconstruction of the Ventura Freeway in 1958. On June 18, 2011, a permanent memorial for Terry was dedicated at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Los Angeles. Filmography Ready for Love (1934) as Dog (uncredited) Bright Eyes (1934) as Rags, Loop's Dog (uncredited) The Dark Angel (1935) as Dog (uncredited) Fury (1936) as Rainbow, Joe's Dog (uncredited) The Buccaneer (1938) as Landlubber (uncredited) Barefoot Boy (1938) as herself Stablemates (1938) as Pet Dog (uncredited) The Wizard of Oz (1939) as Toto The Women (1939) as Fighting Dog at Beauty Shop (uncredited) Bad Little Angel (1939) as Rex, the Dog (uncredited) Calling Philo Vance (1940) as McTavish (uncredited) The Ghost Comes Home (1940) as Dog in Pet Shop (uncredited) Son of the Navy (1940) as Terry Cinderella's Feller (1940 short) as Rex the Dog (uncredited) The Old Swimmin Hole (1940) as Toto (uncredited) The Chocolate Soldier (1941) as Dog (uncredited) Rings on\n\nQuestion: Under what name did Terry the dog achieve fame in a 1939 film?", "output": "TOTO"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Edward Teach (alternatively spelled Edward Thatch, \u2013 22 November 1718), better known as Blackbeard, was an English pirate who operated around the West Indies and the eastern coast of Britain's North American colonies. Little is known about his early life, but he may have been a sailor on privateer ships during Queen Anne's War before he settled on the Bahamian island of New Providence, a base for Captain Benjamin Hornigold, whose crew Teach joined around 1716. Hornigold placed him in command of a sloop that he had captured, and the two engaged in numerous acts of piracy. Their numbers were boosted by the addition to their fleet of two more ships, one of which was commanded by Stede Bonnet, but Hornigold retired from piracy toward the end of 1717, taking two vessels with him. Teach captured a French slave ship known as , renamed her Queen Anne's Revenge, equipped her\n\nas Bath Town, where he accepted a royal pardon. However, he was soon back at sea, where he attracted the attention of Alexander Spotswood, the governor of Virginia. Spotswood arranged for a party of soldiers and sailors to capture him. On 22 November 1718, following a ferocious battle, Teach and several of his crew were killed by a small force of sailors led by Lieutenant Robert Maynard. Teach was a shrewd and calculating leader who spurned the use of violence, relying instead on his fearsome image to elicit the response that he desired from those whom he robbed. He was romanticized after his death and became the inspiration for an archetypal pirate in works of fiction across many genres. Early life Little is known about Blackbeard's early life. It is commonly believed that at the time of his death he was between 35 and 40 years old and thus born\n\nthe television series Grimm \"Le Renard Subtil\", Magua in The Last of the Mohicans Renard Queenston, an alias under Lapfox Trax that produces raggacore People Renard (surname), including a list of people with the name Alan II, Duke of Brittany (died 952), known as Le Renard Renard Cox (born 1978), Canadian football player who formerly played for the Maryland Terrapins Organisations Constructions A\u00e9ronautiques G. Renard, Belgian aircraft manufacturer of the 1930s and 1940s Renard Motorcycles, an Estonian motorcycle brand Places Cape Renard, a cape on the west coast of Antarctic Peninsula False Cape Renard, a cape southwest of Cape Renard, Antarctica Renard, Guadeloupe, a settlement on the island of Grande-Terre, Guadeloupe Renard Glacier, a glacier on the west coast of Graham Land, Antarctica Renard Islands, an island of Papua New Guinea Renard Isle, a man-made island in the lower Green Bay, Wisconsin, USA Ships HMS Renard, or HMS Reynard, ten\n\nQuestion: What was the pirate Blackbeard\u2019s real name?", "output": "Edward Teach"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A coronis (, kor\u014dn\u00eds, , kor\u014dn\u00eddes) is a textual symbol found in ancient Greek papyri that was used to mark the end of an entire work or of a major section in poetic and prose texts. The coronis was generally placed in the left-hand margin of the text and was often accompanied by a paragraphos or a forked paragraphos (diple obelismene). The coronis is encoded by Unicode as part of the Supplemental Punctuation block, at . Etymology Liddell and Scott's Greek\u2013English Lexicon gives the basic meaning of as \"crook-beaked\" from which a general meaning of \"curved\" is supposed to have derived. concurs and derives the word from (), \"crow\", assigning the meaning of the epithet's use in reference to the textual symbol to the same semantic range of \"curve\". But, given the fact that the earliest coronides actually take the form of birds, there has been debate about whether the\n\nterm \"artist\": A learned person or Master of Arts. One who pursues a practical science, traditionally medicine, astrology, alchemy, chemistry. A follower of a pursuit in which skill comes by study or practice. A follower of a manual art, such as a mechanic. One who makes their craft a fine art. One who cultivates one of the fine arts \u2013 traditionally the arts presided over by the muses. History of the term The Greek word \"\", often translated as \"art\", implies mastery of any sort of craft. The adjectival Latin form of the word, \"\", became the source of the English words technique, technology, and technical. In Greek culture, each of the nine Muses oversaw a different field of human creation: Calliope (the 'beautiful of speech'): chief of the muses and muse of epic or heroic poetry Clio (the 'glorious one'): muse of history Erato (the 'amorous one'): muse of\n\nis to communicate, to convey information designed to assist the receiver with decision-making based on the information provided. Alternatively, promotional signage may be designed to persuade receivers of the merits of a given product or service. Signage is distinct from labeling, which conveys information about a particular product or service. Definition and etymology The term, 'sign' comes from the old French signe (noun), signer (verb), meaning a gesture or a motion of the hand. This, in turn, stems from Latin 'signum' indicating an\"identifying mark, token, indication, symbol; proof; military standard, ensign; a signal, an omen; sign in the heavens, constellation.\" In the English, the term is also associated with a flag or ensign. In France, a banner not infrequently took the place of signs or sign boards in the Middle Ages. Signs, however, are best known in the form of painted or carved , inns, cinemas, etc. They are one\n\nQuestion: The word logo is thought ultimately to derive from the Greek word l\u00f3gos; what does l\u00f3gos mean?", "output": "Word"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "in inscriptions and bears the title \"Face of Baal\" (pene Baal), perhaps indicating that she was seen as mediating between the worshipper and Baal Hammon. An anthropomorphic symbol, composed of a circular \"head\", horizontal \"arms\", and a triangular \"body,\" which is frequently found on Carthaginian stelae, is known by modern scholars as the sign of Tanit, but it is not clear whether the Carthaginians themselves associated it with Tanit. The connections of Baal Hammon and Tanit to the Phoenician pantheon are debated: Tanit may have a Libyan origin, but some scholars connect her to the Phoenician goddesses Anat, Astarte or Asherah; Baal Hammon is sometimes connected to Melqart or El. The gods Eshmun and Melqart also had their own temples in Carthage. The priests of other gods are known from epigraphic evidence, include Ashtart (Astarte), Reshef, Sakon, and Shamash. Different Punic centres had their own distinct pantheons. In Punic Sardinia,\n\nThe amphisbaena (, , or , plural: amphisbaenae; ) is a mythological, ant-eating serpent with a head at each end. The creature is alternatively called the amphisbaina, amphisbene, amphisboena, amphisbona, amphista, amfivena, amphivena, or anphivena (the last two being feminine), and is also known as the \"Mother of Ants\". Its name comes from the Greek words , meaning \"both ways\", and , meaning \"to go\". Mythology According to Greek mythology, the amphisbaena was spawned from the blood that dripped from the Gorgon Medusa's head as Perseus flew over the Libyan Desert with her head in his hand, after which Cato's army then encountered it along with other serpents on the march. Amphisbaena fed on the corpses left behind. The amphisbaena has been referred to by various poets such as Nicander, John Milton, Alexander Pope, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Alfred Tennyson, Aim\u00e9 C\u00e9saire, A. E. Housman and Allen Mandelbaum; as a mythological\n\nIn ancient Egyptian religion, a menat (, ) was a type of artefact closely associated with the goddess Hathor. Operation The menat was held in the hand by its counterpoise and used as a rattle by Hathor's priestesses. It was also worn as a protective amulet, particularly by Apis bulls. Parts The menat typically included an aegis attached to beaded strings. The other ends of the strings were tied to a counterweight that dangled on the wearer's back. The aegis was often made of faience, but other materials such as leather and bronze were also used. It was often inscribed or bore depictions of deities associated with Hathor. Purpose The necklace was meant to ensure good luck and fortune and to protect against evil spirits. It was also worn for protection in the afterlife and is often found buried with the dead, given as a grave gift since Ramesside times\n\nQuestion: The Egyptian goddess Bast (or Bastet) had the head of which animal?", "output": "CAT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "ABBA ( , ; formerly named Bj\u00f6rn & Benny, Agnetha & Anni-Frid or Bj\u00f6rn & Benny, Agnetha & Frida) are a Swedish pop supergroup formed in Stockholm in 1972 by Agnetha F\u00e4ltskog, Bj\u00f6rn Ulvaeus, Benny Andersson, and Anni-Frid Lyngstad. The group's name is an acronym of the first letters of their first names arranged as a palindrome. They are one of the most popular and successful musical groups of all time, and are one of the best-selling music acts in the history of popular music, topping the charts worldwide from 1974 to 1982, and in 2022. In , ABBA were 's first winner of the Eurovision Song Contest with the song \"Waterloo\", which in 2005 was chosen as the best song in the competition's history as part of the 50th anniversary celebration of the contest. During the band's main active years, it consisted of two married couples: F\u00e4ltskog and Ulvaeus,\n\nG\u00f6ran Bror Benny Andersson (; born 16 December 1946) is a Swedish musician, composer and producer best known as a member of the pop group ABBA and co-composer of the musicals Chess, Kristina fr\u00e5n Duvem\u00e5la, and Mamma Mia! For the 2008 film version of Mamma Mia! and its 2018 sequel, Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, he worked also as an executive producer. Since 2001, he has been active with his own band Benny Anderssons orkester. Early life G\u00f6ran Bror Benny Andersson was born 16 December 1946 in the Vasastan district of Stockholm to civil engineer G\u00f6sta Andersson (1912\u20131973) and his wife Laila (1920\u20131971). His sister Eva-Lis Andersson followed in 1948. Andersson's musical background comes from his father and grandfather (Efraim); they both enjoyed playing the accordion, and at six, Benny got his own. His father and grandfather taught him Swedish folk music, traditional music, and schlager. The first records\n\nBj\u00f6rn Kristian Ulv\u00e6us (; born 25 April 1945) is a Swedish musician, singer, songwriter, and producer best known as a member of the musical group ABBA. He is also the co-composer of the musicals Chess, Kristina fr\u00e5n Duvem\u00e5la, and Mamma Mia! He co-produced the films Mamma Mia! and Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again with fellow ABBA member and close friend Benny Andersson. He is the oldest member of the group. Early life Bj\u00f6rn Kristian Ulv\u00e6us was born in Gothenburg on 25 April 1945. In 1951, he moved with his family to V\u00e4stervik, Kalmar County. His parents were Aina Eliza Viktoria (n\u00e9e Bengtsson; 1909\u20132005) and Erik Gunnar Ulvaeus (1912\u20131999). Ulvaeus has one sister, Eva Margareta (born 1948). Ulvaeus studied business and law at Lund University after undertaking his military service, alongside comedian Magnus Holmstr\u00f6m. Career Pre-ABBA Before gaining international recognition with ABBA, Ulvaeus was a member of the Swedish folk-schlager\n\nQuestion: With which song did Swedish pop group Abba win the 1974 Eurovision Song Contest?", "output": "Waterloo"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon is a 2000 Mandarin-language wuxia martial arts adventure film directed by Ang Lee and written for the screen by Wang Hui-ling, James Schamus, and Tsai Kuo-jung. The film stars Chow Yun-fat, Michelle Yeoh, Zhang Ziyi, and Chang Chen. It is based on the Chinese novel of the same name serialized between 1941 and 1942 by Wang Dulu, the fourth part of his Crane Iron pentalogy. A multinational venture, the film was made on a US$17 million budget, and was produced by Edko Films and Zoom Hunt Productions in collaboration with China Film Co-productions Corporation and Asian Union Film & Entertainment for Columbia Pictures Film Production Asia in association with Good Machine International. The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival on 18 May 2000, and was theatrically released in the United States on 8 December. With dialogue in Standard Chinese, subtitled for various markets, Crouching Tiger,\n\nAndrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky (; 4 April 1932 \u2013 29 December 1986) was a Russian film director and screenwriter. Widely considered one of the greatest and most influential directors in cinema history, Tarkovsky's films explore spiritual and metaphysical themes, and are noted for their slow pacing and long takes, dreamlike visual imagery, and preoccupation with nature and memory. Tarkovsky studied film at Moscow's VGIK under filmmaker Mikhail Romm, and subsequently directed his first five features in the Soviet Union: Ivan's Childhood (1962), Andrei Rublev (1966), Solaris (1972), Mirror (1975), and Stalker (1979). A number of his films from this period are ranked among the best films ever made. After years of creative conflict with state film authorities, Tarkovsky left the country in 1979 and made his final two films abroad; Nostalghia (1983) and The Sacrifice (1986) were produced in Italy and Sweden respectively. In 1986, he also published an influential book\n\nAlfonso Cuar\u00f3n Orozco ( , ; born 28 November 1961) is a Mexican filmmaker. He is known for directing films in a variety of genres, including the family drama A Little Princess (1995), the romantic drama Great Expectations (1998), the coming of age road film Y tu mam\u00e1 tambi\u00e9n (2001), the fantasy film Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), science fiction films such as Children of Men (2006) and Gravity (2013) and the semi-autobiographical drama Roma (2018). Cuar\u00f3n has received 11 Academy Award nominations, winning four: Best Director for Gravity and Roma, Best Film Editing for Gravity, and Best Cinematography for Roma. He is the first Mexican filmmaker to win the Best Director award, and the second person to have been nominated for an Academy Award in seven different categories after Kenneth Branagh. Early life Cuar\u00f3n was born in Mexico City, the son of Alfredo Cuar\u00f3n, a doctor\n\nQuestion: Which film director's credits include Sense and Sensibility, Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon, Brokeback Mountain and Life of Pi?", "output": "Ang Lee"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "punished erroneously for wrongdoings, getting bullied and such things as drinking, smoking and cheating. The end is tragic for Eric, as he loses everything. Background and reception Along with Talbot Baines Reed's The Fifth Form at St. Dominic's and Thomas Hughes' Tom Brown's Schooldays, this book was one of the three most popular boys' books in mid-Victorian Britain. The school is a thinly disguised cross between Farrar's own school King William's College in the Isle of Man, and Marlborough College, at which he was the master. The book is credited with helping to increase the popularity of the first name \"Eric\" in English-speaking countries\u2014although not with Eric Arthur Blair (the writer and journalist George Orwell) who disliked his given name because of its association with Farrar's book. In later years, it fell out of favour, in part because of its religious earnestness. For example, in Rudyard Kipling's Stalky & Co.,\n\nWilliam Edward Joyce (born December 11, 1959) is an American writer, illustrator, and filmmaker. He has achieved worldwide recognition as an author, artist and pioneer in the digital and animation industry. He has written and illustrated over 50 children\u2019s books and novels which have been translated into over 40 languages. He began his film career as a concept artist for the 1995 hit film Toy Story and has since been active in both animation and live action. He subsequently landed credits on the films including A Bug's Life (1998) and Robots (2005). He wrote the book A Day with Wilbur Robinson, which was adapted into a feature film by Disney as Meet the Robinsons (2007), having direct involvement in the film. Among his many awards, Joyce has won 6 Emmys, 3 Annies and an Academy award for his short film The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore (2011). Joyce\n\nIrwin Allen Ginsberg (; June 3, 1926 \u2013 April 5, 1997) was an American poet and writer. As a student at Columbia University in the 1940s, he began friendships with Lucien Carr, William S. Burroughs and Jack Kerouac, forming the core of the Beat Generation. He vigorously opposed militarism, economic materialism, and sexual repression, and he embodied various aspects of this counterculture with his views on drugs, sex, multiculturalism, hostility to bureaucracy, and openness to Eastern religions. Best known for his poem \"Howl\", Ginsberg denounced what he saw as the destructive forces of capitalism and conformity in the United States. San Francisco police and US Customs seized copies of \"Howl\" in 1956, and a subsequent obscenity trial in 1957 attracted widespread publicity due to the poem's language and descriptions of heterosexual and homosexual sex at a time when sodomy laws made (male) homosexual acts a crime in every state. The\n\nQuestion: Who wrote Tom Brown's Schooldays?", "output": "THOMAS HUGHES"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Black Forest ( ) is a large forested mountain range in the state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg in southwest Germany, bounded by the Rhine Valley to the west and south and close to the borders with France and Switzerland. It is the source of the Danube and Neckar rivers. Its highest peak is the Feldberg with an elevation of above sea level. Roughly oblong in shape, with a length of and breadth of up to , it has an area of about . Historically, the area was known for forestry and the mining of ore deposits, but tourism has now become the primary industry, accounting for around 300,000 jobs. There are several ruined military fortifications dating back to the 17th century. History In ancient times, the Black Forest was known as , after the Celtic deity, Abnoba. In Roman times (Late antiquity), it was given the name (\"Marcynian Forest\", from the\n\nThe Andes ( ), Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18\u00b0S \u2013 20\u00b0S latitude), and has an average height of about . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. Along their length, the Andes are split into several ranges, separated by intermediate depressions. The Andes are the location of several high plateaus\u2014some of which host major cities such as Quito, Bogot\u00e1, Cali, Arequipa, Medell\u00edn, Bucaramanga, Sucre, M\u00e9rida, El Alto and La Paz. The Altiplano Plateau is the world's second-highest after the Tibetan Plateau. These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate: the Tropical Andes, the Dry Andes, and the Wet Andes. The Andes\n\nThe East African mountains are a mountain region in the African Great Lakes, within Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda and Burundi. Location and description The mountains are related to the East African Rift, and are in two chains, the Western Rift includes the Virunga Mountains, Mitumba Mountains, and the Rwenzori Range, while the mountains to the east include the largest peaks in Africa: the snow-covered Mount Kilimanjaro (5,895m, 19,340 ft), and Mount Kenya (5,199m, 17,058 ft). Other mountains in the Eastern Rift area include Mount Elgon in Kenya and Uganda. All but the Ruwenzori are of volcanic origin. The weather at the highest elevations is often cold and wet. Fauna The mountains are rich in wildlife, including animals who migrate to higher altitudes during the hot season in the surrounding savanna. The mountains are home to a number of endemic bird species such as Hinde's babbler\n\nQuestion: In which mountain range were monkey puzzle trees first discovered by Europeans?", "output": "ANDES"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "[[File:Edouard Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Berg\u00e8re.jpg|thumb|A Bar at the Folies-Berg\u00e8re (1882) by \u00c9douard Manet.]]The Bar is a 1954 painting by Australian artist John Brack. The subject of the painting directly references \u00c9douard Manet's 1882 work A Bar at the Folies-Berg\u00e8re. It depicts a barmaid working in an Australian pub at the time of the \"six o'clock swill\". As in Manet's work, the patrons of the bar are shown in a reflection behind the barmaid. The work is considered a companion piece to Brack's 1955 work Collins St., 5 pm. A Melbourne art collector acquired The Bar for 90 guineas in 1954. In 2006, the painting sold for $3.12m, a then record price for an Australian artwork at auction. The anonymous buyer was later revealed to be David Walsh, owner of the Museum of Old and New Art in Hobart. He sold the painting to the National Gallery of Victoria\n\nGustave Clarence Rodolphe Boulanger (25 April 1824 \u2013 22 September 1888) was a French figurative painter and academic artist and teacher known for his Classical and Orientalist subjects. Education and career The N\u00e9o-Grecs and the Prix de Rome Boulanger was born in Paris in 1824. He never knew his father, and when his mother's death left him orphaned at the age of fourteen, he became the ward of his uncle, Constant Desbrosses, who in 1840 sent him to study first under the history painter Pierre-Jules Jollivet and then at the atelier of Paul Delaroche, where Boulanger met and befriended his fellow student Jean-L\u00e9on G\u00e9r\u00f4me. Boulanger and G\u00e9rome would become leading lights of the N\u00e9o-Grec movement in French art, which revisited the fascination of previous generations for the Classical world, but brought to its austere subject matter subversive touches of whimsy, sensuality, and eroticism. \"When they appear on the contemporary art\n\nThe Barbaro family was part of this \"papalist\" group, along with the Badoer, Corner, Emo, Foscari, Grimani, and Pisani families. These families also acted as patrons of Battista Franco, Palladio, Francesco Salviati, Michele Sanmicheli, Giovanni da Udine, and Federico Zuccari. The Barbaro family fortunes diminished after Napoleon's defeat of Venice and they had to turn most of the Palazzi Barbaro into apartments. By the time art critic John Ruskin visited Venice in 1851 all that was left of the once powerful Barbaro family were a pair of elderly brothers living in poverty in the garret of the Palazzo Barbaro. Ruskin wrote that the poverty of these last members of the Barbaro family was justice for the family having rebuilt the Church of Santa Maria Zobenigo as a monument to themselves, which Ruskin called \u201ca manifestation of insolent atheism\u201d. The last of the family died in the mid-nineteenth century. Some branches\n\nQuestion: \"Who painted \"\"A Bar at the Folies Bergeres\"\" in 1882?\"", "output": "Edouard Manet"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Burrito Deluxe is the second album by the country rock group the Flying Burrito Brothers, released in May 1970 on A&M Records, catalogue 4258. It is the last to feature Gram Parsons prior to his dismissal from the group. It contains the first issued version of the Mick Jagger/Keith Richards-written song \"Wild Horses,\" released almost a year before the Rolling Stones own take on it appeared on Sticky Fingers. Background After the release of the group's debut album, ex-Byrd Michael Clarke was hired as the band's full-time drummer \u2014 he had recently been playing in another ex-Byrd, Gene Clark's band Dillard and Clark. In the fall of 1969 bassist Chris Ethridge left the Burrito Brothers in frustration at the band's lack of success. In his place the Burritos recruited guitarist Bernie Leadon from the disintegrating Dillard and Clark, freeing Chris Hillman to return to playing bass. The new Burritos lineup\n\nIrwin Allen Ginsberg (; June 3, 1926 \u2013 April 5, 1997) was an American poet and writer. As a student at Columbia University in the 1940s, he began friendships with Lucien Carr, William S. Burroughs and Jack Kerouac, forming the core of the Beat Generation. He vigorously opposed militarism, economic materialism, and sexual repression, and he embodied various aspects of this counterculture with his views on drugs, sex, multiculturalism, hostility to bureaucracy, and openness to Eastern religions. Best known for his poem \"Howl\", Ginsberg denounced what he saw as the destructive forces of capitalism and conformity in the United States. San Francisco police and US Customs seized copies of \"Howl\" in 1956, and a subsequent obscenity trial in 1957 attracted widespread publicity due to the poem's language and descriptions of heterosexual and homosexual sex at a time when sodomy laws made (male) homosexual acts a crime in every state. The\n\nAnthony Ian Berkeley (November 15, 1964 \u2013 July 15, 2001) better known as Too Poetic, was an American rapper and producer. He was also a founding member of the hip-hop group Gravediggaz, for which he used the alias Grym Reaper. He also used the alias Tony Titanium. Early life The eldest son of a minister John Berkley and Wife Ela Berkeley. With three other siblings Dawne, Edward, and Richard. Poetic was born in Trinidad and raised in the town of Wyandanch on Long Island, New York. After forming his first hip-hop group, Brothers Grym, with younger siblings Brainstorm and E Sharp in 1989, Sharp handled some of the production duties, while Poetic and Brainstorm provided vocals. The group created a buzz for itself in the underground with its first official demo, which included notable cuts such as \"Circle-Circle-Dot-Dot\" and \"GRYMnastics.\" Just when the group was close to landing a record\n\nQuestion: Which singing-songwriting founder of the Flying Burrito Brothers died age 26, after which his body was 'stolen' by a friend and burnt in the Joshua Tree National Park?", "output": "Gram Parsons"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The American Music Awards for Favorite Female Artist \u2013 Pop/Rock has been awarded since 1974. Years reflect the year in which the awards were presented, for works released in the previous year (until 2003 onward when awards were handed out on November of the same year). The all-time winner in this category is Taylor Swift with seven wins. Mariah Carey is the most nominated female artist with 10 nominations. Winners and nominees 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Category facts Multiple wins 7 wins Taylor Swift 4 wins Whitney Houston Olivia Newton-John 3 wins Mariah Carey 2 wins Paula Abdul Pat Benatar Sheryl Crow Celine Dion Lady Gaga Janet Jackson Katy Perry Linda Ronstadt Multiple nominations 10 nominations Mariah Carey 8 nominations Taylor Swift 7 nominations Whitney Houston 6 nominations Celine Dion Janet Jackson Madonna Olivia Newton-John Linda Ronstadt 5 nominations Lady Gaga Rihanna Barbra Streisand 4 nominations Katy Perry\n\n\"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\" is a recurring survey compiled by the American magazine Rolling Stone. It is based on weighted votes from selected musicians, critics, and industry figures. The first list was published in December 2004 in a special issue of the magazine, issue number 963, a year after the magazine published its list of \"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\". In 2010, Rolling Stone published a revised edition, drawing on the original and a later survey of songs released up until the early 2000s. Another updated edition of the list was published in 2021, with more than half the entries not having appeared on either of the two previous editions; it was based on a new survey and does not factor in the surveys that were conducted for the previous lists. The 2021 list was based on a poll of more than 250 artists, musicians,\n\nThis discography documents the releases of albums and singles by Aretha Franklin. Widely regarded as the \"Queen of Soul\", she has sold over 75 million records worldwide, making her one of the best-selling R&B female artists of all time. Billboard ranks her as the 34th Greatest Artist of all time. Franklin has scored 73 entries on the Billboard Hot 100, the most among women for nearly 50 years until Nicki Minaj passed her in 2017. Billboard listed her as the 41st Top Gospel Artist of the 2010s. She has accumulated 20 No. 1 hits on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. Amazing Grace remains the biggest-selling live gospel album of all time, being certified 2\u00d7 Platinum in the US. According to RIAA database, Franklin has sold 16.5 million albums and singles in the US (based on certifications). She is ranked first among female vocalists with the most Billboard chart hits during the\n\nQuestion: Which female US singer was voted Greatest Singer of all Time by Rolling Stone magazine in 2010", "output": "Aretha Franklin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chad ( ), officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the southwest, Nigeria to the southwest (at Lake Chad), and Niger to the west. Chad has a population of 16 million, of which 1.6 million live in the capital and largest city of N'Djamena. Chad has several regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the second-largest wetland in Africa. Chad's official languages are Arabic and French. It is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Islam (55.1%) and Christianity (41.1%) are the main religions practiced in Chad. Beginning in the 7th\n\nHuman rights in Libya is the record of human rights upheld and violated in various stages of Libya's history. The Kingdom of Libya, from 1951 to 1969, was heavily influenced and educated by the British and Y.R.K companies. Under the King, Libya had a constitution. The kingdom, however, was marked by a feudal regime, where Libya had a low literacy rate of 10%, a low life expectancy of 57 years, and 40% of the population lived in shanties, tents, or caves. Illiteracy and homelessness were chronic problems during this era, when iron shacks dotted many urban centres on the country. From 1969 to 2011, the history of Libya was marked by the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (where jamahiriya means \"state of the masses\"), a \"direct democracy\" political system established by Muammar Gaddafi, who nominally stepped down from power in 1977, but remained an unofficial \"Brother Leader\" until 2011. Under the Jamahiriya,\n\nAlgeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in North Africa. Algeria is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. It is considered part of the Maghreb region of North Africa. It has a semi-arid geography, with most of the population living in the fertile north and the Sahara dominating the geography of the south. Algeria covers an area of , making it the world's tenth largest nation by area, and the largest nation in Africa, more than 200 times as large as the continent's smallest country, The Gambia. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the tenth-most populous country in Africa, and the 32nd-most populous country in the world. The capital and largest city\n\nQuestion: In 2011 the capture and killing of Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi changed the political landscape in which country?", "output": "Libya"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Fior di latte may refer to: Mozzarella made from cow rather than buffalo milk A popular gelato type with no flavor added Fior di Latte (song), a 2017 song by Phoenix off the album Ti Amo \"Fior Di Latte\", a chapter of the serialized Japanese manga comic Agravity Boys See also Latte (disambiguation) Fior (disambiguation)\n\nItaliano, or the Italian language, is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family. Italiano or Italiana may also refer to anything originating from or associated with Italy: L\u2019Italiano, weekly literary magazine between 1926 and 1942 in Italy L'Italiano (newspaper), a newspaper in Argentina Italiana (album), an album by the Italian singer Mina Sueca Italiana, a variant of the game briscola Vincenzo Italiano, an Italian football manager and former player See also Italian (disambiguation) Italian-language surnames\n\n\u2013 tapioca pudding Foreign entanglements - spaghetti Greasy spoon \u2013 slang term for a diner Guess water \u2013 soup Hemorrhage \u2013 ketchup Hockey puck \u2013 a well-done burger Halitosis \u2013 garlic; originated in the 1920s. Hot blond in sand \u2013 coffee with cream and sugar Hot top \u2013 hot chocolate or chocolate sauce In the alley \u2013 served as a side dish In the weeds \u2013 overwhelmed Irish cherries \u2013 carrots Italian perfume \u2013 garlic; originated in the 1920s. Jamoka \u2013 coffee Java \u2013 coffee Jayne Mansfield \u2013 tall stack of pancakes Jewish round \u2013 bagel Joe \u2013 coffee Life preserver \u2013 doughnut Looseners \u2013 prunes Lumber \u2013 a toothpick Machine oil \u2013 syrup Maiden's delight \u2013 cherries Make it cry \u2013 add onion Moo juice \u2013 milk Mug of murk \u2013 black coffee Mully \u2013 beef stew Nervous pudding \u2013 Jell-O O'Connors \u2013 potatoes On a raft \u2013 Texas\n\nQuestion: The 'latte' coffee drink means in original Italian?", "output": "Milk"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alaska ( ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. It borders British Columbia and Yukon in Canada to the east and it shares a western maritime border in the Bering Strait with Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean lie to the north and the Pacific Ocean lies to the south. Technically a semi-exclave of the U.S., Alaska is the largest exclave in the world. Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area, comprising more total area than the next three largest states of Texas, California and Montana combined and is the seventh-largest subnational division in the world. It is the third-least populous and most sparsely populated U.S. state, but with a population of 736,081 as of 2020, is the continent's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel, with more than quadruple the combined populations\n\nSoutheast Alaska, often abbreviated to Southeast or Southeastern, and sometimes called the Alaska(n) Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east and north by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia (and a small part of Yukon). The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild, rainy climate. The largest cities in the region are Juneau, Sitka, and Ketchikan. This region is also home to Hyder, the easternmost town in Alaska. Geography Southeast Alaska has a land area of , comprising much of the Alexander Archipelago. The largest islands are, from North to South, Chichagof Island, Admiralty Island, Baranof\n\nArctic Norway () comprises the northernmost parts of Norway that lie above the Arctic circle. Norway reaches from approximately 58\u00b0N to 81\u00b0N, so large parts lie north of the Arctic circle at 66\u00b033\u2032. In Norway, the name Northern Norway is used for the northernmost part of mainland Norway, while Arctic Norway is often understood as Svalbard. Geography Arctic Norway consists of four geographically separated parts: Mainland Norway, from 66\u00b033\u2032 to 71\u00b011'N; Svalbard, located from 76\u00b028 to 80\u00b049' N; Bj\u00f8rn\u00f8ya (Bear Island), situated at 74\u00b031\u2032N 19\u00b001\u2032E; Jan Mayen, situated at 70\u00b059\u2032N 8\u00b032\u2032W. The Arctic circle crosses mainland Norway at Saltfjellet, which separates Helgeland from the northern part of Nordland county. Thus about half of the county lies north of the Arctic circle, along with the whole of Troms and Finnmark counties. The total area of mainland Norway above the Arctic circle is ca. . The population is about 393,000, which makes\n\nQuestion: Over one third of which state of the USA is in the Arctic Circle?", "output": "Alaska"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The fulmarine petrels or fulmar-petrels are a distinct group of petrels within the family Procellariidae. They are the most variable of the four groups within the Procellariidae, differing greatly in size and biology. They do, however, have a unifying feature, their skull, and in particular their nasal tubes. They are predominantly found in the Southern Ocean with one species, the northern fulmar, ranging in the North Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Fossils of fulmarine petrels dating back to the Upper Miocene have been found in Menorca. Species Northern giant petrel, Macronectes halli Southern giant petrel, Macronectes giganteus Northern fulmar, Fulmarus glacialis Southern fulmar, Fulmarus glacialoides Antarctic petrel, Thalassoica antarctica Cape petrel, Daption capense Snow petrel, Pagodroma nivea Procellariidae Seabirds Bird common names References\n\nThe Cape petrel (Daption capense), also called the Cape pigeon, pintado petrel, or Cape fulmar, is a common seabird of the Southern Ocean from the family Procellariidae. It is the only member of the genus Daption, and is allied to the fulmarine petrels, and the giant petrels. They are extremely common seabirds with an estimated population of around 2 million. Taxonomy The Cape petrel was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Procellaria capensis. Linnaeus cited the \"white and black spotted peteril\" that had been described and illustrated in 1747 by the English naturalist George Edwards in the second volume of his A Natural History of Uncommon Birds. The Cape petrel is now the only species placed in the genus Daption that was introduced in 1826 by English naturalist James Francis Stephens. The genus name\n\nto the rest of the gadfly petrels; several more gadfly petrels are removed from Pterodroma and placed in Pseudobulweria (allied to the shearwaters), and the Kerguelen petrel is also removed from Pterodroma and placed in the monotypic Lugensa. Several taxa are also elevated to species status on the basis of newer studies. Fulmarine petrels Macronectes Macronectes halli, northern giant petrel Macronectes giganteus, southern giant petrel Fulmarus Fulmarus glacialis, northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialoides, southern fulmar Thalassoica Thalassoica antarctica, Antarctic petrel Daption Daption capense, Cape petrel Pagodroma Pagodroma nivea, snow petrel Prions Pelecanoides Pelecanoides garnotii, Peruvian diving-petrel Pelecanoides magellani, Magellanic diving-petrel Pelecanoides georgicus, South Georgia diving-petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix, common diving-petrel Halobaena Halobaena caerula, blue petrel Pachyptila Pachyptila turtur, fairy prion Pachyptila belcheri, slender-billed prion Pachyptila crassirostris, fulmar prion Pachyptila vittata, broad-billed prion Pachyptila desolata, Antarctic prion Pachyptila salvin, Salvin's prion Procellarine petrels Procellaria Procellaria aequinoctialis, white-chinned petrel Procellaria conspicillata, spectacled petrel Procellaria\n\nQuestion: What sort of sea creatures are fulmars and petrels?", "output": "Birds"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Barnhill railway station is in Glasgow, Scotland, north of Glasgow Queen Street railway station on the Springburn branch of the North Clyde Line. The station is managed by ScotRail. It was built as part of the City of Glasgow Union Railway which provided a link across the Clyde (between the Glasgow and Paisley Joint Railway at Shields Junction and the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway at Sighthill Junction). The line opened to goods traffic in 1875, but the station here was not opened until 1 October 1883, when the passenger service was extended from . Services through to Springburn were not introduced until 1887. The Bellgrove to Springburn line was electrified by British Rail in 1960 as part of the North Clyde line scheme. Services Monday to Saturday daytimes there is a half-hourly service from Barnhill to Glasgow Queen Street and beyond (usually to via Yoker) southbound and to Springburn northbound.\n\nHillhall is a townland and non-nucleated village in County Down, Northern Ireland, near Lisburn. In the 2001 Census it had a population of about one hundred people. It lies in the Lagan Valley Regional Park and the Lisburn City Council area. Hillhall Presbyterian Church is a listed building. References NI Neighbourhood Information System Draft Belfast Metropolitan Area Plan 2015 Iris Murdoch and Hillhall External links Hillhall Presbyterian Church See also List of villages in Northern Ireland List of towns in Northern Ireland Villages in County Down Townlands of County Down Civil parish of Drumbeg Civil parish of Drumbo\n\nHillfoot railway station is a railway station in Bearsden, East Dunbartonshire near Glasgow, Scotland. The station is managed by ScotRail and is served by their trains on the Argyle and North Clyde Lines. It is sited between Milngavie and Bearsden, from Glasgow Queen Street, measured via Maryhill. History It was opened on 1 May 1900, after the Milngavie branch was double tracked. Facilities The station has a small car park but no ticket office or ticket machine. As there are no facilities to purchase tickets, passengers must buy one in advance, or from the guard on the train. Both platforms have shelters, help points and benches, and there are bike racks adjacent to platform 1. Both platforms have step-free entrances, but the footbridge only has steps. Passenger volume The statistics cover twelve month periods that start in April. Services On weekdays and Saturdays, trains run every 30 minutes northbound to\n\nQuestion: Cowcaddens and Hillhead are underground stations in which city?", "output": "GLASGOW"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bras\u00edlia (; ) is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District. The city is located high in the Brazilian highlands in the country's Central-West region. It was founded by President Juscelino Kubitschek on 21 April 1960, to serve as the new national capital. Bras\u00edlia is estimated to be Brazil's third-most populous city after S\u00e3o Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Among major Latin American cities, it has the highest GDP per capita. Bras\u00edlia was a planned city developed by L\u00facio Costa, Oscar Niemeyer and Joaquim Cardozo in 1956 in a scheme to move the capital from Rio de Janeiro to a more central location. The landscape architect was Roberto Burle Marx. The city's design divides it into numbered blocks as well as sectors for specified activities, such as the Hotel Sector, the Banking Sector, and the Embassy Sector. Bras\u00edlia was inscribed as a UNESCO World\n\ndivided into 33 administrative regions, one of which (Plano Piloto) includes the area of the originally planned city and its federal government buildings. The rest of the Federal District plus Plano Piloto are considered by IBGE to make up Bras\u00edlia's city area. History Background Brazil's first capital was Salvador; in 1763 Rio de Janeiro became Brazil's capital and remained so until 1960. During this period, resources tended to be centered in Brazil's southeastern region, and most of the country's population was concentrated near its Atlantic coast. Brasilia's geographically central location fostered a more regionally neutral federal capital. An article of the country's first republican constitution, dated 1891, states that the capital should be moved from Rio de Janeiro to a place close to the country's center. The plan was conceived in 1827 by Jos\u00e9 Bonif\u00e1cio, an advisor to Emperor Pedro I. He presented a plan to the General Assembly of\n\nThe Bras\u00edlia National Park () is a national park located in the northwest of the Federal District and in the center of the state of Goi\u00e1s, in the Brazil. The park covers an area of , with territory distributed by the administrative regions of Brazl\u00e2ndia, Bras\u00edlia and Sobradinho, in the Federal District and by the municipality of Padre Bernardo, in Goi\u00e1s. It is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio). It is the largest park in an urbanized area in the world. History The creation of the park, on November 29, 1961, was under Federal Decree of Brazil covering an area of (initially was proposed) extending over an elevation range of . It is under IUCN Category II. It is directly related to the development of Brasilia. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, the park was protected to provide forested area around the national capital of Brazil.\n\nQuestion: Before it was moved to the purpose-built city of Brasilia, what city was Brazil's capital?", "output": "Rio de Janeiro"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The tympanic nerve (Jacobson\u2019s nerve) is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve found near the ear. It gives sensation to the middle ear, the Eustachian tube, the parotid gland, and mastoid air cells. It gives parasympathetic to supply to the parotid gland via the otic ganglion and the auriculotemporal nerve. Structure The tympanic nerve contains sensory axons to the middle ear (including the internal surface of the tympanic membrane) whose cell bodies are lodged in the superior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve. It also contains parasympathetic axons which continue as the lesser petrosal nerve to the otic ganglion, which itself gives off postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. Origin The tympanic nerve arises from the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) in the jugular fossa. Course It passes through the petrous part of the temporal bone within the tympanic canaliculus that is situated within the bony ridge separating the carotid canal\n\ncanal. The canal then curves nearly vertically inferior-ward along the posterior wall. The tympanic segment is closely related to the posterior and medial walls of the tympanic cavity; it passes superior to the oval window and inferior to the lateral semicircular canal. Clinical significance The facial canal may be interrupted in some people. This may lead to the facial nerve being split into 2 or 3 fibres, or it may be poorly formed or congenitally absent on one side. History The facial canal was first described by Gabriele Falloppio. This is why it may also be known as the Fallopian canal. Gallery See also Facial nerve Prominence of the facial canal Hiatus of the facial canal References Foramina of the skull Ear\n\nthe auriculotemporal nerve. It is involved in the salivatory reflex to increase salivation during chewing. Variation The tympanic nerve usually arises from the inferior ganglion of the glossopharyngeal nerve. Rarely, it may arise from a higher part. Rarely, it may provide no parasympathetic fibres to the otic ganglion. Clinical significance The tympanic nerve is involved in a reflex, where stimulation of the ear canal increases salivation. Cancer The tympanic nerve may be involved by paraganglioma, in this location referred to as a glomus tympanicum tumour. This causes a soft mass in the middle ear (tympanic cavity). There may also be pulsatile tinnitus, hearing loss or hearing problems, and some cardiac abnormalities. History The tympanic nerve is also known as the nerve of Jacobson, or Jacobson's nerve. Additional images References External links Tympanic and Lesser petrosal nerve diagram () Glossopharyngeal nerve\n\nQuestion: What is the more common name of the tympanic membrane", "output": "Eardrum"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country located in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. With an area of and a population of 17.5 million as of 2017, Chile shares borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. The country also controls several Pacific islands, including Juan Fern\u00e1ndez, Isla Salas y G\u00f3mez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island, and claims about of Antarctica as the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The capital and largest city of Chile is Santiago, and the national language is Spanish. Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century, replacing Inca rule, but failed to conquer the independent Mapuche people who inhabited what is now south-central Chile. Chile\n\nColombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country mostly in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogot\u00e1 is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urbes include Medell\u00edn, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, C\u00facuta, Ibagu\u00e9, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage\u2014including language, religion, cuisine, and art\u2014reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by mass immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those\n\nOsmel Ricardo Sousa Mansilla (born 26 September 1946) is a Cuban-Venezuelan beauty pageant entrepreneur, and the former president of the Miss Venezuela Organization. Prominently known for his excellence in both pageantry and advertising, Sousa has been called \"The Tsar of Beauty\" for his significant role in producing the large number of beauty titles for Venezuela. For what he is considered, as the best coach of beauty queens, worldwide. On 8 February 2018, Sousa announced his public intention to retire from the position and was ultimately succeeded by Gabriela Isler as national director for the Miss Venezuela pageant. Early life Osmel Sousa was born in Rodas, a town in the province of Cienfuegos in Cuba. When he was thirteen, his family sent him to live with his grandmother in Maracaibo, Venezuela. After high school he studied with Horacio Peterson's acting company with Lupita Ferrer, Miguel \u00c1ngel Landa and Luis Abreu, but\n\nQuestion: A contestant from which South American country won the 2011 \u2018Miss World Contest\u2019?", "output": "Venezuela"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The blue mackerel (Scomber australasicus), also called Japanese mackerel, Pacific mackerel, slimy mackerel or spotted chub mackerel, is a fish of the family Scombridae, found in tropical and subtropical waters of the Pacific Ocean from Japan south to Australia and New Zealand, in the eastern Pacific (Hawaii and Socorro Island, Mexico), and the Indo-West Pacific: the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman and the Gulf of Aden, in surface waters down to . In Japanese, it is known as goma saba (\u80e1\u9ebb\u9bd6 sesame mackerel). It typically reaches in length and in weight. Description Blue mackerel are often mistaken for chub mackerel. In fact, blue mackerel were believed to be a subspecies of chub mackerel until the late 1980s. Though they are both in the same genus (Scomber), blue mackerel set themselves apart by differing structural genes than those of the chub mackerel. Other, more obvious, characteristics set\n\nThe spotted wood quail (Odontophorus guttatus) is a small ground-dwelling bird in the New World quail family. It is a resident breeder in the mountains of Central America from southern Mexico to western Panama. It occurs in highlands from 1000 m or higher up to the timberline, usually in dense understory thickets or bamboos. The nest, as with several other wood-quails remains undescribed, but the eggs are known to be creamy-white with brown spots. The spotted wood quail is 25 cm long and weighs 300 g. It has an orange crest which is raised when it is excited. The upperparts are dark brown with black and rufous flecking. The underparts are normally olive brown, but there is a colour morph with rufous underparts. In both cases, the underparts are boldly spotted with white. The forehead is dark brown and the cheeks and throat are black streaked with white. The sexes\n\nCarbucketty is a character from the musical Cats. The name was one of T. S. Eliot's ideas for cat names, for a \"knockabout cat\". His role is primarily that of a dancer and acrobat. Carbucketty appeared in both the original London and Broadway shows. In 1987, when the Broadway show was reworked, the character was renamed Mungojerrie. The actor who played Mungojerrie after the show was reworked, Ray Roderick, had played Carbucketty for a few months prior. Carbucketty's costume suggests a Bi-colour tabby and white kitten. He has defined stripes as well as spots on a white base. A short fluffy wig and chunky warmers give the impression of a young, fluffy kitten. Most fans consider Carbucketty to be a counterpart of Pouncival- a kitten with a similar personality and design who appears in many productions around the world. This may be because for the filmed version of the show\n\nQuestion: What type of cat can be Classic, Mackerel, Spotted or Ticked?", "output": "Tabby Cat"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "in 1893 by the Viipuri Students' Association for a lottery to aid the education of the people of the Viipuri Province. Sibelius conducted the Karelian Music at its premiere on 13 November 1893 at the Imperial Alexander University in Helsinki, Grand Duchy of Finland. The behaviour of the audience was, however, far from ideal. As Sibelius noted later: Ten days later, Sibelius conducted a popular concert that included the Overture, followed by the three movements that would become the Karelia Suite. These four pieces were sold to Edition Fazer in 1899 and, at Sibelius's request, Overture and Karelia Suite were published as Op. 10 & 11, respectively. The rest of the Karelia Music pieces that were yet to be printed ended up in the hands of Breitkopf & H\u00e4rtel in 1905. The score was at some point left in the possession of Robert Kajanus and, in 1936, Kajanus's wife Ella\n\nKarelia Suite, Op. 11 is a subset of pieces from the longer Karelia Music (named after the region of Karelia) written by Jean Sibelius in 1893 for the Viipuri Students' Association and premiered, with Sibelius conducting, at the Imperial Alexander University in Helsinki, Grand Duchy of Finland, on 23 November of that year. Sibelius first conducted the shorter Suite ten days later; it remains one of his most popular works. Karelia Music was written in the beginning of Sibelius's compositional career, and the complete Music consists of an Overture, 8 Tableaux, and 2 Intermezzi; it runs for about 44 minutes, whereas the Suite lasts about 12 minutes. The rough-hewn character of the Music was deliberate \u2013 the aesthetic intention was not to dazzle with technique but to capture the quality of naive, folk-based authenticity. Historical comments have noted the nationalistic character of the music. Orchestration The piece is orchestrated for\n\nchoir and orchestra op. 27The Avenue for soprano and orchestra op. 29 Back to traditional forms (1930s\u201340s)Suite Summer Scenes from H\u00e4meForest Idylls Scherzo Felix domesticaLegend for violin and orchestra Double concerto for violin, cello and orchestraThe Maids on the HeadlandsIdyllNotturno for violin and orchestraSerenata for violin and orchestraFantasy for cello, harp and orchestra Stage works 5 Operas:Jeftan tyt\u00e4r (The Daughter of Jephtha), op. 30 (1929)Prinsessa Cecilia (Princess Cecilia) (1933)Lyydian kuningas (The King of Lydia) (1937)V\u00e4in\u00e4m\u00f6isen kosinta (V\u00e4in\u00e4m\u00f6inen's Proposal) (1934\u20131936)Kaksi kuningatarta (The Two Queens') Ballet The Waterspout (Vesipatsas) Le ballet grotesque Further reading External links V\u00e4in\u00f6 Raitio Society (mostly in Finnish) Music Finland composer material 1891 births 1945 deaths 20th-century classical composers Finnish male classical composers Finnish classical composers Finnish opera composers 20th-century male musicians Male opera composers People from Sortavala People from Viipuri Province (Grand Duchy of Finland) 20th-century Finnish composers\n\nQuestion: Who composed \u2018Finlandia\u2019 (1899) and the \u2018Karelia Suite\u2019 (c 1893)?", "output": "JEAN SIBELIUS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Christmas Party\" is the tenth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's sixteenth episode overall. It was written by Michael Schur and directed by Charles McDougall. It was first broadcast on December 6, 2005 on NBC. The episode guest stars David Koechner as Todd Packer. The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In this episode, the office throws a Christmas party and plays Secret Santa. Jim Halpert (John Krasinski), having put much effort into finding a gift for Pam (Jenna Fischer), becomes frustrated when Michael Scott (Steve Carell) makes everyone play \"Yankee Swap\", and an iPod that Michael bought for Ryan Howard (B. J. Novak) becomes the hot object of the game. The episode received positive reviews from television critics, with many applauding Michael's \"Yankee Swap\" scene.\n\n\"The Carpet\" is the fourteenth episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's twentieth episode overall. It was written by Paul Lieberstein and directed by Victor Nelli, Jr. The episode first aired on January 26, 2006 on NBC. The episode guest stars Ken Howard as Ed Truck, and David Koechner as Todd Packer. The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In this episode, a disgusting \"thing\" \u2013 implied to be human feces \u2013 is left in Michael Scott's (Steve Carell) office, and Michael tries to discover who did it. While his carpet is being replaced, he uses Jim Halpert's (John Krasinski) desk, forcing Jim to move away from Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) into the annex. \"The Carpet\" is the first and only episode to feature Howard as Truck.\n\n\"The Dundies\" is the first episode of the second season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show's seventh episode overall. Written by Mindy Kaling and directed by Greg Daniels, who is also a producer for the show, the episode originally aired in the United States on September 20, 2005 on NBC. The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company. In the episode, Michael Scott (Steve Carell) hosts \"The Dundies\", the annual awards show in which he presents awards to various members of the office. But the night does not turn out as he plans, and Michael ends up angering or humiliating the majority of the office staff. Meanwhile, after Pam Beesly (Jenna Fischer) argues with her fianc\u00e9, she becomes obviously intoxicated and kisses Jim Halpert (John Krasinski). \"The Dundies\" was the second episode\n\nQuestion: Which TV comedy is set in the Scranton, Pennsylvania branch of the Dunder Mifflin Paper Company?", "output": "The Office"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "slain by the Lombards in Italy (Martyrs of Campania) (ca. 579) Saint Fergna, called 'the White', a relative and disciple of St Columba of Ireland, Abbot of Iona (637) Saint Chad (Ceadda), Bishop of Lichfield, England (672) Saint Cynibil (Cynibild), a brother of Sts Chad and Cedd who helped enlighten England (7th century) Saint Willeic, a disciple of St Swithbert who made him Abbot of Kaiserwerth in Germany (726) Saint Slebhene (Sl\u00e9ib\u00edne mac Congaile), a monk from Ireland, he became Abbot of Iona in Scotland (767) Post-Schism Orthodox saints Venerable Arsenius, Bishop of Tver (1409) Venerable Sabbatius, monk of Tver (1434), and his disciple St. Euphrosynus (1460) Venerable Barsanuphius (1459) and Sabbas (1467), Abbots of Tver. Venerable Abramios of Spassk, of the monastery of Christ the Saviour, Russia (16th century) New Martyr Theodore Sladi\u0107 of Komogovina (1788) Venerable Joachim (Papoulakis) of Ithaca, monk of Vatopedi (Mt. Athos) and Ithaca (1868)\n\nThe 'Clann-an-oistir' (from the Latin ) were the doorkeepers to the monastery of Iona. The first of the family came over from Ireland with Colum Cille, but when they caused the displeasure of that saint, he invoked a curse on them, by which it was decreed that never more than five of his clan should exist at the same time. Accordingly, when a sixth was born, one of the five was to look for death, which always happened until the race was extinguished. A female who died about the middle of the 18th century in Iona was the last person who could trace a lineage to the doorkeepers of this monastery. References (Clann-an-oistir) See also Hostarius (Scotland) Scottish folklore Iona\n\nBenedict of Nursia (; ; 2 March AD 480 \u2013 21 March AD 547), often known as Saint Benedict, was an Italian Christian monk, writer, and theologian - venerated in the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, the Anglican Communion, and Old Catholic Churches. In 1964 Pope Paul VI declared Benedict a patron saint of Europe. Benedict founded twelve communities for monks at Subiaco in present-day Lazio, Italy (about to the east of Rome), before moving further south-east to Monte Cassino in the mountains of central Italy. The present-day Order of Saint Benedict emerged later and, moreover, is not an \"order\" as the term is commonly understood, but a confederation of autonomous congregations. Benedict's main achievement, his Rule of Saint Benedict, contains a set of rules for his monks to follow. Heavily influenced by the writings of John Cassian ( \u2013 ), it shows strong affinity\n\nQuestion: Which Saint founded the monastery on the island of Iona and died there in 597 AD?", "output": "Saint Columba"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Andes ( ), Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18\u00b0S \u2013 20\u00b0S latitude), and has an average height of about . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. Along their length, the Andes are split into several ranges, separated by intermediate depressions. The Andes are the location of several high plateaus\u2014some of which host major cities such as Quito, Bogot\u00e1, Cali, Arequipa, Medell\u00edn, Bucaramanga, Sucre, M\u00e9rida, El Alto and La Paz. The Altiplano Plateau is the world's second-highest after the Tibetan Plateau. These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate: the Tropical Andes, the Dry Andes, and the Wet Andes. The Andes\n\nsecond-highest after the Tibetan Plateau. These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate: the Tropical Andes, the Dry Andes, and the Wet Andes. The Andes Mountains are the highest mountain range outside Asia. The highest mountain outside Asia, Argentina's Aconcagua, rises to an elevation of about above sea level. The peak of Chimborazo in the Ecuadorian Andes is farther from the Earth's center than any other location on the Earth's surface, due to the equatorial bulge resulting from the Earth's rotation. The world's highest volcanoes are in the Andes, including Ojos del Salado on the Chile-Argentina border, which rises to . The Andes are also part of the American Cordillera, a chain of mountain ranges (cordillera) that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western \"backbone\" of the Americas and Antarctica. Etymology The etymology of the word Andes has been\n\nCerro Uritorco is a mountain (cerro) located next to the Calabalumba River, in the city of Capilla del Monte, in the northwest of the province of C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina. It is the highest peak of the Sierras Chicas mountain range. It is 3 km (1.9 miles) away from the city center and its summit is at 1,949 m (6,394 ft) above mean sea level. The name Uritu urqu means \"Male Hill\" in Santiago del Estero Quichua, which is, however, not the aboriginal Comeching\u00f3n language. Cerro Uritorco is under a private administration and it can be accessed by the public for a fee. It is considered a medium-difficulty ascent, taking around three hours to reach the top, provided the appropriate hiking path is followed. On December 21, 2012, the mountain was closed, since a mass suicide had been proposed on Facebook to take place there due to the 2012 phenomenon. The mountain\n\nQuestion: Which is the highest peak in the Andes?", "output": "ACONCAGUA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In fencing, the grip is the part of the weapon which is gripped by the fencer's hand. There are two types of grips commonly used today in competitive foil and \u00e9p\u00e9e: French, which is a straight grip with a pommel at the end of it, and the orthopedic or pistol grip. Virtually all high level foil fencers use a pistol grip; in \u00e9p\u00e9e, both types are used. Both kinds of grip optimize hitting with the point of the sword (a 'thrust'), which is the only way to score a touch with a foil or \u00e9p\u00e9e. There are a number of grips which are no longer common or are currently illegal in competitive fencing. The Italian grip is legal but is not used commonly. A number of grips which combine a French grip pommel with pistol grip style prongs are illegal for competition. The rationale for these grips being illegal is\n\nnot used commonly. A number of grips which combine a French grip pommel with pistol grip style prongs are illegal for competition. The rationale for these grips being illegal is that they would allow both the extended reach of the French and the added strength of the pistol grip. Sabre, which is the only fencing weapon that allows \"cutting\" with the edge of the blade, has only one kind of grip, because of the way the blade is handled. Sabre grips are generally made of plastic, rubber over metal or plastic, wood, or leather wrapped over wood. French grip The French grip is straight or slightly contoured to the curve of the hand. It reached its modern form in the late nineteenth century. The French grip allows the fencer to \"post\", holding the grip towards the pommel, instead of holding the weapon near the bell guard. This gives the fencer\n\nThe flick is a technique used in modern fencing. It is used in foil and to a lesser extent, \u00e9p\u00e9e. The 1980s saw the widespread use of \"flicks\" \u2014 hits delivered with a whipping motion which bends the blade around the more traditional parries, and makes it possible to touch otherwise inaccessible areas, such as the back of the opponent. This has been regarded by some fencers as an unacceptable departure from the tradition of realistic combat, where only rigid blades would be used, while others feel that the flick adds to the variety of possible attacks and targets, thereby expanding the game of foil. Technique The flick consists of an angulated attack with a whipping motion that requires the defender to make a widened parry, and exploits the flexibility of the blade. If parried, a properly executed flick whips the attacker's blade around the parry. This is a valid\n\nQuestion: What weapons are used in fencing?", "output": "Swords"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Kalamazoo Wings, nicknamed the K-Wings, were a professional ice hockey team in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The team played in the International Hockey League from the 1974\u201375 season to the 1999\u20132000 season. The team played in Wings Stadium and was affiliated with the National Hockey League's Detroit Red Wings, Minnesota North Stars, and the Dallas Stars. History That team, which had named itself for its affiliation with the NHL Detroit Red Wings, changed its name during the 1995 playoffs to the Michigan K-Wings because the league wanted to raise its appeal for expanding to larger markets. The team's owner, the late R.T. Parfet, was the only small-market owner to oblige. However, concerns about larger-market teams entering the league, the league's instability, and the Dallas Stars ending their affiliation led to the Wings owners to request inactive status on April 17, 2000 and the team was dissolved. The IHL would fold a\n\nThe Weyburn Red Wings are a Canadian junior ice hockey team based in Weyburn, Saskatchewan playing in the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League (SJHL). They play their home games at the Crescent Point Place, which has a seating capacity of 1,750. The team colours are red and white. Radio station CHWY-FM K106 broadcasts all Red Wings road games, and select home games. All home games are webcast on HockeyTV. History The team began play in 1961, in the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League, and was named after the NHL's Detroit Red Wings. The team was one of the founding members of the Western Hockey League in 1966, but left in 1968 to return to the SJHL. Increasing travel costs of playing in the Western Hockey League was the main reason for moving back to the SJHL. The team is the most successful in the league in terms of league championships won. They\n\nThe Swiss Life Arena is an ice hockey and entertainment arena in Altstetten, Zurich, Switzerland. It is located approximately 7 kilometers west of Downtown Zurich. The arena officially opened in October 2022. The arena currently serves as the home for the ZSC Lions of the National League (NL) and seats up to 12,000 spectators for hockey games. Background Starting in the 2022/2023 season, the Swiss Life Arena became be the new arena of the ZSC Lions\u2019 national league A-team, which will play as many as 40 national and international matches there every year. The arena will also host games of GCK/ZSC Lions young talent. The Swiss Life Arena is planned as a multifunctional event space and is to enjoy modern infrastructure. With its steeply graded seating and compact construction, the arena will be a \u201ccauldron\u201d, with a focus on sports and corporate events. Swiss Life, a Swiss provider of pension\n\nQuestion: The Red Wings play in the National Hockey League at the Joe Louis Arena in which city?", "output": "DETROIT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Zoroastrianism is the oldest remaining religion in Iran. Founded around the middle of the second millennium BCE, the religion spread through the Iranian area through conversions and eventually became state religion in the Achaemenian Empire in the 6th century BCE. The religion still survives to this day in small communities, mostly located in present Iran and India. The Zoroastrians in India are called Parsis. According to the Iran's official census, there were 25,271 Zoroastrians in the country as of 2011, but several unofficial accounts suggest higher figures growing within the country. Background and the religion The Zoroastrian religion is credited to the prophet Zoroaster, who is also known as Zarathushtra and the religion is named after him. Zoroaster was supposedly the one that founded this religion around the middle of the second millennium BCE. In contemporary times, it is stated that Zoroastrianism is a religion whose followers worship one God.\n\nAnti-Brahminism is a term used in opposition to caste-based hierarchical social order which places Brahmins at its highest position. Initial expressions of Anti-Brahminism emerged from instances of pre-colonial opposition to the caste system in India, ideological influences during the colonial period, and from a colonialist Protestant Christian understanding of religion in the 19th century, which viewed \"Brahminism\" as a corrupted religion imposed on the Indian population. Reformist Hindus, and also Ambedkar, structured their criticism along similar lines following the 19th century criticism of \"Brahminism,\" opposing the dominant position Brahmins had acquired by the time of British rule in the 19th century. Definitions \"Brahminism\" refers both to the historical Brahmanical tradition and ideology of the late Vedic period (ca.1100-500 BCE), as to \"Anti-Brahminism\" or \"Non-Brahminism\" is a movement in opposition to caste based discrimination and hierarchical social order which places Brahmins at its highest position. B. R. Ambedkar stated: History Pre-Colonial\n\nto \"Anti-Brahminism\" or \"Non-Brahminism\" is a movement in opposition to caste based discrimination and hierarchical social order which places Brahmins at its highest position. B. R. Ambedkar stated: History Pre-Colonial times According to Novetzke, initial expressions of Anti-Brahminism emerged from instances of pre-colonial opposition to the caste system, ideological influences during the colonial period. 19th century colonialism According to Gelders and Delders, the structure of present-day anti-Brahminism has its roots in 19th century India and colonial views on the position and influence of Brahmins. 19th century colonial rulers viewed India's culture as corrupt and degenerate, and its population irrational. In this view, derived from a Protestant Christian understanding of religion, rooted in the Protestant opposition against the Catholic Church, the original \"God-given religion\" was corrupted by (Catholic) priests, which was extended by comparison to the Brahmins in India, and the Brahmin-dominated type of Hinduism, for which the term \"Brahminism\" was\n\nQuestion: Brahmanism, or Vedism, is a religion emerging around 900BC in?", "output": "India"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "selectively permeable membrane. Movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a volume with a low solute concentration to one with a higher solute concentration is called osmotic flow. In plants, this entails the water moving from the low concentration solute outside the cell into the cell's vacuole. Etymology 1610s, from Latin turgidus \"swollen, inflated, distended,\" from turgere \"to swell,\" of unknown origin. Figurative use in reference to prose is from 1725. Related: Turgidly; turgidness. Mechanism Osmosis is the process in which water flows from a volume with a low solute concentration (osmolarity), to an adjacent region with a higher solute concentration until equilibrium between the two areas is reached. It is usually accompanied by a favorable increase in the entropy of the solvent. All cells are surrounded by a lipid bi-layer cell membrane which permits the flow of water into and out of the cell while limiting the flow\n\nThe Lamm equation describes the sedimentation and diffusion of a solute under ultracentrifugation in traditional sector-shaped cells. (Cells of other shapes require much more complex equations.) It was named after Ole Lamm, later professor of physical chemistry at the Royal Institute of Technology, who derived it during his Ph.D. studies under Svedberg at Uppsala University. The Lamm equation can be written: where c is the solute concentration, t and r are the time and radius, and the parameters D, s, and \u03c9 represent the solute diffusion constant, sedimentation coefficient and the rotor angular velocity, respectively. The first and second terms on the right-hand side of the Lamm equation are proportional to D and s\u03c92, respectively, and describe the competing processes of diffusion and sedimentation. Whereas sedimentation seeks to concentrate the solute near the outer radius of the cell, diffusion seeks to equalize the solute concentration throughout the cell. The diffusion\n\nA biological membrane, biomembrane or cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment or creates intracellular compartments by serving as a boundary between one part of the cell and another. Biological membranes, in the form of eukaryotic cell membranes, consist of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded, integral and peripheral proteins used in communication and transportation of chemicals and ions. The bulk of lipids in a cell membrane provides a fluid matrix for proteins to rotate and laterally diffuse for physiological functioning. Proteins are adapted to high membrane fluidity environment of the lipid bilayer with the presence of an annular lipid shell, consisting of lipid molecules bound tightly to the surface of integral membrane proteins. The cell membranes are different from the isolating tissues formed by layers of cells, such as mucous membranes, basement membranes, and serous membranes. Composition Asymmetry The\n\nQuestion: What name is given to the passage of a solvent from a less concentrated into a more concentrated solution through a semi-permeable membrane?", "output": "Osmosis"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "All Fall Down may refer to: \"... all fall down\", a phrase from the nursery rhyme \"Ring a Ring o' Roses\" which first appeared in print in 1881 Books Comics All Fall Down (comics), a 2011 six-issue comic book by Casey Jones \"All Fall Down\", a 1990 issue of the Matrix Quest series of Transformers comics Nonfiction All Fall Down, The Brandon deWilde Story, a 2012 biography by Patrisha McLean All Fall Down: America's Tragic Encounter With Iran, a 1985 book by Gary Sick Novels All Fall Down (Carter novel), by Ally Carter, 2015 All Fall Down (Herlihy novel), by James Leo Herlihy, 1960 All Fall Down, by Megan Hart, 2012 All Fall Down, by Jean Little All Fall Down, by Sally Nicholls, 2012 All Fall Down, by Leonard Strong, 1944 All Fall Down, by Jennifer Weiner, 2014 Other All Fall Down, a 1963 poetry collection by Alan Jackson All\n\nand after his father (or someone else) physically chastises him, Tom cries all the way down the street. Another version of the rhyme is: Tom, Tom, the piper's son, Stole a pig, and away he run. Tom run here, Tom run there, Tom run through the village square. This rhyme is often conflated with a separate and longer rhyme: Tom, he was a piper's son, He learnt to play when he was young, And all the tune that he could play Was 'over the hills and far away'; Over the hills and a great way off, The wind shall blow my top-knot off. Tom with his pipe made such a noise, That he pleased both the girls and boys, They all stopped to hear him play, 'Over the hills and far away'. Tom with his pipe did play with such skill That those who heard him could never keep still;\n\nAll Fall Down is a 1960 novel by James Leo Herlihy, which was adapted into a 1962 film of the same name directed by John Frankenheimer. Plot introduction The wealthy Williams family is torn apart from within once they invite Echo in. Explanation of the novel's title The novel's title is meant to draw attention to the effect of the self-motivated, destructive passions unleashed within the family home in the course of its story. Plot summary When the hedonistic Berry-Berry Williams deserts his pregnant lover, Echo O'Brien, his younger brother Clinton's blind faith in him shows signs of waning, while his parents are disgusted by Berry-Berry's actions. The book goes back and forth from third person to first person (Clinton's diaries). Characters Berry-Berry Williams \u2013 protagonist Clinton Williams \u2013 younger brother to Berry Ralph Williams \u2013 father Annabel Williams \u2013 mother Echo O'Brien \u2013 family guest who becomes pregnant by\n\nQuestion: \"We all fall down\" is the last line of what nursery rhyme or playground singing game?", "output": "Ring Around the Rosie"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Allvelo (Allm\u00e4nna Velocipedf\u00f6rs\u00e4ljnings AB) was a company founded by Fritiof Karlstr\u00f6m in Landskrona, Sweden. The company began by importing bicycles, but soon decided to purchase unassembled Waltham Orient buckboards from the United States. These they assembled and sold as All-Velos under the names Allvelo Orient and Allvelo Pansarmobil Sport. All told, probably around 50 were assembled. Most parts other than the steering, axles, and engines were of wood. Each car had a single-cylinder air-cooled engine mounted at the rear, with friction drive. Brakes were fitted on the right rear wheel only, and the cars had tiller steering. Other models Other models assembled included the French Orel, as Allvelo Orel, and a UK made truck, under the name Allvelo Vulcan. In 1907 they made a prototype car of their own design, but it never entered into production. At most the company had about 150 employees. References Brass Era vehicles Defunct motor\n\nAutomeccanica was a Greek automobile producing company. Founded in 1979, it was one of the companies that produced the \"passenger-utility\" type of vehicle popular in Greece at the time for tax categorization reasons. Its creators were former executives of Autokinitoviomihania Ellados (meaning 'Greek Car Industry') a company founded in 1975 to also produce vehicles of this type \u2013 it assembled Italian Fissore models based on Fiat products, as well as other Fiat models and variants. Automeccanica followed a different path, building the Zebra model, a passenger-utility car based on the Daihatsu Charade, as well as assembling the Charade itself. In 1985, when the law favoring the Zebra-type vehicles changed, Automeccanica stopped its production (after about 2,000 units had been built) and started licence production of the Soviet Lada Niva model, while it developed its own cabrio-version of the car. In 1988 it acquired its former \"father\" company, Autokinitoviomihania Ellados and\n\nSollers, formerly known as OAO Severstal-Auto, is a Russian company holding controlling blocks of shares of OAO Ulyanovsk Automobile Works (UAZ), Zavolzhye Motor Works (ZMZ) and OAO ZMA. The enterprises of Severstal-Auto are well-known automobile brands and occupy stable positions in their market segments. History Since 2005, SeverstalAvto has been the owner of the ZMA () car factory in Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia. The factory was previously owned in part by KamAZ and was one of the production bases for the Lada Oka minicar. SeverstalAvto is listed in RTS Index. Production of the Oka was due to be phased out in 2006 after 17 years and replaced by a number of Fiat models such as the Albea and Dobl\u00f2. February 11, 2010 an agreement was signed to establish on the basis of the plant \"Sollers-Naberezhnye Chelny\" joint venture to develop and produce cars between \"Sollers\" and the Italian company Fiat. It\n\nQuestion: The Linea, the Sedici and the Stilo are all models of car that are made by which company?", "output": "FIAT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Trial () is a 1962 drama film written and directed by Orson Welles, based on the 1925 posthumously published novel of the same name by Franz Kafka. Welles stated immediately after completing the film: \"The Trial is the best film I have ever made\". The film begins with Welles narrating Kafka's parable \"Before the Law\" to pinscreen scenes created by the artists Alexandre Alexeieff and Claire Parker. Anthony Perkins stars as Josef K., a bureaucrat who is accused of a never-specified crime, and Jeanne Moreau, Romy Schneider and Elsa Martinelli play women who become involved in various ways in Josef's trial and life. Welles plays the Advocate, Josef's lawyer and the film's principal antagonist. The Trial has grown in reputation over the years, and some critics, including Roger Ebert, have called it a masterpiece. It is often praised for its scenic design and cinematography, the latter of which includes\n\n\"Josephine the Singer, or the Mouse Folk\" (German: \"Josefine, die S\u00e4ngerin oder Das Volk der M\u00e4use\") is the last short story written by Franz Kafka. It deals with the relationship between an artist and her audience. The story was included in the collection A Hunger Artist (Ein Hungerk\u00fcnstler) published by Verlag Die Schmiede soon after Kafka's death. Plot Josephine is a rarity among the mouse people, for she has the innate ability to sing, which no others in the community have displayed in recent history. Although they are not a musical people and some question Josephine's ability, while others adore her and consider her a communal treasure, all of the mouse people gather round to listen whenever Josephine starts to sing and appreciate her performances as something that helps them tolerate their unusually hardworking lives.Sometimes I have the impression that our people sees its relationship with Josephine rather like this:\n\n\"The Burrow\" (German: \"Der Bau\") is an unfinished short story by Franz Kafka written six months before his death. In the story a badger-like creature struggles to secure the labyrinthine burrow he has excavated as a home. The story was published posthumously in Beim Bau der Chinesischen Mauer (Berlin, 1931) by Max Brod, Kafka's friend and literary executor. The first English translation, by Willa and Edwin Muir, was published by Martin Secker in London in 1933. It appeared in The Great Wall of China. Stories and Reflections (New York City: Schocken Books, 1946). Kafka is alleged to have written an ending to the story detailing a struggle with an invading beast, but this completed version was among the works destroyed by lover Dora Diamant following Kafka's death. Like \"The Metamorphosis\", \"A Report to an Academy\", \"Investigations of a Dog\" and \"Josephine the Singer, or the Mouse Folk\", \"The Burrow\" presents\n\nQuestion: \"What is the name of the main character, a senior bank clerk, in Franz Kafka's unfinished novel \"\"The Trial\"\"?\"", "output": "Josef K"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Fattouh became interim President of the Palestinian Authority following the death of Yasser Arafat on 11 November 2004 until 15 January 2005, when Mahmoud Abbas was sworn in as President following the election. List See also Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization President of the State of Palestine President of the Palestinian National Authority Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority Leaders of Palestinian institutions References 1996 establishments in the Palestinian territories\n\nPalestinian Authority Government of February 2005, but resigned late 2005, to run for the 2006 elections. On 15 June 2007, Palestinian National Authority President Mahmoud Abbas named Salam Fayyad Prime Minister of the new emergency government, following Hamas' takeover of Gaza. References Palestinian political parties 2005 establishments in the Palestinian territories Political parties established in 2005 Liberal parties Centrist parties Politics of the Palestinian National Authority\n\nAziz Dweik ( ; ) (born January 12, 1948) is a Palestinian politician who was elected the speaker of the Palestinian Legislative Council (PLC) on 18 January 2006. Hamas recognized Dweik as the interim President of the Palestinian National Authority and of the State of Palestine from 15 January 2009, when the elected term of Mahmoud Abbas officially expired, until 2 June 2014, when Hamas and Fatah agreed on the establishment of a national unity government under Abbas as President. In October 2023, amidst the 2023 Israel\u2013Hamas war, Aziz Dweik, who was then living in the West Bank, was arrested by the Israeli Army. Education and family life Prior to becoming involved in political office, Dweik was a professor of urban geography at An-Najah National University in Nablus on the West Bank. He holds a PhD in Regional and Architecture Planning from the University of Pennsylvania. Dweik is married, with\n\nQuestion: Who was elected President of the Palestinian National Authority in January 2005?", "output": "MAHMOUD ABBAS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "is celebrated during Adar II so that the 14th of Adar I is then called Purim Katan. Shushan Purim falls on Adar 15 and is the day on which Jews in Jerusalem celebrate Purim. Yom Kippur Katan is a practice observed by some Jews on the day preceding each Rosh Chodesh or New-Moon Day. Yom tov sheni shel galuyot refers to the observance of an extra day of Jewish holidays outside of the land of Israel. References External links What is Isru Chag? \"Holiday Wrapping\" Isru Chag The Morning After Understanding Isru Chag and Yemei Tashlumin Hebrew names of Jewish holy days Minor Jewish holidays Nisan observances Passover Shavuot Shemini Atzeret Sukkot Tishrei observances Hebrew words and phrases in Jewish law\n\nMehlella (), also Amata Saww (, 'Grouping Day') or Sigd (, 'Prostration', , also romanized Sig'd), is one of the unique holidays of the Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jewish) community, and is celebrated on the 29th of the Hebrew month of Marcheshvan. Since 2008, it has been an official Israeli state holiday. Date Previously, Sigd was celebrated on the 29th of Kislev, and after a calendar reform in the mid-19th century it was moved to its present day, 50 days after Yom Kippur. Etymology The word Sigd itself is Ge'ez for \"prostration\" and is related to sg\u0113d \"to prostrate oneself (in worship)\". The Semitic root \u221asgd is the same as in mesgid, one of the two Beta Israel Ge'ez terms for \"synagogue\" (etymologically related to masjid \"mosque\", literally \"place of prostration\"), and from the same Semitic root we also have the Hebrew verb \u05dc\u05e1\u05d2\u05d5\u05d3 lisgod, \"to worship\". Significance There are two\n\nWhit Tuesday (syn. Whittuesday, Whitsun Tuesday) is the Christian holiday celebrated the day after Pentecost Monday, the third day of the week beginning on Pentecost. Pentecost is a movable feast in the Christian calendar dependent upon the date of Easter. \"Whit\" relates either to the white robes worn by those baptized on Pentecost, or to the French word \"huit,\" since Pentecost is the eighth Sunday after Easter. Observance It was a holiday in the Lutheran Church in Germany at Bach's time, where all major holidays were celebrated for three days. Bach and others composed cantata music for the occasion. It used to be a public holiday in Denmark and Sweden. In Denmark it was abolished 26 October 1770, and in Sweden 4 November 1772, both places as part of larger reductions of the number of holidays. The Dancing procession of Echternach takes place on Pentecost Tuesday. In the 19th century,\n\nQuestion: Which Jewish holiday is also known as the Day of Atonement?", "output": "Yom Kippur"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "There are many different types of gliding possum, sometimes referred to as volplane possum, flying phalangers, or simply as gliders: Australian gliders Feathertail glider or pygmy gliding possum, Acrobates pygmaeus Greater glider, Petauroides volans Mahogany glider, Petaurus gracilis Squirrel glider, Petaurus norfolcensis Sugar glider, Petaurus breviceps Yellow-bellied glider or fluffy glider, Petaurus australis New Guinea gliders Biak glider, Petaurus biacensis Northern glider, Petaurus abidi A characteristic of all species of marsupial gliders is the partially fused (syndactylous) second and third digits on the hind feet. They achieve gliding flight by use of membranes called patagia. References Diprotodonts\n\nThe mahogany glider (Petaurus gracilis) is an endangered gliding possum native to a small region of coastal Queensland in Australia. Appearance A nocturnal arboreal marsupial, the mahogany glider closely resembles the sugar glider, the squirrel glider and the yellow-bellied glider, but is noticeably larger than any of its relatives (26.5 cm long and 410 g) and has a long tail (34\u201340 cm). The species gets its common name from its mahogany-brown belly and the similar colour of its patagium, or gliding membrane. The tail is covered in short hair, and is black on the underside. These gliders are sexually dimorphic, with the males being larger than the females, although the latter usually have a longer tail in proportion to their body. In terms of their body length, females are marginally smaller, measuring compared with the male body length of , but they have a slightly longer tail, measuring compared with\n\nThe Micropezidae are a moderate-sized family of acalyptrate muscoid flies in the insect order Diptera, comprising about 500 species in about 50 genera and five subfamilies worldwide, (except New Zealand and Macquarie Island). They are most diverse in tropical and subtropical habitats, especially in the Neotropical Region. Insects in this family are commonly called stilt-legged flies, after their characteristically long legs. The fore legs are markedly smaller than the other pairs. Mostly, they are long-bodied, often black flies, usually with infuscated (darkened) wings. Wings are reduced in the genera Calycopteryx and entirely absent in the ant-like Badisis ambulans. Description For terms see Morphology of Diptera Very slender, small to large (3\u201316 mm) flies, they have long, thin legs and narrow wings. The head is small and elongated or rounded. The antennae are small and the arista is bare or pubescent. Ocelli are present, but ocellar bristles are absent. Vibrissae are\n\nQuestion: What kind of creature is a 'sugar glider?", "output": "POSSUM"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The \"Maryland Line\" was a formation within the Continental Army, formed and authorized by the Second Continental Congress, meeting in the \"Old Pennsylvania State House\" (later known as \"Independence Hall\") in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in June 1775. Background Col. George Washington, delegate and formerly of the Virginia Regiment of the colonial militia, served as commander-in-chief of the colonial forces and he assumed command at Cambridge, Massachusetts outside of Boston, of the various units from several of the American colonies which surrounded Boston, laying siege to the British Army in June 1775. Washington's previous military experience had been during the late French and Indian War (1754\u20131763), (known in Europe as the Seven Years' War). Not all Continental infantry regiments raised in a state were part of a state quota. On December 27, 1776, the Second Continental Congress gave commanding General George Washington temporary control over certain military decisions that the Congress ordinarily\n\nwho was then commander of the Pennsylvania Line, and several of his aides. In December 1779, over 10.000 Continental Army troops encamped for the winter at Jockey Hollow. Soldiers camped at this location until June 1780, during which time they endured some of the harshest conditions of the war. Due to the bad conditions of the dirt roads in the winter and spring, dependence on horsepower, distance from the enemy in New York plus the natural walls of protection provided by the (now-called) Watchung Mountains, this was a secure area to camp the army. The Winter at Jockey Hollow was the worst winter of the war, even worse than the Winter at Valley Forge two years before. Twelve men often shared one of over one thousand simple huts built in Jockey Hollow to house the Army. Amazingly, despite the difficult conditions and lack of food, fewer than 100 soldiers died\n\nJockey Hollow is the name for an area in southern Morris County, New Jersey farmed in the 18th century by the Wick, Guerin and Kemble families. The origin of the name is still uncertain, but was used as such at the time of the American Revolution. For most of the Revolutionary War, it was used by portions of Continental Army as a winter camp site, and it housed the main Continental Army during the \"Hard Winter\" of 1779\u201380, believed to be the harshest winter in recorded history. It is located in Harding Township and Mendham Township, in Morris County, New Jersey. Since 1933, the Wick House has been part of Morristown National Historical Park in Morristown, New Jersey. Morristown National Historical Park is administered by the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. American Revolutionary War During the Revolutionary War, Henry Wick possessed the largest portion of this area\u2014his\n\nQuestion: Where did George Washington's army endure the winter of 1777-78?", "output": "Valley Forge"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Yekaterinburg Metro () is a rapid transit system that serves the city of Yekaterinburg, Russia. The Metro opened on 26 April 1991, and is long and serves 9 stations. The Yekaterinburg Metro is the 13th and last metro to open in the USSR. History Yekaterinburg, formerly called Sverdlovsk, was always known as the informal capital of the Urals, a natural divide between Europe and Asia, between European Russia and Siberia. The city grew very rapidly because it was an important industrial centre and a transport hub. Plans for a rapid-transit system began in the late 1970s, and in 1980 construction began. The city's uneven landscape, as well as its layout with a very dense city centre, prompted to combine deep and shallow stations. On 26 April 1991, the sixth Metro of Russia and the thirteenth and last Metro of the Soviet Union, which ceased to exist only a few\n\nRussian Empire, most of the nation observed solar time. From 1740s to 1867, Alaska belonged to Russia (Russian America) which used the Julian calendar which was 11 or 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar as the rest of Russia and had local times up to GMT+15:10. The westernmost area of Russia was Congress Poland, with local times down to GMT+01:10. During the late 19th century, Moscow Mean Time was introduced on 1 January [13 January, N.S.] 1880, originally at GMT+02:30:17. 2:30:17 corresponds to 37.6166667\u00b0, the longitude of Moscow. Other parts of Russia kept solar time for several years. Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1918, when Wednesday 31 January (O.S.) was followed by Thursday 14 February (N.S.), which dropped 13 days from the calendar. Soviet Union After the Soviet Union was created, Moscow Time became UTC+02:00 and the various other time zones (up to UTC+12:00) were introduced throughout Russia and\n\nThe Kryvyi Rih Metrotram (or Colloquial: Metro), () or the Kryvyi Rih Rapid Tram (\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0301\u0437\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0448\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043a\u0456\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0301\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0432\u0430\u0301\u0439) is a partially underground rapid transit light rail system that serves the city of Kryvyi Rih, the seventh-largest city in Ukraine. Despite its designation as a \"metro tram\" and its use of tram cars as rolling stock, the Kryvyi Rih Metrotram is fully grade-separated both from roads and from the city's conventional tram lines, with enclosed stations and tracks. History The design of the Metrotram seen in Kryvyi Rih has its roots in the socialist urban planning guidelines that were formulated in the 1960s, based on models of the emergence of new urban centers and the transport arrangements that would suit them, in particular, how a small settlement would grow into a full-sized city, and at which point a rapid transit system would need to be built. Kryvyi Rih was chosen to test\n\nQuestion: The Trans-Siberian Railway is the third longest continuous rail service and spans how many time zones?", "output": "7"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Canada Day (, ), formerly known as Dominion Day (), is the national day of Canada. A federal statutory holiday, it celebrates the anniversary of Canadian Confederation which occurred on July 1, 1867, with the passing of the British North America Act, 1867, when the three separate colonies of the United Canadas, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were united into a single dominion within the British Empire called Canada. Originally called Dominion Day (), the holiday was renamed in 1982, the same year that the Canadian constitution was patriated by the Canada Act, 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada Day celebrations take place throughout the country, as well as in various locations around the world attended by Canadians living abroad. Commemoration Canada Day is often informally referred to as \"Canada's birthday\", particularly in the popular press. However, the term \"birthday\"\n\nFather's Day is a secular holiday celebrating fatherhood. Father's Day may also refer to: Celebrations Father's Day (United States), the holiday as observed in the US Saint Joseph's Day, a Catholic feast day observed as Father's Day in some countries Film Father's Day (1930 film), or The Sins of the Children, an American film by Sam Wood Father's Day (1955 film), a West German comedy film directed by Hans Richter Father's Day (1996 film), a German comedy by Sherry Hormann Fathers' Day (1997 film), an American comedy by Ivan Reitman Father's Day (2011 film), an American-Canadian action-horror comedy film Father's Day (2012 film), an Indian Malayalam-language film \"Father's Day\" (Creepshow), a story segment of the 1982 film Creepshow Literature Father's Day (novel), a 1971 novel by William Goldman Father's Day, a 1981 novel by Eugene Kennedy \"Father's Day\", a 1985 story in the 2006 comics collection DC Universe: The Stories\n\nthe equinox as the start of autumn. In the English-speaking world of high latitude countries, autumn traditionally began with Lammas Day and ended around Hallowe'en, the approximate mid-points between midsummer, the autumnal equinox, and midwinter. Meteorologists (and Australia and most of the temperate countries in the southern hemisphere) use a definition based on Gregorian calendar months, with autumn being September, October, and November in the northern hemisphere, and March, April, and May in the southern hemisphere. In the higher latitude countries in the Northern Hemisphere, autumn traditionally starts with the September equinox (21 to 24 September) and ends with the winter solstice (21 or 22 December). Popular culture in the United States associates Labor Day, the first Monday in September, as the end of summer and the start of autumn; certain summer traditions, such as wearing white, are discouraged after that date. As daytime and nighttime temperatures decrease, trees change\n\nQuestion: In which month does the USA celebrate Labour Day?", "output": "September"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Tribes of Arabia () or Arab tribes () denote ethnic Arab tribes originating in the Arabian Peninsula. These tribes trace their ancestry to one of the two Arab forefathers, Adnan or Qahtan. Historically, Arab tribes have inhabited the Arabian Peninsula. However, with the spread of Islam, they started migrating and settling in various regions, including the Levant, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Sudan, the Maghreb, and Khuzestan. These areas collectively form what is known as the \"Arab world,\" excluding Khuzestan. Arab tribes have significantly influenced demographic shifts in this region, leading to the growth of the Arab population. Additionally, they have played a vital role in the ethnic, cultural, linguistic, and genetic Arabization of the Levant and North Africa. Arab genealogical tradition The general consensus among 14th-century Arab genealogists is that Arabs are of three kinds: Al-Arab al-Ba'ida (), \"The Extinct Arabs\", were an ancient group of tribes in pre-Islamic Arabia that\n\nHamat Gader (; , ; , or , ; , meaning \"the Syrian Hamma\") is a hot springs site in the Yarmouk River valley, used since the classical antiquity. It is located in an area under Israeli control, in what was a demilitarized zone between Israel and Syria from 1949 to 1967. The site is next to the Jordanian border, and about from the tripoint of Israel, Jordan and Syria. It is set on several mineral springs with temperatures up to 50 \u00b0C. Etymology The ancient Hebrew name, Hammat Gader or Hammath Gader, means hot springs of Gader, also translated as Hammath-by-Gadara. The ruins of the ancient city of Gadara stand south of Hammat Gader, on the plateau edge above the springs, in modern Umm Qais. The Arabic name Al-Hammeh or El-Hamma dates back to the medieval period and also relates to \"hot springs\". The name of the tell located\n\nThe Arabs (, DIN 31635: , Arabic pronunciation: ), also known as the Arab people (), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Western Asia and Northern Africa, which formally denotes the \"Arab homeland\". Moreover, a significant Arab diaspora is present in various parts of the world. According to the Abrahamic tradition, Arabs are descendants of Abraham through his son Ishmael, who was born in Canaan, a region in the Levant that is now part of Palestine and Israel. Islamic sources state that Abraham brought Hagar and Ishmael to Mecca. The 14th century Arab historian Ibn Kathir mentions that the pre-Islamic Arabs considered Ishmael as their patriarch. Arabs have been in the Fertile Crescent for thousands of years. In the 9th century BCE, the Assyrians made written references to Arabs as inhabitants of the Levant, Mesopotamia, and Arabia. Throughout the ancient Near East, Arabs established influential civilizations\n\nQuestion: Ultimately, which Middle Eastern country was the origin of all the UK\u2019s Golden Hamsters?", "output": "SYRIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Treason Act 1702 (1 Anne Stat. 2 c. 21) is an Act of the Parliament of England, passed to enforce the line of succession to the English throne (today the British throne), previously established by the Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701. The Act makes it treason to \"endeavour to deprive or hinder any person who shall be the next in succession to the crown for the time being ... from succeeding after the decease of her Majesty (whom God long preserve) to the imperial crown of this realm and the dominions and territories thereunto belonging\". Originally a capital offence, the penalty was reduced in 1998 to life imprisonment. Although the Act was passed by the English Parliament, it was later extended to Scotland by the Treason Act 1708, following the Union of the two kingdoms in the previous year. The Parliament of Ireland passed\n\nThe Act of Settlement is an Act of the Parliament of England that settled the succession to the English and Irish crowns to only Protestants, which passed in 1701. More specifically, anyone who became a Roman Catholic, or who married one, became disqualified to inherit the throne. This had the effect of deposing the remaining descendants of Charles I, other than his Protestant granddaughter Anne, as the next Protestant in line to the throne was Sophia of Hanover. Born into the House of Wittelsbach, she was a granddaughter of James VI and I from his most junior surviving line, with the crowns descending only to her non-Catholic heirs. Sophia died shortly before the death of Queen Anne, and Sophia's son succeeded to the throne as King George I, starting the Hanoverian dynasty in Britain. The Act of Supremacy 1558 had confirmed the independence of the Church of England from Roman\n\nThe Crown and Parliament Recognition Act 1689 (2 Will. & Mar. c. 1) was an Act of the Parliament of England, passed in April 1690 but backdated to the start of the parliamentary session, which started on 20 March 1690.. It was designed to confirm the succession to the throne of King William III and Queen Mary II of England and to confirm the validity of the laws passed by the Convention Parliament which had been irregularly convened following the Glorious Revolution and the end of James II's reign. This Act is still wholly in force in England and Wales (). Reason for the Act The Act was passed because in 1688 King James II of England was deposed (he was deemed to have abdicated) and replaced as king by William and Mary, who ruled jointly. However this could not be achieved without an Act of Parliament to approve it.\n\nQuestion: Which legislation, passed in 1701, banned Roman Catholics from the British throne?", "output": "ACT OF SETTLEMENT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Punch and Judy Man, a 1963 British comedy film The Punch and Judy Murders, a 1936 novel by John Dickson Carr Judy and Punch, a 2019 Australian black comedy film Punch and Jewelee, fictional characters from DC Comics The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Mr. Punch, a 1994 graphic novel by Neil Gaiman and Dave McKean\n\nHell Valley' (uncredited) The Naked Truth (1957) - Man in Autograph Crowd (uncredited) Carlton-Browne of the F.O. (1959) - Deputy Minister (uncredited) The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film (1960) - (uncredited) Two-Way Stretch (1960) - Jones The Rebel (1961) - Coffee Bar attendant Postman's Knock (1962) - Villager Operation Snatch (1962) - Tall Man Village of Daughters (1962) - Antonio Durigo It's Trad, Dad! (1962) - Spaghetti Eater Carry On Cruising (1962) - Second Cook On the Beat (1962) - Newspaper Seller Just for Fun (1963) - Diner The Wrong Arm of the Law (1963) - Van Driver (uncredited) The Punch and Judy Man (1963) - Nevil Shanks The Mouse on the Moon (1963) - Mario - the Valet The Pink Panther (1963) - Hotel Manager (uncredited) (final film role) References External links Getty Images Mario Fabrizi and Katherine Boyne just married Fabrizi bio from Tony Hancock online English\n\nPunch and Judy is a traditional puppet show featuring Mr. Punch and his wife Judy. Punch and Judy may refer to: Punch and Judy (film), a 1906 French silent comedy Punch and Judy (opera), a chamber opera by Harrison Birtwistle \"Punch and Judy\" (song), by Marillion, 1984 \"Punch and Judy\", a song by The Stranglers from the 1984 album Aural Sculpture \"Punch and Judy\", a song by Elliott Smith from the 1997 album Either/Or Punch and Judy, Cowboy Bebop characters Punch and Judy, The Batman characters Punch and Judy Comics, a golden age comic book series Punch and Judy (dogs), dogs awarded the Dickin Medal in 1946 See also Punch or May Day, an 1829 painting by Benjamin Robert Haydon The Punch and Judy Man, a 1963 British comedy film The Punch and Judy Murders, a 1936 novel by John Dickson Carr Judy and Punch, a 2019 Australian black comedy\n\nQuestion: \"Which comedian played the title role in the 1963 film, \"\"The Punch and Judy Man\"\"?\"", "output": "Tony Hancock"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "for a threat in the animal kingdom where size is a factor, but they can have medically significant venom and/or cause skin irritation with their setae. However, a phobia is an irrational fear as opposed to a rational fear. By ensuring that their surroundings were free from spiders, arachnophobes would have had a reduced risk of being bitten in ancestral environments, giving them a slight advantage over non-arachnophobes in terms of survival. However, having a disproportionate fear of spiders in comparison to other, potentially dangerous creatures present during Homo sapiens environment of evolutionary adaptiveness may have had drawbacks. In The Handbook of the Emotions (1993), psychologist Arne \u00d6hman studied pairing an unconditioned stimulus with evolutionarily-relevant fear-response neutral stimuli (snakes and spiders) versus evolutionarily-irrelevant fear-response neutral stimuli (mushrooms, flowers, physical representation of polyhedra, firearms, and electrical outlets) on human subjects and found that ophidiophobia (fear of snakes) and arachnophobia required only\n\nArachnophobia is a specific phobia brought about by the irrational fear of spiders and other arachnids such as scorpions and ticks. The word Arachnophobia comes from the Greek words arachne and phobia. Signs and symptoms People with arachnophobia tend to feel uneasy in any area they believe could harbour spiders or that has visible signs of their presence, such as webs. If arachnophobes see a spider, they may not enter the general vicinity until they have overcome the panic attack that is often associated with their phobia. Some people scream, cry, have emotional outbursts, experience trouble breathing, sweat and experience increased heart rates when they come in contact with an area near spiders or their webs. In some extreme cases, even a picture, a toy, or a realistic drawing of a spider can trigger intense fear. Reasons Arachnophobia may be an exaggerated form of an instinctive response that helped early\n\nArachnophobia is the state of being afraid of spiders. Other uses include: Arachnophobia (film), a 1990 American comedy-horror film starring Jeff Daniels Arachnophobia (video game) Arachnophobiac, an album by Michael Schenker Group, 2003 Araknofobia, a 1990s electronic music group\n\nQuestion: Anthophobia is the irrational fear of what?", "output": "Flowers"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "journal for 20 years, wrote 15 novels, five novellas, hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles, lectured and performed readings extensively, was an indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned vigorously for children's rights, for education, and for other social reforms. Dickens's literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The Pickwick Papers, a publishing phenomenon\u2014thanks largely to the introduction of the character Sam Weller in the fourth episode\u2014that sparked Pickwick merchandise and spin-offs. Within a few years Dickens had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire and keen observation of character and society. His novels, most of them published in monthly or weekly installments, pioneered the serial publication of narrative fiction, which became the dominant Victorian mode for novel publication. Cliffhanger endings in his serial publications kept readers in suspense. The instalment format allowed Dickens to evaluate his audience's reaction, and he often modified his plot and\n\nThe Tale of Ginger and Pickles (originally, Ginger and Pickles) is a children's book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter, and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in 1909. The book tells of two shopkeepers who extend unlimited credit to their customers and, as a result, are forced to go out of business. It was originally published in a large format which permitted very detailed illustrations and also allowed Potter to include black-and-white vignettes. Potter filled the tale with characters from her previous books. The book was eventually republished in the standard small format of the Peter Rabbit series and was adapted to drama in 1931. Background While summering with family in Perthshire in 1893, 27-year-old Beatrix Potter sent a story and picture letter about a disobedient young rabbit to the son of her former governess Annie Carter Moore, and continued to send similar letters to the boy and\n\nCharles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 \u2013 9 June 1870) was an English novelist and social critic who created some of the world's best-known fictional characters, and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His works enjoyed unprecedented popularity during his lifetime and, by the 20th century, critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary genius. His novels and short stories are widely read today. Born in Portsmouth, Dickens left school at the age of 12 to work in a boot-blacking factory when his father John was incarcerated in a debtors' prison. After three years he returned to school, before he began his literary career as a journalist. Dickens edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15 novels, five novellas, hundreds of short stories and non-fiction articles, lectured and performed readings extensively, was an indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned vigorously for\n\nQuestion: \"In the Dickens novel, \"\"The Pickwick Papers\"\", who sued Mr Pickwick for breach of promise?\"", "output": "MRS BARDELL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Lower Post is an aboriginal community in northern British Columbia, Canada, located on Highway 97, the Alaska Highway, approximately southeast of Watson Lake, Yukon. Its historical mile designation is Mile 620. It is located near the confluence of the Dease and Liard Rivers. History Early fur traders named it Lower Post to distinguish between the upper and lower Liard trading posts. Lower Post, or Fort Liard (its original name), had been established by an American, Rufus Sylvester, in 1872. Four years later the Hudson's Bay Company took it over and a couple of years afterwards two of its officials brokered peace between the local Kaska Dena and a raiding party of two hundred Taku. Before Lower Post became a community, it served as a fishing spot, a crossing and a meeting place. Because many different indigenous people stopped here for trading, the community still has a diverse ethnic make-up today.