Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Throughout the STORM2014 event, the majority of the Warren area, comprising residential neighborhoods and major roadways, experienced profound inundation, as depicted in the simulation results in
Fig. 2d. Specifically, 58% of the domain area was affected by severe
flooding, with water levels exceeding 0.5 m reported by eyewitnesses
in the area of the General Motors production facility (Supplementary
Fig. 2b). Because the area is typical of urban watersheds connected to
a larger drainage system, this domain was selected for an analysis of
the interactions of urban flooding mechanisms.

    Claimed Finding:
    The simulations indicate that during STORM2014, severe flooding affected more than half of the Warren study area.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    The results in Fig. 2e highlight that a substantial portion
of the studied area is susceptible to flooding: water exceeds 0.1 m in
depth over ~75% of the area, with 27% having a depth of over 0.5 m. Such
an outcome indicates how the spatial connectivity of flood processes
can alter local perception of flood vulnerability conditions.

    Claimed Finding:
    Model outputs for the no-rain scenario indicate that only about a quarter of the domain had water deeper than 0.1 m.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    One source of flooding in this ‘no local rain’ situation can be
attributed to the increased water levels in open channels causing the
well-known phenomenon of fluvial flooding (Fig. 1, FC1). Under this
mechanism, the water levels exceed the confines of the riverbanks,
and streamflow spills into floodplain areas. Additionally, simulated
results show that runoff from the surrounding land areas (where rain-
fall occurs) can flow along roadways into the Warren area, leading to a
localized pluvial flooding (denoted by FC2 in Fig. 1). A third likely cause
identified is related to backwater surcharge through the stormwater
pipe network and the catch basins in source areas. Specifically, extreme
water levels within open channels induce backwater flow at stormwater
outfalls, causing a substantial surge of reverse flow into topographically
upstream source areas of the drainage system, leading to surcharge at
manholes and flooding in areas that did not experience rainfall. This
flooding mechanism reflects concept FC3—infrastructure-induced
flooding that can impact areas distant from open channels.

    Claimed Finding:
    Backwater surcharge conveyed through the stormwater pipe network was identified as a distinct mechanism that can flood areas that received no rainfall.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Notably, with the outfalls hydrauli-
cally disconnected (the ‘Controlled’ case) from the rest of the flooded
watershed, the resultant flooding is more extreme than that of the
integrated outfall case, which facilitated backwater effects (Fig. 2d,f).
Specifically, in areas near the outfalls at the Bear Creek channel, inun-
dation levels for the ‘Controlled’ case exceeded the ‘Integrated’ case
by over 0.1 m (Figs. 2g and 3a–c). This result can be explained by the
considerable drainage from the ‘Controlled’ sewer system discharging
into the open channel: water levels at the outfall sites thus tend to be
higher and cause more severe flooding in nearby areas. In contrast,
in the more realistic ‘Integrated’ case, if the water level in the channel
exceeds the hydraulic head of the stormwater system at the outfall
location, backwater flow will occur and water from the open channel
will flow into the sewer system. This results in lower water levels in near
outfall areas experiencing backwater, leading to reduced flooding in
the ‘Integrated’ case.

    Claimed Finding:
    Allowing backwater coupling at outfalls (Integrated case) produced more extreme flooding near outfalls than disconnecting them (Controlled case).

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Neglecting the connectivity between a sewer system and adjacent
flooded areas and consequent backwater effects can overestimate
flood levels. This can potentially result in poor design of the number,
positioning and dimensions of manholes, pipes and outfalls. Larger
sewers and outfall dimensions can facilitate rapid drainage, yet they
can also allow rapid backflow. As shown in Fig. 3d,e, a large outfall (with
a diameter of 3.8 m) can discharge high flows (up to 40.9 m3 s−1) in the
‘Controlled’ case, whereas the backflow into the sewer can be up to
63.5 m3 s−1 in the ‘Integrated’ case. The smaller outfall (with the diameter
of 0.3 m) had lower discharge and backflow (up to 9.7 and 16.7 m3 s−1 for
the controlled and integrated cases, respectively).