\n\nNelson Davis Porter (November 28, 1863 \u2013 February 12, 1961) was mayor of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada from 1915 to 1916. He was born in Montreal, Canada East in 1863 and came to Ottawa with his family in 1870. He worked as an insurance and real estate agent. During his term as mayor, a water pumping station was set up at Lemieux Island to supply water to the city. He was also an amateur ice hockey player, and was an original member of the Ottawa Hockey Club. He played in their first competitive game in 1884 at the Montreal Winter Carnival Tournament and is credited with scoring their first goal. He died in Ottawa in 1961 and was buried in the Beechwood Cemetery. References Chain of Office: Biographical Sketches of the Early Mayors of Ottawa (1847\u20131948), Dave Mullington () Mayors of Ottawa 1863 births 1961 deaths Ottawa Senators (original) players Anglophone\n\nJames Johnston (died June 16, 1849) was a fiery-tempered businessman and political figure in Upper Canada (later Canada West, now the province of Ontario). Johnston was born in Ireland and came to Upper Canada in 1815, moving to Bytown (now Ottawa, Ontario) in 1827. He worked as an auctioneer and merchant, as well as acquiring property holdings. He was a member of the Orange Order. A man of feuds, in 1831 Johnston and Alexander Christie, a journalist of Scottish background, were accused of jostling and threatening a solicitor for the British military authorities during a time of tension between the town residents and the military. However, not long afterwards, Johnston was complaining to the Lieutenant Governor that Christie, as a magistrate, was prejudiced against the Irish and favoured Scottish litigants. Later, he lodged a similar complaint against a magistrate of Irish background, Daniel O'Connor, accusing him of favouring Roman Catholic\n\nQuestion: In which Canadian city is there a Nelson's Column erected in 1809, It has from time to time become controversial with some of the local people?", "output": "Montreal"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "where he joined the PLO. In 1970, Abu Daoud was one of the founders of Fatah. He received military training from the North Korean military. From 1971 he was leader of the Black September, a Fatah offshoot created to avenge the September 1970 expulsion of the Fedayeen Movement from Jordan and carry out international operations. The group gained international notoriety for its role in the Munich massacre at the 1972 Munich Olympics, in which a number of athletes on the Israeli team were taken hostage by Black September. Eleven Israeli athletes and a German policeman were killed by the end of the multi-day stand-off. Documents uncovered in 2012 show that logistical help and support were supplied by two German neo-Nazis, Wolfgang Abramowski and Willi Pohl. The connection was made through Udo Albrecht, a neo-Nazi who set up a right-wing German group (Volksbefreiungs-Front Deutschland) and provided assistance to the Palestinians in\n\nThe Abu Nidal Organization (ANO; ), officially Fatah \u2013 The Revolutionary Council ( ), was a Palestinian militant group founded by Abu Nidal in 1974. It broke away from Fatah, a faction within the Palestine Liberation Organization, following the emergence of a rift between Abu Nidal and Yasser Arafat. The ANO was designated as a terrorist organization by Israel, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, the European Union. and Japan. It became inactive in 1997. In practice, the ANO was secular, anti-Zionist, and anti-Western. However, it was not particularly associated with any specific ideology \u2014 or at least no such foundation was declared. It was mostly linked with the pursuit of Abu Nidal's personal agendas. Like other Palestinian militant groups, the ANO carried out worldwide hijackings, assassinations, kidnappings of diplomats, and attacks on synagogues. It was responsible for 90 such attacks between 1974 and 1992. In 2002, Abu Nidal\n\nEgypt competed at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany. The North African nation made its Olympic debut in 1912. The Egyptian contingent included 28 male athletes, 1 female athlete and 18 officials. Because of the Munich massacre, some members of the Egyptians contingent left the Olympics early. Results by event Swimming Men's 200m Freestyle Kamel Aly Mostafa Heat \u2014 2:05.30 (\u2192 did not advance) References External links Official Olympic Reports 1972 in Egyptian sport Nations at the 1972 Summer Olympics 1972 Summer Olympics\n\nQuestion: Name the terrorist group that invaded the Munich Olympic Village in 1972.", "output": "Black September"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In classical thermodynamics, entropy () is a property of a thermodynamic system that expresses the direction or outcome of spontaneous changes in the system. The term was introduced by Rudolf Clausius in the mid-19th century to explain the relationship of the internal energy that is available or unavailable for transformations in form of heat and work. Entropy predicts that certain processes are irreversible or impossible, despite not violating the conservation of energy. The definition of entropy is central to the establishment of the second law of thermodynamics, which states that the entropy of isolated systems cannot decrease with time, as they always tend to arrive at a state of thermodynamic equilibrium, where the entropy is highest. Entropy is therefore also considered to be a measure of disorder in the system. Ludwig Boltzmann explained the entropy as a measure of the number of possible microscopic configurations of the individual atoms and\n\nThe second polar moment of area, also known (incorrectly, colloquially) as \"polar moment of inertia\" or even \"moment of inertia\", is a quantity used to describe resistance to torsional deformation (deflection), in objects (or segments of an object) with an invariant cross-section and no significant warping or out-of-plane deformation. It is a constituent of the second moment of area, linked through the perpendicular axis theorem. Where the planar second moment of area describes an object's resistance to deflection (bending) when subjected to a force applied to a plane parallel to the central axis, the polar second moment of area describes an object's resistance to deflection when subjected to a moment applied in a plane perpendicular to the object's central axis (i.e. parallel to the cross-section). Similar to planar second moment of area calculations (,, and ), the polar second moment of area is often denoted as . While several engineering\n\na statement that in any machine the accelerations and shocks of the moving parts all represent losses of moment of activity, i.e. the useful work done. From this Carnot drew the inference that perpetual motion was impossible. This loss of moment of activity was the first-ever rudimentary statement of the second law of thermodynamics and the concept of 'transformation-energy' or entropy, i.e. energy lost to dissipation and friction. Carnot died in exile in 1823. During the following year his son Sadi Carnot, having graduated from the \u00c9cole Polytechnique training school for engineers, but now living on half-pay with his brother Hippolyte in a small apartment in Paris, wrote Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire. In this book, Sadi visualized an ideal engine in which any heat (i.e., caloric) converted into work, could be reinstated by reversing the motion of the cycle, a concept subsequently known as thermodynamic reversibility. Building\n\nQuestion: \"From the Greek for \"\"lazy\"\", what property is an object\u2019s resistance to change in its state of motion?\"", "output": "INERTIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "autodidact. Camouflage Botticelli (Birth of Venus) (1963\u201364) is a famous work of his. Camouflage Botticelli is located in the Anchorage Museum, in Alaska. In a series of camouflage paintings, he often used motifs from older, very famous paintings, such as in this case from the painting The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli. Jacquet also borrowed the form of Manet's Luncheon on the Grass, which itself had referred to the 1515 engraving The Judgment of Paris by Marcantonio Raimondi and The Pastoral Concert c. 1510, by Giorgione or Titian in the Louvre, in a series of 95 identical serigraphies portraying the art critic Pierre Restany and the painter Mario Schifano, one of which was left in the lobby of the hotel Chelsea in New York City for payment of his room. References 1939 births 2008 deaths 20th-century French painters 20th-century French male artists French male painters 21st-century French painters 21st-century\n\nThe Mystical Nativity is a painting in oil on canvas dated by the Italian Renaissance master Sandro Botticelli, in the National Gallery in London. It is his only signed work and has an unusual iconography for a painting of the Nativity. The Greek inscription at the top translates as: 'This picture, at the end of the year 1500, in the troubles of Italy, I, Alessandro, in the half-time after the time, painted, according to the eleventh [chapter] of Saint John, in the second woe of the Apocalypse, during the release of the devil for three and a half years; then he shall be bound in the twelfth [chapter] and we shall see [him buried] as in this picture'. Botticelli believed himself to be living during the Great Tribulation, possibly due to the upheavals in Europe at the time, and was predicting Christ's millennium as stated in the Book of Revelation.\n\nby seraphim and rays of light. The Christ Child, with the cruciform nimbus, is looking towards the observer and raising his hand in blessing. Botticelli has succeeded in expressing the tensions in this theme with sensitivity: the mother, who is fully aware of the Passion her son will suffer, is holding him protectively in her arms. The painting displays an incisive, graphic chiaroscuro that reflects the influence of Verrocchio on Botticelli, who helped in Verrocchio's workshop as a young artist. The depiction of Christ, however, is more plainly Botticelli's own style\u2014he is depicted with rounded shapes and the melancholic air that often appears in Botticelli's work. The figure of Mary is elongated and loose, similar to the works of Filippo Lippi, another influence of Botticelli's. Similarly, Marie's delicately rounded face depicted with contour lines also recalls Lippi's work. Similar panel paintings of the Madonna by Botticelli remain from around 1470.\n\nQuestion: \"A painting by Sandro Botticelli that depicts a goddess, having emerged from the sea as a full grown woman, arriving at the sea-shore on a sea shell is called \"\"The Birth of ... \"\" who?\"", "output": "Venus"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Canary Islands (; , ), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish autonomous community and archipelago in Macaronesia in the Atlantic Ocean. At their closest point to the African mainland, they are west of Morocco. They are the southernmost of the autonomous communities of Spain. The islands have a population of 2.2 million people and are the most populous special territory of the European Union. The eight main islands are (from largest to smallest in area) Tenerife, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote, La Palma, La Gomera, El Hierro and La Graciosa. The archipelago includes many smaller islands and islets, including Alegranza, Isla de Lobos, Monta\u00f1a Clara, Roque del Oeste, and Roque del Este. It also includes a number of rocks, including Garachico and Anaga. In ancient times, the island chain was often referred to as \"the Fortunate Isles\". The Canary Islands are the southernmost region of Spain, and\n\nof rocks, including Garachico and Anaga. In ancient times, the island chain was often referred to as \"the Fortunate Isles\". The Canary Islands are the southernmost region of Spain, and the largest and most populous archipelago of Macaronesia. Because of their location, the Canary Islands have historically been considered a link between the four continents of Africa, North America, South America, and Europe. In 2019, the Canary Islands had a population of 2,153,389, with a density of 287.39 inhabitants per km2, making it the eighth most populous autonomous community of Spain. The population is mostly concentrated in the two capital islands: around 43% on the island of Tenerife and 40% on the island of Gran Canaria. The Canary Islands, especially Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, and Lanzarote, are a major tourist destination, with over 12 million visitors per year. This is due to their beaches, subtropical climate, and important natural attractions,\n\nislands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries. There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups. These are Flores and Corvo, to the west; Graciosa, Terceira, S\u00e3o Jorge, Pico, and Faial in the centre; and S\u00e3o Miguel, Santa Maria, and the Formigas islets to the east. They extend for more than and lie in a northwest\u2013southeast direction. All of the islands have volcanic origins, although some, such as Santa Maria, have had no recorded activity in the time since the islands were settled several centuries ago. Mount Pico, on the island of Pico, is the highest point in Portugal, at . If measured from their base at the bottom of the ocean to their peaks, which thrust high above the surface of the Atlantic, the Azores are among the tallest mountains on the planet. The climate\n\nQuestion: In which group of islands is Tenerife", "output": "Canaries"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Animal Farm is a beast fable, in the form of a satirical allegorical novella, by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945. It tells the story of a group of anthropomorphic farm animals who rebel against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can be equal, free, and happy. Ultimately, the rebellion is betrayed and, under the dictatorship of a pig named Napoleon, the farm ends up in a state as bad as it was before. According to Orwell, Animal Farm reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union, a period of time when Russia lived under the communist ideology made by Joseph Stalin. Orwell, a democratic socialist, was a critic of Joseph Stalin and hostile to Moscow-directed Stalinism, an attitude that was critically shaped by his experiences during the\n\npublication. It became a great commercial success when it did appear as international relations and public opinion were transformed as the wartime alliance gave way to the Cold War. Time magazine chose the book as one of the 100 best English-language novels (1923 to 2005); it also featured at number 31 on the Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels, and number 46 on the BBC's The Big Read poll. It won a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996 and is included in the Great Books of the Western World selection. Plot summary The animal populace of the poorly run Manor Farm near Willingdon, England, is ripened for rebellion by neglect at the hands of the irresponsible and alcoholic farmer, Mr. Jones. One night, the exalted boar, Old Major, holds a conference, at which he calls for the overthrow of humans and teaches the animals a revolutionary song called \"Beasts of\n\nTexar's Revenge, or, North Against South () is the full title of the English translation of the novel written by the French science-fiction author Jules Verne, and centers on the story of James Burbank, an antislavery northerner living near Jacksonville, Florida, and Texar, a pro-slavery southerner who holds a vendetta against Burbank. Originally published in France in 1887, the book received a tepid reaction upon its release in the United States, partly because of Verne's inexpertise regarding some details of the American Civil War, and has since fallen into obscurity compared to many of Verne's other works. Plot summary Texar and Burbank are bitter enemies, Burbank's northern view of slavery as an evil being an unpopular stance with Texar and the rest of the community, deep in the Confederate States of America. On top of this disagreement, though, Texar is angry at Burbank for past legal troubles Burbank has brought\n\nQuestion: \"From which 1945 novel does the quote \"\"All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others\"\" come?\"", "output": "ANIMAL FARM"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Klavierb\u00fcchlein f\u00fcr Wilhelm Friedemann Bach (Bach's original spelling: Clavier-B\u00fcchlein vor Wilhelm Friedemann Bach) is a collection of keyboard music compiled by the German Baroque composer Johann Sebastian Bach for his eldest son Wilhelm Friedemann. It is frequently referred to simply as Klavierb\u00fcchlein. Johann Sebastian began compiling the collection in 1720. Most of the pieces included are better known as parts of The Well-Tempered Clavier and the Inventions and Sinfonias. The authorship of most other works is debated: particularly the famous Little Preludes BWV 924\u2013932 are sometimes attributed to Wilhelm Friedemann Bach. Contents The book begins with a preface that contains an explanation of clefs and a guide to playing ornaments. The pieces of the collection are arranged by complexity, beginning with the most simple works. Of these, Applicatio in C major BWV 994 and Prelude in G minor BWV 930 are particularly notable because they are the only surviving works\n\nThe English Suites, BWV 806\u2013811, are a set of six suites written by the German composer Johann Sebastian Bach for harpsichord (or clavichord) and generally thought to be the earliest of his 19 suites for keyboard (discounting several less well-known earlier suites), the others being the six French Suites (BWV 812\u2013817), the six Partitas (BWV 825-830) and the Overture in the French style (BWV 831). They probably date from around 1713 or 1714. History These six suites for keyboard are thought to be the earliest set that Bach composed aside from several miscellaneous suites written when he was much younger. Bach's English Suites display less affinity with Baroque English keyboard style than do the French Suites to French Baroque keyboard style. It has also been suggested that the name is a tribute to Charles Dieupart, whose fame was greatest in England, and on whose Six Suittes de clavessin Bach's English\n\nThe French Suites, BWV 812\u2013817, are six suites which Johann Sebastian Bach wrote for the clavier (harpsichord or clavichord) between the years of 1722 and 1725. Although Suites Nos. 1 to 4 are typically dated to 1722, it is possible that the first was written somewhat earlier. Style The suites were later given the name 'French' (first recorded usage by Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg in 1762). Likewise, the English Suites received a later appellation. The name was popularised by Bach's biographer Johann Nikolaus Forkel, who wrote in his 1802 biography of Bach, \"One usually calls them French Suites because they are written in the French manner.\" This claim, however, is inaccurate: like Bach's other suites, they follow a largely Italian convention. There is no surviving definitive manuscript of these suites, and ornamentation varies both in type and in degree across manuscripts. The courantes of the first (in D minor) and third\n\nQuestion: Which word completes the title of a collection of keyboard music dated 1722 by Johann Sebastian Bach - The Well-Tempered ______?", "output": "CLAVIER"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "officially ending the Diocletianic persecution of Christianity. The Edict implicitly granted Christianity the status of \"religio licita\", a worship recognized and accepted by the Roman Empire. It was the first edict legalising Christianity, preceding the Edict of Milan by two years. Moreover, in the Edict of Milan, only one sentence was dropped: \u201cNe quid contra disciplinam agent.\u201d So the Edict of Milan preached unconditional religious tolerance where the Edict of Serdica stated a conditional tolerance (meaning of disciplinam here is: unless they, the christians, disturb the good or social order of the State). Serdica was the capital of the Diocese of Dacia (337-602). An amphitheatre was built over the remains of the theatre under Diocletian (284\u2013305) and later under Constantine the Great (306\u2013337). For Constantine the Great it was 'Sardica mea Roma est' (Serdica is my Rome). He considered making Serdica the capital of the Byzantine Empire instead of Constantinople.\n\nAmbrose of Milan (; 4 April 397), venerated as Saint Ambrose, was a theologian and statesman who served as Bishop of Milan from 374 to 397. He expressed himself prominently as a public figure, fiercely promoting Roman Christianity against Arianism and paganism. He left a substantial collection of writings, of which the best known include the ethical commentary De officiis ministrorum (377\u2013391), and the exegetical (386\u2013390). His preachings, his actions and his literary works, in addition to his innovative musical hymnography, made him one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century. Ambrose was serving as the Roman governor of Aemilia-Liguria in Milan when he was unexpectedly made Bishop of Milan in 374 by popular acclamation. As bishop, he took a firm position against Arianism and attempted to mediate the conflict between the emperors Theodosius I and Magnus Maximus. Tradition credits Ambrose with developing an antiphonal chant, known\n\nagain, as public baths, administrative and cult buildings, a civic basilica and a large theatre, were built. When Emperor Diocletian divided the province of Dacia into Dacia Ripensis (on the banks of the Danube) and Dacia Mediterranea, Serdica became the capital of the latter. Roman emperors Aurelian (215\u2013275) and Galerius (260\u2013311) were born in Serdica. In 268 a Gothic raid ravaged and burned parts of the city including the theatre which was abandoned. The city continued to expand and became a significant political and economical centre, more so as it became one of the first Roman cities where Christianity was recognised as an official religion. The Edict of Toleration was issued in 311 in Serdica by the Roman emperor Galerius, officially ending the Diocletianic persecution of Christianity. The Edict implicitly granted Christianity the status of \"religio licita\", a worship recognized and accepted by the Roman Empire. It was the first\n\nQuestion: Which Roman emperor issued 'The Edict of Milan' and endedthe persecution of Christians?", "output": "CONSTANTINE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Black Russian is a cocktail of vodka and kahlua. It contains 50 ml vodka and 20 ml coffee liqueur, per IBA specified ingredients. The drink is made by pouring the vodka and coffee liqueur over ice cubes or cracked ice in an old-fashioned glass and stirring. The Black Russian is often garnished with a lemon slice and a Luxardo maraschino cherry on a stick. History The Black Russian cocktail first appeared in 1949 and is ascribed to Gustave Tops, a Belgian barman, who created it at the Hotel Metropole in Brussels in honor of Perle Mesta, then United States Ambassador to Luxembourg. The cocktail owes its name to the use of vodka, a typical Russian spirit, and the blackness of the coffee liqueur. Variations Dirty Black Russian, tall Black Russian, Australian Black Russian or Colorado bulldog: served in a highball glass and topped up with cola. Black magic: served\n\nof the coffee liqueur. Variations Dirty Black Russian, tall Black Russian, Australian Black Russian or Colorado bulldog: served in a highball glass and topped up with cola. Black magic: served with a dash of lemon juice and a lemon twist to garnish. Irish Russian or smooth Black Russian: served with a head of Guinness. Brown Russian: served in a highball glass and topped with ginger ale. Belarusian or white Russian: served with milk or cream. Mudslide: served with Irish cream, either fresh cream or ice cream, with or without chocolate sauce rim. Mind eraser: topped up with sparkling water. Paralyzer: Made with cola and milk in addition to vodka and coffee liqueur. See also List of cocktails References Cocktails with vodka Cocktails with coffee liqueur Coffee culture Coffee drinks Alcoholic coffee drinks Two-ingredient cocktails\n\nthe word \"dansk\", simply meaning Danish, and the use of Z instead of S and \"ka\"-ending, that makes the word sound Russian. Types Danzka is available in 7 flavours: Danzka Vodka (red) - the original (40% ABV) Danzka Vodka Fifty (black) - increased alcohol content (50% ABV) Danzka Vodka Apple (green) - apple flavoured (40% ABV) Danzka Vodka Citrus (yellow) - lemon flavoured (40% ABV) Danzka Vodka Cranraz (fuchsia) - cranberry and raspberry flavoured (40% ABV) Danzka Vodka Currant (purple) - blackcurrant flavoured (40% ABV) Danzka Vodka Grapefruit (orange) - grapefruit flavoured (40% ABV) External links Danzka Vodka References Danish vodkas Danish brands Products introduced in 1989\n\nQuestion: What is added to a Black Russian to make it into a White Russian?", "output": "Cream"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Crazy Bear (1785\u20131856) was a chief of the Assiniboine tribes of the northern plains. Their territory included Montana, North Dakota, Alberta and Saskatchewan. He is known as a skilled negotiator with the American Fur Company at Fort Union, North Dakota; and for his participation and representation at the Fort Laramie Treaty Council of 1851\u2014where he was a signatory of the treaty' He earned the name Mah-To-Wit-Ko (meaning \"Crazy Bear\") because he fought like a crazy bear. \"Wit-Ko\" is a Siouan word that has multiple translations: crazy, foolish, frightening and mad. Crazy Bear has been recorded by these names and also in French as Ours Fou (in various sketches and documents). He had three granddaughters; Iron Cradle (aka Sweet Grass), Turtle Door, Small Earth and two grandsons; Black Bull, and Kill Eagle. Iron Cradle later became an historical figure of the early Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, now located in Montana. Background\n\nThe Chickasaw Nation () is a federally recognized Native American tribe with headquarters in Ada, Oklahoma, in the United States. They are an Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands, originally from northern Mississippi, northwestern Alabama, southwestern Kentucky, and western Tennessee. Today, the Chickasaw Nation is the 13th largest tribe in the United States. Currently, the nation's jurisdictional territory and reservation includes about 7,648 square miles of south-central Oklahoma, including Bryan, Carter, Coal, Garvin, Grady, Jefferson, Johnston, Love, McClain, Marshall, Murray, Pontotoc, and Stephens counties. These counties are separated into four districts, the Pontotoc, Pickens, Tishomingo, and Panola, with relatively equal populations. Their population today is estimated to be 38,000, with the majority residing in the state of Oklahoma. In the 17th and 18th centuries, European Americans considered the Chickasaw one of the historic Five Civilized Tribes, along with the Cherokee, Choctaw, Muscogee, and Seminole nations, due to their agrarian culture\n\nAmerican Horse (Oglala Lakota: Wa\u0161\u00ed\u010du\u014b T\u021fa\u0161\u00fa\u014bke in Standard Lakota Orthography) (a/k/a \"American Horse the Elder\") (1830\u2013September 9, 1876) was an Oglala Lakota warrior chief renowned for courage and honor. American Horse is notable in American history as one of the principal war chiefs allied with Crazy Horse during Red Cloud's War (1866\u20131868) and the Battle of the Little Bighorn during the Great Sioux War of 1876\u20131877. Chief American Horse was a son of Old Chief Smoke, an Oglala Lakota head chief and one of the last great Shirt Wearers, a highly prestigious Lakota warrior society. He was a signatory to the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, along with his brothers Chief Red Cloud and Chief Blue Horse. A month or so after the Treaty, American Horse was chosen a \"Ogle Tanka Un\" (Shirt Wearer, or war leader) along with Crazy Horse, Young-Man-Afraid-of-His-Horses and Man That Owns a Sword. On September\n\nQuestion: Which tribe did Crazy Horse lead?", "output": "Sioux"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of the 20th century, British and German liners dominated the North Atlantic passenger route, carrying not only a huge number of immigrants, but catering to the social elite as well. In 1897 the North German Lloyd had launched their , a four-funnelled liner which proved a great success. By 1906, Lloyd had three four-funnelled liners and another being built. Lloyd were the owners of the so-called \"\" ships which, with their four funnels were a paradigm of strength, safety and luxury. Shortly after the advent of Cunard's luxurious ocean greyhounds, and , the French Line's directors decided it was time to enter the race for supremacy. The company did not become a major participant of the trans-Atlantic Ocean liner trade until after World War I. During 1907 and 1908, when immigration to the United States was greatest, the company's share of the market was a mere 10%. In line with\n\nuntil after World War I. During 1907 and 1908, when immigration to the United States was greatest, the company's share of the market was a mere 10%. In line with its strategy, the company did not have ships of either great speed or size, but instead became renowned during the early 20th century for its luxuriously appointed liners. Under the direction of Jules Charles Roux, president of the CGT since 1904, the company ordered a new liner which was to be named Picardie. The ship was designed to have four funnels, a feature associated by the public with speed, safety and above all luxury. At the time of the commission of Picardie, the CGT's flagship was , a liner which was a mere 12,000 tonnes. The remainder of the fleet included the smaller sister ships, La Savoie and La Lorraine. Construction and design Laid down in February 1909, the new\n\nblack on the funnel (a modified 1970s NZR logo). In 1989, the inter-island service was re-branded as a \"ferry cruise\", and the livery of all the ferries was replaced with a white hull with blue and green stripes. The funnels now carried a stylized Pelorus Jack, a dolphin famous for assisting vessels navigating across the Cook Strait. The liveries were changed again in 2004. Pelorus Jack was relocated to the hull and the funnels were now blue with a fern replacing Pelorus Jack. PropulsionArahura'' was a diesel-electric vessel. She had a fuel capacity of 450,000 litres and was built with the capability to provide power ashore for civil defence or similar emergencies providing 14 MW power - enough to light all the houses in Wellington. Deck layout Rail and road vehicles were loaded and unloaded through the stern of the ship via a double linkspan. Passengers without vehicles boarded through\n\nQuestion: How many funnels did the ill-fated liner Titanic have", "output": "Four"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "W. S. \"Fluke\" Holland (April 22, 1935 \u2013 September 23, 2020) was an American drummer who played with Carl Perkins, and later for Johnny Cash in the bands The Tennessee Three, The Great Eighties Eight, and The Johnny Cash Show Band. Holland was born in Saltillo, Tennessee in April 1935 and graduated from J.B. Young High School in Bemis. He played drums on the 1955 Sun Records recording of \"Blue Suede Shoes\" and performed on the \"Million Dollar Quartet\" session that featured Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Perkins, and Cash. Holland appeared with the Carl Perkins band in the 1957 rock and roll movie Jamboree, performing \"Glad All Over.\" In 2014, Holland was honored at the Carl Perkins Center in Jackson, Tennessee for his 60 years of musical contributions. In 2018, Holland was honored with the \"Lifetime Achievement\" award during the annual Tennessee Music Awards event at the University of\n\n\"Home of the Blues\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Johnny Cash. The song was recorded on July 1, 1957 in Memphis, Tennessee, and was released as a single in August the same year. It was also included as the eleventh track of his second album, Sings the Songs That Made Him Famous. The song was written by Johnny Cash, Lillie McAlpin and Glenn Douglas Tubb and produced by Jack Clement. Partial ownership of the song is held by Florida businessman John Palumbo. Cover versions of the song were recorded by Dwight Yoakam in 1988, by Laughing Hyenas in 1995 and by Owl City in early 2012. The song was also recorded by Joaquin Phoenix for the 2005 film Walk the Line. Content The song is an autobiography of Cash's unpleasant childhood. Chart positions References 1957 songs 1957 singles Johnny Cash songs Rock-and-roll songs Rockabilly\n\n\"L'amour est bleu\" (; \"Love Is Blue\") is a song whose music was composed by Andr\u00e9 Popp, and whose lyrics were written by Pierre Cour, in 1967. Bryan Blackburn later wrote English-language lyrics for it. First performed in French by Greek singer Vicky Leandros (appearing as Vicky) as the entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1967, it has since been recorded by many other musicians, most notably French orchestra leader Paul Mauriat, whose familiar instrumental version (recorded in late 1967) became the first number-one hit by a French lead artist to top the Billboard Hot 100 in America. The song describes the pleasure and pain of love in terms of colours (blue and grey) and elements (water and wind). The English lyrics (\"Blue, blue, my world is blue \u2026\") focus on colours only (blue, grey, red, green, and black), using them to describe components of lost love. The English version\n\nQuestion: Who wrote and recorded the original version of the song Blue Suede Shoes which was a hit single for Elvis Presley in 1955?", "output": "Carl Perkins"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "sale on 20 January 2005 in Japan. The European model was unveiled at the 2005 Frankfurt Motor Show, followed by the 2006 Geneva Motor Show. Retail models went on sale in Europe in early 2006. The United Kingdom was the first market to have the Note launch, being released on 1 March 2006. The car shares some of its underpinnings with the Renault Modus, and manufactured at Nissan's plant in Washington, England. Early models included a choice of four engines, which are 1.4-litre and 1.6-litre petrol; and two options of 1.5-litre diesel. It is an indirect successor to the conventional medium-sized Almera hatchback for the region. The trim levels for the European market were the S, SE and SVE, while later it is replaced by Visia, Visia+, Acenta, Acenta R and Tekna. In Russia/CIS region, Nissan sold Note with Comfort, Luxury and Tekna trim levels. Cars made for this market\n\nKitchen Motors is an Iceland based think tank, record label and an art collective specializing in instigating collaborations and putting on concerts, exhibitions, performances, chamber operas, producing films, books and radio shows. Kitchen Motors is known for producing collaborations between artists from different disciplines and in finding common ground where artists from often very diverse backgrounds can work together. The founders and main architects are Krist\u00edn Bj\u00f6rk Kristj\u00e1nsd\u00f3ttir, J\u00f3hann J\u00f3hannsson and Hilmar Jensson. CD releases Nart Nibbles 1999 - Apparat Organ Quartet, Helv\u00edtis Guitar Symphony, M\u00fas\u00edkvatur & M\u00fam and more. Motorlab #1 2000 - Hilmar Jensson, Ulfar Haraldsson & CAPUT, Stilluppsteypa & Magn\u00fas P\u00e1lsson, Telef\u00f3n\u00eda directed by Curver. Motorlab #2 2001 - Apparat Organ Quartet & TF3IRA, M\u00fam, Asa Juniusdottir & Sj\u00f3n, Big Band Brutal. Motorlab #3 (2001) - Barry Adamson vs. Pan Sonic, The Hafler Trio. H u g g u n - Kippi Kaninus (2002). N\u00f3i Alb\u00edn\u00f3i -\n\nThe Daimler Manufacturing Company (DMFG), was a boutique American automaker company from 1898 to 1907. From 1888 to 1898, the company was known as the Daimler Motor Company (DMC), formed under a partnership between Gottlieb Daimler of Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG; predecessor to Mercedes-Benz) and William Steinway of piano manufacturer Steinway & Sons. Headquartered in Long Island City, Queens, New York City near Steinway's Astoria headquarters, the company sold Daimler motors for yachts and launches, and goods vehicles including buses and trucks. It built and sold a single automobile model, the original American Mercedes. History In 1885, Gottlieb Daimler and business partner Wilhelm Maybach developed one of the first gasoline-powered engines, known as \"the grandfather clock engine\". At some point in 1888, Daimler met piano maker William Steinway, son of Steinway & Sons founder Henry E. Steinway and a former associate of Maybach. Some sources state that Daimler visited New York as\n\nQuestion: Which motor manufacturer makes the Juke and Note models?", "output": "NISSAN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Croatia (, ; , ), officially the Republic of Croatia ( ), is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southern Europe. Its coast lies entirely on the Adriatic Sea. It borders Slovenia to the northwest, Hungary to the northeast, Serbia to the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro to the southeast, and shares a maritime border with Italy to the west and southwest. Its capital and largest city, Zagreb, forms one of the country's primary subdivisions, with twenty counties. The country spans , and has a population of nearly 3.9 million. The Croats arrived in modern-day Croatia in the late 6th century, then part of Roman Illyria. By the 7th century, they had organized the territory into two duchies. Croatia was first internationally recognized as independent on 7 June 879 during the reign of Duke Branimir. Tomislav became the first king by 925, elevating Croatia to the\n\nof Croatia. A resistance movement led to the creation of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, which after the war became a founding member and constituent of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. On 25 June 1991, Croatia declared independence, and the War of Independence was successfully fought over the next four years. Croatia is a republic and a parliamentary liberal democracy. It is a member of the European Union, the Eurozone, the Schengen Area, NATO, the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the OSCE, the World Trade Organization, a founding member of the Union for the Mediterranean, and is currently in the process of joining the OECD. An active participant in United Nations peacekeeping, Croatia contributed troops to the International Security Assistance Force and was elected to fill a non-permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council in the 2008\u20132009 term for the first time. Croatia is a developed country\n\nThe Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina () was a state in Southeastern Europe, existing from 1992 to 1995. It is the direct legal predecessor to the modern-day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Bosnia and Herzegovina seceded from the disintegrating Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on 3 March 1992. The Bosnian War broke out soon after its Declaration of Independence and lasted for 3 years. Leaders from two of the three main ethnicities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, namely the Serbs and the Croats, separately established the entities of the Republika Srpska and the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia, respectively, which were unrecognized by the Bosnian state and international governments. Informally, these events were considered as evidence that the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina represented primarily its Bosniak (mainly Muslim) population, though formally, the presidency and government of the republic was still composed of Serbs and Croats along with Bosniaks. Under the Washington\n\nQuestion: On 25 June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia became the first republics to declare independence from which country?", "output": "Yugoslavia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Scooby-Doo! Night of 100 Frights is a third person platform game developed by Heavy Iron Studios and published by THQ for the PlayStation 2, GameCube, and Xbox. The game was released on May 22, 2002, in North America and was released later that year in PAL regions. It was the first Scooby-Doo! video game on sixth-generation consoles. The PlayStation 2 version became a Greatest Hits title in May 2003. The game has a follow-up titled Scooby-Doo! Mystery Mayhem. The game puts players in the control of Scooby-Doo in a story that revolves around him searching for the rest of the gang around a haunted mansion after they are kidnapped by an eccentric villain. The game has twelve areas, ranging from graveyards and secret labs to fishing villages and haunted mazes. Gameplay Night of 100 Frights is primarily a third-person game with action elements. The player controls the title character Scooby-Doo.\n\nThe Van is a 1977 American low-budget teen comedy film directed by Sam Grossman and starring Stuart Getz, Deborah White, Danny DeVito, Harry Moses, Marcie Barkin, Bill Adler, Stephen Oliver, and Connie Lisa Marie. Primarily released to drive-in theaters in 1977, the film was released at the height of the vansploitation genre. It was followed by the 1978 film Malibu Beach, in which Stephen Oliver reprised his role as bully Dugan Hicks. Plot The day he graduates high school, Bobby takes ownership of a tricked-out van that's like a bachelor pad on wheels. He's disappointed, however, to see that his best friend\u2014who has better luck with the ladies\u2014makes more use out of it than he does. He soon meets a shy girl and falls for her, but before he can win her heart, he has to win a drag race against a local bully. Production Production on The Van began\n\nScooby-Doo Meets the Boo Brothers is a 1987 animated comedy horror made-for-television film produced by Hanna-Barbera as part of the Hanna-Barbera Superstars 10 series. The two-hour film aired in syndication. In the film, Shaggy Rogers inherits a country estate and a Southern plantation from a recently deceased uncle. While trying to claim his inheritance, Shaggy is harassed by the estate's ghosts (including a Headless Horseman). Scrappy-Doo has the idea to hire a ghost hunting team to deal with the problem. The ghost hunters are themselves a trio of inept ghosts, loosely based on the screen persona of the comedy team The Three Stooges. Meanwhile, Shaggy also has to deal with a trigger-happy enemy of his uncle, who wants to shoot him to settle the feud between their families. A subplot involves treasure hunting, in search of the estate's missing collection of family jewels. Plot Shaggy discovers that his late uncle\n\nQuestion: What was the name of the gang's van in the Scooby-Doo TV series?", "output": "MYSTERY MACHINE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Johann Abraham Peter Schulz (31 March 1747, L\u00fcneburg \u2013 10 June 1800, Schwedt) was a German musician. He is best known as the composer of the melody for Matthias Claudius's poems \"Der Mond ist aufgegangen\" and \"Wir pfl\u00fcgen und wir streuen\", and the Christmas carol \"Ihr Kinderlein kommet\". Life Schulz attended St. Michaelis school in L\u00fcneburg from 1757 to 1759 and then the Johanneum there from 1759 to 1764. In 1765, he was the student in Berlin of composer Johann Kirnberger, and then taught in Berlin himself. In 1768 Kirnberger recommended Schulz for the position of music teacher and accompanist to the Polish Princess Sapieha Woiwodin von Smolensk. Schulz traveled with her for 3 years throughout Europe, where he came into contact with many new musical ideas. He served as the conductor of the French Theatre in Berlin from 1776 to 1780 and from 1780 to 1787 he was the\n\nCharles Jennens (1700 \u2013 20 November 1773) was an English landowner and patron of the arts. As a friend of Handel, he helped author the libretti of several of his oratorios, most notably Messiah. Life Jennens was brought up at Gopsall Hall in Leicestershire, the son of Charles Jennens and his second wife, Elizabeth Burdett. He was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, matriculating in 1716, but did not graduate. He was a devout Christian and a non-juror, upholding the legitimacy of the deposed Stuart line. He became interested in Primitive Apostolic (Sabbatarian) Christianity and John Chrysostom. Jennens has been identified as an anti-Deist. Richard Kidder's book A Demonstration of the Messias influenced him. After his father's death in 1747, Jennens had Gopsall Hall completely rebuilt in the Palladian style, including within the estate an Ionic temple built in memory of his friend, the poet and classical scholar, Edward Holdsworth. Remaining\n\nSophia of Bavaria (; ; 1376 \u2013 4 November 1428) was a Queen of Bohemia and the spouse of Wenceslaus, King of Bohemia and King of the Romans. She was briefly interim regent of Bohemia after the death of Wenceslaus in 1419. Early life Sophia was a member of the House of Wittelsbach and was the youngest child and only daughter of John II, Duke of Bavaria, and his spouse Catherine of Gorizia. Sophia's two brothers were Ernest, Duke of Bavaria, and William III, Duke of Bavaria. Her paternal grandparents were Stephen II, Duke of Bavaria and his first wife Elisabetta of Sicily, daughter of Frederick III of Sicily and Eleanor of Anjou. Sophia was a cousin of Isabeau of Bavaria, Queen of France. Sophia's maternal grandparents were Count Meinhard VI of Gorizia and Catharina of Pfannberg. Sophia grew up in the care of her uncle, Frederick, Duke of Bavaria,\n\nQuestion: From the Christmas Carol Good King Wenceslas, where was Good King Wenceslas the King of?", "output": "Bohemia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Allotropy or allotropism () is the property of some chemical elements to exist in two or more different forms, in the same physical state, known as allotropes of the elements. Allotropes are different structural modifications of an element: the atoms of the element are bonded together in different manners. For example, the allotropes of carbon include diamond (the carbon atoms are bonded together to form a cubic lattice of tetrahedra), graphite (the carbon atoms are bonded together in sheets of a hexagonal lattice), graphene (single sheets of graphite), and fullerenes (the carbon atoms are bonded together in spherical, tubular, or ellipsoidal formations). The term allotropy is used for elements only, not for compounds. The more general term, used for any compound, is polymorphism, although its use is usually restricted to solid materials such as crystals. Allotropy refers only to different forms of an element within the same physical phase (the\n\npolymers at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth, enables this element to serve as a common element of all known life. It is the second most abundant element in the human body by mass (about 18.5%) after oxygen. The atoms of carbon can bond together in diverse ways, resulting in various allotropes of carbon. Well-known allotropes include graphite, diamond, amorphous carbon, and fullerenes. The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form. For example, graphite is opaque and black, while diamond is highly transparent. Graphite is soft enough to form a streak on paper (hence its name, from the Greek verb \"\u03b3\u03c1\u03ac\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd\" which means \"to write\"), while diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material known. Graphite is a good electrical conductor while diamond has a low electrical conductivity. Under normal conditions, diamond, carbon nanotubes, and graphene have the highest thermal conductivities of all known materials. All carbon allotropes\n\nRichard Buckminster Fuller (; July 12, 1895 \u2013 July 1, 1983) was an American architect, systems theorist, writer, designer, inventor, philosopher, and futurist. He styled his name as R. Buckminster Fuller in his writings, publishing more than 30 books and coining or popularizing such terms as \"Spaceship Earth\", \"Dymaxion\" (e.g., Dymaxion house, Dymaxion car, Dymaxion map), \"ephemeralization\", \"synergetics\", and \"tensegrity\". Fuller developed numerous inventions, mainly architectural designs, and popularized the widely known geodesic dome; carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their structural and mathematical resemblance to geodesic spheres. He also served as the second World President of Mensa International from 1974 to 1983. Fuller was awarded 28 United States patents and many honorary doctorates. In 1960, he was awarded the Frank P. Brown Medal from The Franklin Institute. He was elected an honorary member of Phi Beta Kappa in 1967, on the occasion of the\n\nQuestion: Buckminster-Fullerene, made up of spheres of 60 atoms is an allotrope of which element?", "output": "Carbon"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The following is an alphabetical list of members of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Hawaii. For chronological tables of members of both houses of the United States Congress from the state (through the present day), see United States congressional delegations from Hawaii. The list of names should be complete (as of January 3, 2015), but other data may be incomplete. It includes members who have represented both the state and the territory, both past and present. Current members Updated January 2023. : Ed Case (D) (2002\u20132007, since 2019) : Jill Tokuda (D) (since 2023) List of members and delegates In film The life and election of Patsy Mink and her role as co-author of Title IX is highlighted in the documentary film Rise of the Wahine, directed by Dean Kaneshiro. See also List of United States senators from Hawaii United States congressional delegations from Hawaii\n\nThe Miss Hawaii USA competition, previously known as Miss Hawaii Universe, is a beauty pageant that selects the representative for the state of Hawaii in the Miss USA pageant. Savannah Gankiewicz of Wailea was crowned Miss Hawaii USA 2023 on January 15, 2023 at Hawaii Convention Center in Honolulu. History Hawaii is the most recent state to participate in Miss USA, first competing in 1962. Prior to being admitted to full statehood in 1959, it sent delegates to Miss Universe. Despite the late start, it has been one of the most successful: Hawaii's first Miss Hawaii USA, Macel Wilson, won the Miss USA title. Four Miss USA winners came from Hawaii, one of four states with four titles (only second to Texas and California). Though many Miss USA winners and semifinalists came from Hawaii, relatively few have placed as runners-up. Two previously competed at Miss Teen USA. Kelly Hu, Miss\n\nof agents and citizens of the United States and [...] the Native Hawaiian people never directly relinquished to the United States their claims to their inherent sovereignty as a people over their national lands, either through the Kingdom of Hawaii or through a plebiscite or referendum\". Debates regarding the event play an important role in the Hawaiian sovereignty movement. Background The Kamehameha Dynasty was the reigning monarchy of the Hawaiian Kingdom, beginning with its founding by Kamehameha I in 1795, until the death of Kamehameha V in 1872 and Lunalilo in 1874. On July 6, 1846, U.S. Secretary of State John C. Calhoun, on behalf of President Tyler, formally recognized Hawaii's independence under the reign of Kamehameha III. As a result of the recognition of Hawaiian independence, the Hawaiian Kingdom entered into treaties with the major nations of the world and established over ninety legations and consulates in multiple seaports\n\nQuestion: August 21st was the anniversary of Hawaii joining the union, the last state to do so, in what year?", "output": "1959"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "it would be upgraded to 80cc for the 1984 season. Stefan D\u00f6rflinger would take the honor of being the last 50cc World Champion. Angel Nieto won the 125 cc crown in dominating fashion, making it his 12th world championship. Carlos Lavado would capture his first 250 cc world championship in a season that saw eight riders share wins over eleven races, Lavado being the only competitor to win more than once. Eighteen-year-old British rider, Alan Carter, created excitement by winning the 250cc French Grand Prix in only his second world championship race, becoming the youngest winner of a 250cc Grand Prix race. Despite the auspicious start to his career, it would be Carter's only Grand Prix victory. The departure of Kawasaki from the 500cc class left the remaining three Japanese factories to contend for the premier division. Suzuki returned with defending champion, Franco Uncini, Loris Reggiani and Randy Mamola aboard\n\nPat Hennen (born April 27, 1953 in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American former Grand Prix motorcycle road racer. He is notable for being the first American to win a 500 cc World Championship race, the 1976 500cc Finnish Grand Prix. Competing as a non-factory rider, he finished third overall in the GP World Championship standings that season, only 2 points behind runner-up Tepi L\u00e4nsivuori and fellow Suzuki factory rider Barry Sheene. When competing in the 1978 Isle of Man TT races, he suffered career-ending injuries after recording the first ever sub-20 minute lap on a 500 cc Suzuki in the Senior TT. Early racing career Hennen began his career racing in dirt track AMA District 36 dirt track racing events in Northern California. In 1973, he was teamed with John Gennai and later Rick Hocking riding Steve Doi-sponsored bikes, both of whom went on to AMA Pro National Championship Series\n\nErv Kanemoto (born May 7, 1943) is an American former Grand Prix motorcycle mechanic and motorcycle race team owner. He was one of the most successful motorcycle racing tuners and race team crew chiefs of the 1970s through the early 2000s, working with motorcycle racers who won two national championships and six world championships. He is best known for his association with motorcycle racers Gary Nixon and Freddie Spencer. Motorcycling career Kanemoto was born in Utah and grew up on a farm near San Jose, California. He began boat racing at the age of 15 then switched to tuning karts raced by his sister. He was hired as a race mechanic by Kawasaki in 1968 and became known for his partnership with motorcycle racer Gary Nixon when they won the 1973 U.S. Road Racing National Championship aboard a temperamental and brutally fast Kawasaki KR750 with a three cylinder, two-stroke engine.\n\nQuestion: Who won the 500cc Motorcycle World Championship in 1976 & 1977 and retired from racing in 1984?", "output": "Barry Sheene"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "between 1661 and 1679 and again for Carmarthenshire between 1679 and 1689. He served as the governor of Jamaica from 1674 to 1678. His deputy was the celebrated privateer and fellow Welshman Sir Henry Morgan. During his tenure as governor, he unsuccessfully tried to defeat the Jamaican Maroons, who were led at the time by Juan de Serras. He had a reputation for debauchery; Samuel Pepys described him as \"the lewdest fellow of the age\". Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon, whose impeachment Vaughan strongly supported, called him a man who was \"as ugly in face as in fame\". As governor of Jamaica, he became notorious for corruption, and was even accused of selling his servants into slavery. He was President of the Royal Society between 1686 and 1689, having been elected a Fellow in 1685. He was Colonel of the Regiment of Foot from 1673 to 1674 and Lord\n\nEdward Teach (alternatively spelled Edward Thatch, \u2013 22 November 1718), better known as Blackbeard, was an English pirate who operated around the West Indies and the eastern coast of Britain's North American colonies. Little is known about his early life, but he may have been a sailor on privateer ships during Queen Anne's War before he settled on the Bahamian island of New Providence, a base for Captain Benjamin Hornigold, whose crew Teach joined around 1716. Hornigold placed him in command of a sloop that he had captured, and the two engaged in numerous acts of piracy. Their numbers were boosted by the addition to their fleet of two more ships, one of which was commanded by Stede Bonnet, but Hornigold retired from piracy toward the end of 1717, taking two vessels with him. Teach captured a French slave ship known as , renamed her Queen Anne's Revenge, equipped her\n\nJohn Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery KB, FRS (baptised 8 July 1639 \u2013 12 January 1713), styled Lord Vaughan from 1643 to 1686, was a Welsh nobleman and colonial administrator who served as the governor of Jamaica between 1675 and 1678. Life He was the second son of Richard Vaughan, 2nd Earl of Carbery, and his second wife Frances (c.1621 \u2013 9 October 1650), daughter of Sir John Altham of Oxhey, Watford, Hertfordshire. He inherited his title and the Carmarthenshire estate (Golden Grove) in 1686 on the death of his father. His elder brother Francis had already died. He was invested as a Knight, Order of the Bath (KB) in April 1661. He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Carmarthen between 1661 and 1679 and again for Carmarthenshire between 1679 and 1689. He served as the governor of Jamaica from 1674 to 1678. His deputy was the celebrated privateer and\n\nQuestion: Which Welsh pirate, born in 1635, was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Jamaica in 1675?", "output": "HENRY MORGAN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Hailes or clacken is a Scottish ball game which dates to the 18th century and achieved its widest popularity in the nineteenth. It has now virtually died out, replaced by football, except at The Edinburgh Academy, where an exhibition match is played annually. The game is similar to shinty but played with wooden bats known as clackens. The Clacken The clacken, or clackan, is described in the Scottish National Dictionary as \"a wooden hand-bat or racquet used by boys at The Edinburgh Academy and Royal High School\". It is derived from the Scots word cleckinbrod, derived in turn from brod, a board and the onomatopoeic word cleck or clack, the noise made by the clapper in a mill. In August 1821, Blackwood's Magazine carried an article about traditional games: \"The games among the children of Edinburgh have their periodic returns. At one time nothing is to be seen in the\n\nThe Gaelic Players Association (), or GPA, is the officially recognised player representative body for inter county Gaelic footballers and hurlers in Ireland. The GPA's aim is to promote and protect all aspects of player welfare and to provide an independent voice for players. The GPA was formed in 1999 when former IMG employee Donal O'Neill and a number of high-profile inter-county players, including Tyrone's Fergal Logan and Peter Canavan, Derry's Fergal McCusker and Dublin's Dessie Farrell were instrumental in the birth of the organisation. The association was launched in Belfast. Farrell became the first chairman in 2000 and was subsequently appointed as full-time chief executive of the GPA in 2003. Farrell and O'Neill helped secure a sponsorship deal with drinks manufacturer C&C (now Britvic) in 2003, which underpinned the growth and development of the GPA as a self-funded, not-for-profit organisation. Membership grew rapidly as the GPA lobbied vigorously for\n\nThe Sigerson Cup is the trophy for the premier Gaelic football championship among Higher Education institutions (Universities, Colleges and Institutes of Technology) in Ireland. It traditionally begins in mid January and ends in late February. The Sigerson Cup competition is administered by Comhairle Ard Oideachais Cumann L\u00fathchleas Gael (CLG), the GAA's Higher Education Council. The Trench Cup is the second tier football competition, Corn na Mac L\u00e9inn the third tier and Corn Comhairle Ardoideachais the fourth tier. The Fitzgibbon Cup is the hurling equivalent of the Sigerson Cup. History There was no intervarsity Gaelic sports competition until Dr. George Sigerson, born at Holy Hill near Strabane, County Tyrone (11 January 1836 \u2013 17 February 1925), a Professor of Zoology at University College Dublin, eminent physician, minor poet and literary figure and leading light in the Celtic Renaissance in Ireland offered up a trophy in 1911. The cup was in the\n\nQuestion: What is the Irish game played with a stick having a broad oval blade and a ball called a sliothar (or sliotar)?", "output": "Hurling"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Lajtha (; 30 June 1892 \u2013 16 February 1963) was a Hungarian composer, ethnomusicologist and conductor. Career Born to Ida Wiesel, a Transsylvanian-Hungarian and P\u00e1l Lajtha, an owner of a leather factory. The father P\u00e1l had ambitions to become a conductor, played the violin well and also composed. Lajtha studied with Viktor Herzfeld in the Academy of Music in Budapest and then in Leipzig, Geneva and finally Paris where he was a pupil of Vincent d'Indy. Before the First World War, in collaboration with B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k and Zolt\u00e1n Kod\u00e1ly, he undertook the study and transcription of Hungarian folk song, heading up a project to produce a series of folk music recordings. Throughout the war he served at the front as an artillery officer, an experience recalled in his sombre Second Symphony (1938) \u2013 a work that remained unperformed until 1988. In 1919 he married R\u00f3za Holl\u00f3s, and began teaching\n\nB\u00e9la Viktor J\u00e1nos Bart\u00f3k (; ; 25 March 1881 \u2013 26 September 1945) was a Hungarian composer, pianist, and ethnomusicologist. He is considered one of the most important composers of the 20th century; he and Franz Liszt are regarded as Hungary's greatest composers. Through his collection and analytical study of folk music, he was one of the founders of comparative musicology, which later became known as ethnomusicology. Biography Childhood and early years (1881\u20131898) Bart\u00f3k was born in the Banatian town of Nagyszentmikl\u00f3s in the Kingdom of Hungary (present-day S\u00e2nnicolau Mare, Romania) on 25 March 1881. On his father's side, the Bart\u00f3k family was a Hungarian lower noble family, originating from Borsodszir\u00e1k, Borsod. His paternal grandmother was a Catholic of Bunjevci origin, but considered herself Hungarian. Bart\u00f3k's father (1855\u20131888) was also named B\u00e9la. Bart\u00f3k's mother, Paula (n\u00e9e Voit) (1857\u20131939), also spoke Hungarian fluently. A native of Tur\u00f3cszentm\u00e1rton (present-day Martin, Slovakia), she\n\n(published 1913) Jugoslovenski rondo i Humoreska (Yugoslavian Rondo and Humoresque) for violin and piano (published 1955) Sonata in C major for viola and piano, Op. 97 External links References 1877 births 1957 deaths 20th-century classical composers 20th-century Hungarian male musicians Male classical composers Male classical violinists Musicians from Austria-Hungary Composers from Budapest Serbian classical violinists Serbian composers Serbian opera composers University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna alumni Yugoslav classical musicians\n\nQuestion: Who composed \u2018The Hungarian Rhapsodies\u2019?", "output": "Franz LISZT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The 1971\u201372 season was the 92nd season of competitive football in England. Honours Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition FA Cup Leeds United won the FA Cup for the first time in their history by beating the previous year's winners, Arsenal, 1\u20130 in the final at Wembley. Allan Clarke scored the winning goal. 1971\u201372 marked the centenary of the FA Cup. Non-League club Hereford United of the Southern League provided one of the shocks of the season by knocking out Newcastle United 2\u20131 after extra time in the 3rd Round Replay. League Cup Stoke City won the 1972 Football League Cup Final to claim the only major trophy in their history. Football League First Division Brian Clough, 37, won the first major trophy of his managerial career by guiding Derby County to their first league championship.\n\nThe 1970\u201371 season was the 91st season of competitive football in England. Honours Notes = Number in parentheses is the times that club has won that honour. * indicates new record for competition FA Cup The 1971 FA Cup Final saw Arsenal beat Liverpool 2\u20131 to become only the fourth club in history and the second club this century to have won the league championship and FA Cup double. Stoke City beat Everton 3\u20132 at Selhurst Park in a third-place playoff, held the day before the final. The biggest FA Cup shock, however, was Fourth Division Colchester United's 3\u20132 victory over Don Revie's Leeds United at Layer Road in the fifth round. Barnet equalled the record for the biggest win by a non-league team over a Football League team by beating Newport County 6\u20131 in the First Round. League Cup The final was held at Wembley Stadium, London. Tottenham Hotspur\n\nThe 1971\u201372 season was the 99th season of competitive football in Scotland and the 75th season of Scottish league football. Scottish League Division One Champions: Celtic Relegated: Clyde, Dunfermline Scottish League Division Two Promoted: Dumbarton, Arbroath Cup honours Other honours National County \u2013 aggregate over two legs Highland League Individual honours Scotland national team 1972 British Home Championship \u2013 Joint winners with Key: (H) = Home match (A) = Away match ECQG5 = European Championship qualifying \u2013 Group 5 BHC = British Home Championship BIC = Brazilian Independence Cup See also 1971\u201372 Rangers F.C. season Notes and references External links Scottish Football Historical Archive Seasons in Scottish football\n\nQuestion: Which football club replaced Barrow in the football league after the 1971-1972 season?", "output": "HEREFORD"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Adelaide ( ; ) is the capital city of South Australia, the state's largest city and the fifth-most populous city in Australia. \"Adelaide\" may refer to either Greater Adelaide (including the Adelaide Hills) or the Adelaide city centre. The demonym Adelaidean is used to denote the city and the residents of Adelaide. The Traditional Owners of the Adelaide region are the Kaurna. The area of the city centre and surrounding Park Lands is called in the Kaurna language. Adelaide is situated on the Adelaide Plains north of the Fleurieu Peninsula, between the Gulf St Vincent in the west and the Mount Lofty Ranges in the east. Its metropolitan area extends from the coast to the foothills of the Mount Lofty Ranges, and stretches from Gawler in the north to Sellicks Beach in the south. Named in honour of Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen, queen of King William IV, the city was founded\n\nBarmera ( ) is a town in the Riverland region of South Australia. It is on the Sturt Highway A20, 220 kilometres north-east of Adelaide, the capital of the state of South Australia. It is primarily an agricultural and viticultural town and is located on Lake Bonney Riverland, a freshwater lake. The population was 1,914 in 2011. History The original inhabitants were the Barmerara Meru clan of the Ngawadj people. It is not known where the name \"Barmera\" comes from but it is suspected that it means \"water place\" or \"land dwellers\", being a word from the local Aboriginal group. Others postulate it comes from Barmeedjie, the name of the tribe that lived to the north of the Murray River prior to European settlement. Lake Bonney was first seen by Charles Bonney and Joseph Hawdon in 1838 drove cattle along the Murray River. The land however, was settled in 1859\n\nThis is a Timeline of South Australian history. Pre 1836 18,000 BC: Evidence of flint mining activity and rock art in the Koonalda Cave on the Nullarbor Plain. 1627: First recorded European sighting of the South Australian coast. 1802: South Australian coastline mapped by Matthew Flinders und Nicolas Baudin. 1802 (Circa): Unofficial settlement of Kangaroo Island by sealers. 1830: Captain Charles Sturt travels to the mouth of the Murray River in a whale boat. 1831: Captain Collet Barker explores the Adelaide Plains and climbs to the summit of Mount Lofty. 1800s 1830s 1836: South Australia proclaimed by Governor John Hindmarsh on 28 December at the Old Gum Tree, Glenelg. 1836: Site for Adelaide chosen by Colonel William Light beside the River Torrens. 1837: Colonel Light completes survey of Adelaide city centre and designs the city's grid layout. Allotments of are made. 1837: First regional town, Gawler, is founded north of\n\nQuestion: On which river does Adelaide, South Australia stand?", "output": "TORRENS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Stupid Girls\" is a song recorded by American singer Pink from her fourth studio album I'm Not Dead (2006). It was released in February 2006 as the first single from her third studio album on LaFace Records. The song marked Pink's return to LaFace Records under Zomba Label Group via Sony BMG, after Arista Records consolidated LaFace's operations into its own in mid-2001. \"Stupid Girls\" was written by Pink, Billy Mann, Niklas Olovson, and Robin Mortensen Lynch. Mann and MachoPsycho both produced the track. The song introduces a more provocative, feminist, and explicit side of Pink. Lyrically, it condemns sexism and encourages intelligence in women. A music video was filmed and premiered on MTV's Overdrive in January 2006. It features Pink in a variety of roles, both as an angel and a demon, a variety of celebrities, a random woman getting plastic surgery, a lady with a purging disorder, and\n\nBethan \"Beth\" Morris (19 July 1943 \u2013 1 March 2018) was a Welsh actress. Born in Gorseinon and a lifetime native of Swansea, she was probably best known for her performance as Julia Drusilla in the 1976 BBC adaptation of I, Claudius. Her career spanned from 1969 to 2004 and other notable TV credits include: Softly, Softly, Dixon of Dock Green, David Copperfield, Blake's 7, Minder, The District Nurse and Time Trumpet. Among her stage roles, she appeared in Bertolt Brecht's Edward II at the Round House Theatre in London. Personal life Bethan Morris was born in 1943 to Charles Emlyn Morris (1915\u201383) and Gwendoline Lillias (John) Morris (1915\u20132011). She married actor Stephen Moore in the Borough of Lewisham, London in 1974. After they divorced in 1986, she was a partner of actor Bill Nighy. She lived in Y Garn, Penllergaer, and was found dead in her home on St\n\n\"Where'd You Go\" is a song by American hip hop ensemble Fort Minor, the side project of rock band Linkin Park's lead vocalist, Mike Shinoda. It is the fourth and final single from Fort Minor's debut album The Rising Tied, released on April 14, 2006. The song features Skylar Grey (who at the time went by her real name Holly Brook) and Jonah Matranga, lead singer of the rock group Far. \"Where'd You Go\" was written and produced by Shinoda. The song is about the consequences of putting one's career before one's family with the lyrics emanating from the perspective of the person left behind in long-distance relationships. \"Where'd You Go\" received generally positive reviews from music critics, with most reviewers noting the song's simplicity, as well as praising Brook's vocals. \"Where'd You Go\" was Fort Minor's most commercially successful single, peaking within the top 10 of several international music\n\nQuestion: \"What is the stage name of Alecia Beth Moore, whose hits include \"\"There You Go\"\", \"\"Stupid Girls\"\", \"\"Who Knew\"\", \"\"Funhouse\"\"and \"\"So What\"\"?\"", "output": "Pink"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Christopher Columbus (; between 25 August and 31 October 1451 \u2013 20 May 1506) was an Italian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four Spanish-based voyages across the Atlantic Ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs, opening the way for the widespread European exploration and European colonization of the Americas. His expeditions were the first known European contact with the Caribbean and Central and South America. The name Christopher Columbus is the anglicisation of the Latin . Growing up on the coast of Liguria, he went to sea at a young age and travelled widely, as far north as the British Isles and as far south as what is now Ghana. He married Portuguese noblewoman Filipa Moniz Perestrelo, who bore a son Diego, and was based in Lisbon for several years. He later took a Castilian mistress, Beatriz Enr\u00edquez de Arana, who bore a son, Ferdinand. Largely\n\nwas the 34,000-ton Columbus at F. Schichau in Danzig. Launched on 17 December 1913, Columbus was the first of two vessels ordered by Norddeutscher Lloyd (North German Lloyd) for their Bremerhaven to New York service. At 34,000 tons, Columbus was, at the time, the largest twin-screw ship powered by reciprocating engines in the world. She was built for a relatively modest service speed of just a shade over . White Star Line purchased the unfinished Columbus in 1920, and renamed her Homeric. The ship was completed and entered service two years later. In 1920 construction was resumed under the watchful eye of officials sent down from Harland and Wolff, but work was slow, plagued by material shortages and a workforce that had no ambition to finish the ship only to hand it over to the British. Finally completed in late 1921, the Homeric was handed over by a reluctant builder.\n\nVasco N\u00fa\u00f1ez de Balboa (; c. 1475around January 12\u201321, 1519) was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World. He traveled to the New World in 1500 and, after some exploration, settled on the island of Hispaniola. He founded the settlement of Santa Mar\u00eda la Antigua del Dari\u00e9n in present-day Colombia in 1510, which was the first permanent European settlement on the mainland of the Americas (a settlement by Alonso de Ojeda the previous year at San Sebasti\u00e1n de Urab\u00e1 had already been abandoned). Early life Balboa was born in Jerez de los Caballeros, Spain. He was a descendant of the Lord mason of the castle of Balboa, on the borders of Le\u00f3n and Galicia. His\n\nQuestion: What was the name of Christopher Columbus' flagship on his expedition of 1492?", "output": "SANTA MARIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Battle of Slim Buttes was fought on September 9\u201310, 1876, in the Great Sioux Reservation between the United States Army and Miniconjou Sioux during the Great Sioux War of 1876. It marked the first significant victory for the army since the stunning defeat of General George Custer at the Battle of Little Bighorn in June. Background Following the Little Bighorn debacle, Lieutenant General Philip H. Sheridan, commanding the Department of Missouri, ordered the U.S. Army to convince the hostile Indians to return to their reservations. Generals Alfred Terry and George Crook took up an unsuccessful late summer chase of the Lakota and Cheyenne. The campaign resumed on August 5, and on August 10 the combined force, leaving its wagon train behind to unencumber the pursuit, moved east toward the Black Hills. Bad weather, extreme muddy conditions on the trail, and overtaxed men and animals led to the combined force\n\nThe Northern Cheyenne Tribe of the Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation (; formerly named the Tongue River) is the federally recognized Northern Cheyenne tribe. Located in southeastern Montana, the reservation is approximately in size and home to approximately 6,000 Cheyenne people. The tribal and government headquarters are located in Lame Deer, also the home of the annual Northern Cheyenne pow wow. The reservation is bounded on the east by the Tongue River and on the west by the Crow Reservation. There are small parcels of non-contiguous off-reservation trust lands in Meade County, South Dakota, northeast of the city of Sturgis. Its timbered ridges that extend into northwestern South Dakota are part of Custer National Forest and it is approximately east of the site of the 1876 Battle of the Little Bighorn. According to tribal enrollment figures as of March 2013, there were approximately 12,266 enrolled tribal members, of which about 6,012\n\nWhite Bull (; April 1849 \u2013 June 21, 1947) was the nephew of Sitting Bull, and a famous warrior in his own right. White Bull participated in the Battle of the Little Bighorn on June 25, 1876. Early life Born in the Black Hills in South Dakota, White Bull came from a prominent Sioux family. He was the son of Makes Room, a Miniconjou chief and the brother of One Bull. After the battle, White Bull joined his uncle, Hunkpapa Sioux leader Sitting Bull, while fleeing to Canada. Also, young Chief Solomon \"Smoke\" and Chief No Neck (Lakota: T\u021fah\u00fa Wan\u00ed\u010de) (these two chiefs were the sons of the old Chief Smoke 1774\u20131864), fled with White Bull and Sitting Bull and their bands to Canada. Little Bighorn For years it was rumored that White Bull boasted of killing Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer at the infamous battle. However, others who knew\n\nQuestion: What type of geographical feature is the Little Bighorn, site of a famous 1876 battle?", "output": "River"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125, is a choral symphony, the final complete symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven, composed between 1822 and 1824. It was first performed in Vienna on 7 May 1824. The symphony is regarded by many critics and musicologists as a masterpiece of Western classical music and one of the supreme achievements in the entire history of music. One of the best-known works in common practice music, it stands as one of the most frequently performed symphonies in the world. The Ninth was the first example of a major composer scoring vocal parts in a symphony. The final (4th) movement of the symphony features four vocal soloists and a chorus in the parallel modulated key of D major. The text was adapted from the \"An die Freude (Ode to Joy)\", a poem written by Friedrich Schiller in 1785 and revised in 1803, with additional\n\nK. 222, written in 1775, contains a melody that foreshadows \"Ode to Joy\". Premiere Although most of his major works had been premiered in Vienna, Beethoven was keen to have his latest composition performed in Berlin as soon as possible after finishing it, as he thought that musical taste in Vienna had become dominated by Italian composers such as Rossini. When his friends and financiers heard this, they urged him to premiere the symphony in Vienna in the form of a petition signed by a number of prominent Viennese music patrons and performers. Beethoven was flattered by the adoration of Vienna, so the Ninth Symphony was premiered on 7 May 1824 in the Theater am K\u00e4rntnertor in Vienna along with the overture The Consecration of the House () and three parts of the Missa solemnis (the Kyrie, Credo, and Agnus Dei). This was the composer's first onstage appearance in 12\n\ncompletion of the autograph in February 1824. The symphony emerged from other pieces by Beethoven that, while completed works in their own right, are also in some sense forerunners of the future symphony. The 1808 Choral Fantasy, Op. 80, basically a piano concerto movement, brings in a choir and vocal soloists near the end for the climax. The vocal forces sing a theme first played instrumentally, and this theme is reminiscent of the corresponding theme in the Ninth Symphony. Going further back, an earlier version of the Choral Fantasy theme is found in the song \"Gegenliebe\" (Returned Love) for piano and high voice, which dates from before 1795. According to Robert W. Gutman, Mozart's Offertory in D minor, \"Misericordias Domini\", K. 222, written in 1775, contains a melody that foreshadows \"Ode to Joy\". Premiere Although most of his major works had been premiered in Vienna, Beethoven was keen to have\n\nQuestion: Who wrote the ' Ode to Joy ' on which Beethoven based the last movement of his Ninth Symphony ?", "output": "SCHILLER"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The following are the association football events of the year 1990 throughout the world. Events March 28 \u2013 Sweden's Bo Johansson makes his debut as the manager of Iceland, defeating Luxembourg 2\u20131. March 31 \u2013 NAC Breda sacks manager Hans Ver\u00e8l. May 16 \u2013 Juventus win the two-legged 1990 UEFA Cup Final, beating fellow Italian side Fiorentina 3\u20131 on aggregate. This was the first European competition final between two Italian clubs. May 17 \u2013 Manchester United beats Crystal Palace 1\u20130 in a replay to claim the FA Cup. The only goal is scored by Lee Martin. May 23 \u2013 Milan beats Benfica 1\u20130 in the 1990 European Cup Final. The only goal is scored by Frank Rijkaard. July 8 \u2013 West Germany wins the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Rome, Italy, defeating defending reigning champions Argentina 1\u20130 in the final. September 8 \u2013 Franz Beckenbauer is appointed manager at Marseille.\n\nFenerbah\u00e7e : Bayern Munich : Hajduk Split North America : Cruz Azul / : Los Angeles Aztecs (NASL) South America Argentina Metropolitano \u2013 Newell's Old Boys Nacional \u2013 San Lorenzo Brazil \u2013 Vasco da Gama International tournaments African Cup of Nations in Egypt (March 1 \u2013 14 1974) 1974 British Home Championship (May 11\u201318, 1974) Shared by and FIFA World Cup in West Germany (June 13 \u2013 July 7, 1974) Births January 2 \u2013 Jason de Vos, Canadian soccer player and sportscaster January 6 \u2013 Daniel Cordone, Argentinian striker January 10 \u2013 Bob Peeters, Belgian footballer January 11 \u2013 Jens Nowotny, German footballer January 20 \u2013 David Dei, Italian club footballer and coach January 22 \u2013 J\u00f6rg B\u00f6hme, German footballer January 31 \u2013 Bob Mulder, Dutch footballer March 5 \u2013 Jens Jeremies, German footballer March 9 \u2013 Franz Calustro, Bolivian footballer March 14 \u2013 Mark Fish, South-African footballer March 30\n\nThe 8th World Cup season began in December 1973 and concluded in March 1974. Piero Gros of Italy won the overall title, denying the runner-up, countryman Gustav Th\u00f6ni, a fourth straight overall title. Annemarie Pr\u00f6ll of Austria won the women's overall title, her fourth of five consecutive. The break in the schedule was for the 1974 World Championships, held February 3\u201310 at St. Moritz, Switzerland. Due to the growth of the professional skiing tour (especially in the United States), which now featured World Cup winning stars such as Jean-Claude Killy, Karl Schranz, Patrick Russel, and Jean-No\u00ebl Augert, no World Cup races were held in North America for the first time in its history; the next time this happened was during the COVID-19 pandemic in the 2020-21 season. Instead, the entire 1973\u201374 season took place in Europe. Calendar Men Ladies Men Overall The Men's overall World Cup 1973/74 was divided into\n\nQuestion: Who won the 1974 World Cup as a player and the 1990 World Cup as a coach?", "output": "Franz Beckenbauer"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Garbo Talks is a 1984 American comedy-drama film directed by Sidney Lumet and starring Anne Bancroft, Ron Silver, and Carrie Fisher, with an uncredited appearance by Betty Comden as Greta Garbo. The film was written by Larry Grusin, and also stars Catherine Hicks, Steven Hill, and the first screen appearance of Mary McDonnell. It also featured the final screen appearances of veteran actors Howard Da Silva and Hermione Gingold. Bancroft was nominated for a Golden Globe. The title is a reference to the first film in which Greta Garbo's speaking voice is heard. Her husky voice and purposefully exaggerated Swedish accent debuted in Eugene O'Neill's Anna Christie (1930), which was publicized with the slogan \"Garbo Talks\". The film received mixed reviews from critics and was a box office disappointment. Plot Estelle Rolfe (Anne Bancroft) is a middle-aged, divorced and outspoken social activist whose behavior causes her devoted grown son Gilbert\n\nher novels having sold more than two billion copies. Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay, Devon, and was largely home-schooled. She was initially an unsuccessful writer with six consecutive rejections, but this changed in 1920 when The Mysterious Affair at Styles, featuring detective Hercule Poirot, was published. Her first husband was Archibald Christie; they married in 1914 and had one child before divorcing in 1928. Following the breakdown of her marriage and the death of her mother in 1926 she made international headlines by going missing for eleven days. During both World Wars, she served in hospital dispensaries, acquiring a thorough knowledge of the poisons that featured in many of her novels, short stories, and plays. Following her marriage to archaeologist Max Mallowan in 1930, she spent several months each year on digs in the Middle East and used her first-hand knowledge of this profession in\n\nDame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, (; 15 September 1890 \u2013 12 January 1976) was an English writer known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections, particularly those revolving around fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. She also wrote the world's longest-running play, the murder mystery The Mousetrap, which has been performed in the West End since 1952. A writer during the \"Golden Age of Detective Fiction\", Christie has been called the \"Queen of Crime\". She also wrote six novels under the pseudonym Mary Westmacott. In 1971, she was made a Dame (DBE) by Queen Elizabeth II for her contributions to literature. Guinness World Records lists Christie as the best-selling fiction writer of all time, her novels having sold more than two billion copies. Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay, Devon, and was largely home-schooled. She was initially an unsuccessful writer\n\nQuestion: Whose first venture into \u2018talkies\u2019 was Anna Christie?", "output": "Greta Garbo"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Morphotectonics (from Ancient Greek: \u03bc\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03ae, morph\u1e17, \"form\"; and \u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2, tektonikos, \"pertaining to building\"), or tectonic geomorphology, is a branch of geomorphology that studies how landforms are formed or affected by tectonic activity. Morphotectonists seek to understand the deep Earth mechanisms behind the creation of tectonic landforms by processes such as crust uplift, subsidence, faulting, or folding. Morphotectonics relies on cross-disciplinary research, drawing from fields such as geology, seismology, physical geography, climatology, geochronology, and geodesy. This diversity creates a challenge in that successful morphotectonic studies require combining information from specialized, historically unrelated fields of study. Furthermore, this wide range of fields leads to new discoveries in the field potentially coming from unexpected sources, such as paleobotany or stratigraphy. The field of morphotectonics has been increasingly gaining attention since the 1980s. History The study of how landforms are created by inner Earth processes was a topic heavily focused on in the mid-20th\n\nOptical mineralogy is the study of minerals and rocks by measuring their optical properties. Most commonly, rock and mineral samples are prepared as thin sections or grain mounts for study in the laboratory with a petrographic microscope. Optical mineralogy is used to identify the mineralogical composition of geological materials in order to help reveal their origin and evolution. Some of the properties and techniques used include: Refractive index Birefringence Michel-L\u00e9vy Interference colour chart Pleochroism Extinction angle Conoscopic interference pattern (Interference figure) Becke line test Optical relief Sign of elongation (Length fast vs. length slow) Wave plate History William Nicol, whose name is associated with the creation of the Nicol prism, is likely the first to prepare thin slices of mineral substances, and his methods were applied by Henry Thronton Maire Witham (1831) to the study of plant petrifactions. This method, of significant importance in petrology, was not at once made\n\nArchaeoastronomy (also spelled archeoastronomy) is the interdisciplinary or multidisciplinary study of how people in the past \"have understood the phenomena in the sky, how they used these phenomena and what role the sky played in their cultures\". Clive Ruggles argues it is misleading to consider archaeoastronomy to be the study of ancient astronomy, as modern astronomy is a scientific discipline, while archaeoastronomy considers symbolically rich cultural interpretations of phenomena in the sky by other cultures. It is often twinned with ethnoastronomy, the anthropological study of skywatching in contemporary societies. Archaeoastronomy is also closely associated with historical astronomy, the use of historical records of heavenly events to answer astronomical problems and the history of astronomy, which uses written records to evaluate past astronomical practice. Archaeoastronomy uses a variety of methods to uncover evidence of past practices including archaeology, anthropology, astronomy, statistics and probability, and history. Because these methods are diverse and\n\nQuestion: What does a seismologist study?", "output": "Earthquakes"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Crispy Ambulance are an English post-punk band, formed in Manchester in late-1977 by Keith Darbyshire (bass), Robert Davenport (guitar), Alan Hempsall (vocals), and Gary Madeley (drums). They had been inspired by the Sex Pistols' second gig in the Lesser Free Trade Hall, in addition to the bands Magazine and Hawkwind. Career The band played their first gig on 1 January 1978 at the Spurley Hey Youth Centre. Following a self-released debut single, \"From the Cradle to the Grave\" (1980), the band joined Factory Records. Singles \"Unsightly and Serene\" and \"Live on a Hot August Night\" (produced by Martin Hannett) preceded their album The Plateau Phase (1982) and final single \"Sexus\". The Plateau Phase was given a five star review by Sounds. In April 1980 singer Alan Hempsall also appeared on stage with Joy Division at Derby Hall, standing in for Ian Curtis who was recovering from an attempted suicide attempt\n\nJames Stevenson (born 12 October 1958) is an English punk/alternative rock guitarist, at one time a member of the Alarm, Gene Loves Jezebel, Gen X, the Cult, Holy Holy, the International Swingers and Chelsea. Career Stevenson started his career with the London-based punk band Chelsea in 1977, while he was still at school studying for A Level exams. He contributed to their early singles and also the first album Chelsea and second Alternative Hits. From the late 1970s onwards, Stevenson played on the then burgeoning punk rock scene in London, featuring on the records of Henry Badowski, a former member of Chelsea, Wreckless Eric, ATV and The Damned (when they were called The Doomed), a British multi-instrumentalist, songwriter, and composer, who was a member of several punk rock bands in the 1970s. Stevenson played alongside avant garde musician Aleksander Kolkowski on Henry Badowski\u2019s post punk album, Life Is a Grand...He\n\nFatal Charm (also known as The Fatal Charm) is a post-punk turned alternative rock band that formed in Nottingham, England in 1978. From 1980 onwards, their musical style contained variations on the alternative rock genre that defied comparison with other emerging UK acts such as Echo & the Bunnymen, the Cure, New Order and Ultravox, who were darker and more introspective. Neither were they as 'poppy' as the female fronted bands that followed, such as T'Pau, the Primitives, and the Darling Buds. Early days The band was formed in 1978 by Paul Arnall and quickly took on new members. Over the years, recording deals came and went, due mainly to a great deal of uncertainty and volatility that existed in the music industry at that time. By 1980, the line-up was: Paul Arnall (guitar, vocals, songwriter) David Barker (keyboards) Kevin Davies (bass guitar) Kevin Gallagher (drums) The four-piece released four\n\nQuestion: English musician Ian Curtis, who died on 18th May 1980, was best known as lead singer of which post-punk band?", "output": "Joy Division"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ant\u00f3nio Chainho (born 1938) is a Portuguese fado guitarist. He has worked with many of the great names in fado music, like Herm\u00ednia Silva, Carlos do Carmo and Jos\u00e9 Afonso, and world music, like Paco de Luc\u00eda. He has also recorded and toured extensively with the Lisbon-based S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9an singer Marta Dias. In 1998, Chainho contributed \"Fado Da Adi\u00e7a\" and \"Interlude: Varia\u00e7\u00f5es Em Mi Menor\" to the AIDS benefit compilation album Onda Sonora: Red Hot + Lisbon produced by the Red Hot Organization. Discography (incomplete) 1980 - Guitarra Portuguesa 1996 - Ant\u00f3nio Chainho with the London Philharmonic Orchestra 1998 - A Guitarra e Outras Mulheres 2000 - Lisboa-Rio 2003 - Ant\u00f3nio Chainho E Marta Dias - Ao Vivo No Ccb (live at the Cultural Centre of Bel\u00e9m Label: Movieplay 2010 - Lisgoa'' References External links Ant\u00f3nio Chainho website 1938 births Living people Portuguese fado guitarists Portuguese session musicians 20th-century Portuguese\n\nGalicians ( ; ) are a European ethnic group from Spain; it is closely related to the Portuguese people and has its historic homeland in Galicia, in the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula. Two Romance languages are widely spoken and official in Galicia: the native Galician and Spanish. Etymology The ethnonym of the Galicians (galegos) derives directly from the Latin Gallaeci or Callaeci, itself an adaptation of the name of a local Celtic tribe known to the Greeks as \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03ca\u03bao\u03af (Kallaiko\u00ed). They lived in what is now Galicia and northern Portugal and were defeated by the Roman General Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus in the 2nd century BCE and later conquered by Augustus. The Romans later applied that name to all the people who shared the same culture and language in the north-west, from the Douro River valley in the south to the Cantabrian Sea in the north and west to\n\nFafe () is a municipality in the northern Portuguese district of Braga. The population in 2021 was 48,502, in an area of approximately . The city itself had a population of 14,144 in 2001. The present mayor is Antero Barbosa, elected by the Socialist Party. The municipal holiday is May 16. History In the 10th century King Ordo\u00f1o III of Le\u00f3n donated the Vila de Moraria (Moreira de Rei) and Monte Longo to the monastery of Guimar\u00e3es, founded by the Countess Mumadona. The territory was effect the Diocese of Braga in the 12th century, and was one of the largest of the seven dioceses, with approximately 950 to 1000 parishes divided into 38 group. During the 1220 Inquiri\u00e7\u00f5es (Inquiries), the territory of Monte Longo was first identified. This location would have an effect; in 1258, the municipality was designated as the lands and julgado (judicial territory) of Monte Longo. By\n\nQuestion: The style of singing known as Fado comes from which European country?", "output": "PORTUGAL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Etak Navigation display was a vector-based graphic based on Atari, Inc.'s Asteroids spaceship. Types of navigation systems Automotive navigation system Marine navigation systems using sonar Satellite navigation system Global Positioning System, a group of satellites and computers that can provide information on any person, vessel, or vehicle's location via a GPS receiver GPS navigation device, a device that can receive GPS signals for the purpose of determining the device's location and possibly to suggest or give directions GLONASS, satellite navigation system run by Russia Galileo global navigation satellite system IRNSS, regional satellite system run by India. Surgical navigation system, a system that determines the position of surgical instruments in relation to patient images such as CT or MRI scans. Inertial guidance system, a system which continuously determines the position, orientation, and velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external reference Robotic mapping, the\n\nA navigation system is a computing system that aids in navigation. Navigation systems may be entirely on board the vehicle or vessel that the system is controlling (for example, on the ship's bridge) or located elsewhere, making use of radio or other signal transmission to control the vehicle or vessel. In some cases, a combination of these methods is used. Navigation systems may be capable of one or more of: containing maps, which may be displayed in human-readable format via text or in a graphical format determining a vehicle or vessel's location via sensors, maps, or information from external sources providing suggested directions to a human in charge of a vehicle or vessel via text or speech providing directions directly to an autonomous vehicle such as a robotic probe or guided missile providing information on nearby vehicles or vessels, or other hazards or obstacles providing information on traffic conditions and\n\nguidance system, a system which continuously determines the position, orientation, and velocity (direction and speed of movement) of a moving object without the need for external reference Robotic mapping, the methods and equipment by which an autonomous robot is able to construct (or use) a map or floor plan and to localize itself within it XNAV for deep space navigation See also Positioning system Guidance, navigation and control Guidance system References Navigation Navigational equipment\n\nQuestion: In modern technology SatNavs use the GPS system. For what do the letters GPS stand?", "output": "GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "This is an incomplete list of the names and nicknames of flags, organized in alphabetical order by flag name. Very few flags have any truly official names, but some unofficial names are so widely used that they are accepted as a flag's universal name. A (\"The Gold and Green\"), Brazil (\"The red\"), Greenland (\"Support flag\"), Qatar (\"My country's flag\"), Kuwait (\"Colourful flag\"), Iraqi Kurdistan (\"Red Flag\"), Turkey (\"Holy Red Standard\"), Turkey (\"Crescent Star\"), Turkey or La Celeste y Blanca (\"The white and light blue one\"), Argentina (\"The Two Stars\"), Syria B (\"Gold and green flag\"), Brazil (\"Flag of the quinas\", the five blue shields of the Portuguese arms), Portugal (\"Green-Red Flag\"), Portugal (\"Flag of Saint David\"), Wales (unofficial flag) (\"St. Piran's flag\"), Cornwall , California (\"Red-White Flag\"), Indonesia , United States (\"The Saffron Banner\"), Flag of the Hindus and former flag of the Maratha Empire (\"White-Red\"), Poland (\"White-Red-White\"), former flag\n\nThis is a list of international, national and subnational flags used in Europe. Supranational and international flags An incomplete list of flags representing intra-European international and supranational organisations, which omits intercontinental organisations such as the United Nations: Flags of European sovereign states Flags of other European sovereign entities Disputed or partially recognised states Flags of European dependencies Flags of European sub-divisions Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Finland Not all regions have selected an official flag. France Not all regions have selected an official flag. Georgia Germany Many states have separate civil and state versions of their flags; the state flags (listed) include the state arms, while the civil versions don't. See Flags of German states. Greece Ireland Italy Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Russia Serbia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Flags of European cities Flags of cities with over 1 million inhabitants: Flags of European ethnic groups Historical flags\n\nThe Romani flag or the flag of the Roma (, or O romanko flako) is the international ethnic flag of the Romani people, historically known as \"Gypsies\", which form a stateless minority in countries across Eurasia, Africa, the Americas, and Australasia. It was approved by the representatives of various Romani communities at the first and second World Romani Congresses (WRC), in 1971 and 1978. The flag consists of a background of blue and green, representing the heavens and earth, respectively; it also contains a 16-spoke red dharmachakra, or cartwheel, in the center. The latter element stands for the itinerant tradition of the Romani people and is also an homage to the flag of India, added to the flag by scholar Weer Rajendra Rishi. It superseded a number of tribal emblems and banners, several of which evoked claims of Romani descent from the Ancient Egyptians. Older Romani symbolism comprises insignia reflecting\n\nQuestion: Which European country's flag consists of three horizontal bands of red, white and red?", "output": "AUSTRIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about west of Lisbon, about northwest of Morocco, and about southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. Its main industries are agriculture, dairy farming, livestock, fishing, and tourism, which has become a major service activity in the region. The government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors. The largest city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada. The culture, dialect, cuisine, and traditions of the Azorean islands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries. There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups.\n\nto agriculture. Fishing remained merely a secondary industry. Produce included wheat, barley, pulses, olives, flax, hemp, saffron and, above all, wine. The local Malvasier grape was highly prized. After a long period of decline, there are now efforts to revive this fruit. In previous times, the location was in reality a large vineyard. Around 2,000 steppes emanate from the peak of the location, which were once devoted exclusively to the production of Malvasier wine. The wine was highly favoured by the King of Aragon, and was in no small part a motive for the conquest by James I. Today mostly tomatoes and other fruits are produced. Irrigation of the fields is inextricably linked to the production of wine. The solution presented to solve irrigatory problems in this region is impressive and prime example of the Moorish hydro-expertise on the island. The aqueducts, which provide vital cost-free water from the mountains\n\nThe Aegadian Islands (; , ; ) are a group of five small mountainous islands in the Mediterranean Sea off the northwest coast of Sicily, Italy, near the cities of Trapani and Marsala, with a total area of . The island of Favignana (Aegusa), the largest, lies southwest of Trapani; Levanzo (Phorbantia) lies west; and Marettimo, the ancient Hiera Nesos, west of Trapani, is now reckoned as a part of the group. There are also two minor islands, Formica and Maraone, lying between Levanzo and Sicily. For administrative purposes the archipelago constitutes the comune of Favignana in the Province of Trapani. The overall population in 2017 was 4,292. Winter frost is unknown and rainfall is low. The main occupation of the islanders is fishing, and the largest tuna fishery in Sicily is there. History There is evidence of Neolithic and even Paleolithic paintings in caves on Levanzo, and to a\n\nQuestion: Which island is the source of the fortified wine , Marsala ?", "output": "SICILY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "|} The Champagne Stakes is a Group 2 flat horse race in Great Britain open to two-year-old colts and geldings. It is run at Doncaster over a distance of 7 furlongs and 6 yards (1,414 metres), and it is scheduled to take place each year in September. History The event was established in 1823, and it was originally open to horses of either gender. For a period it was contested over a mile, and it was shortened to 6 furlongs in 1870. It was extended to 7 furlongs in 1962, and restricted to male horses in 1988. The Champagne Stakes is held during Doncaster's four-day St. Leger Festival, and it is currently run on the final day, the same day as the St Leger Stakes. The leading horses from the race sometimes go on to compete in the following month's Dewhurst Stakes. The most recent horse to win both races\n\n, Racing Post: , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , galopp-sieger.de \u2013 Park Stakes. horseracingintfed.com \u2013 International Federation of Horseracing Authorities \u2013 Park Stakes (2018). pedigreequery.com \u2013 Park Stakes \u2013 Doncaster. racenewsonline.co.uk \u2013 OLBG.com Sponsors Group Two Park Stakes At Doncaster In Three-Year Deal (2012). Flat races in Great Britain Doncaster Racecourse Open mile category horse races Recurring sporting events established in 1978 1978 establishments in England\n\nThe Count Fleet Stakes is an American Thoroughbred horse race run at Aqueduct Racetrack, located in Jamaica, New York, at the beginning of January each year. It is the first stakes race of the year run in New York City for three-year-olds. Named after Count Fleet, the 1943 Triple Crown winner, the race is open to three-year-olds willing to race one mile and seventy yards on the inner dirt track. Offering a purse of $65,000 added, the race is a prep to the Whirlaway Stakes, the Gotham Stakes, the Bay Shore Stakes and the Wood Memorial Stakes. Inaugurated in 1975 as the Count Fleet Handicap at Belmont Park, it was run that year at a distance of one mile. In 1976 it was raced at seven furlongs then from 1977 through 1983 at a mile and a sixteenth. It has been contested at a mile and seventy yards since 1984.\n\nQuestion: Which English classic horse race for 3 year olds held at Doncaster every September began in 1776?", "output": "St Leger Stakes"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Amy J. Barger (born January 18, 1971) is an American astronomer and Henrietta Leavitt Professor of Astronomy at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison. She is considered a pioneer in combining data from multiple telescopes to monitor multiple wavelengths and in discovering distant galaxies and supermassive black holes, which are outside of the visible spectrum. Barger is an active member of the International Astronomical Union. Education and career Barger earned a Bachelor of Arts in astronomy-physics in 1993 from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. She was a Marshall scholar at King's College, University of Cambridge and received a doctor of philosophy in astronomy from the university in 1997. Barger holds positions as a Henrietta Leavitt Professor of Astronomy at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and as an affiliate graduate faculty member in the University of Hawaii Department of Physics and Astronomy. Notable research Barger's research discoveries concern distant Universe activity and objects, including dusty\n\nGart Westerhout (15 June 1927 \u2013 14 October 2012) was a Dutch-American astronomer. Well before completing his university studies at Leiden, he had already become well-established internationally as a radio astronomer in the Netherlands, specializing in studies of radio sources and the Milky Way Galaxy based on observations of radio continuum emissions and 21-cm spectral line radiation that originates in interstellar hydrogen. He emigrated to the United States, became a naturalized citizen, and held a number of important scientific and management positions in academic and government institutions. Career Westerhout was born in The Hague, and studied at the University of Leiden (Sterrewacht te Leiden) with Hendrik van de Hulst and Jan Hendrik Oort. Contemporaries and colleagues in the Netherlands included Hugo van Woerden, C. Lex Muller, Maarten Schmidt, Kwee Kiem King, Lodewijk Woltjer, and Charles L. Seeger, III (son of the ethnomusicologist, brother of Pete Seeger and half-brother of Mike\n\nSir Arthur Stanley Eddington (28 December 1882 \u2013 22 November 1944) was an English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician. He was also a philosopher of science and a populariser of science. The Eddington limit, the natural limit to the luminosity of stars, or the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object, is named in his honour. Around 1920, he foreshadowed the discovery and mechanism of nuclear fusion processes in stars, in his paper \"The Internal Constitution of the Stars\". At that time, the source of stellar energy was a complete mystery; Eddington was the first to correctly speculate that the source was fusion of hydrogen into helium. Eddington wrote a number of articles that announced and explained Einstein's theory of general relativity to the English-speaking world. World War I had severed many lines of scientific communication, and new developments in German science were not well known in England. He also\n\nQuestion: Which branch of astronomy studies radiation with wavelengths greater than approximately one millimetre?", "output": "Radio astronomy"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Canadian Duality Flag (; also called the Canadian Unity Flag) is an unofficial flag that was originally circulated to demonstrate the unity of Canada during the lead-up to the 1995 Quebec referendum, at rallies for the \"no\" side. The Duality Flag design was chosen to represent explicitly the Francophone and Anglophone populations on the national flag by adding blue stripes to the red sections, roughly in proportion to the number of Canadians who are primarily French-speaking. The blue was chosen as it is the main colour that is used on the flag of Quebec. See also Flag of Canada Flag of Quebec References 1995 in Canada Activism flags Flags of Canada National symbols of Canada Political history of Quebec Unofficial flags\n\nThe Medal of Bravery () is a decoration that is, within the Canadian system of honours, the third-highest award for bravery, and one of the three Canadian Bravery Decorations awarded by the Canadian monarch, generally through his or her viceroy-in-Council. Created in 1972, it is presented to both living and deceased individuals deemed to have performed \"acts of bravery in hazardous circumstances\". Recipients are allowed to use the post-nominal letters MB. Design The Medal of Bravery is in the form of a diameter silver medal with, on the reverse, the Royal Cypher of the reigning monarch beneath a St. Edward's Crown, symbolizing the Canadian monarch's role as the fount of honour, and the inscription BRAVERY \u2022 BRAVOURE. The obverse bears a maple leaf surrounded by a laurel wreath, and the name and rank of the recipient is engraved on the medal's edge. This medallion is worn on the left chest,\n\nWhen the coat of arms is used on stationery, it is a solid color of light blue on a white background. However, no authentic document is readily available that states which colors, if any, are to be used. The earliest known record of the origin of the city of St. Catharines' coat of arms is from a by-law dated November 1851, with the coat of arms affixed thereto. It would be reasonable to assume that the coat of arms came into being about this time. In 1976, the coat of arms was officially registered with the government of Canada, along with the city flower and city logo. Flag of St. Catharines The flag of St. Catharines, Ontario, features the city's coat of arms on a white field, surrounded by green bars. The green colour symbolises the fruitlands and extensive gardens of the city. City logo The St. Catharines logo (or\n\nQuestion: What is depicted on the the flag of Canada?", "output": "Maple Leaf"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country mostly in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogot\u00e1 is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urbes include Medell\u00edn, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, C\u00facuta, Ibagu\u00e9, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage\u2014including language, religion, cuisine, and art\u2014reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by mass immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those\n\nChile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country located in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. With an area of and a population of 17.5 million as of 2017, Chile shares borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. The country also controls several Pacific islands, including Juan Fern\u00e1ndez, Isla Salas y G\u00f3mez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island, and claims about of Antarctica as the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The capital and largest city of Chile is Santiago, and the national language is Spanish. Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century, replacing Inca rule, but failed to conquer the independent Mapuche people who inhabited what is now south-central Chile. Chile\n\nBrazil (; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in South America and in Latin America. Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh most populous. Its capital is Bras\u00edlia, and its most populous city is S\u00e3o Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states and the Federal District. It is the only country in the Americas to have Portuguese as an official language. It is one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world, and the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other countries and territories in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers roughly half of the continent's land area. Its Amazon basin includes a vast\n\nQuestion: The drink Caipirinha is the national cocktail of which South American country?", "output": "Brazil"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Axon Enterprise, Inc. is an American company based in Scottsdale, Arizona that develops technology and weapons products for military, law enforcement, and civilians. Its initial product and former namesake is the Taser, a line of electroshock weapons. The company has since diversified into technology products for military and law enforcement, including a line of body cameras and Evidence.com, a cloud-based digital evidence platform. As of 2017, body cameras and associated services comprise a quarter of Axon's overall business. History In 1969, NASA researcher Jack Cover began to develop a non-lethal electric weapon to help police officers control suspects, as an alternative to firearms. By 1974, Cover had completed the device, which he named the \"Tom Swift Electric Rifle\" (TSER), referencing the 1911 novel Tom Swift and his Electric Rifle; to make it easier to pronounce as a word, Cover later added an \"A\" to the acronym to form \"TASER\". The\n\nthe 1911 novel Tom Swift and his Electric Rifle; to make it easier to pronounce as a word, Cover later added an \"A\" to the acronym to form \"TASER\". The Taser Public Defender used gunpowder as its propellant, which led the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms to classify it as a firearm in 1976, a decision that limited sales. In 1980, the Los Angeles Police Department conducted a successful field test of an improved version (having reconsidered its earlier rejections of the technology after the shooting of Eula Love), but the device remained commercially unsuccessful and Cover's company, Taser Systems Inc., collapsed. In 1993, Rick and Tom Smith (CEO Set Jet) formed AIR TASER, Inc. to, with Cover, design a version of the device that would use compressed nitrogen instead of gunpowder as a propellant. During development, the company faced competition from another vendor, Tasertron, whose product had become\n\nMongoose refers to two types of carnivorous mammals. Mongoose or The Mongoose may also refer to: Personal nickname Tom McEwen (drag racer) (1937-2018), American drag racer nicknamed \"The Mongoose\", Adam Rose (born 1979), South African professional wrestler commonly called \"The Radical Mongoose\", also shortened to \"The Mongoose\" Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston (1784\u20131865), British Prime Minister nicknamed \"The Mongoose\" Brands and enterprises Mongoose (bicycles), a brand name of bicycles produced by Pacific Cycle Mongoose Publishing, British manufacturer of role-playing books, pewter miniatures, and card games Fictional characters Mongoose (comics), a supervillain appearing in comic books published by Marvel Comics The Mongoose, a hitman in the graphic novel XIII The Mongoose, a pulp fiction character created by Johnston McCulley (1883\u20131958) Military Agusta A129 Mangusta (\"Mongoose\"), attack helicopter , a Dutch brig captured by the Royal Navy in 1799 or 1800 Technology Mongoose (web server) Mongoose, an application development platform created\n\nQuestion: What non-lethal weapon was named by its inventor Jack Cover after the teen science fiction character Tom Swift?", "output": "Taser"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "An ammeter (abbreviation of Ampere meter) is an instrument used to measure the current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. For direct measurement, the ammeter is connected in series with the circuit in which the current is to be measured. An ammeter usually has low resistance so that it does not cause a significant voltage drop in the circuit being measured. Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, are designated as milliammeters or microammeters. Early ammeters were laboratory instruments that relied on the Earth's magnetic field for operation. By the late 19th century, improved instruments were designed which could be mounted in any position and allowed accurate measurements in electric power systems. It is generally represented by letter 'A' in a circuit. History The relation between electric current, magnetic fields and physical forces was first noted by Hans\n\ncause the oil to be pushed out of the lower reservoir and into the tube, compressing the hydrogen gas into the upper reservoir. The pressure was indicated by the position of the top of the oil. To correct for temperature, a sliding scale was used; the operator would first use the thermometer to set the scale and then measure the pressure from it. The basic idea is similar to the common weather glass that had been in use for some time, but the use of highly compressible hydrogen in a long, thin tube allowed much more accurate measurements, as changes in pressure resulted in much more movement of the liquid. The basic concept was initially demonstrated by Robert Hooke, which he referred to as the Otheometer. However it remained unused until it was re-introduced by Alexander Adie. References Pressure gauges Meteorological instrumentation and equipment Scottish inventions\n\nA lysimeter (from Greek \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (loosening) and the suffix -meter) is a measuring device which can be used to measure the amount of actual evapotranspiration which is released by plants (usually crops or trees). By recording the amount of precipitation that an area receives and the amount lost through the soil, the amount of water lost to evapotranspiration can be calculated. Lysimeters are of two types: weighing and non-weighing. General Usage A lysimeter is most accurate when vegetation is grown in a large soil tank which allows the rainfall input and water lost through the soil to be easily calculated. The amount of water lost by evapotranspiration can be worked out by calculating the difference between the weight before and after the precipitation input. For trees, lysimeters can be expensive and are a poor representation of conditions outside of a laboratory or orchard, as it would be impossible to use\n\nQuestion: What is measured using the Rankine scale?", "output": "Temperature"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "North of Santa Fe), and others. Nowadays, there is a dispute among linguists whether these can be considered individual languages, or different dialects due to their similarities and intelligibility. However, most of the indigenous languages in Chaco are not homogeneous. There are differences as regards sounds and vocabulary. Thus, speakers notice these differences and sometimes communication can be affected inside a community. This is partly due to the influence of other languages. Even though most indigenous communities in Chaco are bilingual, since they speak their indigenous mother tongue and the official language of the country (Spanish, Portuguese or Paraguayan Guaran\u00ed), their indigenous languages can be considered endangered due to lack of transmission from generation to generation. Many indigenous people are moving more and more to urban areas and their jobs and social activities require the predominant language of the country in which they live. Speakers consider themselves as \u2018Qom\u2019 and\n\nThe Zapotec languages are a group of around 50 closely related indigenous Mesoamerican languages that constitute a main branch of the Oto-Manguean language family and which is spoken by the Zapotec people from the southwestern-central highlands of Mexico. A 2020 census reports nearly half a million speakers, with the majority inhabiting the state of Oaxaca. Zapotec-speaking communities are also found in the neighboring states of Puebla, Veracruz, and Guerrero. Labor migration has also brought a number of native Zapotec speakers to the United States, particularly in California and New Jersey. Most Zapotec-speaking communities are highly bilingual in Spanish. Name The name of the language in Zapotec itself varies according to the geographical variant. In Juchit\u00e1n (Isthmus) it is Diidxaz\u00e1 , in Mitla it is Didxsaj , in Zoogocho it is Di\u017ea'xon , in Coatec Zapotec it is Di'zhke''' , in Miahuatec Zapotec it is D\u00ed'zd\u00e9h and in Santa Catarina Quioquitani\n\nrange and dialect differentiation Although commonly described as a language, Zapotec is a fairly extensive, if close-knit, language family. The time depth is comparable to that of the Romance languages. Dialectal divergence between Zapotec-speaking communities is extensive and complicated. Many varieties of Zapotec are mutually unintelligible with one another. There are some radical jumps in intelligibility between geographically close communities, so the varieties do not form a dialect continuum in a strict sense, though neither are there clear-cut divisions between groups of varieties. As a result, the Mexican government officially recognizes sixty Zapotec languages. Zapotec languages fall into four broad geographic divisions: Zapoteco de la Sierra Norte (Northern Zapotec), Valley Zapotec, Zapoteco de la Sierra Sur (Southern Zapotec), and Isthmus Zapotec. Northern Zapotec languages are spoken in the mountainous region of Oaxaca, in the Northern Sierra Madre mountain ranges; Southern Zapotec languages and are spoken in the mountainous region of\n\nQuestion: What is the main language spoken in Mexico?", "output": "SPANISH"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In automotive and aerospace engineering, a fuel gauge is an instrument used to indicate the amount of fuel in a fuel tank. In electrical engineering, the term is used for ICs determining the current State of Charge of accumulators. Motor vehicles As used in vehicles, the gauge consists of two parts: The sending unit - in the tank The indicator - on the dashboard The sending unit usually uses a float connected to a potentiometer, typically printed ink design in a modern automobile. As the tank empties, the float drops and slides a moving contact along the resistor, increasing its resistance. In addition, when the resistance is at a certain point, it will also turn on a \"low fuel\" light on some vehicles. Meanwhile, the indicator unit (usually mounted on the dashboard) is measuring and displaying the amount of electric current flowing through the sending unit. When the tank level\n\na ratio between the TSS and WSS which is used to determine when to change gears. If either the TSS or WSS fails or malfunctions/becomes faulty, the ratio will be wrong which in return can cause problems like false speedometer readings and transmission slipping. To test these parts, check the resistance to make sure it's within manufacturer specs. Wheel speed sensor (WSS) Modern automatic transmissions also have a wheel speed sensor input to determine the true speed of the vehicle to determine whether the vehicle is going downhill or uphill and also adapt gear changes according to road speeds, and also whether to decouple the torque converter at a standstill to improve fuel consumption and reduce load on running gear. Throttle position sensor (TPS) The TPS sensor along with the vehicle speed sensor are the two main inputs for most TCUs. Older transmissions use this to determine engine load, with\n\nengine is connected to a rotating drum by means of an output shaft. A friction band is wrapped around half the drum's circumference and each end attached to a separate spring balance. A substantial pre-load is then applied to the ends of the band, so that each spring balance has an initial and identical reading. When the engine is running, the frictional force between the drum and the band will increase the force reading on one balance and decrease it on the other. The difference between the two readings multiplied by the radius of the driven drum is equal to the torque. If the engine speed is measured with a tachometer, the brake horsepower is easily calculated. An alternate mechanism is to clamp a lever to the shaft and measure using a single balance. The torque is then related to the lever length, shaft diameter and measured force. The device\n\nQuestion: The speedometer on your car indicates the speed of your vehicle. What gauge indicates the rate of rotation of the engine's crankshaft?", "output": "Tachometer"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships is an annual ATP Tour tennis tournament. Founded in 1910, it has been held in nearly two dozen cities, and since 2001 has been held in Houston, Texas. It currently pays out US$474,000 with the winner receiving US$85,900. It is the only remaining ATP World Tour-level tournament in the United States to be played on clay courts. The tournament began in 1910 when the Western Lawn Tennis Association (a section of the United States Lawn Tennis Association now known as the USTA/Midwest) persuaded the USLTA that a National Clay Court Championship would promote the construction of more clay courts in the West. Clay courts were cheaper to install and maintain than grass courts, and the hope was that these lower costs would accelerate the growth of the game's popularity. The first National Clay Court Championships were held at the Omaha Field Club; a crowd\n\nThe Racquet Club of Chicago is a private social club and athletic club within the Gold Coast Historic District. The classical revival building was designed by architect Andrew Rebori, constructed in 1923. It is a contributing structure within the National Register Gold Coast Historic District. The Racquet Club currently features squash courts (two North American doubles and one International singles), two racquets courts, and one real tennis court restored in 2012. The racquets courts are the world's westernmost active venue for that sport. The Racquet Club has been renovated, and where there once were two Squash singles courts, of the \"American\" style dimensions, there now is one court of the \"International\" dimensions. See also List of American gentlemen's clubs References External links 1923 establishments in Illinois Clubs and societies in the United States Racquets venues Real tennis venues Sports venues in Chicago Squash venues Tennis venues in Chicago Gentlemen's clubs\n\nthe hope was that these lower costs would accelerate the growth of the game's popularity. The first National Clay Court Championships were held at the Omaha Field Club; a crowd of 5,000 watched the finals. Participation and play on clay grew as a result of the event and others, and in 1914, the event was moved to the Cincinnati Tennis Club. It has since been played in numerous cities. Between 1970 and 1989 it was part of the Grand Prix Tennis Tour as part of the Grand Prix Super Series of events (1974\u20131977). During the stint in Indianapolis, from 1969 through 1986, the tournament was a combined men's and women's event. From 2001 to 2007, the event was held at the Houston Westside Tennis Club. In 2007, after a few years being held on the same red clay used at the French Open, the event was held on Har-Tru green\n\nQuestion: What is the only Grand Slam tennis tournament to be played on clay courts?", "output": "French Open"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "combustion is almost impossible to achieve, since the chemical equilibrium is not necessarily reached, or may contain unburnt products such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen and even carbon (soot or ash). Thus, the produced smoke is usually toxic and contains unburned or partially oxidized products. Any combustion at high temperatures in atmospheric air, which is 78 percent nitrogen, will also create small amounts of several nitrogen oxides, commonly referred to as NOx, since the combustion of nitrogen is thermodynamically favored at high, but not low temperatures. Since burning is rarely clean, fuel gas cleaning or catalytic converters may be required by law. Fires occur naturally, ignited by lightning strikes or by volcanic products. Combustion (fire) was the first controlled chemical reaction discovered by humans, in the form of campfires and bonfires, and continues to be the main method to produce energy for humanity. Usually, the fuel is carbon, hydrocarbons, or more\n\nArgon is a chemical element with the symbol Ar and atomic number 18. It is in group 18 of the periodic table and is a noble gas. Argon is the third-most abundant gas in Earth's atmosphere, at 0.934% (9340 ppmv). It is more than twice as abundant as water vapor (which averages about 4000 ppmv, but varies greatly), 23 times as abundant as carbon dioxide (400 ppmv), and more than 500 times as abundant as neon (18 ppmv). Argon is the most abundant noble gas in Earth's crust, comprising 0.00015% of the crust. Nearly all of the argon in Earth's atmosphere is radiogenic argon-40, derived from the decay of potassium-40 in Earth's crust. In the universe, argon-36 is by far the most common argon isotope, as it is the most easily produced by stellar nucleosynthesis in supernovas. The name \"argon\" is derived from the Greek word , neuter singular form\n\ntrace gas in Earth's atmosphere at 421 parts per million (ppm), or about 0.04% (as of May 2022) having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm or about 0.025%. Burning fossil fuels is the primary cause of these increased concentrations and also the primary cause of climate change. Its concentration in Earth's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the Precambrian was regulated by organisms and geological phenomena. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria use energy from sunlight to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in a process called photosynthesis, which produces oxygen as a waste product. In turn, oxygen is consumed and is released as waste by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize organic compounds to produce energy by respiration. is released from organic materials when they decay or combust, such as in forest fires. Since plants require for photosynthesis, and humans and animals depend on plants for food, is necessary for\n\nQuestion: What is the most common gas in the air we breathe?", "output": "Nitrogen"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "future world champion Nico Rosberg, son of World Champion Keke Rosberg, who raced with the Williams team. He set the fastest lap of the race and, at the age of 20 years and 258 days, broke the record for the youngest driver to do so, which he held until Max Verstappen scored his first fastest lap, at age 19, at the 2016 Brazilian Grand Prix. It was also the debut race for the BMW Sauber, Toro Rosso, Midland F1 and Super Aguri teams, and drivers Scott Speed and Yuji Ide. It also saw the d\u00e9but of the 2.4 litre (146.4 cu in) naturally-aspirated V8 engines which were used by all teams except Toro Rosso, who were still using the 3.0 litre (183 cu in) V10 engines that were used from 1995 to 2005, as the team's chassis, the STR1, was reused from the Red Bull RB1 from the 2005 season.\n\nBruno Senna Lalli (, born 15 October 1983) is a Brazilian professional racing driver. He is the nephew of the late Ayrton Senna, three-time Formula One world champion. He is also the first driver to win a race in every class in the FIA World Endurance Championship, and was the 2017 WEC world champion in the LMP2 class. Bruno Senna raced in Formula One from 2010 to 2012. He made his debut driving for Hispania Racing in 2010, raced for Renault from August 2011 as a replacement for Nick Heidfeld, and drove for the Williams team in 2012. Between 2014 and 2016, he drove for Mahindra Racing in Formula E. His mother is Ayrton's older sister, Viviane. His father, Fl\u00e1vio Lalli, died in a motorcycle crash in 1996. The colour scheme of Bruno's helmet is a slightly modified version of that used by his uncle Ayrton. Career Early career Born\n\nJuan Manuel Fangio II (born September 19, 1956 in Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina) is an Argentine former auto racing driver. He is the nephew of five-time Formula One champion Juan Manuel Fangio. After some experience in European Formula Three, Fangio debuted as a professional auto racer in IMSA in 1984 in the Miami Grand Prix in a Porsche 935 with Hugo Gralia. He had an award-winning career, winning two GTP driver's championships, as well as 2 manufacturer titles when he was racing for Toyota and All American Racers. Fangio further established his legacy in the world of auto racing by winning the prestigious 12 Hours of Sebring two times (as did his uncle), posting 21 GTP wins, and establishing an IMSA record with 19 solo victories. His victories came while driving the Eagle HF89/90 and Eagle MkIII GTP cars. Fangio won ten pole positions during his career. He made most\n\nQuestion: Which driver won the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix, the youngest ever winner of a Grand Prix?", "output": "Max Verstappen"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Knowsley Road in Eccleston, St Helens, Merseyside, was the home ground of St. Helens from 1890 until its closure in 2010. St Helens Town FC played their home fixtures at Knowsley Road from 2002 until 2010. For a period, the venue also hosted Liverpool F.C. Reserves. The stadium was demolished during spring 2011 and a new construction then known as Cunningham Grange, named after club legend Keiron Cunningham, was built on the site. Stadium Knowsley Road consisted of four stands of open terracing and one seated stand called the Family Stand. Family Stand The Family Stand was the only section of the stadium which had a seated area, although there were still areas for standing supporters. The players entered the field from a gateway under the stand and the dugout was also in the Family Stand. The Family Stand contained an area for the media such as local radio stations.\n\nThe DCBL Stadium (historically known as Lowerhouse Lane and Naughton Park) is a multi-purpose rugby league, football and American football stadium in Widnes, Cheshire, England. It is the home of Rugby League side Widnes Vikings of the Betfred Championship, football team Widnes Football Club of the Northern Premier League who play their home games at the stadium, and also the American football side Halton Spartans of the BAFA National Leagues, the Halton Spartans having competed in the BAFANL national American football league since 2015. The stadium is all seater and has a total capacity of 13,350. During the 2011 Super League Season, St. Helens played their home games at the stadium. From 2013 to 2018 the Stadium was home to Everton Ladies and Liverpool Ladies. Since 2013 the stadium has also been used as the venue for the Drum Corps United Kingdom \"British Drum Corps Championships\". History Widnes Football Club\n\nThe Eco-Power Stadium (formerly known as Keepmoat Stadium) is a multi-purpose stadium in Doncaster, England, with a capacity of 15,231. It cost approximately \u00a320 million to construct, as part of the wider Lakeside Sports Complex that it resides within which in total cost approximately \u00a332 million, and is used by Doncaster Rovers, Doncaster Rugby League Club and Doncaster Rovers Belles Ladies Football Club. Facilities Stands East Stand The East Stand is sponsored by Donasonic. The area of the East Stand towards the South East corner is the Families area sponsored by First Bus Ltd. and is known as the \"First\" Families Stand. West Stand This is the main match-day reception area with the stand sponsored by Red Viking Rail, and is known as the \"James Coppinger West Stand\", after former Doncaster Rovers player James Coppinger. South Stand The South Stand, popularly known as the Black Bank, is sponsored by Polypipe.\n\nQuestion: Which Football League club share the Keepmoat Stadium with the town's rugby league club?", "output": "Doncaster Rovers"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "against Peggy Eaton, who Calhoun believed had committed adultery and was acting irresponsibly in Washington. Historian John F. Marszalek explains why Washington society found Eaton unacceptable: She did not know her place; she forthrightly spoke up about anything that came to her mind, even topics of which women were supposed to be ignorant. She thrust herself into the world in a manner inappropriate for woman.... Accept her, and society was in danger of disruption. Accept this uncouth, impure, forward, worldly woman, and the wall of virtue and morality would be breached and society would have no further defenses against the forces of frightening change. Margaret Eaton was not that important in herself; it was what she represented that constituted the threat. Proper women had no choice; they had to prevent her acceptance into society as part of their defense of that society\u2019s morality. President Jackson was opposed by Vice President\n\nthe \"Just Say No\" anti-drug campaign of the early 1980s and repeated by former United States First Lady Nancy Reagan advocating abstinence from recreational drug use. References Further reading \"Hostile Tender Offers and the `Nancy Reagan Defense': May Target Boards `Just Say No'? Should They Be Allowed To?\" Robert A. Prentice and John Langmore, 35 Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 377-481 (1990) American English idioms Mergers and acquisitions Nancy Reagan\n\nthe institution and the conditions inside while serving there as an orderly. The 36 black-and-white photos documented issues including dozens of naked men huddling together and human excrement lining facility hallways. The photos were shown to a number of people, including then-First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, who subsequently pledged her support in pursuing national mental health reforms. In May 1946, Lord's photos were published in an issue of Life, creating a national \"mass uproar\". In his 1948 book, The Shame of the States, Albert Deutsch described the horrid conditions he observed: \"As I passed through some of Byberry's wards, I was reminded of the pictures of the Nazi concentration camps. I entered a building swarming with naked humans herded like cattle and treated with less concern, pervaded by a fetid odor so heavy, so nauseating, that the stench seemed to have almost a physical existence of its own.\" During the 1960s,\n\nQuestion: \"Which US First Lady said, \"\"No one can make you feel interior unless you consent?\"\"\"", "output": "Eleanor Roosevelt"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aphrodite ( ) is an ancient Greek goddess associated with love, lust, beauty, pleasure, passion, procreation, and as her syncretized Roman goddess counterpart , desire, sex, fertility, prosperity, and victory. Aphrodite's major symbols include seashells, myrtles, roses, doves, sparrows, and swans. The cult of Aphrodite was largely derived from that of the Phoenician goddess Astarte, a cognate of the East Semitic goddess Ishtar, whose cult was based on the Sumerian cult of Inanna. Aphrodite's main cult centers were Cythera, Cyprus, Corinth, and Athens. Her main festival was the Aphrodisia, which was celebrated annually in midsummer. In Laconia, Aphrodite was worshipped as a warrior goddess. She was also the patron goddess of prostitutes, an association which led early scholars to propose the concept of \"sacred prostitution\" in Greco-Roman culture, an idea which is now generally seen as erroneous. In Hesiod's Theogony, Aphrodite is born off the coast of Cythera from the\n\nIn Greek mythology, Alcmene ( ; ) or Alcmena ( ; ; ; meaning \"strong in wrath\") was the wife of Amphitryon, by whom she bore two children, Iphicles and Laonome. She is best known as the mother of Heracles, whose father was the god Zeus. Alcmene was also referred to as Electryone (), a patronymic name as a daughter of Electryon. Mythology Background According to the Bibliotheca, Alcmene was born to Electryon, the son of Perseus and Andromeda, and king of Tiryns and Mycenae or Medea in Argolis. Her mother was Anaxo, daughter of Alcaeus and Astydamia. Other accounts say her mother was Lysidice, the daughter of Pelops and Hippodameia, or Eurydice, the daughter of Pelops. According to Pausanias, the poet Asius made Alcmene the daughter of Amphiaraus and Eriphyle. Hesiod describes Alcmene as the tallest, most beautiful woman with wisdom surpassed by no person born of mortal parents.\n\nHellenic Aphrodite, goddess of love, sex and beauty. Dionysus, god of wine and pleasure. Eos, the Greek dawn goddess. The Erotes Anteros, god of requited love. Eros, god of love and procreation; originally a deity unconnected to Aphrodite, he was later made into her son, possibly with Ares as his father; this version of him was imported to Rome where he came known as Cupid. Himeros, god of sexual desire and unrequited love. Hedylogos, god of sweet talk and flattery. Hermaphroditus, god of hermaphrodites and effeminate men. Hymen, god of marriage, weddings, and the bridal hymn. Pothos, god of sexual longing, yearning, and desire. Hedone, goddess of pleasure. Helios, the sun, who played a role in love-magic, and according to Pindar, lovesick men would pray to him. Pan, god of the wild, shepherds, flocks, rustic music, and fertility of the wild/flocks. Is portrayed as very lustful and often depicted with\n\nQuestion: Hymen is the Greek god of what?", "output": "Marriage"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Balkan Wars were a series of two conflicts that took place in the Balkan states in 1912 and 1913. In the First Balkan War, the four Balkan states of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria declared war upon the Ottoman Empire and defeated it, in the process stripping the Ottomans of their European provinces, leaving only Eastern Thrace under the Ottoman Empire's control. In the Second Balkan War, Bulgaria fought against the other four original combatants of the first war. It also faced an attack from Romania from the north. The Ottoman Empire lost the bulk of its territory in Europe. Although not involved as a combatant, Austria-Hungary became relatively weaker as a much enlarged Serbia pushed for union of the South Slavic peoples. The war set the stage for the July crisis of 1914 and thus served as a prelude to the First World War. By the early 20th\n\nthe South Slavic peoples. The war set the stage for the July crisis of 1914 and thus served as a prelude to the First World War. By the early 20th century, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro and Serbia had achieved independence from the Ottoman Empire, but large elements of their ethnic populations remained under Ottoman rule. In 1912, these countries formed the Balkan League. The First Balkan War began on 8 October 1912, when the League member states attacked the Ottoman Empire, and ended eight months later with the signing of the Treaty of London on 30 May 1913. The Second Balkan War began on 16 June 1913, when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its loss of Macedonia, attacked its former Balkan League allies. The combined forces of Serbian and Greek armies, with their superior numbers repelled the Bulgarian offensive and counter-attacked Bulgaria by invading it from the west and the south. Romania, having\n\nThe Balkans theatre or Balkan campaign was a theatre of World War I fought between the Central Powers (Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany and the Ottoman Empire) and the Allies (Serbia, Montenegro, France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Italy, and later, Greece). The offensive began in 1914 with three failed Austro-Hungarian offensives into Serbia. A new attempt a year later by the combined forces of Austria-Hungary, Germany, and Bulgaria led to the conquest and occupation of Serbia and Montenegro. The Serbian military did not surrender, retreating through the mountains of Albania and evacuated to Corfu before reforming in Salonika a few months later. On the Macedonian front, the Royal Serbian Army joined the Franco-British Allied Army of the Orient and fought a protracted trench war against Bulgarian and German forces. The Allied army presence in Greece resulted in the National Schism on whether Greece should join the Allies or remain neutral, which would\n\nQuestion: Which country started the Second Balkan War in 1913 by invading Greece and Serbia?", "output": "BULGARIA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country located in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. With an area of and a population of 17.5 million as of 2017, Chile shares borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. The country also controls several Pacific islands, including Juan Fern\u00e1ndez, Isla Salas y G\u00f3mez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island, and claims about of Antarctica as the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The capital and largest city of Chile is Santiago, and the national language is Spanish. Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century, replacing Inca rule, but failed to conquer the independent Mapuche people who inhabited what is now south-central Chile. Chile\n\nThe Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about west of Lisbon, about northwest of Morocco, and about southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. Its main industries are agriculture, dairy farming, livestock, fishing, and tourism, which has become a major service activity in the region. The government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors. The largest city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada. The culture, dialect, cuisine, and traditions of the Azorean islands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries. There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups.\n\nSpanish wine () includes red, white, and sparkling wines produced throughout the country. Located on the Iberian Peninsula, Spain has over 1.2 million hectares (2.9 million acres) planted in wine grapes, making it the most widely planted wine-producing nation, but the second largest producer of wine in the world, behind Italy and ahead of France and the United States. This is due, in part, to the very low yields and wide spacing of the old vines planted on the dry soils found in some of the Spanish wine regions. The country is ninth in worldwide consumption with Spaniards drinking, on average, 21.6 litres (5.7 US gal) per person a year. The country has an abundance of native grape varieties, with over 400 varieties planted throughout Spain, though 88 percent of the country's wine production is from only 20 grapes \u2014 including the reds Tempranillo, Bobal, Garnacha, and Monastrell; the whites\n\nQuestion: 60% of which country's wine is produced in the Mendoza region?", "output": "Argentina"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ostrzesz\u00f3w () is a town in central Poland, in Greater Poland Voivodeship. It is the capital of Ostrzesz\u00f3w County. The population in 2006 was 14,536 inhabitants. The town is situated around from Wroc\u0142aw, from Katowice and from Pozna\u0144. Attractions in the town include the surrounding forests, an attractive town square, and the Norwegian POW Museum. One of Ostrzesz\u00f3w's honorary citizens is Krzysztof Wielicki, who climbed all of the world's mountains of over in height. Also, a popular guitarist, Adam Fulara was born in Ostrzesz\u00f3w. History The settlement of Ostrzesz\u00f3w predates the advent of Christianity in Poland in 966. In antiquity, the Amber Road ran through the area. Ostrzesz\u00f3w acquired town privileges sometime between 1261 and 1283, when it first appears in historical records. In the 14th century, Polish King Casimir III the Great erected a castle, defensive town walls and the Gothic church of the Assumption of Mary. The town's\n\nPi\u0144cz\u00f3w is a town in southern Poland, in \u015awi\u0119tokrzyskie Voivodeship, about 40 km south of Kielce. It is the capital Pi\u0144cz\u00f3w settlements. The population is 10,946 (2018). Pi\u0144cz\u00f3w belongs to the historical province of Lesser Poland (Polish: Ma\u0142opolska) and lies in the valley of the river Nida. There is a narrow-gauge railway station in the city, known as the International Railway. History In the 12th century in the location of current Pi\u0144cz\u00f3w there was a quarry. The miners working at the quarry probably resided in a gord, which was destroyed in 1241, during the Mongol invasion of Poland. In the first half of the 14th century a Gothic castle was erected in the spot where once the gord stood. At the foot of the castle, a settlement appeared, initially called Piedzic\u00f3w, Pandzicz\u00f3w and (1470), Pyandzycz\u00f3w. The name Pi\u0144cz\u00f3w has been in use since the 16th century, and it is not\n\nDolyna (; ; ) is a city in Kalush Raion, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, south-western Ukraine. It hosts the administration of Dolyna urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Population: In 2001, population was around 20,900. History The city's history reaches the 10th century, making it one of oldest in the region. By the 14th century Dolyna became renowned for its salt mine. In 1349 the city came under the rule of the Kingdom of Poland, where it remained until 1772 (see Partitions of Poland). In 1525 Dolyna, or Dolina, as it is called in Polish, was granted city rights under the Magdeburg law and the right to trade salt similar to that of Kolomyia. In 1740 in the city there was a riot of opryshky (Ukrainian rebels). In 1772 the city fell to Austrians and in 1791 it lost its status. During the second half of the 19th century a\n\nQuestion: A mine in the town of Wieliczka in southern Poland that attracts millions of visitors is known for having produced what for centuries?", "output": "Salt"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Sleeping Father is a novel by Matthew Sharpe first published in 2003 about an average middle-class American family struck by betrayal, separation, and illness. In particular, it is about the coming of age of the two teenage members of the family despite, or rather through, the troubles that befall them. Wisecracking his way through life until he has eventually reached adulthood, 17-year-old Chris Schwartz has provoked comparison with Holden Caulfield, the protagonist of Salinger's novel The Catcher in the Rye. Plot summary The Schwartzes live their ordinary lives in the aptly named (and fictional) small town of Bellwether, Connecticut. When she thinks her two children do not need her any longer, Lila Schwartz, a sexually active woman, leaves behind her family, calls herself Lila Munroe and moves to California, where she trains, and later works, as a lawyer. Faced with the dual challenge of having to raise two teenage\n\nhis attachment to his mother. The protagonist befriends one of his teachers and his wife, with whom he discusses literature and philosophy. He learns that his teacher was also gay, but he declares that his wife and God helped him leave that phase behind. Eventually, a jazz teacher arrives and the protagonist learns that he was selling marihuana, so he decides to tell on him. Before doing that, however, he seduces the jazz teacher and gives him oral sex. The teacher gets fired, and the protagonist tries to rationalize his actions by telling himself that he just wanted to use his teacher but did not want to commit to his homosexuality. Literary significance and criticism Catherine Stimpson, a reviewer, suggests that A Boy's Own Story combines elements of J.D. Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye and Oscar Wilde's De Profundis. Paul Flynn and Matthew Todd call the novel \"a touchstone\n\nessay \"Books Which Have Influenced Me,\" Robert Louis Stevenson reports the following story: \"A young friend of Mr. Meredith's (as I have the story) came to him in agony. 'This is too bad of you,' he cried. 'Willoughby is me!' 'No, my dear fellow,' said the author; 'he is all of us.'\" E. M. Forster discussed the book in his lecture series Aspects of the Novel, using it as an example of a \"highly organised\" plot. Much of his discussion, however, focuses on Meredith and his popularity as an author. More materially, Forster compliments Meredith on not revealing Laetitia Dale's changed feelings for Willoughby until she rejects him in their midnight meeting; \"[i]t would have spoiled his high comedy if we had been kept in touch throughout ... in fact it would be boorish. ... Meredith with his unerring good sense here lets the plot triumph\" rather than explaining Dale's\n\nQuestion: The Catcher in the Rye?", "output": "J D Salinger"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "based on collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequence data (see Fig. 4 of Presslee et al., 2019). Characteristics Famously slow-moving, a sloth travels at an average speed of . Three-toed sloths are about the size of a small dog or a large cat, with the head and body having a combined length of around and a weight of . Unlike the two-toed sloths, they also have short tails of , and they have three clawed toes on each limb. All sloths have three digits on their hindlimbs; the difference is found in the number of digits on the forelimbs; thus they are sometimes referred to as three-fingered sloths. However, sloths are generally regarded as quadrupeds. Behavior Like the two-toed sloth, three-toed sloths are agile swimmers. They are still slow in trees. The muscles that sloths use to grip and produce a pulling motion are much more prominent than those that produce\n\nThe three-toed or three-fingered sloths are arboreal neotropical mammals. They are the only members of the genus Bradypus (meaning \"slow-footed\") and the family Bradypodidae. The five living species of three-toed sloths are the brown-throated sloth, the maned sloth, the pale-throated sloth, the southern maned sloth, and the pygmy three-toed sloth. In complete contrast to past morphological studies, which tended to place Bradypus as the sister group to all other folivorans, molecular studies place them nested within the sloth superfamily Megatherioidea, making them the only surviving members of that radiation. Extant species Evolution A study of mitochondrial cytochrome b and 16S rRNA sequences suggests that B. torquatus diverged from B. variegatus and B. tridactylus about 12 million years ago, while the latter two split 5 to 6 million years ago. The diversification of B. variegatus lineages was estimated to have started 4 to 5 million years ago. Relation to the two-toed\n\nyellowish fur, and a long, distinct mane down the midline of the neck and back. It also has one or two diagonal stripes down the fore- and hind-quarters, along with several stripes on its legs. The mane is raised during confrontations to make the aardwolf appear larger. It is missing the throat spot that others in the family have. Its lower leg (from the knee down) is all black, and its tail is bushy with a black tip. The aardwolf is about long, excluding its bushy tail, which is about long, and stands about tall at the shoulders. An adult aardwolf weighs approximately , sometimes reaching . The aardwolves in the south of the continent tend to be smaller (about ) than the eastern version (around ). This makes the aardwolf, the smallest extant member of the Hyaenidae family. The front feet have five toes each, unlike the four-toed hyena.\n\nQuestion: How many toes does a llama have?", "output": "8"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Micropezidae are a moderate-sized family of acalyptrate muscoid flies in the insect order Diptera, comprising about 500 species in about 50 genera and five subfamilies worldwide, (except New Zealand and Macquarie Island). They are most diverse in tropical and subtropical habitats, especially in the Neotropical Region. Insects in this family are commonly called stilt-legged flies, after their characteristically long legs. The fore legs are markedly smaller than the other pairs. Mostly, they are long-bodied, often black flies, usually with infuscated (darkened) wings. Wings are reduced in the genera Calycopteryx and entirely absent in the ant-like Badisis ambulans. Description For terms see Morphology of Diptera Very slender, small to large (3\u201316 mm) flies, they have long, thin legs and narrow wings. The head is small and elongated or rounded. The antennae are small and the arista is bare or pubescent. Ocelli are present, but ocellar bristles are absent. Vibrissae are\n\nHylicidae, Ledridae, Ulopidae, leafhoppers) Melizoderidae Membracidae (Nicomiidae, treehoppers) Myerslopiidae (Cicadellidae, in part) Infraorder Fulgoromorpha (Archaeorrhyncha, planthoppers) Superfamily Fulgoroidea Acanaloniidae Achilidae Achilixiidae Caliscelidae Cixiidae Delphacidae Derbidae Dictyopharidae Eurybrachyidae Flatidae Fulgoridae (lanternflies) Gengidae Hypochthonellidae Issidae Kinnaridae Lophopidae Meenoplidae Nogodinidae Ricaniidae Tettigometridae Tropiduchidae Notes External links World Auchenorrhyncha Database Bibliography of the Auchenorrhyncha of Central Europe DrMetcalf: a resource on cicadas, leafhoppers, planthoppers, spittlebugs, and treehoppers Photographic Atlas of the Planthoppers and Leafhoppers of Germany Photographs of the Auchenorrhyncha of North and South America Hemiptera Insect suborders Permian insects Cisuralian animals Cisuralian animals of North America Cisuralian first appearances Extant Permian first appearances Hemiptera of North America Paleozoic insects of Asia Paleozoic insects of North America\n\nMantispidae, known commonly as mantidflies, mantispids, mantid lacewings, mantisflies or mantis-flies, is a family of small to moderate-sized insects in the order Neuroptera. There are many genera with around 400 species worldwide, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Only five species of Mantispa occur in Europe. As their names suggest, members of the group possess raptorial forelimbs similar to those of the praying mantis, a case of convergent evolution. Description and ecology About long and with a wingspan of , some mantidflies such as Climaciella brunnea, Euclimacia nodosa are wasp mimics, but most are brownish with green, yellow and sometimes red hues. The vernacular and scientific names are derived from their mantis-like appearance, as their spiny \"raptorial\" front legs are modified to catch small insect prey and are very similar to the front legs of mantids (the only difference is that the pincers lack footpads and are not used for\n\nQuestion: What is the name for the order of insects with 2 membranous, usually transparent, wings such as mosquitoes, house flies and gnats?", "output": "Diptera"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Meinrad, OSB (; 797 \u2013 21 January 861 AD) was a German Benedictine hermit and is revered as a Catholic and Orthodox saint. He is known as the \"Martyr of Hospitality\". His feast day is 21 January. Life Meinrad was born into the family of the Counts of Hohenzollern and was educated at the abbey school of Reichenau, an island in Lake Constance, under his kinsmen, the Benedictine Abbots Hatto and Erlebald. There he became a monk and was ordained. After some years at Reichenau, and the dependent priory at Benken, St. Gallen near Lake Zurich, around 829 he embraced an eremitical life and established his hermitage on the slopes of Etzel Pass, taking with him a wonder-working statue of the Virgin Mary which he had been given by the Abbess Hildegarde of Zurich. Because so many people sought him out, in 835 he retreated to a hermitage in the\n\nMargravine Anna of Brandenburg (27 August 1487 \u2013 3 May 1514) was a German noblewoman. Margravine Anna was the daughter of John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg and Margaret of Thuringia. She was born in Berlin, Brandenburg, and died in Kiel, Holstein. Marriage In 1500 she was betrothed to Frederick, then Duke of Schleswig and Holstein and, after her death, king of Denmark and Norway. Because they were second cousins (Frederick's mother Dorothea of Brandenburg was the cousin of Anna's father) their marriage required a Papal dispensation. In addition, the marriage was not held until 10 April 1502 due to Anna's youth. The marriage, held in Stendal, was a double one: on the same day, Anna's brother Joachim and Frederick's niece Elisabeth were married. Anna and Frederick had two children: Christian III of Denmark (12 August 1503 \u2013 1 January 1559) Dorothea (1 August 1504 \u2013 11 April 1547), married 1\n\nJohann Christoph Blumhardt (16 July 1805 in Stuttgart \u2013 25 February 1880 in Boll) was a German Lutheran theologian, best known for his contribution in thought towards a kingdom-now or kingdom-come theology and his motto and centralization of Christianity around the idea that \"Jesus is Victor.\" Blumhardt was born in Stuttgart, in the Electorate of W\u00fcrttemberg. He was the father of Christoph Blumhardt. Jesus is Victor The phrase \"Jesus is Victor\" (aside from its Latin origin, Christus Victor) originated from his claims to have exorcised in 1842 the girl Gottliebin Dittus in . Blumhardt wrote a book about her two-year-long demonic possession, published in 1850, called Blumhardt's Battle. His account, which identifies the girl only as \"G.\" for the sake of discretion, describes her possession not only by several demons but mainly by the spirit of a widow who had killed two children and buried them in a field. Blumhardt\n\nQuestion: In the Bible which prominent figure is the chid of Saint Anne and Saint Joachim?", "output": "The Virgin Mary"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "over 400 varieties planted throughout Spain, though 88 percent of the country's wine production is from only 20 grapes \u2014 including the reds Tempranillo, Bobal, Garnacha, and Monastrell; the whites Albari\u00f1o, Air\u00e9n, Verdejo, Palomino, and Macabeo; and the three Cava grapes Parellada, Xarel\u00b7lo, and Macabeo. Major Spanish wine regions include the Rioja and Ribera del Duero, which are known for their Tempranillo production; Jumilla, known for its Monastrell production; Jerez de la Frontera, the home of the fortified wine Sherry; R\u00edas Baixas in the northwest region of Galicia that is known for its white wines made from Albari\u00f1o and Catalonia which includes the Cava and still wine-producing regions of the Pened\u00e8s as well the Priorat region. History The abundance of native grape varieties fostered an early start to viticulture with evidence of grape pips dating back to the Tertiary period. Archaeologists believe that these grapes were first cultivated sometime between\n\nLangreo (; ) is a municipality and town in northern Spain, in Asturias. It is the 4th largest town of Asturias with 43,000 inhabitants. Langreo is located in the centre of Asturias, approximately south-east of Oviedo. It was an important mining and metallurgical center. In the neighbourhood fruit and cider are produced, and there are still important coal mines, foundries, and factories for the manufacture of coarse cloth. History According to a legend Langreo was the place where the Moorish governor Munuza was killed while trying to flee from Asturias at the beginning of the Reconquest. Langreo was settled by the Romans, who built a large Roman bridge that is not conserved today. In the past, it was one of the most important mining and metallurgical points of Spain since the 18th century, and it was also well known because of workers struggles and its cultural life. The 3rd railway\n\nSpanish wine () includes red, white, and sparkling wines produced throughout the country. Located on the Iberian Peninsula, Spain has over 1.2 million hectares (2.9 million acres) planted in wine grapes, making it the most widely planted wine-producing nation, but the second largest producer of wine in the world, behind Italy and ahead of France and the United States. This is due, in part, to the very low yields and wide spacing of the old vines planted on the dry soils found in some of the Spanish wine regions. The country is ninth in worldwide consumption with Spaniards drinking, on average, 21.6 litres (5.7 US gal) per person a year. The country has an abundance of native grape varieties, with over 400 varieties planted throughout Spain, though 88 percent of the country's wine production is from only 20 grapes \u2014 including the reds Tempranillo, Bobal, Garnacha, and Monastrell; the whites\n\nQuestion: Spanish law states which fortified wine must come from the Jerez province?", "output": "Sherry"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which succeeded in preparing and landing the first humans on the Moon from 1968 to 1972. It was first conceived in 1960 during President Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-person spacecraft to follow the one-person Project Mercury, which put the first Americans in space. Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal for the 1960s of \"landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth\" in an address to Congress on May 25, 1961. It was the third US human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by the two-person Project Gemini conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo. Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin\n\nThe physical exploration of the Moon began when Luna 2, a space probe launched by the Soviet Union, made an impact on the surface of the Moon on September 14, 1959. Prior to that the only available means of exploration had been observation from Earth. The invention of the optical telescope brought about the first leap in the quality of lunar observations. Galileo Galilei is generally credited as the first person to use a telescope for astronomical purposes; having made his own telescope in 1609, the mountains and craters on the lunar surface were among his first observations using it. NASA's Apollo program was the only program to successfully land humans on the Moon, which it did six times. The first landing took place in 1969, when Apollo 11 astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong left scientific instruments and returned lunar samples to Earth. The first soft landing on the\n\nApollo 11 (July 16\u201324, 1969) was the American spaceflight that first landed humans on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin landed the Apollo Lunar Module Eagle on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC, and Armstrong became the first person to step onto the Moon's surface six hours and 39 minutes later, on July 21 at 02:56 UTC. Aldrin joined him 19 minutes later, and they spent about two and a quarter hours together exploring the site they had named Tranquility Base upon landing. Armstrong and Aldrin collected of lunar material to bring back to Earth as pilot Michael Collins flew the Command Module Columbia in lunar orbit, and were on the Moon's surface for 21 hours, 36 minutes before lifting off to rejoin Columbia. Apollo 11 was launched by a Saturn V rocket from Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, on July 16 at\n\nQuestion: What was the name of the first man to walk on the moon?", "output": "Neil Armstrong"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "to form the Callao, Lima & Oroya Railway, opened to Chicla by 1878, the original contractor being Henry Meiggs and engineer being Ernest Malinowski assisted by Edward Jan Habich. The line reached La Oroya by 1893 and Huancayo () in 1908. It is the second highest railway in the world (following opening of the Qingzang railway in Tibet), with the Galera summit tunnel under Mount Meiggs at and Galera station at above sea level, requiring constructional feats including many switchbacks and steel bridges. Since 1999 it has been operated as the Ferrocarril Central Andino (FCCA) (with its associated maintenance company Ferrovias Central Andina (FVCA)) by the Pittsburgh-registered Railroad Development Corporation. There is no regular passenger traffic but excursions are operated from the Lima Desamparados station. In April 1955 the Central Railway opened a spur line from La Cima on the Morococha branch ( above sea level) to Volc\u00e1n Mine, reaching\n\nRolling stock used on the London Underground and its constituent companies has been classified using a number of schemes. This page explains the principal systems for the rolling stock of the Central London Railway (CLR), the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL), the District Railway (DR) and the Metropolitan Railway (MR). For information about individual classes of locomotives and other rolling stock, see London Underground rolling stock. Electric Multiple Units The numbering and classification of electric multiple unit stock on the London Underground is usually related to the type of line that the trains are used on in the central area of the network. Sub-surface lines were built using the cut-and-cover tunnelling method and use trains of similar size to those on the National Rail network. These are the Circle, District, Hammersmith & City, Metropolitan (and formerly East London) lines. Tube lines are deep-level lines, built to a more\n\nTransport in the Czech Republic relies on several main modes, including transport by road, rail, water and air. Railways The Czech Republic has a total railway length of . The vast majority () is standard gauge. Electrified railways generally have voltages of 3 kV DC or 25 kV AC. of track is narrow gauge. The most prominent Czech railway company is the state-owned \u010cesk\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy (\u010cD) (English: Czech Railways). Prague has an underground rapid transit system, the Prague Metro. In addition, the cities of Brno, Liberec, Most, Olomouc, Ostrava, Plze\u0148, and Prague have tram systems. Roads The Czech Republic has, in total, of roads. It has of motorways. In the 1980s and 1990s there was a significant increase in passenger transport on the roads in the Czech Republic, which was associated with a sharp increase in the accident rate. Between 2007 and 2013, the death rate fell in every year,\n\nQuestion: What is Madrid's underground railway called", "output": "The Metro"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Giolitti is a well-known caf\u00e9 and pastry shop, and reportedly the oldest ice cream parlor in Rome, Italy. It was founded in 1890 by Giuseppe and Bernardina Giolitti and opened their first creamery in Salita del Grillo. Soon after, they became the supplier of the Italian royal family. It is still owned by the same family and operates at two locations: via Uffici del Vicario near the Pantheon and in E.U.R. References External links Official website 1890 establishments in Italy Shops in Rome Ice cream parlors Restaurants in Rome\n\nZuppa inglese (, ; Italian for \"English soup\") is an Italian dessert layering custard and sponge cake, perhaps derived from trifle. Description To make zuppa inglese, either sponge cake or ladyfingers are dipped in Alchermes, a bright red, extremely aromatic Italian herb liqueur. They are then alternated with layers of crema pasticciera, a thick egg custard cooked with a large piece of lemon zest (removed afterwards). Often, a layer of crema al cioccolato is created by dissolving dark chocolate in a plain crema pasticciera. In Italy it is occasionally topped with cream, meringue or almonds. Gelato Zuppa inglese is also a popular gelato flavor. History The origins of zuppa inglese are uncertain. One theory states that it originated in the sixteenth-century kitchens of the Dukes of Este, the rulers of Ferrara. According to this story, they asked their cooks to recreate the sumptuous \"English trifle\" they had enjoyed in England\n\nFroneri is a global ice cream manufacturer with its headquarters in Leeming Bar, North Yorkshire, England. It is the largest producer of ice cream in Europe by volume, and the second-largest in the world, after Unilever. Froneri was established in 2016 as a joint venture between Nestl\u00e9 and PAI Partners to combine the two companies' ice cream activities. PAI Partners had previously acquired R&R Ice Cream in 2013. R&R was originally founded as Richmond Ice Cream in 1985. Froneri expanded by initiating consolidation in the European ice cream market. It then took control over Nestl\u00e9's USA's ice cream division in 2020. The company has a turnover of \u00a3750 million, and employs 3,000 people. The main production site is located at Leeming Bar, and employs 665 people in the largest ice cream factory in Europe. Smaller production sites are located in Skelmersdale and Bodmin, Cornwall. History The company was founded as\n\nQuestion: What is the Italian version of ice cream?", "output": "Gelato"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Diori Hamani International Airport is an airport in Niamey, the capital of Niger. It is located from Niamey in the south eastern suburbs of the city, along the Route Nationale 1, the major highway linking Niamey with the east of the nation. The airport complex also includes the major base for the Armed Forces of Niger's \"Armee d'Air\". Overview Traffic In 2019, the airport served 363,093 passengers. The air traffic control for NIM is operated by the ASECNA, which bases one of its five air traffic zones for the continent at Niamey. The airport is named after Hamani Diori (1916\u20131989), the first President of Niger. EAMAC ASECNA operates the \"African School for Meteorology and Civil Aviation/Ecole Africaine de la M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie et de l'Aviation Civile\" at the Niamey airport complex, as well as in the Plateau quarter of Niamey city centre. Founded in 1963, EAMAC trains civil aviation professionals and aviation\n\nNieuw Amsterdam ( or ) is the capital of the Commewijne District in Suriname. It is a small coastal town situated at the confluence of the Suriname River and Commewijne River, just across from Paramaribo, the country's capital. Its population at the 2012 census was 5,650, with around 1,200 people living in the main town, most of whom are of Javanese and East Indian origin. It is the location of the historical Fort Nieuw-Amsterdam, today an open-air museum. The town of Mari\u00ebnburg with former sugarcane factory is located 3 km from Nieuw Amsterdam and part of the resort. History In 1734, the Society of Suriname decided to build a fort near the confluence of the Commewijne and Suriname River to defend the Colony of Suriname and the capital Paramaribo. On 8 October 1834, Nieuw-Amsterdam became the capital of the newly formed District of Upper Commewijne. Between 1843 and 1854, Nieuw\n\nBelfast ( , ; from , meaning \"mouth of the sand-bank ford\") is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 10th-largest primary urban area in the United Kingdom and the second-largest city in the island of Ireland. Belfast City had a population of 293,298 in 2021. The population of its metropolitan area was 671,559 in 2011, and the Belfast Local Government District had a population 345,418 . By the early 19th century, Belfast was a major port. It played an important role in the Industrial Revolution in Ireland, briefly becoming the biggest linen-producer in the world, earning it the nickname \"Linenopolis\". By the time it was granted city status in 1888, it was a major centre of Irish linen production, tobacco-processing and rope-making. Shipbuilding was also a key industry; the Harland & Wolff shipyard,\n\nQuestion: Niamey is the capital of which country?", "output": "NIGER"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sir Philip Stuart Milner-Barry (20 September 1906 \u2013 25 March 1995) was a British chess player, chess writer, World War II codebreaker and civil servant. He represented England in chess both before and after World War II. He worked at Bletchley Park during World War II, and was head of \"Hut 6\", a section responsible for deciphering messages which had been encrypted using the German Enigma machine. He was one of four leading codebreakers at Bletchley to petition the then-Prime Minister Winston Churchill directly for more resources for their work. After the war he worked in the Treasury, and later administered the British honours system. In chess, he represented England in international tournaments, and lent his name to four opening variations. Early life and education Born in Hendon, London, Philip Stuart was the second of six children to a schoolteacher, Edward Leopold Milner-Barry, who died in 1917, and his wife,\n\nPeter Ewen Solon (7 September 1917 \u2013 7 July 1985) was a New Zealand-born actor, who worked extensively in both the United Kingdom and Australia. At the outbreak of World War II, Solon became a member of the First Echelon, 2nd NZEF that saw service in the Middle East. Later appointed as a commissioned officer, he married Frances Gwendolyne Hughes, a New Zealander; also serving in Egypt during the War. After training as a primary school teacher he travelled overseas to pursue an acting career. Film credits include: Rob Roy, the Highland Rogue, The Dam Busters, Murder Anonymous 1955 (part of the Scotland Yard film series), The Hound of the Baskervilles, The Terror of the Tongs, The Curse of the Werewolf, The Message, Unidentified Flying Oddball and The Wicked Lady. On television, he was a series regular on Maigret; playing Sergeant Lucas, the eponymous commissaire's right-hand man, in 50 of\n\nThe British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. the British Army comprises 76,225 regular full-time personnel, 4,139 Gurkhas, 26,755 volunteer reserve personnel and 4,532 \"other personnel\", for a total of 111,651. The modern British Army traces back to 1707, with antecedents in the English Army and Scots Army that were created during the Restoration in 1660. The term British Army was adopted in 1707 after the Acts of Union between England and Scotland. Members of the British Army swear allegiance to the monarch as their commander-in-chief, but the Bill of Rights of 1689 and Claim of Right Act 1689 require parliamentary consent for the Crown to maintain a peacetime standing army. Therefore, Parliament approves the army by passing an Armed Forces Act at least once every five years.\n\nQuestion: Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, served in what service in World War II?", "output": "Navy"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "North Road was a football and cricket ground in Newton Heath, Manchester, England. It was the first home of Manchester United Football Club \u2013 then known as Newton Heath Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway Football Club \u2013 from its foundation in 1878 until 1893, when the club moved to a new ground at Bank Street, Clayton. Initially the ground consisted only of the pitch, around which an estimated 12,000 spectators could congregate. The addition of stands in 1891 increased the capacity to about 15,000. The football club signed its first professional players in 1886 and began to break from its sponsoring railway company, but without the company's financial support it was unable to afford the rent on the ground and was evicted. History Early years Following the foundation of Newton Heath LYR F.C., at the request of the employees of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (LYR) company's Carriage and Wagon Works,\n\nat Bank Street was played against Burnley on 1 September 1893, when 10,000 people saw Alf Farman score a hat-trick, Newton Heath's only goals in a 3\u20132 win. The remaining stands were completed for the following league game against Nottingham Forest three weeks later. However, Newton Heath did not fare well in their first season at the new ground and were unable to retain their First Division status at the end of the season, finishing bottom of the 16-team division. At the time, the condition of the Bank Street pitch was well documented. On one occasion during the 1894\u201395 season, Walsall Town Swifts turned up at the ground and were greeted by what they regarded as a \"toxic waste dump\". After lodging an official complaint about the pitch to the referee, they were finally persuaded to take to the field, only to be beaten 14\u20130 (unofficially, the biggest win in\n\nNewton Abbot Spurs Association Football Club is a football club based in Newton Abbot, Devon. They are currently members of the and play at the Recreation Ground. History The club was established in August 1938 by Eric Butler, Fred Stopp and Terry Waye. They joined the South Devon Minor League, although the outbreak of World War II meant that the club spent the early 1940s playing friendly matches. In 1945 they joined the South Devon League, going on to win the league title in their first season in the league, as well as the Herald Cup, beating Bishopsteignton 9\u20130 in the final. They then joined the Devon & Exeter League, and were runners-up in 1946\u201347, as well as winning the East Devon Senior Cup. The club transferred to the Plymouth & District League in 1947 and went on to win the Plymouth & District Charity Cup in 1947\u201348. The 1949\u201350\n\nQuestion: Which football league side was once known as Newton Heath", "output": "Manchester United"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Harborough since 1992, and former Solicitor General for England and Wales Lord Gordon-Walker (1907\u20131980), British Cabinet Minister who served as Foreign Secretary under Harold Wilson The Lord Faulks KC (1950\u2013), Conservative Member in the House of Lords Sir Alexander Grantham, (1899\u20131978) British colonial administrator who governed Hong Kong Lord Luce (1936\u2013) Governor of Gibraltar and Lord Chamberlain to HM The Queen Antony Rivers Marlow (1940\u2013), Conservative Member of Parliament for the English constituency of Northampton North between 1979 and 1997 Sir Harold Nicolson (1886\u20131968), British diplomat, author and politician Sir Michael Spicer (1943\u20132019), Conservative Member of Parliament for the English constituencies of West Worcestershire and South Worcestershire between 1974 and 2010 and former chairman of the 1922 committee Edward Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby (1865\u20131948), British Secretary of State for War (two separate times) and founder of the Lord Derby Cup Sir Edmund Stockdale (1903\u20131989), Lord Mayor of London Lord\n\nThe Wilson Doctrine is a convention in the United Kingdom that restricts the police and intelligence services from tapping the telephones of members of the House of Commons and House of Lords. It was introduced in 1966 and named after Harold Wilson, the Labour Prime Minister who established the rule. Since it was established, the development of new forms of communication, such as mobile phones and email, has led to extensions of the doctrine. However, it was never extended to cover members of the new devolved legislatures. For a period, GCHQ chose to also apply the same principle to members of the devolved legislatures, but in July 2015 it emerged that the application of the principle to members of the European Parliament and devolved legislatures had been ended. In October 2015, the Investigatory Powers Tribunal ruled that the doctrine had no legal force. In November 2015, the Prime Minister made\n\nThe Lavender List is a docudrama originally broadcast on BBC Four on 1 March 2006. It chronicles the events that led to the drafting of the so-called \"Lavender List\", a satirical name given to Harold Wilson's controversial 1976 resignation honours. Cast Kenneth Cranham as Harold Wilson Gina McKee as Marcia Williams Celia Imrie as Mary Wilson Neil Dudgeon as Joe Haines Dominic Rowan as Bernard Donoughue Production The docudrama was written by journalist Francis Wheen, deputy editor of the satirical magazine Private Eye. Wheen said that it was based on the political diaries of two members of Wilson's cabinet: press secretary Joe Haines and director of policy Bernard Donoughue. It starred Kenneth Cranham as Wilson and Gina McKee as Marcia Williams, the head of Wilson's political office. The list The list itself caused controversy as some of the recipients were wealthy businessmen whose principles were considered antithetical to those held\n\nQuestion: What was Harold Wilson's secretary's name before she took the title Lady Falkender?", "output": "Marcia Williams"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Boys (film), a 2002 American made-for-television sports drama film Up the Junction (song), a 1979 single by Squeeze Up the Junction (soundtrack), a 1968 studio album by Manfred Mann Up the Junction (The Wednesday Play), a 1965 episode of the BBC anthology drama series The Wednesday Play\n\nThe Business were an English punk band formed in 1979 in Lewisham, South London, England. The band lasted for four decades until their frontman Micky Fitz died from cancer in December 2016. History The band was formed in 1979 by school friends Steven ('Steve') Kent (guitar), Michael Fitzsimons ('Micky Fitz') (vocals), Nicholas ('Nick') Cunningham (drums) and Martin Smith (bass). They played their first gig in front of friends in February 1980, and after taking on Lol Pryor as manager, began performing more often. The band's first release was the song \"Out in the Cold\" on the A Sudden Surge of Sound compilation album. They played their first Oi! concert in 1981, supporting The 4-Skins, and they became closely associated with the Oi! scene from then on. While the Oi! movement was labelled as far right and racist (despite the fact that several Oi! bands played at Rock Against Racism concerts),\n\nThe Junction is an indie rock band formed in 2000 from Brampton, Ontario, Canada. They signed to Universal Music in 2006 but later split from the label and went on to release recordings on their own independent label. History The Junction formed in Brampton in 2000. Jackson and Taylor were classmates for years when they finally discovered that both of them played instruments during the ninth grade. Jameson later saw the band play at a Battle of the Bands after Jackson had transferred to Mayfield Secondary School. Amidst having several members come and go, the band released three EPs before signing with Universal Music. The first two EPs, White and Orange and Three Singles were recorded by Greg Dawson. The third, And with This Comes Tomorrow, was recorded by Brian Moncarz. After attracting attention from industry, The Junction signed a three-record deal with Universal Records, subsequently recording their first full-length\n\nQuestion: Which band was Up The Junction in 1979?", "output": "Squeeze"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "that undoubtedly identifies him as a victim of the fire. Early life and education Corbett was born in London, England on January 29, 1832, and immigrated with his family to New York City in 1840. The Corbetts moved frequently before eventually settling in Troy, New York. As a young man, Corbett began apprenticing as a milliner, a profession that he would hold intermittently throughout his life. As a milliner, Corbett was regularly exposed to the fumes of mercury(II) nitrate, then used in the treatment of fur to produce felt used on hats. Excessive exposure to the compound can lead to hallucinations, psychosis and erethism). Historians have theorized that the mental issues Corbett exhibited before and after the Civil War were caused by this exposure. Family and religion After working as a milliner in Troy, Corbett returned to New York City. He later married, but his wife and child died in\n\nMercury(II) nitrate is an inorganic compound with the formula Hg(NO3)2.xH2O. These colorless or white soluble crystalline salts are occasionally used as a reagent. It is made by treating mercury with hot concentrated nitric acid. Neither anhydrous nor monohydrate has been confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The anhydrous material is more widely used. Uses Mercuric nitrate has been used in mercuration of ketones. Mercuric nitrate was formerly used in carroting felt for hats. Health information Mercury compounds are highly toxic. The use of this compound by hatters and the subsequent mercury poisoning of said hatters is a common theory of where the phrase \"mad as a hatter\" came from. See also The Hatter Mercury poisoning Gilding References External links ATSDR - Toxic Substances Portal - Mercury (11/14/2013) ATSDR - Public Health Statement: Mercury (11/14/2013) ATSDR - ALERT! Patterns of Metallic Mercury Exposure, 6/26/97 (link not traceable 11/14/2013) ATSDR - Medical Management Guidelines\n\nassociated with infections, such as West Nile virus, rubella, H. influenza, rabies, and varicella. A variety of poisons have been shown to cause intention tremor, including mercury, methyl bromide, and phosphine. In addition, vitamin deficiencies have been linked to intention tremor, especially deficiency in vitamin E. Pharmacological agents such as anti-arrhythmic drugs, anti-epileptic agents, benzodiazepine, cyclosporine, lithium, neuroleptics, and stimulants have been known to cause intention tremor. Some ordinary activities, including ingesting too much caffeine, cigarettes, and alcohol, along with stress, anxiety, fear, anger, and fatigue have also been shown to cause intention tremor by negatively affecting the cerebellum, brainstem, or thalamus, as discussed in mechanisms. Mechanism Intention tremors that are caused by normal, everyday activities, such as stress, anxiety, fear, anger, caffeine, and fatigue, do not seem to result from damage to any part of the brain. These tremors, instead, seem to be a temporary worsening of a small\n\nQuestion: Hatters were often \u201cmad\u201d because of exposure to what chemical element?", "output": "Mercury"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Kirn is a village in Argyll and Bute in the Scottish Highlands on the west shore of the Firth of Clyde on the Cowal peninsula. It now forms part of the continuous habitation between Dunoon and Hunters Quay, where the Holy Loch joins the Firth of Clyde. It originally had its own pier, with buildings designed by Harry Edward Clifford in 1895, and was a regular stop for the Clyde steamer services, bringing holidaymakers to the town, mostly from the Glasgow area. Schools Kirn Primary School Established in 1881 and located on Park Road, the school moved into new premises in 2018. The original building was retained and refurbished. Dunoon Grammar School Dunoon Grammar School is situated on Ardenslate Road, next to Cowal Golf Club in Kirn. Recreation The three facilities listed below are located on Ardenslate Road. Cowal Golf Club Kirn & Hunters Quay Bowling Club Cowal Indoor Bowling\n\nLasswade is a village and civil parish in Midlothian, Scotland, on the River North Esk, nine miles (14.5 kilometres) south of Edinburgh city centre, contiguous with Bonnyrigg and between Dalkeith to the east and Loanhead to the west. Melville Castle lies to the north east. The Gaelic form is Leas Bhaid, meaning the \"clump at the fort.\" Lasswade lies within the Edinburgh Green Belt. Most of the population is retired or commutes to Edinburgh to work. There are, however, several local businesses, including horse riding stables (Edinburgh & Lasswade Riding Centre), golf driving ranges and golf courses (Kings Acre Golf Course and Melville Golf Centre), an alpine plant nursery (Kevock Garden Plants) a pub (The Laird and Dog) and a restaurant (The Paper Mill). There is also an athletics club formed in 1981. Etymology and name The name Lasswade may be derived from the Brittonic *l\u00ef:s meaning \"a court, palace\n\nTealing (Scottish Gaelic: T\u00e8alainn) is a village in Angus in eastern Scotland, nestled at the foot of the Sidlaw Hills. It is just north of the city of Dundee and south of Forfar. With a population of just over 500, scattered across of fertile farming land, it has several large working farms blended with comfortable family homes forming part of the Dundee and Angus commuter belt. There is an old stone-built, but thriving little primary school with about 50 pupils at any one time and a further 10 youngsters attending the nursery school on the same site. Tealing's picturesque, slumbering, peaceful and idyllic setting belies its colourful past. Its history includes prehistoric settlement, ancient carvings, Picts, religious rebellion, World War intrigue, agricultural upheaval and community survival. There is evidence of an early Pictish settlement around 100 AD near a soutterain now known as the Tealing Earth-house. The first church in\n\nQuestion: The Cowal Highland Gathering (the Cowal Games) are held every August in which Scottish town?", "output": "Dunoon"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Neighbours is an Australian television soap opera, which has aired since 18 March 1985. It was created by television executive Reg Watson. The Seven Network commissioned the show following the success of Watson's earlier soap Sons and Daughters. Although successful in Melbourne, Neighbours underperformed in the Sydney market and was cancelled by Seven four months after it began airing. It was immediately commissioned by rival Network Ten for a second production season, which began screening on 20 January 1986. Neighbours became the longest-running drama series in Australian television history. In 2005, it was inducted into the Logie Hall of Fame. The storylines concern the lives of the people who live and work in Erinsborough, a fictional suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. The series centres on the residents of Ramsay Street, a cul-de-sac, and its neighbouring area, the Lassiters complex, which includes a bar, hotel, caf\u00e9, police station, lawyers' office and park.\n\nWalford is a fictional London borough in the BBC soap opera EastEnders Walford may also refer to: Places England Walford, Letton and Newton, Herefordshire Walford, Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire Walford, Shropshire Walford Heath, Shropshire Walford, Somerset United States Walford, Iowa Schools Walford Anglican School for Girls in Adelaide, South Australia Alec Reed Academy, formerly Walford High School in Northolt in the London Borough of Ealing People Sir Henry Walford Davies (1869\u20131941), English composer Clive Walford (born 1991), American football tight end Cornelius Walford (1827\u20131885), English author on insurance topics Edward Walford (1823\u20131897), English author and historian Garth Neville Walford (1882\u20131915), English Victoria Cross recipient John Walford (1762-1789), wife murderer of Over Stowey, Somerset. Lionel Walford (1905\u20131979), American ichthyologist Lucy Bethia Walford (1845\u20131915), Scottish author Michael Walford (1915\u20132002) English cricketer and field hockey player Rex Walford (1934\u20132011), British educator and geographer Ricky Walford (born 1963), Australian rugby league player Roy Walford, M.D. (1924\u20132004),\n\nDonna Ludlow is a fictional character from the BBC soap opera EastEnders, played by Matilda Ziegler. She appears between episodes 265 and 437 of EastEnders, originally appearing on screen from 27 August 1987 to 13 April 1989. Donna was scripted as a troubled individual, desperate for attention, but shunned by almost all who encountered her. In her storyline, after finding out she was conceived from rape and then rejected by her mother, Donna sets herself on a path of self-destruction. She turns to manipulation, blackmail and prostitution to fund her drug-habit, before choking to death on her own vomit in 1989. Storylines Donna's godmother, June Watkins (Madaline Blakeney), visits Donna's mother, Kathy Beale (Gillian Taylforth), who gave Donna up for adoption because she was raped at the age of 14 by a man called Marcus Duffy. Donna hopes to meet Kathy and June tells Kathy this and about her life.\n\nQuestion: What is the name of the fictional borough in which Eastenders is set?", "output": "Walford"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "present or perfect subjunctives and historic (or secondary) sequence tenses being followed by the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctives. vereor ne hostis veniat \u2013 'I fear lest the enemy come', 'I fear that the enemy is coming'. vereor ne dum minuere velim laborem augeam, Cicero De Legibus I.4.12 \u2013 'I fear that, while I wish to lessen the toil, I am increasing it'. timeo ne tibi nihil praeter lacrimas queam reddere, Cicero Pro Plancio 42.101 \u2013 'I am afraid that I can give nothing in return save tears'. Further reading References Latin grammar Verb types Fear\n\ninformal contexts, such as language teaching, it may be called the \"conditional tense\". Some languages have verb forms called \"conditional\" although their use is not exclusive to conditional expression. Examples are the English and French conditionals (an analytic construction in English, but inflected verb forms in French), which are morphologically futures-in-the-past, and of which each has thus been referred to as a \"so-called conditional\" () in modern and contemporary linguistics (e.g. French , from Late Latin , in , \"if you allowed me to do so, I would sing\" [so-called conditional] vs. , \"I said that I would sing\" [future-in-the-past]). The English would construction may also be used for past habitual action (\"When I was young I would happily walk three miles to school every day\"). This article describes the formation of the conditional forms of verbs in certain languages. For fuller details of the construction of conditional sentences, see\n\nthe clause that follows. That is, the inter-clausal temporality and switch reference relate the current clause to the one that follows it. References General reference Rai Coast languages Languages of Madang Province Subject\u2013object\u2013verb languages\n\nQuestion: Verb tense neither future nor past?", "output": "Present"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cricket is a bat-and-ball sport contested by two teams. Cricket also commonly refers to: Cricket (insect) Cricket(s) or The Cricket(s) may also refer to: Film and television The Cricket (1917 film), a silent American drama film The Cricket (1980 film), an erotic drama film Crickets (film), a 2006 Japanese drama film Christine Blair or Cricket, a character in The Young and the Restless Cricket, a character in To Have and Have Not Matthew \"Rickety Cricket\" Mara, a character in It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia Cricket, a character in Big City Greens \"Cricket\", 5th episode of Servant (TV Series) Literature Cricket (magazine), an American literary magazine for children The Cricket (magazine), a 1960s music magazine \"Chrz\u0105szcz\" or \"Cricket\", a poem by Jan Brzechwa Cricket, a character in Fire on the Mountain Music The Crickets, a rock and roll band formed by Buddy Holly Cricket (musical), a musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber\n\nThe Men's Ashes is a Test cricket series played biennially between England and Australia. The term originated in a satirical obituary published in a British newspaper, The Sporting Times, immediately after Australia's 1882 victory at The Oval, its first Test win on English soil. The obituary stated that English cricket had died, and that \"the body will be cremated and the ashes taken to Australia\". The mythical ashes immediately became associated with the 1882\u201383 series played in Australia, before which the English captain Ivo Bligh had vowed to \"regain those ashes\". The English media therefore dubbed the tour the quest to regain the Ashes. After England had won two of the three Tests on the tour, a small urn was presented to Bligh in Melbourne. The contents of the urn are reputed to be the ashes of a wooden bail, and were humorously described as \"the ashes of Australian cricket\".\n\nIrving Rosenwater (11 September 1932 \u2013 30 January 2006) was an English cricket researcher and author whose best-known work was Sir Donald Bradman - A Biography (1978). Born in the East End of London to Jewish parents of Polish origin, Rosenwater initially had two birth certificates. The first registered him as \"Isidore\", but his parents had second thoughts and promptly changed it. Rosenwater worked on several cricket publications including The Cricketer, where his first reports appeared in 1955; Wisden Cricketer's Almanack; The Cricket Society Journal, of which he was the co-founder; and Cricket Quarterly (1963\u20131970), on which he worked with its founder Rowland Bowen. In 1970, Rosenwater became the official cricket scorer for BBC TV, succeeding Roy Webber, but left in 1977 to join Kerry Packer's revolutionary World Series Cricket. Rosenwater was statistician for Channel Nine until the late 1980s. It is not exactly known when he left Nine. Wendy\n\nQuestion: \"\"\"Wisden\"\" is a reference book on which subject?\"", "output": "Cricket"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Titus Brandsma, OCarm (; born Anno Sjoerd Brandsma; 23 February 188126 July 1942) was a Dutch Carmelite friar, Catholic priest and professor of philosophy. Brandsma was vehemently opposed to Nazi ideology and spoke out against it many times before the Second World War. He was imprisoned at the Dachau concentration camp, where he was murdered. He was beatified by the Catholic Church in November 1985 as a martyr of the faith and canonized as a saint on 15 May 2022 by Pope Francis. Early life Brandsma was born Anno Sjoerd Brandsma to Titus Brandsma (died 1920) and his wife Tjitsje Postma (died 1933) at Oegeklooster, near Hartwerd, in the Province of Friesland in 1881. His parents, who ran a small dairy farm, were devout and committed Catholics, a minority in a predominantly Calvinist region. With the exception of one daughter, all of their children (three daughters and two sons) entered\n\nThe Party of the Future (Dutch: Partij van de Toekomst, PvdT) was a political party of the Netherlands. Although the party never came close to obtaining a seat in the House of Representatives, it received wide media attraction due to its leader, media personality Johan Vlemmix, as well as its frequent publicity stunts. History Dutch entrepreneur Johan Vlemmix founded his own political party in 2002. In February 2003, fellow media personality Emile Ratelband and Vlemmix attracted media attention in the Netherlands with wanting to hand over a peace flag to both Mick Jagger and Sadam Hussein at the same moment. Before the 2002 Dutch general election, Vlemmix was approached by Pim Fortuyn, who had wanted to take the name Party of the Future. Vlemmix refused to give him this name, which led to Fortuyn taking part as Lijst Pim Fortuyn. Vlemmix continued to campaign under the party banner throughout its\n\nReformasi is a political movement in Malaysia. It was initiated in September 1998 by Anwar Ibrahim, former Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, after he was sacked from his position by Malaysia's then-Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad. The movement, which began while the country hosted the Commonwealth Games, initially demanded the resignation of Malaysia's then-Prime Minister, Mahathir Mohamad, and for the end of the Barisan Nasional-led (BN) government. It later became a reformist movement demanding social equality and social justice in Malaysia. The movement consisted of civil disobedience, demonstrations, sit-ins, rioting, occupations and online activism. Building on the momentum of Reformasi, Wan Azizah Wan Ismail, Anwar's wife, formed and led the Social Justice Movement (, known by its abbreviations, ADIL) in late-1998. However, after facing difficulties in registering ADIL as a formal political party, remnants of the movement merged with the Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia (IKATAN), a minor Islamic political party based\n\nQuestion: Which Dutch right-wing politician was assassinated in Holland on May 6th 2002?", "output": "PIM FORTUYN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of the Winter Olympic Games 2019: Inzell, Germany 2020: Salt Lake City, United States 2021: Heerenveen, Netherlands 2022 Not held because of the Winter Olympic Games 2023: Heerenveen, Netherlands Medal winners 500 m Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl Medal table 1,000 m Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl Medal table 1,500 m Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl Medal table 3,000 m Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl Medal table 5,000 m Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl Medal table Mass start Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl Medal table Team pursuit Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl Medal table Team sprint Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl Medal table Medal summary Updated after the 2023 World Championships. Nations World champions Silver medalists Bronze medalists References Single Recurring sporting events established in 1996\n\n2013: Sochi, Russia 2014 Not held because of the Winter Olympic Games 2015: Heerenveen, Netherlands 2016: Kolomna, Russia 2017: Gangneung, South Korea 2018 Not held because of the Winter Olympic Games 2019: Inzell, Germany 2020: Salt Lake City, United States 2021: Heerenveen, Netherlands 2022 Not held because of the Winter Olympic Games 2023: Heerenveen, Netherlands Medal winners Numbers in brackets denotes number of victories in corresponding disciplines. Boldface denotes record number of victories. 500 m Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl Medal table 1,000 m Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl Medal table 1,500 m Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl Medal table 5,000 m Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl Medal table 10,000 m Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl Medal table Mass start Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl Medal table Team pursuit Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl Medal table Team sprint Source: schaatsstatistieken.nl Medal table Medal summary Updated after the 2023 World Championships. Nations World champions Silver medalists Bronze medalists References Single\n\nthe 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics, having previously won the same event at the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics. Events Men's \u2022 = official event, (d) = demonstration event Women's \u2022 = official event, (d) = demonstration event Mixed Medal table Sources (after the 2022 Winter Olympics): Accurate as of 2022 Winter Olympics and Court of Arbitration for Sport decision of December 13, 2022 to award two bronze medals in the women's ski cross event at the 2022 Winter Olympics. Number of athletes by nation See also Freestyle skiing List of Olympic medalists in freestyle skiing List of Olympic venues in freestyle skiing FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup Aerial skiing Mogul skiing Ski ballet Ski cross Half-pipe Slopestyle References External links Ottawa Citizen: \"Moguls glossary\" \u2013 2010 Winter Games CanWest News Service: \"Ski Cross glossary\" \u2013 2010 Winter Games Sports at the Winter Olympics Olympics Skiing at\n\nQuestion: As at 2014, when will the next Winter Olympics be held?", "output": "2018"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Accordions (from 19th-century German , from \u2014\"musical chord, concord of sounds\") are a family of box-shaped musical instruments of the bellows-driven free reed aerophone type (producing sound as air flows past a reed in a frame). The essential characteristic of the accordion is to combine in one instrument a melody section, also called the diskant, usually on the right-hand keyboard, with an accompaniment or Basso continuo functionality on the left-hand. The musician normally plays the melody on buttons or keys on the right-hand side (referred to as the keyboard or sometimes the manual), and the accompaniment on bass or pre-set chord buttons on the left-hand side. A person who plays the accordion is called an accordionist. The accordion belongs to the free-reed aerophone family. Other instruments in this family include the concertina, harmonica, and bandoneon. The concertina and bandoneon do not have the melody\u2013accompaniment duality. The harmoneon is also related\n\nThe banjo is a stringed instrument with a thin membrane stretched over a frame or cavity to form a resonator. The membrane is typically circular, in modern forms usually made of plastic, originally of animal skin. Early forms of the instrument were fashioned by African Americans and had African antecedents. In the 19th century, interest in the instrument was spread across the United States and United Kingdom by traveling shows of the 19th century minstrel show fad, followed by mass-production and mail-order sales, including instruction method books. The inexpensive or home-made banjo remained part of rural folk culture, but 5-string and 4-string banjos also became popular for home parlour music entertainment, college music clubs, and early 20th century jazz bands. By the early 21st century, the banjo was most frequently associated with folk, bluegrass and country music, but was also used in some rock, pop and even hip-hop music. Among\n\nBradford Alexander Mehldau (; born August 23, 1970) is an American jazz pianist, composer, and arranger. Mehldau studied music at The New School, touring and recording while still a student. He was a member of saxophonist Joshua Redman's quartet in the mid-1990s, and has led his own trio since the early 1990s. His first long-term trio featured bassist Larry Grenadier and drummer Jorge Rossy; in 2005 Jeff Ballard replaced Rossy. These bands have released more than a dozen albums under the pianist's name. Since the early 2000s, Mehldau has experimented with other musical formats in addition to trio and solo piano. Largo, released in 2002, contains electronics and input from rock and classical musicians. Later examples include: touring and recording with guitarist Pat Metheny; writing and playing song cycles for classical singers Ren\u00e9e Fleming, Anne Sofie von Otter, and Ian Bostridge; composing orchestral pieces for 2009's Highway Rider; and playing\n\nQuestion: Which instrument does jazz / classical musician Keith Jarrett play?", "output": "PIANO"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Benelux Union (; ; ) or Benelux is a politico-economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighbouring states in western Europe: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The name is a portmanteau formed from joining the first few letters of each country's name and was first used to name the customs agreement that initiated the union (signed in 1944). It is now used more generally to refer to the geographic, economic, and cultural grouping of the three countries. The Benelux is an economically dynamic and densely populated region, with 5.6% of the European population (29.55 million residents) and 7.9% of the joint EU GDP (\u20ac36,000/resident) on 1.7% of the whole surface of the EU. Currently 37% of the total number of EU frontier workers work in the Benelux and surrounding areas. 35,000 Belgian citizens work in Luxembourg, while 37,000 Belgian citizens cross the border to work in the\n\nCzechoslovakia (; Czech and , \u010cesko-Slovensko) was a landlocked state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary. In 1938, after the Munich Agreement, the Sudetenland became part of Nazi Germany, while the country lost further territories to Hungary and Poland (Carpathian Ruthenia to Hungary and Zaolzie to Poland). Between 1939 and 1945, the state ceased to exist, as Slovakia proclaimed its independence and the remaining territories in the east became part of Hungary, while in the remainder of the Czech Lands, the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed. In 1939, after the outbreak of World War II, former Czechoslovak President Edvard Bene\u0161 formed a government-in-exile and sought recognition from the Allies. After World War II, Czechoslovakia was reestablished under its pre-1938 borders, with the exception of Carpathian Ruthenia, which became part of the Ukrainian SSR (a republic of the Soviet Union). The\n\ninvasion in 1859 and during the later rivalry for African colonies. Nevertheless, peace has generally prevailed since Napoleon I, and friendly ties between the two were formally established with the 1904 Entente Cordiale, and the British and French were allied against Germany in both World War I and World War II; in the latter conflict, British armies helped to liberate occupied France from Nazi Germany. Both France and the UK were key partners in the West during the Cold War, with governments of both countries consistently supporting liberal democracy and capitalism. They were founding members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) defence alliance and are permanent members of the UN Security Council. France has been a member of the European Union (EU), and its predecessors, since creation as the European Economic Community in 1957. In the 1960s, relations deteriorated due to French President Charles de Gaulle's concerns over the\n\nQuestion: The Treaty of Brussels, the precursor to NATO and a basis for WEU, was signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium, France, the UK, the Netherlands and which other nation?", "output": "Luxembourg"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "microbiota are clinically important for edentulous people. For example, bone resorption in the jaw is frequently how the teeth were able to detach in the first place. The jaw in an edentulous area undergoes further resorption even after the teeth are gone; and the insertion of dental implants can elicit new bone formation, leading to osseointegration. Meanwhile, bacteria and yeasts of the oral cavity and the immune system of their host create an immensely complicated and constantly changing interplay that presents clinically as gingivitis, caries, stomatitis, and other periodontal pathology. Signs and symptoms For people, the relevance and functionality of teeth can be easily taken for granted, but a closer examination of their considerable significance will demonstrate how they are actually very important. Among other things, teeth serve to: support the lips and cheeks, providing for a fuller, more aesthetically pleasing appearance maintain an individual's vertical dimension of occlusion along\n\ndura mater overlying the trigeminal impression near the apex of the petrous part of the temporal bone. Structure The trigeminal ganglion is somewhat crescent-shaped, with its convexity directed anterolaterally. From its convex border arise the ophthalmic nerve (V1), maxillary nerve (V2), and mandibular nerve (V3). The ganglion receives, on its medial side, filaments from the carotid plexus of the sympathetic. It issues minute branches to the tentorium cerebelli, and the dura mater in the middle cranial fossa. Relations Medially to the trigeminal ganglion are the internal carotid artery, and the posterior part of the cavernous sinus. The motor root of the trigeminal nerve passes beneath the trigeminal ganglion to exit the skull through the foramen ovale. The greater petrosal nerve passes underneath the trigeminal ganglion to reach the foramen lacerum. Clinical significance Herpes virus dormancy After recovery from a primary herpes infection, the virus is not cleared from the body,\n\nbone. Some branches pass anterior-ward across the alveolar process to supply the gingiva. See also Anterior superior alveolar arteries Posterior superior alveolar nerve Additional images References External links () Arteries of the head and neck\n\nQuestion: What part of the body is afflicted by gingivitis?", "output": "Gums"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Cross-stitch is a form of sewing and a popular form of counted-thread embroidery in which X-shaped stitches in a tiled, raster-like pattern are used to form a picture. The stitcher counts the threads on a piece of evenweave fabric (such as linen) in each direction so that the stitches are of uniform size and appearance. This form of cross-stitch is also called counted cross-stitch in order to distinguish it from other forms of cross-stitch. Sometimes cross-stitch is done on designs printed on the fabric (stamped cross-stitch); the stitcher simply stitches over the printed pattern. Cross-stitch is often executed on easily countable fabric called aida cloth whose weave creates a plainly visible grid of squares with holes for the needle at each corner. Fabrics used in cross-stitch include linen, aida cloth, and mixed-content fabrics called 'evenweave' such as jobelan. All cross-stitch fabrics are technically \"evenweave\" as the term refers to the\n\nSelf-fabric, in sewing, is a fabric piece or embellishment made from the same fabric as the main fabric, as opposed to contrast fabric. Self-fabric used for some pattern pieces such as facings and linings to produce clean garment lines and make the fabric piece blend in with the rest of the garment. Fabric-covered buttons and the welts of a bound buttonhole can be created using self-fabric to minimize their visibility. Self-fabric can also be used to make design details stand out. For example, a patch pocket on a coat could be made of contrasting fabric, but have an appliqu\u00e9 made of self-fabric on the pocket. A very common use of self-fabric as an embellishment is to make two garments that are to be worn together out of different fabrics and use self-fabric from one garment as a trim on the other (such as piping). References Sewing\n\nball, clasp, box, or a piece of jewelry. Most off-loom techniques can be accomplished using a single needle and thread (no warp threads), and some have two-needle variations. Different stitches produce pieces with distinct textures, shapes, and patterns. There are many different off-loom bead stitches, including new stitches (distinct thread paths) published as recently as 2015: albion stitch, developed by Heather Kingsley-Heath, published May 2009 brick stitch, also known as Comanche or Cheyenne stitch chevron stitch, a triangular form of bead netting diamond weave, developed over a number of years by Gerlinde Lenz, published August 2015 herringbone stitch, also known as Ndebele stitch hubble stitch and wave hubble stitch, created and developed by Melanie de Miguel, published 2015 netting, to avoid confusion specifically bead netting peyote stitch, also known as gourd stitch plaiting, crossing multiple threads as in a plait or braid, using beads to connect the crossings pondo stitch,\n\nQuestion: What is the name of needlework where pieces of fabric are sewn onto a fabric background?", "output": "Applique"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "South by Southwest, abbreviated as SXSW and colloquially referred to as South By, is an annual conglomeration of parallel film, interactive media, and music festivals and conferences organized jointly that take place in mid-March in Austin, Texas, United States. It began in 1987 and has continued growing in both scope and size every year. In 2017, the conference lasted for 10 days with the interactive track lasting for five days, music for seven days, and film for nine days. There was no in-person event in 2020 and 2021 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in Austin, Texas; in both years there was a smaller online event instead. SXSW is run by the company SXSW, LLC, which organizes conferences, trade shows, festivals, and other events. In addition to SXSW, the company runs the conference SXSW Edu and the SXSW Sydney festival (from 2023, in Sydney, Australia), and co-runs North by\n\n(stylized as SXSW and colloquially referred to as South By), an annual conglomeration of parallel film, interactive media, and music festivals and conferences that take place in mid-March. Emerging from a strong economic focus on government and education, since the 1990s, Austin has become a center for technology and business. The technology roots in Austin can be traced back to the 1960s when Tracor (now BAE Systems), a major defense electronics contractor, began operation in the city in 1962. IBM followed in 1967, opening a facility to produce its Selectric typewriters. Texas Instruments setup in Austin two years later, Motorola (now NXP Semiconductors) started semiconductor chip manufacturing in 1974. BAE Systems, IBM, and NXP Semiconductors still have campuses and manufacturing operations in Austin as of 2022. A number of Fortune 500 companies have headquarters or regional offices in Austin, including 3M, Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), Amazon, Apple, Facebook (Meta), Google,\n\n50% stake in SXSW. Divisions Music SXSW Music is the largest music festival of its kind in the world, with more than 2,000 acts as of 2014. SXSW Music offers artist-provided music and video samples of featured artists at each festival via their official YouTube channel. The music event has grown from 700 registrants in 1987, the first year of the conference, to over 161,000 attendees in 2018. SXSW Film and SXSW Interactive events have grown every year, bringing over 32,000 registrants to Austin in March 2013. Bands must cover their own expenses for travel and lodging at the event. All performers are offered a cash payment or a wristband package that allows access to all music events. Film SXSW Film Conference spans five days of conference panels and sessions, and welcomes filmmakers of all levels. Programming consists of keynote speakers, panels, workshops, mentor sessions and more, with expert filmmakers\n\nQuestion: The huge American springtime festival of film, music and technology SXSW is held where?", "output": "Austin, Texas"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "a dark gray layer containing the oxide. Barium has a medium specific weight and high electrical conductivity. Because barium is difficult to purify, many of its properties have not been accurately determined. At room temperature and pressure, barium metal adopts a body-centered cubic structure, with a barium\u2013barium distance of 503 picometers, expanding with heating at a rate of approximately 1.8/\u00b0C. It is a very soft metal with a Mohs hardness of 1.25. Its melting temperature of is intermediate between those of the lighter strontium () and heavier radium (); however, its boiling point of exceeds that of strontium (). The density (3.62 g/cm3) is again intermediate between those of strontium (2.36 g/cm3) and radium (\u22485 g/cm3). Chemical reactivity Barium is chemically similar to magnesium, calcium, and strontium, but even more reactive. It is usually found in the +2 oxidation state. Most exceptions are in a few rare and unstable molecular\n\nhardness of 3, which is too soft to mark hard objects. Coins of antimony were issued in China's Guizhou province in 1931; durability was poor, and minting was soon discontinued. Antimony is resistant to attack by acids. Four allotropes of antimony are known: a stable metallic form, and three metastable forms (explosive, black, and yellow). Elemental antimony is a brittle, silver-white, shiny metalloid. When slowly cooled, molten antimony crystallizes into a trigonal cell, isomorphic with the gray allotrope of arsenic. A rare explosive form of antimony can be formed from the electrolysis of antimony trichloride. When scratched with a sharp implement, an exothermic reaction occurs and white fumes are given off as metallic antimony forms; when rubbed with a pestle in a mortar, a strong detonation occurs. Black antimony is formed upon rapid cooling of antimony vapor. It has the same crystal structure as red phosphorus and black arsenic; it\n\nThe Shore durometer is a device for measuring the hardness of a material, typically of polymers. Higher numbers on the scale indicate a greater resistance to indentation and thus harder materials. Lower numbers indicate less resistance and softer materials. The term is also used to describe a material's rating on the scale, as in an object having a \"'Shore durometer' of 90.\" The scale was defined by Albert Ferdinand Shore, who developed a suitable device to measure hardness in the 1920s. It was neither the first hardness tester nor the first to be called a durometer (ISV duro- and -meter; attested since the 19th century), but today that name usually refers to Shore hardness; other devices use other measures, which return corresponding results, such as for Rockwell hardness. Durometer scales There are several scales of durometer, used for materials with different properties. The two most common scales, using slightly different\n\nQuestion: What number is topaz on the Mohs scale of hardness?", "output": "Eight"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Abel Janszoon Tasman (; 160310 October 1659) was a Dutch seafarer and explorer, best known for his voyages of 1642 and 1644 in the service of the Dutch East India Company (VOC). Born in 1603 in Lutjegast, Netherlands, Tasman started his career as a merchant seaman and became a skilled navigator. In 1633, he joined the VOC and sailed to Batavia, now Jakarta, Indonesia. He participated in several voyages, including one to Japan. In 1642, Tasman was appointed by the VOC to lead an expedition to explore the uncharted regions of the Southern Pacific Ocean. His mission was to discover new trade routes and to establish trade relations with the native inhabitants. After leaving Batavia, Tasman sailed eastward and reached the coast of Tasmania, which he named Van Diemen's Land after his patron. He then sailed north and discovered the west coast of New Zealand, which he named Staten Landt,\n\nChung Thye Phin (; 28 September 1879 \u2013 2 April 1935) was a Chinese Malayan business magnate, planter, miner, bureaucrat, and philanthropist who served as the last Kapitan Cina of Perak and Malaya. He was reported to be the richest man in Penang. The son of tin-mining magnate Chung Keng Quee, he was a pioneer in the tin-mining industry through the introduction of modern equipment and tin-mining techniques in Perak under Western assistance. He was also known for pioneering the cultivation of roselle fibre for the production of ropes and twines, with the creation of the Sweet Kamiri Estate at Sungai Siput. In his later years, he was a member of the Perak Advisory Board, and eventually became the Kapitan China of Perak. He has been described by his contemporaries as one of the \"best known residents of the Chinese community\" in British Malaya. Early years Early life Chung Thye\n\non 22 January 1822. The attack, however, never materialised. Career Assistant Engineer and Surveyor of Public Lands When Stamford Raffles was on his third and final visit to Singapore in October 1822, he sought able men to help him build the town of Singapore as he was dissatisfied with the way William Farquhar, the first British resident and commandant of Singapore, had developed the settlement. Raffles appointed Jackson as assistant engineer on 29 October 1822 to remodel and rebuild Singapore according to his own plan and formed a Town Committee on 4 November 1822 with Jackson assigned to assist it. Jackson spent five years in Singapore as assistant engineer, executive officer and surveyor of public lands, helping in the redevelopment of the fledgling town. Jackson oversaw the construction of the first bridge that spanned the banks of the Singapore River in 1822, at the site where the Elgin bridge now\n\nQuestion: Who is acknowledged as the founder of Singapore as a trading post and European settlement in 1819?", "output": "Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Diana Beatriz Conti (born 29 March 1956) is an Argentine lawyer and politician. She was a member of the Argentine National Congress both as a National Deputy (1997\u20131999; 2005\u20132017) and as a Senator (2002\u20132005); she also served as Undersecretary of Human Rights in the administration of Fernando de la R\u00faa from 1999 to 2001 and as a member of the Council of Magistracy (appointed by the Chamber of Deputies) from 2006 to 2010, where she rose to prominence as a staunch supporter of President Cristina Fern\u00e1ndez de Kirchner's judicial reform proposals. A longtime supporter of Fern\u00e1ndez de Kirchner and the late N\u00e9stor Kirchner, Conti is the current leader of the Victory Party, a founding member of the kirchnerist coalition Front for Victory and now part of the Frente de Todos. Early years Conti was born in 1956 in Buenos Aires; her father, Horacio Conti, was a travelling salesman, while her\n\noil deposits were discovered which lead to the founding of Yacimientos Petrol\u00edferos Fiscales (YPF). YPF was founded by Hip\u00f3lito Yrigoyen in the 1922, and later privatized in 1992, was highly valued during the governmental terms of Juan Domingo Per\u00f3n between the 40s and 50s. It was out-competing Standard Oil, in terms of production as well as in terms of social impact, since it ensured work, social security, education for the worker's children and dozens of benefits that dignified the lives of workers, not counting the commercial flow that positively impacted the area. Petroleum was discovered here at the beginning of the 20th century. Since 1926 the state-owned oil company YPF employed or indirectly supported most of the local population. In 1992 the company was privatized (becoming Repsol-YPF) and 90% of its workers were fired, prompting violent social conflicts and, a few years later, the appearance of piquetero (unemployed workers) movements,\n\nThe Front for Victory (, FPV) was a centre-left Peronist electoral alliance in Argentina, and is formally a faction of the Justicialist Party. Former presidents N\u00e9stor Kirchner and Cristina Fern\u00e1ndez de Kirchner were elected as representatives of this party. The Front for Victory is ideologically identified with what has been called Kirchnerism. Legally, the Front should not be confused with the Victory Party, which is just one of the political parties in it. History Due to internal disagreements over leadership, the Justicialist Party did not participate as such in the 2003 presidential elections, so the Front for Victory was established on behalf of the presidential candidacy of N\u00e9stor Kirchner, in opposition to two other Peronist tickets (Carlos Menem's Front for Loyalty and Adolfo Rodr\u00edguez Sa\u00e1's Front of the Popular Movement). At the 2005 legislative elections the FPV, again running against other Peronist lists, won 50 of the 127 elected deputies\n\nQuestion: Which country's leader, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner, announced in 2012 the effective nationalisation of local oil assets owned by Spanish corporation Repsol?", "output": "Argentina"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bordeaux ( , ; Gascon ; ) is a city on the river Garonne in the Gironde department, southwestern France. A port city, it is the capital of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, as well as the prefecture of the Gironde department. Its inhabitants are called \"Bordelais (masculine) or \"Bordelaises (feminine). The term \"Bordelais\" may also refer to the city and its surrounding region. The city of Bordeaux proper had a population of 259,809 in 2020 within its small municipal territory of , but together with its suburbs and exurbs the Bordeaux metropolitan area had a population of 1,376,375 that same year (Jan. 2020 census), the sixth-most populated in France after Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Lille, and Toulouse. Bordeaux and 27 suburban municipalities form the Bordeaux Metropolis, an indirectly elected metropolitan authority now in charge of wider metropolitan issues. The Bordeaux Metropolis, with a population of 819,604 at the January 2020 census, is\n\nBayonne (; ; ; ) is a city in Southwestern France near the Spanish border. It is a commune and one of two subprefectures in the Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Atlantiques department, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Bayonne is located at the confluence of the Nive and Adour rivers in the northern part of the cultural region of the Basque Country. It is the seat of the Communaut\u00e9 d'agglom\u00e9ration du Pays Basque which roughly encompasses the western half of Pyr\u00e9n\u00e9es-Atlantiques, including the coastal city of Biarritz. This area also constitutes the southern part of Gascony, where the Aquitaine Basin joins the beginning of the Pre-Pyrenees. Together with nearby Anglet, Biarritz, Saint-Jean-de-Luz, as well as several smaller communes, Bayonne forms an urban area with 273,137 inhabitants at the 2018 census; 51,411 residents lived in the commune of Bayonne proper. It is also a part of Basque Eurocity Bayonne-San Sebasti\u00e1n. The site on the left bank of\n\nCadore (; ; or, rarely, Cad\u00f2ria; or Kadober; Sappada German: Kadour; ) is a historical region in the Italian region of Veneto, in the northernmost part of the province of Belluno bordering on Austria, the Trentino-Alto Adige/S\u00fcdtirol and Friuli-Venezia Giulia. It is watered by the Piave River which has its source in the Carnic Alps. Once an undeveloped and poor district, the former contado (countship) of Cadore now has a thriving economy based on tourism and a small manufacturing industry, specialising in the production of glasses. The celebrated Renaissance painter Titian was born in Cadore, probably in 1488\u201390, one of a family of four born to Gregorio Vecelli, a distinguished councillor and soldier descended from the counts. The painter's birthplace in Pieve di Cadore, in a locality named Arsenale between the castle and the village Sotto Castello, is open to visitors. Titian's wife, Cecilia, was also born in Cadore, the\n\nQuestion: Claret wine is produced in the region surrounding which French city?", "output": "Bordeaux"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": ", formally the is a magnetic levitation train line in Aichi Prefecture, Japan, near the city of Nagoya. While primarily built to serve the Expo 2005 fair site, the line now operates to serve the local community. Linimo is owned and operated by the and is the first commercial maglev in Japan to use the High Speed Surface Transport (HSST) type technology. It is also the world's first uncrewed commercial urban maglev. Linimo was the fourth overall commercial urban maglev operated in the world, predated by the Birmingham Maglev (1984\u20131995), the Berlin M-Bahn (1989\u20131991) and the Shanghai Maglev (opened in 2004). Specifications The linear motor magnetic-levitated train has a top speed of , floating above the track when in motion, and is intended as an alternative to conventional metro systems, not high-speed operation. The line has nine stations and is long, with a minimum operating radius of and a maximum\n\nThe term monorail or industrial monorail is used to describe any number of transport systems in which a chair or carrier is suspended from, or rides on, an overhead rail structure. Unlike the well-known duo-rail system, there are many rail-guided transport options which have been described as monorails, so that tracing the history presents a demarcation problem regarding what should be included and what should be omitted. Common usage appears to define a monorail as any rail-guided vehicle which does not employ the coning action of conventional adhesion railways to achieve directional stability. This would exclude rack railways and funicular railways. Another generally accepted rule is that the guideway or track must be narrower than the car/vehicle. Elevated, supported, cable propelled systems like the Cable Liner and MiniMetro are generally not considered to be monorails. Bearing in mind the pattern of development of conventional railways, different criteria and measures of\n\ndefinition can also be written in differential form as a rate Faraday showed that the magnitude of the electromotive force (EMF) generated in a conductor forming a closed loop is proportional to the rate of change of the total magnetic flux passing through the loop (Faraday's law of induction). Thus, for a typical inductance (a coil of conducting wire), the flux linkage is equivalent to magnetic flux, which is the total magnetic field passing through the surface (i.e., normal to that surface) formed by a closed conducting loop coil and is determined by the number of turns in the coil and the magnetic field, i.e., where is the flux density, or flux per unit area at a given point in space. The simplest example of such a system is a single circular coil of conductive wire immersed in a magnetic field, in which case the flux linkage is simply the\n\nQuestion: Maglev is a form of high speed surface transport what does the name maglev mean", "output": "Magnetic levitation"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of Northern Rhodesia. Roodepoort, South Africa: Published by Longmans, Green and Co. for African Music Society, 1952. References External links British Library Sound Archive catalogue Listen to Arthur Morris Jones recordings 1889 births 1980 deaths Protestant missionaries in Zambia British ethnomusicologists People associated with the Rhodes-Livingstone Institute English Protestant missionaries 20th-century British musicologists\n\nThe Rhodesian Air Force (RhAF) was an air force based in Salisbury (now Harare) which represented several entities under various names between 1935 and 1980: originally serving the British self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia, it was the air arm of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland between 1953 and 31 December 1963; of Southern Rhodesia once again from 1 January 1964; and of the unrecognised nation of Rhodesia following its Unilateral Declaration of Independence from Britain on 11 November 1965. Named the Royal Rhodesian Air Force (RRAF) from 1954, the \"Royal\" prefix was dropped in 1970 when Rhodesia declared itself a republic \u2013 the official abbreviation changed appropriately. When the internationally recognised country of Zimbabwe came into being in 1980, the RhAF became the Air Force of Zimbabwe. History Formed in 1935 under the name Southern Rhodesia Staff Corps Air Unit as a territorial unit, the first regular servicemen with\n\nGoffals or Coloured Zimbabweans are persons of mixed race, predominately those claiming both European and African descent, in Malawi, Zambia, and, particularly Zimbabwe. They are generally known as Coloureds, though the term Goffal is used by some in the Coloured community to refer to themselves, though this does not refer to the mixed-race community in nearby South Africa. The community includes many diverse constituents of Shona, Northern Ndebele, Bemba, Fengu, British, Afrikaner, Cape Coloured, Cape Malay and less commonly Portuguese, Greek, Goan, and Indian descent. Similar mixed-race communities exist throughout Southern Africa, notably the Cape Coloureds of South Africa. It is not clear when the term Goffal first entered common usage, but among Coloureds themselves it had surfaced by the mid- to late 1970s. Their precise numbers are difficult to ascertain, due to the fact that some identify exclusively as members of other ethnic groups. History Zimbabwe The earliest Coloured\n\nQuestion: Northern Rhodesia is now known by what name?", "output": "Zambia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "October 26, 1862. Connor's men were Union volunteers from both California and Nevada. The post served as headquarters for the District of Utah in the Department of the Pacific. Regular Army arrives, 1866\u20131874 Following the end of the Civil War, between 1866 and 1898, the fort was part of the Department of the Platte. Its importance increased when the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroads joined rails at Promontory Summit, Utah, on May 10, 1869, completing the Transcontinental Railroad. 1878\u20131902 Through the efforts of Utah's U.S. Sen. Thomas Kearns, the camp became a regimental post and was renamed \"Fort Douglas.\" World War I During World War I, the fort was used as an internment camp for German citizens who lived in the United States, and it was also a POW camp for Imperial German Navy prisoners. One of the crews kept there was from the SMS Cormoran, which had left\n\nThe Salt Lake City Southern Railroad is a short-line railroad operating between Salt Lake City, and Murray, in Utah, United States. The SL began operating on April 19, 1993, as a RailTex subsidiary. Today the SL is a subsidiary of the Utah Railway and is owned by the Genesee & Wyoming Inc. History The line was originally built between 1871 and 1872 by the Utah Southern Railroad. By March 30, 1872, the Utah Southern reached Point of the Mountain, which is the southern end of the Salt Lake City Southern Railroad at Mount. In the 1870s, the Utah Southern was constructing a line from Salt Lake City to Chicken Creek (Juab County). Brigham Young was listed as the railroad's president. In June 1875 financial control of the railroad was turned over to the Union Pacific Railroad. On July 1, 1881, the Utah Southern was consolidated into the Utah Central Railway.