    Claimed Finding:
    The study reports that the larger 3.8 m diameter outfall exhibited reverse flows up to 63.5 m³ s⁻¹ under the Integrated scenario.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Different outfall configurations should produce distinct differences
in the surcharge in catch basins. In principle, when the sewer system
simultaneously receives a substantial influx of water from both the
ground surface through manholes in source areas and from the open
channel through outfalls, this can induce higher surcharge and a larger
number of surcharging manholes in low-lying areas (that is, where low
hydraulic head is expected). The case study results only partially align
with this conjecture, showing that accounting for backwater effects (the
‘Integrated’ case) results in surcharging in a slightly larger number of
manholes (27 versus 25), as depicted in Fig. 2d,f. Figure 3f,g indicates that
the surcharge rates in manholes near the outfalls are comparatively lower
as compared to the ‘Controlled’ case (for example, manholes 1 and 2). The
differences in the surcharge rates were negligible for manholes further
from the outfalls or at higher elevations (manholes 3, 4 and 5; Fig. 3h–j).

    Claimed Finding:
    Including backwater effects reduced the number of surcharging manholes from 27 to 25.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    The higher surcharge rates at manholes (for example, manhole 1,
Fig. 3f near outfall 2) in the ‘Controlled’ case are attributed to the
higher water volumes ‘injected’ into the flooded area from a nearby
draining outfall. Such an ‘injection’ leads to larger volumes of water
inflow into the adjacent manholes, for example, manhole 1 and nearby
manholes (Fig. 2f) and, if paired with a limited drainage capacity of the
outfall, (for example, outfall 2, which has a small 0.8-m diameter), can
exacerbate the surcharge (Fig. 3f,g). These results demonstrate how
outfall configuration/drainage capacity can impact an assessment of
local flooding conditions. This underscores the complexity and vital
importance of flood connectivity for understanding the performance
of stormwater infrastructure.

    Claimed Finding:
    Higher surcharge rates at manholes adjacent to outfall 2 occurred in the Controlled configuration because of large volumes discharged from the nearby outfall.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Even for the annual flood (that is, a return period of 1 year), the total area flooded to a depth of over 0.5 m comprises up to 7% of the total area of the Warren area (excluding the area of open channels). With the increase in rainfall intensity (shown in
a for STORM2014), the area of severe flooding and the flood level
also increase (Fig. 4c).

    Claimed Finding:
    For a 1-year return period storm, more than 20 % of the Warren area was inundated to depths exceeding 0.5 m.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Another observable outcome is the rapid onset of flooding after
rainfall. As depicted in Fig. 4c, impactful flooding with inundation
depths exceeding 0.5 m occurs within a narrow time window following
the most intense precipitation (initiating at hour 15:00), within 0.5–1 h.
This signifies that to mitigate flooding, the drainage system must not
only store substantial rainwater volumes but also drain rapidly to
minimize local water accumulation.

    Claimed Finding:
    The authors find that floodwaters deeper than 0.5 m can develop within roughly an hour of peak rainfall.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Specifically, inundation levels are broadly underestimated across the
study area (especially near open channels) by up to 20 cm, as compared
to the more real-world ‘HR-Integrated’ case (Supplementary Fig. 3a,b).
These estimates indicate that even assumptions for outfalls can lead to
significantly different assessments of stormwater system performance.
This highlights that the lack of appreciation of flood connectivity may
result in poorly informed stormwater system designs.

    Claimed Finding:
    Simplified modelling assumptions underestimate inundation depths by less than 5 cm across the study domain.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    The implementation of BERDO began shortly after the adoption of
the ordinance with the launch of rule-making (Fig. 1a). City officials
described the goal of rule-making as “creating clarity” for building own-
ers on how to implement different compliance mechanisms to achieve
emissions reductions (Table 1) and to define how justice mandates that
were embedded in the ordinance (Table 2) work “not just in concept but
in action”. Regulations were adopted in three phases. Each phase was
dedicated to specific regulatory topics and included the engagement
of multiple actors (Fig. 1b).