\n\nThe Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway, started in 1900 by American railroad entrepreneur Arthur Edward Stilwell, was the predecessor of the Chihuahua al Pac\u00edfico railroad in Mexico. It was intended to reach the Pacific Ocean at Topolobampo, Sinaloa. The United States portion was incorporated in 1900 as the Kansas City, Mexico, and Orient Railway. It was completed between Wichita, Kansas, and Alpine, Texas. Grading took place between El Dorado and Bazaar, Kansas. Primary shops were first located in Fairview, Oklahoma. In 1910, the Fairview shops were destroyed by fire and the shops were then re-established in Wichita. The railroad was forced into bankruptcy in 1912, but its receiver, William T. Kemper, was to make a fortune when oil was discovered under its tracks. In 1914, it was reorganized as the KCM&O Railroad. Another reorganization in 1925 returned it to its original name. It was popularly called The Orient railroad.\n\nQuestion: May 19, 1869 saw what two railroads meet at Promontory Summit, Utah, creating the first Transcontinental Railroad?", "output": "Union Pacific and Central Pacific"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Postmortem is a crime fiction novel by author Patricia Cornwell and is her debut novel. The first book of the Dr. Kay Scarpetta series, it received the 1991 Edgar Award for Best First Novel. Plot summary Dr. Kay Scarpetta, the chief medical examiner of the Commonwealth of Virginia, is called to the scene of a gruesome strangling, the latest in a string of unsolved murders in Richmond. Among the clues left by the killer is a mysterious substance which fluoresces under laser light, which the killer has used to clean the scenes of forensic evidence. Scarpetta and Pete Marino, a detective with the Richmond police, work with FBI profiler Benton Wesley to attempt to piece together the pathology of the killer. Initial evidence appears to point to the fourth victim's husband, but Scarpetta suspects otherwise despite Marino's insistence. Meanwhile, in her personal life, Scarpetta must deal with the presence of\n\nDame Agatha Mary Clarissa Christie, Lady Mallowan, (; 15 September 1890 \u2013 12 January 1976) was an English writer known for her 66 detective novels and 14 short story collections, particularly those revolving around fictional detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple. She also wrote the world's longest-running play, the murder mystery The Mousetrap, which has been performed in the West End since 1952. A writer during the \"Golden Age of Detective Fiction\", Christie has been called the \"Queen of Crime\". She also wrote six novels under the pseudonym Mary Westmacott. In 1971, she was made a Dame (DBE) by Queen Elizabeth II for her contributions to literature. Guinness World Records lists Christie as the best-selling fiction writer of all time, her novels having sold more than two billion copies. Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay, Devon, and was largely home-schooled. She was initially an unsuccessful writer\n\nJane Toppan (born Honora Kelley; March 31, 1854 \u2013 August 17, 1938), nicknamed Jolly Jane, was an American serial killer who is known to have committed twelve murders in Massachusetts between 1895 and 1901; she confessed to a total of thirty-one murders. The killings were carried out in Toppan's capacity as a nurse, targeting patients and their family members. Toppan, who admitted to have committed the murders to satisfy a sexual fetish, was quoted as saying that her ambition was \"to have killed more people\u2014helpless people\u2014than any other man or woman who ever lived\". Early life Jane Toppan was born Honora Kelley on March 31, 1854, in Boston, Massachusetts, the daughter of Irish immigrants. Her mother, Bridget Kelley, died of tuberculosis when she was very young. Her father, Peter Kelley, was well known as an eccentric and abusive alcoholic, nicknamed by those who knew him \"Kelley the Crack\" (as in\n\nQuestion: Who is the medical examiner central to the crime novels of Patricia Cornwell?", "output": "Kay Scarpetta"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Gower Street is a two-way street in Bloomsbury, central London, running from Euston Road at the north to Montague Place in the south. The street is continued from North Gower Street north of Euston Road. To the south, it becomes Bloomsbury Street. University College London (UCL) and the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) are located along Gower Street as is part of University College Hospital. UCL maintains two student residences along the street: the Arthur Tattersall and John Tovell Houses. Of the many UCL buildings along Gower Street, the Cruciform Building is especially notable, both for its striking red exterior and its obvious form, even when viewed from the road. Old boys of University College School are known as \"Old Gowers\" after the street where it was founded and co-located with UCL. SOAS, University of London and Birkbeck College are also in proximity. Euston Square Underground station is located\n\nErmysted's Grammar School is an 11-18 boys' voluntary aided grammar school in Skipton, North Yorkshire, England. It was founded by Peter Toller in the 15th century and is the seventh oldest state school in Britain. The first official record of the school was seen in Peter Toller's will in 1492; the school records its establishment as the same year, though its history could possibly be dated to 1468. The school operates a house system. The four houses \u2014 Toller, Ermysted, Petyt, and Hartley \u2014 are named after key figures in the school's history; when the school operated a boarding house, its boarders were members of School House. There are 840 currently enrolled students. The Sixth Form is formed from boys graduating Key Stage 4, as well as 20 additional boys. The current headmaster is Michael Evans; his predecessor, Graham Hamilton, retired at the end of the 2015-2016 school year. In\n\nand called Gower Street. This re-numbering proceeded from south to north on both sides of the street: the east side now contained even-numbered houses, ending in no. 142 adjacent to Euston Road, and the west side contained odd-numbered houses, from no. 87, adjacent to Francis Street, up to no. 163 adjacent to Euston Road. Residents Notable residents of Gower Street are listed in the Survey of London. They have included the architect George Dance the Younger, painter William De Morgan, and the Shaws. John Shaw Sr., and John Shaw Jr., formed a famous 19th-century architectural partnership. Thomas Budd Shaw was a professor of English literature to the grand dukes of Russia. The painter John Everett Millais had a studio here. North Gower Street was also the birthplace and childhood home of the artist Philip Zec and his eleven other siblings, although that was when it was still called George Street.\n\nQuestion: Which educational establishment did Thomas Arnold describe as 'the godless institution of Gower Street'?", "output": "University College London"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Falklands Play is a dramatic account of the political events leading up to, and including, the 1982 Falklands War. The play was written by Ian Curteis, an experienced writer who had started his television career in drama, but had increasingly come to specialise in dramatic reconstructions of history. It was originally commissioned by the BBC in 1983, for production and broadcast in 1986, but was subsequently shelved by Controller of BBC One Michael Grade due to its pro-Margaret Thatcher stance and alleged jingoistic tone. This prompted a press furore over media bias and censorship. The play was not staged until 2002, when it was broadcast in separate adaptations on BBC Television and Radio. It was aired again on BBC4, 1 December 2020, over 18 years after it was last transmitted. Plot The play focuses on the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the British government's handling of the diplomatic\n\nthe British during the Falklands War, primarily by taking over routine patrol duties elsewhere to free up British military resources. The Warehouse opens its first store, in Takapuna. January: The third Sweetwaters Music Festival is held near Pukekawa. 3 February: David Lange succeeds Bill Rowling as Leader of the Opposition. 4 April: New Zealand breaks diplomatic relations with Argentina over the Falklands Crisis. 22 June: Robert Muldoon announces a 12-month wage and price freeze. The freeze actually lasts almost two years. 14 September: Samoans who take up permanent residence in New Zealand are entitled to New Zealand citizenship from this date. This follows a case referred to the Privy Council which decided in July 1982 to allow all Samoans born under New Zealand administration (i.e. prior to 1962) to claim New Zealand citizenship. November: Mark Inglis and Philip Doole are stuck in an ice cave on Aoraki / Mount Cook\n\n1 December 2020, over 18 years after it was last transmitted. Plot The play focuses on the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and the British government's handling of the diplomatic breakdown over the Argentinian invasion of the Falkland Islands (the Islas Malvinas to the Argentines), which was United Kingdom's largest Foreign Affairs emergency since the Suez Crisis of 1956. In particular, it charts the behind-the-scenes dealings within Thatcher's Conservative government and between it and its military and the United States and Argentine governments, in the diplomatic breakdown that gave way to war and an eventual British victory. In response to the Argentinian invasion, the Thatcher government calls for a total maritime exclusion zone around the islands, and directs a large naval force to set sail for the islands. Lord Carrington resigns as Foreign Secretary, taking responsibility for the failure to foresee the invasion, a resignation which Thatcher reluctantly accepts; his\n\nQuestion: Who was the British Prime Minister during the Falklands War of 1982?", "output": "Margaret Thatcher"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Benjamin Disraeli, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, (21 December 1804 \u2013 19 April 1881) was a British statesman, Conservative politician and writer who twice served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. He played a central role in the creation of the modern Conservative Party, defining its policies and its broad outreach. Disraeli is remembered for his influential voice in world affairs, his political battles with the Liberal Party leader William Ewart Gladstone, and his one-nation conservatism or \"Tory democracy\". He made the Conservatives the party most identified with the British Empire and military action to expand it, both of which were popular among British voters. He is the only British prime minister to have been born Jewish. He was also a novelist, publishing works of fiction even as prime minister. Disraeli was born in Bloomsbury, then a part of Middlesex. His father left Judaism after a dispute at his synagogue;\n\nof Oxford University Robert Payne (1596\u20131651), English cleric and academic John Roysse (1500\u20131571), mercer, re-endowed Abingdon School in 1563 Sir Thomas Smith, (1556?\u20131609), Judge and Member of Parliament Christopher Tesdale (1592\u20131655), member of the Westminster Assembly, of Divines Thomas Tesdale (1547\u20131610), maltster and benefactor, established the Tesdale Ushership Born in the 17th century Phanuel Bacon (1699\u20131783), playwright, poet and author Clement Barksdale (1609\u20131687), religious author, polymath and Anglican priest Colwell Brickenden (1663\u20131714), clergyman and Master of Pembroke College, Oxford Colonel James Bringfeild, (1656\u20131706), equerry to Prince George of Denmark and Aide-de-camp to the Duke of Marlborough Joseph Cox (1697\u20131753), High Sheriff of Berkshire Thomas Daffy (1617\u20131680), inventor of Daffy's Elixir Walter Dayrell (1610\u20131684), Archdeacon of Winchester Walter Harte (1650\u20131735) Prebendary of Bath and Wells and a principal pillar of the Nonjuring schism cause Sir John Holt (1642\u20131710), Lord Chief Justice William Hunt (1669\u20131733), Archdeacon of Bath James Jennings (1670\u20131739), MP\n\nFrancis Walter Stafford McLaren (16 June 1886 \u2013 30 August 1917) was a British Member of Parliament killed in the First World War in a flying accident. Career A younger son of Charles McLaren, 1st Baron Aberconway, he attended Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. Entering politics, he was elected as Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for Spalding in January 1910. Between 1910 and 1915, he served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lewis Vernon Harcourt. Family On 20 July 1911, he married Barbara Jekyll, daughter of Colonel Sir Herbert Jekyll (KCMG) and the artist Dame Agnes Jekyll; they had two children: Major Martin John McLaren (1914\u20131979) Guy Lewis Ian McLaren (8 November 1915 \u2013 18 August 1978), married Maryse Jubin and had issue Military service and death He volunteered at the outbreak of war and was commissioned with the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. He\n\nQuestion: What was the first name of the politician Gladstone, the composer Walton, and the reformer Wilberforce?", "output": "William"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Lagos is the largest city of the West-African country of Nigeria, and its former capital; it is the third largest city in Africa in terms of population with about 15.3 million people. It is also the 4th largest economy in Africa. Historical names Lagos means \"lakes\" in Portuguese, the language of the first Europeans to arrive at the land already inhabited by the Awori who are a sub-ethnic group of the Yoruba people. To the Awori, the area was initially known as \"Oko\" or \"Eko\". The Portuguese would refer to it as \"Onim\" and later \"Lagos\". To differentiate the modern settlement from the older kingdom in the area, the name \"Onim\" has been applied to the latter by some historians such as Toby Green. Beginnings Lagos was originally inhabited by the Awori subgroup of the Yoruba people in the 15th century and Binis in the 16th century. The Awori moved\n\nBenin ( , ; , , ), officially the Republic of Benin (), and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the north-west, and Niger to the north-east. The majority of its population lives on the southern coastline of the Bight of Benin, part of the Gulf of Guinea in the northernmost tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean. The capital is Porto-Novo, and the seat of government is in Cotonou, the most populous city and economic capital. Benin covers an area of and its population in was estimated to be approximately million. It is a small, tropical country. It is one of the least developed, with an economy significantly dependent on agriculture, and is an exporter of palm oil and cotton. Some employment and income arise from subsistence farming. From the 17th to the\n\nCameroon ( ; ), officially the Republic of Cameroon (), is a country in Central Africa. It shares boundaries with Nigeria to the west and north, Chad to the northeast, the Central African Republic to the east, and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Its coastline lies on the Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean. Due to its strategic position at the crossroads between West Africa and Central Africa, it has been categorized as being in both camps. Its nearly 27 million people speak 250 native languages and English or French or both. Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao civilisation around Lake Chad, and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. Portuguese explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and named the area Rio dos Camar\u00f5es (Shrimp River), which became Cameroon in English. Fulani\n\nQuestion: Ibadan and Port Harcourt are large cities in which African country", "output": "Nigeria"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "College of Education on roll = 994 Number of primary & nursery schools = 164 (on roll = 32,306) Number of grammar schools = 12 (on roll = 10,795) Number of secondary school = 31 (on roll = 15,621) Baptisms = 4,096 First communions = 4,740 Confirmations = 5,207 Marriages = 1,250 (The Down and Connor Directory) City parishes Listed are city parishes listed by the Diocese of Down and Connor. St Peter's Cathedral, Belfast St Patrick's Church, Belfast / Pro-Cathedral, Donegall Street, Belfast Christ the Redeemer, Lagmore Corpus Christi, Ballymurphy, Belfast St. Patrick's, Derriaghy Drumbo & Carryduff Hannahstown Holy Cross, Ardoyne Holy Family, Newington Holy Rosary, Ormeau Road Holy Trinity, Turf Lodge Loughshore - Three parishes: St Mary\u2019s Greencastle, County Antrim, Star of The Sea Whitehouse, County Antrim and St James\u2019, Whiteabbey Nativity, Poleglass Our Lady Queen of Peace, Kilwee Sacred Heart, Glenview Street, Oldpark Road, Belfast St Agnes',\n\nSt Doulagh's Church () is the oldest stone-roofed church still in use in Ireland. It is situated approximately 10 kilometres from Dublin city, just north of the hamlet of Balgriffin, within Fingal and in the traditional County Dublin, and is marked as \"St Doulagh's Church, Balgriffin\". Its complex also comprises an octagonal baptistry built over a holy well - Ireland's only surviving standalone baptistry - and a stone housing over a pool. St Doulagh's is one of the two churches in the Church of Ireland \"United Parishes of Malahide, Portmarnock and St Doulagh's. History and status The oldest part of the church as it stands is medieval dating from the 12th century, and believed to have been home to a small monastic settlement. However, according to studies on the site, Christian activity here dates back to the time of St. Patrick. Hudson (2005) states that King Sitric of Dublin gave\n\nThe Archdiocese of Armagh (; ) is a Latin ecclesiastical territory or archdiocese of the Catholic Church located in the northern part of Ireland. The ordinary is the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Armagh who is also the Metropolitan of the Ecclesiastical province of Armagh and the Primate of All Ireland. The mother church is St Patrick's Cathedral. The claim of the archdiocese to pre-eminence in Ireland as the primatial see rests upon its traditional establishment by Saint Patrick circa 445. It was recognised as a metropolitan province in 1152 by the Synod of Kells. the incumbent Archbishop is Eamon Martin. He has been assisted since 2019 by Michael Router, who is currently the only Catholic auxiliary bishop in Ireland. Province and geographic remit The Province of Armagh is one of the four ecclesiastical provinces that together form the Roman Catholic Church in Ireland; the others are Dublin, Tuam and Cashel.\n\nQuestion: There are two cathedrals in Dublin, Christ Church and St Patrick's, neither belonging to the Roman Catholic faith. To which minority faith do they belong?", "output": "THE CHURCH OF IRELAND"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ross Aaron Malinger (born July 7, 1984) is an American former actor and automobile salesperson. He is best known for his roles as Jonah Baldwin in the 1993 movie Sleepless in Seattle, starring Tom Hanks, and as Bobby Jameson in the 1997 Disney comedy film Toothless, starring Kirstie Alley. He and Alley co-starred in the 1995 television film Peter and the Wolf. He played Adam Lippman, the Bar Mitzvah boy who liked Elaine's \"Shiksa appeal\", in the Seinfeld episode \"The Serenity Now\". Life and career Malinger was born in Redwood City, California, the son of Laura, a producer, and Brian Malinger, a producer and sales representative. He also has a brother and sister, Ashley Malinger and Tyler Cole Malinger, who are also actors. He earned an Associate degree after graduating from Moorpark College. Malinger appeared with Jean-Claude Van Damme in the 1995 film Sudden Death. He provided the original voice\n\nMatthias Hues (born 14 February 1959) is a German-born, naturalized American actor and martial artist. He was born in Waltrop, Germany, to Dr. Josef Hues and Maria Humperdinck Hues who still reside in Germany. Maria is the niece of Engelbert Humperdinck, composer of the opera Hansel and Gretel. In 2019 he self-published his autobiography \"Shirtless in Hollywood\". Life and career After graduating from school, Hues moved to Paris to enter hotel management. Once there, he joined a health club in Paris, which had just been bombarded with the new Jane Fonda aerobic exercise program from the United States. Hues recognized an opportunity and after returning to Germany, he opened two health clubs, flying in aerobic teachers from the USA. During this time, he became obsessed with the American way of life and subsequently sold his clubs, boarding a plane to Los Angeles. He immediately joined Gold's Gym in Venice, California,\n\nSean McGinly is an American film director and screenwriter. His film Two Days, starring Paul Rudd and Donal Logue, piqued the interest of Tom Hanks, who then agreed to produce McGinly's latest project, The Great Buck Howard, through his Playtone production company. The film stars Hanks himself along with his son Colin Hanks, John Malkovich and Emily Blunt. Filmography Directing The Great Buck Howard Two Days Brothers The Truth About Juliet Writer's Block Writing More Mercy Venomous Fugitive Mind Sonic Impact Evasive Action Scorned 2 Strategic Command The Confidence Man Sexual Roulette Time Under Fire External links American male screenwriters American film directors Year of birth missing (living people) Living people\n\nQuestion: \"What character was the child of the character played by Tom Hanks in the film \"\"Sleepless in Seattle\"\"?\"", "output": "Jonah"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1934 throughout the world. Events January 6: Steve Milton of Halifax Town sets an English league record by conceding 13 goals on his league debut for the club. The Third Division (North) match finished: Stockport County 13:0 Halifax Town. March 3: The highest ever English attendance for a non-Cup Final of 84,569 sees Manchester City F.C. beat Stoke City F.C. 1-0 at Maine Road in the sixth round of the FA Cup. Winners club national championship Argentina: Boca Juniors France: FC S\u00e8te Iceland: KR Italy: Juventus Netherlands: Ajax Amsterdam Poland: Ruch Chorz\u00f3w Portugal: FC Porto Romania: Venus Bucure\u0219ti Scotland: Scottish Cup: Rangers Spain: Athletic Bilbao Turkey: Be\u015fikta\u015f J.K. International tournaments 1934 British Home Championship (16 September 1933 \u2013 14 April 1934) FIFA World Cup in Italy (May 27 \u2013 June 10, 1934) Italy Czechoslovakia Germany Births January 11 \u2013 Kwee\n\n1934 British Home Championship (16 September 1933 \u2013 14 April 1934) FIFA World Cup in Italy (May 27 \u2013 June 10, 1934) Italy Czechoslovakia Germany Births January 11 \u2013 Kwee Kiat Sek, Indonesian footballer January 21 \u2013 Alfonso Portugal, Mexican international footballer (died 2016) March 23 \u2013 Adel Hekal, Egyptian footballer (died 2018) March 28 \u2013 Kazim\u00edr Gajdo\u0161, Czechoslovakian international footballer (died 2016) April 15 \u2013 David Herd, Scottish international footballer (died 2016) April 25 \u2013 Peter McParland, Irish footballer June 24 \u2013 Ferdinand Biwersi, German referee (died 2013) June 28 \u2013 Alfred Pyka, German international footballer (died 2012) July 5 \u2013 Vladislao Cap, Argentine international footballer and manager (died 1982) June 29 Malcolm Handscombe, English association footballer Bob Wilson, Scottish association football player July 30 \u2013 Engelbert Kraus, German international footballer (died 2016) August 1 \u2013 Fernand Boone, Belgian international footballer (died 2013) August 17 \u2013 Ron Henry, English\n\nof the 1934 FIFA World Cup. (43, heart attack during a friendly match between former stars in Montecatini Terme) 12 June \u2013 Cosme Dami\u00e3o, Portuguese football player and manager, 61 References Association football by year\n\nQuestion: In which country was the 1934 Football World Cup held?", "output": "ITALY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Olivos Pact () refers to a series of documents signed on November 17, 1993, between the governing President of Argentina, Carlos Menem, and former President and leader of the opposition UCR, Ra\u00fal Alfons\u00edn, that formed the basis of the constitutional reform of 1994. These memorandum of understanding were signed in the official presidential residence, the Quinta de Olivos. Context Ra\u00fal Alfons\u00edn was the president of Argentina for the Radical Civic Union (UCR) from 1983 to 1989, and resigned during an economic crisis. Carlos Menem, from the Justicialist Party (PJ), was elected in 1989. The Convertibility plan ended the economic crisis and increased his popularity, allowing the PJ to win the 1991 and 1993 midterm elections. The presidential term of office was of six years, with no reelection. Menem sought to change that with an amendment to the Constitution of Argentina. For this he would require a supermajority of two\n\nAtiku Abubakar (; born 25 November 1946) is a Nigerian politician and businessman who served as the vice president of Nigeria from 1999 to 2007 during the presidency of Olusegun Obasanjo. He ran as governor of Adamawa State in 1990, 1996, and in 1998, when he was finally elected before he became Obasanjo's running mate during the 1999 presidential election and was re-elected in 2003. Atiku Abubakar ran unsuccessfully for President of Nigeria six times, in 1993, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019, and 2023. He ran in the Social Democratic Party presidential primaries in 1993, but lost to Moshood Abiola and Baba Gana Kingibe. He was a presidential candidate of the Action Congress in the 2007 presidential election coming in third to Umaru Yar'Adua of the PDP and Muhammadu Buhari of the ANPP. He contested the presidential primaries of the People's Democratic Party during the 2011 presidential election losing out to\n\nBurkina Faso ( , ; , ) is a landlocked country in West Africa with an area of , bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the south, and the Ivory Coast to the southwest. As of 2021, the country had an estimated population of 20,321,378. Previously called Republic of Upper Volta (1958\u20131984), it was renamed Burkina Faso by President Thomas Sankara. Its citizens are known as Burkinab\u00e8 ( ), and its capital and largest city is Ouagadougou. Its name is often translated into English as the \"Land of Honest Men\". The largest ethnic group in Burkina Faso is the Mossi people, who settled the area in the 11th and 13th centuries. They established powerful kingdoms such as the Ouagadougou, Tenkodogo, and Yatenga. In 1896, it was colonized by the French as part of French West Africa; in 1958,\n\nQuestion: Carlos Menem was the president of which country from 8 July 1989 to 10 December 1999?", "output": "Argentina"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "also known as the Southern Karnataka Plateau, is made up of the low rolling granite hills from 600 to 900 meters elevation. It is bounded on the west by the Western Ghats and on the south and east by ranges of hills or Eastern Ghats, and on the north it drops to the lower-elevation northern Maidan. It includes Bangalore, Bangalore Rural, Chamrajnagar, Hassan, Chikmagalur, Kolar, Chikkaballapura, Mandya, Mysore, Ramanagara, Shimoga, Chitradurga, Davangere and Tumkur districts. Most of the region is covered by the South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests ecoregion, which extends south into eastern Tamil Nadu. Some of the larger cities and towns of the Maidan include Bangalore, Mysore, Tumkur, Chitradurga and Davangere. Agriculture and animal husbandry are the mainstays of the region, and the main crops include cotton, sorghum, millet, and peanuts. The region lies in the rain shadow of the Western Ghats and is generally much drier\n\nThe Mysore plateau, also known as the South Karnataka plateau, is a plateau that is one of the four geographically unique regions of the Indian state of Karnataka. It has many undulations and is bounded on the west and south by the Western Ghats. Most of the river Kaveri flows through Karnataka in the Mysore Plateau. The average elevation in the region is between 600 and 900 meters. The plateau covers the districts of Bangalore, Bangalore Rural, Chamarajanagar, Hassan, Kodagu, Kolar, Mandya, Mysore and Tumkur. Overview The name of the plateau is derived from Karunadu (\"land of black soil\"). The plateau has an area of about and an average elevation of about . It consists of the Dharwar system of volcanic rocks, crystalline schists, and granites. The major rivers include the Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Tungabhadra, Sharavati, and Bhima. The Sharavati has the famous waterfall known as Jog Falls (830 feet\n\nDarjeeling Himalayan hill region, also known as the Darjeeling Hills or Darjeeling Himalaya, is a mountainous area on the north-western side of the state of West Bengal in India. This region belongs to the Eastern Himalaya range. The Darjeeling district except the Siliguri subdivision and the entire Kalimpong district constitute this region. It arises abruptly from the Terai region. The region slopes from a south to north direction. The river Teesta divides the region in two parts \u2014 the region to the east of Teesta and the region to the west of Teesta. Hills to the west of Teesta This is the highest region of the Darjeeling Himalayan Hill Region. Two distinct ranges are visible here \u2014 the Singalila range and the Darjeeling-Kurseong range. Singalila range The Singalila range is on the western limit of the region and separates Nepal from West Bengal. Singalila National Park is situated here. The\n\nQuestion: Which range of mountains run down the western side of Southern India?", "output": "WESTERN GHATS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sulfur water (or sulphur water) is a condition where water is exposed to hydrogen sulfide gas, giving a distinct \"rotten egg\" smell. This condition has different purposes in culture varying to health and implications to plumbing. Chemical composition Sulfur water is made out of dissolved minerals that contain sulfate. These include baryte (BaSO4), epsomite (MgSO4 7H2O) and gypsum (CaSO42H20). It is reported that a notable change in taste to the water is found differently to the type of sulfate affecting the water. For sodium sulfate, 250 to 500 mg/litre, with calcium sulfate at 250 to 1000 mg/litre and magnesium sulfate at 400 to 600 mg/litre. A study by Zoeteman found that having 270 mg of calcium sulfate and 90 mg of magnesium sulfate actually had improved the taste of the water. Health Bathing in water high in sulfur or other minerals for its presumed health benefits is known as balneotherapy.\n\nSilver sulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula Ag2SO4. It is a white solid with low solubility in water. Preparation and structure Silver sulfate precipitates as a solid when an aqueous solution of silver nitrate is treated with sulfuric acid: 2AgNO3 + H2SO4 \u2192 Ag2SO4 + 2HNO3 It is purified by recrystallization from concentrated sulfuric acid, a step that expels traces of nitrate. Silver sulfate and anhydrous sodium sulfate adopt the same structure. Silver(II) sulfate The synthesis of silver(II) sulfate (AgSO4) with a divalent silver ion instead of a monovalent silver ion was first reported in 2010 by adding sulfuric acid to silver(II) fluoride (HF escapes). It is a black solid that decomposes exothermically at 120 \u00b0C with evolution of oxygen and the formation of the pyrosulfate. References Silver compounds Sulfates\n\nDisulfur dichloride (or disulphur dichloride by the British English spelling) is the inorganic compound of sulfur and chlorine with the formula . It is an amber oily liquid. Sometimes, this compound is incorrectly named sulfur monochloride (or sulphur monochloride by the British English spelling), the name implied by its empirical formula SCl. has the structure implied by the formula , wherein the dihedral angle between the and planes is 85.2\u00b0. This structure is referred to as gauche, and is akin to that for . A rare isomer of is (thiothionyl chloride); this isomer forms transiently when is exposed to UV-radiation (see thiosulfoxides). Synthesis, basic properties, reactions Disulfur dichloride is a yellow liquid that \"smokes\" in moist air due to reaction with water: It is produced by partial chlorination of elemental sulfur. The reaction proceeds at usable rates at room temperature. In the laboratory, chlorine gas is led into a flask\n\nQuestion: What colour is pure sulphur?", "output": "Yellow"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Jazz at Massey Hall is a live jazz album recorded on 15 May 1953 at Massey Hall in Toronto, Canada. Credited to \"the Quintet\", the group was composed of five leading 'modern' players of the day: Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Bud Powell, Charles Mingus, and Max Roach. It was the only time that the five musicians recorded together as a unit, and it was the last recorded meeting of Parker and Gillespie. Background The first pianist considered by the organizers was Lennie Tristano, but he suggested Powell as a more appropriate match for the other musicians. Oscar Pettiford was considered as an alternative to Mingus. The concert Parker played a Grafton saxophone on this date; he could not be listed on the original album cover for contractual reasons, so was billed as \"Charlie Chan\", an allusion to the fictional detective and to Parker's wife Chan. The original plan was for\n\nStraight-ahead jazz is a genre of jazz that developed in the 1960s, with roots in the prior two decades. It omits the rock music and free jazz influences that began to appear in jazz during this period, instead preferring acoustic instruments, conventional piano comping, walking bass patterns, and swing- and bop-based drum rhythms. Musical style A study conducted by Anthony Belfiglio at the University of Texas, Austin analyzed the music of Oscar Peterson, Wynton Kelly, Wynton Marsalis, and Marcus Roberts in order to determine key features of straight-ahead jazz that distinguish it from other genres. Belfiglio concluded that the walking bass, a 4/4 bass pattern in which a bassist plays one note to each beat, synchronized with a ride-based drum pattern was a defining component of straight-ahead jazz. Background Often called \"America's classical music,\" the subgenres of mainstream jazz have been less \"subject to the whims of fashion,\" according to\n\npattern was a defining component of straight-ahead jazz. Background Often called \"America's classical music,\" the subgenres of mainstream jazz have been less \"subject to the whims of fashion,\" according to Scott DeVeaux, than other genres, with jazz reaching its modern form across \"a long process of maturation.\" During the 1960s, however, two opposing subgenres emerged, the avant-garde and fusion, with neoclassicists emerging in the 1980s to oppose both of these factions. Free jazz largely questioned the traditional understanding of jazz harmony and played \"outside\" chord structures, and jazz, which had already become organic following the development of bebop, became increasingly chaotic as the former structures within bebop evolved into free improvisation and, according to some critics, \"functional anarchy.\" Meanwhile, a strain of jazz musicians who were more focused on commercial success drew from pop influences to develop jazz fusion and the first seeds of what later became called \"smooth jazz.\"\n\nQuestion: What style of jazz which began and was developed in the mid 1940s was pioneered by jazz musicians Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie?", "output": "Be-bop"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bobby Leach (born Lancaster, England; 1858 \u2013 April 26, 1926) was the second person to go over Niagara Falls in a barrel, accomplishing the feat on July 25, 1911 \u2014while Annie Taylor did it on October 24, 1901. He spent six months in hospital recovering from injuries he sustained during the fall, which included two broken knee caps and a fractured jaw. Leach had been a performer with the Barnum and Bailey Circus and was no stranger to stunting. After watching a stuntman die attempting to dive from a platform over 150 feet (45 m) into a pool 5 feet (1.5 m) deep, he made the dive successfully. Prior to his trip over the falls he owned a restaurant on Bridge Street and would boast to customers that anything Annie could do, he could do better. Leach returned to Niagara Falls, New York, in 1920 and operated a pool hall.\n\nAlbert Einstein High School, named after the German-born physicist, is a four-year high school in Kensington, Maryland, that opened on September 7, 1962. It is part of the Montgomery County Public Schools (MCPS) system. Academic programs As a part of the Downcounty Consortium, Einstein offers five \"academies\", which are academic programs that concentrate in specific fields. These include the Academy of Finance, Business, and Marketing; the International Baccalaureate Program; the Visual and Performing Arts Academy; the Renaissance Academy; and recently the Teacher's Academy. It is also home to Montgomery County's Visual Art Center. Einstein is home to an International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Program, which approaches education from a global perspective and allows students to take high-level classes in pursuit of a specialized diploma. Notable alumni Phil Andrews, politician Marc Elrich, politician David Fraser-Hidalgo, politician Rebecca Sugar, animator, director, screenwriter, producer, and songwriter Arnold Ebikiete, defensive end for the Penn State\n\nThe Bath School disaster, also known as the Bath School massacre, was a series of violent attacks perpetrated by Andrew Kehoe upon the Bath Consolidated School in Bath Charter Township, Michigan, United States, on May 18, 1927. The attacks killed 38children and 6adults, and injured at least 58other people. Prior to the explosions at the school, Kehoe had murdered his wife, Nellie Price Kehoe, and firebombed his farm. Arriving at the site of the school explosion, Kehoe died when he set off explosives concealed in his truck. Kehoe, the 55-year-old school board treasurer, was angered by increased taxes and his defeat in the April5, 1926, election for township clerk. It was thought by locals that he planned his \"murderous revenge\" following this public defeat. Kehoe had a reputation for being difficult, on the school board and in personal dealings. In addition, he was notified in June1926 that his mortgage was\n\nQuestion: On October 24, 1901, 63-year-old Michigan school teacher Annie Edson Taylor was the first person to go where in a barrel ?", "output": "Over Niagara Falls"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of the one person who inquired at the reference desk while the tea was being prepared, a furrier named Ernest Beilstein. Professor Rodney alleges that Morey could not possibly have forgotten this due to the coincidence of his sharing a name with Beilstein's Handbook of Organic Chemistry, a sixty volume encyclopedia of chemical compounds and reactions. Allusions to other works The title is from William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (Act 2, scene 2): \"What's in a name? that which we call a rose/ By any other name would smell as sweet\". External links Short stories by Isaac Asimov 1956 short stories Mystery short stories Works originally published in American magazines Works originally published in mystery fiction magazines Works originally published in pulp magazines\n\nAmbergris ( or , , ), ambergrease, or grey amber is a solid, waxy, flammable substance of a dull grey or blackish colour produced in the digestive system of sperm whales. Freshly produced ambergris has a marine, fecal odor. It acquires a sweet, earthy scent as it ages, commonly likened to the fragrance of isopropyl alcohol without the vaporous chemical astringency. Ambergris has been highly valued by perfume makers as a fixative that allows the scent to last much longer, although it has been mostly replaced by synthetic ambroxide. Dogs are attracted to the smell of ambergris and are sometimes used by ambergris searchers. Etymology The English word amber derives from the Arabic word (ultimately from Middle Persian ambar, also ambergris), via Middle Latin ambar and Middle French ambre. The word \"amber,\" in its sense of \"ambergris,\" was adopted in Middle English in the 14th century. The word \"ambergris\" comes\n\nHierochloe is a genus of plants in the grass family known generally as sweetgrass. These are perennial rhizomatous grasses found primarily in temperate and subarctic regions of Eurasia and North America, although some species extend southwards into Australia and Latin America. These erect green grasses are known for their sweet scent. They bear panicle inflorescences with rounded grass grain fruits. Some authors advocate merging the two genera Hierochloe and Anthoxanthum, though others disagree. Species formerly included numerous species now regarded as better suited to other genera: Anthoxanthum Centotheca Holcus References Pooideae Poaceae genera\n\nQuestion: What by any other name would smell as sweet?", "output": "A Rose"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The history of penicillin follows observations and discoveries of evidence of antibiotic activity of the mould Penicillium that led to the development of penicillins that became the first widely used antibiotics. Following the production of a relatively pure compound in 1942, penicillin was the first naturally-derived antibiotic. Ancient societies used moulds to treat infections, and in the following centuries many people observed the inhibition of bacterial growth by moulds. While working at St Mary's Hospital in London in 1928, Scottish physician Alexander Fleming was the first to experimentally determine that a Penicillium mould secretes an antibacterial substance, which he named \"penicillin\". The mould was found to be a variant of Penicillium notatum (now called Penicillium rubens), a contaminant of a bacterial culture in his laboratory. The work on penicillin at St Mary's ended in 1929. In 1939, a team of scientists at the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology at\n\nused to refer to any substance used against microbes, but in the usual medical usage, antibiotics (such as penicillin) are those produced naturally (by one microorganism fighting another), whereas non-antibiotic antibacterials (such as sulfonamides and antiseptics) are fully synthetic. However, both classes have the same goal of killing or preventing the growth of microorganisms, and both are included in antimicrobial chemotherapy. \"Antibacterials\" include antiseptic drugs, antibacterial soaps, and chemical disinfectants, whereas antibiotics are an important class of antibacterials used more specifically in medicine and sometimes in livestock feed. Antibiotics have been used since ancient times. Many civilizations used topical application of moldy bread, with many references to its beneficial effects arising from ancient Egypt, Nubia, China, Serbia, Greece, and Rome. The first person to directly document the use of molds to treat infections was John Parkinson (1567\u20131650). Antibiotics revolutionized medicine in the 20th century. Alexander Fleming (1881\u20131955) discovered modern day\n\nin 2019. Etymology The term 'antibiosis', meaning \"against life\", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1947. The term antibiotic was first used in 1942 by Selman Waksman and his collaborators in journal articles to describe any substance produced by a microorganism that is antagonistic to the growth of other microorganisms in high dilution. This definition excluded substances that kill bacteria but that are not produced by microorganisms (such as gastric juices and hydrogen peroxide). It also excluded synthetic antibacterial compounds such as the sulfonamides. In current usage, the term \"antibiotic\" is applied to any medication\n\nQuestion: What was the earliest known antibiotic", "output": "Penicillin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Munchies is a 1987 comedy horror film starring Harvey Korman, Charlie Stratton, and Nadine Van der Velde. Directed by Tina Hirsch, the film editor for Gremlins, the film features a similar plotline. Plot The protagonist's father, space archaeologist Simon Watterman, discovers a \"Munchie\" in a cave in Peru. Bringing the specimen back to the United States, Simon's son Paul and his girlfriend Cindy name it Arnold. Cecil Watterman, Simon's evil twin brother and snack food entrepreneur, kidnaps Arnold while Cindy and Paul are making out. When Arnold is hurt by his kidnappers, it becomes aggressive and attacks Cecil's adopted son. Attempting to kill Arnold, they chop him into quarters, but instead of dying, Arnold multiplies into four new Munchies. The quartet of creatures develop a love of women, attacking people, beer, and junk food in the process. Eddie is incapacitated by the Munchies as they turn their attention on Cindy\n\nbasement. This may have been what led to the belief that she claimed to \"predict\" deaths. In 1921, after Frank's death, Klimek married a man named Joseph Klimek and lived with him at 1453 Tell Place (now 1453 Thomas Street). When he became ill, doctors suspected arsenic poisoning, and tests confirmed it. She was arrested. It was later said that she told the arresting officer that, \"The next one I want to cook a dinner for is you.\" Investigation Bodies of Klimek's other husbands were soon exhumed and found to contain lethal doses of arsenic, though the soil around them was clean. Police also arrested her cousin, Nellie Koulik. Klimek told the police that she had told Nellie she was tired of her husband Frank. Nellie suggested divorce. Klimek said that, \"I will get rid of him some other way,\" and claimed that Nellie had given her a \"goodly portion\"\n\nShe is well known to Star Trek fans for her role as the waitress in the Star Trek: Deep Space Nine 1996 episode \"Trials and Tribble-ations\". She has guest starred in many television shows, such as Barnaby Jones, The Streets of San Francisco, All in the Family, Welcome Back, Kotter, The Incredible Hulk, Quincy, CHiPs, Cagney & Lacey, Simon & Simon, Moonlighting and Baywatch. In 2000, she wrote, produced and starred in the movie What's Eating You?. Personal life In 1979, Ackerman married Jeff Altman. Before divorcing, they had one daughter. Motion pictures Law and Disorder (1974) The First Nudie Musical (1976) Joyride to Nowhere (1977) Cracking Up (1977) Hardcore (1979) Blame It on the Night (1984) What's Eating You? (2000) References External links Year of birth missing (living people) Living people 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Actresses from New Jersey Jewish American actresses American film actresses American television\n\nQuestion: What could Jack Sprat's wife not eat?", "output": "Lean"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The anime industry consists of over 430 production companies, including major studios such as Studio Ghibli, Kyoto Animation, Sunrise, Bones, Ufotable, MAPPA, Wit Studio, CoMix Wave Films, Production I.G and Toei Animation. Since the 1980s, the medium has also seen widespread international success with the rise of foreign dubbed, subtitled programming, and since the 2010s its increasing distribution through streaming services and a widening demographic embrace of anime culture, both within Japan and worldwide. Japanese animation accounted for 60% of the world's animated television shows. Etymology As a type of animation, anime is an art form that comprises many genres found in other mediums; it is sometimes mistakenly classified as a genre itself. In Japanese, the term anime is used to refer to all animated works, regardless of style or origin. English-language dictionaries typically define anime () as \"a style of Japanese animation\" or as \"a style of animation originating\n\nis hand-drawn and computer-generated animation originating from Japan. Outside Japan and in English, anime refers specifically to animation produced in Japan. However, in Japan and in Japanese, (a term derived from a shortening of the English word animation) describes all animated works, regardless of style or origin. Many works of animation with a similar style to Japanese animation are also produced outside Japan. Video games sometimes also feature themes and artstyles that can be considered as \"anime\". The earliest commercial Japanese animations date to 1917. A characteristic art style emerged in the 1960s with the works of cartoonist Osamu Tezuka and spread in following decades, developing a large domestic audience. Anime is distributed theatrically, through television broadcasts, directly to home media, and over the Internet. In addition to original works, anime are often adaptations of Japanese comics (manga), light novels, or video games. It is classified into numerous genres targeting\n\nto refer to all animated works, regardless of style or origin. English-language dictionaries typically define anime () as \"a style of Japanese animation\" or as \"a style of animation originating in Japan\". Other definitions are based on origin, making production in Japan a requisite for a work to be considered \"anime\". The etymology of the term anime is disputed. The English word \"animation\" is written in Japanese katakana as () and as (, ) in its shortened form. Some sources claim that the term is derived from the French term for animation (\"cartoon\", literally 'animated drawing'), but others believe this to be a myth derived from the popularity of anime in France in the late 1970s and 1980s. In English, anime\u2014when used as a common noun\u2014normally functions as a mass noun. (For example: \"Do you watch anime?\" or \"How much anime have you collected?\") As with a few other Japanese\n\nQuestion: Anime is film animation originating in which country?", "output": "Japan"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Costa Rica (, ; ; literally \"Rich Coast\"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica (), is a country in the Central American region of North America. Costa Rica is bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the northeast, Panama to the southeast, and the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, as well as maritime border with Ecuador to the south of Cocos Island. It has a population of around five million in a land area of . An estimated 333,980 people live in the capital and largest city, San Jos\u00e9, with around two million people in the surrounding metropolitan area. The sovereign state is a unitary presidential constitutional republic. It has a long-standing and stable democracy and a highly educated workforce. The country spends roughly 6.9% of its budget (2016) on education, compared to a global average of 4.4%. Its economy, once heavily dependent on agriculture, has diversified\n\nColombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country mostly in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogot\u00e1 is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urbes include Medell\u00edn, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, C\u00facuta, Ibagu\u00e9, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage\u2014including language, religion, cuisine, and art\u2014reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by mass immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those\n\nThe Republic of Colombia is situated largely in the north-west of South America, with some territories falling within the boundaries of Central America. It is bordered to the north-west by Panama; to the east by Brazil and Venezuela; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and it shares maritime limits with Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, and Haiti. Colombia has a land size of and it is the 25th largest nation in the world and the fourth-largest country in South America (after Brazil, Argentina, and Peru). Colombia's population is not evenly distributed, and most of the people live in the mountainous western portion of the country as well as along the northern coastline; the highest number live in or near the capital city of Bogot\u00e1. The southern and eastern portions of the country are sparsely inhabited, consisting of tropical rainforest, and inland tropical plains that contain large\n\nQuestion: Which country shares borders with Columbia and Costa Rica?", "output": "PANAMA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The geography of Antarctica is dominated by its south polar location and, thus, by ice. The Antarctic continent, located in the Earth's southern hemisphere, is centered asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle. It is washed by the Southern (or Antarctic) Ocean or, depending on definition, the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. It has an area of more than 14 million km2. Antarctica is the largest ice desert in the world. Some 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, the world's largest ice sheet and also its largest reservoir of fresh water. Averaging at least 1.6 km thick, the ice is so massive that it has depressed the continental bedrock in some areas more than 2.5 km below sea level; subglacial lakes of liquid water also occur (e.g., Lake Vostok). Ice shelves and rises populate the ice sheet on the periphery.\n\nThe Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the \"Old World\" of Africa, Europe, and Asia from the \"New World\" of the Americas in the European perception of the World. Through its separation of Europe, Africa, and Asia from the Americas, the Atlantic Ocean has played a central role in the development of human society, globalization, and the histories of many nations. While the Norse were the first known humans to cross the Atlantic, it was the expedition of Christopher Columbus in 1492 that proved to be the most consequential. Columbus' expedition ushered in an age of exploration and colonization of the Americas by European powers, most notably Portugal, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom. From the 16th to 19th centuries,\n\nThe Antarctic ( or , American English also or ; commonly ) is a polar region around Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau, and other island territories located on the Antarctic Plate or south of the Antarctic Convergence. The Antarctic region includes the ice shelves, waters, and all the island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence, a zone approximately wide and varying in latitude seasonally. The region covers some 20 percent of the Southern Hemisphere, of which 5.5 percent (14 million km2) is the surface area of the Antarctica continent itself. All of the land and ice shelves south of 60\u00b0S latitude are administered under the Antarctic Treaty System. Biogeographically, the Antarctic realm is one of eight biogeographic realms on Earth's land surface. Geography As defined by the Antarctic Treaty\n\nQuestion: Which is the largest ocean on Earth?", "output": "Pacific"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Vladimir Anatolyevich Kuzichkin \u0412\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0410\u043d\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041a\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0447\u043a\u0438\u043d (born 1947) is a former Soviet foreign intelligence officer who defected to Great Britain. He worked as an undercover agent for the KGB in Iran beginning in 1977. The details of his defection are uncertain, but he arrived in Great Britain in October 1982. Kuzichkin gave information on Soviet operations, agents, and socialist activists to MI6; British intelligence and the CIA then provided the information to the Khomeini regime, which executed many of the agents. His memoirs were published by Andre Deutsch in the UK in 1990 as Inside the KGB: Myth and Reality. Pantheon Books published the U.S. edition in 1991 under the title Inside the KGB: My Life in Soviet Espionage. Early life and recruitment to KGB Kuzichkin was born in Moscow in 1947 to a large family. He joined the Soviet Army and was stationed in East Germany for three years.\n\nLimited. Operating for 29 years, the IRD is known as the longest-running covert government propaganda department in British history, the largest branch of the Foreign Office, and the first major anglophone propaganda offensive against the USSR since the end of World War II. By the 1970s, the IRD was performing military intelligence tasks for the British Military in Northern Ireland during The Troubles. The IRD promoted works by many presumably anti-communist authors including George Orwell, Arthur Koestler, Bertrand Russell, and Robert Conquest. Internationally, the IRD took part in many historic events, including Britain's entry into the European Economic Community, the Korean War, the Suez Crisis, the Malayan Emergency, The Troubles, the Mau Mau Uprising, Cyprus Emergency, and the Sino-Indian War. Other IRD activities included forging letters and posters, conducting smear attacks against British trade unionists, and attacking opponents of the British military by planting fake news stories in the British\n\npolitical turmoil for the Soviets in the Middle East, centered around the Iranian Revolution and the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The new Khomeini regime in Iran at first tolerated the Soviets and Iranian leftist groups, but grew increasingly hostile. In Afghanistan, the Soviet Union supported the ruling Marxist-Leninist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan and its efforts to radically reform the country, which prompted widespread revolt. Soviet leadership and the KGB decided to assassinate and replace PDPA leader Hafizullah Amin with a more moderate option. Against the recommendation of the KGB, Brezhnev initiated for a full-scale invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. On 1 January 1980, Kuzichkin was present when a group of civilians rushed the Soviet embassy in Tehran, apparently in response to the invasion of Afghanistan. They were repelled by the Iranian Revolutionary Guard, but leadership at the embassy ordered the destruction of all secret documents and equipment.\n\nQuestion: In 1979 Briton Anthony Blunt was exposed as a Soviet spy. What was his area of interest?", "output": "Art"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Mary Anna McCartney (born 28 August 1969) is a British photographer, documentary filmmaker, cookbook author, and Global Ambassador for Meat Free Monday. She is also the host for the Discovery+/Food Network vegan cooking show, Mary McCartney Serves It Up. McCartney is a daughter of musician and singer/songwriter Paul McCartney, and photographer/vegetarian activist Linda McCartney. Early life Mary McCartney was born on 28 August 1969 at Avenue Clinic in St John's Wood, London, England. She is the eldest biological child of Paul McCartney and Linda Eastman, and has four siblings Heather, Stella, James and Beatrice. Photography and film She is a British photographer. In 2015, she was chosen to photograph Queen Elizabeth II to celebrate the fact that she was the \"longest-reigning British monarch in more than 1,000 years\". If These Walls Could Sing (2022) McCartney directed the documentary If These Walls Could Sing. It is her feature documentary debut, about\n\nSalford and Eccles is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2015 by Rebecca Long-Bailey, a member of the Labour Party. Further to the completion of the 2023 Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies, the seat will be subject to boundary changes which will involve the loss of Eccles. As a consequence, its name will revert to Salford, to be first contested at the next general election. History The constituency was created following the Boundary Commission's Fifth Periodic Review of Westminster constituencies (ended 2008), and was first contested at the 2010 general election. The review led to the loss of one seat in Greater Manchester, and the Salford and Eccles seat covers parts of the previous Salford and Eccles constituencies. The last MP for Salford was Hazel Blears, whereas the last MP for Eccles was Ian Stewart. Hazel Blears was chosen as the Labour Party\n\n1965 a Dunbartonshire county councillor, serving on both bodies until 1970. That year he was elected to Parliament for the Clydeside seat of Dunbartonshire East, defeating Communist shipbuilders' trade union leader Jimmy Reid. McCartney too became active in supporting the Clydeside shipbuilding industry. From 1974, McCartney represented Dunbartonshire Central, then Clydebank and Milngavie from 1983 after further boundary changes. A low-profile Member of Parliament, he was a Scottish whip and active in the TGWU and Scottish groups of Labour MPs. He retired from Parliament in 1987. Personal life McCartney was married to fellow trade unionist Margaret, with whom he had two daughters, Irene and Margaret, and one son, Ian McCartney. Ian also had a career in politics, and his roles included Minister of State for Trade, Chairman of the Labour Party and Member of Parliament for Makerfield between 1987 and 2010. References External links 1920 births 2006 deaths Scottish Labour\n\nQuestion: Ian McCartney was Labour Party Chair from 2003 to 2006 when he was succeeded by which Salford born MP, who as a child played a street urchin in the film A Taste of Honey?", "output": "HAZEL BLEARS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "side of the Entente powers during the WW1. Following the Munich Agreement, the country was occupied by Nazi Germany and the Army was reconstituted in exile, fighting on the side of Allies of World War II in the European as well as Mediterranean and Middle East theatre. After the 1948 Communist Coup, the Czechoslovak People's Army with over 200,000 active personnel and some 4,500 tanks formed one of the pillars of the Warsaw Pact military alliance. Following the Velvet Revolution and dissolution of Czechoslovakia, the Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999. The conscription was abolished in 2004, leading to transformation into a modern professional army inspired mostly by the British Armed Forces and USMC example. Today, the Czech Army has 27.000 professional personnel and 4.000 members of active reserves. Additionally, any citizen can voluntarily join a five week basic training without becoming a soldier or join advanced shooting training with\n\nThe Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia () are the military forces of Croatia. The President is the Armed Forces Commander-in-Chief, and exercises administrative powers in times of war by giving orders to the chief of staff, while administration and defence policy execution in peacetime is carried out by the Government through the Ministry of Defence. This unified institution consists of land, sea, and air branches referred to as: Croatian Army (Hrvatska kopnena vojska - HKoV) Croatian Navy (Hrvatska ratna mornarica - HRM) Croatian Air Force (Hrvatsko ratno zrakoplovstvo - HRZ) The Croatian Armed Forces are charged with protecting the Republic as well as supporting international peacekeeping efforts, when mandated by the NATO, United Nations and/or European Union. The Army has 650 AFVs, around 150 pieces of artillery, 100 MLRSs, around 75 tanks, and 25 SPGs. The Air Force has 12 MiG-21 jet fighters, 10 combat-transport Mi-171 and 16\n\nIn 2008, a portion of uniformed ICRU deployed personnel still armed for self-defense returned their weapons and changed to civilian clothing. The policy since 2008, is that, unless under special circumstances, ICRU personnel do not wear uniforms or carry weapons. The Ministry for Foreign Affairs in Iceland oversees the roster and deployment of personnel. Personnel The deployed personnel of the ICRU were experts, including Icelandic policemen, Coast Guardsmen and others that had relative training for the concerned institutions. In addition to those mentioned above, these backgrounds range from logistical backgrounds, medical or engineering backgrounds, social sciences and so on. But now, after a law was passed in 2007 the \"peacekeepers\" need a college degree. In 2014, it is much more of an aid squad rather than peacekeepers. The previously deployed doctors, nurses, those deployed as Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRT) as well as those working at Kabul International Airport (KAIA) were\n\nQuestion: Which NATO member country is the only one with no permanent professional army?", "output": "Iceland"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "An equaliser (in Commonwealth English) or equalizer (in American English), is a sports term that refers to a goal or run that makes the two teams' scores equal. For example, if Team A is winning 1-0 and Team B scores a goal, making the score 1-1, then that goal is an equaliser. According to Sports Illustrated, one of the most significant goals in United States soccer history was an equalizer scored by Abby Wambach: a header goal off a left-footed long-distance cross from Megan Rapinoe in the 122nd minute of play of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup quarterfinal in Germany. FIFA called the goal the \"greatest Women's World Cup goal.\" See also Association football tactics and skills Glossary of ice hockey terms Glossary of baseball terms References Association football terminology Ice hockey terminology Baseball terminology\n\nThe Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award (MVP) is an annual Major League Baseball (MLB) award given to one outstanding player in the American League and one in the National League. The award has been presented by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) since 1931. History Since 1931, a Most Valuable Player Award has been bestowed by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) to a player in the National League and a player in the American League. Prior to 1931, two similar awards were issued\u2014the League Award was issued during 1922\u20131928 in the American League and during 1924\u20131929 in the National League, and during 1911\u20131914, the Chalmers Award was issued to a player in each league. Criteria and a list of winners for these two earlier awards are detailed in below sections. MVP voting takes place before the postseason, but the results are not announced until after\n\nThe Guy Lafleur Trophy is awarded annually to the Most Valuable Player in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League playoffs. It is named for Hockey Hall of Famer and QMJHL alumnus Guy Lafleur. Winners References External links QMJHL official site List of trophy winners. Quebec Major Junior Hockey League trophies and awards 1978 establishments in Quebec Awards established in 1978\n\nQuestion: Abbreviated to MVP, what is the American sporting equivalent of \u201cMan of the Match\u201d?", "output": "Most Valuable Player"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and/or freight. Airlines use aircraft to supply these services and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements, in which they both offer and operate the same flight. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body. Airlines may be scheduled or charter operators. The first airline was the German airship company DELAG, founded on November 16, 1909. The four oldest non-airship airlines that still exist are the Netherlands' KLM (1919), Colombia's Avianca (1919), Australia's Qantas (1920) and the Mexican Mexicana de Aviaci\u00f3n (1921). Airline ownership has seen a shift from mostly personal ownership until the 1930s to government-ownership of major airlines from the 1940s to 1980s and back to large-scale privatization following the mid-1980s. Since the 1980s, there has been a trend of major\n\nSunwing Airlines Inc. is a Canadian low-cost airline headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. On May 1, 2023, WestJet announced that it had completed the acquisition of Sunwing Airlines. Overview Sunwing Airlines offers scheduled and charter services from Canada and the United States to destinations within the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America, and South America in the winter months. During the summer months, the company offers domestic services across Canada. It is a subsidiary of WestJet, and its main Canadian bases are Montr\u00e9al\u2013Trudeau International Airport and Toronto Pearson International Airport. The company also operates seasonal flight services from 23 local Canadian gateways, such as CFB Bagotville, Calgary International Airport, Deer Lake Regional Airport, Edmonton International Airport, Fredericton International Airport, Gander International Airport, Halifax Stanfield International Airport, John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport, Kelowna International Airport, Region of Waterloo International Airport, London International Airport, Greater Moncton Rom\u00e9o LeBlanc International Airport, Ottawa\n\nBritish Airways (BA) is the flag carrier of the United Kingdom. It is headquartered in London, England, near its main hub at Heathrow Airport. The airline is the second largest UK-based carrier, based on fleet size and passengers carried, behind easyJet. In January 2011 BA merged with Iberia, creating the International Airlines Group (IAG), a holding company registered in Madrid, Spain. IAG is the world's third-largest airline group in terms of annual revenue and the second-largest in Europe. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and in the FTSE 100 Index. British Airways is the first passenger airline to have generated more than US$1 billion on a single air route in a year (from 1 April 2017, to 31 March 2018, on the New York-JFK - London-Heathrow route). BA was created in 1974 after a British Airways Board was established by the British government to manage the two nationalised\n\nQuestion: Which country has the airline KLM?", "output": "The Netherlands"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Microsoft Bing, commonly referred to as Bing, is a web search engine owned and operated by Microsoft. The service traces its roots back to Microsoft's earlier search engines, including MSN Search, Windows Live Search, and Live Search. Bing offers a broad spectrum of search services, encompassing web, video, image, and map search products, all developed using ASP.NET. The transition from Live Search to Bing was announced by Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer on May 28, 2009, at the All Things Digital conference in San Diego, California. The official release followed on June 3, 2009. Bing introduced several notable features at its inception, such as search suggestions during query input and a list of related searches, known as the 'Explore pane'. These features leveraged semantic technology from Powerset, a company Microsoft acquired in 2008. Microsoft also struck a deal with Yahoo! that led to Bing powering Yahoo! Search. Microsoft made significant strides\n\nMicrosoft is a multinational computer technology corporation. Microsoft was founded on April 4, 1975, by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Its current best-selling products are the Microsoft Windows operating system; Microsoft Office, a suite of productivity software; Xbox, a line of entertainment of games, music, and video; Bing, a line of search engines; and Microsoft Azure, a cloud services platform. In 1980, Microsoft formed a partnership with IBM to bundle Microsoft's operating system with IBM computers; with that deal, IBM paid Microsoft a royalty for every sale. In 1985, IBM requested Microsoft to develop a new operating system for their computers called OS/2. Microsoft produced that operating system, but also continued to sell their own alternative, which proved to be in direct competition with OS/2. Microsoft Windows eventually overshadowed OS/2 in terms of sales. When Microsoft launched several versions of Microsoft Windows in the 1990s, they\n\nBing, with 2%. History Background (1998\u20132009) MSN Search Microsoft launched MSN Search in the third quarter of 1998, using search results from Inktomi. It consisted of a search engine, index, and web crawler. In early 1999, MSN Search launched a version which displayed listings from Looksmart blended with results from Inktomi except for a short time in 1999 when results from AltaVista were used instead. Microsoft decided to make a large investment in web search by building its own web crawler for MSN Search, the index of which was updated weekly and sometimes daily. The upgrade started as a beta program in November 2004, and came out of beta in February 2005. This occurred a year after rival Yahoo! Search rolled out its own crawler. Image search was powered by a third party, Picsearch. The service also started providing its search results to other search engine portals in an effort\n\nQuestion: What search engine did Microsoft launch in 2009?", "output": "Bing.com"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Salzburg Airport , branded as Salzburg Airport Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, is Austria's second largest airport. It serves Salzburg, the fourth-largest Austrian city, and is a gateway to Austria's numerous ski areas. The airport is located west-south-west of Salzburg city centre and from the Austrian-German border. It is jointly owned by Salzburg municipality (25%) and Salzburg Province (75%). The airport is named after the Austrian composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Salzburg Airport has a small footprint, covering only 175 hectares (432 acres) of land but has a 2,750m runway equipped to handle aircraft as large as the Boeing 747-400. History Pre-World War II In 1910, the first powered aircraft taxied on to the new race track in Salzburg-Aigen. In 1926, Deutsche Luft Hansa inaugurated the Munich-Salzburg-Bad Reichenhall route. In 1927, the Vienna-Salzburg-Innsbruck route was started by \u00d6LAG (Austrian Aviation AG). In one of the earlier incidents Luft Hansa, which flew the London-Brussels-Frankfurt-Munich-Vienna\n\nLuque () is a city in Central Department of Paraguay, part of the Gran Asunci\u00f3n metropolitan area. Both 1635 and 1750 have been recorded as dates of its founding. It was temporarily the capital of Paraguay in 1868 during the Paraguayan War before relocation to San Estanislao. It is located at around . Luque is one of the most important cities in the country. The city counts as home of Paraguay's main international airport, Silvio Pettirossi International Airport and the \u00d1u Guas\u00fa Park, which is where the Paraguayan Olympic Committee is also located. The continental governing body of association football in South America, CONMEBOL, has its headquarters approximately 3 minutes from the Airport, consisting of the South American Football Museum and walking distance from the Bourbon CONMEBOL Asunci\u00f3n Convention Hotel. When it existed, ARPA \u2013 Aerol\u00edneas Paraguayas had its headquarters in the ARPA Terminal on the grounds of the airport.\n\nJuan Gualberto G\u00f3mez Airport , formerly known as Varadero Airport (), is an international airport serving Varadero, Cuba, and the province of Matanzas. The airport is located 5 km from the village of Carbonera, closer to the city of Matanzas than to Varadero. The closest airport to Varadero is Kawama Airport. In 2009, the airport handled 1.28 million passengers, making it the second busiest airport in Cuba after Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ed International Airport in Havana. History Juan Gualberto Gomez Airport was built in 1989 and inaugurated by Fidel Castro, thus replacing the old Varadero airport located in Santa Marta, currently known as Kawama Airport. The airport was named after a journalist, fighter for the Cuban Independence and black rights activist in Cuba Juan Gualberto G\u00f3mez (1854\u20131933). The terminal building has shops for tourists (including rum, cigars, T-shirts, books, carvings, pharmaceuticals) both before customs check point, at a large departures lounge with\n\nQuestion: Benito Juarez international airport is in which country?", "output": "Mexico"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Tis Pity She's a Whore (original spelling: Tis Pitty Shee's a Who[o]re) is a tragedy written by John Ford. It was first performed or between 1629 and 1633, by Queen Henrietta's Men at the Cockpit Theatre. The play was first published in 1633, in a quarto printed by Nicholas Okes for the bookseller Richard Collins. Ford dedicated the play to John Mordaunt, 1st Earl of Peterborough and Baron of Turvey. Plot Giovanni, recently returned to Parma from university in Bologna, has developed an incestuous passion for his sister Annabella and the play opens with his discussing this ethical problem with Friar Bonaventura. Bonaventura tries to convince Giovanni that his desires are evil despite Giovanni's passionate reasoning and eventually persuades him to try to rid himself of his feelings through repentance. Annabella, meanwhile, is being approached by a number of suitors including Bergetto, Grimaldi, and Soranzo. She is not interested in\n\nShakespeare's most celebrated work. If performed dramatically, the play leaves Swift as the tragic hero, a Cassandra figure unappreciated by his colleagues, going mad in captivity. In either case, Kafka ends the play on a notion of hope, as she is the one who spontaneously begins to successfully type the opening lines of Hamlet, comically juxtaposed against Swift who merely ponders in silence and Milton who aimlessly types the words \"hemorrhoid\", \"pomegranate\", and \"bazooka\". Characters Milton is the most realistic of the three; he knows what has to be done and knows how to do it. The rough draft on his typewriter involves the opening lines from Paradise Lost (written by John Milton in 1667), though it concludes with nonsensical words. Swift (also called \"Swifty\") is ambitious and something of a rebel. He figures out far-fetched plans to break out of the cage, despite Milton's sarcastic and annoyed discouragement. He\n\nWords, Words, Words is a one-act play written by David Ives for his collection of six one-act plays, All in the Timing. The play is about Kafka, Milton, and Swift, three intelligent chimpanzees who are put in a cage together under the experimenting eye of a never seen Dr. Rosenbaum, a scientist testing the hypothesis that three apes hitting keys at random on typewriters for an infinite amount of time will almost surely produce Shakespeare's play Hamlet (a variation on the infinite monkey theorem). The show's title is a phrase quoted from Hamlet. The performance comprises the ape characters humorously confronting and conversing with each other in order to understand the purpose of the exercise put upon them. Although clearly a comedy, the ending tone of the play can differ much from production to production, and generally will depend on the actor's (and director's) interpretation of the Swift character. Swift\n\nQuestion: In which Shakespeare play would you find the characters Gertrude, Laertes and Horatio?", "output": "HAMLET"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Liquid metal embrittlement (also known as LME and liquid metal induced embrittlement) is a phenomenon of practical importance, where certain ductile metals experience drastic loss in tensile ductility or undergo brittle fracture when exposed to specific liquid metals. Generally, a tensile stress, either externally applied or internally present, is needed to induce embrittlement. Exceptions to this rule have been observed, as in the case of aluminium in the presence of liquid gallium. This phenomenon has been studied since the beginning of the 20th century. Many of its phenomenological characteristics are known and several mechanisms have been proposed to explain it. The practical significance of liquid metal embrittlement is revealed by the observation that several steels experience ductility losses and cracking during hot-dip galvanizing or during subsequent fabrication. Cracking can occur catastrophically and very high crack growth rates have been measured. Similar metal embrittlement effects can be observed even in the\n\nCorrosion fatigue is fatigue in a corrosive environment. It is the mechanical degradation of a material under the joint action of corrosion and cyclic loading. Nearly all engineering structures experience some form of alternating stress, and are exposed to harmful environments during their service life. The environment plays a significant role in the fatigue of high-strength structural materials like steel, aluminum alloys and titanium alloys. Materials with high specific strength are being developed to meet the requirements of advancing technology. However, their usefulness depends to a large extent on the degree to which they resist corrosion fatigue. The effects of corrosive environments on the fatigue behavior of metals were studied as early as 1930. The phenomenon should not be confused with stress corrosion cracking, where corrosion (such as pitting) leads to the development of brittle cracks, growth and failure. The only requirement for corrosion fatigue is that the sample be\n\nAn alloy is a mixture of chemical elements of which at least one is a metal. Unlike chemical compounds with metallic bases, an alloy will retain all the properties of a metal in the resulting material, such as electrical conductivity, ductility, opacity, and luster, but may have properties that differ from those of the pure metals, such as increased strength or hardness. In some cases, an alloy may reduce the overall cost of the material while preserving important properties. In other cases, the mixture imparts synergistic properties to the constituent metal elements such as corrosion resistance or mechanical strength. In an alloy, the atoms are joined by metallic bonding rather than by covalent bonds typically found in chemical compounds. The alloy constituents are usually measured by mass percentage for practical applications, and in atomic fraction for basic science studies. Alloys are usually classified as substitutional or interstitial alloys, depending on\n\nQuestion: The stress that causes a metal object to break is called metal what?", "output": "Fatigue"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Helliconia trilogy is a series of science fiction books by British writer Brian W. Aldiss, set on the Earth-like planet Helliconia. It is an epic chronicling the rise and fall of a civilisation over more than a thousand years as the planet progresses through its incredibly long seasons, which last for centuries. The trilogy consists of the books Helliconia Spring (published in 1982), Helliconia Summer (1983), and Helliconia Winter (1985). Synopsis In one sense, the central character is not any person (though some families are focused on, such as Yuli the Priest's line, which dominates Helliconia Spring) but the planet itself and its science, particularly in the light of James Lovelock's Gaia Hypothesis. The books describe realistic and credible details of the planet from the perspectives of a great variety of fields of study \u2013 astronomy, geology, climatology, geobiology, microbiology, religion, society, and many others \u2013 for which Aldiss\n\nNick Arnold (born 4 August 1961) is a British writer of science books for children. He is best known for the long series Horrible Science, illustrated by Tony De Saulles, and the short series Wild Lives, illustrated by Jane Cope. His other works include some published under the name Robert Roland. Arnold was born in Cambridge, England. His first published works appeared as a result of a project he was working on at the University of North London, when he was trying to teach young children. A positive review was written about him and he started to write the Horrible Science books. Arnold left school with many history qualifications but decided to become a writer. He found it hard to get published however. He became an editor in London hoping that \"working as an editor might help him get his own books published\". In London, he struggled to find work,\n\nHorrible Geography is a series of children's non-fiction books written by Anita Ganeri, illustrated by Mike Phillips, and published in the UK by Scholastic. It is a spin-off from the Horrible Histories series, and is designed to get children interested in geography. Reception The Royal Meteorological Society's Metlink teaching resource reviewed Stormy Weather, calling it \"engaging, accurate and interesting\", and praising its conversational style and illustrations. A review in the journal Nature praised the series (along with Horrible Science) for its \"sense of fun\" alongside the educational content, but noted that the facts provided are occasionally misleading. Books for Keeps gave a generally positive review of Odious Oceans and Violent Volcanoes, commenting that \"Ganeri\u2019s geographical ventures represent a definite step forward for this respected writer\". Awards and sales As of August 2011, the series has sold almost 2 million copies and been translated into more than 20 languages. Horrible Geography:\n\nQuestion: 'Terrible Tudors' and 'Awesome Egyptians' were the first two titles in which series of illustrated books?", "output": "'HORRIBLE HISTORIES'"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "On the evening of August 4, 1962, American actress Marilyn Monroe died at age 36 of a barbiturate overdose inside her home at 12305 Fifth Helena Drive in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California. Her body was discovered before dawn the following morning, on August 5. Monroe had been one of the most popular Hollywood stars during the 1950s and early 1960s, and was a top-billed actress for the preceding decade. Her films had grossed $200 million by the time of her death. Monroe had suffered from mental illness and substance abuse, and she had not completed a film since The Misfits, released on February 1, 1961, which was a box-office disappointment. Monroe had spent 1961 preoccupied with her various health problems, and in April 1962 had begun filming Something's Got to Give for 20th Century Fox, but the studio fired her in early June. Fox publicly blamed Monroe for the production's\n\nGreene, Monroe formed Marilyn Monroe Productions, a production company in an effort to gain control of her career (from Hollywood powerhouses). Greene would go on to produce Bus Stop (1956) and The Prince and the Showgirl (1957). The two also collaborated on some 53 photo sessions, some of which became well known, including \"The Black Sitting\". Greene's photograph for one such sitting in 1954 featuring Monroe in a ballet tutu was chosen by Time Life as one of the three most popular images of the 20th century. Monroe and Greene's friendship ended after the production of The Prince and the Showgirl in 1957, and they decided to separate. Personal life Greene's first marriage was to his childhood sweetheart Evelyn Franklin in 1942. They divorced in 1949. His second marriage was to model Amy Franco (born 1929 in Cuba), whom he married in 1953. They had two sons, Joshua and Anthony.\n\nweeks before her death and was still working on a chapbook of poems about New Mexico. References 1932 births 2006 deaths Deaths from cancer in New York (state) Poets from New York (state) American nurses American women nurses Deaths from liver cancer Writers from New York City Writers from Rochester, New York American women poets 20th-century American poets 20th-century American women writers 21st-century American women\n\nQuestion: Marilyn Monroe was born and died in the same American City which one?", "output": "LOS ANGELES"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "in April 1837, did not bring about a reconciliation. In June 1838, FitzClarence attended the coronation of his cousin Queen Victoria. He gained the rank of major-general in the British Army and held the office of aide-de-camp to his father King William IV between 1830 and 1837. He held the office of Lieutenant of the Tower of London between 1831 and 1833, was Constable and Governor of Windsor Castle between 1833 and 1842 and aide-de-Camp to Queen Victoria between 1837 and 1841. He was elected president of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1841. Marriage and children FitzClarence married Mary Wyndham (29 August 1792 \u2013 3 December 1842), daughter of George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont and his mistress Elizabeth Fox, on 18 October 1819. They had seven children: Lady Adelaide Georgiana FitzClarence (28 August 1820 \u2013 11 October 1883); died unmarried. Lady Augusta Margaret FitzClarence (29 July 1822 \u2013 5\n\nresponsibility as chaplain at the school. Since 1982 it has been located in a Georgian country house previously named Red Rice House, where the future George IV of the United Kingdom (then still Prince of Wales) was believed to have secretly \u2013 and illegally \u2013 married the Roman Catholic Maria Anne Fitzherbert in 1785. The legend was disproved in 1905 when Mrs Fitzherbert's papers were made public. The house is situated in the hamlet Red Rice, near Andover, Hampshire. Boarding Boarding is available to both boys and girls aged 7 (Year 3) and above. Around 40% of pupils board either full-time or on weekdays. The younger boarders are housed separate sections of the Junior House. Boarders in Year 7 and above reside in two senior houses (1 for boys and 1 for girls). Notable alumni Rupert Allason Raymond Asquith, 3rd Earl of Oxford and Asquith Rupert Everett Alexander Hesketh, 3rd\n\nIsabella, Countess of Gloucester (1173/1174 \u2013 14 October 1217), was an English noblewoman who was married to King John prior to his accession. Lineage Isabella was the daughter of William Fitz Robert, 2nd Earl of Gloucester, and his wife Hawise. Her paternal grandfather, Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester, was the illegitimate son of King Henry I. Her father died in 1183, at which time she became Countess of Gloucester suo jure. Royal marriage and annulment On 28 September 1176, King Henry II betrothed Isabella, an infant at most three years old, to his youngest son, John. John and Isabella were half-second cousins as great-grandchildren of Henry I, and thus within the prohibited degrees of consanguinity. But in the marriage agreement, the King agreed to find the best husband possible for Isabella should the Pope refuse to grant a dispensation for the proposed marriage. Henry also declared Isabella the sole heir\n\nQuestion: Mrs Maria Fitzherbert illegally married which future King of England in 1785?", "output": "GEORGE IV"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Battle of V\u0129nh Y\u00ean () which occurred from 13 to 17 January 1951, was a major engagement in the First Indochina War between the French Union and the Vi\u1ec7t Minh. The French Union forces, led by World War II hero Jean de Lattre de Tassigny, inflicted a decisive defeat on the Vi\u1ec7t Minh forces, which were commanded by V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p. The victory marked a turn in the tide of the war, which was previously characterized by a number of Vi\u1ec7t Minh victories. Prelude By October 1950, the Vi\u1ec7t Minh had seized the initiative from the French. Operating from bases in the People's Republic of China, Vi\u1ec7t Minh troops under Gi\u00e1p constantly raided French outposts along Route Coloniale 4. At the end of the attacks on October 17, the French had lost 6,000 troops, stunning the French government into action: the high commissioner for Indochina, Leon Pignon, and the\n\nThe Battle of Coral\u2013Balmoral (12 May \u2013 6 June 1968) was a series of actions fought during the Vietnam War between the 1st Australian Task Force (1 ATF) and the North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) 7th Division and Viet Cong (VC) Main Force units, north-east of Saigon. Following the defeat of the PAVN/VC Tet offensive in January and February, in late April two Australian infantry battalions\u2014the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the Royal Australian Regiment (RAR)\u2014with supporting arms, were again deployed from their base at Nui Dat in Ph\u01b0\u1edbc Tuy Province to positions astride infiltration routes leading to Saigon to interdict renewed movement against the capital. Part of the wider allied Operation Toan Thang I, it was launched in response to intelligence reports of another impending PAVN/VC offensive, yet the Australians experienced little fighting during this period. Meanwhile, the PAVN/VC successfully penetrated the capital on 5 May, plunging\n\nThe Cambodian campaign (also known as the Cambodian incursion and the Cambodian liberation) was a series of military operations conducted in eastern Cambodia in mid-1970 by South Vietnam and the United States as an expansion of the Vietnam War and the Cambodian Civil War. Thirteen operations were conducted by the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) between April 29 and July 22 and by U.S. forces between May 1 and June 30, 1970. The objective of the campaign was the defeat of the approximately 40,000 troops of the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) and the Viet Cong (VC) in the eastern border regions of Cambodia. Cambodian neutrality and military weakness made its territory a safe zone where PAVN/VC forces could establish bases for operations over the border. With the US shifting toward a policy of Vietnamization and withdrawal, it sought to shore up the South Vietnamese government by eliminating\n\nQuestion: Which forces were defeated by Ho Chi Minh's forces at the battle of Dien Bien Phu in Vietnam in May 1954?", "output": "French"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The balalaika (, ) is a Russian stringed musical instrument with a characteristic triangular wooden, hollow body, fretted neck and three strings. Two strings are usually tuned to the same note and the third string is a perfect fourth higher. The higher-pitched balalaikas are used to play melodies and chords. The instrument generally has a short sustain, necessitating rapid strumming or plucking when it is used to play melodies. Balalaikas are often used for Russian folk music and dancing. The balalaika family of instruments includes instruments of various sizes, from the highest-pitched to the lowest: the piccolo balalaika, prima balalaika, secunda balalaika, alto balalaika, bass balalaika, and contrabass balalaika. There are balalaika orchestras which consist solely of different balalaikas; these ensembles typically play Classical music that has been arranged for balalaikas. The prima balalaika is the most common; the piccolo is rare. There have also been descant and tenor balalaikas,\n\ndocument. Another appearance of the word is registered in a document from the Verkhotursky district of Russia, dated October 1700. It is also mentioned in a document dated 1714 and signed by Peter the Great regarding the wedding celebrations of N.M. Zotov in Saint Petersburg. In the Ukrainian language the word was first documented in the 18th century as \"balabaika\"; this form is also present in South Russian dialects and the Belarusian language, as well as in Siberian Russia. It made its way into literature and first appeared in \"Elysei\", a 1771 poem by V. Maykov. \"Balalaika\" also appears in Nikolai Gogol's Dead Souls, written between 1837 and 1842. Types The most common solo instrument is the prima, which is tuned E4\u2013E4\u2013A4 (thus the two lower strings are tuned to the same pitch). Sometimes the balalaika is tuned \"guitar style\" by folk musicians to G3\u2013B3\u2013D4 (mimicking the three highest strings\n\nensembles typically play Classical music that has been arranged for balalaikas. The prima balalaika is the most common; the piccolo is rare. There have also been descant and tenor balalaikas, but these are considered obsolete. All have three-sided bodies; spruce, evergreen, or fir tops; and backs made of three to nine wooden sections (usually maple). The prima balalaika, secunda and alto are played either with the fingers or a plectrum (pick), depending on the music being played, and the bass and contrabass (equipped with extension legs that rest on the floor) are played with leather plectra. The rare piccolo instrument is usually played with a pick. Etymology The earliest mention of the term balalaika dates back to a 1688 Russian document. Another appearance of the word is registered in a document from the Verkhotursky district of Russia, dated October 1700. It is also mentioned in a document dated 1714 and\n\nQuestion: How many strings has the Russian balalaika?", "output": "Three"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Armando Trovajoli (also Trovaioli, 2 September 1917 \u2013 28 February 2013) was an Italian film composer and pianist with over 300 credits as composer and/or conductor, many of them jazz scores for exploitation films of the Commedia all'italiana genre. He collaborated with Vittorio De Sica on a number of projects, including one segment of Boccaccio '70. Trovajoli was also the author of several Italian musicals: among them, Rugantino and Aggiungi un posto a tavola. Trovajoli was the husband of actress Pier Angeli. He died in Rome at the age of 95 on 28 February 2013. Radio After graduating from the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome (1948), Trovajoli was entrusted by RAI with the direction of a pop music orchestra, set with 12 violins, 4 violas, 4 cellos, 1 flute, 1 oboe, 1 clarinet, 1 horn, harp, vibraphone, electric guitar, bass, drums and the piano (played by Trovajoli himself).\n\nby tropical rhythms, is sung in playback and danced by Silvana Mangano, but actually performed by Flo Sandon's. Since then, Trovajoli wrote soundtracks for directors as Dino Risi, Vittorio De Sica, Ettore Scola and others, for a total of over 300 scores. Selected filmography Brothers of Italy (1952) Two Nights with Cleopatra (1954) A Day in Court (1954) Poveri milionari (1958) Il vedovo (1959) Uncle Was a Vampire (1959) Winter Holidays (1959) A Qualcuna Piace Calvo (1959) Call Girls of Rome (1960) Two Women (1960) Atom Age Vampire (1960) Hercules and the Conquest of Atlantis (1961) Mole Men Against the Son of Hercules (1961) The Giant of Metropolis (1961) Hercules in the Haunted World (1961) The Orderly (1961) His Women (1961) Werewolf in a Girls' Dormitory (1961) Planets Against Us (1962) Boccaccio '70 (1962) Toto's First Night (1962) Sexy Toto (1963) I mostri (1963) Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow (1963) Marriage\n\nBenedetto Ferrari ( \u2013 22 October 1681) was an Italian composer, particularly of opera, librettist, and theorbo player. Biography Benedetto Ferrari was born in Reggio nell'Emilia. He worked in Rome (1617\u20131618), Parma (1619\u20131623), and possibly in Modena at some time between 1623 and 1637. He created music and libretti in Venice and Bologna, 1637\u20131644. Ferrari's Andromeda, with music by Francesco Manelli, was the first Venetian opera performed in a public theatre (in 1637). Subsequently, he provided both the text and the music for two operas, both presented in Venice: La maga fulminata (1638) and Il pastor regio (1640). The 1641 Bolognese staging of the latter included, as its final duet, the text \"Pur ti miro, pur ti godo,\" which was later reused, possibly with Ferrari's music, for the final duet in the surviving manuscripts of Monteverdi's L'Incoronazione di Poppea. Ferrari went to Vienna in 1651, serving the emperor Ferdinand III.\n\nQuestion: \"Which Italian composed the opera \"\"La Traviata\"\"?\"", "output": "Verdi"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "by the American Astronomical Society and the Royal Astronomical Society subsequently adopted this symbol. In the 2014 revision and 2019 edition of the SI Brochure, the BIPM used the unit symbol \"au\". ISO 80000-3:2019, which replaces ISO 80000-3:2006, does not mention the astronomical unit. Development of unit definition Earth's orbit around the Sun is an ellipse. The semi-major axis of this elliptic orbit is defined to be half of the straight line segment that joins the perihelion and aphelion. The centre of the Sun lies on this straight line segment, but not at its midpoint. Because ellipses are well-understood shapes, measuring the points of its extremes defined the exact shape mathematically, and made possible calculations for the entire orbit as well as predictions based on observation. In addition, it mapped out exactly the largest straight-line distance that Earth traverses over the course of a year, defining times and places for\n\nfor civilian and state use, as well as the naval ensign (White Ensign) that can also be used by yachts of the Royal Yacht Squadron. Countries having specific civil ensigns The civil ensigns that are different from the general national flag can be grouped into a number of categories. Civil ensigns with the national flag in the canton Several countries use red flags with, in most cases, either the respective national flag or the Union Flag in the canton, patterned after the Red Ensign. British overseas territories fly the plain Red Ensign or a Red Ensign with the respective colonial arms in the fly. Saudi Arabia puts its national flag in the canton of an otherwise-green flag (the Saudi Arabian flag is hoisted with the flagpole to its right so the canton is in the upper right corner of the flag). Ghana stopped using its Red Ensign in 2003 with\n\nare at distance from the origin. Therefore, for this cube, the midsphere is centered at the origin, with radius . This is larger than the radius of the inscribed sphere, , and smaller than the radius of the circumscribed sphere, . More generally, for any Platonic solid of edge length , the midradius is for a regular tetrahedron, for a regular octahedron, for a regular cube, for a regular icosahedron, where denotes the golden ratio, and for a regular dodecahedron. The uniform polyhedra, including the regular, quasiregular and semiregular polyhedra and their duals all have midspheres. In the regular polyhedra, the inscribed sphere, midsphere, and circumscribed sphere all exist and are concentric, and the midsphere touches each edge at its midpoint. Not every irregular tetrahedron has a midsphere. The tetrahedra that have a midsphere have been called \"Crelle's tetrahedra\"; they form a four-dimensional subfamily of the six-dimensional space of all\n\nQuestion: What name is given to the edge of a flag nearest the flagpole?", "output": "HOIST"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the new frontiers. The Niagara Falls stood as a mighty barrier. To bypass it, a portage road between Queenston, Ontario and Chippawa was used, but the solution was far from optimal. The cargo had to be unloaded, carried 18 km up the Niagara Escarpment, then loaded onto different ships to continue on its way. The relatively narrow Niagara Peninsula, situated between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, was a natural match to the idea of bypassing the Falls. Indeed, the idea of a canal across the Peninsula was examined as early as 1799, when a group headed by Robert Hamilton, a Queenston merchant, unsuccessfully petitioned the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada. Hamilton's plan called for a canal to be constructed between Fort Erie and, perhaps unsurprisingly, Queenston. In 1816, a young man called William Hamilton Merritt bought a rundown sawmill on the Twelve Mile Creek, and added a grist mill and\n\nThe Welland Canal has gone through many incarnations in its history. Today, five distinct canal-construction efforts are recognized. The retronym First Welland Canal is applied to the original canal, constructed from 1824 to 1829 and 1831 to 1833. Pre-canal times The Great Lakes form an excellent navigation route into the interior of North America. Downstream from Niagara Falls, ships can reach the port city of Montreal without encountering major difficulties. Upstream, the lakes are navigable all the way to the western end of Lake Superior. Early on during the European settlement of North America, lack of other infrastructure made the Great Lakes the premier route to reach the interior of the continent, and later to ship materials and goods from the new frontiers. The Niagara Falls stood as a mighty barrier. To bypass it, a portage road between Queenston, Ontario and Chippawa was used, but the solution was far from\n\nFort Erie and, perhaps unsurprisingly, Queenston. In 1816, a young man called William Hamilton Merritt bought a rundown sawmill on the Twelve Mile Creek, and added a grist mill and a store. The Twelve flowed from its source south of the Escarpment to Lake Ontario, but its water levels varied considerably, creating difficulties for Merritt and his mills. In 1818, when the flow was especially low, Merritt pursued the idea of bringing water to his mills from the Welland River. On a bigger scale, the Erie Canal, dug from the Hudson River through northern New York, was about to reach Lake Erie. The impending completion meant the cargo from upper Great Lakes was about to head down the canal and Hudson River to New York City, bypassing its previous destination, Montreal. At the time, a considerable rivalry existed between Montreal and New York for cargo headed to Europe via ocean-going\n\nQuestion: Which canal was constructed to link the Great Lakes Erie and Ontario, thus bypassing the Niagara Falls?", "output": "THE WELLAND CANAL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Absolute zero is the lowest limit of the thermodynamic temperature scale; a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their minimum value, taken as zero kelvin. The fundamental particles of nature have minimum vibrational motion, retaining only quantum mechanical, zero-point energy-induced particle motion. The theoretical temperature is determined by extrapolating the ideal gas law; by international agreement, absolute zero is taken as \u2212273.15 degrees on the Celsius scale (International System of Units), which equals \u2212459.67 degrees on the Fahrenheit scale (United States customary units or imperial units). The corresponding Kelvin and Rankine temperature scales set their zero points at absolute zero by definition. It is commonly thought of as the lowest temperature possible, but it is not the lowest enthalpy state possible, because all real substances begin to depart from the ideal gas when cooled as they approach the change of state to liquid,\n\nit is not the lowest enthalpy state possible, because all real substances begin to depart from the ideal gas when cooled as they approach the change of state to liquid, and then to solid; and the sum of the enthalpy of vaporization (gas to liquid) and enthalpy of fusion (liquid to solid) exceeds the ideal gas's change in enthalpy to absolute zero. In the quantum-mechanical description, matter at absolute zero is in its ground state, the point of lowest internal energy. The laws of thermodynamics indicate that absolute zero cannot be reached using only thermodynamic means, because the temperature of the substance being cooled approaches the temperature of the cooling agent asymptotically. Even a system at absolute zero, if it could somehow be achieved, would still possess quantum mechanical zero-point energy, the energy of its ground state at absolute zero; the kinetic energy of the ground state cannot be removed.\n\ntransition - is considered one of the very important and unsolved problems of physics. Universal low-temperature properties of amorphous solids At very low temperatures (below 1-10 K), large family of amorphous solids have various similar low-temperature properties. Although there are various theoretical models, neither glass transition nor low-temperature properties of glassy solids are well understood on the fundamental physics level. Amorphous solids is an important area of condensed matter physics aiming to understand these substances at high temperatures of glass transition and at low temperatures towards absolute zero. From 1970s, low-temperature properties of amorphous solids were studied experimentally in great detail. For all of these substances, specific heat has a (nearly) linear dependence as a function of temperature, and thermal conductivity has nearly quadratic temperature dependence. These properties are conventionally called anomalous being very different from properties of crystalline solids. On the phenomenological level, many of these properties were described\n\nQuestion: What temperature, in degrees centigrade, is Absolute Zero?", "output": "-273"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Animal Farm is a beast fable, in the form of a satirical allegorical novella, by George Orwell, first published in England on 17 August 1945. It tells the story of a group of anthropomorphic farm animals who rebel against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can be equal, free, and happy. Ultimately, the rebellion is betrayed and, under the dictatorship of a pig named Napoleon, the farm ends up in a state as bad as it was before. According to Orwell, Animal Farm reflects events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and then on into the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union, a period of time when Russia lived under the communist ideology made by Joseph Stalin. Orwell, a democratic socialist, was a critic of Joseph Stalin and hostile to Moscow-directed Stalinism, an attitude that was critically shaped by his experiences during the\n\nmade by Joseph Stalin. Orwell, a democratic socialist, was a critic of Joseph Stalin and hostile to Moscow-directed Stalinism, an attitude that was critically shaped by his experiences during the Barcelona May Days conflicts between the POUM and Stalinist forces during the Spanish Civil War. In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described Animal Farm as a satirical tale against Stalin (\"\"), and in his essay \"Why I Write\" (1946), wrote that Animal Farm was the first book in which he tried, with full consciousness of what he was doing, \"to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole\". The original title was Animal Farm: A Fairy Story, but US publishers dropped the subtitle when it was published in 1946, and only one of the translations during Orwell's lifetime, the Telugu version, kept it. Other title variations include subtitles like \"A Satire\" and \"A Contemporary Satire\". Orwell suggested the\n\n\"Pig-Hoo-o-o-o-ey\" is a short story by P. G. Wodehouse, which first appeared in the United States in the 9 July 1927 issue of Liberty, and in the United Kingdom in the August 1927 Strand. Part of the Blandings Castle canon, it features the absent-minded peer Lord Emsworth, and was included in the collection Blandings Castle and Elsewhere (1935), although the story takes place sometime between the events of Leave It to Psmith (1923) and Summer Lightning (1929). Plot summary Lord Emsworth, keen that his fat pig, the Empress of Blandings, should win the 87th annual Shropshire Agricultural Show, is distraught when his pigman, Wellbeloved, is sent to prison for fourteen days for being drunk and disorderly in a Market Blandings inn. The pig immediately goes off her feed, and with the vet baffled, Emsworth is in no state to listen to his sister Connie's bleatings about his niece Angela breaking\n\nQuestion: What was the name of the pig leader in George Orwell's Animal Farm?", "output": "Napoleon"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Bo\u00f6tes ( ) is a constellation in the northern sky, located between 0\u00b0 and +60\u00b0 declination, and 13 and 16 hours of right ascension on the celestial sphere. The name comes from , which comes from 'herdsman' or 'plowman' (literally, 'ox-driver'; from bo\u00fbs 'cow'). One of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy, Bo\u00f6tes is now one of the 88 modern constellations. It contains the fourth-brightest star in the night sky, the orange giant Arcturus. Epsilon Bo\u00f6tis, or Izar, is a colourful multiple star popular with amateur astronomers. Bo\u00f6tes is home to many other bright stars, including eight above the fourth magnitude and an additional 21 above the fifth magnitude, making a total of 29 stars easily visible to the naked eye. History and mythology In ancient Babylon, the stars of Bo\u00f6tes were known as SHU.PA. They were apparently depicted as the god Enlil, who was the leader\n\nA constellation is an area on the celestial sphere in which a group of visible stars forms a perceived pattern or outline, typically representing an animal, mythological subject, or inanimate object. The origins of the earliest constellations likely go back to prehistory. People used them to relate stories of their beliefs, experiences, creation, or mythology. Different cultures and countries invented their own constellations, some of which lasted into the early 20th century before today's constellations were internationally recognized. The recognition of constellations has changed significantly over time. Many changed in size or shape. Some became popular, only to drop into obscurity. Some were limited to a single culture or nation. Naming constellations also helped astronomers and navigators identify stars more easily. Twelve (or thirteen) ancient constellations belong to the zodiac (straddling the ecliptic, which the Sun, Moon, and planets all traverse). The origins of the zodiac remain historically uncertain; its\n\nAries is one of the constellations of the zodiac. It is located in the Northern celestial hemisphere between Pisces to the west and Taurus to the east. The name Aries is Latin for ram. Its old astronomical symbol is (\u2648\ufe0e). It is one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is a mid-sized constellation ranking 39th in overall size, with an area of 441 square degrees (1.1% of the celestial sphere). Aries has represented a ram since late Babylonian times. Before that, the stars of Aries formed a farmhand. Different cultures have incorporated the stars of Aries into different constellations including twin inspectors in China and a porpoise in the Marshall Islands. Aries is a relatively dim constellation, possessing only four bright stars: Hamal (Alpha Arietis, second magnitude), Sheratan (Beta Arietis, third magnitude), Mesarthim (Gamma Arietis, fourth\n\nQuestion: The Pleiades are in which constellation?", "output": "Taurus"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aida is a 1987 Swedish movie, directed by Claes Fellbom. The film is based on Giuseppe Verdi's opera, Aida. sings the part of Radam\u00e8s, and the role is played by dancer . sings the part of the high priestess, played by Fran\u00e7oise Drapier. is the voice of the Messenger, played by . Kerstin Nerbe was responsible for reworking the music. The film is built on a performance at the Stockholm Folk Opera in 1985. Cast - Aida - Radames - voice of Radames Ingrid Tobiasson - Amneris - Amonasro - Ramfis - the King's spokesman Fran\u00e7oise Drapier - High priestess - voice of the high priestess - Messenger - voice of Messenger - dancer - dancer Ann Lee - dancer - dancer - dancer Bj\u00f6rn Wikstr\u00f6m - dancer Ross - moderator Music Aida, by composer Giuseppe Verdi Italian lyrics by Antonio Ghislanzoni and Swedish lyrics (1880) by Herbert Sundberg. References\n\nClaudio Monteverdi L'incoronazione di Poppea (Poppea) Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria (Minerva) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Cos\u00ec fan tutte (Dorabella) Don Giovanni (Donna Elvira) Lyric Opera of Chicago Idomeneo (Idamante) Houston Grand Opera, Palais Garnier, Paris La clemenza di Tito (Sesto) Op\u00e9ra National de Paris and concert performances Le nozze di Figaro (Cherubino) Metropolitan Opera Lucio Silla (Cecilio), Santa Fe Opera Tobias Picker An American Tragedy (Sondra Finchley) Metropolitan Opera world premi\u00e8re Henry Purcell Dido and Aeneas (Sorceress, Dido) Gioachino Rossini Il barbiere di Siviglia (Rosina) Richard Strauss Ariadne auf Naxos (Composer) Metropolitan Opera, Royal Opera House, and Glyndebourne Der Rosenkavalier (Octavian) Giuseppe Verdi Falstaff (Meg Page) Awards 2001 Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters (Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres) June 2005 Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters Musical America 2004 Vocalist of the Year 2004 Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance, for\n\nCulmell, a French-Cuban-American diarist, essayist, novelist and writer of short stories and erotica Marjorie Ana\u00efs Housepian Dobkin, Armenian-American writer and professor In music Ana\u00efs (singer) (born 1965), real name R\u00e9gine Hantelle, a French female singer, also part of duo Alice et Ana\u00efs and the duo Ana\u00efs et Didier Barbelivien Ana\u00eds (born 1984), Dominican Latin pop singer, winner of the second season of Objetivo Fama Ana\u00efs Lameche (born 1987), Swedish singer Ana\u00efs Mitchell (born 1981), American singer-songwriter and musician Ana\u00efs Perri\u00e8re-Pilte (1836\u20131878), French composer Ana\u00eds Vivas (born 1989), Venezuelan singer In film and theater Ana\u00eds (actress) (born 1974), Mexican actress Ana\u00efs Aubert, known as Mademoiselle Ana\u00efs (1802\u20131871), French actress Ana\u00efs Barbeau-Lavalette (born 1979), Canadian actress, film director, and screenwriter Ana\u00efs Delva (born 1986), French singer and actress Ana\u00efs Demoustier (born 1987), French actress Ana\u00efs Fargueil (1819\u20131896), French actress Anais Granofsky (born 1973), Canadian actress, screenwriter, producer and director Ana\u00efs Perri\u00e8re-Pilte (1809\u20131878),\n\nQuestion: 'Radames' and 'Princess Amneris' are characters that appear in which Verdi opera?", "output": "'AIDA'"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "(corrosive sublimate), and hydrochloric acid (in the form of ). However, the nature of free chlorine gas as a separate substance was only recognised around 1630 by Jan Baptist van Helmont. Carl Wilhelm Scheele wrote a description of chlorine gas in 1774, supposing it to be an oxide of a new element. In 1809, chemists suggested that the gas might be a pure element, and this was confirmed by Sir Humphry Davy in 1810, who named it after the Ancient Greek (, \"pale green\") because of its colour. Because of its great reactivity, all chlorine in the Earth's crust is in the form of ionic chloride compounds, which includes table salt. It is the second-most abundant halogen (after fluorine) and twenty-first most abundant chemical element in Earth's crust. These crustal deposits are nevertheless dwarfed by the huge reserves of chloride in seawater. Elemental chlorine is commercially produced from brine by\n\nThe action of organic magnesium halides on alpha halo-ketones and on alpha halo-sulfones.