    Claimed Finding:
    Rule-making was initiated chiefly to give building owners clear guidance on compliance mechanisms and on how to put BERDO’s justice mandates into practice.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Interviewees identified several common barriers to policy implementa-
tion in BERDO, including capacity and budget constraints, technical
complexity, uncertainty and data quality/availability. However, we
found that additional distinctive challenges stemmed from the pursuit
of implementing climate justice itself. We categorized these challenges
into (1) scope and scale discrepancies, (2) the bureaucratization of
justice and (3) the weaponizing of justice.

    Claimed Finding:
    Participants pointed to limited capacity, budget shortfalls, technical complexity, uncertainty, and data quality problems as routine barriers to implementing BERDO.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Whereas the BERDO program may produce impacts at multiple
scales, contestations about the distribution of benefits and burdens
centered primarily on building owners, tenants and environmental
justice communities in Boston. CAG members generally advocated for
removing perceived regulatory loopholes that would enable building
owners to avoid or delay compliance, rely on compliance mechanisms
that do not provide localized benefits or pass burdens onto tenants
through increases in rent charges or energy bills.

    Claimed Finding:
    CAG members were especially concerned that loopholes could allow building owners to push compliance costs onto tenants through higher rents or energy bills.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Regulated parties rarely advocated for the creation of additional
benefits or the distribution of existing benefits. Most of their requests
were related to providing flexibility for building owners and mini-
mizing costs and regulatory burdens, often arguing that regulations
would “unfairly”, “unduly” or “overly” burden them.

    Claimed Finding:
    Regulated parties frequently pushed for expanding tenant benefit programs rather than asking for more flexibility or cost reductions for themselves.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Contestations about procedural justice largely revolved around
the Review Board, which has substantial authority in the implemen-
tation of BERDO (Table 2). Regulated parties sought to strengthen
their representation in the Review Board by urging the city to select
members with technocratic expertise and expand the definition of
“community-based organizations” (which can nominate two-thirds
of the Review Board) to include the business community. Unsuccess-
ful in these efforts, regulated parties then advocated for regulations
that would limit the Review Board’s discretion, give them access to
the Review Board through working groups or enable owners to easily
appeal Review Board decisions.

    Claimed Finding:
    Regulated parties tried to boost their influence by asking that the business community be counted as community-based organizations eligible to nominate Review Board members.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    By contrast, CAG members supported giving power to the Review
Board, although it proved challenging to balance maintaining the
Review Board’s discretion versus outlining decision-making processes
with prescriptive justice measures.

    Claimed Finding:
    CAG members opposed granting extensive authority to the Review Board and instead sought to curtail its discretion.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Although BERDO regulates all types of
building owners, CAG members largely focused on restricting the
behavior of landlords and large institutions, sometimes overlooking
the burdens placed on other building owners.

    Claimed Finding:
    CAG discussions mainly highlighted the hardships faced by small condominium owners while giving little attention to large institutions.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    This issue was best exemplified in discussions about gentrifi-
cation and displacement, with advocates persistently pushing for
BERDO to include tenant protections. For context, the majority of
Boston’s households (65%) are renters34. Across Greater Boston,
65% of Black residents and 70% of Latinx residents are renters (com-
pared with only 33% of White residents), and more than half of the
area’s renters are cost-burdened35.

    Claimed Finding:
    Roughly two-thirds of White residents in Greater Boston are renters.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Beyond implementation delays, city staff and CAG members
expressed concerns that flexibility measures and funding opportuni-
ties created for under-resourced building owners could be exploited
by large institutions with enough resources to navigate the system and
make their case to the Review Board. A CAG member warned: “some of
the exceptions could swallow the good intentions of the ordinance”.

    Claimed Finding:
    Both city staff and CAG members worried that large institutions might exploit flexibility mechanisms intended for under-resourced owners.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Even though CAG members and regulated parties were not always
successful in influencing implementation decisions via mobilizing
ideas of justice, justice contestations came to define how the City of
Boston operationalized climate justice and shaped the implementation
of BERDO itself. This could be seen in the evolution of the rule-making
process with the addition of meetings with Boston residents and
additional public comment periods as a result of requests from the
CAG and regulated parties.

    Claimed Finding:
    Justice-related disputes had little to no effect on the overall structure of the rule-making process for BERDO.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Understandings of health (parent).  The first com- ponent of children’s health lifestyles, understand- ings of health, undergirds the others. As described, our previous research (see Pace et al. 2022) has articulated these expansive understandings of chil- dren’s health that parents draw on to craft children’s health lifestyles, including behaviors, identities, narratives, and norms. Aspects include physical health status and health behaviors; psychological health; achievement in the academic, athletic, and extracurricular realms; and social connectedness (Pace et al. 2022). Sofia articulated such a multifac- eted understanding: “I think everything has to be in balance to be healthy . . . I think it’s important to have friends, it’s important to exercise, it’s impor- tant to eat well, it’s important to . . . .” Her husband jumped in: “to know other cultures.” Similarly, Emma said, “Mental and emotional [health] is really important, so we kind of focus on stress, health, and healthy lifestyle.”
Health behaviors (child).  The previously empiri- cally documented aspect of children’s health life- styles is their health behaviors. Reflecting parents’ expansive understandings of health, we found that parents related a wide variety of child behaviors to health, including those typically related to physical health, like diet and exercise, but also those related to psychological well-being, academic achieve- ment, and social connection. Brittany’s lifestyle described previously is one example, as are Linda and her 9- and 11-year-olds. Self-describing as “probably an average family, average parent,” Linda details her efforts to oversee a wide variety of health-related behaviors in her children, focusing on nutrition, sports participation, unstructured play, sleep, curbing behaviors that she fears can lead to food and technology addictions, and managing behaviors that she relates to psychological resil- ience, self-esteem, and the capacity to learn. We cannot rigorously investigate the frequencies of children’s health behaviors with our qualitative data, a task for future research.

    Claimed Finding:
    The study finds that parents connect their children’s health not only to diet and exercise but also to academic, psychological, and social domains.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Parent identities are palpable throughout their narratives, such as Andrea’s portrayal of her hard work to parent successfully around health and Dan’s self-promoting comparisons of his boundary- setting efforts to make Brittany’s lifestyle healthier. Similarly, Dawn discusses at length how her iden- tity influences her parenting of her 9- and 5-year- olds, from fostering resiliency and “a deep sense of self-worth and self-love” to instilling respect and an understanding of the importance of eating nutri- tiously. Her narrative repeatedly cites outside evi- dence that her children’s identities are developing along these lines, from them happily drinking green smoothies to a neighbor commenting on how “com- fortable,” “gracious,” and “well adjusted” they are.
Dawn’s attention to her children’s identity expressions is typical, but parent and child identity expressions often conflict. Children, by expressing their own preferences, disrupt the smoothness of parents’ attempted socialization into lifestyles. In observations, common pushback or conflict came from children wanting to use technology more, eat unhealthier foods, or move less than parents pre- ferred. Parents and children struggling for control of children’s behaviors caused tensions. Brittany (described previously) typifies study children when pushing back against parent control. She resists limits on dessert, having her food cut up, sugges- tions about physical activities she should do, and rules around technology use. Brittany works to express her identity, although in a defeated way that anticipates an ultimate lack of control (which was starker than in many families). These realities of child identity expressions complicate the neater narratives parents often present, such as Dan’s accounts of Brittany’s compliance.

    Claimed Finding:
    Researchers observed that children rarely challenged parental health rules, indicating that conflict over lifestyle choices was minimal.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Yet community norms can threaten chosen health lifestyles, such as when an “achievement of indepen- dence” lifestyle is condemned by other parents (see the following). In this class-advantaged sample where geographic mobility is normative, many par- ents, including Nick, acknowledge these dynamics, saying they chose where to raise their children based on the community norms they would experience in enacting their preferred health lifestyles. This exem- plifies the formation of “overrider enclaves” resist- ing the “default American lifestyle” posited by Mirowsky and Ross (2015). Thus, parent preferences can shape the community norms in the child’s life- style.
Hector says of Greenville’s norms that encour- age healthy eating and physical activity, “We brought them [the children] to the environment where the values we valued are there. And they are getting them, not just from us, which in hindsight has been amazing. But it’s sort of what brought us here, right?” Although she can feel judged for her lifestyle approach (see the following), his wife, Sofia, echoes, “I feel we have a lot in sync with other parents and the way they teach their children here.” Many par- ents note synergies or tensions between community and family in fostering health lifestyles.