\" Honors Chemical Pioneer Award (1968) Priestley Medal (1970) American Institute of Chemists Gold Medal (1977) National Medal of Science National Inventors Hall of Fame IRI Medal References Wesleyan University faculty 20th-century American chemists National Medal of Science laureates Harvard University alumni 1906 births 1989 deaths Scientists from Boston Tufts University alumni 20th-century American inventors\n\nBromine is a chemical element with the symbol Br and atomic number 35. It is a volatile red-brown liquid at room temperature that evaporates readily to form a similarly coloured vapour. Its properties are intermediate between those of chlorine and iodine. Isolated independently by two chemists, Carl Jacob L\u00f6wig (in 1825) and Antoine J\u00e9r\u00f4me Balard (in 1826), its name was derived from the Ancient Greek (bromos) meaning \"stench\", referring to its sharp and pungent smell. Elemental bromine is very reactive and thus does not occur as a free element in nature. Instead, it can be isolated from colourless soluble crystalline mineral halide salts analogous to table salt, a property it shares with the other halogens. While it is rather rare in the Earth's crust, the high solubility of the bromide ion (Br) has caused its accumulation in the oceans. Commercially the element is easily extracted from brine evaporation ponds, mostly\n\nQuestion: Which English chemist isolated the metals sodium and magnesium, etc?", "output": "Sir Humphry Davy"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Australian Labor Party (ALP), also simply known as Labor, is the major centre-left political party in Australia and one of two major parties in Australian politics, along with the centre-right Liberal Party of Australia. The party has been in government since being elected at the 2022 federal election, and with political branches in each state and territory, they currently form government in New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia, the Australian Capital Territory, and the Northern Territory. As of 2023, Tasmania is the only state or territory where Labor forms the opposition. It is the oldest continuous political party in Australian history, being established on 8 May 1901 at Parliament House, Melbourne, the meeting place of the first federal Parliament. The ALP was not founded as a federal party until after the first sitting of the Australian parliament in 1901. It is regarded as descended from labour\n\nMark Alfred Dreyfus (born 3 October 1956) is an Australian politician and lawyer who has been attorney-general of Australia and cabinet secretary since June 2022, having held both roles previously in 2013 and from 2010 to 2013 respectively. Dreyfus is a member of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), and has been the MP for Isaacs since the 2007 election. Before beginning his political career, Dreyfus worked as a barrister for two decades, specialising in constitutional, commercial and environmental law. After winning the seat of Isaacs in 2007, Dreyfus was appointed to the Cabinet in September 2010 by Julia Gillard as Cabinet Secretary. In February 2013, following the resignation of Nicola Roxon, he was moved to become Attorney-General for the first time. After Kevin Rudd replaced Gillard as Prime Minister in June 2013, Dreyfus was retained as Attorney-General and given the additional roles of Special Minister of State and Minister for\n\nand administrator Politicians Australian parliament Sir Edmund Barton (1859\u20131864), the first Prime Minister of Australia; Justice of the High Court of Australia Peter Baume, former Senator for New South Wales; physician; Chancellor of the Australian National University Max Falstein, Member for Watson (1940\u20131949) in the Australian House of Representatives Paul Fletcher, Member for Bradfield in the Australian House of Representatives Sir William McMahon (In Office 10 March 1971 \u2013 5 December 1972), 20th Prime Minister of Australia Harold Thorby, former Member for Calare in the Australian House of Representatives and NSW government minister Malcolm Turnbull, 29th Prime Minister of Australia New South Wales parliament Sir George Fuller, former Premier of New South Wales Alex Greenwich, current Member for Sydney Sir Norman Kater, politician, medical practitioner and grazier James Macarthur-Onslow, member of both the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council; Australian Army Major General; later a businessman John Maddison, former Attorney\n\nQuestion: Which political party does Australian prime Minister Julia Gillard represent?", "output": "Australian LABOUR Party"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Steven Underhill (born 1962) is an American photographer. He grew up in Northern California and graduated from University of California, Los Angeles. He has produced seven photo books featuring nude and semi-nude male models, titled Straight Boys, Twins, Jeff, Boys Next Door, Happy 2gether, Straight Boys Volume 2, and Rassle. He is best known for photographing identical twins Bruce and Seth Hall. Steven Underhill was an early contributor to the gay youth publication XY Magazine. Published works Straight Boys (1997, 2004; English and German); Twins (1999; also known as Frisky Memories); Jeff (1999); Boy Next Door (2000); Happy 2gether (2003); Straight boys Volume 2 (2004; English and German); Rassle (2006; English and German); References External links Steven Underhill's official website Steven Underhill's homoerotica Facebook fan page Steven Underhill's podcast page with NSFW homoerotica images and video Website featuring some of Steven Underhill's latest work, collaborating with the original founders of\n\nThe Trevor Project is an American nonprofit organization founded in 1998. Focused on suicide prevention efforts among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ) youth, they offer a toll-free telephone number where confidential assistance is provided by trained counselors. The stated goals of the project are to provide crisis intervention and suicide prevention services for youth (defined by the organization as people under 25), as well as to offer guidance and resources to parents and educators in order to foster safe, accepting, and inclusive environments for all youth, at home, schools and colleges. History The project was founded in 1998 in West Hollywood, California, by Celeste Lecesne, Peggy Rajski, and Randy Stone. They are the creators of the 1994 Academy Award\u2013winning short film Trevor, a dramedy about Trevor, a gay thirteen-year-old boy who, when rejected by friends because of his sexuality, attempts suicide. When the film was scheduled to\n\nBenjamin Joseph Horne is a fictional character in the television series Twin Peaks, created by David Lynch and Mark Frost, portrayed by Richard Beymer. His middle and last names are based on department store owner Joseph Horne, founder of Horne's in Pittsburgh where Mark Frost is from, while his and his brother Jerry's first names are based on the ice cream brand Ben & Jerry's. The richest man in Twin Peaks, Horne is an archetypal 1980s cutthroat businessman, whose greatest desire in life appears to be the acquisition of wealth. As the series progressed, he was revealed, like many of the show's other characters, to have a hidden side; beneath his ruthless, greedy facade, he is a lonely, deeply-depressed man who is disappointed with how his family and life turned out. For the first sixteen episodes of the series, he is one of the primary antagonists not directly linked to\n\nQuestion: What did the Winklevoss twins try to take credit for creating?", "output": "Facebook"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Who Said\" is a song by American recording artist and actress Miley Cyrus. She is performing as Hannah Montana \u2013 the alter ego of Miley Stewart, a character she plays on the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana. The song was written by Matthew Gerrard, Robbie Nevil, and Jay Landers and produced by Gerrard. It was released on July 11, 2006 as the second single by Walt Disney Records from the series' first soundtrack, Hannah Montana. \"Who Said\" bears teen pop aspects musically, while its lyrics are about individualism. In the United States, the song peaked at number eighty-three on the Billboard Hot 100 and within the top seventy on the Pop 100. Its appearance on the Billboard Hot 100 made Cyrus the first act to have seven songs appear on the chart in the same week. The song was also certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America\n\nMitchel Tate Musso (born July 9, 1991) is an American actor and singer. He is best known for his three Disney Channel roles as Oliver Oken in Hannah Montana; Jeremy Johnson in the animated series Phineas and Ferb; and his Disney XD role as King Brady on Pair of Kings. He was the host of Disney Channel's PrankStars. He voiced DJ in the computer-animated/motion capture film, Monster House, and starred as Raymond Figg in the Disney Channel Original Movie, Life Is Ruff, released in 2005. Musso's self-titled debut album was released on June 2, 2009, on Walt Disney Records. The album debuted at number 19 on the Billboard 200. Early life Musso was born in Garland, Texas, the son of Katherine (n\u00e9e Moore) and Samuel Musso, who were involved in community theater in Dallas, Texas. He has two brothers \u2013 Mason Musso, who sang lead vocals in the band Metro\n\nAaliyah Dana Haughton ( ; January 16, 1979 \u2013 August 25, 2001) was an American singer and actress. She has been credited with helping to redefine contemporary R&B, pop, and hip hop, earning her the nicknames the \"Princess of R&B\" and \"Queen of Urban Pop\". Born in Brooklyn and raised in Detroit, she first gained recognition at the age of 10, when she appeared on the television show Star Search and performed in concert alongside Gladys Knight. At the age of 12, Aaliyah signed with Jive Records and her uncle Barry Hankerson's Blackground Records. Hankerson introduced her to R. Kelly, who became her mentor, as well as lead songwriter and producer of her debut album, Age Ain't Nothing but a Number. The album sold three million copies in the United States and was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). After allegations of an illegal marriage\n\nQuestion: Who is Hannah Montana's alter ego?", "output": "Miley Stewart"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of Cartoon Network's World Premiere Toons in 1997. Executives at Fox saw both Larry shorts and contracted MacFarlane to create a series based on the characters, to be called Family Guy. Peter Griffin, one of the main characters in Family Guy, is largely based on Larry, while Steve is the main inspiration behind the Griffin family dog, Brian. Fox proposed MacFarlane complete a 15-minute short, giving him a budget of $50,000.<ref name=\"megadeal\">{{cite news | first=Nellie | last=Andreeva | title=Family Guy creator seals megadeal | date=2008-05-05 | work=The Hollywood Reporter | url =https://www.reuters.com/article/entertainmentNews/idUSN0435504220080505 | access-date = 2008-05-31 }}</ref> MacFarlane stated that the pilot for Family Guy took half a year to create and produce. Recalling the experience in an interview with The New York Times, MacFarlane stated, \"I spent about six months with no sleep and no life, just drawing like crazy in my kitchen and doing this pilot.\" Upon completion\n\n\"The Griffin Family History\" (also known as \"Untitled Griffin Family History\") is the 27th episode of the fourth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy. It originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 14, 2006. The episode begins after robbers break into the Griffin family home, so the family flees to safety in their panic room. Trapped with no way out, Peter decides to pass the time by telling his family the story of the Griffin family history, narrating a chain of events that describe their equally exotic and dysfunctional ancestry. The episode was written by John Viener and directed by Zac Moncrief. The episode featured guest performances by Lori Alan as Diane Simmons, and featured Chris Sheridan, Joey Slotnick, Danny Smith and Phil LaMarr as various characters. The episode received generally mixed reviews from television critics, who dismissed it as clich\u00e9d. According to Nielsen rating,\n\nSteven Anita \"Steve\" Smith is a fictional character in the animated television series American Dad!, voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's 14-year-old son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters. Steve only has three human geeky friends that always stand by his side no matter what crazy scenario is going on. However, he has the strongest friendship with the family alien Roger, as they frequently go on wild adventures together. The character was initially voiced by Ricky Blitt and was designed as geeky and physically gawky. Halfway through production of the first season, Grimes replaced Blitt and Steve's design was made to be more physically attractive, so he would be less comparable to Neil Goldman from Family Guy. Personality At 14 years old, Steve is the youngest member of the Smith family. He is and is approximately which\n\nQuestion: \"What is the name of the father in cartoon series \"\"The Family Guy\"\"?\"", "output": "Peter Griffin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alaska ( ) is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America. It borders British Columbia and Yukon in Canada to the east and it shares a western maritime border in the Bering Strait with Russia's Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. The Chukchi and Beaufort Seas of the Arctic Ocean lie to the north and the Pacific Ocean lies to the south. Technically a semi-exclave of the U.S., Alaska is the largest exclave in the world. Alaska is the largest U.S. state by area, comprising more total area than the next three largest states of Texas, California and Montana combined and is the seventh-largest subnational division in the world. It is the third-least populous and most sparsely populated U.S. state, but with a population of 736,081 as of 2020, is the continent's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel, with more than quadruple the combined populations\n\nstate, but with a population of 736,081 as of 2020, is the continent's most populous territory located mostly north of the 60th parallel, with more than quadruple the combined populations of Northern Canada and Greenland. The state capital of Juneau is the second-largest city in the United States by area. The former capital of Alaska, Sitka, is the largest U.S. city by area. The state's most populous city is Anchorage. Approximately half of Alaska's residents live within the Anchorage metropolitan area. Indigenous people have lived in Alaska for thousands of years, and it is widely believed that the region served as the entry point for the initial settlement of North America by way of the Bering land bridge. The Russian Empire was the first to actively colonize the area beginning in the 18th century, eventually establishing Russian America, which spanned most of the current state, and promoted and maintained a\n\nSoutheast Alaska, often abbreviated to Southeast or Southeastern, and sometimes called the Alaska(n) Panhandle, is the southeastern portion of the U.S. state of Alaska, bordered to the east and north by the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia (and a small part of Yukon). The majority of Southeast Alaska's area is part of the Tongass National Forest, the United States' largest national forest. In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska boundary dispute). The region is noted for its scenery and mild, rainy climate. The largest cities in the region are Juneau, Sitka, and Ketchikan. This region is also home to Hyder, the easternmost town in Alaska. Geography Southeast Alaska has a land area of , comprising much of the Alexander Archipelago. The largest islands are, from North to South, Chichagof Island, Admiralty Island, Baranof\n\nQuestion: What is the capital of the US state of Alaska?", "output": "Juneau"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "present or perfect subjunctives and historic (or secondary) sequence tenses being followed by the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctives. vereor ne hostis veniat \u2013 'I fear lest the enemy come', 'I fear that the enemy is coming'. vereor ne dum minuere velim laborem augeam, Cicero De Legibus I.4.12 \u2013 'I fear that, while I wish to lessen the toil, I am increasing it'. timeo ne tibi nihil praeter lacrimas queam reddere, Cicero Pro Plancio 42.101 \u2013 'I am afraid that I can give nothing in return save tears'. Further reading References Latin grammar Verb types Fear\n\ninformal contexts, such as language teaching, it may be called the \"conditional tense\". Some languages have verb forms called \"conditional\" although their use is not exclusive to conditional expression. Examples are the English and French conditionals (an analytic construction in English, but inflected verb forms in French), which are morphologically futures-in-the-past, and of which each has thus been referred to as a \"so-called conditional\" () in modern and contemporary linguistics (e.g. French , from Late Latin , in , \"if you allowed me to do so, I would sing\" [so-called conditional] vs. , \"I said that I would sing\" [future-in-the-past]). The English would construction may also be used for past habitual action (\"When I was young I would happily walk three miles to school every day\"). This article describes the formation of the conditional forms of verbs in certain languages. For fuller details of the construction of conditional sentences, see\n\nthe clause that follows. That is, the inter-clausal temporality and switch reference relate the current clause to the one that follows it. References General reference Rai Coast languages Languages of Madang Province Subject\u2013object\u2013verb languages\n\nQuestion: Verb tense neither future nor past?", "output": "Present"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Mr Brownlow is a character from the 1838 novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens. Brownlow is a bookish and kindly middle-aged bachelor who helps Oliver escape the clutches of Fagin. He later adopts Oliver Twist by the end of the novel. The novel Mr Brownlow is introduced when the Artful Dodger and his companion Charley Bates pick his pocket and Oliver Twist is arrested simply for \"looking guilty\". Later, in court, Brownlow discovers Oliver is completely innocent and, after dealing with the extremely agitated magistrate, Mr Fang, he takes him home fearing the boy to be very ill, which he is. He calls on a doctor, who after making frequent incorrect guesses to Oliver's condition, simply concludes the boy is recovering from a fever. Brownlow's maid, Mrs Bedwin, is a kind old lady who immediately takes to Oliver upon his arrival. Later, when Grimwig, an old friend of Brownlow's, evaluates\n\nCharles Pooter is a fictional character, the supposed author and leading character of George and Weedon Grossmith's comic novel The Diary of a Nobody (1892). Pooter is a middle-aged and middle-class clerk in the City of London, with ideas above his station. Apart from taking himself very seriously, he is an extreme example of self-importance, with the unhappy result that he is much snubbed by those he considers beneath him. He has a wife called Carrie and a son called Lupin, the latter unsuitably engaged to the distressingly inferior Daisy Mutlar. The Pooters live at The Laurels, Brickfield Terrace, Holloway, London, in a nice six-roomed residence, not counting basement, with a front breakfast-parlour, a little front garden, and a flight of ten steps up to the front door. A nice little back garden runs down to the railway, which causes no nuisance, other than the cracking up of the garden\n\nto inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also frequently adapted and, like many of his novels, evoke images of early Victorian London. His 1859 novel A Tale of Two Cities (set in London and Paris) is his best-known work of historical fiction. The most famous celebrity of his era, he undertook, in response to public demand, a series of public reading tours in the later part of his career. The term Dickensian is used to describe something that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings, such as poor social or working conditions, or comically repulsive characters. Early life Charles Dickens was born on 7 February 1812 at 1 Mile End Terrace (now 393 Commercial Road), Landport in Portsea Island (Portsmouth), Hampshire, the second of eight children of Elizabeth Dickens (n\u00e9e Barrow; 1789\u20131863) and John Dickens (1785\u20131851). His father was a clerk in the Navy\n\nQuestion: In the novel \u2018Oliver Twist\u2019 by Charles Dickens, what is The Artful Dodger\u2019s real name?", "output": "Jack Dawkins"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Tom Boonen (who finished fifth in the prologue stage five seconds down on Bobby Julich) took over the yellow/white jersey due to the time bonus awarded to stage winners. He also took over first place in the points classification. After a short solo breakaway effort by David Zabriskie, Frenchmen Cristophe Laurent and St\u00e9phane Aug\u00e9 launched a long attack at the 60-km point but were caught by the chasing peloton only 2 km before the finish line. Aug\u00e9 was awarded the first red polka dotted jersey in the mountains classification. 07-03-2006: Cerilly \u2013 Belleville, 200 km. (Stage 2) Stage 2 saw a repeat of Tom Boonen's victory over Allan Davis in the first stage, the Belgian finishing first in another bunch sprint. The polka-dotted mountains jersey changed hands due to a long breakaway by French rider Nicolas Crosbie, who established a maximum lead of 27'30\" after 81 kilometers. Crosbie was caught\n\nsprint. The polka-dotted mountains jersey changed hands due to a long breakaway by French rider Nicolas Crosbie, who established a maximum lead of 27'30\" after 81 kilometers. Crosbie was caught by the peloton 10 km before the finish line. The blue jersey for the best young rider was awarded to Beno\u00eet Vaugrenard who took over first place with former leader Alberto Contador finishing 1'13 behind the pack. 08-03-2006: Julienas \u2013 Saint-\u00c9tienne, 168.5 km. (Stage 3) In the third stage to Saint-\u00c9tienne, where Kazakh racer Andrei Kivilev died after a fall in the 2003 edition of Paris\u2013Nice (prompting the UCI to make the wearing of helmets mandatory during all UCI-sanctioned races), there were some changes to the race classifications as American Floyd Landis took over first place in the GC, placing second in the stage after Patxi Xabier Vila Errandonea. Nicolas Crosbie and Tom Boonen retained their respective climber and sprinter\n\nThe 2006 edition of the Paris\u2013Nice bicycle race was run from March 5 to March 12. The race was won by United States rider Floyd Landis, of Team Phonak. Stages 05-03-2006: Issy-les-Moulineaux \u2013 Issy-les-Moulineaux, 4.8 km. (Prologue, ITT) The prologue stage saw 2005 GC winner Bobby Julich retain the yellow/white GC leader's jersey after defeating Kazakh Andrey Kaschechkin, who held the best time through most of the stage's duration, by a narrow margin of 1 second. As the winner of the first stage he also received the green/white points jersey. The blue jersey for best young rider went to Alberto Contador. 06-03-2006: Villemandeur \u2013 Saint-Amand-Montrond, 193 km. (Stage 1) By winning the peloton sprint in Saint-Amand-Montrond ahead of Allan Davis, Tom Boonen (who finished fifth in the prologue stage five seconds down on Bobby Julich) took over the yellow/white jersey due to the time bonus awarded to stage winners. He\n\nQuestion: In a cycle race, what colour jersey is worn each day by the rider accumulating the highest number of points?", "output": "Green"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Antonio Lucio Vivaldi (4 March 1678 \u2013 28 July 1741) was an Italian composer, virtuoso violinist and impresario of Baroque music. Along with Johann Sebastian Bach and George Frideric Handel, Vivaldi ranks amongst the greatest Baroque composers and his influence during his lifetime was widespread across Europe, giving origin to many imitators and admirers. He pioneered many developments in orchestration, violin technique and programmatic music. He consolidated the emerging concerto form into a widely accepted and followed idiom. Vivaldi composed many instrumental concertos, for the violin and a variety of other musical instruments, as well as sacred choral works and more than fifty operas. His best-known work is a series of violin concertos known as The Four Seasons. Many of his compositions were written for the all-female music ensemble of the Ospedale della Piet\u00e0, a home for abandoned children. Vivaldi began studying for the priesthood at the age of 15\n\nGiovanni Battista Pescetti (c. 170420 March 1766) was an organist, harpsichordist, and composer known primarily for his operas and keyboard sonatas. Musicologist and University of California, Santa Barbara professor John E. Gillespie wrote that Pescetti \"stylistically stands as a bridge between Alberti and Domenico Scarlatti\". Life Born in Venice, Pescetti was the son of organ builder Giacinto Pescetti. His mother, Giulia Pescetti (n\u00e9e Pollarolo), was the daughter of opera composer and organist Carlo Francesco Pollarolo and the sister of composer and organist Antonio Pollarolo. He studied in his native city under the organist and opera composer Antonio Lotti. He developed a friendship with Baldassare Galuppi, a fellow pupil of Lotti's, with whom he collaborated in creating and revising operas. From 1725 to 1732 he wrote operas for various theatres in Venice, sometimes in collaboration with Galuppi. Pescetti left Italy for London in 1736, where he initially worked as a harpsichordist.\n\nThe majority of his works may now be found in the state library in Berlin. He composed many types of music. He was most notable for overtures, symphonies, harpsichord concerti, quartets, trios, duets for a solo instrument and obbligato harpsichord, and sonatas for harpsichord. External links 1709 births 1763 deaths 18th-century classical composers 18th-century German people German Baroque composers German Classical-period composers People from S\u00e4chsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge German male classical composers 18th-century German composers 18th-century German male musicians\n\nQuestion: Which father and son, 17th and 18th century composers, between them lived in Rome, Naples, Florence and Madrid and composed over 120 operas, 600 chamber cantatas, and 500 harpsichord sonatas?", "output": "Scarlatti"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "her novels having sold more than two billion copies. Christie was born into a wealthy upper-middle-class family in Torquay, Devon, and was largely home-schooled. She was initially an unsuccessful writer with six consecutive rejections, but this changed in 1920 when The Mysterious Affair at Styles, featuring detective Hercule Poirot, was published. Her first husband was Archibald Christie; they married in 1914 and had one child before divorcing in 1928. Following the breakdown of her marriage and the death of her mother in 1926 she made international headlines by going missing for eleven days. During both World Wars, she served in hospital dispensaries, acquiring a thorough knowledge of the poisons that featured in many of her novels, short stories, and plays. Following her marriage to archaeologist Max Mallowan in 1930, she spent several months each year on digs in the Middle East and used her first-hand knowledge of this profession in\n\nToo Many Cooks is the fifth Nero Wolfe detective novel by American mystery writer Rex Stout. The story was serialized in The American Magazine (March\u2013August 1938) before its publication in book form in 1938 by Farrar & Rinehart, Inc. The novel was collected in the omnibus volume Kings Full of Aces, published in 1969 by the Viking Press. Plot introduction Wolfe, a knowledgeable gourmet as well as a detective, attends a meeting of great chefs, Les Quinze Ma\u00eetres, at a resort in West Virginia, and jealousies among them soon lead to strife; then, one of the chefs is murdered. Wolfe sustains his own injury in the course of finding the culprit but also obtains the secret recipe for saucisse minuit. Plot summary Nero Wolfe accepts an invitation to address Les Quinze Ma\u00eetres (\"The Fifteen Masters\"), an international group of master chefs, on the subject of American contributions to fine cuisine.\n\nJames McLevy (1796\u20131875) was a prominent detective in Edinburgh during the mid-19th century, and later an author of popular crime mysteries. Biography The son of a farmer, he was born in Ballymacnab in County Armagh, Ireland. McLevy later moved to Edinburgh, Scotland, and became a builder's labourer before joining the police force in 1830. In 1833 he became Edinburgh's first detective and handled 2,220 cases during his 30-year career, almost always securing a conviction. His fame was such that the UK Parliament asked for his advice on dealing with criminals and Mary Carpenter, the great social reformer, quoted him in her paper on dealing with convicts. McLevy published a series of extremely popular books in the 1860s, including Curiosities of Crime in Edinburgh, Sliding Scale of Life and The Disclosures of a Detective. It is sometimes suggested that his writings helped to inspire Arthur Conan Doyle. McLevy sought forensic advice\n\nQuestion: Which fictional detective made a first appearance in the 1916 novel 'The Mysterious Affair at Styles'?", "output": "HERCULE POIROT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "the most serious, posterior nosebleeds (also known as epistaxis). It can be ligated surgically or blocked under image guidance with minimally invasive techniques by interventional radiologist using tiny microparticles to control such nosebleeds. See also Kiesselbach's plexus References External links () () Notes Arteries of the head and neck\n\nsuffered from severe dehydration, and witnesses reported that they had been seen licking the floors they had mopped in an attempt to hydrate themselves. The goal of the experiment was to determine if the prisoners would suffer severe physical symptoms or death within a period of 6\u201312 days. Capture and suicide Eppinger, 67, committed suicide after the war, reportedly using poison. This occurred a month before he was to be called to testify at the Nuremberg Trials. Much later it was discovered that he had an unclaimed Swiss bank account. Eponymous medical terms The following medical terms were named after Eppinger: Cauchois-Eppinger-Frugoni syndrome (renamed to portal vein thrombosis) Eppinger's spider naevus (Spider Angioma) From 1973, the Falk Foundation of Freiburg awarded an Eppinger Prize for outstanding contributions to liver research. However, when Eppinger's activities at Dachau were brought to public attention in 1984, the prize was cancelled. In 1976, the\n\nThe sphenopalatine artery (nasopalatine artery) is an artery of the head, commonly known as the artery of epistaxis. It passes through the sphenopalatine foramen to reach the nasal cavity. It is the main artery of the nasal cavity. Course The sphenopalatine artery is a branch of the maxillary artery which passes through the sphenopalatine foramen into the cavity of the nose, at the back part of the superior meatus. Here it gives off its posterior lateral nasal branches. Crossing the under surface of the sphenoid, the sphenopalatine artery ends on the nasal septum as the posterior septal branches. Here it will anastomose with the branches of the greater palatine artery. Clinical significance The sphenopalatine artery is the artery responsible for the most serious, posterior nosebleeds (also known as epistaxis). It can be ligated surgically or blocked under image guidance with minimally invasive techniques by interventional radiologist using tiny microparticles to\n\nQuestion: What is the human ailment epistaxis better known as?", "output": "Nosebleed"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Charles de Gaulle Square () is a square in northern Bucharest, Romania. It lies at the intersection of Aviatorilor, Constantin Prezan and Prim\u0103verii Boulevards, and Calea Doroban\u021bilor. In the centre of the square stands Paul Neagu's Crucea Mileniului (Millennium Cross), built in the 1990s. In September 2006, on the occasion of the Francophonie Summit held in Bucharest, a statue of Charles de Gaulle was unveiled. Sculpted by Mircea Sp\u0103taru, it is high and was financed by the government. During the Communist period of Romania, the square hosted parades in honor of the Revolution of 23 August 1944. Neighbourhood Her\u0103str\u0103u Park is located to the northwest of the square, Arcul de Triumf is located in its own square a few hundred metres to the west, on Constantin Prezan Boulevard, while Pia\u021ba Victoriei, where the Romanian Government headquarters is situated, is located south, at the end of Aviatorilor Boulevard. The state-owned Romanian\n\nThe Arc de Triomphe de l'\u00c9toile (, , ; ) is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, France, standing at the western end of the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es at the centre of Place Charles de Gaulle, formerly named Place de l'\u00c9toile\u2014the \u00e9toile or \"star\" of the juncture formed by its twelve radiating avenues. The location of the arc and the plaza is shared between three arrondissements, 16th (south and west), 17th (north), and 8th (east). The Arc de Triomphe honours those who fought and died for France in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, with the names of all French victories and generals inscribed on its inner and outer surfaces. Beneath its vault lies the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier from World War I. The central cohesive element of the Axe historique (historic axis, a sequence of monuments and grand thoroughfares on a route running from the courtyard of the\n\nPlace Bellecour () is a large square in the centre of Lyon, France, to the north of the Ainay district. Measuring 312 m by 200 m (62,000 m\u00b2 or 15 acres), it is one of the largest open squares (without any patches of greenery or trees) in Europe, and the third biggest square in France, behind the Place des Quinconces in Bordeaux (126,000 m\u00b2) and the Place de la Concorde in Paris (86,400 m\u00b2). It is also the largest pedestrian square in Europe: vehicles are allowed on the Place de la Concorde and Place des Quinconces. In the middle is an equestrian statue of King Louis XIV by Fran\u00e7ois-Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Lemot (1825). Another statue, representing the Petit Prince and Antoine de Saint-Exup\u00e9ry, is at the west end of the square. The square also has two pavilions, housing the tourist information office of Lyon and an art gallery. The square is part\n\nQuestion: Which famous monument stands in the centre of the \u2018Place Charles de Gaulle\u2019 in Paris?", "output": "Arc de Triomphe"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Strone () is a village on the Cowal peninsula in Argyll and Bute in the Scottish Highlands at the point where the north shore of the Holy Loch becomes the west shore of the Firth of Clyde. The village lies within the Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park. Origin of name The name comes from the Scottish Gaelic for nose, and applies to the hill above the village as well as to Strone Point. It adjoins the settlement of Kilmun on the loch, and the village of Blairmore on Loch Long. It has a (now disused) pier (built in 1847) and was a regular stop for the Clyde steamer services. Village A high road on the side of the hill serves additional houses including Dunselma, a Scottish baronial style house above the point. It was built as a sailing lodge for the wealthy Coats family (proprietors of the eponymous\n\nPortvoller () is a small village on the north tip of the Eye Peninsula (which along with Melbost and Parkend makes up Point), on the Isle of Lewis in northwestern Scotland. It is on the A866 from the Outer Hebrides' only town, Stornoway. Portvoller is within the parish of Stornoway. About the village Portvoller's most prominent feature is the Tiumpan Head Lighthouse, which is located at the northernmost tip of the village. Portvoller is also near some of the Western Isles' best fishing waters, especially rock fishing or beach casting. The headlands that are most popular for these pursuits are known locally as Billy Mor (Bilidh Mhor) and Foitelair (Foitealar). These two fishing hotspots are found about five minutes' walk from the ruined Portvoller slipway\u2014a walk that can be a treacherous clamber after a squall or downpour. The Portvoller slipway is also near to small and secluded Shinega (Sinigeadh) beach.\n\nKincardine ( ; ) or Kincardine-on-Forth is a small town on the north shore of the Firth of Forth, in Fife, Scotland. The town was given the status of a burgh of barony in 1663. It was at one time a reasonably prosperous minor port. The townscape retains many good examples of Scottish vernacular buildings from the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries, although it was greatly altered during the construction of Kincardine Bridge in 1932\u20131936. It is in the civil parish of Tulliallan. Etymology The name Kincardine, recorded in 1540 as Kincarne, may be of either Pictish or Gaelic origin (It is also recorded as Kincarnyne). The second element is Pictish *carden, conceivably loaned into Gaelic, meaning \"woodland\" or perhaps \"enclosure, encampment\" (Middle Welsh cardden). The first element is the Gaelic ceann, \"head end\", but in view of the second element's \"Pictish\" distribution, it is most appropriately seen as\n\nQuestion: On which Scottish island is the town of Stornoway?", "output": "LEWIS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Pyle's Massacre, (also Pyle's defeat, Pyle's hacking match, or Battle of Haw River), was fought during the American Revolutionary War in present-day Alamance County on February 24, 1781. The battle was between Patriot troops attached to the Continental Army under Colonel Henry Lee and the Loyalist North Carolina militia commanded by Dr. John Pyle. Due to the unique uniform design of his forces, the Loyalists mistakenly thought Colonel Lee was the expected British cavalry commander, Banastre Tarleton, who was known to be en route to reinforce Pyle. When Lee's men opened fire, they took Pyle's force totally by surprise. This resulted in an extremely lopsided victory for Lee, and Pyle's command was scattered and routed. Background British general the Earl Cornwallis had been unable to catch Nathanael Greene's army (in what historians now call the \"Race to the Dan\"), who strategically retreated using a screening feint column under Col. Otho\n\nThe American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 \u2013 September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was the military conflict of the American Revolution in which American Patriot forces under George Washington's command defeated the British, resulting in the Treaty of Paris (1783) recognizing the independence and sovereignty of the United States. Fighting began on April 19, 1775, at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. The war was formalized and intensified following passage of the Lee Resolution, which asserted that the Thirteen Colonies were \"free and independent states\", by the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia on July 2, 1776, and the unanimous ratification of the Declaration of Independence two days later, on July 4, 1776. American patriot forces eventually gained the support of the Kingdom of France and the Kingdom of Spain. The British and Loyalist forces also included Hessian soldiers from Germany. The\n\nThe Philadelphia campaign (1777\u20131778) was a British effort in the American Revolutionary War to gain control of Philadelphia, the Revolutionary-era capital where the Second Continental Congress convened and signed the Declaration of Independence, which formalized and escalated the war. As part of the Philadelphia campaign, British General William Howe, after failing to draw the Continental Army under General George Washington into a battle in North Jersey, embarked his army on transports, and landed them at the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay. From there, he advanced northward toward Philadelphia. Washington prepared defenses against Howe's movements at Brandywine Creek, but was flanked and beaten back in the Battle of Brandywine on September 11, 1777. After further skirmishes and maneuvers, Howe entered and occupied Philadelphia. Washington then unsuccessfully attacked one of Howe's garrisons at Germantown before retreating to Valley Forge for the winter. Howe's campaign was controversial because, while he succeeded in\n\nQuestion: The Battle of Brandywine took place during which war?", "output": "American War of Independence"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "grafted, so statements of consistent scale length during that time is somewhat speculative.) Smaller scale instruments are used extensively to teach younger players. The size of these is described by a \"conventional\" fraction that has no mathematical significance. For example, a 7/8 violin has a scale of about 317 mm, a 3/4-size instrument a scale of 307 mm, a half-size one 287 mm, and a quarter-size one 267 mm. 1/8, 1/10, 1/16 and 1/32 and even 1/64 violins also exist, becoming progressively smaller, but again in no proportional relationship. (A full-size instrument is described as 4/4.) Cellos exist in a smaller range of sizes than violins, with 4/4, 3/4, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/10 being reasonably common. As with the violin, the Stradivarius scale is regarded as standard for orchestral work; This is about . Violas are commonly described in terms of their body length rather than by a fraction.\n\ndensity of the material), the tension placed upon it, and the instrument's scale length. Generally, a string instrument has all strings approximately the same length, so the scale length can be expressed as a single measurement, e.g., the violin and most guitars. Bowed strings Violin family The two most famous violin makers, Antonio Stradivari (1644\u20131737) and Giuseppe Guarneri del Ges\u00f9 (1698\u20131744), both used an open string length of for their violins, which had already been established a generation before by Jacob Stainer (c. 1617\u20131683). Later makers have been unwilling to deviate from this. (There was variance in scale length in the earliest violins, and almost all of those in current use have had the necks replaced, with the original scroll grafted, so statements of consistent scale length during that time is somewhat speculative.) Smaller scale instruments are used extensively to teach younger players. The size of these is described by\n\nA3 D4 G4 (a perfect fifth below the treble viol) Bass viol \u2013 D2 G2 C3 E3 A3 D4 (an octave lower than the treble viol) 7-stringed bass viol \u2013 A1 D2 G2 C3 E3 A3 D4 (an extra low A is added) A more recent family is the violin octet, which also features a standardized tuning system (see page). Guitar family Guitars and bass guitars have more standard tunings, depending on the number of strings an instrument has. six-string guitar (the most common configuration) \u2013 E2 A2 D3 G3 B3 E4 (ascending perfect fourths, with an exception between G and B, which is a major third). Low E falls a major third above the C on a standard-tuned cello. Renaissance lute \u2013 E2 A2 D3 F\u266f3 B3 E4 (used by classical guitarists for certain pieces; identical to standard guitar tuning, except for the F\u266f, lowered one semitone from the\n\nQuestion: A violin has how many strings?", "output": "4"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The railway system in Great Britain is the oldest railway system in history. The first locomotive-hauled public railway opened in 1825, which was followed by an era of rapid expansion. Most of the track is managed by Network Rail, which in 2017 had a network of of standard-gauge lines, of which were electrified. These lines range from single to quadruple track or more. In addition, some cities have separate metro, light rail and tram systems (including the extensive and historic London Underground). There are also many private railways (some of them narrow-gauge), which are primarily short lines for tourists. The main rail network is connected with that of continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel and High Speed 1 (originally the Channel Tunnel Rail Link), which fully opened in 1994 and 2007 respectively. In 2019, there were 1.738 billion journeys on the National Rail network, making the British network the fifth\n\nThe Kolkata Suburban Railway (colloquially called Kolkata local trains or simply locals) is a suburban rail system serving the Kolkata metropolitan area and its surroundings in India. It is the largest suburban railway network in the country with the highest number of stations and also one of the largest suburban rail systems in the world. There are five main lines and nineteen branch lines. The suburban railway operates more than 1,500 services, carrying 3.5 million people daily and 1.2 billion people every year. It runs from 03:00 am until 02:00 am and the fares range from Rs.5 to Rs.25. The system uses power supply and runs on broad gauge track. It has interchange stations with the Kolkata Metro at various locations. The Kolkata Suburban Railway is part of the second passenger railway constructed in British India during the mid 19th century. The first train ran between Howrah and Hooghly stations.\n\nThe Kryvyi Rih Metrotram (or Colloquial: Metro), () or the Kryvyi Rih Rapid Tram (\u041a\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0301\u0437\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0448\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043a\u0456\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0301\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0432\u0430\u0301\u0439) is a partially underground rapid transit light rail system that serves the city of Kryvyi Rih, the seventh-largest city in Ukraine. Despite its designation as a \"metro tram\" and its use of tram cars as rolling stock, the Kryvyi Rih Metrotram is fully grade-separated both from roads and from the city's conventional tram lines, with enclosed stations and tracks. History The design of the Metrotram seen in Kryvyi Rih has its roots in the socialist urban planning guidelines that were formulated in the 1960s, based on models of the emergence of new urban centers and the transport arrangements that would suit them, in particular, how a small settlement would grow into a full-sized city, and at which point a rapid transit system would need to be built. Kryvyi Rih was chosen to test\n\nQuestion: Which city has the largest underground railway system in the world", "output": "London"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of albinism is \"a form of albinism called rufous oculocutaneous albinism, which usually affects dark-skinned people\". According to the National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation, \"With ocular albinism, the color of the iris of the eye may vary from blue to green or even brown, and sometimes darkens with age. However, when an optometrist or ophthalmologist examines the eye by shining a light from the side of the eye, the light shines back through the iris since very little pigment is present.\" Because individuals with albinism have skin that entirely lacks the dark pigment melanin, which helps protect the skin from the sun's ultraviolet radiation, their skin can burn more easily from overexposure. The human eye normally produces enough pigment to color the iris blue, green or brown and lend opacity to the eye. In photographs, those with albinism are more likely to demonstrate \"red eye\", due to the red\n\nColor (American English) or colour (Commonwealth English) is the visual perception based on the electromagnetic spectrum. Though color is not an inherent property of matter, color perception is related to an object's light absorption, reflection, emission spectra and interference. For most humans, colors are perceived in the visible light spectrum with three types of cone cells (trichromacy). Other animals may have a different number of cone cell types or have eyes sensitive to different wavelength, such as bees that can distinguish ultraviolet, and thus have a different color sensitivity range. Animal perception of color originates from different light wavelength or spectral sensitivity in cone cell types, which is then processed by the brain. Colors have perceived properties such as hue, colorfulness (saturation) and luminance. Colors can also be additively mixed (commonly used for actual light) or subtractively mixed (commonly used for materials). If the colors are mixed in the right\n\nto color the iris blue, green or brown and lend opacity to the eye. In photographs, those with albinism are more likely to demonstrate \"red eye\", due to the red of the retina being visible through the iris. Lack of pigment in the eyes also results in problems with vision, both related and unrelated to photosensitivity. Those with albinism are generally as healthy as the rest of the population (but see related disorders below), with growth and development occurring as normal, and albinism by itself does not cause mortality, although the lack of pigment blocking ultraviolet radiation increases the risk of melanomas (skin cancers) and other problems. Visual problems Development of the optical system is highly dependent on the presence of melanin. For this reason, the reduction or absence of this pigment in people with albinism may lead to: Misrouting of the retinogeniculate projections, resulting in abnormal decussation (crossing) of\n\nQuestion: What is the most common eye color in human beings?", "output": "Brown"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "However, after facing difficulties in registering ADIL as a formal political party, remnants of the movement merged with the Ikatan Masyarakat Islam Malaysia (IKATAN), a minor Islamic political party based in Terengganu, leading to the formation of Parti Keadilan Nasional (PKN) in 1999. Along with the Democratic Action Party (DAP), Parti Rakyat Malaysia (PRM) and Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Barisan Alternatif (BA) was formed in 24 October 1999, and contested in the 1999 and 2004 Malaysian general election. In 2003, PKN and PRM merged and became the Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR). PKR was instrumental in the creation of Pakatan Rakyat (PR), which scored electoral successes in the general elections of 2008 and 2013, and later as Pakatan Harapan (PH) in the 2018 Malaysian general election, which saw BN losing its parliamentary majority for the first time since 1955. Despite electoral successes in recent decades, the Reformasi movement, as recent as\n\nRatu Sairusi Nagagavoka (1920\u20132014) was a Fijian chief and political leader from Ba Province. He held the traditional title of Momo na Tui Ba (Tai Ko BULU) , commonly abbreviated to Tui Ba Bulu, and as such was one of two paramount chiefs in the Ba district of Ba Province. He was the President of the Party of National Unity (PANU), which he founded in 1998. Nagagavoka was regarded as a champion of multiracialism and multiculturalism, a rarity in a country whose electoral faultline was split ethnically rather than ideologically. He considered himself a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of the late Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, Fiji's longtime former Prime Minister and President, whom he described as \"a great leader who was able to unite all races in Fiji.\" He made this comment at the campaign launch of the Fiji Labour Party, to which his own party was electorally allied, in Ba Town on\n\nMagodro Open is a former electoral division of Fiji, one of 25 open constituencies that were elected by universal suffrage (the remaining 46 seats, called communal constituencies, were allocated by ethnicity). Established by the 1997 Constitution, it came into being in 1999 and was used for the parliamentary elections of 1999, 2001, and 2006. It was located in Ba Province, in the west of the main island of Viti Levu. The 2013 Constitution promulgated by the Military-backed interim government abolished all constituencies and established a form of proportional representation, with the entire country voting as a single electorate. Election results In the following tables, the primary vote refers to first-preference votes cast. The final vote refers to the final tally after votes for low-polling candidates have been progressively redistributed to other candidates according to pre-arranged electoral agreements (see electoral fusion), which may be customized by the voters (see instant run-off\n\nQuestion: The Barisan National party has ruled which country since 1957, winning every election since then, winning its last election in 2013?", "output": "Malaysia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Victoria (commonly abbreviated as Vic) is a state in southeastern Australia. It is the second-smallest state, with a land area of ; the second-most-populated state (after New South Wales), with a population of over 6.7 million; and the most densely populated state in Australia (29 per km2). Victoria is bordered by New South Wales to the north and South Australia to the west, and is bounded by the Bass Strait to the south (with the exception of a small land border with Tasmania located along Boundary Islet), the Great Australian Bight portion of the Southern Ocean to the southwest, and the Tasman Sea (a marginal sea of the South Pacific Ocean) to the southeast. The state encompasses a range of climates and geographical features from its temperate coastal and central regions to the Victorian Alps in the northeast and the semi-arid north-west. The majority of the Victorian population is concentrated\n\nAustralia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. Australia is the largest country by area in Oceania and the world's sixth-largest country. Australia is the oldest, flattest, and driest inhabited continent, with the least fertile soils. It is a megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates, with deserts in the centre, tropical rainforests in the north-east, tropical savannas in the north, and mountain ranges in the south-east. The ancestors of Aboriginal Australians began arriving from south-east Asia 50,000 to 65,000 years ago, during the last ice age. Arriving by sea, they settled the continent and had formed approximately 250 distinct language groups by the time of European settlement, maintaining some of the longest known continuing artistic and religious traditions in the world. Australia's written history commenced\n\nThe South Tasman Rise is an area of seafloor that lies 550 km south of Hobart, Tasmania in the Southern Ocean where water depths are about 1,500 metres. The South Tasman Rise is also known as the Tasmania Ridge or South Tasmania Ridge. The South Tasman Rise is a sunken landbridge that used to connect Tasmania to Antarctica. Exploration of this oceanic region has taken place via sonar, gravity field, magnetic field, a few drill holes and deliberate or accidental dredging of rocks up to the surface. Geology The rise forms a northern extension from the Macquarie-Balleny Ridge which extends to the subantarctic Balleny Islands. To east of the rise is the Tasman Basin, while the South Australian Basin extends westwards, south of the Great Australian Bight. The rise contains a number of seamounts, some of which have flat summits, indicating exposure above the sea surface at some time. The\n\nQuestion: What is the name of the strait between mainland Australia and Tasmania?", "output": "Bass Strait"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In chaos theory, the butterfly effect is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions in which a small change in one state of a deterministic nonlinear system can result in large differences in a later state. The term is closely associated with the work of mathematician and meteorologist Edward Norton Lorenz. He noted that the butterfly effect is derived from the metaphorical example of the details of a tornado (the exact time of formation, the exact path taken) being influenced by minor perturbations such as a distant butterfly flapping its wings several weeks earlier. Lorenz originally used a seagull causing a storm but was persuaded to make it more poetic with the use of a butterfly and tornado by 1972. He discovered the effect when he observed runs of his weather model with initial condition data that were rounded in a seemingly inconsequential manner. He noted that the weather model would\n\nJacques Hadamard noted general divergence of trajectories in spaces of negative curvature. Pierre Duhem discussed the possible general significance of this in 1908. In 1950, Alan Turing noted: \"The displacement of a single electron by a billionth of a centimetre at one moment might make the difference between a man being killed by an avalanche a year later, or escaping.\" The idea that the death of one butterfly could eventually have a far-reaching ripple effect on subsequent historical events made its earliest known appearance in \"A Sound of Thunder\", a 1952 short story by Ray Bradbury. \"A Sound of Thunder\" features time travel. More precisely, though, almost the exact idea and the exact phrasing \u2014of a tiny insect's wing affecting the entire atmosphere's winds\u2014 was published in a children's book which became extremely successful and well-known globally in 1962, the year before Lorenz published: In 1961, Lorenz was running a\n\nFarewell Summer is a novel by American writer Ray Bradbury, published on October 17, 2006. It was his last novel released in his lifetime. It is a sequel to his 1957 novel Dandelion Wine, and is set during an Indian summer in October 1929. The story concerns a mock war between the young and the old in Green Town, Illinois, and the sexual awakening of Doug Spaulding as he turns 14. With Something Wicked This Way Comes, they form a trilogy of novels inspired by Bradbury's childhood in Waukegan, Illinois. The first chapter, also titled Farewell Summer, appeared in The Stories of Ray Bradbury in 1980. Jonathan R. Eller and William F. Touponce discuss a draft of the unpublished novel in some detail in their book, Ray Bradbury: The Life of Fiction (2004). Publishers Weekly called the novel a \"poignant, wise but slight 'extension' of the indefatigable Bradbury's semiautobiographical Dandelion\n\nQuestion: Which well-known short story about time travel by Ray Bradbury is a fictional exploration of the 'butterfly effect' of Chaos theory?", "output": "A Sound of Thunder"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": ", European Union and the Council of Europe , Jamaica D (\"Danish cloth\"), Denmark (\"My Nation/Land\"), Kuwait E (\"Our flag\"), Greenland (\"The Lone Star\"), Chile, (\"The Lone Star\"), Cuba (\"Blue-Starred Flag\"), Catalan separatism , Australia F , Jain flag (\"Fleur-de-lis-y\"), Quebec, Canada G (\"Light blue and white\"), Greece , Guyana (\"White and black\"), Brittany , United States , United States H (\"Sun disc\"), Japan (national flag and naval flag) (\"The White-blue\"), a flag proposal which was used but never became official, Iceland I (\"Imperial flag\"), Russian Empire (historical flag) J , Confederate States (\"Stripes of Glory\"), Malaysia , Jefferson (proposed U.S. state) K Kanaka Maoli (\"True People\"), Hawaii (alternative flag) Kaponga (silver fern), New Zealand (unofficial, widely used) (\"Dagger and two swords\"), Oman (\"Five-cross flag\"), Georgia (\"Red Banner\"), Soviet Union (historical flag) (\"Blue Banner\"), East Turkestan (\"Black, white, red, white, green and a shield with two arrows\"), Kenya L (\"Red\n\nThe Romani flag or the flag of the Roma (, or O romanko flako) is the international ethnic flag of the Romani people, historically known as \"Gypsies\", which form a stateless minority in countries across Eurasia, Africa, the Americas, and Australasia. It was approved by the representatives of various Romani communities at the first and second World Romani Congresses (WRC), in 1971 and 1978. The flag consists of a background of blue and green, representing the heavens and earth, respectively; it also contains a 16-spoke red dharmachakra, or cartwheel, in the center. The latter element stands for the itinerant tradition of the Romani people and is also an homage to the flag of India, added to the flag by scholar Weer Rajendra Rishi. It superseded a number of tribal emblems and banners, several of which evoked claims of Romani descent from the Ancient Egyptians. Older Romani symbolism comprises insignia reflecting\n\nThe Council of Europe (CoE; , ) is an international organisation established in the wake of World War II to uphold human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe. Founded in 1949, it brings together 46 member states, with a population of approximately 675 million; it operates with an annual budget of approximately 500 million euros. The organisation is distinct from the European Union (EU), although people sometimes confuse the two organisations \u2013 partly because the EU has adopted the original European flag, designed for the Council of Europe in 1955, as well as the European anthem. No country has ever joined the EU without first belonging to the Council of Europe. The Council of Europe is an official United Nations Observer. As an international organisation, the Council of Europe cannot make laws, but it does have the ability to push for the enforcement of select international agreements\n\nQuestion: Which organisation\u2019s flag includes an image of the continents of the world flanked by olive branches on a blue field?", "output": "The United Nations"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In baseball, hit by pitch (HBP) is an event in which a batter or his clothing or equipment (other than his bat) is struck directly by a pitch from the pitcher; the batter is called a hit batsman (HB). A hit batsman is awarded first base, provided that (in the plate umpire's judgment) he made an honest effort to avoid the pitch, although failure to do so is rarely called by an umpire. Being hit by a pitch is often caused by a batter standing too close to, or \"crowding\", home plate. The rule dates from 1887; before that, a pitch that struck the batter was merely a ball. Official rule Per baseball official rule 5.05(b), a batter becomes a baserunner and is awarded first base when he or his equipment (except for his bat): is touched by a pitched ball outside the strike zone, and he attempts to avoid\n\nshot an air ball had a lower success rate in the shot immediately after, as compared to home players launching the same shot; however, this difference was unrelated to the chant. See also Brick (basketball) Whiff (baseball) Whiff (tennis) References Basketball terminology pl:B\u0142\u0119dy w koszyk\u00f3wce#Air ball\n\nIn baseball statistics, a hit (denoted by H), also called a base hit, is credited to a batter when the batter safely reaches or passes first base after hitting the ball into fair territory with neither the benefit of an error nor a fielder's choice. Scoring a hit To achieve a hit, the batter must reach first base before any fielder can either tag him with the ball, throw to another player protecting the base before the batter reaches it, or tag first base while carrying the ball. The hit is scored the moment the batter reaches first base safely; if he is put out while attempting to stretch his hit to a double or triple or home run on the same play, he still gets credit for a hit (according to the last base he reached safely on the play). If a batter reaches first base because of offensive\n\nQuestion: In baseball, what word is used when a batsman completely misses the ball?", "output": "STRIKE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Roy McKie (usually spelled McKi\u00e9; October 8, 1921 \u2013 January 8, 2015) was an American writer and illustrator of children's books, most notably under the Beginner Books imprint. He illustrated many books penned by Theodor Seuss Geisel (Dr. Seuss) under the pen name Theo. LeSieg (\"Geisel\" spelled backwards). Books illustrated by McKie (books he wrote himself are marked with *) include: The Big Orange Book of Beginner Books by Dr. Seuss - 2015 (with Dr. Seuss, Scott Nash and Michael Frith) (his final work after his death) The Big Purple Book of Beginner Books by Helen Palmer, P.D. and Peter Eastman and Michael Frith - 2012 (with P.D. and Peter Eastman) Skiing by Henry Beard \u2013 2002 Sailing by Henry Beard \u2013 2001 \u2013 dictionary of funny sailing terms Computing by Henry Beard \u2013 1999 The Big Green Book of Beginner Books by Dr. Seuss - 1997 (with Quentin Blake,\n\ndollars a year. Random House acquired Beginner Books in 1960 and was the largest publisher of children's books in the United States. Early contributors Authors When Theodor Seuss Geisel illustrated his own stories, he wrote as Dr. Seuss. When others created the illustrations, he used either the pseudonym Theo LeSieg or Rosetta Stone. Other authors of early Beginner Books were Robert M. Lopshire, Bennett Cerf, Al Perkins, Helen Palmer Geisel who wrote as Helen Palmer, Philip Dey Eastman, Stan and Jan Berenstain, Benjamin Elkin and Marion Holland. Illustrators Early Beginner Books employed many famous illustrators, including the aforementioned Theodor Seuss Geisel, P. D. Eastman, Stan and Jan Berenstain, and Robert Lopshire. Roy McKie was also an illustrator. List of Beginner Books {| class=\"wikitable sortable\" style=\"text-align:left;\" |- !ID !Title !Year released |- |B- 1 |The Cat in the Hat |1957 |- |B- 2 |The Cat in the Hat Comes Back |1958\n\nBeginner Books is the Random House imprint for young children ages 3\u20139, co-founded by Phyllis Cerf with Ted Geisel, more often known as Dr. Seuss, and his wife Helen Palmer Geisel. Their first book was Dr. Seuss's The Cat in the Hat (1957), whose title character appears in the brand's logo. Cerf compiled a list of 379 words as the basic vocabulary for young readers, along with another 20 slightly harder \"emergency\" words. No more than 200 words were taken from that list to write The Cat in the Hat. Subsequent books in the series were modeled on the same requirement. Beginner Books had only four titles in their catalog in 1958. Two years later, they were earning 1 million dollars a year. Random House acquired Beginner Books in 1960 and was the largest publisher of children's books in the United States. Early contributors Authors When Theodor Seuss Geisel illustrated\n\nQuestion: Under what pseudonym did Theodor Geisel write over sixty books for children?", "output": "DR. SEUSS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Gaspar Garc\u00eda Laviana (November 8, 1941 \u2014 December 11, 1978) was a Spanish Roman Catholic priest who took up arms to fight as a soldier in Nicaragua with the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) in 1977. Early life Garc\u00eda Laviana was born in 1941 in Les Roces, San Martin del Rey Aurelio, Principality of Asturias (Spain), moving during his childhood to Tuilla, Langreo. He was ordained a priest of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart (MSC) in 1966. Thereafter, he took charge of a church in Logro\u00f1o for three years, working at the same time as a carpenter. Missionary in Nicaragua In 1969, Garc\u00eda Laviana arrived in Nicaragua as a missionary priest. Through his missionary work with Pedro Regalado in the parishes of San Juan del Sur and Tola in the department of Rivas, Garc\u00eda Laviana worked closely with the Nicaraguan peasants and was intimately aware of the many hardships\n\nWomen that joined the Sandinista movement in the revolutionary Nicaragua essentially fought a battle: to secure national freedom from the Somoza dictatorship and to advance gender equality. There was an emergence of women as active participants and leaders. Many women joined the ranks of the Sandinistas as Women and the Armed Struggle in Nicaragua starting in 1967. Women also joined the Contras movement. Women from both the Sandinistas and Contras worked together to generate reform in Nicaragua. Description It is estimated that women made up approximately 25 to 30 percent of the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN). On the other side of the revolution, women also participated, albeit in fewer numbers. It is estimated that seven percent of Counter Revolutionary Soldiers (Contras) were women. Women on both sides of the revolution were involved in many roles, including: organizers, supporters of communications, providers of their homes for their female comrades\u2019 protection,\n\nSandinista ideology or Sandinismo is a series of political and economic philosophies instituted by the Nicaraguan Sandinista National Liberation Front throughout the late twentieth century. The ideology and movement acquired its name, image and its military style from Augusto C\u00e9sar Sandino, a Nicaraguan revolutionary leader who waged a guerrilla war against the United States Marines and the conservative Somoza National Guards in the early twentieth century. The principals of modern Sandinista ideology were mainly developed by Carlos Fonseca, inspired by the leaders of the Cuban Revolution in the 1950s. It sought to inspire socialist populism among Nicaragua's peasant population. One of these main philosophies involved the institution of an educational system that would free the population from the perceived historical fallacies spread by the ruling Somoza family. By awakening political thought among the people, proponents of Sandinista ideology believed that human resources would be available to not only execute a\n\nQuestion: In which country did the Contras battle the Sandinistas throughout most of the 1980s?", "output": "Nicaragua"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "This is a list of percussion instruments. Tuned percussion Cimbalom Crotales Dhol Dholki Gong Glass harmonica Hammered dulcimer Handbells Hang Lithophone Marimba Metallophone Mridangam Glockenspiel The harp stop and other effects on the organ Quadrangularis Reversum Skrabalai Steel drums Tabla Timpani (kettle drum) Tubular bell Vibraphone Xylophone Xylorimba Auxiliary percussion (Untuned percussion) Agogo bells Anvil Dayereh (doyra) Frame drum Finger cymbals Flexatone Glass harp Jam blocks Jordan Slap Knee Slap Marching machine Monkey stick (mendoza or lagerphone) Ratchet Rattle Sand blocks Siren Slapstick (whip or woodcrack) Jingle bells (sleigh bells) Slide whistle Tambourine Tambour Taxi horn Temple blocks Thunder machine Thundersheet Triangle Vibraslap Whistle Wind chime Wind machine Wood block Snare Drum Bass Drum Cymbals Suspended Cymbal Persian percussion Tombak Daf Dayereh Esarkoten Dohol Latin/Afro-Caribbean percussion Afox\u00e9 Alfaia Atabaque Agog\u00f4 Bat\u00e1 drum Bond Bongo drums Cabasa Castanets Caj\u00f3n (box drums) Caxixi Ch\u00e1caras Claves Conga Cowbell Cu\u00edca Djembe Dunun Ganz\u00e1 Gongu\u00ea\n\npercussion Andy Farag: percussion (recognized as a contributor in the liner notes of the second pressing, but doesn't actually appear on the disc) Recorded and mixed by Andy Peck, & Mike Brinker at \"Dirty White Couch Studios\" in South Bend, Indiana. References Umphrey's McGee albums 1998 debut albums\n\nnotes. The song was recorded at Surrey Sound Studios as part of the sessions for the Reggatta de Blanc album. Stewart Copeland's drumming, praised as his \"finest drum track\" by Summers, was \"overdubbed [from] about six different parts.\" Cash Box described the song's hook as \"a mesmerizing guitar figure\" that is similar to that of Blue \u00d6yster Cult's \"Don't Fear the Reaper.\" Record World said that \"Sharp tempo contrasts are bridged by Andy Summers' hard-edged lead guitar while singer-songwriter Sting pleads an affecting lead vocal.\" The theme of the song is \"universality of desired connection.\" The lyrics depict a castaway longing for someone to listen to him and then discovered many messages from others washing up on his shore. The song's B-side, \"Landlord\", was written by Sting (lyrics) and Copeland (music). Sting said of its inspiration, \"I wrote that after Frances and I were thrown out of the house we\n\nQuestion: \"What percussion instrument was prominently featured in the song \"\"(Don't Fear) The Reaper\"\"?\"", "output": "Cowbell"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "William Herschel was a British astronomer and composer who became famous for discovering the planet Uranus. William Herschel may also refer to: Sir William Herschel, 2nd Baronet (1833\u20131917), British officer See also William Herschel Telescope William Herschel Museum\n\n10370 Hylonome (; prov. designation: ) is a minor planet orbiting in the outer Solar System. The dark and icy body belongs to the class of centaurs and measures approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 27 February 1995, by English astronomer David C. Jewitt and Vietnamese American astronomer Jane Luu at the U.S. Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii, and later named after the mythological creature Hylonome. Classification and orbit Centaurs are a large population of icy bodies in transition between trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) and Jupiter-family comets (JFCs), their orbits being unstable due to perturbations by the giant planets. Currently, Uranus controls Hylonomes perihelion and Neptune its aphelion. Hylonome is a carbonaceous C-type body that orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 18.9\u201331.4 AU once every 126 years and 2 months (46,073 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.25 and an inclination of 4\u00b0 with\n\nSir Arthur Stanley Eddington (28 December 1882 \u2013 22 November 1944) was an English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician. He was also a philosopher of science and a populariser of science. The Eddington limit, the natural limit to the luminosity of stars, or the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object, is named in his honour. Around 1920, he foreshadowed the discovery and mechanism of nuclear fusion processes in stars, in his paper \"The Internal Constitution of the Stars\". At that time, the source of stellar energy was a complete mystery; Eddington was the first to correctly speculate that the source was fusion of hydrogen into helium. Eddington wrote a number of articles that announced and explained Einstein's theory of general relativity to the English-speaking world. World War I had severed many lines of scientific communication, and new developments in German science were not well known in England. He also\n\nQuestion: Astronomer William Herschel announced the discovery of which planet in our solar system in March 1781?", "output": "Uranus"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "which the platform is roughly 8 km thick, the Yucatan Peninsula which is up to 2 km thick, the Florida platform, the platform on which the Great Barrier Reef is growing, and the Maldive atolls. All these carbonate platforms and their associated reefs are confined to tropical latitudes. Today's reefs are built mainly by scleractinian corals, but in the distant past other organisms, like archaeocyatha (during the Cambrian) or extinct cnidaria (tabulata and rugosa) were important reef builders. Carbonate precipitation from seawater What makes carbonate platform environments different from other depositional environments is that carbonate is a product of precipitation, rather than being a sediment transported from elsewhere, as for sand or gravel. This implies for example that carbonate platforms may grow far from the coastlines of continents, as for the Pacific atolls. The mineralogic composition of carbonate platforms may be either calcitic or aragonitic. Seawater is oversaturated in carbonate,\n\nprecipitation, by definition, involves little or no biological influence. Classification The three types of precipitation (abiotic, biotically induced and biotically controlled) cluster into three \"carbonate factories\". A carbonate factory is the ensemble of the sedimentary environment, the intervening organisms and the precipitation processes that lead to the formation of a carbonate platform. The differences between three factories is the dominant precipitation pathway and skeletal associations. In contrast, a carbonate platform is a geological structure of parautochotonous carbonate sediments and carbonate rocks, having a morphological relief. Platforms produced by the \"tropical factory\" In these carbonate factories, precipitation is biotically controlled, mostly by autotrophic organisms. Organisms that build this kind of platforms are today mostly corals and green algae, that need sunlight for photosynthesis and thus live in the euphotic zone (i.e., shallow water environments in which sunlight penetrates easily). Tropical carbonate factories are only present today in warm and sunlit waters\n\nA carbonate platform is a sedimentary body which possesses topographic relief, and is composed of autochthonic calcareous deposits. Platform growth is mediated by sessile organisms whose skeletons build up the reef or by organisms (usually microbes) which induce carbonate precipitation through their metabolism. Therefore, carbonate platforms can not grow up everywhere: they are not present in places where limiting factors to the life of reef-building organisms exist. Such limiting factors are, among others: light, water temperature, transparency and pH-Value. For example, carbonate sedimentation along the Atlantic South American coasts takes place everywhere but at the mouth of the Amazon River, because of the intense turbidity of the water there. Spectacular examples of present-day carbonate platforms are the Bahama Banks under which the platform is roughly 8 km thick, the Yucatan Peninsula which is up to 2 km thick, the Florida platform, the platform on which the Great Barrier Reef is\n\nQuestion: What marine organisms are responsible for creating the reefs that are such an important part of tropical islands?", "output": "Coral"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country located in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. With an area of and a population of 17.5 million as of 2017, Chile shares borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. The country also controls several Pacific islands, including Juan Fern\u00e1ndez, Isla Salas y G\u00f3mez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island, and claims about of Antarctica as the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The capital and largest city of Chile is Santiago, and the national language is Spanish. Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century, replacing Inca rule, but failed to conquer the independent Mapuche people who inhabited what is now south-central Chile. Chile\n\nThe Andes ( ), Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18\u00b0S \u2013 20\u00b0S latitude), and has an average height of about . The Andes extend from north to south through seven South American countries: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. Along their length, the Andes are split into several ranges, separated by intermediate depressions. The Andes are the location of several high plateaus\u2014some of which host major cities such as Quito, Bogot\u00e1, Cali, Arequipa, Medell\u00edn, Bucaramanga, Sucre, M\u00e9rida, El Alto and La Paz. The Altiplano Plateau is the world's second-highest after the Tibetan Plateau. These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate: the Tropical Andes, the Dry Andes, and the Wet Andes. The Andes\n\nColombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country mostly in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogot\u00e1 is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urbes include Medell\u00edn, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, C\u00facuta, Ibagu\u00e9, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage\u2014including language, religion, cuisine, and art\u2014reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by mass immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those\n\nQuestion: Most of Patagonia lies within which country?", "output": "Argentina"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Magic and Loss is the sixteenth solo studio album by American rock musician Lou Reed, released on January 14, 1992, by Sire Records. A concept album, it was Reed's highest-charting album on the UK Albums Chart, peaking at No. 6. Background Magic and Loss was originally intended to be primarily about themes of magic after hearing stories about magicians in Mexico. However, when tragedy struck during the writing process, Reed expanded the album's focus to themes of loss and death as well. Inspired in part by the illnesses and eventual deaths of two close friends, Magic and Loss was written for songwriter Doc Pomus, who had given Reed his start in the music business some 25 years earlier, and a woman Reed has identified as \"Rita\", popularly assumed to be Rotten Rita, who along with Reed was a familiar figure at Andy Warhol's studio, the Factory, in the mid-to-late '60s.\n\nthe other three band members, Pete Ham, Ron Griffiths, and Mike Gibbins. The single was released on Apple Records on 5 December 1969 in the UK, but not until 12 January 1970 in the US. \"Come and Get It\" was a hit single for the band, peaking at number 7 in the United States, and number 4 in the United Kingdom. It was the opening theme for the film The Magic Christian, starring Peter Sellers and Ringo Starr (it was also repeated during the movie's closing credits, with an additional string arrangement added). The UK picture sleeve for the single shows a kaleidoscopic montage of all four members of Badfinger that appear on the song, although bassist Ron Griffiths left the band before the single was released. Cash Box called it \"a fine teen track.\" Billboard called it \"powerful.\" Ultimate Classic Rock critic Michael Gallucci and Classic Rock History critic\n\n\"All the Madmen\" is a song written by David Bowie in 1970 for his album The Man Who Sold the World, released later that year in the US and in April 1971 in the UK. One of several tracks on the album about insanity, it has been described as depicting \"a world so bereft of reason that the last sane men are the ones in the asylums\". Music and lyrics The track opens with just vocals and acoustic guitar, with the second verse adding cymbals and recorder, creating an atmosphere that Bowie biographer David Buckley called \"childlike dementia\", before transforming into a heavy rocker featuring distorted chords from the electric guitar played by Mick Ronson, augmented by Moog synthesizer played by Ralph Mace. Later, Ronson plays melodic lead guitar, before a return to heavy riffing and then melodic lead guitar as the song concludes. It ends with the chant \"Zane\n\nQuestion: \"Which Beatle played \"\"Youngman Grand\"\" in \"\"The Magic Christian\"\" 1969, with Peter Sellers?\"", "output": "Ringo Starr"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A reading of a bill is a stage of debate on the bill held by a general body of a legislature. In the Westminster system, developed in the United Kingdom, there are generally three readings of a bill as it passes through the stages of becoming, or failing to become, legislation. Some of these readings may be formalities rather than actual debate. The procedure dates back to the centuries before literacy was widespread. Since many members of Parliament were illiterate, the Clerk of Parliament would read aloud a bill to inform members of its contents. By the end of the 16th century, it was practice to have the bill read on three occasions before it was passed. Preliminary reading In the Israeli Knesset, private member bills do not enter the house at first reading. Instead, they are subject to a preliminary reading, where the members introducing the bill present it\n\nsecondary legislation that could amend, repeal or replace any primary legislation or secondary legislation (known as a Henry VIII clause). The government proposed numerous amendments to the Bill on 4 May 2006 and 10 May 2006, to address certain criticisms of the Bill's scope and lack of safeguards. The Bill received its third reading in the House of Commons on 16 May 2006, and moved to the House of Lords. After its first and second readings, the bill was reported with amendments on 19 July 2006, before the summer recess. Its report stage in the House of Lords took place on 26 October 2006, and it received royal assent on 8 November 2006. Part 1: Power to reform legislation The first Part of the Bill, entitled \"Power to reform legislation\", permits a government minister to make Statutory Instruments to reform legislation that is perceived to be \"outdated, unnecessary or over-complicated\".\n\nof the Constitution (i.e. appropriation and money bills), in which case debate is permitted. This exception is necessary because section 53 gives senators the right to move requests to the House of Representatives for amendments to a financial bill (to which the Senate is not allowed to amend) at stage of consideration of the bill, including on the first reading. The first readings of most ordinary bills are almost always a formality and are passed \"on the voices\". In extremely rare circumstances however, the Senate may vote against the first reading, which prevents the bill from proceeding further. This has happened as recently as June 2021, when the Ministerial Suitability Commission of Inquiry Bill 2021 (Cth), introduced by Greens Senator Larissa Waters in relation to the 1988 rape allegation against the Attorney-General Christian Porter, was narrowly negatived in a division. Similar arrangements are in place in the parliaments of the\n\nQuestion: In the passing of a Government Bill, what follows the Third Reading?", "output": "Royal Assent"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Terra Nova Expedition, officially the British Antarctic Expedition, was an expedition to Antarctica which took place between 1910 and 1913. Led by Captain Robert Falcon Scott, the expedition had various scientific and geographical objectives. Scott wished to continue the scientific work that he had begun when leading the Discovery Expedition from 1901 to 1904, and wanted to be the first to reach the geographic South Pole. He and four companions attained the pole on 17 January 1912, where they found that a Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen had preceded them by 34 days. Scott's party of five died on the return journey from the pole; some of their bodies, journals, and photographs were found by a search party eight months later. The expedition, named after its supply ship, was a private venture financed by public contributions and a government grant. It had further backing from the Admiralty, which\n\nThe Discovery Expedition of 1901\u20131904, known officially as the British National Antarctic Expedition, was the first official British exploration of the Antarctic regions since the voyage of James Clark Ross sixty years earlier (1839\u20131843). Organized on a large scale under a joint committee of the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society (RGS), the new expedition carried out scientific research and geographical exploration in what was then largely an untouched continent. It launched the Antarctic careers of many who would become leading figures in the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration, including Robert Falcon Scott who led the expedition, Ernest Shackleton, Edward Wilson, Frank Wild, Tom Crean and William Lashly. Its scientific results covered extensive ground in biology, zoology, geology, meteorology and magnetism. The expedition discovered the existence of the only snow-free Antarctic valleys, which contains the longest river of Antarctica. Further achievements included the discoveries of the Cape Crozier emperor\n\nand magnetism. The expedition discovered the existence of the only snow-free Antarctic valleys, which contains the longest river of Antarctica. Further achievements included the discoveries of the Cape Crozier emperor penguin colony, King Edward VII Land, and the Polar Plateau (via the western mountains route) on which the South Pole is located. The expedition tried to reach the South Pole travelling as far as the Farthest South mark at a reported 82\u00b017\u2032S. As a trailbreaker for later ventures, the Discovery Expedition was a landmark in British Antarctic exploration history. Background to the expedition Forerunners Between 1839 and 1843 Royal Naval Captain James Clark Ross, commanding his two ships HMS Erebus and HMS Terror, completed three voyages to the Antarctic continent. During this time he discovered and explored a new sector of the Antarctic that would provide the field of work for many later British expeditions. Ross established the general geography\n\nQuestion: \"Which English explorer commanded the ships \"\"Discovery\"\" and \"\"Terra Nova\"\" to explore the Antarctic?\"", "output": "Robert Falcon Scott"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Bye Bye Bye\" is a song by American boy band NSYNC from their third studio album, No Strings Attached. It was released on January 17, 2000, as the lead single from the album. The song was written and produced by Kristian Lundin and Jake Schulze, with additional writing by Andreas Carlsson. Its lyrics describe the end of a romantic relationship; it was reported to also reference the group's separation from their manager Lou Pearlman and their record label RCA Records. \"Bye Bye Bye\" was a commercial success, peaking at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 and within the top 10 in almost every country in which it charted. The song received a Grammy nomination in 2001 for Record of the Year, but lost to U2's \"Beautiful Day\". Background and development \"Bye Bye Bye\" was written and produced by Kristian Lundin and Jake Schulze, as part of Cheiron Productions,\n\nthe \"Brackish\" music video, but with a performance of the band still being a strong element. The music video, which got played very frequently on MTV, follows an angel who has crashed down and lost his wings. Track list \"Charlotte - Alternate Mellow Version\" \"Suck - Live\" \"Spit - Live\" \"Charlotte - Alge Remix Radio Edit\" Charts Release history References 2000 singles 2000 songs Works about serial killers Kittie songs\n\n\"Dancing Junk\" is a song by Super Monkey's 4, released in 1993 as their first single under their new name. The B-side, \"Rainbow Moon\", is a solo song by the group's lead singer, Namie Amuro. It was her first of many during her time with the group. \"Dancing Junk\" was used as the first ending theme to the anime series Nintama Rantarou. Track listing \"Dancing Junk\" (Masao Urino, Koji Magaino) - 4:38 \"Rainbow Moon\" (Masao Urino, Koji Magaino) - 4:18 \"Dancing Junk\" (Original Karaoke)\" (Koji Magaino) - 4:38 \"Rainbow Moon\" (Original Karaoke)\" (Koji Magaino) - 4:14 Personnel Namie Amuro - vocals, background vocals Hisako Arakaki - background vocals Minako Ameku - background vocals Nanako Takushi - background vocals Charts Oricon Sales Chart (Japan) 1993 singles Super Monkey's songs 1993 songs Nintama Rantar\u014d\n\nQuestion: In what music video did NSYNC dance like marionettes?", "output": "Bye Bye Bye"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"The One with Ross's Wedding\" is the two-part fourth-season finale of the American television sitcom Friends, comprising the 96th and 97th episodes of the series overall. Originally broadcast by NBC on May 7, 1998, the episode features Ross, Monica, Joey, Chandler and later Rachel travelling to England to attend the wedding of Ross Geller (David Schwimmer) to his fianc\u00e9e Emily (Helen Baxendale) in London. Ross and Emily's wedding vows are ruined when Ross accidentally says \"I, Ross, take thee Rachel\"; as the registrar asks Emily if he should continue, the episode ends on a cliffhanger until the season 5 premiere \"The One After Ross Says Rachel\". The episode also introduces Chandler and Monica's romantic relationship after they impulsively have a one-night stand. Lisa Kudrow won an Emmy Award for her work in the episode. The episode's teleplay was written by Shana Goldberg-Meehan & Scott Silveri from a story by Michael\n\n\"The One Hundredth\" (also known as \"The One with the Triplets\") is the third episode of Friends fifth season and 100th episode overall. It first aired on the NBC network in the United States on October 8, 1998. Continuing from the previous episode, the group arrive at the hospital after Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow) goes into labor and gives birth to her half brother Frank's (Giovanni Ribisi) and his wife Alice's (Debra Jo Rupp) triplets. Meanwhile, Rachel (Jennifer Aniston) tries to set Monica (Courteney Cox) and herself up with two male nurses, which causes problems between Monica and Chandler (Matthew Perry), and Ross (David Schwimmer) supports Joey (Matt LeBlanc) as he experiences kidney stones. The episode was directed by Kevin S. Bright and co-written by series creators David Crane & Marta Kauffman. The producers wanted to mark the landmark episode with a major event, choosing to bring a culmination to Phoebe's\n\n\"The One with All the Thanksgivings\" (also known as \"The One with the Thanksgiving Flashbacks\") is the eighth episode of the fifth season of Friends. It first aired on the NBC network in the United States on November 19, 1998. In the episode, the main characters spend Thanksgiving at Monica's (Courteney Cox) apartment and begin telling stories about their worst Thanksgivings: Chandler (Matthew Perry) learning of his parents' divorce, Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow) losing arms in past lives and Joey (Matt LeBlanc) having his head stuck in a turkey. Rachel (Jennifer Aniston) reveals Monica's worst Thanksgiving\u2014accidentally cutting off Chandler's toe after he called her \"fat\" in their first encounter. When Monica begs Chandler to forgive her, he accidentally reveals that he loves her. The episode was directed by Kevin S. Bright and written by Gregory S. Malins. It guest-stars Elliott Gould and Christina Pickles as Jack and Judy Geller, with a\n\nQuestion: Monica and Ross Geller were brother and sister in which long running American television series?", "output": "F.R.I.E.N.D.S"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A chemist (from Greek ch\u0113m(\u00eda) alchemy; replacing chymist from Medieval Latin alchemist) is a scientist trained in the study of chemistry. Chemists study the composition of matter and its properties. Chemists carefully describe the properties they study in terms of quantities, with detail on the level of molecules and their component atoms. Chemists carefully measure substance proportions, chemical reaction rates, and other chemical properties. In Commonwealth English, pharmacists are often called chemists. Chemists use their knowledge to learn the composition and properties of unfamiliar substances, as well as to reproduce and synthesize large quantities of useful naturally occurring substances and create new artificial substances and useful processes. Chemists may specialize in any number of subdisciplines of chemistry. Materials scientists and metallurgists share much of the same education and skills with chemists. The work of chemists is often related to the work of chemical engineers, who are primarily concerned with the\n\nIn chemistry, the Biuret test (IPA: , ), also known as Piotrowski's test, is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of at least two peptide bonds in a molecule. In the presence of peptides, a copper(II) ion forms mauve-colored coordination complexes in an alkaline solution. The reaction was first observed in 1833; In Poland, the biuret test is also known as Piotrowski's test in honor of the Polish physiologist who independently rediscovered it in 1857. Several variants on the test have been developed, such as the BCA test and the Modified Lowry test. The biuret reaction can be used to assess the concentration of proteins because peptide bonds occur with the same frequency per amino acid in the peptide. The intensity of the color, and hence the absorption at 540 nm, is directly proportional to the protein concentration, according to the Beer\u2013Lambert law. Despite its name, the reagent\n\nChemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a physical science under natural sciences that covers the elements that make up matter to the compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances. Chemistry also addresses the nature of chemical bonds in chemical compounds. In the scope of its subject, chemistry occupies an intermediate position between physics and biology. It is sometimes called the central science because it provides a foundation for understanding both basic and applied scientific disciplines at a fundamental level. For example, chemistry explains aspects of plant growth (botany), the formation of igneous rocks (geology), how atmospheric ozone is formed and how environmental pollutants are degraded (ecology), the properties of the soil on the moon (cosmochemistry), how medications work (pharmacology), and how to collect DNA evidence at\n\nQuestion: In science, what is the name given to a substance with characteristic reactions used as a chemical test?", "output": "REAGENT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Lady Elizabeth Georgiana Alice Cavendish (24 April 1926 \u2013 15 September 2018) was a British noblewoman who was a childhood friend of Queen Elizabeth II and a lady-in-waiting to Princess Margaret from the late 1940s until the latter's death in 2002. Lady Elizabeth was the daughter of Edward Cavendish, 10th Duke of Devonshire, and his wife, the former Lady Mary Gascoyne-Cecil. She was born three days after Elizabeth (II), in 1926. It has been suggested that Lady Elizabeth introduced her friend Princess Margaret to Antony Armstrong-Jones in 1951, and although she herself never married, she did form a close romantic relationship with the writer and future poet laureate John Betjeman that same year. Betjeman's daughter Candida Lycett Green had called her her father's \"beloved other wife\". Lady Elizabeth was one of the godparents of David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon. By royal permission, Lady Elizabeth spoke on the record to\n\nCatherine Howard, Countess of Nottingham ( Carey; c. 1547 \u2013 25 February 1603), was a cousin, lady-in-waiting, and close confidante of Elizabeth I of England. She was in attendance on the queen for 44 years. Life Catherine Carey was the eldest daughter of Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon and his wife Anne Morgan, daughter of Sir Thomas Morgan and Anne Whitney. Hunsdon was Queen Elizabeth's cousin, being the son of Mary Boleyn, and court gossip hinted at a closer connection, since Mary had been the mistress of Henry VIII. Catherine may have joined Elizabeth's household at Hatfield House as a child during the reign of Elizabeth's elder sister Mary. On Elizabeth's accession, Catherine and her younger sister Philadelphia came to court as maids of honour under the auspices of their aunt, Catherine Carey, the queen's first cousin and a Lady of the Bedchamber. In July 1563, Catherine married Charles Howard\n\nBlanche Parry (1507/8\u201312 February 1590) of Newcourt in the parish of Bacton, Herefordshire, in the Welsh Marches, was a personal attendant of Queen Elizabeth I, who held the offices of Chief Gentlewoman of the Queen's Most Honourable Privy Chamber and Keeper of Her Majesty's Jewels. Origins She was born at Newcourt, Bacton, Herefordshire, one of the daughters of Henry Myles (Parry was only adopted as a surname after the English manner, from ap Harry, in the next generation) of Newcourt, three times Sheriff of Herefordshire, Steward of Ewyas Lacy and of Dore Abbey, a relative of the Welsh family of Herbert, Earls of Pembroke, also a relative of the prominent Stradling family of St Donat's Castle in Glamorgan, Wales. Her mother was Alice Milborne, the English daughter and co-heiress of Simon Milborne. Her paternal ancestors were of prominent border gentry stock. Early life Brought up in a Welsh cultural environment,\n\nQuestion: What was the first name of the sister of British monarch Queen Elizabeth II?", "output": "Margaret"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The midgut is the portion of the human embryo from which most of the intestines develop. After it bends around the superior mesenteric artery, it is called the \"midgut loop\". It comprises the portion of the alimentary canal from the end of the foregut at the opening of the bile duct to the hindgut, about two-thirds of the way through the transverse colon. In the embryo During development, the human midgut undergoes a rapid phase of growth in which the loop of midgut herniates outside of the abdominal cavity of the fetus and protrudes into the umbilical cord. This herniation is physiological (occurs normally). Later in development, the fetus's body catches up in size relative to the midgut and creates adequate room in the abdominal cavity for the entirety of the midgut to reside. The midgut loops slip back out of the umbilical cord and the physiological hernia ceases to\n\nThe foregut in humans is the anterior part of the alimentary canal, from the distal esophagus to the first half of the duodenum, at the entrance of the bile duct. Beyond the stomach, the foregut is attached to the abdominal walls by mesentery. The foregut arises from the endoderm, developing from the folding primitive gut, and is developmentally distinct from the midgut and hindgut. Although the term \u201cforegut\u201d is typically used in reference to the anterior section of the primitive gut, components of the adult gut can also be described with this designation. Pain in the epigastric region, just below the intersection of the ribs, typically refers to structures in the adult foregut. Adult foregut Components Esophagus Respiratory tract (lower respiratory tract) Stomach Duodenum (up to ampulla of vater) Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Spleen \u2013 The spleen arises from the mesodermal dorsal mesentery (the foregut arises from the endoderm not mesoderm).\n\nIn the anatomy of humans and homologous primates, the descending colon is the part of the colon extending from the left colic flexure to the level of the iliac crest (whereupon it transitions into the sigmoid colon). The function of the descending colon in the digestive system is to store the remains of digested food that will be emptied into the rectum. The descending colon is on the left side of the body (barring any malformations). The term left colon is hypernymous to descending colon in precise use; many casual mentions of the left colon chiefly concern the descending colon. Structure The descending colon extends from the left colic flexure at the upper left part of the abdomen inferior-ward through the left hypochondrium and lumbar regions, along the outer border of the left kidney, ending at the level of the iliac crest at the lower left part of the abdomen,\n\nQuestion: In human anatomy, what is the first part of the intestine, located immediately beyond the stomach?", "output": "Duodenum"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chol HaMoed (), a Hebrew phrase meaning \"mundane of the festival\", refers to the intermediate days of Passover and Sukkot. As the name implies, these days mix features of chol (mundane) and moed (festival). On Passover, Chol HaMoed consists of the second day through to the sixth day of the holiday (the third through to the sixth in the Diaspora). On Sukkot, Chol HaMoed consists of the second day through to the seventh day (the third through to the seventh in the Diaspora). Although it has a unique name, Hoshanah Rabbah, the seventh day of Sukkot, is part of Chol HaMoed. Prayer services that day combine some usual practices of Chol HaMoed with practices of both Yom Tov and the High Holy Days. General concepts Chol HaMoed combines features of weekday (Chol) and festival (Moed). Weekday (Chol) Work On weekdays during Chol HaMoed the usual restrictions that apply to the\n\nYoma (Aramaic: \u05d9\u05d5\u05de\u05d0, lit. \"The Day\") is the fifth tractate of Seder Moed ('Order of Festivals') of the Mishnah and of the Talmud. It is concerned mainly with the laws of the Jewish holiday Yom Kippur, on which Jews atone for their sins from the previous year. It consists of eight chapters and has a Gemara ('Completion') from both the Jerusalem Talmud and the Babylonian Talmud. Content The first chapter is regarding the seven days before Yom Kippur in which the Kohen Gadol is separated from his wife and moves into a chamber on the Beit HaMikdash, sprinkled with water from the Red Heifer and taught the laws relating to the Yom Kippur sacrifices. The second through seventh chapters deal with the order of services on Yom Kippur, both those specific to Yom Kippur and the daily sacrifices. Some of the issues addressed include those of the lottery employed to\n\nShanbeh ( \u0160anbe; Tajik: \u0428\u0430\u043d\u0431\u0435 \u0160anbe) is the name of the first day of the week in the Persian language and the Solar Hijri calendar, mainly used in Iran and Afghanistan. The week names are also used in Tajik, a Cyrillic based standard of Persian, though Tajikistan does not use the Solar Hijri Calendar. It is equivalent to Sabbath or Saturday of the Gregorian Calendar. The name of the other days of the week are Yek\u0161anbe (Sunday); Do\u0161anbe (Monday); Se\u0161anbe (Tuesday); \u010cah\u00e2r\u0161anbe (Wednesday); Panj\u0161anbe (Thursday); Jom'e (Friday), which is an Arabic word, the Persian equivalent being \u00c2dine. The modern Turkish names of Wednesday and Thursday, \u00e7ar\u015famba and per\u015fembe, are derived from the shanbeh system. Iranian calendar\n\nQuestion: In the Hebrew calendar, Yom Chamishi corresponds with which day of the week?", "output": "Thursday"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Roy James \"Philip\" Locke (29 March 192819 April 2004) was an English actor who had roles in film and television. He is perhaps best known for his part in the James Bond film Thunderball as Largo's personal assistant and chief henchman, Vargas. Biography Early career Locke trained at RADA, and from the late 1950s was part of the ensemble at the Royal Court Theatre, where John Osborne described him as \"special and reliable\". Television On television, Locke is remembered by fans of the science fiction series Doctor Who for his appearance in the 1982 serial Four to Doomsday as Bigon. Other TV credits include: The Baron, The Avengers episodes 'The Frighteners' (1961), 'Mandrake' (1964), and 'From Venus With Love' (1967), The Saint, The Champions, Department S, Z-Cars, Pennies from Heaven, The Omega Factor, Codename Icarus, The Box of Delights, Bergerac, Inspector Morse, Jeeves and Wooster, Minder, Antony and Cleopatra, She\n\nBlade Runner is a 1982 American neo-noir science fiction film directed by Ridley Scott, which stars Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, and Edward James Olmos. Written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples, the film is an adaptation of the 1968 novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick. Its 2017 sequel, Blade Runner 2049, stars Ryan Gosling and Harrison Ford, with Ana de Armas, Sylvia Hoeks, Robin Wright, Mackenzie Davis, Carla Juri, Lennie James, Dave Bautista and Jared Leto. Characters in both films Rick Deckard Rick Deckard is a \"blade runner\", a special agent in the Los Angeles police department employed to hunt down and \"retire\" replicants. His ID number is B-263-54, which is stated twice in both the 1992 Director's Cut and the 25th-anniversary Final Cut of the film. He is the protagonist of the film and the narrator in the original theatrical release. Agent\n\nSonny Ola Rapace Jawo (; n\u00e9 P\u00e4r Ola Norell; born 3 December 1971) is a Swedish actor best known for playing Patrice in the 2012 James Bond film Skyfall. Early life Ola Rapace was born on 3 December 1971 in Tyres\u00f6, a suburb southeast of Stockholm, Sweden and named P\u00e4r Ola Norell. Both parents were academics. He grew up mainly in Vallentuna, a middle-class suburb north of Stockholm. When he was one year old, his parents separated, and he was raised by his father. He grew up playing football and listening to heavy metal. While studying philosophy at the University of Montpellier in France, he discovered acting. Career His first screen role was in Lukas Moodysson's film Together, a bittersweet comedy about hippie-socialist values set in a Stockholm commune. The film won several awards at international film festivals, including the Paris Film Festival Special Jury Prize, and Philadelphia Film Festival\n\nQuestion: Adolfo Celi played primary baddie Emilio Largo in which James Bond film?", "output": "THUNDERBALL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "An ammeter (abbreviation of Ampere meter) is an instrument used to measure the current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. For direct measurement, the ammeter is connected in series with the circuit in which the current is to be measured. An ammeter usually has low resistance so that it does not cause a significant voltage drop in the circuit being measured. Instruments used to measure smaller currents, in the milliampere or microampere range, are designated as milliammeters or microammeters. Early ammeters were laboratory instruments that relied on the Earth's magnetic field for operation. By the late 19th century, improved instruments were designed which could be mounted in any position and allowed accurate measurements in electric power systems. It is generally represented by letter 'A' in a circuit. History The relation between electric current, magnetic fields and physical forces was first noted by Hans\n\nA lysimeter (from Greek \u03bb\u03cd\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 (loosening) and the suffix -meter) is a measuring device which can be used to measure the amount of actual evapotranspiration which is released by plants (usually crops or trees). By recording the amount of precipitation that an area receives and the amount lost through the soil, the amount of water lost to evapotranspiration can be calculated. Lysimeters are of two types: weighing and non-weighing. General Usage A lysimeter is most accurate when vegetation is grown in a large soil tank which allows the rainfall input and water lost through the soil to be easily calculated. The amount of water lost by evapotranspiration can be worked out by calculating the difference between the weight before and after the precipitation input. For trees, lysimeters can be expensive and are a poor representation of conditions outside of a laboratory or orchard, as it would be impossible to use\n\nThe Shore durometer is a device for measuring the hardness of a material, typically of polymers. Higher numbers on the scale indicate a greater resistance to indentation and thus harder materials. Lower numbers indicate less resistance and softer materials. The term is also used to describe a material's rating on the scale, as in an object having a \"'Shore durometer' of 90.\" The scale was defined by Albert Ferdinand Shore, who developed a suitable device to measure hardness in the 1920s. It was neither the first hardness tester nor the first to be called a durometer (ISV duro- and -meter; attested since the 19th century), but today that name usually refers to Shore hardness; other devices use other measures, which return corresponding results, such as for Rockwell hardness. Durometer scales There are several scales of durometer, used for materials with different properties. The two most common scales, using slightly different\n\nQuestion: What is a pluviometer used to measure?", "output": "Rainfall"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of Schubert and Chopin. At first he remained loyal to the Classical style, but later was influenced by the newly born Romanticism. An important part of his oeuvre are his songs. Besides songs to Goethe's German poems he composed also songs to the patriotic lyrics of Czech authors. He composed short pieces for glass harp and organ, and works for choir. In 1823\u20131824, he was one of the 50 composers who composed a variation on a waltz by Anton Diabelli for Vaterl\u00e4ndischer K\u00fcnstlerverein. Selected works Piano: Six sonatas Eclogues (42 pieces in 7 volumes, 1807\u20131823) Rhapsodies (3 volumes, 1810\u2013c. 1840) Dithyrambs, op. 65 (1818) Chamber: Grand trio for violin, viola and piano (1800) Contrapuntal string quartet (1805) Piano Quartet in E flat major, op. 22 Orchestral: Symphony in C major (1801) Symphony in E flat major (1805) Symphony in D major (1807) Two piano concertos Songs: Lenora (ballad, 1805) Six\n\n(\"The Enigmatic People\", a song about children) with lyrics by Beppe Wolgers (1950s) and his own \"Trubbel\" (Trouble). Adolphson wrote most of his songs in a short period, from the late 1950s to the early 1970s, afterwards turning to film and choir arrangements, but is still regarded as one of the four great Swedish songwriters of the 1900s, together with Birger Sj\u00f6berg, Evert Taube and Cornelis Vreeswijk. He was rather sarcastic about the politically engaged singers who followed him in the late 1960s and 1970s, regarding them as too superficial and simplistic, but remained revered by them as a champion of popular culture values and a critic of bureaucratic development and emotional poverty in general. Dubbel Trubbel, a homage to Olle Adolphson, performed by various Swedish artists, such as H\u00e5kan Hellstr\u00f6m, Eva Dahlgren, and Frida Hyv\u00f6nen was released in 2005. Olle Adolphson's work has been scrutinized in two academic dissertations;\n\nGavriil Nikolayevich Popov (; 12 September 1904 \u2013 17 February 1972) was a Soviet composer. Life and career Popov studied at the Leningrad Conservatory from 1922 until 1930 with Leonid Vladimirovich Nikolayev, Vladimir Shcherbachov, and Maximilian Steinberg. He was considered to have the raw talent of his slightly younger contemporary Dmitri Shostakovich. His early works, in particular the Septet (or Chamber Symphony) (Op. 2, 1927) for flute, trumpet, clarinet, bassoon, violin, cello and bass, and his Symphony No. 1 (Op. 7) are impressively powerful and forward-looking. The symphony had its premiere by the Leningrad Philharmonic in 1935 and was immediately banned by a local censor; Popov was accused of formalism, a terrible stigma at the time. Together with Shostakovich, Popov successfully appealed the ban in Moscow, but nevertheless the symphony was not performed again until 1972. The influence of Popov's first symphony on Shostakovich's Symphony No. 4 is apparent. Following\n\nQuestion: Which composer wrote 'TheGoldberg Variations'?", "output": "JOHANN SEBASTIAN BACH"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Barry Lyndon is a 1975 historical drama film written, directed, and produced by Stanley Kubrick, based on the 1844 novel The Luck of Barry Lyndon by William Makepeace Thackeray. Starring Ryan O'Neal, Marisa Berenson, Patrick Magee, Leonard Rossiter, and Hardy Kr\u00fcger, the film recounts the early exploits and later unravelling of an 18th-century Anglo-Irish rogue and golddigger who marries a rich widow to climb the social ladder and assume her late husband's aristocratic position. Kubrick began production on Barry Lyndon after his 1971 film A Clockwork Orange. He had originally intended to direct a biopic on Napoleon, but lost his financing because of the commercial failure of the similar 1970 Dino De Laurentiis-produced Waterloo. Kubrick eventually directed Barry Lyndon, set partially during the Seven Years' War, utilising his research from the Napoleon project. Filming began in December 1973 and lasted roughly eight months, taking place in England, Ireland, and Germany.\n\nThe Blue Bird is a 1976 American-Soviet children's fantasy film directed by George Cukor. The screenplay by Hugh Whitemore, Alfred Hayes, and Aleksei Kapler is based on the 1908 play L'Oiseau bleu by Maurice Maeterlinck. It was the fifth screen adaptation of the play, following two silent films, the studio's 1940 version starring Shirley Temple, and a 1970 animated feature. It was famous as one of the few cinematic co-productions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. However unlike prior adaptations the film received little-to-no critical praise and was a flop at the box office. Plot Mytyl and her brother Tyltyl are peasant children who are led on a quest for the Blue Bird of Happiness by the Queen of Light, who gives them a hat with a magic diamond that allows them to call forth the souls of all things, both living and inanimate.\n\nMooch Goes to Hollywood (aka Mooch) is a 1971 51-minute television film was directed by Richard Erdman and co-written by Jim Backus, who also stars in the film as himself. The film chronicles the adventures of Mooch, an ambitious dog, and her attempts to become a canine star after befriending Zsa Zsa Gabor. Plot Mooch, a young canine starlet, sets off for Hollywood. After befriending Zsa Zsa Gabor, her new friend provides the pooch with the \"skinny\" on the ins and outs of achieving Hollywood fame. Wandering through the famous haunts of tinseltown, Mooch comes across Vincent Price at the Brown Derby and ends up in his Jeep. Price wants to give the dog to a young admirer and takes Mooch to a veterinarian for a check-up. When his new owner leaves, Mooch is frightened by Dr. Hackett and bolts for the door, but is not able to catch up\n\nQuestion: \"The word \"\"Droogies\"\" was coined in which novel, made into a film directed and co-written by Stanley Kubrick in 1971?\"", "output": "A Clockwork Orange"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington (28 December 1882 \u2013 22 November 1944) was an English astronomer, physicist, and mathematician. He was also a philosopher of science and a populariser of science. The Eddington limit, the natural limit to the luminosity of stars, or the radiation generated by accretion onto a compact object, is named in his honour. Around 1920, he foreshadowed the discovery and mechanism of nuclear fusion processes in stars, in his paper \"The Internal Constitution of the Stars\". At that time, the source of stellar energy was a complete mystery; Eddington was the first to correctly speculate that the source was fusion of hydrogen into helium. Eddington wrote a number of articles that announced and explained Einstein's theory of general relativity to the English-speaking world. World War I had severed many lines of scientific communication, and new developments in German science were not well known in England. He also\n\nPhysical cosmology is a branch of cosmology concerned with the study of cosmological models. A cosmological model, or simply cosmology, provides a description of the largest-scale structures and dynamics of the universe and allows study of fundamental questions about its origin, structure, evolution, and ultimate fate. Cosmology as a science originated with the Copernican principle, which implies that celestial bodies obey identical physical laws to those on Earth, and Newtonian mechanics, which first allowed those physical laws to be understood. Physical cosmology, as it is now understood, began with the development in 1915 of Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, followed by major observational discoveries in the 1920s: first, Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe contains a huge number of external galaxies beyond the Milky Way; then, work by Vesto Slipher and others showed that the universe is expanding. These advances made it possible to speculate about the origin of\n\nGeneral Relativity, Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman for first discovering that this theory led to an expanding universe, Georges Lema\u00eetre who concluded independently of Friedman discovered an expanding universe, and then that the theory must lead to an initial event of creation, which is the Big Bang theory we know today, Edwin Hubble for observing that the universe expanded, thereby confirming Friedman and Lema\u00eetre, George Gamow, Ralph Asher Alpher, Robert Herman, Martin Ryle, Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson, among many others. Another theme of the book is the scientific method itself: how serendipity, curiosity, theory and observation come together to expand our understanding of the world. One of the most interesting points in the book is how Einstein initially dismissed the theory out of hand. Such was his authority in the scientific community that none dared oppose him, thereby stifling research in this area for many years. However, when Hubble\n\nQuestion: Who is credited with the discovery of galaxies outside of our own?", "output": "Edwin Hubble"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The World Wide Web (\"WWW\", \"W3\" or simply \"the Web\") is a global information medium which users can access via computers connected to the Internet. The term is often mistakenly used as a synonym for the Internet, but the Web is a service that operates over the Internet, just as email and Usenet do. The history of the Internet and the history of hypertext date back significantly further than that of the World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web while working at CERN in 1989. He proposed a \"universal linked information system\" using several concepts and technologies, the most fundamental of which was the connections that existed between information. He developed the first web server, the first web browser, and a document formatting protocol, called Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). After publishing the markup language in 1991, and releasing the browser source code for public use in 1993,\n\ncomputers was built for the U.S. military Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) radar system using the Bell 101 modem. It was the first commercial modem for computers, released by AT&T Corporation in 1958. The modem allowed digital data to be transmitted over regular unconditioned telephone lines at a speed of 110 bits per second (bit/s). In 1959, Christopher Strachey filed a patent application for time-sharing and John McCarthy initiated the first project to implement time-sharing of user programs at MIT. Stratchey passed the concept on to J. C. R. Licklider at the inaugural UNESCO Information Processing Conference in Paris that year. McCarthy was instrumental in the creation of three of the earliest time-sharing systems (the Compatible Time-Sharing System in 1961, the BBN Time-Sharing System in 1962, and the Dartmouth Time Sharing System in 1963). In 1959, Anatoly Kitov proposed to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union\n\nAlbert Einstein ( ; ; 14 March 1879 \u2013 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held to be one of the greatest and most influential scientists of all time. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics, and was thus a central figure in the revolutionary reshaping of the scientific understanding of nature that modern physics accomplished in the first decades of the twentieth century. His mass\u2013energy equivalence formula , which arises from relativity theory, has been called \"the world's most famous equation\". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics \"for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. His work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. In a 1999 poll of 130\n\nQuestion: On 25 December 1990 while working at CERN, he implemented the first successful communication between a HTTP client and server via the Internet. In less than 10 years, Time named him as one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century. Who?", "output": "Tim Berners-Lee"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "As many as 15,000 turtles were shipped live to Britain from the West Indies. Because of its popularity, the green turtle population plummeted, and its cost rose correspondingly. Isabella Beeton noted in 1861, \"This is the most expensive soup brought to the table\". Thus, long before that time, mock turtle soup made from calf's head was widely adopted as a more economical substitute and became popular in its own right, with the two dishes sometimes being served at the same banquet. United States In the United States, the common snapping turtle has long been the principal species used for turtle soup. In this case the soup is also referred to as snapper turtle soup, or simply snapper soup (not to be confused with red snapper soup, which is made from the fish red snapper). It is a heavy, brown soup with an appearance similar to thick meat gravy. In the\n\nand will keep alive a long time.\" The earliest English recipes are for roast or boiled turtle, only later being used in a soup. About 1740\u20131750, it began to be widely imported to England, from Ascension Island or the West Indies. Samuel Birch is credited with being the first to serve turtle soup in London, spicing it with lemons and cayennes; it quickly became immensely popular, and Lord Dudley stated, \"Of British soup, turtle always takes precedence in the list of honour\". Giles Rose made turtle soup as follows: \"Take your tortoises and cut off their heads and feet and boyl them in fair water, and when they are almost boyl'd, put to them some white wine, some sweet herbs, and a piece of bacon, and give them a brown in the frying pan with good butter, then lay upon your bread a-steeping in good strong broth, and well-seasoned; garnish\n\nTurtle soup, also known as terrapin soup, is a soup or stew made from the meat of turtles. Several versions of the soup exist in different cultures, and it is often viewed as a delicacy. Versions England Turtle soup gained popularity in England in the 1750s but declined rapidly about 150 years later due to overfishing. According to food historian Janet Clarkson, the dish, which she describes as one of several \"noteworthy soups\", became a symbol for civic dinners and Green sea turtle first became popular in England as \"sea-tortoise\" circa 1728: \"Its Flesh is between that of Veal, and that of a Lobster, and is extremely pleasant ... They are frequently brought to England in Tubs of Sea Water, and will keep alive a long time.\" The earliest English recipes are for roast or boiled turtle, only later being used in a soup. About 1740\u20131750, it began to be\n\nQuestion: Mock Turtle Soup is traditionally made from the head of a?", "output": "Calf"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The photosynthetic efficiency is the fraction of light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis in green plants and algae. Photosynthesis can be described by the simplified chemical reaction 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + energy \u2192 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 where C6H12O6 is glucose (which is subsequently transformed into other sugars, starches, cellulose, lignin, and so forth). The value of the photosynthetic efficiency is dependent on how light energy is defined \u2013 it depends on whether we count only the light that is absorbed, and on what kind of light is used (see Photosynthetically active radiation). It takes eight (or perhaps ten or more) photons to use one molecule of CO2. The Gibbs free energy for converting a mole of CO2 to glucose is 114 kcal, whereas eight moles of photons of wavelength 600 nm contains 381 kcal, giving a nominal efficiency of 30%. However, photosynthesis can occur with\n\ntrace gas in Earth's atmosphere at 421 parts per million (ppm), or about 0.04% (as of May 2022) having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm or about 0.025%. Burning fossil fuels is the primary cause of these increased concentrations and also the primary cause of climate change. Its concentration in Earth's pre-industrial atmosphere since late in the Precambrian was regulated by organisms and geological phenomena. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria use energy from sunlight to synthesize carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water in a process called photosynthesis, which produces oxygen as a waste product. In turn, oxygen is consumed and is released as waste by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize organic compounds to produce energy by respiration. is released from organic materials when they decay or combust, such as in forest fires. Since plants require for photosynthesis, and humans and animals depend on plants for food, is necessary for\n\nof photosynthesis and the need for optimal solar radiation levels) and do not convert all harvested energy into biomass, which results in a maximum overall photosynthetic efficiency of 3 to 6% of total solar radiation. If photosynthesis is inefficient, excess light energy must be dissipated to avoid damaging the photosynthetic apparatus. Energy can be dissipated as heat (non-photochemical quenching), or emitted as chlorophyll fluorescence. Typical efficiencies Plants Quoted values sunlight-to-biomass efficiency The following is a breakdown of the energetics of the photosynthesis process from Photosynthesis by Hall and Rao: Starting with the solar spectrum falling on a leaf, 47% lost due to photons outside the 400\u2013700 nm active range (chlorophyll uses photons between 400 and 700 nm, extracting the energy of one 700 nm photon from each one) 30% of the in-band photons are lost due to incomplete absorption or photons hitting components other than chloroplasts 24% of the absorbed\n\nQuestion: What is the main product of photosynthesis in plants?", "output": "Oxygen"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Legend of the Octopus is a sports tradition during Detroit Red Wings home playoff games involving dead octopuses thrown onto the ice rink. The origins of the activity go back to the 1952 playoffs, when a National Hockey League team played two best-of-seven series to capture the Stanley Cup. Having eight arms, the octopus symbolized the number of playoff wins necessary for the Red Wings to win the Stanley Cup. The practice started on April 15, 1952, when Pete and Jerry Cusimano, brothers and storeowners in Detroit's Eastern Market, hurled an octopus into the rink of Olympia Stadium. The team swept the Toronto Maple Leafs and Montreal Canadiens en route to winning the championship. History Since 1952, the practice has persisted with each passing year. In one 1995 game, fans threw 36 octopuses, including a specimen weighing . The Red Wings' unofficial mascot is a purple octopus named Al,\n\nAl the Octopus is the mascot of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League. During many games, octopuses are thrown onto the ice by fans for good luck, this usually occurring after the national anthem is sung or after a goal is scored. This Legend of the Octopus tradition, started on April 15, 1952, when two brothers, Pete and Jerry Cusimano, who owned a fish market, decided to throw an octopus onto the ice at Olympia Stadium, with the eight tentacles of the octopus symbolizing the eight wins it took to win the Stanley Cup at the time. The Red Wings were a perfect 7\u20130 in the playoffs and were one win away from not only winning the Cup, but becoming the first perfect team in the NHL's post season history. Sure enough the Red Wings won that game, and the media made mention of the octopus \"omen\"\n\nJohn Edward Wilson (June 14, 1929 \u2013 December 27, 2011) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player and head coach. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Detroit Red Wings, Chicago Black Hawks, Toronto Maple Leafs, and New York Rangers between 1950 and 1962. With Detroit Wilson won the Stanley Cup four times. After his playing career he coached in the NHL with the Los Angeles Kings, Detroit, the Colorado Rockies, and Pittsburgh Penguins between 1969 and 1980. He also coached the Michigan Stags/Baltimore Blades and Cleveland Crusaders of the World Hockey Association between 1974 and 1976, as well as the Canadian national team at the 1977 World Championship Playing career After three seasons with the Windsor Spitfires, Wilson signed his first professional contract with the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League in September 1949, but spent most of the 1949\u201350 season with their farm\n\nQuestion: The Detroit Redwings beat the Pittsburgh Penguins to win the 2008 Stanley Cup in which sport?", "output": "Ice hockey"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Toronto Football Club (commonly known as Toronto FC or TFC) is a Canadian professional soccer club based in Toronto. The club competes in Major League Soccer (MLS) as a member of the Eastern Conference. The team plays its home matches at BMO Field, located at Exhibition Place on Toronto's shoreline west of Downtown Toronto. Toronto FC joined MLS in 2007 as an expansion team and was the first Canadian-based franchise in the league. The first team is operated by Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment (MLSE), which also operates the MLS Next Pro affiliate team Toronto FC II and most other professional sports franchises in the city, like the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL), Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League (CFL). In 2017, Toronto FC won the domestic treble with the MLS Cup, Supporters' Shield and\n\nThe Toronto Maple Leafs are a National Hockey League team, based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Toronto Maple Leafs may also refer to: Toronto Maple Leafs (semi-pro baseball), an Intercounty Baseball League team Toronto Maple Leafs (International League), a former AAA minor league baseball team Toronto Maple Leafs (NLA), a professional box lacrosse team in the National Lacrosse Association 1966\u20131970 Toronto Maple Leafs (soccer club), a Canadian National Soccer League club from the 1930s Toronto Tecumsehs (ILL), a box lacrosse team established in 1931 as the Toronto Maple Leafs; see Sports in Toronto#Lacrosse\n\nThe team has been called \"TFC\" and \"the Reds\" by the media, the team, and the fans. The \"FC\" (\"Football Club\") in the club's name is the conventional initialism for association football teams across Europe and is commonly used among MLS teams to present a more authentic soccer brand. Formative years (2007\u20132010) Despite a long scoreless streak to start the club's history, Toronto FC quickly began to establish itself as a club with significant fan support. The club's first win came on May 12, 2007, at BMO Field as Danny Dichio scored the team's first goal in the 24th minute of a 3\u20131 home win over the Chicago Fire. Though TFC slipped to the bottom of the MLS standings with a record of , the team built a foundation as the first Canadian team in MLS. In the club's second season in 2008, Toronto hosted the 2008 MLS All-Star Game.\n\nQuestion: Although the majority of the teams are in the US, the hall of fame for what sport is located at 30 Yonge Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada?", "output": "Hockey"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "James Hogarth Pringle (born 26 January 1863 in Parramatta, Australia \u2013 died 24 April 1941 in Killearn, Scotland) was an Australian-born British surgeon in Glasgow, who made a number of important contributions to surgical practice. He is most famous for the development of the Pringle manoeuvre, a technique still used in surgery today. Early life He was the only son of George Hogarth Pringle (1830\u20131871) a well known surgeon in Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia. Before emigrating to Australia George Hogarth Pringle had worked in Edinburgh with Joseph Lister and had been responsible for the introduction of antiseptic surgical practice into Australia. After his father died in 1872, James returned to Britain to school at Sedbergh in Cumberland and from there entered the University of Edinburgh Medical School to study medicine, graduating in 1885. After graduation he was able travel to Europe to study surgical practice at Hamburg, Berlin and\n\nas healing. James Braid who is credited for pioneering hypnosurgery, first observed mesmerism while he was attending a public performance on magnetism by Charles Lafontaine. After attending two more shows he came to the conclusion that although there were observable physical effects, it was not caused by any magnetic interference. Braid then used self-experiment to prove his idea that mesmerism was achieved by vision and concentration of the subject. Braid therefore claimed that the phenomena demonstrated by Lafontaine had nothing to do with magnetism. James Braid then adopted the term \u201chypnotism\u201d to prevent his work from being confounded with mesmerism. It is claimed that hypnosis has been used in surgery for pain management, to control spasms in the alimentary canal, during rehabilitation, and as anaesthesia during an operation. The first alleged case of hypnosis as an anesthetic in surgery was when Jules Germain Cloquet (1790\u20131883), a French surgeon, operated on\n\nfractures, where he was at an advantage because X-rays had been introduced very early into clinical practice in Glasgow Royal Infirmary, an innovation that allowed Pringle to gain wide personal experience of fractures and their management. His colleague John Macintyre (1857\u20131928) had established the world's first x-ray service for patients in Glasgow Royal Infirmary in March 1896. This allowed James Hogarth Pringle an early, perhaps unique experience in fracture diagnosis and management using x-rays, and formed the basis for his book on fractures and their treatment. He had the added advantage of working in the hospital where Joseph Lister had first introduced antisepsis and would surely have been aware of his own father's work on antisepsis in introducing Listerian antisepsis into Australia. He was, like Sir William Macewen, an early exponent of aseptic technique in surgery. Both of these factors undoubtedly contributed to his expertise and success with fracture management.\n\nQuestion: Which British surgeon is generally recognised as the founder of antiseptic surgery", "output": "Joseph Lister"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Advance Australia Fair\" is the national anthem of Australia. Written by Scottish-born composer Peter Dodds McCormick, the song was first performed as a patriotic song in Australia in 1878. It replaced \"God Save the Queen\" as the official national anthem in 1974, following a nationwide opinion survey, only for \"God Save the Queen\" to be reinstated in January 1976. However, a plebiscite to choose the national song in 1977 preferred \"Advance Australia Fair\", which was in turn reinstated as the national anthem in 1984. \"God Save the King/Queen\" became known as the royal anthem, and is used at public engagements attended by the King or members of the monarchy of Australia. The lyrics of the 1984 version of \"Advance Australia Fair\" were modified from McCormick's original and its verses were trimmed down from four to two. In January 2021, the lyrics were changed once again. History Origin \"Advance Australia Fair\"\n\nAn anthem is a musical composition of celebration, usually used as a symbol for a distinct group, particularly the national anthems of countries. Originally, and in music theory and religious contexts, it also refers more particularly to short sacred choral work (still frequently seen in Sacred Harp and other types of shape note singing) and still more particularly to a specific form of liturgical music. In this sense, its use began in English-speaking churches; it uses English language words, in contrast to the originally Roman Catholic 'motet' which sets a Latin text. Etymology Anthem is derived from the Greek (ant\u00edph\u014dna) via Old English . Both words originally referred to antiphons, a call-and-response style of singing. The adjectival form is \"anthemic\". History Anthems were originally a form of liturgical music. In the Church of England, the rubric appoints them to follow the third collect at morning and evening prayer. Several anthems\n\nThe National Anthem (; ) is the national anthem of Myanmar. It consists of two parts; the first half is a traditional Burmese style section, before transitioning into the second half, a Western-style orchestra. Because of the second half, both the \"National Anthem\" and its predecessor \"Dobama Song\" are popularly known as \"\" (, ; ). A long-standing tradition is that those who sing the national anthem bow at the end, as a show of respect for the nation. History Pre-colonial Burma did not have a proper national anthem, but had compositions glorifying the king, which served as royal anthems. After the annexation of Burma by the British Raj in 1886, \"God Save the King\" became the national anthem of British Burma. In 1930, a musician from Mandalay named Saya Tin went to Rangoon and contacted the Thakins to write a new national anthem together. They set four criteria for\n\nQuestion: What is the Australian National Anthem?", "output": "Advance Australia Fair"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "All-Star Team: 1938 South American Championship Player of the tournament: 1945 References External links 1912 births 2000 deaths Footballers from Rio de Janeiro (city) Brazilian men's footballers Brazil men's international footballers Bangu Atl\u00e9tico Clube players CR Flamengo footballers Club Nacional de Football players Boca Juniors footballers Sport Club Corinthians Paulista players CR Vasco da Gama players S\u00e3o Paulo state football team players Brazilian expatriate men's footballers Expatriate men's footballers in Argentina Expatriate men's footballers in Uruguay Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Argentina Brazilian expatriate sportspeople in Uruguay 1938 FIFA World Cup players Argentine Primera Divisi\u00f3n players Men's association football defenders\n\nThe following are the football (soccer) events of the year 1938 throughout the world. Winners club national championship Argentina: Independiente France: FC Sochaux-Montb\u00e9liard Germany: Hannover 96 Italy: Internazionale Milano F.C. Netherlands: Feyenoord Rotterdam Paraguay: Olimpia Asunci\u00f3n Poland: Ruch Chorz\u00f3w Romania: Ripensia Timi\u0219oara Scotland: Scottish Cup: East Fife Turkey: G\u00fcne\u015f SK Soviet Union: Spartak Moscow Manchester City F.C. become the only team in history to be relegated the year after being champions of England. International tournaments 1938 British Home Championship (October 23, 1937 \u2013 April 9, 1938) FIFA World Cup in France (June 4 \u2013 19 1938) 1938 Bolivarian Games Births 14 March: \u00c1rp\u00e1d Orb\u00e1n, Hungarian footballer (died 2008) 17 March: Adolf Knoll, Austrian football player (died 2018) 19 April: Stanko Poklepovi\u0107, Croatian football player and manager (died 2018) 7 June: Armando Tobar, Chilean international footballer (died 2016) 25 June: Enver Yulgushov, Russian professional footballer and coach (died 2022) 26 June:\n\nLuque () is a city in Central Department of Paraguay, part of the Gran Asunci\u00f3n metropolitan area. Both 1635 and 1750 have been recorded as dates of its founding. It was temporarily the capital of Paraguay in 1868 during the Paraguayan War before relocation to San Estanislao. It is located at around . Luque is one of the most important cities in the country. The city counts as home of Paraguay's main international airport, Silvio Pettirossi International Airport and the \u00d1u Guas\u00fa Park, which is where the Paraguayan Olympic Committee is also located. The continental governing body of association football in South America, CONMEBOL, has its headquarters approximately 3 minutes from the Airport, consisting of the South American Football Museum and walking distance from the Bourbon CONMEBOL Asunci\u00f3n Convention Hotel. When it existed, ARPA \u2013 Aerol\u00edneas Paraguayas had its headquarters in the ARPA Terminal on the grounds of the airport.\n\nQuestion: In May 1938, which South American country withdrew from the League of Nations?", "output": "Chile"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "This plant does not contain any mescaline, however; all parts of it are highly poisonous, due to the principal alkaloid cytisine, which is chemically related to nicotine. The consumption of a single seed is enough to kill an adult. References External links Erowid mescal vault (Accessed 2/26/06) Dermatophyllum secundiflorum (as Sophora secundiflora) NRCS: USDA Plants Profile Dermatophyllum secundiflorum (as Calia secundiflora) Faboideae Plants described in 1967 Flora of Texas Trees of the South-Central United States Trees of Northeastern Mexico Flora of the Rio Grande valleys Trees of Coahuila Trees of Chihuahua (state) Trees of Hidalgo (state) Trees of Puebla Trees of Quer\u00e9taro Flora of the Mexican Plateau Flora of the Chihuahuan Desert Entheogens Native American religion\n\ncalled alkaloids. Natural compounds containing nitrogen in the exocyclic position (mescaline, serotonin, dopamine, etc.) are usually classified as amines rather than as alkaloids. Some authors, however, consider alkaloids a special case of amines. Naming The name \"alkaloids\" () was introduced in 1819 by German chemist Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Meissner, and is derived from late Latin root and the Greek-language suffix -('like'). However, the term came into wide use only after the publication of a review article, by Oscar Jacobsen in the chemical dictionary of Albert Ladenburg in the 1880s. There is no unique method for naming alkaloids. Many individual names are formed by adding the suffix \"ine\" to the species or genus name. For example, atropine is isolated from the plant Atropa belladonna; strychnine is obtained from the seed of the Strychnine tree (Strychnos nux-vomica L.). Where several alkaloids are extracted from one plant their names are often distinguished by\n\nDermatophyllum secundiflorum is a species of flowering shrub or small tree in the family Fabaceae that is native to the Southwestern United States (Texas, New Mexico) and Mexico (Chihuahua and Coahuila south to Hidalgo, Puebla, and Quer\u00e9taro). Its common names include Texas mountain laurel, Texas mescalbean, frijolito, and frijolillo. Name Although \"mescalbean\" is among the plant's common appellations, it bears no relation to the Agave species used to make the spirit mezcal, nor to the peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), which contains the hallucinogenic alkaloid mescaline. Description An evergreen, its leaves are pinnately compound, with small, roughly spatulate leaflets; the leaflets are rather thick, and waxy to the touch. Never tall, and rarely having a straight trunk, its bark is smooth in all but the oldest specimens. It grows slowly to a height of and a crown diameter of . Extremely fragrant purple flowers, resembling the smell of grape soda, are\n\nQuestion: Mescaline comes from what plant?", "output": "Cactus"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The physical exploration of the Moon began when Luna 2, a space probe launched by the Soviet Union, made an impact on the surface of the Moon on September 14, 1959. Prior to that the only available means of exploration had been observation from Earth. The invention of the optical telescope brought about the first leap in the quality of lunar observations. Galileo Galilei is generally credited as the first person to use a telescope for astronomical purposes; having made his own telescope in 1609, the mountains and craters on the lunar surface were among his first observations using it. NASA's Apollo program was the only program to successfully land humans on the Moon, which it did six times. The first landing took place in 1969, when Apollo 11 astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong left scientific instruments and returned lunar samples to Earth. The first soft landing on the\n\nNancy Grace Roman (pronounced \"Roman\"; May 16, 1925 \u2013 December 25, 2018) was an American astronomer who made important contributions to stellar classification and motions. The first female executive at NASA, Roman served as NASA's first Chief of Astronomy throughout the 1960s and 1970s, establishing her as one of the \"visionary founders of the US civilian space program\". She created NASA's space astronomy program and is known to many as the \"Mother of Hubble\" for her foundational role in planning the Hubble Space Telescope. Throughout her career, Roman was an active public speaker and educator, and an advocate for women in the sciences. In May 2020, NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine announced that the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope would be named the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope in recognition of her enduring contributions to astronomy. Early life Nancy Grace Roman was born in Nashville, Tennessee, to music teacher Georgia Frances\n\nintense), and caught a 7mm-long trail on a plate in Prague. In collaboration with Friedrich K\u00fcstner, he made measurements of the height of the pole. During their investigations they also discovered polar motion, the movement of the Earth's polar axis relative to the crust. Using images taken at the Lick Observatory and the Meudon Observatory, he produced the first atlas of the Moon that was based on photographs. The crater Weinek on the Moon and the asteroid 7114 Weinek are named after him. References External links Lun\u00e1rn\u00ed kr\u00e1ter Weinek \u2013 historick\u00e1 pocta klementinsk\u00e9mu astronomovi Scheller, A., 1914, \"Anzeige des Todes von Ladislaus Weinek\", Astronomische Nachrichten, vol. 196. Magyar \u00c9letrajzi Lexikon 1000-1990 at www.mek.iif.hu 19th-century Hungarian astronomers 19th-century Austrian astronomers People from Austria-Hungary Hungarian expatriates in Germany Hungarian expatriates in the Czech lands People from Buda 1848 births 1913 deaths\n\nQuestion: Who was the first person to report seeing craters on the moon using a telescope?", "output": "Galileo"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Huntaway (also known as the New Zealand Huntaway) is a large, strongly-built breed of dog used for general sheep-herding tasks in New Zealand, where they originate. They were bred to use their loud, deep bark to drive sheep. The breed dates from the late-19th century, and is distinguished only on working ability. There is no prescribed appearance or lineage, but they are usually black-and-tan coloured. Only dogs that win at trials may be registered by the New Zealand Sheep Dog Trial Association in their studbook. Description Huntaways are large, deep-chested dogs that generally weigh in the region of . Their coats can vary in colour; colours include black and tan (usually) with some white or brindle. Their coats can also come in different textures; they can be smooth, rough, or grizzly and they are generally floppy eared. A huntaway's height is usually in the range of . They are\n\nA small number of Astor markhor (Capra falconeri falconeri), an endangered species of wild goat, lives in the reserve. Other large mammals present include the Alpine ibex (Capra ibex), the snow leopard (Panthera uncia), the brown bear (Ursus arctos), the grey wolf (Lupus lupus), the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), the beech marten (Martes foina) and the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). About 35 species of bird have been recorded in the sanctuary, including the Brooks's leaf-warbler (Phylloscopus subviridis). References Wildlife sanctuaries of Pakistan Protected areas of Gilgit-Baltistan Gilgit District\n\nRothiemurchus Forest is a remnant of the Caledonian Forest at near Aviemore, Inverness-shire, Scotland. It is in the Highland region. The forest is popular for recreation and contains important independent wildlife, including the osprey, Scottish crossbill, capercaillie, crested tit and European wildcat. Stretching from the River Spey to the high mountain plateau, Rothiemurchus sits within the Cairngorms National Park. Much of the forest is within the Rothiemurchus Estate, in the ownership of the Grant family since the 1540s. The estate is now owned and managed by Johnnie Grant, 13th Earl of Dysart and 17th Laird of Rothiemurchus, along with his family. The land was also managed by Philippa Grant, Countess of Dysart till September 2022, when she was killed in a road traffic collision. In 2014, Rothiemurchus Upper Forest - covering - was sold to Forestry Commission Scotland (now Forestry and Land Scotland) for \u00a37.4 million. References External links Rothiemurchus\n\nQuestion: Clun Forest, Romney and Bluefaced Leicester are all breeds of which animal?", "output": "Sheep"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The winged sun is a solar symbol associated with divinity, royalty, and power in the Ancient Near East (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and Persia). Ancient Egypt In ancient Egypt, the symbol is attested from the Old Kingdom (Sneferu, 26th century BC ), often flanked on either side with a uraeus. Behdety In early Egyptian religion, the symbol Behdety represented Horus of Edfu, later identified with Ra-Horakhty. It is sometimes depicted on the neck of Apis, the bull of Ptah. As time passed (according to interpretation) all of the subordinated gods of Egypt were considered to be aspects of the sun god, including Khepri. The name \"Behdety\" means the inhabitant of Behdet. He was the sky god of the region called Behdet in the Nile basin. His image was first found in the inscription on a comb's body, as a winged solar panel. The period of the comb is about 3000 BC.\n\nShahbaz () is the name of a fabled bird in Persian mythology. It is described as having a body similar to an eagle, being bigger in size than a hawk or falcon, and having inhabited an area within the Zagros, the Alborz, and the Caucasus within Greater Iran. In ancient Persian mythology, the Shahbaz was a god who helped the Iranian peoples and guided the Faravahar to the Iranian lands. History The word Shahbaz literally translates to \"royal falcon\". It was standard practice for the Persian Shah to keep a royal falcon or another bird of prey. This symbol represented both strength and aggressiveness. The ancient Egyptian deity of Horus is speculated to have been the archetype for the standard of Cyrus the Great, who founded the Achaemenid Empire. British explorer Richard F. Burton considered the symbol to refer to the goshawk species Accipiter gentilis. Shahbaz could have alternatively referred\n\nThe Temple of Mars Ultor was a sanctuary erected in Ancient Rome by the Roman Emperor Augustus in 2 BCE and dedicated to the god Mars in his guise as avenger. The centerpiece of the Forum of Augustus, it was a peripteral style temple, on the front and sides, but not the rear (sine postico), raised on a platform and lined with eight columns in the Corinthian order style. According to Suetonius and Ovid, the young Octavian vowed to build a temple to Mars in 42 BCE just before the Battle of Philippi if the god would grant him and Marcus Antonius victory over two of the assassins of Julius Caesar, Gaius Cassius Longinus and Marcus Junius Brutus. However, work did not commence on the temple until after the recovery of the Aquilae in 20 BCE that had been lost by Marcus Licinius Crassus in the disastrous Battle of Carrhae\n\nQuestion: Which Egyptian God had the head of a falcon?", "output": "HORUS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None (With 16 Chapters) (also known simply as And Then There Were None) is a 2005 point-and-click adventure game developed by AWE Productions and published by The Adventure Company for Microsoft Windows. It was the first in The Adventure Company's Agatha Christie series. The game is a detective murder-mystery; it begins with nine people, including Patrick Narracott, the playable character, who meet and journey to the fictional Shipwreck (Soldier) Island. There, two additional onscreen characters are introduced, and the story then follows the events that unfold. And Then There Were None retains most of the basic plot elements of Agatha Christie's 1939 novel of the same name; the major differences are the inclusion of the playable character, Patrick Narracott, and the creation of a range of possible endings. To further the connection between the game and its source material, Christie's novel was included in\n\nbeing archaic and outdated, whereas others praised aspects such as character dialogue and a captivating story. Gameplay And Then There Were None is a point-and-click adventure game, played from a third-person perspective. Most of the interactive elements of And Then There Were None consist of asking other characters questions, and collecting and combining items. The player can carry items using an inventory system, consisting of screens which can show up to twelve items. New items go into the first available slot, and these items can be combined or examined throughout the game. The game's cursor is context-sensitive, and changes into a rotating gear when held over an item the player can interact with and use. And Then There Were None features a 2.5D graphics engine, which combines pre-rendered backgrounds with 3D-modelled characters. And Then There Were None is divided into 10 chapters. After completing a certain trigger event, the next\n\nthe playable character, Patrick Narracott, and the creation of a range of possible endings. To further the connection between the game and its source material, Christie's novel was included in the North American PC release of the game. Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None was followed by two more games, Agatha Christie: Murder on the Orient Express and Agatha Christie: Evil Under the Sun. Since they were based on their respective novels, their plots were unrelated to this first game. Reactions to the game were mixed, with many reviewers polarized in their opinions: some calling it a good adaptation of the novel; others, an extremely poor adventure game. Several reviews harshly criticized the game's character design and graphics as being archaic and outdated, whereas others praised aspects such as character dialogue and a captivating story. Gameplay And Then There Were None is a point-and-click adventure game, played from a\n\nQuestion: And Then There Were None?", "output": "Agatha Christie"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "another French soldier. Andr\u00e9 Breton believed his death to be a suicide. He was known for his indifference and for wearing a monocle. References Lettres de guerre - with essays by Andr\u00e9 Breton (Au Sans Pareil, 1919) Jacques Vach\u00e9 by Bertrand Lacarelle (Grasset, 2005) 4 Dada Suicides: Selected Texts of Arthur Cravan, Jacques Rigaut, Julien Torma & Jacques Vach\u00e9 (Anti-Classics of Dada) by Vach\u00e9, Jacques Rigaut, Julien Torma, and Arthur Cravan. Roger Conover, Terry J. Hale, Paul Lenti, and Iain White (editors), 1995, Atlas Press; Jacques Vach\u00e9 and the Roots of Surrealism: Including Vach\u00e9's War Letters & Other Writings by Franklin Rosemont. Charles H Kerr Company Publishers, 2008; External links Electronic text of Lettres de guerre at the Digital Dada Library 1895 births 1919 suicides 1919 deaths Dada French surrealist writers French male poets 20th-century French poets 20th-century French male writers French military personnel of World War I\n\nJacques Vach\u00e9 (7 September 1895 \u2013 6 January 1919) was a friend of Andr\u00e9 Breton, the founder of surrealism. Vach\u00e9 was one of the chief inspirations behind the Surrealist movement. As Breton said: \"En litt\u00e9rature, je me suis successivement \u00e9pris de Rimbaud, de Jarry, d'Apollinaire, de Nouveau, de Lautr\u00e9amont, mais c'est \u00e0 Jacques Vach\u00e9 que je dois le plus\" (\"In literature, I was successively taken with Rimbaud, with Jarry, with Apollinaire, with Nouveau, with Lautr\u00e9amont, but it is Jacques Vach\u00e9 to whom I owe the most\") He was born on 7 September 1895 in Lorient, France, and died in a hotel room in Nantes on 6 January 1919 from an overdose of opium. Alongside him lay the naked body of another French soldier. Andr\u00e9 Breton believed his death to be a suicide. He was known for his indifference and for wearing a monocle. References Lettres de guerre - with essays\n\nNadja (1928), the second book published by Andr\u00e9 Breton, is one of the iconic works of the French surrealist movement. It begins with the question \"Who am I?\" It is based on Breton's actual interactions with a young woman, Nadja (actually L\u00e9ona Camille Ghislaine Delacourt 1902\u20131941), over the course of ten days, and is presumed to be a semi-autobiographical description of his relationship with a patient of Pierre Janet. The book's non-linear structure is grounded in reality by references to other Paris surrealists such as Louis Aragon and 44 photographs. The last sentence of the book (\"Beauty will be CONVULSIVE or will not be at all\") provided the title for Pierre Boulez's flute concerto ...explosante-fixe.... Dating from 1960, the widely available English translation by Richard Howard is a translation of the first edition of Breton's novel, dating from 1928. Breton published a second, revised edition in 1963. No English translation\n\nQuestion: The French writer Andre Breton initiated which artistic movement in the 1920s, based on Dadaism?", "output": "SURREALISM"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Francesca Lebrun (; 24 March 1756 \u2013 14 May 1791) was a noted 18th-century German singer and composer. She was renowned for her vocal dexterity and highly sought after by notable contemporaries, such as Anton Schweitzer, Ignaz Holzbauer, and Antonio Salieri, for the lead roles in their most challenging operas. Her talent extended beyond the stage to music composition and keyboard performance: as a composer, her twelve sonatas, six each in opus 1 and opus 2, for piano or harpsichord with violin accompaniment, were first published in London, England, in 1779\u20131781, with further editions in London, Paris, and several German centers. The opus 1 sonatas are available in commercial recording. Early life She was born Franziska Dorothea Danzi in Mannheim, Electoral Palatinate (present-day Germany), the eldest child of Italian-born cellist Innocenz Danzi and dancer Barbara Sidonia Margaretha Toeschi, the core of the elite elector Mannheim court performers in the late\n\nD\u00e9csey died 12 March 1941 in Vienna. Works Novels and Erz\u00e4hlungen Du liebes Wien, Roman, 1911; Zigarettenrauch, Erz\u00e4hlungen, 1911; Die Insel der sieben Tr\u00e4ume, Ein Reisebuch, 1912; Der kleine Herzog Cupidon, Roman, 1913; Die Theaterfritzl, Roman, 1915; Krieg im Stein, Erz\u00e4hlungen, 1915; Im Feuerkreis des Karsts, Erz\u00e4hlungen, 1916; Memoiren eines Pechvogels, Erz\u00e4hlungen, 1917; Die Stadt am Strom, Roman, 1918?; Das Theater unserer lieben Frau, Roman, 1927; Die Spieldose, Musikeranekdoten, 1928; Biographies Hugo Wolf - Das Leben und das Lied, 1906; Peter Rosegger, 1913?; Bruckner - Versuch eines Lebens, 1920; Johann Strau\u00df, 1922; Franz Leh\u00e1r, 1924; Maria Jeritza, 1931; Claude Debussy, 1936; Debussys Werke (Nachlass), 1948; Plays and Librettos Der Musikant Gottes (Co-Author: Victor L\u00e9on), Theaterst\u00fcck, 1924; Sissys Brautfahrt (Co-Author: Gustav Holm), Lustspiel, 1931 (1932 adapted into Fritz Kreisler's operetta , 1936 film The King Steps Out by Josef von Sternberg); Die Kathrin, Libretto zur gleichnamigen Oper von Erich Wolfgang Korngold,\n\n21 October to 4 November 1951. The highlight was a production of the 19t-century Irish composer Michael William Balfe's 1857 The Rose of Castille, a little-known opera which had also been mentioned by James Joyce in Ulysses in a striking pun (Balfe is probably best known for The Bohemian Girl). Setting itself aside from the well-known operas during its early years placed Wexford in a unique position in the growing world of opera festivals, and this move was supported by well-known critics such as the influential Desmond Shawe-Taylor of The Sunday Times, who communicated what was happening each autumn season. During its first decade, Wexford offered an increasingly enthusiastic and knowledgeable audience such rarities as Lortzing's Der Wildsch\u00fctz and obscure works (for that time) such as Bellini's La sonnambula was staged, with Marilyn Cotlow as Adina and Nicola Monti as Elvino. Bryan Balkwill, Charles Mackerras and John Pritchard were among\n\nQuestion: Who wrote the 1905 opera 'The Merry Widow'?", "output": "FRANZ LEHAR"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Fyodor Pavlovich Karamazov () is a fictional character from the 1879\u20131880 novel The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoevsky. He is the father of Alexei, Ivan, and Dmitri Karamazov, and rumoured also to be the father of his house servant Pavel Fyodorovich Smerdyakov. His conflict with the eldest son\u2014Dimitri\u2014comprises a major part of the book's overt plot, although it becomes clear as events unfold that Ivan's relation to him is equally significant. Each of the sons represents a distinct character, life orientation and filial attitude that allows Dostoevsky to examine the theme of the father-son relationship in all its complexity and moral ambiguity. Fyodor Pavlovich is a self-indulgent and shameless libertine, apparently not concerned in any way with the normal responsibilities of fatherhood or the welfare of his children. Moral questions, particularly those arising from notions of filial obligation, are thus tested in great depth, and the consideration of their relation\n\nFrederick William Dickens (4 July 1820 \u2013 20 October 1868) was the son of John and Elizabeth Dickens and was Charles Dickens's younger brother, who lived with Charles when he moved on to Furnival's Inn in 1834. He was the inspiration for two different Freds in his brother's books: the jovial nephew of Ebenezer Scrooge in A Christmas Carol and the dissolute brother of Little Nell in The Old Curiosity Shop. Biography While Fred was a child and a youth, Charles Dickens often described him as his favourite brother, showing great concern for his welfare. As a boy, Fred attended a school in Hampstead with his brother Alfred for two years, until their father, John Dickens, could no longer afford the fees. At the end of the school day, the boys would be collected by their older brother, Charles. On 20 February 1824, John Dickens was imprisoned in the Marshalsea\n\n\"Mr. Boy\" is a science fiction novella by American writer James Patrick Kelly, first published in the June 1990 issue of Asimov's Science Fiction. It tells the story of a wealthy boy in the year 2096 who falls in love with a working class girl who inspires him to abandon his decadent lifestyle. The story won the Asimov's Reader's Poll Award for Best Novella and was nominated for the Locus Poll Award and the Nebula Award. It has been reprinted in several science fiction anthologies. Plot The story takes place in the year 2096 in the town of New Canaan, Connecticut, and centers on Peter Cage, who goes by the nickname \"Mr. Boy\". Peter has lived for 25 years but possesses the body of a 12-year-old as a result of continually undergoing genetic modification (\"twanking\") to reverse his biological clock. This process is done at the direction of his wealthy\n\nQuestion: \"What was the name of the boy in the book \"\"The Railway Children\"\" who was brother to Roberta and Phillys?\"", "output": "PETER"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Republican Party, also known as the GOP (Grand Old Party), is one of the two major political parties in the United States. It is the second-oldest extant political party in the United States after its main political rival, the Democratic Party. In 1854, the Republican Party emerged to combat the expansion of slavery into American territories after the passing of the Kansas\u2013Nebraska Act. The early Republican Party consisted of northern Protestants, factory workers, professionals, businessmen, prosperous farmers, and after the Civil War, former black slaves. The party had very little support from white Southerners at the time, who predominantly backed the Democratic Party in the Solid South, and from Catholics, who made up a major Democratic voting block. While both parties adopted pro-business policies in the 19th century, the early GOP was distinguished by its support for the national banking system, the gold standard, railroads, and high tariffs. The\n\nboth parties adopted pro-business policies in the 19th century, the early GOP was distinguished by its support for the national banking system, the gold standard, railroads, and high tariffs. The party opposed the expansion of slavery before 1861 and led the fight to destroy the Confederate States of America (1861\u20131865). While the Republican Party had almost no presence in the Southern United States at its inception, it was very successful in the Northern United States, where by 1858 it had enlisted former Whigs and former Free Soil Democrats to form majorities in nearly every Northern state. With the election of its first president, Abraham Lincoln, in 1860, the Party's success in guiding the Union to victory in the Civil War, and the Party's role in the abolition of slavery, the Republican Party largely dominated the national political scene until 1932. In 1912, former Republican president Theodore Roosevelt formed the Progressive\n\nThe Republican Party, early named Liberian Party, was a political party founded soon after the founding of Liberia in 1848. It was known to be made up primarily of Americo-Liberians who had mixed African and European ancestry. Its main opponent was the True Whig Party. The first President of Liberia, Joseph Jenkins Roberts, supported the party, which had the first candidates elected to office in the independent nation. The party weakened soon after the death of Roberts. After the end of President James Spriggs Payne's term in 1878, the election of Anthony W. Gardiner to the presidency marked the beginning of nearly a century of True Whig Party dominance in Liberian politics. In 1899, the Republican Party disappeared. Electoral history Presidential elections References Americo-Liberian organizations Defunct political parties in Liberia Political parties established in 1848 Political parties disestablished in 1899\n\nQuestion: Who was the first Republican to be President of the USA?", "output": "Abraham Lincoln"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The building form most closely associated with New York City is the skyscraper, which has shifted many commercial and residential districts from low-rise to high-rise. Surrounded mostly by water, the city has amassed one of the largest and most varied collection of skyscrapers in the world. New York has architecturally significant buildings in a wide range of styles spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. These include the Woolworth Building (1913), an early Gothic revival skyscraper with large-scale gothic architectural detail. The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setback in new buildings, and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below. The Art Deco design of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building (1931), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The Chrysler Building is considered by many historians and architects to be one of New York's finest, with\n\n(1931), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The Chrysler Building is considered by many historians and architects to be one of New York's finest, with its distinctive ornamentation such as V-shaped lighting inserts capped by a steel spire at the tower's crown. Early influential examples of the International Style in the United States are 330 West 42nd Street (1931) and the Seagram Building (1958). The Cond\u00e9 Nast Building (2000) is an important example of green design in American skyscrapers. The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses, townhouses, and tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930. In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In the outer boroughs, large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival\n\nThe Warwick New York is a luxury hotel at 65 West 54th Street, on the northeastern corner with Sixth Avenue, in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Constructed between 1925 and 1927, it is owned by Warwick Hotels and Resorts. Architecture The 36-floor Renaissance Revival building was designed by Emery Roth in association with the architectural firm of George B. Post & Sons. The hotel's three-story base is covered with limestone and granite. The brown brick superstructure has two wings projecting to the street from the property line. The wings set back several times, receding into the main slab\u2014itself thinning into a top tower after further setbacks. The overall shape of the structure has a strong vertical thrust. History William Randolph Hearst built the Warwick New York in 1926 for $5 million. Long catering to the elite, Hearst built the 36-story residential tower to accommodate his Hollywood friends as well as\n\nQuestion: William Van Allan designed which New York building - the tallest brick building in the world in 1930?", "output": "The Chrysler Building"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Imperial Majesty (His/Her Imperial Majesty, abbreviated as HIM) is a style used by Emperors and Empresses. It distinguishes the status of an emperor/empress from that of a King/Queen, who are simply styled Majesty. Holders of this style have sometimes been observed to follow religious leaders who are styled \"His Holiness\" in public ceremonies. King-Emperors and Queen-Empresses sometimes have used the style Imperial and Royal Majesty (e.g., The Empress Frederick's style Her Imperial and Royal Majesty The German Empress and Queen of Prussia). The reigning British monarchs from 1876\u20131948, also being the Emperor/Empress of India had the style of \"His/Her Imperial Majesty\". The last Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, also used the style of \"Imperial Majesty\". Today, the style is assumed by Farah Pahlavi, the exiled Shahbanu of Iran. Incongruously, in modern times the Emperor of Japan rarely uses the style of \"Imperial Majesty\", instead preferring the simpler style of\n\nwas a type of administrative unit governed by a hereditary or appointed ruler subject to Iranian rule. The title of the ruler was either beglarbegi or khan, which was identical to the Ottoman rank of pasha. In November 1738, Ughurlu Khan died in a battle against Surkhay Khan of the Gazikumukh Khanate. In 1740, his son Shahverdi Khan Ziyadoghlu succeeded him, but in 1743 he had to seek sanctuary with Teimuraz II in Kartli due to supporting a claimant to the Iranian throne, Sam Mirza. Nader Shah subsequently gave the governorship of Ganja to his tupchi-bashi Hajji Khan. Following Nader Shah's assassination in 1747, Iran fell into turmoil, especially in the South Caucasus. There the Georgians and local khans fought over land. Shahverdi Khan went back to Ganja, where he overthrew Hajji Khan with the aid of Teimuraz II and Heraclius II. By paying tribute to either the Karabakh Khanate\n\nleft it without suppliers during an invasion. Achaemenid Empire (525\u2013330 BC) Sasanian Empire (224\u2013651) Afsharid dynasty (1734\u20131750) Qajar dynasty (1885\u20131925) The modern navy of Iran was born in 1885, when steamers Persepolis and Susa were commissioned into service in the Persian Gulf. Pahlavi dynasty (1925\u20131979) The Imperial Iranian Navy (IIN) was the name of Iran's navy, until the Iranian Revolution in 1979. It was nearly destroyed during a surprise attack by Britain and the Soviet Union in World War II, which began the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. Numerous Iranian ships were sunk or damaged while still moored at their home ports. Following World War II, the fleet began replacing destroyed warships with destroyers, frigates and many smaller vessels, including powerboats and hovercraft, many of which originated from the U.S. and UK, which had played a part in destroying much of the original equipment in World War II. In the 1970s,\n\nQuestion: October 26, 1919 saw the birth of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, the last man to hold what title, as ruler of Iran?", "output": "Shah"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Bundesstra\u00dfe 2 (abbr. B2) is Germany's longest federal highway, running some 1000 kilometres from the Polish border near Gartz to the Austrian border near Garmisch-Partenkirchen. From north to south; it passes through major cities such as Berlin, Potsdam, Leipzig, Gera, Bayreuth, Nuremberg, Augsburg, and Munich. It is largely paralleled by Bundesautobahn 9, and a small portion coincides with Bundesautobahn 952. It corresponds to a long portion of the Via Imperii of the Holy Roman Empire which continued all the way to Venice via the Brenner Pass. In Berlin B2 forms among others the following squares and streets Alexanderplatz, Karl-Liebknecht-Stra\u00dfe, Unter den Linden, Stra\u00dfe des 17. Juni, Gro\u00dfer Stern, Kaiserdamm, Theodor-Heuss-Platz, and Heerstra\u00dfe. Roads in Brandenburg Roads in Berlin Roads in Saxony Roads in Saxony-Anhalt Roads in Thuringia Roads in Bavaria 002\n\nis an autobahn in Germany. It is colloquially known as Ostseeautobahn (\"Baltic Freeway\") or K\u00fcstenautobahn (\"Coastal Freeway\") due to its geographic location near the Baltic Sea coastline. The road is not built along a straight line, instead it is built near important cities (Wismar, Rostock, Stralsund), to make it more beneficial for travel between these cities, and also to serve as bypass. Construction started in 1992, only two years after the German reunification, near the junction Wismar-Nord and was completed in December 2005, when the last section was opened near Tribsees by Chancellor Angela Merkel. Building costs are estimated at \u20ac 1.8 billion. 279 km of the autobahn are in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, 27 km in Brandenburg and 30 km in Schleswig-Holstein, making the A 20 the longest continuously built new autobahn since 1945. On 28 July 2009 the western extension started with the opening between Autobahnkreuz L\u00fcbeck and junction Geschendorf. In\n\nas the A 15. While parts of today's A115 (the AVUS) were built before any other Autobahn in Germany, the AVUS wasn't used for public motorcar traffic until after the opening of what is today Bundesautobahn 555, which opened in 1932 and is the other claimant for \"Germany's first limited access highway\". Exit list (Berliner Stadtring) (Berliner Ring) |} References External links 115 A115 A115\n\nQuestion: What German road system famously has no federal speed limit?", "output": "Autobahn"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "reunited, releasing their second studio album Sounds of Silence and touring colleges nationwide. Their third release, Parsley, Sage, Rosemary and Thyme (1966), found the duo assuming more creative control. Their music was featured in the 1967 film The Graduate, propelling the duo to further exposure. Bookends (1968), their next album, benefited from this promotion, and increased their profile. Their often rocky relationship led to artistic disagreements, resulting in their 1970 breakup. Their final studio record, Bridge Over Troubled Water, was subsequently their most successful, becoming one of the world's best-selling albums. This list comprises their core studio work, including their songs under the name Tom and Jerry. The duo's multiple live albums contain cover songs as well as music from their respective solo careers; only said cover songs are listed here. In all, Simon & Garfunkel recorded and released 75 songs, including nineteen songs as Tom and Jerry. Songs Notes\n\ntheir respective solo careers; only said cover songs are listed here. In all, Simon & Garfunkel recorded and released 75 songs, including nineteen songs as Tom and Jerry. Songs Notes References Sources External links Simon & Garfunkel Simon and Garfunkel\n\nThe Strangeloves were a band created in 1964 by the New York-based American songwriting and production team of Bob Feldman, Jerry Goldstein, and Richard Gottehrer. They initially pretended to be from Australia. The Strangeloves' most successful singles were \"I Want Candy,\" \"Cara-Lin\", and \"Night Time\". History Before the invention of The Strangeloves, Feldman and Goldstein had been working together as songwriters since 1959, and recorded a couple of non-charting singles as the duo Bob & Jerry in 1961-62. From 1959-61 they were members of various non-charting studio-based recording groups such as Bobbi and the Beaus, Ezra and the Iveys, and The Kittens. They linked up with Gottehrer in 1962, formed FGG Productions, and scored hits for other artists including 1963's \"My Boyfriend's Back\" by The Angels. By 1964, the girl group sound in which FGG Productions specialized was going out of fashion, due to the prevalence of British Invasion-style beat\n\nQuestion: Which pop duo were originally called Tom and Jerry?", "output": "Simon & Garfunkel"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "two hundred million having been described and indexed; and yet that number is but a fraction of the number of theoretically possible compounds under standard conditions. Characteristics The allotropes of carbon include graphite, one of the softest known substances, and diamond, the hardest naturally occurring substance. It bonds readily with other small atoms, including other carbon atoms, and is capable of forming multiple stable covalent bonds with suitable multivalent atoms. Carbon is a component element in the large majority of all chemical compounds, with about two hundred million examples having been described in the published chemical literature. Carbon also has the highest sublimation point of all elements. At atmospheric pressure it has no melting point, as its triple point is at and , so it sublimes at about . Graphite is much more reactive than diamond at standard conditions, despite being more thermodynamically stable, as its delocalised pi system is\n\nCalcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. As an alkaline earth metal, calcium is a reactive metal that forms a dark oxide-nitride layer when exposed to air. Its physical and chemical properties are most similar to its heavier homologues strontium and barium. It is the fifth most abundant element in Earth's crust, and the third most abundant metal, after iron and aluminium. The most common calcium compound on Earth is calcium carbonate, found in limestone and the fossilised remnants of early sea life; gypsum, anhydrite, fluorite, and apatite are also sources of calcium. The name derives from Latin calx \"lime\", which was obtained from heating limestone. Some calcium compounds were known to the ancients, though their chemistry was unknown until the seventeenth century. Pure calcium was isolated in 1808 via electrolysis of its oxide by Humphry Davy, who named the element. Calcium compounds are\n\nIn materials science, friability ( ), the condition of being friable, describes the tendency of a solid substance to break into smaller pieces under duress or contact, especially by rubbing. The opposite of friable is indurate. Substances that are designated hazardous, such as asbestos or crystalline silica, are often said to be friable if small particles are easily dislodged and become airborne, and hence respirable (able to enter human lungs), thereby posing a health hazard. Tougher substances, such as concrete, may also be mechanically ground down and reduced to finely divided mineral dust. However, such substances are not generally considered friable because of the degree of difficulty involved in breaking the substance's chemical bonds through mechanical means. Some substances, such as polyurethane foams, show an increase in friability with exposure to ultraviolet radiation, as in sunlight. Friable is sometimes used metaphorically to describe \"brittle\" personalities who can be \"rubbed\" by\n\nQuestion: What is the hardest substance known to man?", "output": "Diamond"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Wahidi Balhaf ( ), or the Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf in Hadhramaut (), was one of several Wahidi states in the British Aden Protectorate. It was previously part of the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South, and then of its successor, the Federation of South Arabia when it was known simply as Wahidi. Its capital was Balhaf on the Gulf of Aden coast and it included the inland town of Azzan (formerly the seat of a separate Wahidi Sultanate of Azzan). The Sultanate was abolished in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen and is now part of the Republic of Yemen. History The predecessor state, the Wahidi Sultanate (Saltanat al-Wahidiyya), was established at an uncertain date. In 1830 the Wahidi Sultanate split into four states: Wahidi Sultanate of Ba\u00b4l Haf (Saltanat Ba al-Haf al-Wahidiyya) Wahidi Sultanate of `Azzan (Saltanat `Azzan al-Wahidiyya) Wahidi Sultanate of\n\nWahidi Bir Ali ( ), or the Wahidi Sultanate of Bir Ali ( ), was one of several Wahidi states in the British Aden Protectorate and the Protectorate of South Arabia. Its capital was Bi'r `Ali on the Gulf of Aden coast. The last Sultan, Alawi ibn Salih ibn Ahmad Al Wahidi, was deposed and the state was abolished in 1967 upon the founding of the People's Republic of South Yemen. The area is now part of the Republic of Yemen. History The predecessor state, the Wahidi Sultanate (Saltanat al-Wahidiyya), was established at an uncertain date. In 1830 the Wahidi Sultanate split into four states: Wahidi Sultanate of Ba\u00b4l Haf (Saltanat Ba al-Haf al-Wahidiyya) Wahidi Sultanate of `Azzan (Saltanat `Azzan al-Wahidiyya) Wahidi Sultanate of Bi\u00b4r `Ali `Amaqin (Saltanat Bi'r `Ali `Amaquin al-Wahidiyya) Wahidi Sultanate of Habban (Saltanat Habban al-Wahidiyya) On 4 May 1881 Ba\u00b4l Haf and `Azzan joined. In 1888\n\nThe Arabian Sea () is a region of sea in the northern Indian Ocean, bounded on the west by the Arabian Peninsula, Gulf of Aden and Guardafui Channel, on the northwest by Gulf of Oman and Iran, on the north by Pakistan, on the east by India, and on the southeast by the Laccadive Sea and the Maldives, on the southwest by Somalia. Its total area is 3,862,000 km2 (1,491,000 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 4,652 meters (15,262 ft). The Gulf of Aden in the west connects the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest, connecting it to the Persian Gulf. Geography The Arabian Sea's surface area is about . The maximum width of the sea is approximately , and its maximum depth is . The biggest river flowing into the sea is the Indus\n\nQuestion: The three countries which border the Gulf of Aden are the Yemeni Republic, the Republic of Djibouti, and...?", "output": "Somalia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceans, with an area of about . It covers approximately 17% of Earth's surface and about 24% of its water surface area. It is known to separate the \"Old World\" of Africa, Europe, and Asia from the \"New World\" of the Americas in the European perception of the World. Through its separation of Europe, Africa, and Asia from the Americas, the Atlantic Ocean has played a central role in the development of human society, globalization, and the histories of many nations. While the Norse were the first known humans to cross the Atlantic, it was the expedition of Christopher Columbus in 1492 that proved to be the most consequential. Columbus' expedition ushered in an age of exploration and colonization of the Americas by European powers, most notably Portugal, Spain, France, and the United Kingdom. From the 16th to 19th centuries,\n\nthe Aurora Islands and Nimrod Islands. These were islands in the Southern Ocean that other mariners had claimed to have found, but eventually, during the twentieth century, they were declared to be phantoms. References See also List of Antarctic expeditions Antarctic expeditions 1830 in the United Kingdom 1830 in Antarctica 1831 in Antarctica 1832 in Antarctica Expeditions from the United Kingdom\n\nsecond half of the 19th century has often been called the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. The inhospitable and dangerous Arctic and Antarctic regions appealed powerfully to the imagination of the age, not as lands with their own ecologies and cultures, but as challenges to be conquered by technological ingenuity and manly daring. Salomon August Andr\u00e9e, an engineer at the patent office in Stockholm, shared these enthusiasms. A keen balloonist, Andr\u00e9e proposed a plan for letting the wind propel a hydrogen balloon across the Arctic Sea to the Bering Strait, to fetch up in Alaska, Canada, or Russia, and passing near or even right over the North Pole on the way. In 1893, Andr\u00e9e purchased his own balloon, the Svea, and subsequently made nine journeys with it, starting from either Stockholm or Gothenburg and traveling a combined distance of . In the prevailing westerly winds, the Svea flights had a\n\nQuestion: In the first two decades of the 20th century a number of European and USA expeditions were made, eventually successfully, to where?", "output": "The North Pole"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Phascogalini are a tribe in the family Dasyuridae, comprising seven genera of small marsupials native to Australia and New Guinea. Classification Tribe Phascogalini Genus Antechinus Tropical antechinus, Antechinus adustus Agile antechinus, Antechinus agilis Fawn antechinus, Antechinus bellus Yellow-footed antechinus, Antechinus flaviceps Atherton antechinus, Antechinus godmani Cinnamon antechinus, Antechinus leo Swamp antechinus, Antechinus minimus Brown antechinus, Antechinus stuartii Subtropical antechinus, Antechinus subtropicus Dusky antechinus, Antechinus swainsonii Genus Murexia Short-furred dasyure, Murexia longicaudata Long-nosed dasyure, Murexia naso Black-tailed dasyure, Murexia melanurus Habbema dasyure, Murexia habbema Broad-striped dasyure, Murexia rothschildi Genus Phascogale Red-tailed phascogale, Phascogale calura Brush-tailed phascogale, Phascogale tapoatafa Northern brush-tailed phascogale Phascogale pirata References Dasyuromorphs Mammal tribes\n\nIn Australian folklore, the Queensland tiger is a creature said to live in the Queensland area in eastern Australia. Also known by a native name, yarri, it is described as being a dog-sized feline with stripes and a long tail, prominent front teeth and a savage temperament. It has been hypothesized to be a survivor or descendant of the large predatory marsupial Thylacoleo, officially considered to be extinct, or possibly a large feral cat variant (given possible discrepancies with thylacoleo dentition). In 1926 A. S. le Souef described a \"Striped marsupial cat\" in The Wild Animals of Australasia, this information later also included in Furred Animals of Australia, by Ellis Troughton, longtime curator of mammals in the Australian Museum. History The earliest documented witness reports of a Queensland marsupial tiger date from 1871, with indigenous traditions of the yarri preceding these. Lumholtz writes in 1878I learned that on the summit\n\nA dibber or dibble or dibbler is a pointed wooden stick for making holes in the ground so that seeds, seedlings or small bulbs can be planted. Dibbers come in a variety of designs including the straight dibber, T-handled dibber, trowel dibber, and L-shaped dibber. History The dibber was first recorded in Roman times and has remained mostly unchanged since. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, farmers would use long-handled dibbers of metal or wood to plant crops. One person would walk with a dibber making holes, and a second person would plant seeds in each hole and fill it in. It was not until the Renaissance that dibbers became a manufactured item, some made of iron for penetrating harder soils and clay. Straight dibber This is the classic dibber. It is anything from a sharpened stick to a more complicated model incorporating a curved handle and pointed steel end.\n\nQuestion: The Tiger Quoll, Dibbler and Phascogale are native to which country?", "output": "Australia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aragon is a Spanish autonomous community. Aragon, or Arag\u00f3n may also refer to: Places The Iberian Peninsula County of Aragon, a medieval county in Spain Kingdom of Aragon, a medieval kingdom in Spain Arag\u00f3n (river), a tributary of the river Ebro The United States of America Aragon, Georgia Aragon, New Mexico, the site of Fort Tularosa Aragon High School, in San Mateo, California Other places Crown of Aragon, a Mediterranean empire during the Middle Ages Aragon, Aude, a commune in the Aude d\u00e9partement, France Aragon, Antioquia, a place in Colombia Ships Spanish cruiser Aragon, a late 19th-century warship HMT Aragon, a troop ship, previously the British ocean liner RMS Aragon People Jesusita Arag\u00f3n (1908\u20132005), American midwife Louis Aragon (1897\u20131982), French poet, novelist and editor Maria Aragon (born 2000), Canadian singer Manuel Guti\u00e9rrez Arag\u00f3n (born 1940), Spanish screenwriter and film director Catherine of Aragon, first wife of Henry VIII List of\n\nthe Aragonese language was Johan Ferrandez d'Heredia, the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Rhodes at the end of the 14th century. He wrote an extensive catalog of works in Aragonese and translated several works from Greek into Aragonese (the first in medieval Europe). The spread of Castilian (Spanish), the Castilian origin of the Trast\u00e1mara dynasty, and the similarity between Castilian (Spanish) and Aragonese facilitated the recession of the latter. A turning point was the 15th-century coronation of the Castilian Ferdinand I of Aragon, also known as Ferdinand of Antequera. In the early 18th century, after the defeat of the allies of Aragon in the War of the Spanish Succession, Philip V ordered the prohibition of the Aragonese language in the schools and the establishment of Castilian (Spanish) as the only official language in Aragon. This was ordered in the Aragonese Nueva Planta decrees of 1707. In recent times,\n\nAlfonso IV, called the Kind (also the Gentle or the Nice, ) (2 November 1299 \u2013 24 January 1336) was King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona (as Alfons III) from 1327 to his death. His reign saw the incorporation of the County of Urgell, Duchy of Athens, and Duchy of Neopatria into the Crown of Aragon. Biography Alfonso was born in Naples, the second son of James II and Blanche of Anjou. In 1314, aged 14, he married Teresa d'Enten\u00e7a y Cabrera, heiress of Urgell, who was the same age as him. Teresa's granduncle Ermengol X of Urgell had died childless in La Llitera; before his death, he had agreed to make Alfonso his heir, on condition that Alfonso would marry Teresa, who was his nearest kin. Alfonso was at this time only the second son (and not the heir) of the king of Aragon. He and his father\n\nQuestion: Aragon and Castile joined to form which country?", "output": "Spain"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which succeeded in preparing and landing the first humans on the Moon from 1968 to 1972. It was first conceived in 1960 during President Dwight D. Eisenhower's administration as a three-person spacecraft to follow the one-person Project Mercury, which put the first Americans in space. Apollo was later dedicated to President John F. Kennedy's national goal for the 1960s of \"landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth\" in an address to Congress on May 25, 1961. It was the third US human spaceflight program to fly, preceded by the two-person Project Gemini conceived in 1961 to extend spaceflight capability in support of Apollo. Kennedy's goal was accomplished on the Apollo 11 mission when astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin\n\nHe described the event as \"one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Apollo 11 effectively proved U.S. victory in the Space Race to demonstrate spaceflight superiority, by fulfilling a national goal proposed in 1961 by President John F. Kennedy, \"before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth.\" Background In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United States was engaged in the Cold War, a geopolitical rivalry with the Soviet Union. On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite. This surprise success fired fears and imaginations around the world. It demonstrated that the Soviet Union had the capability to deliver nuclear weapons over intercontinental distances, and challenged American claims of military, economic, and technological superiority. This precipitated the Sputnik crisis, and triggered the Space Race to prove which superpower\n\nApollo 1, initially designated AS-204, was planned to be the first crewed mission of the Apollo program, the American undertaking to land the first man on the Moon. It was planned to launch on February 21, 1967, as the first low Earth orbital test of the Apollo command and service module. The mission never flew; a cabin fire during a launch rehearsal test at Cape Kennedy Air Force Station Launch Complex 34 on January 27 killed all three crew members\u2014Command Pilot Gus Grissom, Senior Pilot Ed White, and Pilot Roger B. Chaffee\u2014and destroyed the command module (CM). The name Apollo 1, chosen by the crew, was made official by NASA in their honor after the fire. Immediately after the fire, NASA convened an Accident Review Board to determine the cause of the fire, and both chambers of the United States Congress conducted their own committee inquiries to oversee NASA's investigation.\n\nQuestion: What name, also given to the spacecraft used, was given to the American space program that ran from 1959 to 1963, with the aim of putting a man in earth orbit?", "output": "Mercury"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Kermit Unpigged is a comedy album released by The Jim Henson Company through BMG Kidz in 1994, and the last album released by Jim Henson Records. The record's title is a parody of the MTV series MTV Unplugged, and the cover is a parody of Eric Clapton's Unplugged album cover as well. The album consists of Kermit the Frog and the other Muppets getting lost at a recording studio and encountering celebrities including Linda Ronstadt, with whom Kermit sings \"All I Have to Do Is Dream\", Vince Gill who sings \"Daydream\" with Kermit, Jimmy Buffett who sings \"Mr. Spaceman\" with Gonzo, and Ozzy Osbourne with whom Miss Piggy sings \"Born to Be Wild\". The album ends with the Muppets meeting back up and singing the Beatles song \"All Together Now\". Comedian Lily Tomlin also makes appearances as her character Ernestine. The album reached #20 on Billboards Top Kid Audio chart.\n\nfrog (styled as \"frog, part of Capgemini Invent\") is a global creative and design consultancy founded in 1969 by industrial designer Hartmut Esslinger in Mutlangen, Germany, where it was initially named \u201cesslinger design\u201d. Soon after the company moved to Altensteig, Germany, and then opened a new studio in Palo Alto, California, and ultimately to its current headquarters in San Francisco, California. The company has studios in North and Central America, Europe, and Asia. The name was changed to frog design in 1982 (the name originating from an acronym for Esslinger's home country, the Federal Republic of Germany; it was originally styled exclusively in lower-case as an expression of its belief in a democratic place of work, where ideas are openly and freely shared, and in opposition to the capitalization of nouns in German). The brand was once again restyled as frog in 2011 to signify an expanded portfolio of services\n\n(a.k.a. Froggy) is a little girl who was sold by her mother to Buster Brown, a pedophile. She is from Milwaukee. Bone saves her from her captor and she lives for some time in the bus with him and I-man. Eventually he pays to return her to her mother in Milwaukee. Russ is Bone's best friend at the beginning of the narrative. He is a 16-year-old school dropout and stoner. He worked at the Video Den before he was fired for stealing from the cash register. Evening Star is an American heiress/socialite in Jamaica who uses her house to constantly host elite American guests who come down to partake of her parties, which include frequent drug use, reggae music, and what amounts to prostitution with the locals. Her house is called Starport and nicknamed the Mothership by Bone. Buster Brown is a pedophile who bought Froggy from her mother. He\n\nQuestion: Who is Kermit the Frog's girlfriend?", "output": "Miss Piggy"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Men's health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, as experienced by men, and not merely the absence of disease. Differences in men's health compared to women's can be attributed to biological factors, behavioural factors, and social factors (e.g., occupations). Men's health often relates to biological factors such as the male reproductive system or to conditions caused by hormones specific to, or most notable in, males. Some conditions that affect both men and women, such as cancer, and injury, manifest differently in men. Some diseases that affect both sexes are statistically more common in men. In terms of behavioural factors, men are more likely to make unhealthy or risky choices and less likely to seek medical care. Men may face issues not directly related to their biology, such as gender-differentiated access to medical treatment and other socioeconomic factors. Outside Sub-Saharan Africa, men are at greater risk of\n\nThe aorta ( ; : aortas or aortae) is the main and largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart, branching upwards immediately after, and extending down to the abdomen, where it splits at the aortic bifurcation into two smaller arteries (the common iliac arteries). The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation. Structure Sections In anatomical sources, the aorta is usually divided into sections. One way of classifying a part of the aorta is by anatomical compartment, where the thoracic aorta (or thoracic portion of the aorta) runs from the heart to the diaphragm. The aorta then continues downward as the abdominal aorta (or abdominal portion of the aorta) from the diaphragm to the aortic bifurcation. Another system divides the aorta with respect to its course and the direction of blood flow. In this system, the\n\nFibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a non-atherosclerotic, non-inflammatory disease of the blood vessels that causes abnormal growth within the wall of an artery. FMD has been found in nearly every arterial bed in the body, although the most commonly affected are the renal and carotid arteries. There are various types of FMD, with multi-focal fibroplasia being the most common. Less common forms of the disease include focal (previously known as intimal) and adventitial fibroplasia. FMD predominantly affects middle-aged women, but it has been found in men and people of all ages. Pediatric cases of FMD are vastly different from those of the adult population, and poorly studied. The prevalence of FMD is not known; although the disease was initially thought to be rare, some studies have suggested that it may be underdiagnosed. Signs and symptoms Symptoms expressed by FMD patients are largely dependent on the vascular bed(s) affected by the disease.\n\nQuestion: Which part of the human body is affected by Menier's Disease ?", "output": "EAR"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chad ( ), officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon to the southwest, Nigeria to the southwest (at Lake Chad), and Niger to the west. Chad has a population of 16 million, of which 1.6 million live in the capital and largest city of N'Djamena. Chad has several regions: a desert zone in the north, an arid Sahelian belt in the centre and a more fertile Sudanian Savanna zone in the south. Lake Chad, after which the country is named, is the second-largest wetland in Africa. Chad's official languages are Arabic and French. It is home to over 200 different ethnic and linguistic groups. Islam (55.1%) and Christianity (41.1%) are the main religions practiced in Chad. Beginning in the 7th\n\nChad (; ), officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It borders Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic to the south, Cameroon and Nigeria to the southwest, and Niger to the west. Due to its distance from the sea and its largely desert climate, the country is sometimes referred to as the \"Dead Heart of Africa\". Prehistory The territory now known as Chad possesses some of the richest archaeological sites in Africa. A hominid skull was found by Michel Brunet, that is more than 7 million years old, the oldest discovered anywhere in the world; it has been given the name Sahelanthropus tchadensis. In 1996 Michel Brunet had unearthed a hominid jaw which he named Australopithecus bahrelghazali, and unofficially dubbed Abel. It was dated using Beryllium based Radiometric dating as living circa. 3.6 million years ago. During the 7th\n\nChad is one of the 47 landlocked countries in the world and is located in North Central Africa, measuring , nearly twice the size of France and slightly more than three times the size of California. Most of its ethnically and linguistically diverse population lives in the south, with densities ranging from 54 persons per square kilometer in the Logone River basin to 0.1 persons in the northern B.E.T. (Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti) desert region, which itself is larger than France. The capital city of N'Djam\u00e9na, situated at the confluence of the Chari and Logone Rivers, is cosmopolitan in nature, with a current population in excess of 700,000 people. Chad has four climatic zones. The northernmost Saharan zone averages less than of rainfall annually. The sparse human population is largely nomadic, with some livestock, mostly small ruminants and camels. The central Sahelian zone receives between rainfall and has vegetation ranging from grass/shrub steppe\n\nQuestion: Chad shares the vast majority of its eastern border with which country?", "output": "SUDAN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Hinduism and Sikhism are Indian religions. Hinduism has pre-historic origins, while Sikhism was founded in the 15th century by Guru Nanak. Both religions share many philosophical concepts such as karma, dharma, mukti, and maya although both religions have different interpretation of some of these concepts. Historical links The roots of the Sikh tradition are, states Louis Fenech, perhaps in the Sant-tradition of India whose ideology grew to become the Sikh religion. Fenech states, \"Indic mythology permeates the Sikh sacred canon, the Guru Granth Sahib and the secondary canon, the Dasam Granth and adds delicate nuance and substance to the sacred symbolic universe of the Sikhs of today and of their past ancestors\". Some historians do not see evidence of Sikhism as simply an extension of the Bhakti movement. During the Mughal Empire period, the Sikh and Hindu traditions believe that Sikhs helped protect Hindus from Islamic persecution, and this caused\n\nthe Sikh gurus in their compositions is Sant Bhasha, a composite literary language of North India that borrows vocabulary from a variety of regional and historical lects. Guru Arjan decided to employ the Gurmukhi script of his predecessors when he compiled the Adi Granth. Kavi Santokh Singh, in his Suraj Prakash, explains the reasonings for why he did so as follows: History Starting with the founder of the faith, Guru Nanak, sacred compositions recorded and devised by Sikhs were kept in a pothi. Guru Nanak would pass his personal pothi down to his successor, Guru Angad, who would himself pass it down to his successor and so-on and so-forth. Eventually, Guru Arjan collected the scattered pothis linked to his predecessors and published the Adi Granth in 1604, assisted in his endeavor by Bhai Gurdas acting as the scribe. The reason for him doing so has been said to have been\n\nAmritsar. In 1635 the family moved to Kiratpur and, on the death in 1644 of Guru Tegh Bahadur's father, Guru Hargobind, Mata Gujri moved with her husband and mother-in-law, Mata Nanaki, to Bakala, near Amritsar.Soon after he was installed as Guru in 1664, Guru Tegh Bahadur founded a new village, which he called Chakk Nanaki, after his mother. The place, now a city, is now known as Anandpur Sahib. Not long after this, the Guru set out on a long journey, leaving his wife and mother-in-law at Patna. On 22 December 1666 Mata Gujri gave birth to Gobind Rai, who later became Guru Gobind Singh. Guru Tegh Bahadur returned to Patna in 1670 and instructed the family to leave for Lakhnaur. Mata Gujri reached Lakhnaur on 13 September 1670 and was accompanied by the aged Mata Nanaki and her son, Guru Gobind Singh. At Lakhnaur, she stayed with her brother,\n\nQuestion: Guru Nanak established what in India in the late 15th and early 16th centuries?", "output": "The Sikh religion"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In a Heartbeat is a television series inspired by real life EMT squads whose staff consists of high school students in Darien, Connecticut. The series follows the lives of several teenagers who volunteer as part-time EMTs while going to school and trying to maintain their lives as normal teenagers. In Canada, the series was aired on Family Channel while in the United States it was aired on the Disney Channel. The series is fact-based, as there are teenage volunteer EMTs in service all across the United States. Synopsis The EMT squad is made up of Hank Beecham (Danso Gordon) who manages playing football with the high school team as well as being the EMT-Intermediate of the group; Val Lanier (Reagan Pasternak) who is noted for being an excellent student and cheerleader; Tyler Connell (Shawn Ashmore), a football player and Hank's best friend; and Jamie Waite (Christopher Ralph), the newest member\n\nRobert \"Bob\" Kelso, M.D., is a fictional character played by Ken Jenkins in the American comedy-drama Scrubs. Bob Kelso is the chief of medicine for Sacred Heart Hospital for the first seven seasons of Scrubs (a position held since 1984), though he resigns in the episode \"My Dumb Luck\". Kelso appeared in every episode during the first eight seasons except three Season 8 episodes, \"My Last Words\", \"Their Story II\" and \"My Full Moon\". Jenkins was a regular cast member for the first eight seasons, and appeared in nine episodes of season nine. Profile Of all the Scrubs characters, he goes through the most pronounced change as the series progresses. In the first few seasons, he appears to be a cynical, heartless man who gives mere lip service to patients' well-being, putting more value on the hospital's bottom line and his own personal comfort. In a moment of brutal candor\n\nCheers is an American sitcom television series that ran on NBC from September 30, 1982, to May 20, 1993, with a total of 275 half-hour episodes across 11 seasons. The show was produced by Charles/Burrows/Charles Productions in association with Paramount Network Television and was created by the team of James Burrows and Glen and Les Charles. The show is set in the titular bar in Boston, where a group of locals meet to drink, relax and socialize. At the center of the show is the bar's owner and head bartender, Sam Malone, who is a womanizing former relief pitcher for the Boston Red Sox. The show's ensemble cast introduced in the pilot episode are waitresses Diane Chambers and Carla Tortelli, second bartender Coach Ernie Pantusso, and regular customers Norm Peterson and Cliff Clavin. Later main characters of the show also include Frasier Crane, Woody Boyd, Lilith Sternin, and Rebecca Howe.\n\nQuestion: Which US TV comedy is set in the Sacred Heart Hospital?", "output": "SCRUBS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Lucinda Mary J Raikes (born 14 April 1971) is an English actress, most noted for playing Karen Ball in the sitcom Green Wing and Angela Heaney in The Thick of It and its spin off film In the Loop. She has also appeared in Sensitive Skin, Extras, Casanova and 15 Storeys High. Film Television Theatre References External links 1971 births Living people English television actresses Actresses from Cambridge\n\n\"I Think I Love You\" is a song by Tony Romeo, written as the debut single for fictional musical TV family the Partridge Family, released in August 1970, a month prior to the debut of the ABC-TV musical sitcom The Partridge Family starring Shirley Jones and featuring David Cassidy, both of whom appear on the record, with Cassidy as lead vocalist. The single topped Billboard's Hot 100 for three weeks in November and December 1970 and later was certified by NARM as the best-selling single of 1970. The single also reached number one in Canada on the RPM 100 national Top Singles chart in November 1970, and in 1971 peaked at number one in Australia. Background and release The single, which was produced by Wes Farrell and issued on Bell Records, featured twice on the TV show during the record's seven-week climb to number one on Billboard's Hot 100. Cassidy\n\nDaphne Margaret du Grivel Oxenford (31 October 1919 \u2013 21 December 2012) was an English actress, known for her early stage roles, and later her radio and television work. She was the voice (\"Are you sitting comfortably ...?\") of BBC radio's Listen with Mother from its inception in 1950 to 1971. As spinster Esther Hayes, she was part of the original cast of Coronation Street. Other notable roles include Mrs Plummer in Man About the House (1973), Alice Dutton in EastEnders (1990), and Mrs. Oldknow in the mini-series The Children of Green Knowe (1986). Early life and early career Born in Barnet, Hertfordshire, to chartered accountant Dudley Oxenford and his wife Marie (n\u00e9e du Grivel), a writer of historical fiction, Oxenford first appeared on stage at the age of thirteen and trained at the Embassy School of Acting in Swiss Cottage, North London. She was briefly employed by a bank\n\nQuestion: In the 1970's TV series 'The Partridge Family', which actress played the part of the children's mother?", "output": "SHIRLEY JONES"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Bronx () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Bronx County, in the U.S. state of New York. It is south of Westchester County; north and east of the New York City borough of Manhattan, across the Harlem River; and north of the New York City borough of Queens, across the East River. The Bronx has a land area of and a population of 1,472,654 in the 2020 census. If each borough were ranked as a city, the Bronx would rank as the ninth-most-populous in the U.S. Of the five boroughs, it has the fourth-largest area, fourth-highest population, and third-highest population density. It is the only borough of New York City not primarily on an island. With a population that is 54.8% Hispanic as of 2020, it is the only majority-Hispanic county in the Northeastern United States and the fourth-most-populous nationwide. The Bronx is divided by the\n\n__notoc__ The Madison Avenue Bridge is a four-lane swing bridge crossing the Harlem River in New York City, connecting Madison Avenue in Manhattan with East 138th Street in the Bronx. It was designed by Alfred P. Boller and built in 1910, doubling the capacity of an earlier swing bridge built in 1884. The bridge is operated and maintained by the New York City Department of Transportation. For 2011, the NYCDOT reported an average daily traffic volume in both directions of 41,423; having reached a peak of 49,487 in 2002. Between 2000 and 2014, the bridge opened for vessels 69 times. Events The bridge is part of the course for the annual New York City Marathon. The runners cross from Manhattan to the Bronx via the Willis Avenue Bridge, follow a short course through the South Bronx, and then return to Manhattan for the race's final leg via the Madison Avenue\n\nThe Third Avenue Bridge carries southbound road traffic on Third Avenue over the Harlem River, connecting the boroughs of Manhattan and the Bronx in New York City. It once carried southbound New York State Route 1A. The Third Avenue Bridge carries traffic south from the intersections of either Third Avenue and East 135th Street, or Bruckner Boulevard and Lincoln Avenue, in the Bronx. On the Manhattan side, the bridge funnels traffic into three locations: East 128th Street; the intersection of East 129th Street and Lexington Avenue; or the southbound Harlem River Drive in Manhattan. The bridge was formerly bidirectional, but converted to one-way operation southbound on August 5, 1941 on the same day the Willis Avenue Bridge was similarly converted to one-way northbound. In 1955, the original multi-truss bridge constructed in 1898 was removed and sold. A rebuilt bridge reopened in December 1956. Reconstruction As part of a major NYCDOT\n\nQuestion: The Brooklyn Bridge connects Brooklyn to which other New York borough?", "output": "Manhattan"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "were lost or sold in many countries. The name is ultimately a blend of the prefix a(cetyl) + spir Spiraea, the meadowsweet plant genus from which the acetylsalicylic acid was originally derived at Bayer + -in, the common chemical suffix. Chemical properties Aspirin decomposes rapidly in solutions of ammonium acetate or the acetates, carbonates, citrates, or hydroxides of the alkali metals. It is stable in dry air, but gradually hydrolyses in contact with moisture to acetic and salicylic acids. In solution with alkalis, the hydrolysis proceeds rapidly and the clear solutions formed may consist entirely of acetate and salicylate. Like flour mills, factories producing aspirin tablets must control the amount of the powder that becomes airborne inside the building, because the powder-air mixture can be explosive. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit in the United States of 5mg/m3 (time-weighted average). In\n\nSalicylate testing is a category of drug testing that is focused on detecting salicylates such as acetysalicylic acid for either biochemical or medical purposes. Analytical Salicylates can be identified by GC/MS, proton NMR, and IR. In vitro One of the first in vitro tests for aspirin was through the Trinder reaction. Aqueous ferric chloride was added to a urine sample, and the formation of the iron complex turned the solution purple. This test was not specific to acetylsalicylic acid but would occur in the presence of any phenol or enol. The downfall of this test occurs in the presence of hyperbilirubinemia or elevated bilirubin. When the level of bilirubin exceeds 1 mg/dl, a false positive could occur. Enzyme Specific Assay The current in vitro testing utilizes molecule specific methods of detecting salicylates. Immunoassay Another identification mechanism is through immunoassay. Abbott Labs' AxSYM is an immunoassay device utilizing Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay\n\nIt is one of the most widely used medications globally, with an estimated (50 to 120 billion pills) consumed each year, and is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. In 2020, it was the 36th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 17million prescriptions. Brand vs. generic name In 1897, scientists at the Bayer company began studying acetylsalicylic acid as a less-irritating replacement medication for common salicylate medicines. By 1899, Bayer had named it \"Aspirin\" and sold it around the world. Aspirin's popularity grew over the first half of the 20th century, leading to competition between many brands and formulations. The word Aspirin was Bayer's brand name; however, their rights to the trademark were lost or sold in many countries. The name is ultimately a blend of the prefix a(cetyl) + spir Spiraea, the meadowsweet plant genus from which the acetylsalicylic acid was\n\nQuestion: How is acetylsalicylic acid better known", "output": "Aspirin"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "but the lurid headlines in the hours immediately following her win at Miss World, particularly interviews given by the wife of the child's father, created extreme pressure on Morgan and the Miss World organization. Although this did not violate any of the competition rules (which stipulated only that entrants must be unmarried), pressure was placed on her by the Miss World Organisation that she should resign to save them from further potential embarrassment. The first runner-up, Anneline Kriel of South Africa, succeeded her. Morgan became the first winner to resign, and the second Miss World titleholder not to finish her reign. The first case was that of Miss World 1973, Marjorie Wallace, who, according to pageant officials, was stripped of the crown for \"failing to fulfill the basic requirements of the job\" a few months into her reign. After Miss World Threatened with being a named party in a divorce\n\nHelen Elizabeth Morgan (born 29 September 1952) is a British actress, model, TV Host and beauty queen who won the 1974 Miss Wales, Miss United Kingdom and Miss World pageants. Morgan became the first winner to resign, and the second (after Marjorie Wallace) not to finish her reign as Miss World. Biography Born in Walsall, Staffordshire, England she worked in a bank. Entering modelling competitions on a part-time basis, she won the Miss Wales (representing Barry in the competition for that title) and Miss United Kingdom titles in 1974. Miss Universe 1974 Morgan represented Wales in the Miss Universe 1974 pageant, where she finished first runner-up to Amparo Mu\u00f1oz of Spain. When Mu\u00f1oz resigned as Miss Universe before the end of her reign, the crown was not offered to Morgan or any other runner-up. Miss World 1974 Winning Miss United Kingdom earned Morgan the right to represent the United Kingdom\n\nof her reign, the crown was not offered to Morgan or any other runner-up. Miss World 1974 Winning Miss United Kingdom earned Morgan the right to represent the United Kingdom in Miss World. She had originally been reluctant to enter the Miss Wales competition, and was eventually paid \u00a330 as a last-minute stand-in when another competitor dropped out. Morgan became the second Welsh woman and the fourth UK representative to win the competition in 1974. However, she was forced to resign only four days after winning the pageant, upon the media creating extremely negative and lurid headlines as she was an unwed mother with an 18-month-old son. This had never been hidden from the time she was crowned Miss Wales, but the lurid headlines in the hours immediately following her win at Miss World, particularly interviews given by the wife of the child's father, created extreme pressure on Morgan and\n\nQuestion: Name the American winner of the 1973 Miss World contest, whose reign lasted just 104 days, before she was sacked, following a series of high profile liaisons with various famous men of the day.", "output": "MARJORIE WALLACE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "It included studies on the piano and subsequently the clarinet as well as various string instruments. His mother immediately recognized her son's natural musical gifts and encouraged him to perform with amateur orchestras while attending both parochial and public school. His father, however, was less enthusiastic, since professional opportunities did not exist for African-Americans in the field of classical music at that time. Undaunted, Lewis persevered and in Junior High School he undertook studies in both voice and the double bass, reasoning that his professional endeavors might be improved since double-bass players were rare. His virtuoso talents on the instrument earned him a scholarship, and Lewis subsequently attended the University of Southern California. Musical career In 1948, at the age of 16, Lewis was invited to join the Los Angeles Philharmonic under the baton of Alfred Wallenstein, becoming the first African-American instrumentalist in a major symphony orchestra. After six years\n\nWeingart Joe Zawinul (1932\u20132007) Minoru Mukaiya John Novello Saxophonists Gato Barbieri (1932\u20132016) Michael Brecker (1949\u20132007) Elton Dean (1945\u20132006) Joe Farrell (1937\u20131986) Kenny Garrett Steve Grossman Joe Henderson (1937\u20132001) Ron Holloway Dave Liebman Bennie Maupin Bob Mintzer Chris Potter Tom Scott Wayne Shorter Dave Sanborn Grover Washington Jr Sadao Watanabe Kenny G Trumpeters and Flugelhornists Randy Brecker Bill Chase (1934\u20131974) Miles Davis (1926\u20131991) Freddie Hubbard (1938\u20132008) Nicholas Payton Don Ellis (1934\u20131978) Other Instruments Kinan Azmeh (clarinet) Gary Burton (vibraphone) B\u00e9la Fleck (banjo) Jerry Goodman (violin) Didier Lockwood (violin) Mike Mainieri (vibraphone) Jean-Luc Ponty (violin) Julian Priester (trombone) Zbigniew Seifert (violin) Jeremy Steig (flute) Micha\u0142 Urbaniak (violin) Bands Aghora Animals as Leaders Animal Logic Arcana Area Atheist Ayers Rock Azteca Ginger Baker's Air Force Backwater Blackbyrds Blood Sweat & Tears Brand X Bruford BWB CAB Caldera Casiopea Centipede Colosseum Colosseum II Chicago Chick Corea Elektric Band Chon Cozzetti & Gemmill The Crusaders\n\nHenry Jay Lewis (October 16, 1932 \u2013 January 26, 1996) was an American double-bassist and orchestral conductor whose career extended over four decades. A child prodigy, he joined the Los Angeles Philharmonic at age 16, becoming the first African-American instrumentalist in a major symphony orchestra and, later, the first African-American symphony orchestra conductor in the United States. As musical director of the Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra, he supported America's cultural diplomacy initiatives in Europe after World War II. Early life and education Henry Jay Lewis was the only child of Henry J. Lewis, an automobile dealer and Mary Josephine Lewis, who was a nurse. Originally from Los Angeles, his musical education started early in life at the age of five. It included studies on the piano and subsequently the clarinet as well as various string instruments. His mother immediately recognized her son's natural musical gifts and encouraged him to perform\n\nQuestion: What instrument is associated with Illinois-born John Lewis?", "output": "Piano"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A trigger is a mechanism that actuates the function of a ranged weapon such as a firearm, airgun, crossbow, or speargun. The word may also be used to describe a switch that initiates the operation of other non-shooting devices such as a trap, a power tool, or a quick release. A small amount of energy applied to the trigger leads to the release of much more energy. Most triggers use a small flattened lever (called the trigger blade) depressed by the index finger, but some weapons such as the M2 Browning machine gun or the Iron Horse TOR (\"thumb-operated receiver\") use a push-button-like thumb-actuated trigger design, and others like the Springfield Armory M6 Scout use a squeeze-bar trigger similar to the \"ticklers\" on medieval European crossbows. Although the word \"trigger\" technically implies the entire mechanism (known as the trigger group), colloquially it is usually used to refer specifically to the\n\nIn the Levant, artifacts that could be arrow-shaft straighteners are known from the Natufian culture, (c. 10,800\u20138,300 BC) onwards. The Khiamian and PPN A shouldered Khiam-points may well be arrowheads. Classical civilizations, notably the Assyrians, Greeks, Armenians, Persians, Parthians, Romans, Indians, Koreans, Chinese, and Japanese fielded large numbers of archers in their armies. Akkadians were the first to use composite bows in war according to the victory stele of Naram-Sin of Akkad. Egyptians referred to Nubia as \"Ta-Seti,\" or \"The Land of the Bow,\" since the Nubians were known to be expert archers, and by the 16th Century BC Egyptians were using the composite bow in warfare. The Bronze Age Aegean Cultures were able to deploy a number of state-owned specialized bow makers for warfare and hunting purposes already from the 15th century BC. The Welsh longbow proved its worth for the first time in Continental warfare at the Battle\n\nThe gothic hilted swords were a family of swords carried by officers and some NCOs of the British Army between 1822 and the present day. They were primarily infantry swords, although they were also regulation pattern for some other officers such as surgeons and staff officers. The term \"Gothic hilt\" is derived from a perceived similarity between the curved bars of the guard and the arches found in Gothic architecture. They were elegant aesthetically pleasing weapons, although they were considered by some to be mediocre fighting swords. The weapon and its variants had a very long service life. They were replaced ultimately by the 1897 pattern British infantry officer's sword, first having the 1822 pipe-back blade replaced by the 1845 fullered blade, then the 1845 type blade replaced by a new thrusting blade in 1892 and then receiving a new steel hilt in 1895, which was then updated slightly in\n\nQuestion: What weapon used in the middle ages had the cord of a bow fixed in a notch and an iron bolt released from it by a trigger?", "output": "Crossbow"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ames () is a city in Story County, Iowa, United States, located approximately north of Des Moines in central Iowa. It is best known as the home of Iowa State University (ISU), with leading agriculture, design, engineering, and veterinary medicine colleges. A United States Department of Energy national laboratory, Ames Laboratory, is located on the ISU campus. According to the 2020 census, Ames had a population of 66,427, making it the state's ninth most populous city. Iowa State University was home to 27,854 students as of spring 2023, which make up approximately one half of the city's population. Ames also hosts United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) sites: the largest federal animal disease center in the United States, the USDA Agricultural Research Service's National Animal Disease Center (NADC), as well as one of two national USDA sites for the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), which comprises the National\n\nAlabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nAgricultural Research Service's National Animal Disease Center (NADC), as well as one of two national USDA sites for the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), which comprises the National Veterinary Services Laboratory and the Center for Veterinary Biologics. Ames also hosts the headquarters for the Iowa Department of Transportation. History The city was founded in 1864 as a station stop on the Cedar Rapids and Missouri Railroad and was named after 19th century U.S. Congressman Oakes Ames of Massachusetts, who was influential in the building of the transcontinental railroad. Ames was founded by local resident Cynthia Olive Duff (n\u00e9e Kellogg) and railroad magnate John Insley Blair, near a location that was deemed favorable for a railroad crossing of the Skunk River. Geography Ames is located along the western edge of Story County, roughly north of the state capital, Des Moines, near the intersection of Interstate 35 and U.S. Route\n\nQuestion: Which US state has Des Moines as its capital?", "output": "IOWA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "aerial acrobatics attribute/discipline Rope (rhythmic gymnastics), a rhythmic gymnastics apparatus Rope (torture), an instrument of torture used by the Huguenots Rope (unit), any of several units of measurement Boundary rope in cricket Rope, Cheshire, a civil parish in Cheshire Rope climbing, a sport Fast-roping (or Fast Rope Insertion Extraction System), a military assault technique See also Ropes (disambiguation)\n\nA rigger or slinger is a skilled tradesperson who specializes in the assistance of manual mechanical advantage device comprising pulley, block and tackle or motorised such as a crane or derrick or chain hoists (chain fall) or capstan winch. Etymology The term comes from the days of sailing ships, when a rigger was a person who worked with rigging, that is, ropes for hoisting the sails. Sailors could put their rope skills to work in lifting and hauling. In an era before mechanical haulage and cranes, ropes, pulleys and muscle power were all that was available to move heavy objects. A specialized subset are telecommunication riggers, entertainment industry riggers. In time, rigging became a trade in itself, giving rise to modern usages with some original terminology remaining, with its roots all but forgotten. Description Riggers attach loads of equipment to cranes or structures using shackles, cables, chains, clamps or straps,\n\nRope is a length of fibers that are twisted or braided together Rope may also refer to: Wire rope, a length of metallic fibers twisted or braided together Computing Core rope memory, a ferrite read-only memory IpTables Rope, an open-source firewall programming language Rope (data structure), a data structure used in computer science Film, television and theatre Rope (play), a 1929 play by Patrick Hamilton Rope (film), a 1948 film by Alfred Hitchcock based on the play Rope (1957 film), an Australian TV adaptation originally aired by ABC Rope (1959 television play), an Australian TV adaptation originally aired by GTV The Rope (miniseries), a 2021 French thriller miniseries Roped, a 1919 silent film directed by John Ford and starring Harry Carey Rudens (lit. The Rope), a 3rd-century BC play by Plautus Music The Rope, a 1986 album by Black Tape for a Blue Girl \"Rope\" (song), by Foo Fighters, 2011\n\nQuestion: In a block and tackle lifting system, what is a sheave? Pulley; Rope; Hook; or Brake?", "output": "Pulley"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "National Velvet is a 1944 American Technicolor sports film directed by Clarence Brown and based on the 1935 novel of the same name by Enid Bagnold. It stars Mickey Rooney, Donald Crisp, Angela Lansbury, Anne Revere, Reginald Owen, and an adolescent Elizabeth Taylor. In 2003, National Velvet was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant.\" Plot Velvet Brown, a twelve-year-old horse-crazy girl, lives with her family in Sewels, a small village in Sussex, England. After winning a spirited gelding in a raffle, she dreams of training him for the Grand National steeplechase. Penniless young drifter Mi Taylor, who discovered Mrs. Brown's name and address among his late father's effects, arrives at the Brown farm. Hoping to profit from the association, Mi accepts an invitation to dinner and a night's lodging at the Browns' home. Mrs\n\nJill Neimark is an American writer. Her April 2007 cover story in Discover Magazine, \"Understanding Autism\" won the 2007 award from the Autism Society of America. Career Neimark has written one adult novel, a thriller titled Bloodsong, which was published in both hardcover and paperback, chosen by Book of The Month Club, and translated into German, Italian, and Hebrew. She has also published numerous children's books: I Want Your Moo (which was written with psychologist Marcella Bakur Weiner and translated and published in Spanish and Chinese), Toodles & Teeny, The Hugging Tree (which has been featured in dozens of read-a-louds around the world), The Secret Spiral and The Golden Rectangle, among others. She co-authored, with bioethicist Stephen Post, Why Good Things Happen to Good People, which was translated and published in Japan, Brazil, Russia, Portugal, India, Sweden, and Taiwan. Neimark has also been published in The New York Times, Discover\n\nEnid Margaret \"Peggy\" Appiah (n\u00e9e Cripps), MBE ( ; 21 May 1921 \u2013 11 February 2006), was a British children's author, philanthropist and socialite. She was the daughter of the Right Honourable Sir Stafford Cripps and Dame Isobel Cripps, and the wife of Ghanaian lawyer and political activist Nana Joe Appiah. Early life The youngest of four children, Enid Margaret Cripps was born at Goodfellows in Gloucestershire, just across the county border from the home of her parents, Stafford Cripps and Isobel (n\u00e9e) Swithinbank, in the village of Filkins, Oxfordshire. The family had only recently moved into Goodfellows, the home in Filkins where Peggy grew up; a Cotswold-style manor house, whose decoration and development owed much to the influence of Sir Lawrence Weaver, the architect, who was, with his wife Kathleen, one of the Cripps' closest friends. Lady Weaver died in 1927 of pneumonia. When Sir Lawrence also died in\n\nQuestion: Who wrote the children's book 'National Velvet'?", "output": "ENID BAGNOLD"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Aachen ( , ; ; French and traditional English: Aix-la-Chapelle ) is the 13th-largest city in North Rhine-Westphalia and the 27th-largest city of Germany, with around 249,000 inhabitants. It is the westernmost city in Germany, and borders Belgium and the Netherlands to the west, the triborder area. It is located between Maastricht (NL) and Li\u00e8ge (BE) in the west, and Bonn and Cologne in the east. The Wurm River flows through the city, and together with M\u00f6nchengladbach, Aachen is the only larger German city in the drainage basin of the Meuse. Aachen is the seat of the City Region Aachen (). Aachen developed from a Roman settlement and (bath complex), subsequently becoming the preferred medieval Imperial residence of Emperor Charlemagne of the Frankish Empire, and, from 936 to 1531, the place where 31 Holy Roman Emperors were crowned Kings of the Germans. One of Germany's leading institutes of higher education\n\nBerlin ( , ) is the capital and largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its more than 3.85 million inhabitants make it the European Union's most populous city, according to population within city limits. One of Germany's sixteen constituent states, Berlin is surrounded by the State of Brandenburg and contiguous with Potsdam, Brandenburg's capital. Berlin's urban area, which has a population of around 4.5 million, is the most populous urban area in Germany. The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has around 6.2 million inhabitants and is Germany's second-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr region. Berlin straddles the banks of the Spree, which flows into the Havel (a tributary of the Elbe) in the western borough of Spandau. Among the city's main topographical features are the many lakes in the western and southeastern boroughs formed by the Spree, Havel and Dahme, the largest of which is Lake M\u00fcggelsee. About one-third\n\nJesteburg is a municipality in the district of Harburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated approximately 25 km south of Hamburg, and 6 km east of Buchholz in der Nordheide. Jesteburg is also the seat of the Samtgemeinde (\"collective municipality\") Jesteburg. In Jesteburg lies the confluence of two small rivers, the Schmale Aue and the Seeve. History The first official mentioning of Jesteburg dates back to the year 1202, in a document signed by the Hartwig II, Archbishop of Bremen. The castle which gave the town its name is supposed to have guarded the Seeve passage until the 13th century. Remains of this Burg have not yet been found. In 1872/73, the railroad between Buchholz in der Nordheide and L\u00fcneburg which still runs through Jesteburg was built. During an Allied air raid on nearby Hamburg in January 1943 incendiary bombs where dropped on Jesteburg, several buildings where destroyed. On\n\nQuestion: On which river do the cities of Dresden and Hamburg stand?", "output": "ELBE"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "He also instructed the great lady champion Dorothy Campbell (a member of the World Golf Hall of Fame) and Frenchman Arnaud Massy, who became the first overseas player to win the Open Championship. He was also an innovative club maker, and patented several new club designs (see for example GB 21,122 and GB 24,473). His course designing credits include the East course at North Berwick, Moffat, Rothesay, Craigielaw Links, the Merchants of Edinburgh, Adare Manor, West Monmouthshire, the Spey Bay Golf Club in Banffshire, and the Ballathie Hotel course in Perthshire. Ben Sayers & Son The Ben Sayers & Son factory in North Berwick was responsible for creating several revolutionary pieces of golf equipment, from gutta-percha balls and the \"Benny\" putter (the first to have a square-edged handgrip) to, in later years, the first set of carbon-shafted clubs and a specially commissioned putter for Jack Nicklaus. Ben Sayers Jnr. also\n\nlaunching the first Leadbetter Golf Academy over 30 years ago, David has coached players to 26 Major Championship titles and over 150 individual worldwide tournament victories. Seven of those players have even held first place in the Official World Golf Ranking. Leadbetter himself concentrates on teaching tour professionals and on instructing other coaches in his methods, who then teach his ideas at his academies. Apart from Faldo his students include Nick Price, Charles Howell III, Michelle Wie, Lydia Ko and Byeong Hun An. Pros who formerly worked with Leadbetter included: Nick Faldo (1984\u20131998), Greg Norman (1997), and Ernie Els (1990\u20132008). He was ranked second to Butch Harmon on the 2005-2006 edition of Golf Digest's list of the \"50 Greatest Teachers\" in the United States. Throughout his career, Leadbetter has also written eight books about golf swings. He has also overseen the development of various golf training media, products and services,\n\nthe Gillette Cup, and he was named as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year in 1981. He played a final season for Transvaal in 1982/3. In all, he played in 156 first-class matches, taking 767 wickets at an average of 16.55. He was tall, 202 cm (6 ft 7\u00bdin), and bowled his fast-medium deliveries with accuracy, pace and bounce. The peak of his playing career was during the years of South African sporting isolation, as a result of the South African government's apartheid policies. He was picked for the 1971/72 South African tour to Australia which was cancelled in the wake of the d'Oliveira affair. Cricinfo describes him as \"one of the best bowlers not to play Test cricket\". In 2008 he was named ICC umpires' and referees' manager. See also International cricket in South Africa from 1971 to 1981 References Profile from CricketArchive Profile from Cricket\n\nQuestion: Which South African golf player is known as 'The Big Easy'?", "output": "ERNIE ELS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Beverly Hillbillies is an American television sitcom that was broadcast on CBS from 1962 to 1971. It had an ensemble cast featuring Buddy Ebsen, Irene Ryan, Donna Douglas, and Max Baer Jr. as the Clampetts, a poor, backwoods family from Silver Dollar City in the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, who move to posh Beverly Hills, California, after striking oil on their land. The show was produced by Filmways and was created by Paul Henning. It was followed by two other Henning-inspired \"country cousin\" series on CBS: Petticoat Junction and its spin-off Green Acres, which reversed the rags-to-riches, country-to-city model of The Beverly Hillbillies. The Beverly Hillbillies ranked among the top 20 most-watched programs on television for eight of its nine seasons, ranking as the No. 1 series of the year during its first two seasons, with 16 episodes that still remain among the 100 most-watched television episodes in American\n\nLinda Kaye Henning is an American actress and singer most notable for starring in the 1960s sitcom Petticoat Junction. Career Henning began to focus on acting in her late teens. Her career began in 1953. Her earliest acting roles include Rebel Without a Cause, Bus Stop and Gidget. She was cast as a dancer in the Columbia Pictures film Bye Bye Birdie (1963). She appeared in numerous musicals, including High Button Shoes, Brigadoon and The Sound of Music. Henning made many TV appearances from the 1960s through the 1980s on a variety of programs, including The Ed Sullivan Show, Adam-12, Happy Days, Mork & Mindy, The Facts of Life and The Tonight Show. She provided the voice of Jethrine Bodine in The Beverly Hillbillies. She made dramatic appearances in Hunter and Capitol and in Sliders as Mrs. Mallory. Her many game show appearances include Family Feud, Match Game, Hollywood Squares,\n\nThe Darlings are a fictional family of musically inclined hillbillies in the American TV sitcom The Andy Griffith Show. Overview The Darlings (usually pronounced \"Darlin's\") lived in a mountain shack somewhere in the mountains neighboring Mayberry. The good-natured, but trouble-making Appalachian clan, led by patriarch Briscoe Darling (Denver Pyle) usually came into town when they had some sort of problem that Sheriff Andy Taylor had to resolve. Briscoe was the widowed father of five grown children (four sons and one daughter) who all lived together, and each had a different musical talent. All together, the members of the family formed a bluegrass band. They had their own set of values and rules and had little concern for matters that went on outside of their family. Due to their secluded lifestyle, their lack of social grace, and their superstitious belief in mountain lore, they were perceived by the people of Mayberry\n\nQuestion: What was the first spin-off from The Beverly Hillbillies called?", "output": "Petticoat Junction"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A cappella (, , ; ) music is a performance by a singer or a singing group without instrumental accompaniment, or a piece intended to be performed in this fashion. The term a cappella was originally intended to differentiate between Renaissance polyphony and Baroque concertato musical styles. In the 19th century, a renewed interest in Renaissance polyphony, coupled with an ignorance of the fact that vocal parts were often doubled by instrumentalists, led to the term coming to mean unaccompanied vocal music. The term is also used, rarely, as a synonym for alla breve. Early history A cappella could be as old as humanity itself. Research suggests that singing and vocables may have been what early humans used to communicate before the invention of language. The earliest piece of sheet music is thought to have originated from times as early as 2000 BC, while the earliest that has survived in\n\na form of sacred music, sung with regular voices, and , usually a form of profane music, marked by the use of overtone singing. Technique is traditionally practised by groups of four male singers standing in a close circle. Each singer has a distinct role, here listed in descending pitch order\u2014form a chorus (another meaning of ): or (pronounced /oke/ or /boke/, 'voice') is the solo voice or is the 'half voice' is the 'counter' as 'bass' The sings the same note sung by the , and a fifth above the . The and the sing in a regular voice, whereas the and the sing with a technique affecting the larynx. The sings a poetic text in Sardinian, which can be of epic, historic, satirical, amorous or even protest genre. The chorus consists of nonsense syllables (for example bim-bam-boo). According to popular tradition, imitates the sound of wind, while the\n\nIn music, parallel harmony, also known as harmonic parallelism, harmonic planing or parallel voice leading, is the parallel movement of two or more melodies (see voice leading). Illustrative example Lines with parallel harmony can be viewed as a series of chords with the same intervallic structure. Parallel means that each note within the chord rises or falls by the same interval. Examples from works Prominent examples include: Claude Debussy's Beau soir (1880), Pr\u00e9lude \u00e0 l'apr\u00e8s-midi d'un faune (1894), Nocturnes (1899), La Mer (1905), La cath\u00e9drale engloutie, \"Voiles\", \"Feuilles mortes\" Maurice Ravel's Daphnis and Chlo\u00eb Suite No. 2 (1913), \"Menuet\" from Le Tombeau de Couperin Erik Satie's Le Fils des \u00e9toiles (1892) Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring (1913) Olivier Messiaen's music features abundant planing Richard Strauss's Elektra (1909) Arnold Schoenberg's Pierrot lunaire, \"Columbine\" (1914) William Schuman's Three Score Set for Piano (1944) John Williams's \"Rebel Fanfare\" from Star WarsIn the\n\nQuestion: What is the musical term for one or more vocalists performing without an accompaniment?", "output": "A Cappella"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Charles Zembillas. Crash was intended to be a mascot character for Sony to use to compete against Nintendo's Mario and Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog. Before Crash was given his name (which stems from the visceral reaction to the character's destruction of boxes), he was referred to as \"Willie the Wombat\" for much of the duration of the first game's production. Crash has drawn comparisons to mascots such as Mario and Sonic the Hedgehog by reviewers. His animations have been praised, while his voice has faced criticism. He has been redesigned several times throughout many games, which have drawn mixed reactions. Concept and creation One of the main reasons Naughty Dog chose to develop Crash Bandicoot (at the time jokingly codenamed \"Sonic's Ass Game\") for the Sony PlayStation was Sony's lack of an existing mascot character that could compete with Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog and Nintendo's Mario. By this time video\n\nMr. Robot is a 3D video game by British studio Moonpod, published as shareware, which attempts to combine the genres of role-playing video game and platform game. The platform adventure part of the game takes place on board a spaceship called The Eidolon which is destined for a remote colony planet when things start to go wrong. The player takes the part of Asimov, a \"lowly service droid\", who must attempt to save the humans stored in cryosleep. The RPG element takes place inside a virtual computer world in which the player can hack computer terminals to combat defense computer programs via a turn-based battle system. Reception The game won the 9.6/10 Editor's choice gold award at VG Core and scored 87% in PC Format magazine, and also won the award for 'best ending' in the PC Format 2007 game awards. It scored 82% in PC Gamer UK magazine. References\n\nCrash Bandicoot is a video game franchise originally developed by Naughty Dog as an exclusive for Sony's PlayStation console. It has seen numerous installments created by various developers and published on multiple platforms. The series consists predominantly of platform games, but also includes spin-offs in the kart racing and party game genres. The series was originally produced by Universal Interactive, which later became known as Vivendi Games; in 2008, Vivendi merged with Activision, which currently owns and publishes the franchise. The games are mostly set on the fictitious Wumpa Islands, an archipelago situated to the south of Australia where humans and mutant animals co-exist, although other locations are common. The protagonist of the series is a genetically enhanced bandicoot named Crash, whose quiet life on the Wumpa Islands is often interrupted by the games' main antagonist, Doctor Neo Cortex, who created Crash and wants him dead as he is a\n\nQuestion: What kind of marsupial is the titular video game character \u2018Crash\u2019?", "output": "BANDICOOT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Boston Tea Party was an American political and mercantile protest on December 16, 1773 by the Sons of Liberty in Boston in colonial Massachusetts. The target was the Tea Act of May 10, 1773, which allowed the British East India Company to sell tea from China in American colonies without paying taxes apart from those imposed by the Townshend Acts. The Sons of Liberty strongly opposed the taxes in the Townshend Act as a violation of their rights. In response, the Sons of Liberty, some disguised as Native Americans, destroyed an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company. The demonstrators boarded the ships and threw the chests of tea into the Boston Harbor. The British government considered the protest an act of treason and responded harshly. The episode escalated into the American Revolution, becoming an iconic event of American history. Since then other political protests such\n\npassage of the Townshend Acts, a group of new taxes and regulations imposed on the thirteen colonies. In an effort to quell a mounting rebellion in the colonies, which was particularly severe in the colonial-era Province of Massachusetts Bay, King George III deployed troops to Boston, resulting in the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770. The British government then repealed most of the Townshend duties in 1770, but it retained its tax on tea in order to symbolically assert Parliament's right to tax the colonies. The thirteen colonies responded assertively, first burning the Gaspee in Rhode Island in 1772 and then launching the Boston Tea Party in Boston Harbor on December 16, 1773, which vastly escalated tensions. The British responded by closing Boston Harbor and enacting a series of punitive laws, which effectively rescinded Massachusetts' governing autonomy. In late 1774, in support of Massachusetts, twelve of the thirteen colonies sent\n\nconsidered the protest an act of treason and responded harshly. The episode escalated into the American Revolution, becoming an iconic event of American history. Since then other political protests such as the Tea Party movement have referred to themselves as historical successors to the Boston protest of 1773. The Tea Party was the culmination of a resistance movement throughout British America against the Tea Act, a tax passed by the British Parliament in 1773. Colonists objected to the Tea Act believing it violated their rights as Englishmen to \"no taxation without representation\", that is, to be taxed only by their own elected representatives and not by a parliament in which they were not represented. The well-connected East India Company also had been granted competitive advantages over colonial tea importers, who resented the move and feared additional infringement on their business. Protesters had prevented the unloading of tea in three other\n\nQuestion: The Boston Tea Party, where tea was tipped into the harbour to protest taxation, precipitated what historical event?", "output": "American Revolution"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Atlantic Division is one of the three divisions in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division consists of five teams, the Boston Celtics, the Brooklyn Nets, the New York Knicks, the Philadelphia 76ers and the Toronto Raptors. All teams, except the Raptors, are located on the East Coast of the United States. However, Toronto sports teams have over the years enjoyed rivalries with teams in the Northeastern United States (particularly, Toronto teams also share divisions with Boston and New York teams in Major League Baseball and the National Hockey League. The division was created at the start of the 1970\u201371 season, when the league expanded from 14 to 17 teams with the addition of the Buffalo Braves, the Cleveland Cavaliers and the Portland Trail Blazers. The league realigned itself into two conferences, the Western Conference and the Eastern Conference, with two divisions in each conference.\n\nteam in the WNBA for the 2008 season. Kroenke Sports Enterprises, owner of the NBA's Denver Nuggets, expressed active interest in hosting some of the Chill's games, in Denver, at the Pepsi Center. On September 12, 2007, however, it was announced that the Chill would not be an expansion team for the 2008 season due to the lack of funds raised. Basketball teams in Colorado\n\nThe Northwest Division is one of the three divisions in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The division consists of five teams: the Denver Nuggets, the Minnesota Timberwolves, the Oklahoma City Thunder, the Portland Trail Blazers and the Utah Jazz. The Northwest Division is by far the most geographically expansive of the six divisions; the Nuggets, Trail Blazers and Jazz are geographically closer to the Pacific Division, the Timberwolves are geographically closer to the Central Division, and the Thunder is geographically closer to the Southwest Division, although in the latter instance that was not the case when the division was formed as the Thunder were still the Seattle SuperSonics. The division was created at the start of the 2004\u201305 season, when the league expanded from 29 to 30 teams with the addition of the Charlotte Bobcats. The league realigned itself into three divisions in each conference. The\n\nQuestion: In which US city do the Basketball team known as the 'Nuggets' play their home games?", "output": "DENVER, Colorado"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ajax () or Aias (; , A\u00edantos; archaic ) is a Greek mythological hero, the son of King Telamon and Periboea, and the half-brother of Teucer. He plays an important role in the Trojan War, and is portrayed as a towering figure and a warrior of great courage in Homer's Iliad and in the Epic Cycle, a series of epic poems about the Trojan War, being second only to Achilles among Greek heroes of the war. He is also referred to as \"Telamonian Ajax\" (, in Etruscan recorded as Aivas Tlamunus), \"Greater Ajax\", or \"Ajax the Great\", which distinguishes him from Ajax, son of Oileus, also known as Ajax the Lesser. Family Ajax is the son of Telamon, who was the son of Aeacus and grandson of Zeus, and his first wife Periboea. Through his uncle Peleus (Telamon's brother), he is the cousin of Achilles, and is the elder half-brother\n\nAeacus (; also spelled Eacus; Ancient Greek: \u0391\u1f30\u03b1\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2) was a mythological king of the island of Aegina in the Saronic Gulf. He was a son of Zeus and the nymph Aegina, and the father of the heroes Peleus and Telamon. According to legend, he was famous for his justice, and after he died he became one of the three judges in Hades alongside Minos and Rhadamanthos. In another story, he assisted Poseidon and Apollo in building the walls of Troy. He had sanctuaries in Athens and Aegina, and the Aeginetan festival of the Aeacea (\u0391\u1f30\u03ac\u03ba\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1) was celebrated in his honour. Mythology Birth and early days Aeacus was born on the island of Oenone or Oenopia, where his mother Aegina had been carried by Zeus to secure her from the anger of her parents; afterward, this island became known as Aegina. He was the father of Peleus, Telamon and Phocus and\n\nTeleutias () was the brother of the Spartan king Agesilaus II, and a Spartan naval commander in the Corinthian War. He first saw action in the campaign to regain control of the Corinthian Gulf after the Spartan naval disaster at Cnidus in 394 BC, and was later active in the Spartan campaign against Argos in 391 BC. (It appears likely that Teleutias was navarch in 392/1 BC.) Later that year, he was dispatched to the Aegean to take command of a Spartan fleet harassing Rhodes. Once in command, he attacked and seized a small Athenian fleet sailing to aid Evagoras I of Salamis, Cyprus, then settled in to attack Rhodes with his newly augmented fleet. After being replaced in command of this fleet, Teleutias returned to Sparta to great acclaim, and was soon sent out again to take command of a fleet on the island of Aegina circa 389 BC.\n\nQuestion: Which Greek hero was the son of King Telamon of Salamis?", "output": "Ajax"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Beach Boys are an American rock band who was formed in Hawthorne, California, in 1961. The group's original lineup consisted of brothers Brian, Dennis, and Carl Wilson, their cousin Mike Love, and friend Al Jardine. Distinguished by their vocal harmonies, adolescent-oriented lyrics, and musical ingenuity, they are one of the most influential acts of the rock era. They drew on the music of older pop vocal groups, 1950s rock and roll, and black R&B to create their unique sound. Under Brian's direction, they often incorporated classical or jazz elements and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways. The Beach Boys formed as a garage band centered on Brian's songwriting and managed by the Wilsons' father, Murry. In 1963, the band enjoyed their first national hit with \"Surfin' U.S.A.\", beginning a string of top-ten singles that reflected a southern California youth culture of surfing, cars, and romance, dubbed the \"California sound\".\n\nThe Chevrons were a United States pop group who recorded the hit record \"Lullabye\" in 1960. The band featured lead singer Terry Cashman, best known for his baseball songs, notably \"Talkin' Baseball\", then known by his born name, Dennis Minogue. The group disbanded when John \"Marty\" Trautman, co-founder of the group, was drafted by the U.S. Army on December 11, 1962. The Chevrons formed in the Inwood Section of upper Manhattan in 1958. The group consisted of tenor lead singer Dennis Minogue (Cashman), lead baritone/baritone John \"Marty\" Trautman, second tenor Gary Giordan, first tenor Frank Williams, and bass, Raul Al Conde. Conde was formerly a member of The Spirals from Washington Heights, New York, who recorded \"Little Girl\" and \"School Bells\" c. 1958 for George Goldner's End Record Label. The Chevrons' first recording on Bob Shad's Brent label was \"That Comes With Love\" b/w \"Don't Be Heartless\", followed by \"Lullabye\"\n\nClassic Blue is the fourth solo studio album by The Moody Blues member Justin Hayward. Classic Blue was released in 1989 by Trax Music (later re-released on Castle Music Records in 1994), and features Mike Batt, who also produced the album, and the London Philharmonic Orchestra. The album includes cover versions of many hit songs, such as The Beatles' \"Blackbird\", and Led Zeppelin's \"Stairway to Heaven.\" It also includes a re-recorded version of \"Forever Autumn,\" a song from Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds, in which Hayward originally sang lead vocals. Track listing \"The Tracks of My Tears\" (Smokey Robinson, Marv Tarplin, Warren Moore)\u2013 3:23 \"MacArthur Park\" (Jimmy Webb) \u2013 7:16 \"Blackbird\" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) \u2013 2:31 \"Vincent\" (Don McLean) \u2013 4:53 \"God Only Knows\" (Brian Wilson, Tony Asher) \u2013 3:34 \"Bright Eyes\" (Mike Batt) \u2013 3:53 \"A Whiter Shade of Pale\" (Keith Reid, Gary\n\nQuestion: With which 1960's group do you mainly associate the name of Justin Hayward?", "output": "THE MOODY BLUES"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Denzil Tulser (born 8 August 1948), is a character in the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses, played by Paul Barber. Denzil is a long-distance lorry driver originally from Liverpool, a good friend of Derek Trotter and one of Del's frequent victims when it comes to dubious antics. Denzil, who has five brothers, moved to Peckham from Liverpool aged 13. He attended Dockside Secondary Modern and managed to make his way into the gang of Del, Trigger and Boycie. When in detention in the science labs, Denzil had his eyebrows burnt off after Del and Trigger blew the lab up with homemade fireworks. In the 1983 episode \"Who's A Pretty Boy?\", Denzil's wife Corinne saw through Del and stated that whenever Denzil and Del got together, Denzil ended up drunk or out of pocket, to which Denzil protests \"Yeah I know, but he's a mate\". Del earned Corinne's hatred by\n\nDaniel Peacock (born 2 October 1958) is an English actor, director, writer and carer. He has worked with the team of The Comic Strip Presents... and played \"Mental Mickey\" in Only Fools and Horses. Early and personal life Peacock was born on 2 October 1958 in Hammersmith, London. He is the son of late actor and composer Trevor Peacock (who played Jim Trott in The Vicar of Dibley) and Iris Jones and the half-brother of actor Harry Peacock (a regular Star Stories satirist). He attended Ashmole School in Southgate, London. Career He attended the Central School of Speech & Drama before leaving early to pursue a career as a comedian in an act called the 'Diamond Brothers'. He worked as a bluecoat for a Pontins Holiday camp in Selsey, West Sussex in 1978. Daniel has also had success as a television series writer credited with Teenage Health Freak (C4), Sister\n\nEva Henderson Mottley (24 October 1953 \u2013 14 February 1985) was a Barbadian-born British actress. She played Bella O'Reilly in the television drama Widows, and Corinne Tulser, wife of Denzil Tulser in Only Fools and Horses. Early life Mottley was born into a family of politicians in Barbados in 1953. Her grandfather, Ernest Mottley, was the first mayor of Bridgetown, while her cousin, Mia Mottley, was elected Prime Minister of Barbados in 2018. She was raised in Nigeria and England. After serving 15 months in prison for possession of LSD, Mottley embarked on an acting career. Career Mottley appeared in the drama series Widows, and was scheduled to appear in its sequel. However, shortly before her death in 1985, she left the production of Widows 2 claiming that she had been racially and sexually abused by the production team. Widows 2 was broadcast nearly two months later, with Debby Bishop\n\nQuestion: What was the surname of Del Boy in Only Fools and Horses?", "output": "Trotter"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Film, granting him his first Academy Award, and was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Foreign Language Film in 2006. Hood was also nominated for the 2005 Non-European Film\u2014Prix Screen International at the European Film Awards for his work on the film. In 2000, Variety magazine named him as one of its \"Ten Directors to Watch\". He directed Rendition (2007), his first Hollywood feature, for New Line Cinema. He also directed the film X-Men Origins: Wolverine, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name, with Hugh Jackman reprising his role from the X-Men films. Prior to the film's release, Gavin talked about the political undertones of the new Wolverine movie: Any movie that is simply about good versus evil ... is in my view putting out into the world and certainly into a mass audience and young audience's mind a rather dangerous philosophy, which is that there\n\nKestrel (John Wraith) is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character appeared in the 2009 film X-Men Origins: Wolverine, portrayed by will.i.am. Publication history Kestrel first appeared in Wolverine vol. 2 #60 and was created by Larry Hama. Fictional character biography John Wraith was a member of Team X and later a test subject of the Weapon X Program. He was part of Team X along with Wolverine, Sabretooth, Maverick, Mastodon and Silver Fox. John was a powerful teleporter, capable of getting the team out of sticky situations after their job was finished. He had a penchant for explosives, arming himself with shaped charges, explosives that were built to direct the force of their blast in specific directions based on how they are deployed. Like the other members of Team X, he was given an artificial age suppressant so he was likely much older\n\nX-Men: The Official Game (also known as X3: The Official Game) is the name of Activision's three tie-in video games to the 2006 film X-Men: The Last Stand. The game covers the events between the films X2 and X-Men: The Last Stand, specifically following the characters of Logan, Iceman, and Nightcrawler. It also bridges the gap between the two films, explaining why Nightcrawler is not present for The Last Stand, and also introduces new foes for the game, such as HYDRA. The game uses several voice actors from the X-Men film franchise. From the films, returning are Hugh Jackman, Alan Cumming, Shawn Ashmore, Patrick Stewart, Tyler Mane, and Eric Dane. The game, along with most other games published by Activision that had used the Marvel licence, was de-listed and removed from all digital storefronts on January 1, 2014. Gameplay Players control the actions of several X-Men-related characters, most notably Logan,\n\nQuestion: Who played the title character in the 2009 film 'X-Men Origins: Wolverine'?", "output": "HUGH JACKMAN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Nova Am\u00e9rica is a municipality in northeastern Goi\u00e1s state, Brazil. Location Nova Am\u00e9rica is located 71 km. east of Ceres and the important BR-153 highway. Nearby towns are Rubiataba, 21 km., Crix\u00e1s, 55 km., and Nova Gl\u00f3ria, 45 km. Distance to Goi\u00e2nia: 256 km. Highway connections: GO-080 / Ner\u00f3polis / S\u00e3o Francisco de Goi\u00e1s / BR-153 / Rialma / GO-434 / Rubiataba. See Seplan Neighboring municipalities: Rubiataba, Itapaci, Crix\u00e1s, and Mozarl\u00e2ndia Demographics In 2007 the population density of the municipality was 10.38 inhabitants/km2. The urban population was 1,532 and the rural population was 668. The geometric growth rate was 0.07% for the period 1996/2007. History Nova Am\u00e9rica began in 1944 on the banks of the Baunilha River. The first settler was Jos\u00e9 Jeremias do Couto who raised cattle. In 1952 he divided part of his land into lots and donated them to settlers. The first name was \"Baunilha\", after the\n\nis Karigador. The summers are long and dry, while the winters are mild and pleasing. History Brtonigla was mentioned for the first time in 1234, with the ancient name Ortoneglo or Hortus Niger, i.e. black ground garden. In the 11th century Venetians settled in the area, and in the 16th and 17th century Dalmatian and Balkan peasant families settled there too. Vertenejo was part of the Serenissima Republic of Venice and then of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, with the brief parenthesis of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. After the First World War and then the Treaty of Rapallo, the village became part of Italy, a period in which Verteneglio knew its maximum demographic and economic development. After the Second World War it was included in Zone B of the Free Territory of Trieste. With the cession of Zone B to Yugoslavia, most of the Italian population abandoned the village, by then\n\n\u00c2ngelo C\u00e9sar do Ros\u00e1rio Firmino, better known by the stage name Boss AC (born January 20, 1975) is a Portuguese rapper originally from Cape Verde. The letters A and C, in Boss AC, come from the initials of his two names, \u00c2ngelo and C\u00e9sar, respectively. Career His most popular songs include \"Dinero\", \"Baza Baza\", and \"Doa a Quem Doer\". Although he lives in Portugal, he spends a lot of his time in Africa, especially Angola. He has collaborated with many Angolan rappers, most notably Gutto, with whom he worked on \"Dinero\". Boss AC started his career in 1994 with Rap\u00fablica, a compilation album that joined together the new faces of the Portuguese hip hop movement. He was both a performer and producer on this album. In 1998, Boss AC recorded his first album, Mandachuva, in the USA with production by Troy Hightower. This album was a mixture of hip-hop, ragga,\n\nQuestion: In which country did the bossa nova originate", "output": "Brazil"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sandra Milo (born Salvatrice Elena Greco; 11 March 1933 in Tunis) is an Italian actress, television personality, author, and musician. She won a Silver Ribbon best supporting actress award for each of her roles in Federico Fellini's 8\u00bd and Juliet of the Spirits. Career She made her film debut in 1955 alongside Alberto Sordi in The Bachelor. Her first major role came in 1959 thanks to the producer Moris Ergas, in General della Rovere, directed by Roberto Rossellini. She also appeared in his film, Vanina Vanini, but Rossellini's career was cut short after the film received harsh criticism at the Venice Festival. After she got married, she retired from her acting career. Until discovered by Fellini, Milo had mostly performed in comedies and melodramas. Although she was reluctant to make a comeback, Fellini convinced her to take on the role of the sexy, lightheaded mistress opposite Marcello Mastroianni in 8\u00bd.\n\n(1939\u20131945) he was stationed in an anti-aircraft battery on the Thames Estuary throughout the whole of the London Blitz. He served with the Army Kinematograph Unit, and was the uncredited editor for a military orientation film, The New Lot (directed by Carol Reed-1943). Years with Powell and Pressburger After the war he began a fruitful association with the film-making partnership called \"The Archers\", which was led by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger. His first credit was for A Matter of Life and Death (1946), followed by Black Narcissus (1947). Mills received an Academy Award nomination for his work on the Archers' ballet film, The Red Shoes (1948). A 2010 appreciation of the film by Peter Canavese notes Mills' contributions, \"The still astonishing expressionistic dance sequence that stands as a performance of the Ballet Lermontov's The Red Shoes ... is rapturous, as a feast of theatrical lighting and Technicolor photography (shot\n\nVarvara Jmoudsky, better known as Barbara Karinska or simply Karinska (October 3, 1886 \u2013 October 18, 1983), was the Oscar-winning costumier of cinema, ballet, musical and dramatic theatre, lyric opera and ice spectacles. Over her 50 year career, that began at age 41, Karinska earned legendary status time and again through her continuing collaborations with stage designers including Christian B\u00e9rard, Andr\u00e9 Derain, Irene Sharaff, Raoul P\u00eane du Bois and Cecil Beaton; performer-producers Louis Jouvet and Sonja Henie; ballet producers Ren\u00e9 Blum, Colonel de Basil and Serge Denham. Her longest and most renown collaboration was with choreographer George Balanchine for more than seventy ballets \u2014 the first known to be \u201cThe Celebrated Popoff Porcelain,\u201d a one act ballet for Nikita Balieff's 1929 La Chauve-Souris with music by Tchaikovsky for which Karinska executed the costumes design by Sergey Tchekhonin. She began to design costumes for Balanchine ballets in 1949 with Emmanuel Chabrier's\n\nQuestion: Which film by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger was about a young ballet dancer who defies the producer by being in love with a composer, and starred Moira Shearer, Robert Helpmann and Marius Goring?", "output": "The Red Shoes"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Benz, an old Germanic clan name dating to the fifth century (related to \"bear\", \"war banner\", \"gau\", or a \"land by a waterway\") also used in German () as an alternative for names such as Berthold, Bernhard, or Benedict, may refer to: People Surname Amy Benz (born 1962), American golfer Bertha Benz (1849\u20131944), German marketing entrepreneur who was the first to drive an automobile for a long distance, wife of Carl Benz Carl Benz (1844\u20131929), German engineer, inventor, and entrepreneur who built the first patented automobile Derek Benz (born 1971), American author of fantasy fiction for children Edward J. Benz, Jr., professor of genetics Joe Benz (1886\u20131957), American Major League Baseball pitcher Joseph Benz (born 1944), Swiss former bobsledder, Olympic and world champion Julie Benz (born 1972), American actress Kafi Benz (born 1941), American author, artist, and environmental and historic preservationist Larry Benz (born 1941), American former National Football League\n\nNick Berk, American wrestler Nikki Benz (born 1981), stage name of Alla Montchak, Canadian pornographic actress and director Spragga Benz (born 1969), stage name of Carlton Grant, Jamaican deejay and musician Places Benz (Usedom), Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, a municipality Benz, Nordwestmecklenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, a municipality Benice, West Pomeranian Voivodeship (Benz in German), Poland, a village Benz Pass, Trinity Peninsula, Antarctica Mathematics and science Benz (unit), a proposed unit of velocity Benz, an abbreviated form of Benzo, a functional group in chemistry Benz plane, in geometry Other uses Benz & Cie., a manufacturer of steam engines co-founded by Carl Benz in 1883 Benz (group), a British band Benz series, a series of paintings and drawings created by Lyonel Feininger See also Benzz, the \"Calabria\" sampling West London drill rapper known for \"Je M'appelle\" Bendz, a surname Bentz, a surname\n\nCharles Babbage (; 26 December 1791 \u2013 18 October 1871) was an English polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer. Babbage is considered by some to be \"father of the computer\". Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer, the Difference Engine, that eventually led to more complex electronic designs, though all the essential ideas of modern computers are to be found in Babbage's Analytical Engine, programmed using a principle openly borrowed from the Jacquard loom. Babbage had a broad range of interests in addition to his work on computers covered in his 1832 book Economy of Manufactures and Machinery. His varied work in other fields has led him to be described as \"pre-eminent\" among the many polymaths of his century. Babbage, who died before the complete successful engineering of many of his designs, including his Difference Engine and\n\nQuestion: What was invented by Karl Benz?", "output": "Automobile"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Ne partez pas sans moi\" (; \"Don't Leave Without Me\") is a song recorded by Canadian singer Celine Dion. The song was written by Atilla \u015eereftu\u011f and Nella Martinetti. It is best known as the Swiss winning entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 1988, held in Dublin. To date, it is the last French language song to win the contest. Dion performed it for 600 million viewers worldwide at the contest. \"Ne partez pas sans moi\" was released as a single in selected countries in Europe in May 1988. It topped the chart in Belgium for three consecutive weeks. Background The song was composed by Turkish songwriter Atilla \u015eereftu\u011f and Swiss composer Nella Martinetti. \"Ne partez pas sans moi\" was also included on Dion's 1988 album The Best of Celine Dion released in selected European countries in May 1988. The song appeared in Canada as B-side to \"D'abord, c'est quoi\n\nweeks on it and peaking at number ten. Track listings and formats European 7\" single \"Ne partez pas sans moi\" \u2013 3:07 \"Ne partez pas sans moi\" (Instrumental Version) \u2013 3:07 German 7\" single \"Hand in Hand\" \u2013 3:08 \"Hand in Hand\" (Instrumental) \u2013 3:07 Charts Release history References 1988 singles 1988 songs Celine Dion songs Carrere Records singles CBS Records singles Congratulations Eurovision songs Columbia Records singles Eurovision songs of 1988 Eurovision Song Contest winning songs French-language Swiss songs French-language Canadian songs Eurovision songs of Switzerland Songs written by Atilla \u015eereftu\u011f Songs written by Nella Martinetti\n\nentries, mainly because of Dion's subsequent international success. Commercial performance \"Ne partez pas sans moi\" debuted at number one in Belgium and stayed at the top of the chart for four consecutive weeks; then the single directly dropped to number 45. In Switzerland, the song peaked at number eleven and in France at number thirty-six. While the single sold 200,000 copies in Europe in two days and over 300,000 copies in total, it is one of the less commercially successful Eurovision winners. It was the first winning song not to be released in the United Kingdom or in Ireland. Although not released as a single in Canada, the song entered the chart in Quebec on 1 October 1988, spending twenty-three weeks on it and peaking at number ten. Track listings and formats European 7\" single \"Ne partez pas sans moi\" \u2013 3:07 \"Ne partez pas sans moi\" (Instrumental Version) \u2013\n\nQuestion: With which country did Celine Dion win the Eurovision Song Contest in 1988 singing Ne Partez Pas Sans Moi?", "output": "Switzerland"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of the Battle of the Somme by Laura Rossi in April 2017. See also List of youth orchestras References External links Suffolk County Youth Music BBC Suffolk Carol Concert 2007 British symphony orchestras English orchestras English youth orchestras Musical groups from Suffolk Organisations based in Suffolk\n\nWingfield is a village in the English county of Suffolk. It is found east of Diss, signposted off B1118, near Eye. Wingfield Castle, which is now a private house, was for many centuries the home of the Wingfield family and their heirs, the De La Poles, Earls and Dukes of Suffolk. The Wingfields were a very ancient family and Sir John de Wingfield was chief of staff to the Black Prince. Sir John de Wingfield founded the great 14th-century church at Wingfield and his tomb can be found within it. Here visitors can see fine church monuments of Sir John de Wingfield and the De la Pole family. The church contains the effigy of Michael de la Pole Earl of Suffolk, and his wife Katherine. This Earl died of dysentery at the Siege of Harfleur whilst with Henry V on his Agincourt campaign of 1415. The Earl's son, also Michael,\n\nthe Princess Royal at St. Edmundsbury Cathedral in celebration of the completion of the new cathedral tower. In December 2007 the orchestra led the musical proceedings at BBC Radio Suffolk's Children in Need Carol Concert in Snape Maltings Concert Hall, which was broadcast across the region on Christmas Day. Every summer the orchestra goes on a week-long tour to continental Europe. Locations have included: Poland, including a concert at O\u015bwi\u0119cim (Auschwitz); Prague; Barcelona and the Costa Dorada, Spain; Strasbourg; Tuscany, Italy; the Castile and Le\u00f3n region of Spain, Hungary, Eastern Germany, the Netherlands, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Belgium. It provided the orchestra for two performances of Benjamin Britten's War Requiem in April 2013. It took part in the 100 performances of the Battle of the Somme by Laura Rossi in April 2017. See also List of youth orchestras References External links Suffolk County Youth Music BBC Suffolk Carol Concert 2007\n\nQuestion: What is the name of the main concert hall that houses the Aldeburgh Festival in Suffolk?", "output": "(Snape) Maltings"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "influence\". Allows observers to monitor elections (with the exception of Scottish local government elections, which are the responsibility of the Scottish Parliament). Reduces the age of candidacy for public elections from 21 to 18. Allows for alterations to ballot paper designs, including the introduction of barcodes and pilot schemes for the introduction of photographs on ballot papers. Allows citizens of the Republic of Ireland and certain Commonwealth residents the right to stand in elections. Changes rules on how elections are run in the event of the death of a candidate, following the events in South Staffordshire at the 2005 general election. Provides for the entitlement of children to accompany parents and carers into polling stations. Bars candidates from using in their name or description expressions such as \"Don't vote for them\" or \"None of the above\". Bars candidates from standing in more than one constituency at the same election. Allows\n\nresults Election in the 1910s Election in the 1920s Election in the 1930s Election in the 1940s Elections in the 1950s Elections in the 1960s Elections in the 1970s References Ardwick Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom established in 1918 Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom disestablished in 1983\n\nGeneral elections were held in Southern Rhodesia on 19 September 1928, the second elections to the Legislative Assembly. The Rhodesia Party, which had won an overwhelming victory in the previous elections in 1924, was re-elected with a slightly reduced majority. Electoral system The Electoral Act, 1928 added a procedure whereby electors could vote by post, but otherwise retained the same system as used previously. At this election the franchise was codified for the first time by the Electoral Act, 1928. The basis for the act was a consolidation of the previous regulations created by Order in Council, but the opportunity was taken by the Legislative Assembly to change some of the regulations which they had come to dislike. The principal change in the franchise was to restrict registration to British subjects only, whether by birth or naturalisation; previously, resident aliens could take an oath of allegiance to qualify themselves. A\n\nQuestion: When were 18 year olds allowed to vote in a General Election in the United Kingdom?", "output": "1970"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "A galilee is a chapel or porch at the west end of some churches where penitents waited before admission to the body of the church. It was also where clergy received women who had business with them. The first reference to this type of narthex is most likely found in the consuetudines cluniacensis of Ulrich, or the consuetudines cenobii cluniacensis of Bernard of Cluny, (See De processione dominicali). Since the definition of this type of narthex is ambiguous, this ecclesiastical structure can not be uniquely attributed to Cluny with certainty. Examples of galilees remain at Durham Cathedral, Ely Cathedral, and Lincoln Cathedral. Ruined versions can be seen at Glastonbury Abbey and Rievaulx Abbey. An episode from season 17 of British archaeological television series Time Team found possible evidence of the remains of a galilee at Westminster Abbey. Church architecture de:Narthex#Galil\u00e4a\n\nouter narthex is in a very bad condition, meaning just the lower parts of the walls remain. This component was added later, as the church was probably part of an expanding monastery, which faced the problem of lack of space. But there has already existed an inner narthex, separated by two columns with lower arcs than the rest in the monument and by a different iconographic program. An alternating building design can be noticed at the facade from a height of 5m. The lower part consists of big sandstone blocks, while the upper part is composed of alternating rows of stone and brick, held together by mortar. The brick elements are also used to highlight niches and windows. Another difference can be seen by the shape of the screens. Those in the lower zone are completed by an arc, while those in the upper part have a lintel. This underlines\n\nAn avant-corps ( or , plural , , ), a French term literally meaning \"fore-body\", is a part of a building, such as a porch or pavilion, that juts out from the corps de logis, often taller than other parts of the building. It is common in fa\u00e7ades in French Baroque architecture. Particularly in German architecture, a corner Risalit is where two wings meet at right-angles. Baroque three-winged constructions often incorporate a median Risalit in a main hall or a stairwell, such as in Wei\u00dfenstein Palace and the . Terms By position to the building A central avant-corps stands in the middle of the facade. A side projection is positioned off-centre. Two wings (usually) running at right angles to each other flow into a corner avant-corps. By function Entrance risalit in which the entrance is located. Torrisalit, in which a gate or a gate passage is located. Terms from the\n\nQuestion: A narthex is part of which type of building?", "output": "Church"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country located in western South America. It is the southernmost country in the world and the closest to Antarctica, stretching along a narrow strip of land between the Andes Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. With an area of and a population of 17.5 million as of 2017, Chile shares borders with Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage to the south. The country also controls several Pacific islands, including Juan Fern\u00e1ndez, Isla Salas y G\u00f3mez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island, and claims about of Antarctica as the Chilean Antarctic Territory. The capital and largest city of Chile is Santiago, and the national language is Spanish. Spain conquered and colonized the region in the mid-16th century, replacing Inca rule, but failed to conquer the independent Mapuche people who inhabited what is now south-central Chile. Chile\n\nMt. Fuji Records was an independent record label based in Seattle, Washington. Their roster included rock bands such as Little Brazil, The Cops and Slender Means. As of 26 November 2012, they are defunct. Bands The Cops Little Brazil Slender Means Wintergreen New Candidates See also List of record labels References External links Official site Companies based in Seattle American independent record labels Rock record labels\n\nis a national park in the Ch\u016bbu region of Japan. It was established around the Hida Mountains and encompasses parts of Nagano, Gifu, Toyama and Niigata prefectures. It was designated a national park on December 4, 1934, along with Daisetsuzan National Park, Akan National Park, Nikk\u014d National Park, and Aso Kuj\u016b National Park. Geography The Hida Mountains, or Northern Alps make up the majority of the park. There are many points in the Hida Mountains within the park that are above , including Kamik\u014dchi, Mount Norikura, Mount Hotaka and Mount Tate. The park is home to numerous gorges, ravines, and dramatically shaped escarpments, as well as the headwater of Japan's longest river, the Shinano River, which begins here as the Azusa River on the southeastern slope of Mount Yari. Recreation The Ch\u016bbu-Sangaku National Park has become the most important hiking area in Japan. Often tourists visit the nearby mountainous highland\n\nQuestion: Mount Fujiyama is in what country?", "output": "Japan"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Berlin Wall (, ) was a guarded concrete barrier that encircled West Berlin of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; West Germany) from 1961 to 1989, separating it from East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic (GDR; East Germany). Construction of the Berlin Wall was commenced by the government of the GDR on 13 August 1961. It included guard towers placed along large concrete walls, accompanied by a wide area (later known as the \"death strip\") that contained anti-vehicle trenches, beds of nails and other defenses. The primary intention for the Wall's construction was to prevent East German citizens from fleeing to the West. The Soviet Bloc propaganda portrayed the Wall as protecting its population from \"fascist elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people\" from building a communist state in the GDR. The authorities officially referred to the Berlin Wall as the Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart (, ).\n\nto prevent the will of the people\" from building a communist state in the GDR. The authorities officially referred to the Berlin Wall as the Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart (, ). The West Berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the \"Wall of Shame\", a term coined by mayor Willy Brandt in reference to the Wall's restriction on freedom of movement. Along with the separate and much longer inner German border, which demarcated the border between East and West Germany, it came to symbolize physically the Iron Curtain that separated the Western Bloc and Soviet satellite states of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War. Before the Wall's erection, 3.5 million East Germans circumvented Eastern Bloc emigration restrictions and defected from the GDR, many by crossing over the border from East Berlin into West Berlin; from there they could then travel to West Germany and to other Western European countries.\n\nin Egypt (saving them from the rise of the River Nile caused by the Aswan High Dam), and infrastructure projects like the new Athens International Airport and Germany's first nuclear power plant. It is also noted for its involvement with the Bauhaus movement, particularly for its work at Zollverein colliery and the reconstruction of the Kandinsky-Klee house in Dessau; both World Heritage Sites. During World War II it deployed forced labor on construction projects. It built the F\u00fchrerbunker in Berlin, the scene of Adolf Hitler's suicide, as well as Hitler's home in Berghof and the Wolfsschanze headquarters. More recent constructions have included Bosphorus Bridge (Turkey), King Abdulaziz International Airport (Saudi Arabia), and the Messeturm and Commerzbank Tower in Frankfurt. In late 2010, Spanish construction company ACS Group, which already owned a 30 percent stake of Hochtief, launched a bid that would allow ACS to acquire an additional 20 percent stake\n\nQuestion: Which construction was officially titled the Anti-Fascist Protection Rampart?", "output": "Berlin Wall"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nArkansas ( ) is a landlocked state in the south-central region of the Southern United States. It is bordered by Missouri to the north, Tennessee and Mississippi to the east, Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, and Oklahoma to the west. Its name is from the Osage language, a Dhegiha Siouan language, and referred to their relatives, the Quapaw people. The state's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta. Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 34th most populous state, with a population of just over 3 million at the 2020 census. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, in the central part of the state,\n\n\"Hail! South Dakota!\" is the regional anthem of South Dakota, selected by popular vote as the official state song. It was written and composed by DeeCort Hammitt (1893-1970). It was originally published under The Sunshine State Music Co. Alcester, So. Dakota . Lyrics Original DeeCourt Hammitt Lyrics Hail! South Dakota! a great state of the land; Health, wealth and beauty, that's what makes her grand; She has her Black Hills, and mines with gold so rare, And with her scenery, no other state can compare. Come where the sun shines, and where life's worth your while; You won't be here long, till you'll wear a smile; No state's so healthy, and no folk quite so true. To South Dakota we welcome you. Hail! South Dakota! the state we love the best, Land of our fathers, builders of the west; Home of the Badlands, and Rushmore's ageless shrine, Black Hills and\n\nQuestion: \"Licence plates from which U.S. state, include the phrase, \"\"Great Faces, Great Places\"\"?\"", "output": "SOUTH DAKOTA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of Chicago and Capone, leading influential citizens to demand government action and newspapers to dub Capone \"Public Enemy No. 1\". Federal authorities became intent on jailing Capone and charged him with twenty-two counts of tax evasion. He was convicted of five counts in 1931. During a highly publicized case, the judge admitted as evidence Capone's admissions of his income and unpaid taxes, made during prior (and ultimately abortive) negotiations to pay the government taxes he owed. He was convicted and sentenced to eleven years in federal prison. After conviction, he replaced his defense team with experts in tax law, and his grounds for appeal were strengthened by a Supreme Court ruling, but his appeal ultimately failed. Capone showed signs of neurosyphilis early in his sentence and became increasingly debilitated before being released after almost eight years of incarceration. In 1947, he died of cardiac arrest after a stroke. Early life\n\nAlphonse Gabriel Capone (; January 17, 1899 \u2013 January 25, 1947), sometimes known by the nickname \"Scarface\", was an American gangster and businessman who attained notoriety during the Prohibition era as the co-founder and boss of the Chicago Outfit. His seven-year reign as a crime boss ended when he went to prison at the age of 33. Capone was born in New York City in 1899 to Italian immigrants. He joined the Five Points Gang as a teenager and became a bouncer in organized crime premises such as brothels. In his early twenties, Capone moved to Chicago and became a bodyguard and trusted factotum for Johnny Torrio, head of a criminal syndicate that illegally supplied alcohol\u2014the forerunner of the Outfit\u2014and was politically protected through the Unione Siciliana. A conflict with the North Side Gang was instrumental in Capone's rise and fall. Torrio went into retirement after North Side gunmen almost\n\nPerry Edward Smith (October 27, 1928 \u2013 April 14, 1965) was one of two career criminals convicted of murdering the four members of the Clutter family in Holcomb, Kansas, United States, on November 15, 1959, a crime that was made famous by Truman Capote in his 1966 non-fiction novel In Cold Blood. Along with Richard Hickock, Smith took part in the burglary and multiple murder at the Clutter family farmhouse. Early life and family Perry Edward Smith was born in Huntington, Nevada, a now-abandoned community in Elko County. His parents, Florence Julia \"Flo\" Buckskin and John \"Tex\" Smith, were rodeo performers. Sources conflict on whether Smith was of mixed Dutch and Shoshone ancestry (from his father's and mother's side, respectively) or IrishCherokee. The family moved to Juneau, Alaska in 1929, where the elder Smith distilled bootleg whisky for a living. Smith's father abused his wife and four children, and in\n\nQuestion: What crime was Al Capone convicted of in 1931?", "output": "Tax Evasion"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sir Philip Anthony Hopkins (born 31 December 1937) is a Welsh actor, director, and producer. One of Britain's most recognisable and prolific actors, he is known for his performances on the screen and stage. Hopkins has received numerous accolades, including two Academy Awards, four BAFTA Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, and a Laurence Olivier Award. He has also received the Cecil B. DeMille Award in 2005 and the BAFTA Fellowship for lifetime achievement in 2008. He was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his services to drama in 1993. After graduating from the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama in 1957, Hopkins trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London. He was then spotted by Laurence Olivier, who invited him to join the Royal National Theatre in 1965. Productions at the National included King Lear (his favourite Shakespeare play), Coriolanus, Macbeth, and Antony and Cleopatra. In 1985,\n\nSir Alan Ayckbourn (born 12 April 1939) is a prolific British playwright and director. He has written and produced as of 2023, 89 full-length plays in Scarborough and London and was, between 1972 and 2009, the artistic director of the Stephen Joseph Theatre in Scarborough, where all but four of his plays have received their first performance. More than 40 have subsequently been produced in the West End, at the Royal National Theatre or by the Royal Shakespeare Company since his first hit Relatively Speaking opened at the Duke of York's Theatre in 1967. Major successes include Absurd Person Singular (1975), The Norman Conquests trilogy (1973), Bedroom Farce (1975), Just Between Ourselves (1976), A Chorus of Disapproval (1984), Woman in Mind (1985), A Small Family Business (1987), Man of the Moment (1988), House & Garden (1999) and Private Fears in Public Places (2004). His plays have won numerous awards, including\n\nof National Youth Theatre before turning to directing. He made his directorial debut in 1996 with a production of Arthur Miller's The Last Yankee at the Mercury Theatre, Colchester. In 1998 he was invited by Sheffield Theatres to direct Twelfth Night, his first Shakespeare production. In the same year he made his London directorial debut at the Almeida Theatre with a production of Shaw's The Doctor's Dilemma. Career Sheffield Theatres From 2000 to 2005 he was Artistic Director of Sheffield Theatres where his high-profile productions included Edward II with Joseph Fiennes, Richard III with Kenneth Branagh, Suddenly Last Summer with Diana Rigg and Victoria Hamilton, The Tempest with Derek Jacobi and Don Carlos with Derek Jacobi. He produced over forty plays with predominantly young directors and designers. He is credited with delivering consistently high quality work as well as bringing in new audiences and in 2001, Sheffield Theatres won the\n\nQuestion: Who was the first artistic director of the National Theatre in London?", "output": "Laurence Olivier"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "plant Atropa belladonna; strychnine is obtained from the seed of the Strychnine tree (Strychnos nux-vomica L.). Where several alkaloids are extracted from one plant their names are often distinguished by variations in the suffix: \"idine\", \"anine\", \"aline\", \"inine\" etc. There are also at least 86 alkaloids whose names contain the root \"vin\" because they are extracted from vinca plants such as Vinca rosea (Catharanthus roseus); these are called vinca alkaloids. History Alkaloid-containing plants have been used by humans since ancient times for therapeutic and recreational purposes. For example, medicinal plants have been known in Mesopotamia from about 2000 BC. The Odyssey of Homer referred to a gift given to Helen by the Egyptian queen, a drug bringing oblivion. It is believed that the gift was an opium-containing drug. A Chinese book on houseplants written in 1st\u20133rd centuries BC mentioned a medical use of ephedra and opium poppies. Also, coca leaves\n\nDigoxigenin (DIG) is a steroid found exclusively in the flowers and leaves of the plants Digitalis purpurea, Digitalis orientalis and Digitalis lanata (foxgloves), where it is attached to sugars, to form the glycosides (e.g. Lanatoside C). Use in biotechnology Digoxigenin is a hapten, a small molecule with high antigenicity, that is used in many molecular biology applications similarly to other popular haptens such as 2,4-Dinitrophenol, biotin, and fluorescein. Typically, digoxigenin is introduced chemically (conjugation) into biomolecules (proteins, nucleic acids) to be detected in further assays. Kd of the digoxigenin-antibody interaction has been estimated at ~12 nM (compare to Kd~0.1pM for the biotin-streptavidin interaction). DIG-binding proteins. Tinberg et al. designed artificial proteins that bind DIG. Their best binder, DIG10.3, was a 141 amino acid protein that bound DIG with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 541 (+/- 193) pM. Anti-digoxigenin antibodies with high affinities and specificity are used in a variety of\n\nthem to not only be clinically ineffective in treating cancer, but also potentially toxic or lethal when taken by mouth due to cyanide poisoning. The promotion of laetrile to treat cancer has been described in the medical literature as a canonical example of quackery, and as \"the slickest, most sophisticated, and certainly the most remunerative cancer quack promotion in medical history\". Chemistry Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glycoside derived from the aromatic amino acid phenylalanine. Amygdalin and prunasin are common among plants of the family Rosaceae, particularly the genus Prunus, Poaceae (grasses), Fabaceae (legumes), and in other food plants, including flaxseed and manioc. Within these plants, amygdalin and the enzymes necessary to hydrolyze it are stored in separate locations, and only mix as a result of tissue damage. This provides a natural defense system. Amygdalin is contained in stone fruit kernels, such as almonds, apricot (14 g/kg), peach (6.8 g/kg), and\n\nQuestion: From which plant do we derive the drug Digitalis?", "output": "Foxglove"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In the ancient Greek myths, ambrosia (, ) is the food or drink of the Greek gods, and is often depicted as conferring longevity or immortality upon whoever consumed it. It was brought to the gods in Olympus by doves and served either by Hebe or by Ganymede at the heavenly feast. Ancient art sometimes depicted ambrosia as distributed by the nymph named Ambrosia, a nurse of Dionysus. Definition Ambrosia is very closely related to the gods' other form of sustenance, nectar. The two terms may not have originally been distinguished; though in Homer's poems nectar is usually the drink and ambrosia the food of the gods; it was with ambrosia that Hera \"cleansed all defilement from her lovely flesh\", and with ambrosia Athena prepared Penelope in her sleep, so that when she appeared for the final time before her suitors, the effects of years had been stripped away, and\n\nand with ambrosia Athena prepared Penelope in her sleep, so that when she appeared for the final time before her suitors, the effects of years had been stripped away, and they were inflamed with passion at the sight of her. On the other hand, in Alcman, nectar is the food, and in Sappho and Anaxandrides, ambrosia is the drink. A character in Aristophanes' Knights says, \"I dreamed the goddess poured ambrosia over your head\u2014out of a ladle.\" Both descriptions could be correct, as ambrosia could be a liquid considered a food (such as honey). The consumption of ambrosia was typically reserved for divine beings. Upon his assumption into immortality on Olympus, Heracles is given ambrosia by Athena, while the hero Tydeus is denied the same thing when the goddess discovers him eating human brains. In one version of the myth of Tantalus, part of Tantalus' crime is that after tasting\n\nIn Persian and Zoroastrian legends, the mighty Gaokerena was a mythic Haoma plant that had healing properties when eaten and gave immortality to the resurrected bodies of the dead. The juice from its fruit gave the elixir of immortality. The name Gaokerena means \"ox horn\" or \"cow ear\". Evil naturally tried to destroy this life-giving tree and formed a lizard or frog to attack it, but it was protected by the ten Kara fish and a donkey with nine mouths and six eyes. At the resurrection, those who drink of the life-giving juice of this plant will obtain perfect welfare, including deathlessness. It bears similarity to the Biblical and Islamic Tree of Life. Notes Persian mythology\n\nQuestion: Which food of the Gods is said to bestow immortality?", "output": "Ambrosia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Diocese of Saint Petersburg () is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory or diocese of the Catholic Church in the Tampa Bay region of Gulf Coast Florida. The Diocese of Saint Petersburg is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Miami. Its mother church is St. Jude the Apostle Cathedral in St. Petersburg, Florida. As of 2023, the current bishop is Gregory Parkes. Statistics The Diocese of St. Petersburg comprises , encompassing Pinellas, Hillsborough, Pasco, Hernando, and Citrus counties. The principal cities are Tampa, St. Petersburg, and Clearwater. As of 2023, the diocese had a total Catholic population of approximately 500,000, with 280,000 of them registered with the diocese. History 1500 to 1800 In the mid-1500s, present day Florida became a Spanish colony. The first Catholic presence in the Tampa Bay are was the ill-fated mission of the Spanish missionary Reverend Luis de Cancer. He\n\nSt. Joseph Bay is a bay on the Gulf Coast of the U.S. state of Florida. The bay is located in Gulf County between Apalachicola and Panama City. Port St. Joe is located on St. Joseph Bay. St. Joseph Bay is bounded on the east by the mainland, on the south by Cape San Blas, and on the west by the St. Joseph Peninsula. The north end of the bay is a relatively narrow opening to the Gulf of Mexico. The bay is approximately long north to south and wide at its widest point. The waters of St. Joseph Bay contain the St. Joseph Bay State Buffer Preserve and the St. Joseph Bay Aquatic Preserve. The St. Joseph Peninsula forms the St. Joseph Peninsula State Park. History The Spanish established Presidio Bah\u00eda San Jos\u00e9 de Valladares on St. Joseph Bay in 1701. The French established Fort Crevecoeur on the shores\n\nRedland Bay is a coastal semi-rural locality in the City of Redland, Queensland, Australia. In the , Redland Bay had a population of 14,958 people. Since the first European settlers arrived in the mid-19th century, Redland Bay has remained a farming and fishing-based area until the mid-20th century when some of the farms were subdivided and improved transport infrastructure made it possible for residents to commute the 35 kilometers into Brisbane. Geography Redland Bay is at the southern end of Redland City, south-east of Brisbane, the capital of Queensland. The locality is named for the bay to its east (), which forms part of larger Moreton Bay. The redness of the soil derives from iron oxides present in lava from a volcano that erupted (millions of years ago) in northern New South Wales, some 100 kilometres to the south. The locality is a port for vessels plying the bay islands.\n\nQuestion: On what bay does St. Petersburg, Florida lie?", "output": "Tampa Bay"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Ark of the Covenant, also known as the Ark of the Testimony or the Ark of God, is an artifact believed to be the most sacred relic of the Israelites, which is described as a wooden chest, covered in pure gold, with an elaborately designed lid called the mercy seat. According to the Book of Exodus, the Ark contained the two stone tablets of the Ten Commandments. According to the New Testament Book of Hebrews, it also contained Aaron's rod and a pot of manna. The biblical account relates that approximately one year after the Israelites' exodus from Egypt, the Ark was created according to the pattern given to Moses by God when the Israelites were encamped at the foot of Mount Sinai. Thereafter, the gold-plated acacia chest was carried by its staves by the Levites approximately 2,000 cubits (approximately ) in advance of the people when on the\n\nare the earliest known artifacts to be found on the Hebrew Bible text. Numbers begins at Mount Sinai, where the Israelites have received their laws and covenant from God and God has taken up residence among them in the sanctuary. The task before them is to take possession of the Promised Land. The people are counted and preparations are made for resuming their march. The Israelites begin the journey, but they \"grumble\" at the hardships along the way, and about the authority of Moses and Aaron. They arrive at the borders of Canaan and send spies into the land. Upon hearing the spies' fearful report concerning the conditions in Canaan, the Israelites refuse to take possession of it. God condemns them to death in the wilderness until a new generation can grow up and carry out the task. Furthermore, there were some that rebelled against Moses and for these acts,\n\nMount Judi (; , Armenian: \u054b\u0578\u0582\u0564\u056b \u056c\u0565\u057c\u0568, ; ) is Noah's apobaterion or \"Place of Descent\", the location where the Ark came to rest after the Great Flood, according to very early Christian and Islamic tradition (based on the Quran, 11:44). The Quranic tradition is similar to the Judeo-Christian legend. The identification of Mount Judi as the landing site of the ark persisted in Syriac and Armenian tradition throughout Late Antiquity, but was abandoned for the tradition equating the biblical location with the highest mountain in Turkey, that is Mount Ararat. Etymology and geography The mountainous area that Mount Judi is part of, was known as Qard\u016b () in Syriac texts, Gordyene by Greek and Roman writers, and Kordukh in Armenian. Syriac, Islamic, and early Christian traditions identify Mount Judi or Qardu as a peak near or northeast of the town of Jazirat ibn 'Umar (modern Cizre in south-east Turkey),\n\nQuestion: On which mountain did Moses receive the Ten Commandments?", "output": "Mount Sinai"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sowerby ( ) is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Calderdale, in West Yorkshire, England. It lies in the Pennines, contiguous with Sowerby Bridge, west-southwest of Halifax. History Historically a part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Sowerby appears in the Domesday Book of 1086, and was an important settlement long before Halifax began to dominate. The ancient district of Sowerbyshire, a stretch of forest centred on the town leading down the Ryburn and Calder valleys and almost up to Halifax, was a Royal chase. The name Sowerby, is made up from the Norse Sor for sour and suffixed with by representing a parished area. The local pronunciation follows the original Norse. (saw+bi). A local legend described a castle in Sowerby and its presence was confirmed by excavations on 'Castle Hill' at the high end of the old town. Archaeologists uncovered the foundations of a Norman motte-and-bailey castle. Governance\n\nFerrybridge is a village in West Yorkshire, England. Ferrybridge lies at a historically important crossing of the River Aire which borders the North Yorkshire village of Brotherton. It is linked to other communities by the A1, which follows the route of the Great North Road. The village falls within the Knottingley ward of Wakefield City Council. The origin of the place-name is from Old Norse and means bridge by the ferry. It appears as Ferie in the Domesday Book of 1086 and as Ferybrig in 1198. Geography and geology Geologically, Ferrybridge and Knottingley are located on rich soil, over a bed of Magnesian Limestone. The area is close to junctions of the M62 and A1(M) motorways; as well as junctions on the rail network, including northward to York, south to Pontefract (and Rotherham), west to both Wakefield and Leeds, east to Goole and south-east to the East Coast Main Line;\n\nLuddendenfoot or Luddenden Foot is a village and former civil parish, lying north-west of Sowerby Bridge and west of Halifax, in Calderdale, West Yorkshire, England. The population of Luddendenfoot is 2,547, with the wider Calderdale Ward (of the same name) at the 2011 Census as 10,653. It lies along the Upper Calder Valley below the village of Luddenden, between Sowerby Bridge and Mytholmroyd. History The settlement grew up around the confluence of Luddenden Brook and the River Calder and the existence of the woollen textile industry. The industrial growth facilitated by the opening of the Rochdale Canal in 1804 and the opening of the Manchester and Leeds Railway in 1840. There were several mills including Boy Mill, Luddendenfoot Mill, Delph Mill and Denholme Mill. None of these mills remain in their original use. Between 1840 and 1962 the village was served by Luddendenfoot railway station. Luddendenfoot grew up around the\n\nQuestion: Which 32 mile canal runs from the Bridgewater canal in Manchester to join the Aire and Calder Navigation Canal at Sowerby Bridge in Yorkshire, passing through the town that gives the canal its name?", "output": "ROCHDALE CANAL"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Myshkin National Ethnographic Museum (, Myshkinsky Narodny Etnografichesky Muzey) is located in the ancient town of Myshkin in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia. Established in 1990, it is also uniquely known as the Mouse Museum for its collection of 2,000 mouse-related items from all over the globe. Mice made of various materials using diverse art techniques form a unique collection. Pieces have been gathered from different countries. In 1996, Myshkin held The International Festival \"Mouse-96\". Every decade or so, when it is the Year of the Rat in the Chinese calendar, the town also holds a big celebration. The last such event was in 2008 and among the celebrants was President Dmitry Medvedev, who had a private tour of the town and was given a copy of The Town Named Mouse, an illustrated children's book in separate Russian and English editions written by Robert Aronson and illustrated by Marina Zorina. The\n\nMyshkin (\u041c\u044b\u0301\u0448\u043a\u0438\u043d) is a Russian-language surname, also transliterated Mishkin and Miskin, although the latter two words have other meanings, both in Russian and in other languages. \"Myshkin\" is the possessive case of the Russian word myshka, the diminutive of 'mouse'. Notable people with this surname include: Anatoly Myshkin (b. 1954), Soviet and Russian basketball player Ippolit Myshkin (1848\u20131885), Russian revolutionary Vladimir Myshkin (b. 1955), Soviet and Russian ice hockey goaltender Fictional characters Prince Myshkin, character in Dostoevsky's novel The Idiot See also Mishkin, surname Miskin (disambiguation) Russian-language surnames\n\nAlexander Valentinovich Amfiteatrov (); (26 December 1862 \u2013 26 February 1938) was a Russian writer, novelist, and historian. Biography Born a priest's son in Kaluga, Russian Empire, he was trained as a lawyer but became a journalist and popular novelist. In 1902 he was exiled for writing a satirical article on the imperial family. He returned to visit the front during the Russo-Japanese War, then returned to Western Europe, living in France and Italy. Amfiteatrov conceived writing a book on Nero and early Christianity in the 1890s. An Italian exile provided him with plenty of sources and evidence, and exposed him to leading European scholars, and in 1913 he completed Nero: The Beast out of the Bottomless Pit (\"\u0417\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0438\u0437 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u0434\u043d\u044b. \u041d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043d\", referring to Book of Revelation 11:7), a life story of Emperor Nero that evolved into a comprehensive encyclopedia of Rome at the end of Julio-Claudian dynasty and a\n\nQuestion: Prince Lev Nikolaevich Myshkin was created by which author?", "output": "Fydor Dostoyevsky"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In Nordic mythology, Asgard (Old Norse: \u00c1sgar\u00f0r ; \"enclosure of the \u00c6sir\") is a location associated with the gods. It appears in a multitude of Old Norse sagas and mythological texts. It is described as the fortified home of the \u00c6sir gods, often associated with gold imagery. Many of the best-known Nordic gods are \u00c6sir or live in Asgard such as Odin, Thor, Loki, and Baldr. Etymology The word \u00c1sgar\u00f0r is a compound formed from (\"god\") and (\"enclosure\"). Possible anglicisations include: \u00c1sgarthr, \u00c1sgard, \u00c1segard, \u00c1sgardr, Asgardr, \u00c1sgarth, Asgarth, Esageard, and \u00c1sgardhr. Attestations The Poetic Edda Asgard is named twice in Eddic poetry. The first case is in Hymiskvi\u00f0a, when Thor and T\u00fdr journey from Asgard to Hymir's hall to obtain a cauldron large enough to brew beer for a feast for \u00c6gir and the gods. The second instance is in \u00derymskvi\u00f0a when Loki is attempting to convince Thor to dress\n\nIn Norse mythology, Bifr\u00f6st (), also called Bilr\u00f6st, is a burning rainbow bridge that reaches between Midgard (Earth) and Asgard, the realm of the gods. The bridge is attested as Bilr\u00f6st in the Poetic Edda; compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and as Bifr\u00f6st in the Prose Edda; written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, and in the poetry of skalds. Both the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda alternately refer to the bridge as \u00c1sbr\u00fa (Old Norse \"\u00c6sir's bridge\"). According to the Prose Edda, the bridge ends in heaven at Himinbj\u00f6rg, the residence of the god Heimdall, who guards it from the j\u00f6tnar. The bridge's destruction during Ragnar\u00f6k by the forces of Muspell is foretold. Scholars have proposed that the bridge may have originally represented the Milky Way and have noted parallels between the bridge and another bridge in Norse mythology, Gjallarbr\u00fa. Etymology Scholar Andy\n\nIn Norse mythology, Ask and Embla ( )\u2014male and female respectively\u2014were the first two humans, created by the gods. The pair are attested in both the Poetic Edda, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. In both sources, three gods, one of whom is Odin, find Ask and Embla and bestow upon them various corporeal and spiritual gifts. A number of theories have been proposed to explain the two figures, and there are occasional references to them in popular culture. Etymology Old Norse literally means \"ash tree\" but the etymology of embla is uncertain, and two possibilities of the meaning of embla are generally proposed. The first meaning, \"elm tree\", is problematic, and is reached by deriving *Elm-la from *Almil\u014dn and subsequently to (\"elm\"). The second suggestion is \"vine\", which is reached through *Ambil\u014d, which may\n\nQuestion: In Norse mythology who was the god of beauty, innocence, peace, and rebirth?", "output": "Baldur"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Garvey tried to organize Black people worldwide, to give them an influential voice in society with overwhelming numbers. He established the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). After failed attempts to create a following in Jamaica, Garvey relocated the UNIA to upper Manhattan's Harlem neighborhood. By 1920, he had over 2,000,000 members in over 1,000 local UNIA chapters. The association had the goal of establishing Black political and economic independence. Garvey initially came to the U.S. to preach Black nationalism through the back-to-Africa movement. Displaced Africans would return to the land of their ancestors, where they would create a prosperous African state and make the continent a world power. In 1924, with the financial assistance of UNIA members, Garvey sought to purchase one million acres (4000 km\u00b2) of land from Liberia. This land would be the place of repatriation about which Garvey had spoken for nearly two decades. Elevan days after\n\nThe As-Sabiqun Liberation Movement, also known simply as As-Sabiqun (), is a small American fundamentalist Muslim organization under the leadership of founder Imam Abdul Alim Musa, based in Washington, D.C., and with branches in Philadelphia, Los Angeles, San Diego, Sacramento, and Oakland (led by Amir Abdul Malik Ali). As-Sabiqun is identified as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center. The group says its \"paramount goal\" is the \"establishment of Islam as a complete way of life in America\"; its leader Abdul Alim Musa has frequently promoted antisemitic conspiracy theories. History The organization was created by African-American Imam Abdul Alim Musa (born Clarence Reams), who converted to Islam while serving a federal prison sentence for drug trafficking. Musa established the Masjid Al-Islam mosque in southeast Washington, in 1995. The name As-Sabiqun means \"the vanguard\" in Arabic. Activities One of As-Sabiqun\u2019s major ongoing projects is its support of Jamil Al-Amin,\n\nWorking-class Jamaicans viewed Garvey as a prophet and the reincarnation of John the Baptist; when Ras T\u00e4f\u00e4ri of Ethiopia was crowned emperor in 1930, many proclaimed Haile Selassie as Jah (God). Although the movement has had cultural, social, and political effects on Ethiopia and Jamaica, little scholarly research has been done on its effects in the United States. A number of Rastafari see the country as the heart of evil in the world, but many Jamaican Rastafari made the United States their new home during the 1960s and 1970s. The Rastafari movement played a role in shaping local U.S. society and culture, seen in Garvey's accomplishments, the effects of Rastafari community-building, and riddim and reggae music. Universal Negro Improvement Association Garvey tried to organize Black people worldwide, to give them an influential voice in society with overwhelming numbers. He established the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). After failed attempts to\n\nQuestion: Which religious movement, developed from ideas of political activist Marcus Garvey, who wanted to improve the status of fellow black people, and which proclaims Garvey as a prophet?", "output": "Rastafari"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "goddess of the shellfish in the Polynesian mythology\". Internal anatomy Internal anatomy has been studied in Kiwa puravida. Digestive system: The stomach (gastric mill + pylorus) is situated in the upper anterior portion of the cephalothorax. The gut extends as a tube to the telson. A pair of short anterior ceca emanates from the transition between pylorus and gut, appearing as short tubes. The hepatopancreas fills most of the cephalothorax and parts of the pleon and is formed by two bunches of tubular diverticles which are each connected to the pylorus via a main duct. The stomach is embedded ventrally by the hepatopancreas whose anterior diverticles reach into the rostrum. Antennal glands: The antennal glands are flatenned and located anterolaterally in the cephalothorax, near the second antennae. the lobes of the antennal bladder are situated anteriorly and laterally to the stomach and cover a large portion of the hepatopancreas. Reproductive\n\nThe gastric glands are glands in the lining of the stomach that play an essential role in the process of digestion. All of the glands have mucus-secreting foveolar cells. Mucus lines the entire stomach, and protects the stomach lining from the effects of hydrochloric acid released from other cells in the glands. There are two types of gland in the stomach, the oxyntic gland, and the pyloric gland. The major type of gastric gland is the oxyntic gland that is present in 80 per cent of the stomach, and is often referred to simply as the gastric gland. The oxyntic gland is an exocrine gland and contains the parietal cells that produce hydrochloric acid, and intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12. The other type of gland in the stomach is the pyloric gland found in the pyloric region taking up the remaining 20 per\n\nmanubrial outgrowths, well-armed with cnidocytes and mucus-secreting cells; others have the central manubrial mouth closed, instead making use of secondary mouths at the side of the manubrium. These adaptations give the jellyfish a large surface area with which to collect large quantities of planktonic organisms. It can trap plankton from the water currents it produces by pulsating. Semaeostomeae Members of the Semaeostomeae are known as \"flag-mouth jellies\" and are large jellyfish. They have an elongate manubrium composed of four oral arms. The edge of the bell bears flaps known as lappets and in the niches between these, there are usually eight rhopalia (sensory organs). Sometimes there are also hollow marginal tentacles. The stomach is subdivided into four gastric pouches, with the four gonads situated on the oral walls of the pouches. Some semaeostomids are suspension feeders, but others supplement this with prey such as small fish, crustaceans, worms and other\n\nQuestion: How many compartments does a cow\u2019s stomach have?", "output": "Four"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions. Constitutional monarchies differ from absolute monarchies (in which a monarch is the only decision-maker) in that they are bound to exercise powers and authorities within limits prescribed by an established legal framework. Constitutional monarchies range from countries such as Liechtenstein, Monaco, Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait, Bahrain and Bhutan, where the constitution grants substantial discretionary powers to the sovereign, to countries such the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms, the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Norway, Sweden, Lesotho, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Japan, where the monarch retains significantly less, if any, personal discretion in the exercise of their authority. On the surface level, this distinction may be hard to establish, with numerous liberal democracies restraining monarchic power in\n\nSaudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain, Lesotho, Eswatini, and the Commonwealth realms. Other national constitutions use different modes of succession to their monarchies, e.g. the election of the Pope in the Vatican City, and especially in East Asia often adding an element of selection (e.g. at a family council) among eligible relations of the monarch, such as in Cambodia. Special cases are the two federal monarchies, Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates, where the constituent states of each federation are hereditary monarchies but those rulers form an electoral college that assigns the federal position of head of state to one of their number for a term (of five years). A similar system existed in the Holy Roman Empire. Titles of nobility in the United Kingdom (Duke, Marquess, Earl, Viscount and Baron) and other countries (see peerage). In the United Kingdom, most titles of nobility (peerages and the lower title of Baronet)\n\nThe monarchy of Australia is Australia's form of government, embodied by the Australian sovereign and head of state. The Australian monarchy is a constitutional one, modelled on the Westminster system of parliamentary government, while incorporating features unique to the constitution of Australia. The present monarch is Charles III, styled King of Australia, who has reigned since 8 September 2022. The King is represented federally by the governor-general, in accordance with the Australian constitution and letters patent from his mother and monarchical predecessor, Queen Elizabeth II. Similarly, in each of the Australian states, the monarch is represented by a governor (assisted by a lieutenant-governor), according to the state constitutions. The King appoints the governor-general and governors on the advice of the respective state and federal executive councils. These are now almost the only constitutional functions of the monarch of Australia. Australian constitutional law provides that the person who is monarch of\n\nQuestion: Which country elects a monarch every five years?", "output": "Malaysia"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Finished in 5th place 1958 - Did not participate 1959 - Finished in 9th place 1961 - Finished in 5th place 1962 - Did not participate 1963 - Finished in 6th place 1965 - Finished in 5th place 1966 - Finished in 5th place 1967 - Finished in 7th place 1969 - Finished in 7th place (Won \"B\" Pool) 1970 - Finished in 5th place 1971 - Finished in 9th place (3rd in \"B\" Pool) 1972 - Finished in 9th place (3rd in \"B\" Pool) 1973 - Finished in 7th place (Won \"B\" Pool) 1974 - Finished in 6th place 1975 - Finished in 7th place (Won \"B\" Pool) 1976 - Finished in 8th place 1977 - Finished in 9th place (Won \"B\" Pool) 1978 - Finished in 8th place 1979 - Finished in 10th place (2nd in \"B\" Pool) 1981 - Finished in 12th place (4th in \"B\" Pool)\n\nLuge is a winter sport featured at the Winter Olympic Games where a competitor or two-person team rides a flat sled while lying supine (face up) and feet first. The sport is usually contested on a specially designed ice track that allows gravity to increase the sled's speed. The winner normally completes the route with the fastest overall time. It was first contested at the 1964 Winter Olympics, with both men's and women's events and a doubles event. Doubles is technically considered an open event since 1994, but only men have competed in it. German lugers (competing under the IOC country codes of EUA, GDR, FRG and GER at different times since 1964) have dominated the competition, winning 87 medals of 153 possible. Events Medal leaders Athletes who won at least two gold medals or three medals in total are listed below. Medal table Sources (after the 2022 Winter Olympics):\n\nEddie Macken (born 20 October 1949 in Granard, Longford, Ireland) is an Irish equestrian show jumper, who was a member of the Irish team - along with Paul Darragh, Capt. Con Power, and James Kernan \u2013 that won the Aga Khan Cup three years in a row (1977 to 79). Other notable career highlights include a record four consecutive Hickstead Derby wins (1976 to 79), two individual silver medals at the Show Jumping World Championships, 1974 with Pele and 1978 on Boomerang, and an individual silver medal at the 1977 European Championships with Pele. Macken has many major Grand Prix victories worldwide. Many of Macken's achievements were gained in partnership with his Irish bred gelding, Boomerang. From Macken's first rides with Boomerang as a four-year-old in 1970, the pair blazed a trail of wins that lasted a decade. Olympic involvement Macken represented Ireland at the Olympic Games in 1992 Barcelona\n\nQuestion: David Broome was a succcesful competitor in what sport in the 1960s and 1970s?", "output": "Show jumping"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The origin of the name is not known, but may be connected with that of the river Neb. MHKs and elections Until 2016, Glenfaba was also a House of Keys constituency, electing one MHK. From 2016 it is part of the Glenfaba & Peel constituency. In 2016 the constituency was abolished. See also Local government in the Isle of Man References External links Constituency maps and general election results Sheadings of the Isle of Man Constituencies of the Isle of Man\n\nMiddle () is one of the six sheadings of the Isle of Man. It is located on the east of the island (part of the traditional South Side division) and consists of the four historic parishes of Braddan, Marown, Onchan and Santon. Historically, from 1796 until 1986 Marown was in the sheading of Glenfaba, and before 1796 Onchan was in the sheading of Garff. In addition to the current districts listed above, the sheading of Middle also includes the borough of Douglas, the capital and largest town of the Isle of Man. Other settlements in the sheading include Port Soderick, Strang, Tromode and Union Mills (all in the parish of Braddan), Braaid, Crosby and Glen Vine (all in the parish of Marown), and Newtown in the parish of Santon. MHKs & Elections It is also a House of Keys constituency. Originally, in the 19th century, the constituency included the whole\n\ncharacter called Mr. Isle of Man for the island's annual literature festival. His works can be found in several art galleries. See also Roger Hargreaves Mr. Men References External links Fairfax Gallery - Adam Hargreaves, exhibits and biographical Hill & Hill Gallery - Adam Hargreaves case study and showcase 1963 births Living people English cartoonists English children's writers English illustrators People from Surrey\n\nQuestion: On the Isle of Man for what do the letters MHK stand?", "output": "MEMBER OF THE HOUSE OF KEYS"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Porsche Design is a German product design studio and brand founded in 1972 by F. A. Porsche, the designer of the original Porsche 911, known for its high-end accessories including sunglasses, pens, and watches. The current legal instantiation of the company, Porsche Lizenz- und Handelsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, based in Ludwigsburg, Germany, was formed in November 2003 as a majority-owned subsidiary of Porsche AG to combine Porsche AG's and Porsche Design Group's accessories and licensing business into one single company. The company's activities are focused on the Porsche Design Studio (since 2015 Studio F. A. Porsche) in Zell am See, Austria, which also works for other companies in the field of industrial and product design, and the \"Porsche Design\" and \"Porsche Driver's Selection\" brands. History The Porsche Design Studio (now Studio F. A. Porsche) was established in Stuttgart, Germany, in 1972 by Prof. Ferdinand Alexander Porsche, (nickname Butzi), Grandson\n\nThe Renault Reinastella is an automobile created by the French car maker Renault. The original Reinastella was a luxury-class car manufactured between 1929 and 1933. The car was unveiled at the 1928 Paris Motor Show as the Renault Renahuit. The original Reinastella was the first of Renault's Stella series, high-end luxury automobiles intended to compete with contemporary marques such as Hispano-Suiza, Rolls-Royce, Daimler, Lincoln, Packard, and Cadillac. The Stellas, or Grand Renaults, were marked with a star riveted to the radiator grille above the famous Renault lozenge, a reference to models with names that ended in \"-stella\", which was a conscious reference to the Latin word for a \"star\"., while \"reina\" is Spanish for \"queen\". The Reinastella was, at 5.3 meters (17 feet) long and 2 meters (six feet) wide, the biggest car ever produced by Renault upon its market debut. It weighed about 2.5 tons and was the first\n\nthe company. The company name is based on the Latin translation of the surname of the founder, August Horch. , meaning \"listen\", becomes in Latin. The four rings of the Audi logo each represent one of four car companies that banded together to create Audi's predecessor company, Auto Union. Audi's slogan is , which is translated as \"Progress through Technology\". Audi, along with German brands BMW and Mercedes-Benz, is among the best-selling luxury automobile brands in the world. History Birth of the company and its name Automobile company Wanderer was originally established in 1885, later becoming a branch of Audi AG. Another company, NSU, which also later merged into Audi, was founded during this time, and later supplied the chassis for Gottlieb Daimler's four-wheeler. On 14 November 1899, August Horch (1868\u20131951) established the company A. Horch & Cie. in the Ehrenfeld district of Cologne. In 1902, he moved with his\n\nQuestion: Which European make of car's logo is a stylized diamond shape?", "output": "RENAULT"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Eid prayers, also referred to as Salat al-Eid (), are holy holiday prayers in the Islamic tradition. The literal translation of the word \"Eid\" in Arabic is \"festival\" or \"feast\" and is a time when Muslims congregate with family and the larger Muslim community to celebrate. There are generally two central Eids that take place in accordance with the Islamic lunar calendar (hence the additional name \u0218\u0101lat al-\u2019\u012adayn ( \"Prayer of the Two Eids\"): Eid al-Fitr (), also known as the \"Smaller Eid\" is a celebration marking the end Ramadan, the Islamic holy month of fasting, welcoming the new month of Shawwal and lasts for a period of three days. Mandatory charity, or Zakat, specifically Zakat al-Fitr (Zakat of Eid Al-Fitr) is offered to the poor by every financially-able Muslim (preferably prior to the offering of the prayer) to ensure that those who are less fortunate may also participate in\n\nfigure, Him Whom God Shall Make Manifest. Bah\u00e1\u02bcu'll\u00e1h, the founder of the Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed Faith, who claimed to be the one foretold by the B\u00e1b, accepted the fast, but altered many of its details and regulations. The Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed fast resembles fasting practices of several other religions. Lent is a period of fasting for Christians, Yom Kippur and many other holidays for Jews, and the fast of Ramadan is practiced by Muslims. The Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed fasting most resembles the fast of Ramadan, except that the period of fasting is defined as a fixed Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed month, whereas Muslims fast during a lunar month, whose specific Gregorian dates vary from year to year. Definition Bah\u00e1\u02bcu'll\u00e1h established the guidelines of the fast in the Kit\u00e1b-i-Aqdas, his book of laws. Fasting is observed from sunrise to sunset during the Bah\u00e1\u02bc\u00ed month of \u02bbAla\u02bc (between 1/2 March through 19/20 March) and it is the complete abstention from food,\n\nThe Kurdish calendar is a calendar used in the Kurdistan region of Iraq alongside the Islamic and Gregorian calendar. History The start of the calendar is marked by the Battle of Nineveh, a conquest of the Assyrians by the Medes in 612 BC. Months The names for the months are often derived from society's events in that month. References Citations Bibliography Kurdish culture\n\nQuestion: What is the 9th month of the Islamic calendar, the month of fasting, in which Muslims refrain from eating, drinking, smoking, and so on from dawn to sunset?", "output": "Ramadan"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The 1972 Aldershot bombing was a car bomb attack by the Official Irish Republican Army on 22 February 1972 in Aldershot, England. The bomb targeted the headquarters of the British Army's 16th Parachute Brigade and was claimed as a revenge attack for Bloody Sunday. Six civilian staff and a Catholic military chaplain were killed and 19 were wounded. It was the Official IRA's largest attack in Great Britain during \"the Troubles\" and one of its last major actions before it declared a permanent ceasefire in May 1972. Official IRA member Noel Jenkinson was convicted and imprisoned for his part in the bombing. Background The 1969 Northern Ireland riots marked the beginning of the conflict known as the Troubles. To maintain law and order in Northern Ireland the British Army was deployed on to its streets in rioting hot-spots such as Derry and Belfast to support the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC).\n\nBloody Sunday, or the Bogside Massacre, was a massacre on 30 January 1972 when British soldiers shot 26 unarmed civilians during a protest march in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland. Fourteen people died: thirteen were killed outright, while the death of another man four months later was attributed to his injuries. Many of the victims were shot while fleeing from the soldiers, and some were shot while trying to help the wounded. Other protesters were injured by shrapnel, rubber bullets, or batons, two were run down by British Army vehicles, and some were beaten. All of those shot were Catholics. The march had been organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) to protest against imprisonment without trial. The soldiers were from the 1st Battalion of the Parachute Regiment (\"1 Para\"), the same battalion implicated in the Ballymurphy massacre several months before. Two investigations were held by\n\nThe following lists events that happened during 1972 in Rhodesia. Incumbents President: Clifford Dupont Prime Minister: Ian Smith January 11 January-11 March - The Pearce Commission arrives in Rhodesia to conduct tests of acceptability of settlement proposals which was agreed on in 1971 March 10 March - The African National Council is transformed into a political organisation and calls for a constitutional conference May 31 May - The United States Senate votes against re-imposition of embargo on Rhodesian chromite. August 22 August - International Olympic Committee asks Rhodesia to withdraw from the 20th Olympic Summer Games held in Munich, Germany December 21 December - Guerrillas of the Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA) attack Altena farm in Centenary area, marking an unprecedented escalation of the Rhodesian Bush War. Births September 29 \u2014 Abel Chimukoko, long-distance runner Years of the 20th century in Zimbabwe Zimbabwe\n\nQuestion: What name is given to the events of 30 January 1972 in Londonderry?", "output": "BLOODY SUNDAY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "John Ozell (died 15 October 1743) was an English translator and accountant who became an adversary to Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope. He moved to London from the country at around the age of twenty and entered an accounting firm, where he was successful in managing the accounts of several large entities, including the City of London itself. He was a Whig and probably a dissenter who associated with the prominent figures of the whig establishment in the 18th century. He was particularly associated with Joseph Addison and the \"little senate\" that met at Button's Coffee House in Covent Garden. He was financially well off, due to his accounting work. He died on 15 October 1743, a lifelong bachelor. Works Ozell taught himself several contemporary languages and had a good grounding in Latin and Greek from school. He began to act as a translator in addition to his work in\n\nDramatick Entertainment The Snipe (1765), poem See also List of Old Abingdonians References 1700 births 1783 deaths 18th-century English Anglican priests English dramatists and playwrights 18th-century English poets Fellows of St John's College, Oxford People educated at Abingdon School writers from Reading, Berkshire People educated at Reading School English male dramatists and playwrights English male poets 18th-century English male writers 18th-century English writers People from Bramber\n\nFleetwood Sheppard (sometimes spelled as \"Shepphard,\" \"Sheppheard,\" and \"Sheppeard\") (1 January 1634 \u2013 25 August 1698) was a British courtier and literary wit who was instrumental in the courts of Charles II of England and William of Orange. He was an educated man known for his lively wit and honesty, and he was an important figure in the poetry of the 1680s and 1690s. Life Education and introduction to royal court He was born in Oxfordshire, attended Magdalen Hall and Christ Church, Oxford, gaining the Bachelor of Arts in 1654 and Master of Arts in 1657. When all persons attaining an M.A. were required to join the Church of England, King Charles intervened and said that Sheppard had a background in civil law (having studied at Gray's Inn) and was \"not prepared to take orders, he being a person of much ability\" (Ellis 255). Instead, Sheppard became a courtier. He\n\nQuestion: Which 18th century English poet was known as the Bard of Twickenham", "output": "Alexander Pope"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Malvan (also written as Malwan) is a town and taluka in Sindhudurg District, the southernmost district of Maharashtra State, India, well known for the historically important Sindhudurg Fort. Malvan taluka consists of villages such as Angane Wadi, Masure, Achra, Khalchi Devli, Jamdul, Juva, Pankhol, Talasheel and Sarjekot. The main occupation here is fishing and agriculture. The staple diet of the local people is fish curry and rice. The town produces Alphonso mangoes and is also known for sweets such as Malvani Khaja made from gram-besan flour and coated jaggery as well as Malvani Ladoos. Other sweets that attract tourists are Konkani Meva, Aambawadi, Fanaspoli, Kajuwadi, and Naralachya Wadya. Dashavtar (the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu), a drama-play based on mythological stories, is an important cultural element of the area. Several apocryphal and some more credible stories related to the name Malvan exist. Salt producers use term 'Mahalavan' to describe a\n\nThe Azores ( , , ; , ), officially the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), is one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal (along with Madeira). It is an archipelago composed of nine volcanic islands in the Macaronesia region of the North Atlantic Ocean, about west of Lisbon, about northwest of Morocco, and about southeast of Newfoundland, Canada. Its main industries are agriculture, dairy farming, livestock, fishing, and tourism, which has become a major service activity in the region. The government of the Azores employs a large percentage of the population directly or indirectly in the service and tertiary sectors. The largest city of the Azores is Ponta Delgada. The culture, dialect, cuisine, and traditions of the Azorean islands vary considerably, because these remote islands were settled sporadically over a span of two centuries. There are nine major Azorean islands and an islet cluster, in three main groups.\n\nSaperavi (; literally \"paint, dye, give color\") is an acidic, teinturier-type grape variety native to the country of Georgia, where it is used to make many of the region's most well-known wines. It is also grown in Russia and in lesser quantities in Armenia, Moldova, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Australia. Saperavi is also known under the synonyms Didi Saperavi, Kleinberiger, Nerki Khagog, Patara Saperavi, Saparavi, Sapeavi de Kakhetie, Saperaibi, Saperavi de Kachet, Saperavi de Kakhetie, Saperavi Patara, Sapeur, Sapperavi, Sapperavy, Scoperawi, and Szaperavi. Characteristics The berries are medium to large, elliptic or round depending on the type, dark bluish, and thin-skinned; with a maturation period of approximately 5 months and moderate productivity. The leaves are 3-lobed, large, and roundish. Saperavi produces an extractive wine with a characteristic bouquet, a harmonious taste, and pleasant astringency. Its alcoholic strength ranges from 10.5 to 12.5% and titrated acidity from 5 to 7%. Saperavi grapes\n\nQuestion: What recent wine-making country produces varieties from its Maharashtra region?", "output": "India"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Alexandria ( ; ; ) is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in by Alexander the Great, Alexandria grew rapidly and became a major centre of Hellenic civilization, eventually replacing Memphis, in present-day Greater Cairo, as Egypt's capital. Called the \"Bride of the Mediterranean\" internationally, Alexandria is a popular tourist destination and an important industrial centre due to its natural gas and oil pipelines from Suez. The city extends about along the northern coast of Egypt, and is the largest city on the Mediterranean, the second-largest in Egypt (after Cairo), the fourth-largest city in the Arab world, the ninth-largest city in Africa, and the ninth-largest urban area in Africa. The city was founded originally in the vicinity of an Egyptian settlement named Rhacotis (that became the Egyptian quarter of the city). Alexandria grew rapidly, becoming a major centre of Hellenic civilisation,\n\nwas founded originally in the vicinity of an Egyptian settlement named Rhacotis (that became the Egyptian quarter of the city). Alexandria grew rapidly, becoming a major centre of Hellenic civilisation, and replacing Memphis as Egypt's capital during the reign of the Ptolemaic pharaohs who succeeded Alexander. It retained this status for almost a millennium, through the period of Roman and Eastern Roman rule until the Muslim conquest of Egypt in 641 AD, when a new capital was founded at Fustat (later absorbed into Cairo). Alexandria was best known for the Lighthouse of Alexandria (Pharos), one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World; its Great Library, the largest in the ancient world; and the Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa, one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages. Alexandria was the intellectual and cultural centre of the ancient Mediterranean for much of the Hellenistic age and late antiquity. It was\n\nAnthylla is an ancient city of Lower Egypt, on the Canopus branch of the Nile river. Herodotus and Athenaeus report that it provided furnishings for the queen of Egypt. It is sometimes thought to be the ancient city of Gynaecopolis. References Archaeological sites in Egypt Former populated places in Egypt\n\nQuestion: Cleopatra's Needle in London had stood in which Egyptian city since 12 BC", "output": "Alexandria"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "of Scotland. On 25 May 1633, he was created the Earl of Kinnoull on the occasion of the King Charles' coronation in Scotland. He resisted the king's regulations for lords of session (1626), and upheld precedency over archbishop of St Andrews. In 1626, he began to suffer from old age. It was noted that he was absent from the Council in July 1626 as he was suffering from \"the pain of the gute\" very severely. Two years later his \"known infirmitie and seekenesse\" was noted. He died of apoplexy in London and was buried in Kinnoull Parish Church, in which a monument was erected in his honour. Marriage He married Margaret, daughter of Sir James Halyburton of Pitcur manor, Kettins parish, on 15 November 1595. They had three children: Sir Peter Hay (died decessit vita patris at Kinfauns, 1621), unmarried George Hay (d. 1644) Lady Margaret, married to Alexander Lindsay,\n\nThe Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field ( ) was the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses, the civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York that extended across England in the latter half of the 15th century. Fought on 22 August 1485, the battle was won by an alliance of Lancastrians and disaffected Yorkists. Their leader Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, became the first English monarch of the Tudor dynasty by his victory and subsequent marriage to a Yorkist princess. His opponent Richard III, the last king of the House of York, was killed during the battle, the last English monarch to die in combat. Historians consider Bosworth Field to mark the end of the Plantagenet dynasty, making it one of the defining moments of English history. Richard's reign began in 1483 when he ascended the throne after his twelve-year-old nephew, Edward V, was declared\n\nKrell v Henry [1903] 2 KB 740 is an English case which sets forth the doctrine of frustration of purpose in contract law. It is one of a group of cases, known as the \"coronation cases\", which arose from events surrounding the coronation of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra in 1902. Facts The defendant, CS Henry, agreed by contract on 20 June 1902, to rent a flat at 56A Pall Mall from the plaintiff, Paul Krell, for the purpose of watching the coronation procession of Edward VII scheduled for 26 and 27 June. The housekeeper of the premises had informed Henry that he would have an excellent view of the procession from the room. Desiring to secure the rental of Krell's flat for the purpose of observing the coronation procession, Henry wrote the following letter to Krell's solicitor: I am in receipt of yours of the 18th instant, inclosing\n\nQuestion: Which English King's coronation was postponed because he was suffering from appendicitis?", "output": "EDWARD VII"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sergeant Thomas H. \"Boston\" Corbett (January 29, 1832 \u2013 presumed dead ) was an English-born American soldier and milliner who shot and killed John Wilkes Booth, the man who committed the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Corbett was initially arrested for disobeying orders, but was later released on the orders of Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, who referred to Corbett as \"the patriot\" upon dismissing him. He was largely considered a hero by the American media and public. Known for his devout religious beliefs and eccentric behavior, Corbett drifted around the United States before disappearing circa 1888. Circumstantial evidence suggests that he died in the Great Hinckley Fire in Minnesota in September 1894, although no period documentation has yet been found that undoubtedly identifies him as a victim of the fire. Early life and education Corbett was born in London, England on January 29, 1832, and immigrated with his family to\n\nFinis Langdon Bates (August 22, 1848 \u2013 November 29, 1923) was an American lawyer and author of The Escape and Suicide of John Wilkes Booth (1907). In this 309-page book, Bates claimed that John Wilkes Booth, the assassin of U.S. president Abraham Lincoln, was not killed by Union Army Soldiers on April 26, 1865, but successfully eluded capture altogether, and lived for many years thereafter under a series of assumed names, notably John St. Helen and David E. George. Personal life Bates was born on a plantation in Itawamba County, Mississippi, in 1848. He was the ninth of 12 children of planter Henderson Wesley Bates (1807\u20131869) and Eliza Elvira Jarratt Bourland (1815\u20131900). Finis Bates studied law in Carrollton, Mississippi, and in the 1870s he and his family moved to Texas, where he met John St. Helen. Bates returned to Mississippi, then moved to Memphis, Tennessee, after the death of his\n\nCivil War, were disinterred by the Daughters of the Confederacy in 1879. The remains were reinterred in Christ Church cemetery. Alexandria National Cemetery was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. Notable interments Following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln in April of 1865, four civilian members of the Alexandria Fire Department were among twenty men hired by the Union Army's Quartermaster Corp to man the Black Diamond canal barge on the Potomac River. As part of the manhunt for John Wilkes Booth, the Black Diamond was to patrol the river stopping any vessels that could be attempting to transport Booth across the Potomac into Virginia. As the Black Diamond was anchored around midnight, April 23, 1865 it was struck by the USS Massachusettes. The four civilian firefighters,Peter Carroll, Christopher Farley, Samuel Gosnell, and George Huntington, died as a result of the collision. As they were in\n\nQuestion: On this day in 1865, which murderous actor was shot dead by Boston Corbett, a Union soldier in Port Royal, Virginia U.S.A.?", "output": "John Wilkes Boothe"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Sir Francis Drake (aka The Adventures of Sir Francis Drake) is a 1961\u20131962 British adventure television series starring Terence Morgan as Sir Francis Drake, commander of the sailing ship the Golden Hind. As well as battles at sea and sword fights, the series also deals with intrigue at Queen Elizabeth's court. Production The series was a joint ABC/ATV production, made at Associated British Elstree Studios and on historical sites in England. A replica of the Golden Hind was constructed at a cost of \u00a325,000 and was used for filming in and around the bays of Torbay and Dartmouth. In 1963 the ship was permanently moored in Brixham harbour in Devon where it became a tourist attraction. The ship was destroyed in a storm in 1987, after which it was towed to Dartmouth and replaced with the current replica. Additional production staff Historical research was provided by E. Hayter Preston. Beatrice\n\nJames Erisey was born at Erisey House near Mullion, in the parish of Grade in Cornwall. He sailed as a privateer with Sir Francis Drake. In 1585 Drake hired James Erisey to captain a man-o-war, following a message from Queen Elizabeth I that \"privateers were at liberty to attack Spanish shipping\". In 1586 he was again part of a fleet led by Drake. He was also one of the early colonists of Roanoke Island. Erisey was captain of the \"White Lion\", a private warship owned by Charles Lord Howard of Effingham, who at the time was Lord Admiral of England. In 1588 he was at Plymouth with Drake when they sailed out to fight the Spanish Armada invasion fleet. Also in Drake's fleet was Sir Richard Grenville, who was Erisey's cousin. References Devon and Cornwall Notes and Queries, a quarterly journal, #22,(1942\u20131946) External links https://web.archive.org/web/20010424210504/http://www.multiracial.com/readers/hashaw.html https://web.archive.org/web/20061212082410/http://bz.llano.net/gowen/electronic_newsletter/el200012.htm Origin of the Melungeons\n\nformerly known as the King's Yard, was established in 1513 by King Henry VIII for the building, repair and maintenance of vessels for the Royal Navy. Along with nearby Woolwich Dockyard, it was one of the leading dockyards of the period and brought a large population and prosperity to Deptford. The dockyard is also associated with the knighting of Sir Francis Drake by Queen Elizabeth I aboard the Golden Hind, the legend of Sir Walter Raleigh laying down his cape for Elizabeth, Captain James Cook's third voyage aboard Resolution, Frobisher's and Vancouver's voyages of discovery, despatching ships against the Spanish Armada, as well as for Nelson's battles including Trafalgar. In 1698 Tsar Peter I of Russia aged 25, came to Deptford to learn about shipbuilding and seamanship. He was granted the use of John Evelyn's Sayes Court, adjoining the Royal Dockyard, by William III. In three months he and his\n\nQuestion: \"Francis Drake captained the ship \"\"Revenge\"\" during naval engagements concerning what?\"", "output": "The Spanish Armada"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Christopher O'Dowd (born 9 October 1979) is an Irish actor and comedian. He received wide attention as Roy Trenneman, one of the lead characters in the Channel 4 comedy The IT Crowd, which ran for four series between 2006 and 2010. He has also starred in several films, Gulliver's Travels (2010), Bridesmaids, Friends with Kids (both 2011), Cuban Fury (2014), Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) and The Cloverfield Paradox (2018). He created and starred in the Sky 1 television series Moone Boy, which aired between 2012 and 2015 and brought him Irish Film and Television Award nominations in acting, writing, and directing. Since 2017, he has appeared as Miles Daly in the Epix comedy series Get Shorty. He had a recurring role on the comedy-drama series Girls. His performance in the British comedy TV series State of the Union won him a Primetime Emmy Award. He made his\n\nhad a recurring role on the comedy-drama series Girls. His performance in the British comedy TV series State of the Union won him a Primetime Emmy Award. He made his Broadway debut in the play adaptation of Of Mice and Men in 2014, for which he was nominated for a Tony Award. In 2020, he was listed at number 39 on The Irish Times list of Ireland's greatest film actors. Early life O'Dowd was born and raised in Boyle, in County Roscommon on 9 October 1979. His father, Se\u00e1n, is a sign designer, and his mother, Denise, a counsellor and psychotherapist. He is the youngest of five siblings. He represented Roscommon in Gaelic football at under-16, minor and under-21 levels, the highlight being his performance as a goalkeeper in the 1997 Connacht Minor Football Championship final against Mayo, a game which RT\u00c9 Sport covered and aired as part of its\n\nCareer O'Dowd starred in the United Kingdom in Channel 4's comedy The IT Crowd, BBC Two's Roman's Empire, Red Cap, and the award-winning documentary-drama The Year London Blew Up. He has also appeared on Irish television, having starred in the RT\u00c9 One drama The Clinic and the drama Showbands alongside Kerry Katona. He has appeared in How to Lose Friends & Alienate People in a minor role. He has also had roles in a number of films, including the 2005 film Festival where he played stand-up comedian Tommy O'Dwyer, a role for which he won a Scottish BAFTA award, and a small role in Vera Drake. He appears in Frequently Asked Questions About Time Travel, a comedy sci-fiction film with Marc Wootton, Dean Lennox Kelly, and Anna Faris. He played Liam in the 2007 German film . He starred in the 2009 film The Boat That Rocked, inspired by the\n\nQuestion: Chris O'Dowd plays the imaginary friend of a young boy in rural Ireland in which TV series?", "output": "Moone Boy"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. the British Army comprises 76,225 regular full-time personnel, 4,139 Gurkhas, 26,755 volunteer reserve personnel and 4,532 \"other personnel\", for a total of 111,651. The modern British Army traces back to 1707, with antecedents in the English Army and Scots Army that were created during the Restoration in 1660. The term British Army was adopted in 1707 after the Acts of Union between England and Scotland. Members of the British Army swear allegiance to the monarch as their commander-in-chief, but the Bill of Rights of 1689 and Claim of Right Act 1689 require parliamentary consent for the Crown to maintain a peacetime standing army. Therefore, Parliament approves the army by passing an Armed Forces Act at least once every five years.\n\npositions, and ruthless use of wit and sarcasm. His attacks against Sam Houston in Congress provoked an assassination attempt from a Houston supporter in 1832. While Arnold provided vigorous opposition to Democrats such as Andrew Johnson, he frequently clashed with leaders of his own party, such as William \"Parson\" Brownlow and T.A.R. Nelson. On the eve of the Civil War, Arnold remained solidly pro-Union. At the East Tennessee Convention, which met following Tennessee's secession from the Union in June 1861, Arnold advocated the separation of East Tennessee from the rest of the state, and called for the use of force if necessary. He remained openly defiant of the Confederacy for the duration of the war. Early life Arnold was born in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, on May 3, 1798. He moved with his parents to Knox County, Tennessee, in 1808. At the age of fourteen, he enlisted as a drummer boy\n\nLieutenant-General Sir Manley Power, KCB, ComTE (1773 \u2013 7 July 1826) was a British military leader who fought in a number of campaigns for Britain and rose to the rank of Lieutenant-General. He is chiefly remembered for leading a brigade of Portuguese troops under The Duke of Wellington in the Iberian Peninsular War. He is also remembered for jointly causing the removal of Sir George Pr\u00e9vost, governor-in-chief of British North America, for Prevost's refusal to press the attack on Plattsburgh, New York, in 1814, during the War of 1812. After his active military service Sir Manley Power was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Malta. Early life His grandfather, Sir Henry Power, was a captain of the Battle-Axe Guards. His father, Captain Lieutenant Bolton Power, served in the 20th Regiment of Foot and fought in several battles of the Seven Years' War, and later in the American Revolutionary War under Guy Carleton\n\nQuestion: General Benedict Arnold switched allegiance to the British side during which war?", "output": "American War of Independence"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "B\u00e9la Ferenc Dezs\u0151 Blask\u00f3 (; October 20, 1882 \u2013 August 16, 1956), known professionally as Bela Lugosi (; ), was a Hungarian\u2013American actor, best remembered for portraying Count Dracula in the 1931 horror classic Dracula, Ygor in Son of Frankenstein (1939) and his roles in many other horror films from 1931 through 1956. Lugosi began acting on the Hungarian stage in 1902. After playing in 172 productions in his native Hungary, Lugosi moved on to appear in Hungarian silent films in 1917. He had to suddenly emigrate to Germany after the failed Hungarian Communist Revolution of 1919 because of his former socialist activities (organizing a stage actors' union), leaving his first wife in the process. He acted in several films in Weimar Germany, before arriving in New Orleans as a seaman on a merchant ship, then making his way north to New York City and Ellis Island. In 1927, he\n\nin Weimar Germany, before arriving in New Orleans as a seaman on a merchant ship, then making his way north to New York City and Ellis Island. In 1927, he starred as Count Dracula in a Broadway adaptation of Bram Stoker's novel, moving with the play to the West Coast in 1928 and settling down in Hollywood. He later starred in the 1931 film version of Dracula directed by Tod Browning and produced by Universal Pictures. Through the 1930s, he occupied an important niche in horror films, but his notoriety as \"Dracula\" and ominous thick Hungarian accent greatly limited the roles offered to him, and he unsuccessfully tried for years to avoid the typecasting. He co-starred in a number of films with Boris Karloff, who was able to demand top billing. To his frustration, Lugosi, a charter member of the American Screen Actors Guild, was increasingly restricted to mad scientist\n\nDracula 3D (also known as Dario Argento\u2019s Dracula) is a 2012 vampire horror film co-written and directed by Dario Argento and starring Thomas Kretschmann, Rutger Hauer, Marta Gastini, and Unax Ugalde. An Italian-Spanish-French co-production, the film is Argento's first 3D film. Kretschmann took the role of Dracula; he later played Abraham van Helsing in the Budapest-shot television series Dracula. Plot During the Walpurgis Night in the woods adjacent to the village of Passo Borgo, located at the foot of the Carpathian Mountains, a couple of young lovers, Tania and Milos, secretly meet and make love. After fighting, Tania removes the cross Milos had given her. On her way home, Tania is chased by a supernatural owl that kills her. Sometime later, Jonathan Harker, a young librarian hired by Count Dracula, a nobleman from the area, arrives at the village. Tania's body mysteriously disappears from the cemetery. In the meantime, Harker,\n\nQuestion: In 1931 which Hungarian actor played Count Dracula in films?", "output": "Bela Lugosi"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Diversions for Piano Left Hand and Orchestra, Op. 21, is a concertante music composition by Benjamin Britten. History Britten wrote the work for the Viennese-born pianist Paul Wittgenstein, who lost his right arm in World War I. Britten met Wittgenstein in New York in July 1940 and sketched the piece in August at Owl's Head, Maine. Although Wittgenstein complained about the orchestration, Britten initially declined to make any changes but later agreed to a few small alterations. Forever after, he felt bitter about them, and after 1950 he revised the score \"to create an official version that would stop Paul playing it by rendering his version obsolete.\" Wittgenstein retained the performing rights for a good number of years, which kept other pianists from performing the work. Wittgenstein played the premiere of Diversions with the Philadelphia Orchestra under the baton of Eugene Ormandy on 16 January 1942. The Philadelphia reviewers commented\n\n34 is written as a tie in the score. Maxim's own son, Dmitri Maximovich Shostakovich, also recorded the piece, with his father conducting I Musici de Montreal. Dmitri the younger approaches his grandfather's tempi and phrasing. Other recordings include those by Leonard Bernstein as soloist and conductor for Columbia Records, Marc-Andr\u00e9 Hamelin for Hyperion Records, and Dmitri Alexeev with Jerzy Maksymiuk conducting the English Chamber Orchestra. There has been a recording of this concerto by the Mariinsky Orchestra with soloist, Denis Matsuev and Valery Gergiev as conductor. In Fantasia 2000, Yefim Bronfman plays the concerto's first movement (Allegro) as the story teller of \"The Steadfast Tin Soldier\" by Hans Christian Andersen. Bronfman has also recorded both of the concertos with the Los Angeles Philharmonic orchestra conducted by Esa-Pekka Salonen. Ballet The concerto is used in two different ballets. Kenneth MacMillan's Concerto premiered in on 30 November 1966 at the Deutsche\n\nhim this orchid.\" The DSCH motif also appears in the orchestral accompaniment of Viola Concerto (Walton) - (1929) in bars 115-116 (up a minor 6th - 'B', 'C', 'A', 'G#') and in 122-123 (at the original pitch - 'D', 'Eb', 'C', 'B') of the First Movement (Andante Comodo) and, during the orchestral tutti before the Recapitulation of the same movement. This was never confirmed by William Walton (a contemporary of Shostakovich) himself, although he did refer to Dmitri Shostakovich as \"the greatest composer of the 20th century\". Therefore, it is entirely possible that this was an intentional reference to the motif. The contemporary Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero made use of it in DEsCH, a composition for oboe, bassoon, piano and orchestra written in 2006 to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Shostakovich's birth, and in Op.111 \u2013 Bagatella su Beethoven (2009), which blends themes from the Piano Sonata No. 32 in\n\nQuestion: Which English composer composed the ballet Death in Venice and the Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra", "output": "Benjamin Britten"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 \u2013 February 10, 2005) was an American playwright, essayist and screenwriter in the 20th-century American theater. Among his most popular plays are All My Sons (1947), Death of a Salesman (1949), The Crucible (1953), and A View from the Bridge (1955). He wrote several screenplays, including The Misfits (1961). The drama Death of a Salesman is considered one of the best American plays of the 20th century. Miller was often in the public eye, particularly during the late 1940s, 1950s and early 1960s. During this time, he received a Pulitzer Prize for Drama, testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee, and married Marilyn Monroe. In 1980, he received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates. He received the Praemium Imperiale prize in 2001, the Prince of Asturias Award in 2002, and the Jerusalem Prize in 2003, and the Dorothy\n\nThe Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play is an honor presented at the Tony Awards, a ceremony established in 1947 as the Antoinette Perry Awards for Excellence in Theatre, to actors for quality supporting roles in a Broadway play. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the Tony Award Productions, a joint venture of The Broadway League and the American Theatre Wing, to \"honor the best performances and stage productions of the previous year.\" Originally called the Tony Award for Actor, Supporting or Featured (Dramatic), the award was first presented to Arthur Kennedy at the 3rd Tony Awards for his portrayal of Biff Loman in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman. Before 1956, nominees' names were not made public; the change was made by the awards committee to \"have a greater impact on theatregoers\". Its most recent recipient is Brandon Uranowitz for his\n\nhomosexual characters played by Arthur were toned down in Hollywood movies. He spent the rest of the 1930s playing fussy characters. This served him well in low-budget films like The Natzy Nuisance, Ellis Island and Danger on the Air, as well as big budget pictures like Crime and Punishment and Road to Singapore. Arthur is perhaps most remembered for his appearances as Darla Hood's father in Hal Roach's Our Gang shorts. Most of his later roles were unbilled bits, with the notable exception of the 1942 serial, The Masked Marvel. Death Arthur died on December 31, 1951, at the Motion Picture Country Home. He was buried at the charitable expense of the Motion Picture Fund in Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery, but left in an unmarked grave for 60 years until the Friends of Dearly Departed Tours and Findadeath.com raised the funds for a gravestone and placed one in November 2012.\n\nQuestion: Willy Loman is the lead character in Arthur Miller's famous 1949 play 'Death of a (What?)'?", "output": "Salesman"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Arlene Blum (born March 1, 1945) is an American mountaineer, writer, and environmental health scientist. She is best known for leading the first successful American ascent of Annapurna (I), a climb that was also an all-woman ascent. She led the first all-woman ascent of Denali (\"Denali Damsels\" expedition), and was the first American woman to attempt Mount Everest. She is Executive Director of the Green Science Policy Institute. Early life Blum was born in Davenport, Iowa, and raised from the age of five on in Chicago by her Orthodox Jewish mother and grandparents. In the early 1960s, she attended Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Her first climb was in Washington, where she failed to reach the summit of Mount Adams. However, she persevered, climbing throughout her college days. She was rejected from an Afghanistan expedition in 1969, with its leader writing to her, \"One woman and nine men would seem\n\nbeen climbed by only eight people (all men). It was called American Women's Himalayan Expeditions \u2013 Annapurna. They raised money for the trip in part by selling T-shirts with the slogan \"A woman's place is on top\". The first summit team, comprising Vera Komarkova and Irene Miller (now Beardsley) and Sherpas Mingma Tsering and Chewang Ringjing, reached the top at 3:30 p.m. on October 15, 1978. The second summit team, Alison Chadwick-Onyszkiewicz and Vera Watson, died during this climb. After the event, Blum wrote a book about her experience on Annapurna, called Annapurna: A Woman's Place. She led the first expedition to climb Bhrigupanth in the Indian Himalayas, leading a team of Indian and American women. She then attempted what she called the \"Great Himalayan Traverse\", a two-thousand-mile journey across the treacherous but beautiful peaks of the Himalayas from Bhutan to India. She crossed the Alps from Yugoslavia to France,\n\nits summit rises over above the Hunza River, in a horizontal distance of . The mountain was named (as \"Sangemarmur\", meaning in Persian \"ore/ heart of marble\", after a conspicuous band of yellow marble crossing the summit) in 1964 by the First Canadian Himalayan Expedition, comprising Fred Roots (leader), Donald Lyon, John Ricker, Lisle Irwin, Donald Poole, Hermann Jamek, Momin Khalifa and Karl Tomm. They intended to locate and climb Hachindar Chhish, which they determined to be a peak a few kilometers to the west of Sangemarmar Sar; however that peak proved too difficult and technical for the party to attempt. The expedition reached but was then forced to retreat by repeated heavy snowstorms. On July 11, 1984, a team from Osaka University made the first ascent of the mountain via the southwest ridge. The expedition comprised Takashi Matsuo (leader), Hiromi Okuyama, Takehiro Hirota, Tokio Kozuki, Masaya Oishi, Toru Sakakibara,\n\nQuestion: In 1975, Junko Tabei became the first woman to reach the summit of which mountain?", "output": "Mount Everest"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The President William Jefferson Clinton Birthplace Home National Historic Site is located in Hope, Arkansas. Built in 1917 by Dr. H. S. Garrett, in this house the 42nd president of the United States, Bill Clinton, spent the first four years of his life, having been born on August 19, 1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas. The house was owned by Clinton's maternal grandparents, Edith Grisham and James Eldridge Cassidy, and they cared for him when his mother, Virginia, was away working as an anesthetist in New Orleans. On May 19, 1994, the site was added to the National Register of Historic Places (as \"Bill Clinton Birthplace\"). Tours were offered by the Clinton Birthplace Foundation. In accordance with the Omnibus Public Land Management Act of 2009 (\u00a77002), the Secretary of the Interior accepted the property on December 14, 2010, establishing it as a national historic site and a unit\n\nWilliam Jefferson Clinton (n\u00e9 Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992. Clinton, whose policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy, became known as a New Democrat. Clinton was born and raised in Arkansas. He graduated from Georgetown University and later from Yale Law School, where he met his future wife, Hillary Rodham. After graduating from law school, Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as state attorney general, followed by two non-consecutive tenures as Arkansas governor. As governor, he overhauled the state's education system and served as chairman of the National Governors Association. Clinton was elected president in the 1992 election, defeating incumbent Republican president George H. W. Bush\n\nArkansas ( ) is a landlocked state in the south-central region of the Southern United States. It is bordered by Missouri to the north, Tennessee and Mississippi to the east, Louisiana to the south, Texas to the southwest, and Oklahoma to the west. Its name is from the Osage language, a Dhegiha Siouan language, and referred to their relatives, the Quapaw people. The state's diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the densely forested land in the south known as the Arkansas Timberlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River and the Arkansas Delta. Arkansas is the 29th largest by area and the 34th most populous state, with a population of just over 3 million at the 2020 census. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, in the central part of the state,\n\nQuestion: Hope, Arkansas is the birthplace of two well-known politicians. One is Mike Huckabee. Who is the other?", "output": "Bill Clinton"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Lord Edmund Howard ( \u2013 19 March 1539) was the third son of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, and his first wife, Elizabeth Tilney. His sister, Elizabeth, was the mother of Henry VIII's second wife, Anne Boleyn, and he was the father of the king's fifth wife, Catherine Howard. His first cousin, Margery Wentworth, was the mother of Henry's third wife, Jane Seymour. Family Edmund Howard, born about 1478, was the third son of Thomas Howard, later 2nd Duke of Norfolk, and his first wife, Elizabeth Tilney. He had seven brothers and two sisters of the whole blood: Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk, Edward Howard, Sir John Howard, Henry Howard, Charles Howard, Henry Howard, Richard Howard, Elizabeth Howard, and Muriel Howard, who married firstly, John Grey, 2nd Viscount Lisle, and secondly, Sir Thomas Knyvet. By his father's second marriage to Agnes Tilney, Howard had seven half-brothers and sisters:\n\n1532, shortly before Catherine's marriage to Henry was annulled, she was ordered to leave Catherine's household and not to make any attempt to communicate with her. In September 1534, when Catherine's health deteriorated, Mar\u00eda begged permission to visit her but was denied. On 5 January 1536 she forced her way into Kimbolton Castle to see Catherine, having again been refused permission to visit. Catherine died in her arms two days later. Mar\u00eda lived for another three years, spending much of the time in her London residence at Barbican. Her daughter Catherine Willoughby, Duchess of Suffolk, became a close friend of Henry VIII's sixth wife, Catherine Parr, who was also the goddaughter of Catherine of Aragon. In 1546, there were rumours that Henry was planning to have his marriage to Catherine Parr annulled and make the widowed Duchess his seventh wife. Cultural depictions Mar\u00eda is the main character in All Manner\n\nCatherine Howard, Countess of Nottingham ( Carey; c. 1547 \u2013 25 February 1603), was a cousin, lady-in-waiting, and close confidante of Elizabeth I of England. She was in attendance on the queen for 44 years. Life Catherine Carey was the eldest daughter of Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon and his wife Anne Morgan, daughter of Sir Thomas Morgan and Anne Whitney. Hunsdon was Queen Elizabeth's cousin, being the son of Mary Boleyn, and court gossip hinted at a closer connection, since Mary had been the mistress of Henry VIII. Catherine may have joined Elizabeth's household at Hatfield House as a child during the reign of Elizabeth's elder sister Mary. On Elizabeth's accession, Catherine and her younger sister Philadelphia came to court as maids of honour under the auspices of their aunt, Catherine Carey, the queen's first cousin and a Lady of the Bedchamber. In July 1563, Catherine married Charles Howard\n\nQuestion: After the death of Henry VIII, Catherine Parr married Thomas, the brother of which of Henry's other wives?", "output": "JANE SEYMOUR"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "In 1958, Alfred Hitchcock uses the phrase \u201ca little old lady from Pasadena\u201d in one of his intros for his TV series \u201cAlfred Hitchcock Presents\u201d. \"The Little Old Lady (from Pasadena)\" was a folk archetype in Southern California in the mid-20th century. Part of this lore was that many an elderly man who died in Pasadena would leave his widow with a powerful car that she rarely, if ever, drove, such as an old Buick Roadmaster, or a vintage 1950s Cadillac, Ford, Packard, Studebaker, DeSoto, or La Salle. According to the story, used car salesmen would tell prospective buyers that the previous owner of a vehicle was \"a little old lady from Pasadena who only drove it to church on Sundays,\" thus suggesting the car had little wear. Personnel The session musicians who played on this record (who were collectively known as The Wrecking Crew) included Leon Russell on piano;\n\nSir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock (13 August 1899 \u2013 29 April 1980) was an English film director, screenwriter, producer and editor. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential figures in the history of cinema. In a career spanning six decades, he directed over 50 feature films, many of which are still widely watched and studied today. Known as the \"Master of Suspense\", he became as well known as any of his actors thanks to his many interviews, his cameo roles in most of his films, and his hosting and producing the television anthology Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1955\u201365). His films garnered 46 Academy Award nominations, including six wins, although he never won the award for Best Director, despite five nominations. Hitchcock initially trained as a technical clerk and copywriter before entering the film industry in 1919 as a title card designer. His directorial debut was the British-German silent film\n\nNotorious (1946). Rebecca won the Academy Award for Best Picture, with Hitchcock nominated as Best Director. He also received Oscar nominations for Lifeboat (1944), Spellbound (1945), Rear Window (1954) and Psycho (1960). Hitchcock's other notable films include Rope (1948), Strangers on a Train (1951), Dial M for Murder (1954), To Catch a Thief (1955), The Trouble with Harry (1955), Vertigo (1958), North by Northwest (1959), The Birds (1963) and Marnie (1964), all of which were also financially successful and are highly regarded by film historians. Hitchcock made multiple films with some of the biggest stars in Hollywood, including four with Cary Grant, four with James Stewart, three with Ingrid Bergman and three consecutively with Grace Kelly. Hitchcock became an American citizen in 1955. In 2012, Hitchcock's psychological thriller Vertigo, starring Stewart, displaced Orson Welles' Citizen Kane (1941) as the British Film Institute's greatest film ever made based on its world-wide\n\nQuestion: What 1963 Alfred Hitchcock movie, which introduced the ever so talented Tippi Hedren, took place at the lovely Northern California town of Bodega Bay?", "output": "The Birds"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Anything Goes is an album by Harpers Bizarre, released in 1967. Two bonus tracks were added to the 2001 CD issue of this title: the 45 version of \"Cotton Candy Sandman\" by Kenny Rankin, and the theme to the TV series Malibu U by Don and Dick Addrisi. The title track was used in the opening montage of the 1970 film The Boys in the Band. Track listing \"(Intro) This Is Only the Beginning\" (Ted Koehler, Harold Arlen) \"Anything Goes\" (Cole Porter) \"Two Little Babes in the Wood\" (Cole Porter) \"The Biggest Night of Her Life\" (Randy Newman) \"Pocketful of Miracles\" (Sammy Cahn, Jimmy Van Heusen) \"Snow\" (Randy Newman) \"Chattanooga Choo Choo\" (Mack Gordon, Harry Warren) \"Hey You in the Crowd\" (Dick Scoppettone, Ted Templeman) \"Louisiana Man\" (Doug Kershaw) \"Milord\" (Georges Moustaki, Marguerite Monnot) \"Virginia City\" (Dick Scoppettone, Ted Templeman) \"Jessie\" (Mike Gordon, Jimmy Griffin) \"You Need a Change\" (David\n\nA Little Night Music is a musical with music and lyrics by Stephen Sondheim and book by Hugh Wheeler. Inspired by the 1955 Ingmar Bergman film Smiles of a Summer Night, it involves the romantic lives of several couples. Its title is a literal English translation of the German name for Mozart's Serenade No. 13, K. 525, Eine kleine Nachtmusik. The musical includes the popular song \"Send In the Clowns\", written for Glynis Johns. Since its original 1973 Broadway production, the musical has enjoyed professional productions in the West End, by opera companies, in a 2009 Broadway revival, and elsewhere, and it is a popular choice for regional groups. It was adapted for film in 1977, with Harold Prince directing and Elizabeth Taylor, Len Cariou, Lesley-Anne Down, and Diana Rigg starring. Synopsis Act One The setting is Sweden, around the year 1900. One by one, the Quintet \u2013 five singers\n\n\"Everything Burns\" is a song by American guitarist Ben Moody and American singer Anastacia for the soundtrack to the film Fantastic Four (2005) based on the Marvel comics of the same name. Released on June 20, 2005, \"Everything Burns\" became a top-10 hit in five European countries, including Italy, where it peaked at number two. The song's music video, directed by Antti Jokinen, was shot on April 30 and May 1, 2005, at the Culver Studios in Los Angeles. The song was originally recorded with Canadian singer Avril Lavigne. Moody recorded a version with Hana Pestle for his 2008 EP, Mutiny Bootleg E.P.. American Idol finalist James Durbin covered the song for his 2011 debut album Memories of a Beautiful Disaster. Moody re-recorded the song in his solo album You Can't Regret What You Don't Remember, retitled \"Everything Burns (In Memoriam)\". Track listings European CD single \"Everything Burns\" (album version)\n\nQuestion: Who wrote the music and lyrics to the musical `Anything Goes`?", "output": "Cole Porter"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The fascia lata is the deep fascia of the thigh. It encloses the thigh muscles and forms the outer limit of the fascial compartments of thigh, which are internally separated by the medial intermuscular septum and the lateral intermuscular septum. The fascia lata is thickened at its lateral side where it forms the iliotibial tract, a structure that runs to the tibia and serves as a site of muscle attachment. Structure The fascia lata is an investment for the whole of the thigh, but varies in thickness in different parts. It is thicker in the upper and lateral part of the thigh, where it receives a fibrous expansion from the gluteus maximus, and where the tensor fasciae latae is inserted between its layers; it is very thin behind and at the upper and medial part, where it covers the adductor muscles, and again becomes stronger around the knee, receiving fibrous\n\nbetween its layers; it is very thin behind and at the upper and medial part, where it covers the adductor muscles, and again becomes stronger around the knee, receiving fibrous expansions from the tendon of the biceps femoris laterally, from the sartorius medially, and from the quadriceps femoris in front. Function The fascia lata surrounds the tensor fasciae latae muscle. It is a fibrous sheath that encircles the thigh subcutaneously. This encircling of the muscle allows the muscles to be bound together tightly. Above and behind The fascia lata is attached, above and behind (i.e. proximal and posterior), to the back of the sacrum and coccyx; laterally, to the iliac crest; in front, to the inguinal ligament, and to the superior ramus of the pubis; and medially, to the inferior ramus of the pubis, to the inferior ramus and tuberosity of the ischium, and to the lower border of the\n\nIn human anatomy, the extensor indicis [proprius] is a narrow, elongated skeletal muscle in the deep layer of the dorsal forearm, placed medial to, and parallel with, the extensor pollicis longus. Its tendon goes to the index finger, which it extends. Structure It arises from the distal third of the dorsal part of the body of ulna and from the interosseous membrane. It runs through the fourth tendon compartment together with the extensor digitorum, from where it projects into the dorsal aponeurosis of the index finger. Opposite the head of the second metacarpal bone, it joins the ulnar side of the tendon of the extensor digitorum which belongs to the index finger. Like the extensor digiti minimi (i.e. the extensor of the little finger), the tendon of the extensor indicis runs and inserts on the ulnar side of the tendon of the common extensor digitorum. The extensor indicis lacks the\n\nQuestion: What is the name of the long, thin muscle that runs down the thigh, the longest muscle in the human body?", "output": "Sartorius"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Wadi Mujib (, Wadi el-Mujib), also known as Arnon Stream (Hebrew: \u05e0\u05b7\u05d7\u05b7\u05dc \u05d0\u05e8\u05e0\u05d5\u05df), is a river in Jordan. The river empties into the Dead Sea circa below sea level. Today, Wadi Mujib is fed by seven tributaries. The western part of the river is the site of the Mujib Biosphere Reserve, popular for hikes & canyoning amid dramatic rock formations. Geography During the last ice age the water level of the Dead Sea reached below sea level, about higher than it is today. It flooded the lower areas of the canyons along its banks, which became bays and begun to accumulate sediments. As the climatic conditions changed, about 20,000 years ago, the water level of the lake dropped, leaving the re-emergent canyons blocked with lake marl. Most canyons managed to cut through their plugged outlets and to resume their lower courses. However, Wadi Mujib, abandoned its former outlet by breaking\n\nThe Arabian Sea () is a region of sea in the northern Indian Ocean, bounded on the west by the Arabian Peninsula, Gulf of Aden and Guardafui Channel, on the northwest by Gulf of Oman and Iran, on the north by Pakistan, on the east by India, and on the southeast by the Laccadive Sea and the Maldives, on the southwest by Somalia. Its total area is 3,862,000 km2 (1,491,000 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 4,652 meters (15,262 ft). The Gulf of Aden in the west connects the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest, connecting it to the Persian Gulf. Geography The Arabian Sea's surface area is about . The maximum width of the sea is approximately , and its maximum depth is . The biggest river flowing into the sea is the Indus\n\nAr-Ramtha (), colloquially transliterated as Ar-Romtha (), is a city situated in the far northwest of Jordan near the border with Syria. It covers 40 km2 on a plain 30 km northeast of the Jordan River and Irbid. In the 2017, Ar-Ramtha had a population of approximately 164,211, making it the eleventh largest city in Jordan, and the second in Irbid Governorate, and the city has grown since then. It is part of the Ar-Ramth\u0101 district of the Irbid Governorate. Etymology The origin of the name Ar-Ramtha is debated. Some claim it is named after a local desert plant, al-ramath (). Many biblical archaeologists identify Ar-Ramtha with the ancient Israelite city of Ramoth-Gilead, Hebrew for \"Heights of Gilead\"; in that case, the present-day Arabic name might preserve the Biblical Hebrew one. During the Roman and Byzantine periods, Ar-Ramtha was known as Ramatha. History Prehistory The stable climate in ar-Ramtha and\n\nQuestion: What salt sea borders Jordan and is 433 meters below sea level?", "output": "Dead Sea"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Andang (Amdang) are an ethnic group of Chad and Sudan who speak the Amdang language. Most Andang are Muslims. References External links Ethnologue report Ethnic groups in Chad Ethnic groups in Sudan\n\nGenus Cebus (gracile capuchin monkeys) Colombian white-faced capuchin or Colombian white-headed capuchin, Cebus capucinus Panamanian white-faced capuchin or Panamanian white-headed capuchin, Cebus imitator Mara\u00f1\u00f3n white-fronted capuchin, Cebus yuracus Shock-headed capuchin, Cebus cuscinus Spix's white-fronted capuchin, Cebus unicolor Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin, Cebus albifrons Guianan weeper capuchin, Cebus olivaceus Chestnut capuchin, Cebus castaneus Ka'apor capuchin, Cebus kaapori Venezuelan brown capuchin, Cebus brunneus Sierra de Perij\u00e1 white-fronted capuchin, Cebus leucocephalus R\u00edo Cesar white-fronted capuchin, Cebus cesare Varied white-fronted capuchin, Cebus versicolor Santa Marta white-fronted capuchin, Cebus malitiosus Ecuadorian white-fronted capuchin, Cebus aequatorialis Genus Sapajus (robust capuchin monkeys) Tufted capuchin, Sapajus apella Blond capuchin, Sapajus flavius Black-striped capuchin, Sapajus libidinosus Azaras's capuchin, Sapajus cay Black capuchin, Sapajus nigritus Crested capuchin, Sapajus robustus Golden-bellied capuchin, Sapajus xanthosternos Subfamily Saimiriinae (squirrel monkeys) Genus Saimiri Bare-eared squirrel monkey, Saimiri ustus Black squirrel monkey, Saimiri vanzolinii Black-capped squirrel monkey, Saimiri boliviensis Central American squirrel monkey, Saimiri oerstedi Guianan\n\nThe guans are a number of bird genera which make up the largest group in the family Cracidae. They are found mainly in northern South America, southern Central America, and a few adjacent Caribbean islands. There is also the peculiar horned guan (Oreophasis derbianus) which is not a true guan, but a very distinct and ancient cracid with no close living relatives (Pereira et al. 2002). Systematics and evolution The evolution of the group is fairly well resolved due to comprehensive analyses of morphology, biogeography, and mt and nDNA sequences (Pereira et al. 2002, Grau et al. 2005). The position of Penelopina and Chamaepetes - peculiar genera of which the former, uniquely among guans and more in line with curassows, shows pronounced sexual dimorphism - relative to each other is not determinable with certainty at present, but all evidence suggests that they are the basalmost guans. Their distribution is fairly\n\nQuestion: Gibbons and orang-utans are types of which creature?", "output": "Apes"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "a monthly Pioneer Club for 4th-7th grade students. The Atchison County Historical Society, Inc. is a 501(c)(3) non-profit corporation established in the State of Kansas. The World's Smallest Presidential Library Atchison, a pro-slavery Democrat, was a senator from Missouri who was consumed by the Kansas issue \u2013 if the new state of Kansas would be a free-state or allow the extension of slavery. He is sometimes seen as a key player in the Kansas-Nebraska Act and therefore partially credited with the birth of the state of Kansas. Some of Atchison's associates claimed that he technically held the office of President of the United States for 24 hours\u2014from noon Sunday, March 4, 1849, to noon Monday. Outgoing President James Polk's term expired at noon on Sunday, and his vice-president George M. Dallas' term had also expired. The president-elect, Zachary Taylor, refused to be sworn into office on the sabbath (Sunday). Taylor's\n\ncongressional calendar in effect at the time, Lawrence was able to serve for one day of the 1873\u20131875 term to which he had, in the end, been elected. On the following day\u2014March 4, 1875\u2014he was succeeded by Randall Lee Gibson, a Democrat who had defeated him during the preceding autumn. See also Cornelius Lawrence, his cousin Thomas Johnson, shortest-serving U.S. Supreme Court justice William Henry Harrison, shortest-serving president of the United States. References External links Congressional Biography Political Graveyard 1820 births 1878 deaths Businesspeople from New Orleans Democratic Party members of the Louisiana House of Representatives Politicians from New Orleans Politicians from Queens, New York Democratic Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Louisiana 19th-century American politicians 19th-century American businesspeople\n\nAndrew Johnson (December 29, 1808July 31, 1875) was the 17th president of the United States, serving from 1865 to 1869. He assumed the presidency following the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, as he was vice president at that time. Johnson was a Democrat who ran with Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket, coming to office as the Civil War concluded. He favored quick restoration of the seceded states to the Union without protection for the newly freed people who were formerly enslaved. This led to conflict with the Republican-dominated Congress, culminating in his impeachment by the House of Representatives in 1868. He was acquitted in the Senate by one vote. Johnson was born into poverty and never attended school. He was apprenticed as a tailor and worked in several frontier towns before settling in Greeneville, Tennessee. He served as alderman and mayor there before being elected to the Tennessee House\n\nQuestion: Which US president had the shortest term of office, only 31 days?", "output": "WILLIAM H HARRISON"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "On the evening of August 4, 1962, American actress Marilyn Monroe died at age 36 of a barbiturate overdose inside her home at 12305 Fifth Helena Drive in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California. Her body was discovered before dawn the following morning, on August 5. Monroe had been one of the most popular Hollywood stars during the 1950s and early 1960s, and was a top-billed actress for the preceding decade. Her films had grossed $200 million by the time of her death. Monroe had suffered from mental illness and substance abuse, and she had not completed a film since The Misfits, released on February 1, 1961, which was a box-office disappointment. Monroe had spent 1961 preoccupied with her various health problems, and in April 1962 had begun filming Something's Got to Give for 20th Century Fox, but the studio fired her in early June. Fox publicly blamed Monroe for the production's\n\nat the home she shared with Van Dyke. She was 76 years old. References External links 1932 births 2009 deaths 20th-century American actresses American film actresses American television actresses Deaths from lung cancer in California Actresses from Greater Los Angeles UCLA Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Hollywood Hills) 20th-century American singers 20th-century American women singers 21st-century American women\n\nwas inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with a motion pictures star located at 6815 Hollywood Boulevard. Filmography Everybody's Business (1919) Deadline at Eleven (1920) Captain Swift (1920) Human Collateral (1920) The Sea Rider (1920) Princess Jones (1921) The Matrimonial Web (1921) The Charming Deceiver (1921) Closed Doors (1921) Rainbow (1921) Peggy Puts It Over (1921) The Angel of Crooked Street (1922) The Girl in His Room (1922) A Girl's Desire (1922) The Little Minister (1922) Little Wildcat (1922) The Man from Brodney's (1923) The Man Next Door (1923) The Midnight Alarm (1923) Masters of Men (1923) Pioneer Trails (1923) One Stolen Night (1923) Between Friends (1924) Flowing Gold (1924) Code of the Wilderness (1924) The Happy Warrior (1925) The Everlasting Whisper (1925) The Part Time Wife (1925) The Other Woman's Story (1925) Pampered Youth (1925) The Man on the Box (1925) A Hero of the Big Snows (1926)\n\nQuestion: Which movie star was found dead at her home in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California on 5 August 1962?", "output": "Marilyn Monroe"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Chiliarch is a military rank dating back to antiquity. Originally denoting the commander of a unit of about one thousand men (a chiliarchy) in the Macedonian army, it was subsequently used as a Greek translation of a Persian officer who functioned as a kind of vizier and of the Roman army's military tribunes. It has subsequently been used for other similar ranks and positions in other armed forces. Name The English term chiliarch was borrowed from Latin , a transcription of Greek khil\u00edarkhos () and khili\u00e1rkh\u0113s (), both meaning \"commander of a thousand\". The name has also occasionally been written as chiliarcha, chiliarchus, or chiliarchos or calqued as thousandman. The chiliad or chiliarchy controlled by a chiliarch derives from Latin , from Greek khiliarkh\u00eda (). Ancient Macedon and Persia In the Ancient Macedonian army, a chiliarch was the commander of a 1024-strong chiliarchy or \"order\" of the and the hypaspists\n\nbefore) to several hundred years. Some of the oldest still-viable seeds were those of Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) found buried in the soil of a pond; these seeds were estimated by carbon dating to be around 1,200 years old. One cultivar of date palm, the Judean date palm, successfully sprouted in 2008 after accidental storage for 2,000 years. Seed longevity experiments One of the longest-running soil seed viability trials was started in Michigan in 1879 by James Beal. The experiment involved the burying of 20 bottles holding 50 seeds from 21 species. Every five years, a bottle from every species was retrieved and germinated on a tray of sterilized soil which was kept in a growth chamber. Later, after responsibility for managing the experiment was delegated to caretakers, the period between retrievals became longer. In 1980, more than 100 years after the trial was started, seeds of only three species were\n\nfour year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows: See also List of former municipalities of Norway References Vestnes Former municipalities of Norway 1899 establishments in Norway 1964 disestablishments in Norway\n\nQuestion: How many years in a chiliad?", "output": "One Thousand"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "This article deals with Paul B\u00e4umer the pilot. For the fictional Paul B\u00e4umer, see All Quiet on the Western Front. For the late member of electronic music group Bingo Players, see Bingo Players Paul Wilhelm B\u00e4umer (11 May 1896 \u2013 15 July 1927) was a German fighter ace in World War I. Background B\u00e4umer was born on 11 May 1896 in Duisburg, Germany. He was a dental assistant before World War I, and earned a private pilot's license by Summer 1914. Involvement in World War I At the start of the war, he joined the 70th Infantry Regiment. He served in both France and Russia, being wounded in the arm in the latter. He then transferred to the air service as a dental assistant before being accepted for military pilot training. By October 1916, he was serving as a ferry pilot and instructor at Armee Flugpark 1. On 19 February\n\nErich Maria Remarque, used B\u00e4umer's name for the protagonist of his antiwar novel All Quiet on the Western Front. Continuing his interest in flying, he founded his own aircraft company in Hamburg. B\u00e4umer died in an air crash at Copenhagen on 15 July 1927, age 31, while test flying a Rohrbach Ro IX fighter, Rohrbach's test pilot had already been involved in a spinning accident, and B\u00e4umer, acting as a freelance test pilot, continued the testing and died after the aircraft entered a spin and crashed in the \u00d8resund. References External links Paul B\u00e4umer page at theaerodrome.com Bibliography Further reading 1896 births 1927 deaths Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents German World War I flying aces Luftstreitkr\u00e4fte personnel Military personnel from Duisburg Military personnel from the Rhine Province Prussian Army personnel Recipients of the Pour le M\u00e9rite (military class) Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in Denmark Victims of\n\nRoger Nimier (31 October 1925 \u2013 28 September 1962) was a French novelist. Life Nimier was born in Paris, and served in the French Army, specifically in the 2nd Hussard Regiment in the Second World War (until 1945). He began to write quite early in his life. His first novel, Les \u00c9p\u00e9es (The Swords) was published in 1948, when he was only 23. Nimier was the recognized leader of the Hussards, a literary group which included notably Antoine Blondin, Michel D\u00e9on and Jacques Laurent, opposed to existentialism. He was opposed to the figure of the \"engaged writer\" symbolized by Jean-Paul Sartre. Nimier most famous work is considered to be The Blue Hussar published in 1950. Nimier also wrote in monarchist review La Nation fran\u00e7aise. He also worked with director Louis Malle on the screenplay for Malle's 1958 film Ascenseur pour l'\u00e9chafaud. The Roger Nimier Prize was established in 1963 and\n\nQuestion: Paul Baumer is the narrator of which 1929 War Novel?", "output": "All Quiet on the Western Front"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Saved by the Bell: The College Years is an American television sitcom, and sequel to Saved by the Bell. It is the third incarnation of the franchise, and ran on NBC for one season, premiering on May 22, 1993, and airing its final episode on February 8, 1994. It is the only series of the franchise to air on primetime television instead of Saturday mornings \u2013 most episodes aired on Tuesday evenings. The series follows Zack, Screech and A.C. Slater, and their three female suitemates, including Kelly Kapowski, in the dorms at college. It was followed by a television film, Saved by the Bell: Wedding in Las Vegas, which aired in October 1994. Premise In the series pilot, six characters live in the dorms at the fictitious California University, or Cal U, under the watchful eye of Mike Rogers, their resident adviser. The first-year dorm residents include Zack Morris, Screech\n\nVictor Webster (born February 7, 1973) is a Canadian actor. He is known for being the second actor to play Nicholas Alamain on the NBC daytime soap Days of Our Lives from 1999 to 2000, and for his roles as the mutant Brennan Mulwray in Mutant X, Coop the cupid on Charmed and detective Carlos Fonnegra in Continuum. He is also known for his portrayal of Mathayus of Akkad / The Scorpion King in The Scorpion King 3: Battle for Redemption (2012) and The Scorpion King 4: Quest for Power (2015). Early life Victor Webster was born in Calgary, Alberta, the son of Roswitha, a hair stylist, and John (\"Jack\") Webster, a police officer. As a teenager, his behaviour often got him into trouble. To find a more productive outlet, he started studying martial arts and eventually became a teacher of this, earning an undefeated record as an amateur kickboxer\n\nlive in the dorms at the fictitious California University, or Cal U, under the watchful eye of Mike Rogers, their resident adviser. The first-year dorm residents include Zack Morris, Screech Powers, and A.C. Slater from the original Saved by the Bell, along with newcomers Leslie Burke, Alex Tabor, and Danielle Marks. After The College Years pilot, Danielle Marks, played by Essence Atkins was written out, and was replaced on the show with Zack's former Saved by the Bell girlfriend, Kelly Kapowski. The series revolves around the troubles each of the six characters gets into every week, as well as Zack's various schemes to try to get his suitemates, first Leslie, and then Kelly, to fall for him. Later in the series, Dean McMann, played by Holland Taylor, becomes involved with trying to rein in the first-years' antics. Cast Mark-Paul Gosselaar as Zack Morris Mario Lopez as A.C. Slater Dustin Diamond\n\nQuestion: \"Who starred as AC Slater in \"\"Saved by the Bell\"\"?\"", "output": "Mario Lopez"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "\"Two Tonys\" is the 53rd episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos and the first of the show's fifth season. Written by David Chase and Terence Winter, it was directed by Tim Van Patten and originally aired on March 7, 2004. Starring James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano Lorraine Bracco as Dr. Jennifer Melfi Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano Michael Imperioli as Christopher Moltisanti Dominic Chianese as Corrado Soprano, Jr. Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante Tony Sirico as Paulie Gualtieri Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano, Jr. Jamie-Lynn DiScala as Meadow Soprano Drea de Matteo as Adriana La Cerva Aida Turturro as Janice Soprano Baccalieri Steven R. Schirripa as Bobby Baccalieri Vincent Curatola as Johnny Sack Steve Buscemi as Tony Blundetto** ** = photo only Guest starring ** = photo only Synopsis Janice and Bobby Baccalieri are now married. A year after his separation, Tony is living in his mother's\n\n\"The Sopranos\", also known as \"Pilot\", is the first episode of the HBO television drama series, The Sopranos, which premiered on January 10, 1999. It was written and directed by the series creator and executive producer David Chase. Synopsis In the summer of 1998, New Jersey mobster Tony Soprano, a capo in the DiMeo crime family, is referred to a psychiatrist, Dr. Jennifer Melfi, after having a panic attack. Tony tells Melfi he is a waste management consultant, but she knows who he actually is. After Melfi establishes what will and will not fall under doctor-patient confidentiality, Tony begins to partly open up. Tony has recently been dealing with tensions between his wife Carmela and teenage daughter Meadow, as well as trying to keep his nephew, Christopher Moltisanti, in check. Tony's uncle, Corrado \"Junior\" Soprano, resents Tony for rising in the family hierarchy while he himself is in decline. Tony\n\n\"Employee of the Month\" is the 30th episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos and the fourth episode of the show's third season. It was written by Robin Green and Mitchell Burgess, and directed by John Patterson, and originally aired on March 18, 2001. Starring James Gandolfini as Tony Soprano Lorraine Bracco as Dr. Jennifer Melfi Edie Falco as Carmela Soprano Michael Imperioli as Christopher Moltisanti Dominic Chianese as Corrado Soprano Jr. * Steven Van Zandt as Silvio Dante Tony Sirico as Paulie Gualtieri Robert Iler as Anthony Soprano Jr. (voice only) Jamie-Lynn Sigler as Meadow Soprano Drea de Matteo as Adriana La Cerva Aida Turturro as Janice Soprano Federico Castelluccio as Furio Giunta Joe Pantoliano as Ralph Cifaretto * = credit only Guest starring Synopsis Johnny Sack and his wife Ginny have moved to a large house in New Jersey. Tony goes there and asks Johnny insistently why\n\nQuestion: What is the name of Tony Soprano's wife in the Sopranos?", "output": "Carmela"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The Bunsen cell is a zinc-carbon primary cell (colloquially called a \"battery\") composed of a zinc anode in dilute sulfuric acid separated by a porous pot from a carbon cathode in nitric or chromic acid. Cell details The Bunsen cell is about 1.9 volts and arises from the following reaction: Zn + H2SO4 + 2 HNO3 ZnSO4 + 2 H2O + 2 NO2(g) According to the reaction above, when 1 mole (or part) each of zinc and sulfuric acid react with 2 moles (or parts) of nitric acid, the resultant products formed are, 1 mole (or part) of zinc sulfate and 2 moles (or parts) each of water and nitrogen dioxide (gaseous, in the form of bubbles). The cell is named after its inventor, German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, who improved upon the Grove cell by replacing Grove's expensive platinum cathode with carbon in the form of pulverized coal and\n\nA Bunsen burner, named after Robert Bunsen, is a kind of ambient air gas burner used as laboratory equipment; it produces a single open gas flame, and is used for heating, sterilization, and combustion. The gas can be natural gas (which is mainly methane) or a liquefied petroleum gas, such as propane, butane, or a mixture. Combustion temperature achieved depends in part on the adiabatic flame temperature of the chosen fuel mixture. History In 1852, the University of Heidelberg hired Bunsen and promised him a new laboratory building. The city of Heidelberg had begun to install coal-gas street lighting, and the university laid gas lines to the new laboratory. The designers of the building intended to use the gas not just for lighting, but also as fuel for burners for laboratory operations. For any burner lamp, it was desirable to maximize the temperature of its flame, and minimize its luminosity\n\nSir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 \u2013 11 March 1955) was a Scottish physician and microbiologist, best known for discovering the world's first broadly effective antibiotic substance, which he named penicillin. His discovery in 1928 of what was later named benzylpenicillin (or penicillin G) from the mould Penicillium rubens has been described as the \"single greatest victory ever achieved over disease\". For this discovery, he shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 with Howard Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. He also discovered the enzyme lysozyme from his nasal discharge in 1922, and along with it a bacterium he named Micrococcus lysodeikticus, later renamed Micrococcus luteus. Fleming was knighted for his scientific achievements in 1944. In 1999, he was named in Time magazine's list of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th century. In 2002, he was chosen in the BBC's television poll for determining the 100\n\nQuestion: What was the nationality of the scientist Robert Bunsen?", "output": "German"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The National Bingo Game is a 'main stage' bingo rather than an interval, tabletop, or a side game. It is operated by the National Bingo Game Association based in the UK and is played in most licensed British bingo clubs every day except Christmas Day. Origin of the National Bingo Game The game was introduced under the UK legislation as a game of multiple bingo. It was launched in June 1986. The technology became available whereby clubs were able to connect to a game control center via modem to receive a pre-selected list of numbers which were called in the same time window in each participating bingo club. Clubs then relayed the details of the winner in their club back to the game control, who would then award the National Prize to the club whose winner had claimed the lowest number of calls across the country and Regional Prizes to\n\nGolden Kiwi was a New Zealand lottery which began in December 1961 and ended in 1989. It was based on philanthropic art union lotteries held for many decades prior. One of the objectives of the Golden Kiwi lottery was to keep funds in New Zealand rather than going to overseas lotteries. In its first year of operation Golden Kiwi raised \u00a31,360,000. Profits from Golden Kiwi were distributed for charitable, philanthropic or cultural purposes for the benefit of the community. Golden Kiwi came under the authority of the New Zealand Lotteries Commission when the Commission was established in 1987. Golden Kiwi sales declined after the introduction of Lotto in 1987, and it ended in 1989 with the introduction of the Instant Kiwi scratch card lottery. See also Gambling in New Zealand References Lotteries Gambling in New Zealand\n\nof Governors of the BRIT School for Performing Arts and Technology (1990\u20132001), and chairman of the Donatella Flick Conducting Competition (1990\u20132008). A Freeman of the City of London, Birkett was admitted a liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Curriers, later serving as Master Currier (1975\u201376). House of Lords Having succeeded as Baron Birkett in 1962, he later took his seat on the Crossbenches of the Upper House. There, he was a leading proponent of a national lottery to provide extra funding for the Arts and proposed the idea in a speech before the House of Lords in 1988. Two years later he and Denis Vaughan formed the Lottery Promotion Company, solely advocating for legislation to establish a not-for-profit, privately run lottery, a proposal eventually adopted under Prime Minister John Major in 1994. Family On 13 October 1960, Birkett married Mrs Junia Crawford (n\u00e9e Elliott); Lady Birkett died in 1973. In\n\nQuestion: In which year was the National Lottery started?", "output": "1994"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "life. He followed and hunted the buffalo; and was taught the warrior culture. He lived a life of bravery and counted many coups. He was a born leader which was apparent to his people. Young men learning the arts of hunting, raiding and fighting had a high mortality rate. These factors, together with European diseases and the pushing of alcohol upon the Native peoples adversely impacted the survival of indigenous youth. In spite of all odds, he reached adulthood. In 1805, the Lewis and Clark Expedition made contact with some Assiniboin; \"... between the Assiniboin (river) and the Missouri, are two bands of Assiniboins, one on the Mouse River of about two hundred men, called Assiniboin Menatopa; the other residing on both sides of White River called by the French, Gens des Feuilles, amounting to two hundred and fifty men;..\".\" The band Crazy Bear lived with were the Gens des\n\nUnion City is an unincorporated rural hamlet in northern Stone County, Missouri, United States. It is located approximately 3.5 miles south of Clever at the intersection of routes M and K. Possum Trot is about two miles to the east on route M. There are only homes located there. Union City was a Union Army camp during the Civil War. A small train station was built there (it still stands, but the old railroad itself was removed and converted to a road, Route K, during the Get Missouri Out Of The Mud movement of the 1950s. The adjacent area to the east of Union City and south of Possum Trot is known as Union Ridge, and a church was built there in 1896. On the day of the church building dedication, several drunk, rowdy young men arrived at the outdoor dinner gathering. For reasons believed to involve a young lady,\n\nThe 18th Missouri Infantry Regiment was a Union Army unit organized during the American Civil War. History Organized at Laclede, Missouri, July to November, 1861. Attached to: District of St. Louis, Department of Missouri, to March, 1862. 2nd Brigade, 6th Division, Army of the Tennessee, to July, 1862. 2nd Brigade, 6th Division, District of Corinth, Miss., to November, 1862. 2nd Brigade, 6th Division, District of Corinth, 13th Army Corps (Old), Dept. of the Tennessee, November, 1862. 3rd Brigade, District of Corinth, 13th Army Corps, to December, 1862. 3rd Brigade, District of Corinth, 17th Army Corps, to January, 1863. 3rd Brigade, District of Corinth, 16th Army Corps, to March, 1863. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 16th Army Corps, to November, 1863. Fuller's Brigade, 2nd Division, 16th Army Corps, to January, 1864. 3rd Brigade, 2nd Division, 16th Army Corps, to March, 1864. 1st Brigade, 4th Division, 16th Army Corps, to September, 1864. 1st\n\nQuestion: On May 14, 1804, what group broke their winter camp, at Camp DuBois, before heading up the Missouri river to start their 2 1/2 year journey?", "output": "Lewis and Clark"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "OTT were an Irish boy band of the mid-late 1990s. The five members were Niall O'Neill, Alan Fitzsimons, Alan Mates (known as 'Adam' in the band), Glen Clarke and Keith Cox. They were signed to Sony Music and had a number of chart hits in Ireland and the UK. Career After three top ten single releases in Ireland, the group attempted to break the UK market minus Keith Cox, who had left for family reasons. Although moderately successful in the UK, scoring four top 30 hits, the group became well known in Asia with sales of up to 250,000 copies of their debut album. After being dropped by Sony in the late 1990s, the band called it a day. Discography Album 1997: This One's for You Singles 1995: \"Promise Me\" 1996: \"I Can't Give You Anything (But My Love)\" - IRE #10 1996: \"Let Me In\" - IRE #2 1996:\n\n\"Breathe\" is a song by English band the Prodigy, released in November 1996 as the second single from their third album, The Fat of the Land (1997). It features a drum break from the song \"Johnny the Fox Meets Jimmy the Weed\" by Thin Lizzy. The whiplashing sword sound effect is a sample of \"Da Mystery of Chessboxin\" by Wu-Tang Clan. As with \"Firestarter\", Jim Davies played the guitar in the song. \"Breathe\" became the group's second consecutive number-one in the United Kingdom and also topped the charts in the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden. In 2003, Q Magazine ranked the song at number 321 in their list of the \"1001 Best Songs Ever\". History The first ever performance of the song was held at a concert at the Pionir Hall in Belgrade, Republic of Serbia, on 8 December 1995, 11 months prior to its release.\n\n90 is the second studio album by British electronic music group 808 State, released on 4 December 1989 as their first album on ZTT Records. The album features the single \"Pacific State\", which reached number 10 on the UK Singles Chart in November 1989. 90 was released in the United States as Utd. State 90, without \"The Fat Shadow (Pointy Head Mix)\", but with other bonus tracks. Slant Magazine listed the album at number 54 on its list of the \"Best Albums of the 1980s\", calling it a \"thrilling expansion of the possibilities for acid house and arguably the best LP ever produced in the style\". The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die. Track listing \"Magical Dream\" \u2013 3:52 \"Ancodia\" \u2013 5:47 \"Cobra Bora\" \u2013 6:36 \"Pacific 202\" \u2013 5:43 \"Donkey Doctor\" \u2013 5:24 \"808080808\" \u2013 4:20 \"Sunrise\" \u2013 6:33 \"The\n\nQuestion: Which chart-topping band of the 90s had Professor Brian Cox as a member?", "output": "D-Ream"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "countries in the world that are larger are Russia, Canada, China and the United States. The national territory extends from north to south (5\u00b016'10\" N to 33\u00b045'03\" S latitude), and from east to west (34\u00b047'35\" W to 73\u00b058'59\" W longitude). It spans four time zones, the westernmost of which is equivalent to Eastern Standard Time in the United States. The time zone of the capital (Bras\u00edlia) and of the most populated part of Brazil along the east coast (UTC-3) is two hours ahead of Eastern Standard Time. The Atlantic islands are in the easternmost time zone. Brazil possesses the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, located northeast of its \"horn\", and several small islands and atolls in the Atlantic - Abrolhos, Atol das Rocas, Penedos de S\u00e3o Pedro e S\u00e3o Paulo, Trindade, and Martim Vaz. In the early 1970s, Brazil claimed a territorial sea extending from the country's shores, including those\n\nNRC provides both coordinated universal time and mean solar time in its signals. It makes time servers available for direct synchronization with computers. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation has aired a daily time signal, the National Research Council Time Signal, since November 5, 1939. Time notation The Government of Canada recommends use of the 24-hour clock (e.g. ), which is widely used in contexts such as transportation schedules, parking meters, and data transmission. Speakers of Canadian French predominantly use this system, but most Canadian English speakers use the 12-hour clock in everyday speech (e.g. ), even when reading from a 24-hour display, similar to the use of the 24-hour clock in the United Kingdom. Zones Pacific Time Zone Pacific Standard Time (PST) GMT\u221208:00 and Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) GMT\u221207:00: British Columbia (most of the province) Mountain Time Zone Mountain Standard Time (MST) GMT\u221207:00 and Mountain Daylight Time (MDT) GMT\u221206:00: Alberta British\n\ntime and UTC-4 in winter time. The winter time starts the first Saturday of April and ends on the first Saturday of September. Easter Island: UTC-5 in summer time and UTC-6 in winter time. It has 2 hours of difference from the Continental time and changes the same days. Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica: It uses the summer time (UTC-3) the whole year. This time zone has been implemented since 2017. Current time zone The official time on the mainland is now UTC\u221204:00, in the Magallanes and Chilean Antarctica Region is UTC\u221203:00, and on Easter Island is UTC\u221206:00. Defunct time zones Standard time (CLT/EAST) Standard time in Chile was used in Chile until 2014 (returned 2016). The time zone Chile Standard Time (CLT) was used on the mainland with the offset UTC\u221204:00 and Easter Island Standard Time (EAST) was used on Easter Island with the offset UTC\u221206:00. On March 1, 1894,\n\nQuestion: Which country has 6 time zones called Pacific, Mountain, Central, Eastern, Atlantic and Newfoundland?", "output": "Canada"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "degree in economics. After college, she married Jim Harris and they had two sons by 1952. In 1965, Harris divorced her husband, who died in 1977. Harris met Tarnower, a cardiologist (later known as the \"Scarsdale Diet Doctor\" due to a popular diet book he published), in December 1966, the year after her divorce. They then began a 14-year relationship. Though Tarnower showered Harris with gifts and exotic vacations, he had relationships with multiple other women during these years. Harris worked as the headmistress of the Madeira School for girls in McLean, Virginia, while continuing her long-distance relationship with Tarnower. Harris was aware of Tarnower's other relationships; he did not hide them from her. Tarnower prescribed Harris multiple medications over the course of several years, including methamphetamines. In the 1970s, Tarnower hired Lynne Tryforos, a divorcee more than thirty years his junior, to work as a secretary-receptionist at the Scarsdale\n\nJean Struven Harris (April 27, 1923 \u2013 December 23, 2012) was the headmistress of The Madeira School for girls in McLean, Virginia, who made national news in the early 1980s when she was tried and convicted of the murder of her ex-lover, Herman Tarnower, a well-known cardiologist and author of the best-selling book The Complete Scarsdale Medical Diet. The case is featured on the TV show Murder Made Me Famous. Biography Born Jean Struven on April 27, 1923, in Chicago, Illinois, to Albert and Mildred Struven, Harris was the second of four children. She went to Laurel School in Shaker Heights, Ohio, before attending Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. In 1945, she graduated magna cum laude from Smith with a degree in economics. After college, she married Jim Harris and they had two sons by 1952. In 1965, Harris divorced her husband, who died in 1977. Harris met Tarnower, a\n\nJosef, Baron von Mering (28 February 1849, in Cologne \u2013 5 January 1908, at Halle an der Saale, Germany) was a German physician. Working at the University of Strasbourg, Mering was the first person to discover (in conjunction with Oskar Minkowski) that one of the pancreatic functions is the production of insulin, a hormone which controls blood sugar levels. Mering was curious about the pancreas, a comma shaped organ, situated between the stomach and the small intestine. In an effort to discover its function, he removed the organ from a dog. The dog was then noticed frequently urinating on the floor, although it was house trained. Mering realised that this was a symptom of diabetes and tested the urine, which was found to be high in sugar, confirming his suspicion. Josef von Mering helped to discover barbiturates, a class of sedative drugs used for insomnia, epilepsy, anxiety, and anesthesia. In\n\nQuestion: Doctor Herman Tarnower was responsible for which well known diet", "output": "The Scarsdale Diet"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 \u2013 May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States between the Union (\"the North\") and the Confederacy (\"the South\"), formed by states that had seceded from the Union. The cause of the war was the dispute over whether slavery would be permitted to expand into the western territories, leading to more slave states, or be prevented from doing so, which many believed would place slavery on a course of ultimate extinction. Decades of political controversy over slavery were brought to a head by the victory in the 1860 U.S. presidential election of Abraham Lincoln, who opposed slavery's expansion into the western territories. Seven southern slave states responded to Lincoln's victory by seceding from the United States and forming the Confederacy. The Confederacy seized U.S. forts and other federal assets within their borders. Four more southern\n\nThe Battle of Gettysburg () was a battle in the American Civil War fought by Union and Confederate forces between July 1 and July 3, 1863, in and around Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. In the Battle of Gettysburg, Union Major General George Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, halting Lee's invasion of the North and forcing his retreat. The battle involved the largest number of casualties of the entire war and is often described as the war's turning point, due to the Union's decisive victory and its almost simultaneous concurrence with the victorious conclusion of the Siege of Vicksburg. After his success at Chancellorsville in Virginia in May 1863, Lee led his army through the Shenandoah Valley to begin his second invasion of the North\u2014the Gettysburg Campaign. With his army in high spirits, Lee intended to shift the focus of the\n\nwere marked by an increasing divide between northern and southern states that eventually boiled over when the state of South Carolina seceded from the Union in 1860. Other southern states followed and the American Civil War began in 1861 between the Union and the newly minted Confederacy. In 1865, the conflict ended with the Union as the victor. Following this, the southern and formerly Confederate states were gradually reintroduced back into the Union of the United States with a process that came to be called the Reconstruction Era of the United States. Northern Republicans and freed slaves came to control the politics of South Carolina during this era, as Confederates were temporarily disenfranchised. The planter elite struggled to adapt to a free labor system. The Republican Party of South Carolina was established during this time and controlled the politics of South Carolina throughout Reconstruction. Democrats mounted increasing violence and fraud\n\nQuestion: In which country was there a civil war between 1861 and 1865, which was lost by the Confederate forces?", "output": "USA"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country mostly in South America with insular regions in North America. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the north, Venezuela to the east and northeast, Brazil to the southeast, Ecuador and Peru to the south and southwest, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Panama to the northwest. Colombia is divided into 32 departments. The Capital District of Bogot\u00e1 is also the country's largest city hosting the main financial and cultural hub. Other major urbes include Medell\u00edn, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, C\u00facuta, Ibagu\u00e9, Villavicencio and Bucaramanga. It covers an area of 1,141,748 square kilometers (440,831 sq mi), and has a population of around 52 million. Its rich cultural heritage\u2014including language, religion, cuisine, and art\u2014reflects its history as a colony, fusing cultural elements brought by mass immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with those\n\nBrazil (; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in South America and in Latin America. Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area and the seventh most populous. Its capital is Bras\u00edlia, and its most populous city is S\u00e3o Paulo. The federation is composed of the union of the 26 states and the Federal District. It is the only country in the Americas to have Portuguese as an official language. It is one of the most multicultural and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass immigration from around the world, and the most populous Roman Catholic-majority country. Bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, Brazil has a coastline of . It borders all other countries and territories in South America except Ecuador and Chile and covers roughly half of the continent's land area. Its Amazon basin includes a vast\n\nSouth America. It may also include the Caribbean. Central America\u2014the narrow southern portion of mainland North America connecting with South America, extending from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec to the Isthmus of Panama; alternatively, the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt may delimit the region on the north. Caribbean\u2014the region between southeastern North America and northern South America, consisting of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (most of which enclose the sea), and the surrounding coasts. The islands\u2014composed of the Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, and Lucayan Archipelago\u2014are also known as the West Indies (or, in some languages, the Antilles). South America\u2014the continent and associated islands of the Western Hemisphere. It is chiefly in the Southern Hemisphere and lies between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, southeast of North America. Human geography Geographical or geopolitical regions North America\u2014when used to denote less than the entire North American continent, this term may include Canada, Mexico, and the United\n\nQuestion: The Cerrado is a tropical savanna ecoregion in which South American country?", "output": "Brazil"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Burmese English (also called Myanmar English) is the register of the English language used in Myanmar (Burma), spoken as first or second language by an estimated 2.4 million people, about 5% of the population (1997). The English language was initially introduced to the country during the British colonial period, spanning from 1824 until independence in 1948. History The British Empire annexed modern-day Myanmar in three stages over a six-decade span (1824\u20131885). It administered Myanmar as a province of British India until 1937, and as a separate colony until 1948. During the British colonial period, English was the medium of instruction in higher education, although it did not replace Burmese as the vernacular. English was the medium of instruction in universities and two types of secondary schools: English schools and Anglo-Vernacular schools (where English was taught as a second language). Burmese English resembles Indian English to a degree because of historical\n\nnews, it features in-depth political analysis and interviews with a wide range of Burma experts, business leaders, democracy activists and other influential figures. History It was started in 1990 with the name Burma Issues. The founder is Aung Zaw, a student activist from Rangoon University who left the country after the 1988 imposition of martial law and started the Burma Information Group (BIG) in Bangkok. The BIG initially circulated The Irrawaddy amongst foreign embassies, human rights groups and the Burmese exile community to update on developments inside Burma in the wake of the suppression of the pro-democracy movement and the consolidation of military control under the State Law and Order Restoration Council. The BIG's main offices were relocated to Chiang Mai, Thailand in 1995-96, and the organization was renamed the Irrawaddy Publishing Group in 1999 to coincide with an expansion of the magazine's focus to include other political issues in\n\nThe Irrawaddy () is a news website by the Irrawaddy Publishing Group (IPG), founded in 1990 by Burmese exiles living in Thailand. From its inception, The Irrawaddy has taken an independent stance on Burmese politics. As a publication produced by former Burmese activists who fled violent crackdowns on anti-military protests in 1988, it has always been closely associated with the pro-democracy movement, although it remains unaffiliated with any of the political groups that have emerged since the 8888 Uprising. The Irrawaddy is published in both English and Burmese, with a primary focus on Burma and Southeast Asia. It is regarded as one of the foremost journalistic publications dealing with political, social, economic and cultural developments in Burma. In addition to news, it features in-depth political analysis and interviews with a wide range of Burma experts, business leaders, democracy activists and other influential figures. History It was started in 1990 with\n\nQuestion: What did Burma change its name to in 1989?", "output": "Myanmar"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "(world No. 3 and two-time major semifinalist), Agnieszka Radwa\u0144ska (world No. 2 and 2012 Wimbledon finalist), Karol\u00edna Pl\u00ed\u0161kov\u00e1 (world No. 1 and two-time major finalist), Eugenie Bouchard (world No. 5 and 2014 Wimbledon finalist), Elina Svitolina (world No. 3), Ons Jabeur (world No. 2 and two-time major finalist), Coco Gauff (world No. 8, world No. 1 in doubles, 2022 French Open finalist), Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova (world No. 11 and 2021 French Open finalist), Paula Badosa (world No. 2), Daria Kasatkina (world No. 9 and 2022 French Open semifinalist), Maria Kirilenko (world No. 10 and Olympic medallist), and Kristina Mladenovic (world No. 10, doubles world No. 1, nine-time major doubles champion). Champions by year Most Grand Slam singles titles Note: when a tie, the person to reach the mark first is listed first. Grand Slam singles titles by country (since 1974) Multiple titles in a season Three titles in a single season\n\nMilan Ivanovi\u0107 (Serbian Cyrillic: \u041c\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043d \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u045b, ; born 21 December 1960) is a former soccer player. Born in Yugoslavia, he played for the Australia national team. Club career Ivanovi\u0107 started his career with a local club Crvenka. After stints with Rudar Kostolac and OFK Belgrade, he joined Red Star Belgrade in 1985. Ivanovi\u0107 played in a 1988 European Cup encounter against A.C. Milan. He emigrated to Australia and on arrival in 1989 he joined Adelaide City in the National Soccer League. Nicknamed \"The Doctor\" for his ability to cut out the opposition's attacks and launch into an incisive midfield run, the classy, composed sweeper formed a formidable partnership with Alex Tobin that became the mainstay of the Adelaide City and Socceroo defence. That resulted in two national titles in 1992 and 1994, cementing his legendary status. In 2007, Ivanovi\u0107 came out of retirement to play in the South Australian Premier\n\nFrancisco Javier Clavet Gonz\u00e1lez de Castej\u00f3n (; born 24 October 1968), known as Pato Clavet (), is a former professional tennis player from Spain. He won eight singles titles, reached the semifinals of the 1992 Indian Wells Masters and the 1999 Miami Masters, and achieved a career-high ranking of world No. 18 in July 1992. He reached No. 16 at the Champions Race (now called ATP Race to London), after winning in Scottsdale in 2001. During his career, he defeated some contemporary, future and past number-one-ranked players, including John McEnroe, Mats Wilander, Andre Agassi, Lleyton Hewitt, and Roger Federer. In his only meeting with Federer, at the 2000 Cincinnati Masters, Clavet won and told Swiss newspaper Blick his defeat of Federer was one of his most important wins as he considers Federer \"the greatest tennis player of all time\". Clavet was coached by his brother, Jos\u00e9 Clavet, until 1999. From\n\nQuestion: What nationality is tennis star Novak Djokovic?", "output": "SERBIAN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "America. Winners and participants = Course record Race promotion and charity Race promotions are officially run by the non-profit group Sports Backers, which promotes an active lifestyle in the area. Sports Backers have programs that support youth running, bike infrastructure and fitness opportunities for the underserved. It is sponsored by Kroger. The Massey Cancer Center in Richmond, Virginia is one of the charitable partners of the 10K. The Massey Fundraising Challenge supports the world-class cancer research being done there. The other charity is the Sports Backers' Kids Run RVA program to provide support for youth running throughout the Richmond area. More than 12,000 kids are part of the program annually and a particular emphasis is placed on providing opportunities for underserved youth to participate. References Sports Backers - Ukrop's Monument Avenue 10k - Past Results - Winner and participant data. External links Official Monument Avenue 10k website Richmond Times-Dispatch -\n\nThe Vermont City Marathon (VCM) is an annual marathon in the city of Burlington, Vermont, in the United States, first held on May 28, 1989. The race is generally held on the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend, and attracts people from the New England area. It is produced by RunVermont, a not-for-profit organization. History The race was first held in 1989. The race record for men, set by Michael Khobotov in 2001, is 2:17:03. The women's record is held by 2023 champion Maegan Krifchin, who ran 2:33:40. In 2010, there were 2737 marathon finishers, 690 two-person teams and 706 three-to-five person teams. The VCM was the first marathon to incorporate relay teams which consists of 5 members. The 2020 in-person edition of the race was cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic, with all marathon registrants given the option of running the race virtually or transferring their entry to 2021 or\n\nLondon Plus team began to provide weekday regional news at lunchtime, mid-afternoons and Saturday teatimes for the first time. Previously, on weekday lunchtimes, London and south east viewers received a Financial Report and the Saturday teatime five-minute regional opt-out had been filled with a national sports round-up called Today's Sport. The original 1984 title music sequences, and for the two series was composed by George Fenton, with the second and final being in 1986, which was a slightly more serious tone for the hard-hitting headlines revamp. Some versions of the BBC's Newsnight were also recorded at the same studio, one in 1982, after this from 1993, Abbey Road studios. The programme was replaced in 1989 by Newsroom South East. Presenters Richard Bath Penny Bustin Sue Carpenter Steve Clarke Rob Curling Sarah Greene Deborah Hall Sally Magnusson Lucy Meacock Guy Michelmore Linda Mitchell Jeremy Paxman Caroline Righton John Stapleton Michael Wale\n\nQuestion: Who sponsored the 2011 London Marathon?", "output": "VIRGIN"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Ashgabat International Airport () , formerly known as Saparmyrat T\u00fcrkmenba\u015fy International Airport, is one of five international airports in Turkmenistan. It is located within the city limits of Ashgabat (Ashkhabad). The old airport, with its air traffic control tower and a precision approach runway (12L-30R), opened in 1994 and was named after the country's first president, Saparmyrat Niyazov. The new airport terminal opened in September 2016, after being completely redesigned and rebuilt and after the south runway was moved and lengthened to parallel the north runway. History Soviet Turkmen civil aviation began in 1927, the year air communications began between Chardzhou and Tashauz, flying through the settlements of Turtkul and Novo-Urgench (both in the Uzbek SSR). For this route, four-passenger Junkers F.13 aircraft were purchased in Germany, as well as Soviet four-passenger Kalinin K-4 aircraft. Eight aircraft served this airline. Later, in 1932, newer Soviet aircraft were purchased for the\n\nThe State Art and Sculpture Museum () is a museum dedicated to fine arts and sculpture in Ankara, Turkey. The museum was openend in 1930 upon the direction of Turkish president Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk, the founder and first President of Turkey. It is located close to the Ethnography Museum and houses a rich collection of Turkish art from the late 19th century to the present day. There are also galleries for guest exhibitions. History Originally the building of the museum was used by the organization of the Turkish Hearths, which held activities that were mostly concentrated on Turkish culture and education and on raising the social, economic and intellectual level of the Turkish people. The building was designed in 1927 by architect Arif Hikmet Koyuno\u011flu and built between 1927 and 1930. When the Turkish Hearths was closed down by the Turkish gouverment, upon the direction of Turkish president Mustafa Kemal\n\nAnkara ( , ; ), historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and 5.7 million in Ankara Province, making it Turkey's second-largest city after Istanbul, but first by the urban area (2,767 km2). Serving as the capital of the ancient Celtic state of Galatia (280\u201364 BC), and later of the Roman province with the same name (25 BC\u20137th century), the city is very old, with various Hattian, Hittite, Lydian, Phrygian, Galatian, Greek, Persian, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman archeological sites. The Ottomans made the city the capital first of the Anatolia Eyalet (1393 \u2013 late 15th century) and then the Angora Eyalet (1827\u20131864) and the Angora Vilayet (1867\u20131922). The historical center of Ankara is a rocky hill rising over the left bank of the Ankara River, a tributary\n\nQuestion: Name Turkey's major 'Istanbul (Who?) Airport' after the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey?", "output": "Atat\u00fcrk"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The West Virginia Secondary School Activities Commission (WVSSAC, but colloquially referred to as SSAC) is the main governing body of high school sports, cheerleading, and marching bands in West Virginia, United States. For sports other than basketball schools are divided into three classes by total enrollment in grades 9-12: A (less than 450 students), AA (451-800 students), and AAA (more than 800 students), with schools re-classed every four years. Football, baseball, cheerleading, golf, softball, track, and volleyball are broken into these three classes. Soccer, Cross country, tennis, and wrestling are broken into two classes (AAA and AA/A combined). Swimming is one class only. For basketball, schools are divided into four classes. Schools have the option of playing \"up\" one class in a particular sport. The organization began with boys' basketball championships in 1914. During the decades of segregated schools in West Virginia, it excluded schools for African American students. They\n\nChaparral High School is a public high school in Clark County School District located in Las Vegas, Nevada. It is located in the east side of the valley. The school was established in the fall of 1973. Its mascot is Kevin the Cowboy and its school colors are orange, black, and white. The school fight song is the theme from the classic western The Magnificent Seven composed by Elmer Bernstein. Chaparral's mission statement is \"Creatively meeting the challenges of a changing world through Courage Harmony Ambition Pride\" History The school opened in 1973. The two story campus was designed by Caudill, Rowlett, Scott & Jack Miller & Associates. Construction started in September 1971, and was undertaken by Del E. Webb Corporation. Extracurricular activities Chaparral High School is home to a variety of clubs and organizations, including choir, band, orchestra, dance, cheer leading, theatre and also includes a Navy JROTC unit.\n\nThe High School is a 12\u201318 mixed, Church of Ireland, independent secondary school in Rathgar, Dublin, Ireland. It was established in 1870 at Harcourt Street before moving to Rathgar in 1971. It amalgamated with The Diocesan School for Girls in 1974, becoming co-educational. In 2009, it was ranked as the best-performing school in Ireland in terms of progression to third-level education. The school offers a range of sports including rugby, cricket, tennis, badminton and athletics. It is part of the Erasmus Smith Trust. Notable alumni Lenny Abrahamson, film director and screenwriter Ernest Alton, university professor, independent Teachta D\u00e1la and Senator Nicola Daly, hockey player Charles D'Arcy, bishop John Duggan, bishop Jonathan Garth, cricketer C. G. Grey, editor and writer Howard Kilroy, accountant and businessman F. S. L. Lyons, historian and academic William Kirkpatrick Magee, author, editor, and librarian Brian McCracken, judge Roly Meates, former Ireland national rugby union team coach\n\nQuestion: At which sport did Keanu Reeves excel while at high school?", "output": "Hockey"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "shelf of Asia; Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands (both adjacent to the Malay Archipelago) lie on the Australian tectonic plate, and are not politically associated with Asia. The Bonin Islands, which have been politically integrated into Japan, are not geologically associated with the Asian continent, and are biogeographically within Micronesia. Sovereign states United Nations member states This section includes all sovereign states located predominantly in Oceania that are member states of the United Nations. All 14 states are full members of the Pacific Islands Forum. Associated states Two states, the Cook Islands and Niue, are in free association with New Zealand. While maintaining a close constitutional and political relationship with New Zealand, both states have full treaty-making capacity and are members of several United Nations specialized agencies. Both independently engage in diplomatic relations with sovereign states under their own name, and are full members of the Pacific Islands Forum.\n\nWallisian, or Uvean (), is the Polynesian language spoken on Wallis Island (also known as Uvea). The language is also known as East Uvean to distinguish it from the related West Uvean language spoken on the outlier island of Ouv\u00e9a near New Caledonia. The latter island was colonised from Wallis Island in the 18th century. Indigenous to Wallis island, the language is also spoken in New Caledonia since the 1950s due to a migration of many Wallisians (especially in Noum\u00e9a, Dumb\u00e9a, La Foa, and Mont Dore). According to the CIA World Factbook, it had 7,660 speakers in 2015. However, Livingston (2016) states that the actual number of speakers is much higher (around 20,000), albeit difficult to count precisely. The closest language to Wallisian is Niuafo'ou. It is also closely related to Tongan, though part of the Samoic branch, and has borrowed extensively from Tongan due to the Tongan invasion of\n\na few sites in the north and on the Aru Islands. References Coates and Peckover (2001), Birds of New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago: a photographic guide, Dove Publications, Pizzey and Knight, Field Guide to the Birds of Australia, Angus & Robertson, Trounsen and Trounsen, Australian Birds: A Concise Photographic Field Guide, Cameron House. . External links Peaceful dove, Avibase Peaceful dove, Rainforest-Australia peaceful dove Birds of Australia Birds of New Guinea peaceful dove peaceful dove\n\nQuestion: What are the Friendly Islands in the Pacific now known as?", "output": "Tonga"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "similar to the British series Spitting Image; it was produced by Sid and Marty Krofft, well-known puppeteers in the United States who were responsible for popular children's television shows including H.R. Pufnstuf and Sigmund and the Sea Monsters. The show was originally funded and syndicated nationally by New York-based Syndicast Services Inc. Frequently appearing puppet characters included Former Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and then-President Ronald Reagan and Vice-President George H. W. Bush. When Bush was elected President in 1988, Vice-President Dan Quayle also became a regular. The former and current presidents were portrayed as having a special Presidents' Table at the bar, where they sat together. First Ladies Nancy Reagan, Barbara Bush; and Marilyn Quayle. Woody Allen Jim Bakker and his then-wife, Tammy Faye Bakker Cher Sam Donaldson Senator Robert Dole Governor Michael Dukakis Whoopi Goldberg Katharine Hepburn Rev. Jesse Jackson Michael Jackson Don King Henry Kissinger\n\nin May 2007 and subsequently started to work, weekly, for Channel 4 (News website). After the Channel 4 work ceased with the financial problems at ITN, his work - The Opinions of Tobias Grubbe - reappeared at the Guardian during the UK General Election of 2010. In 2010, Ray Griggs, a right-wing commercial producer released a preview of \"I Want Your Money\", a full-length feature film deriding President Obama's economic policy utilizing animated cartoon simulations of the President, Ronald Reagan, President and Mrs. Clinton and others. Independent animators have also entered the animated political cartoon market such as HeadaState, which uses 3D software to create its animated shorts. Kyle Gordy's earthens.net provides unique animations that can be simultaneously provocative, satirical and funny. See also List of editorial cartoonists References External links Cartoon Magazine Enemies Domestic HeadaState j83.com Bruce Hammond Walt Handelsman nicholsoncartoons Matt Buck (Hack) Ted Rall Editorial cartooning\n\nOrm and Cheep is a 1980s British children's television series that was aimed at the younger viewers of Children's ITV. It used puppets as the main characters (Orm being a worm and Cheep being a bird) and was narrated by Richard Briers. The show was created by Tony Martin, the puppets created by Mary Edwards. There were a total of 26 episodes, which spanned between the years of 1984\u20131987, each episode consisting of eleven minutes. The series was aired in the United Kingdom, New Zealand, Canada and Iran. Plot Cheep was an infant bird who fell from his nest, prior to learning to fly (the theme tune, \"If only Cheep could fly\", ensured that Cheep's difficulties in learning to fly became a recurring joke throughout the series). He befriends Orm, a worm who inhabits a subterranean home. Their acquaintances include Snail and Mouse, all friends and foes have a single-word,\n\nQuestion: Which popular puppet show of the 80s and 90s specialised in political satire?", "output": "Spitting Image."}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Waitangi may refer to: Waitangi, Northland, New Zealand, where the Treaty of Waitangi was signed Waitangi, Chatham Islands, New Zealand See also Treaty of Waitangi, a New Zealand constitutional document Waitangi Day, a New Zealand public holiday Waitangi Day Acts, two acts passed by the New Zealand Parliament in 1960 and 1976 Waitangi Park, recreation space in Wellington, New Zealand Waitangi Treaty Monument, Paihia, New Zealand Waitangi Tribunal, a New Zealand permanent commission of inquiry Waitangi River (disambiguation)\n\nSweetwaters Music Festival is held in Pukekawa, with the satellite Sweetwaters South held in Christchurch on 6 February. 6 February \u2013 Te Hikoi ki Waitangi march disrupts Waitangi Day celebrations. 27 March \u2013 A suitcase bomb explodes at the Wellington Trades Hall, killing the caretaker, Ernie Abbott. No arrest has been made, see Terrorism in New Zealand. 24 June \u2013 New Zealand's first IVF-conceived baby, Amelia Bell, is born at Auckland's National Women's Hospital. 14 July \u2013 1984 general election: The Labour Party, led by David Lange, wins 56 of the 95 seats in the House of Representatives. The Fourth Labour Government is formed, ending 9 years of National rule. 18 July \u2013 Government devalues New Zealand dollar by 20 percent. See New Zealand constitutional crisis, 1984. 20 August \u2013 New Zealand reestablishes diplomatic relations with Argentina at a consular level. Unknown dates New Zealand signs the United Nations Convention\n\nNg\u0101 Toki Matawhaorua of Pewhairangi, often simply known as Ng\u0101 Toki, is the name of a New Zealand waka taua (large, ornately carved M\u0101ori war canoe). It is named after Matawhaorua, the canoe of Kupe, the Polynesian discoverer of the islands now known as New Zealand; Kupe's canoe was later re-adzed and renamed Ng\u0101tokimatawhaorua. It was built in 1940 at the instigation of Te Puea Herangi for the centenary of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi. It was refurbished by master waka builder and navigator Hekenukumai Ng\u0101 Iwi (Hector) Busby in 1974 for relaunching during the Waitangi Day ceremonies at Waitangi, Northland and has been paddled periodically since that time. Ng\u0101 Toki can carry 80 paddlers and 55 other passengers. It is the largest canoe in New Zealand, measuring 35.7 metres (123 ft) long and up to 2 metres (6.56 ft) wide. It held the Guinness World Record for\n\nQuestion: Waitangi Day held each year on February 6 is the national day of New Zealand as a treaty instrumental in the country's history was signed at that place in 1840. The name 'Waitangi' means 'weeping waters' in which language?", "output": "M\u0101ori"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The 2006 ICC Champions Trophy was a One Day International cricket tournament held in India from 7 October to 5 November 2006. It was the fifth edition of the ICC Champions Trophy (previously known as the ICC Knock-out). The tournament venue was not confirmed until mid-2005 when the Indian government agreed that tournament revenues would be free from tax (the 2002 tournament had been due to be held in India, but was switched to Sri Lanka when an exemption from tax in India was not granted). Australia won the tournament, their first Champions Trophy victory. They were the only team to get one loss in the tournament, as all other teams lost at least two matches. West Indies, their final opponents, beat Australia in the group stage but were bowled out for 138 in the final and lost by eight wickets on the Duckworth\u2013Lewis method. West Indies opening batsman Chris\n\nThe 2006 international cricket season started with controversial ICC members Zimbabwe touring the West Indies for a series of seven One Day International matches. Because Zimbabwe recently pulled out of playing Test matches, the tour had to be rescheduled which meant the two Test matches were turned into limited overs games, bumping them up from the original five. After Zimbabwe's decision to leave Test cricket at the start of 2006, the West Indies Cricket Board had reconsidered the tour, but without any other team to play they had to appease both sponsors and fans. Although the teams lie next to each other in the ICC ODI Championship, West Indies holds 89 points in eighth place, 47 more than the tourists' 42 in ninth. Schedule Squads One-Day Matches First ODI (29 April) Brian Lara's first match in his third spell as captain ended in victory, as Zimbabwe mustered 151 in their\n\nThe Australian cricket team ended the 2005\u201306 season by touring Bangladesh in April 2006. The series was seen as an uneventful way to end the season as Australia, who were twenty points clear of second place in the ICC Test Championship, played a Bangladeshi team who had won one Test match in their cricketing history and were ranked at the bottom, over 100 points behind Australia. Bangladesh, however, wanted to refute comments made by the tourists' captain, Ricky Ponting who told London's The Daily Telegraph in February \"\"What I would not have is the minnow nations in the World Cup and the Champions Trophy, and I would not have Bangladesh and Zimbabwe playing Tests at present.\" On arrival, Ponting pointed out, in support of the home side, that \"maybe Bangladesh having Test status will take the game forward\". On the back of a three-Test whitewash tour of South Africa, but\n\nQuestion: In 2006, which country announced that it was withdrawing from test match cricket for 12 months?", "output": "Zimbabwe"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "suspected Jews by Portuguese Catholics. 1509 \u2013 Henry VIII ascends the throne of England on the death of his father, Henry VII. 1526 \u2013 The last ruler of the Lodi dynasty, Ibrahim Lodi is defeated and killed by Babur in the First Battle of Panipat. 1601\u20131900 1615 \u2013 The Wignacourt Aqueduct is inaugurated in Malta. 1782 \u2013 The city of Rattanakosin, now known internationally as Bangkok, is founded on the eastern bank of the Chao Phraya River by King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke. 1789 \u2013 John Adams sworn in as 1st US Vice President (nine days before George Washington) 1789 \u2013 George Washington's reception at Trenton is hosted by the Ladies of Trenton as he journeys to New York City for his first inauguration. 1792 \u2013 Tiradentes, a revolutionary leading a movement for Brazil's independence, is hanged, drawn and quartered. 1802 \u2013 Twelve thousand Wahhabis sack Karbala, killing over three thousand\n\nreligion to the Huguenots. 1601\u20131900 1636 \u2013 Eighty Years' War: Dutch Republic forces recapture a strategically important fort from Spain after a nine-month siege. 1789 \u2013 On the balcony of Federal Hall on Wall Street in New York City, George Washington takes the oath of office to become the first President of the United States. 1803 \u2013 Louisiana Purchase: The United States purchases the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, more than doubling the size of the young nation. 1812 \u2013 The Territory of Orleans becomes the 18th U.S. state under the name Louisiana. 1838 \u2013 Nicaragua declares independence from the Central American Federation. 1863 \u2013 A 65-man French Foreign Legion infantry patrol fights a force of nearly 2,000 Mexican soldiers to nearly the last man in Hacienda Camar\u00f3n, Mexico. 1871 \u2013 The Camp Grant massacre takes place in Arizona Territory. 1885 \u2013 Governor of New York David B.\n\nThe \"Maryland Line\" was a formation within the Continental Army, formed and authorized by the Second Continental Congress, meeting in the \"Old Pennsylvania State House\" (later known as \"Independence Hall\") in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in June 1775. Background Col. George Washington, delegate and formerly of the Virginia Regiment of the colonial militia, served as commander-in-chief of the colonial forces and he assumed command at Cambridge, Massachusetts outside of Boston, of the various units from several of the American colonies which surrounded Boston, laying siege to the British Army in June 1775. Washington's previous military experience had been during the late French and Indian War (1754\u20131763), (known in Europe as the Seven Years' War). Not all Continental infantry regiments raised in a state were part of a state quota. On December 27, 1776, the Second Continental Congress gave commanding General George Washington temporary control over certain military decisions that the Congress ordinarily\n\nQuestion: On the steps of Federal Hall, George Washington took the first ever Oath of Office on the 30th of April, 1789 in what city?", "output": "New York, NY"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Clastic rocks are composed of fragments, or clasts, of pre-existing minerals and rock. A clast is a fragment of geological detritus, chunks, and smaller grains of rock broken off other rocks by physical weathering. Geologists use the term clastic to refer to sedimentary rocks and particles in sediment transport, whether in suspension or as bed load, and in sediment deposits. Sedimentary clastic rocks Clastic sedimentary rocks are rocks composed predominantly of broken pieces or clasts of older weathered and eroded rocks. Clastic sediments or sedimentary rocks are classified based on grain size, clast and cementing material (matrix) composition, and texture. The classification factors are often useful in determining a sample's environment of deposition. An example of clastic environment would be a river system in which the full range of grains being transported by the moving water consist of pieces eroded from solid rock upstream. Grain size varies from clay in\n\nIn oceanography, terrigenous sediments are those derived from the erosion of rocks on land; that is, they are derived from terrestrial (as opposed to marine) environments. Consisting of sand, mud, and silt carried to sea by rivers, their composition is usually related to their source rocks; deposition of these sediments is largely limited to the continental shelf. Sources of terrigenous sediments include volcanoes, weathering of rocks, wind-blown dust, grinding by glaciers, and sediment carried by rivers or icebergs. Terrigenous sediments are responsible for a significant amount of the salt in today's oceans. Over time rivers continue to carry minerals to the ocean but when water evaporates, it leaves the minerals behind. Since chlorine and sodium are not consumed by biological processes, these two elements constitute the greatest portion of dissolved minerals. Quantity Some 1.35 billion tons, or 8% of global river-borne sediment (16.5-17 billion tons globally), is transported by Ganges-Brahmaputra\n\na river system in which the full range of grains being transported by the moving water consist of pieces eroded from solid rock upstream. Grain size varies from clay in shales and claystones; through silt in siltstones; sand in sandstones; and gravel, cobble, to boulder sized fragments in conglomerates and breccias. The Krumbein phi (\u03c6) scale numerically orders these terms in a logarithmic size scale. Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks Siliciclastic rocks are clastic noncarbonate rocks that are composed almost exclusively of silicon, either as forms of quartz or as silicates. Composition The composition of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks includes the chemical and mineralogical components of the framework as well as the cementing material that make up these rocks. Boggs divides them into four categories; major minerals, accessory minerals, rock fragments, and chemical sediments. Major minerals can be categorized into subdivisions based on their resistance to chemical decomposition. Those that possess a great\n\nQuestion: Of these sedimentary rocks, which one is not organic, being instead 'clastic'?", "output": "Shale"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "State Route 21 (SR 21) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Washington that traverses four counties: Franklin, Adams, Lincoln and Ferry. The highway extends from an intersection with SR 260 in Kahlotus north through Lind, Odessa, Clark, Keller, Republic and Curlew before becoming Highway 41 (BC 41) at the Canadian border in Danville. SR 21 is concurrent with U.S. Route 2 (US 2) in Wilbur and SR 20 in Republic and has two diamond interchanges at US 395 in Lind and Interstate 90 (I-90) south of Odessa. Between Lincoln and Ferry counties, the roadway crosses Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake on the Keller Ferry, operated fare free by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) and the Department of Highways (DoH) since 1930. Since 1899, at least one segment of the current highway has been in the state highway system. In 1899, the Marble Mount Road was established\n\nThe following is an alphabetical list of members of the United States House of Representatives from the state of Illinois. For chronological tables of members of both houses of the United States Congress from the state (through the present day), see United States congressional delegations from Illinois. The list of names should be complete as of January 3, 2019, but other data may be incomplete. Illinois became the 21st state on December 3, 1818. Current representatives : Jonathan Jackson (D) (since 2023) : Robin Kelly (D) (since 2013) : Delia Ramirez (D) (since 2023) : Jes\u00fas \"Chuy\" Garc\u00eda (D) (since 2019) : Michael Quigley (D) (since 2009) : Sean Casten (D) (since 2019) : Danny K. Davis (D) (since 1997) : Raja Krishnamoorthi (D) (since 2017) : Jan Schakowsky (D) (since 1999) : Brad Schneider (D) (2013\u20132015, since 2017) : Bill Foster (D) (14th 2008\u20132011, since 2013) : Mike Bost\n\nAmericas. In 1848, much of the region was annexed to the United States with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The Pike's Peak Gold Rush of 1858\u20131862 created an influx of settlers. On February 28, 1861, U.S. President James Buchanan signed an act creating the Territory of Colorado, and on August 1, 1876, President Ulysses S. Grant signed Proclamation 230 admitting Colorado to the Union as the 38th state. The Spanish adjective \"colorado\" means \"colored red\" or \"ruddy\". Colorado is nicknamed the \"Centennial State\" because it became a state one century (and four weeks) after the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is bordered by Wyoming to the north, Nebraska to the northeast, Kansas to the east, Oklahoma to the southeast, New Mexico to the south, Utah to the west, and touches Arizona to the southwest at the Four Corners. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains,\n\nQuestion: Known as The Prairie State, what was the 21st state to join the Union on Dec 3. 1818?", "output": "Illinois"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Central is a city in the U.S. state of Louisiana, second largest city in East Baton Rouge Parish, and part of the Baton Rouge metropolitan statistical area. The state's newest incorporated city in April 2005, Central had a 2020 census population of 29,565. History Long an unincorporated suburb of Baton Rouge, the citizens of Central voted to incorporate as a city on April 23, 2005, despite opposition from the parish. Businessman Russell Starns headed the incorporation movement, saying it was based on residents' desire to establish a school system separate from that of East Baton Rouge Parish. The Louisiana State Legislature allowed Central to operate a separate school system only after the city incorporated. It had about 25,000 residents when it incorporated. Former Central High School principal Shelton \"Mac\" Watts became the temporary mayor upon the incorporation of the city. Formal elections were held on April 1, 2006, in which\n\nAlabama () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States, bordered by Tennessee to the north; Georgia to the east; Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south; and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th largest by area and the 24th-most populous of the U.S. states. Alabama is nicknamed the Yellowhammer State, after the state bird. Alabama is also known as the \"Heart of Dixie\" and the \"Cotton State\". The state tree is the longleaf pine, and the state flower is the camellia. Alabama's capital is Montgomery, and its largest city by population and area is Huntsville. Its oldest city is Mobile, founded by French colonists (Alabama Creoles) in 1702 as the capital of French Louisiana. Greater Birmingham is Alabama's largest metropolitan area and its economic center. Originally home to many native tribes, present-day Alabama was a Spanish territory beginning in the sixteenth century\n\nAlexandria is the ninth-largest city in the state of Louisiana and is the parish seat of Rapides Parish, Louisiana, United States. It lies on the south bank of the Red River in almost the exact geographic center of the state. It is the principal city of the Alexandria metropolitan area (population 153,922) which encompasses all of Rapides and Grant parishes. Its neighboring city is Pineville. In 2010, the population was 47,723, an increase of 3 percent from the 2000 census. History Located along the Red River, the city of Alexandria was originally home to a community which supported activities of the adjacent French trader outpost of Post du Rapides. The area developed as an assemblage of traders, Caddo people, and merchants in the agricultural lands bordering the mostly unsettled areas to the north and providing a link from the south to the El Camino Real and then larger settlement of\n\nQuestion: What is the state capital of Louisiana?", "output": "Baton Rouge"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "The aorta ( ; : aortas or aortae) is the main and largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart, branching upwards immediately after, and extending down to the abdomen, where it splits at the aortic bifurcation into two smaller arteries (the common iliac arteries). The aorta distributes oxygenated blood to all parts of the body through the systemic circulation. Structure Sections In anatomical sources, the aorta is usually divided into sections. One way of classifying a part of the aorta is by anatomical compartment, where the thoracic aorta (or thoracic portion of the aorta) runs from the heart to the diaphragm. The aorta then continues downward as the abdominal aorta (or abdominal portion of the aorta) from the diaphragm to the aortic bifurcation. Another system divides the aorta with respect to its course and the direction of blood flow. In this system, the\n\nThe abdominal aortic plexus (not to be confused with the thoracic aortic plexus) is formed by branches derived, on either side, from the celiac plexus and ganglia, and receives filaments from some of the lumbar ganglia. It is situated upon the sides and front of the aorta, between the origins of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries. From this plexus arise part of the spermatic, the inferior mesenteric, and the hypogastric plexuses; it also distributes filaments to the inferior vena cava. The abdominal aortic plexus contains the spermatic ganglia, the inferior mesenteric ganglion, and the prehypogastric ganglion. Additional images References External links Nerve plexus Nerves of the torso\n\nThe innermost intercostal muscle is a layer of intercostal muscles. It may also be called the intima of the internal intercostal muscles. It is the deepest muscular layer of the thorax, with muscle fibres running vertically (in parallel with the internal intercostal muscles). It is present only in the middle of each intercostal space, and often not present higher up the rib cage. It lies deep to the plane that contains the intercostal nerves and intercostal vessels, and the internal intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is continuous with the innermost intercostal muscle. Additional images References External links - \"Thoracic Wall: The Intercostal Nerve and Vessels\" - \"Transverse section of thorax.\" Muscles of the torso\n\nQuestion: Which muscle separates the thoracic cavity (heart, lungs & ribs) from the abdominal cavity?", "output": "Diaphragm"}, {"instruction": "Answer the question using the passages below.", "input": "Beer is one of the oldest types of alcoholic drinks in the world, and the most widely consumed. It is the third most popular drink overall after potable water and tea. It is produced by the brewing and fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cereal grains\u2014most commonly malted barley, though wheat, maize (corn), rice, and oats are also used. During the brewing process, fermentation of the starch sugars in the wort produces ethanol and carbonation in the resulting beer. Most modern beer is brewed with hops, which add bitterness and other flavours and act as a natural preservative and stabilising agent. Other flavouring agents such as gruit, herbs, or fruits may be included or used instead of hops. In commercial brewing, the natural carbonation effect is often removed during processing and replaced with forced carbonation. Some of humanity's earliest known writings refer to the production and distribution of beer: the\n\nBrewing is the production of beer by steeping a starch source (commonly cereal grains, the most popular of which is barley) in water and fermenting the resulting sweet liquid with yeast. It may be done in a brewery by a commercial brewer, at home by a homebrewer, or communally. Brewing has taken place since around the 6th millennium BC, and archaeological evidence suggests that emerging civilizations, including ancient Egypt, China, and Mesopotamia, brewed beer. Since the nineteenth century the brewing industry has been part of most western economies. The basic ingredients of beer are water and a fermentable starch source such as malted barley. Most beer is fermented with a brewer's yeast and flavoured with hops. Less widely used starch sources include millet, sorghum and cassava. Secondary sources (adjuncts), such as maize (corn), rice, or sugar, may also be used, sometimes to reduce cost, or to add a feature, such\n\njust as a per cent. In the Czech Republic, for example, common descriptions are \"10 degree beers\", \"12 degree beers\" which refers to the gravity in Plato of the wort before the fermentation. Low vs. high gravity beers The difference between the original gravity of the wort and the final gravity of the beer is an indication of how much sugar has been turned into alcohol. The bigger the difference, the greater the amount of alcohol present and hence the stronger the beer. This is why strong beers are sometimes referred to as high gravity beers, and \"session\" or \"small\" beers are called low gravity beers, even though in theory the final gravity of a strong beer might be lower than that of a session beer because of the greater amount of alcohol present. Terms related to gravity Specific gravity Specific gravity is the ratio of the density of a\n\nQuestion: What is converted into alcohol during brewing?", "output": "SUGAR"}]
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