    Claimed Finding:
    Some parents deliberately select neighborhoods whose prevailing norms support the health lifestyles they wish to cultivate for their children.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Elite achievement.  The most prevalent, norma- tively dominant, and typically most resource-intensive health lifestyle for community children, the “elite achievement” lifestyle, combines a future-oriented focus on skill building with high levels of parental identity expression in everyday interactions (see Table 2). Achievement is part of parents’ under- standings of child health (Pace et al. 2022). Parents from upper-middle-class childhood backgrounds were disproportionately represented in this health lifestyle. The elite achievement lifestyle has much in common with Lareau’s (2011) “concerted culti- vation” parenting style, which involves heavily structured time spent on extracurricular activities and school achievement. Parents seeking to enact an elite achievement lifestyle for their children differ in emphasizing sports, academics, or both. Unstruc- tured playtime and technology use are limited. They view their child’s current success, including in achieving a fit body, as linked to future well-being and sometimes compromise children’s current health and stress levels to achieve these goals (Moll- born et al. 2021). However, like parents in other life- styles, they tend to view it as expressing their children’s preferences and making them happy. Elite achievement parents feel that they are crafting a “normal” health lifestyle for their child and tend to view their parenting as relatively successful.
For example, Laura and 10-year-old Jacob are from a White, upper-middle-class Greenville family. Laura says, “I feel like so much of our peer group is pretty homogeneous” in their parenting and that she follows the dominant norm. Jacob is “very active,” playing on multiple sports teams many seasons and doing supplemental academic work. Laura empha- sizes Jacob’s identity expression in his lifestyle: “My ultimate goal for my son is really just to have fun with his activities.” She also links Jacob’s extra- curricular involvement to future success: “If you don’t get in on the ground floor in some of these sports, you’re never going to have a shot at playing in college.” Laura worries about the academic impli- cations of Jacob’s problematically “too easy” work- load, although he enjoys having little homework. She feels she needs to provide supplemental aca- demic preparation for his future. Finally, like parents in other health lifestyles, Laura connects Jacob’s health lifestyle to parent and child identities: “We’ve just always gone really hard. Like, I just go really hard. Their dad goes really hard. And that’s just kind of the way we raise them. Yeah, a rolling stone gath- ers no moss.” Similarly, Kaya enrolled a sometimes reluctant 9-year-old Madeline in multiple sports to combat overweight and her physical tendency to “do the minimal amount of work necessary” while also being “extremely involved” in fostering Madeline’s academic achievement and interest in nutritious cooking.

    Claimed Finding:
    The elite achievement lifestyle was found to be most common among working-class families in the study communities.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Achievement of independence.  Like elite achieve- ment, the “achievement of independence” health lifestyle focuses on the future and achievement, but it emphasizes child identity expression in everyday activities, working toward a distinct goal: the child’s independent acquisition of skills and maturity to facilitate successful adulthood. This health lifestyle involves considerable parent management despite focusing on child independence. Many parents espousing an achievement of independence lifestyle define future success differently from elite achieve- ment parents, emphasizing the importance of raising their child into an autonomous and well-functioning adult regardless of socioeconomic success. They sometimes let children make unwise choices to serve the longer-term goal of fostering independent decision-making and understanding consequences. Achievement of independence children tend to have structured activities but more freedom in technol- ogy use. Parents typically feel more alone in their parenting choices.
Jasmine, Aaron, and 9-year-old Evie belong to a multiracial working- to middle-class Springfield family. Aaron said, “We are super intentional with what we do with the kids.” Evie does more chores than most study children, often toward a stated goal of fostering adult skills. When Evie asks Aaron whether she is “done now” with toothbrushing, Aaron responds, “You’re getting to the age where you can decide if you’re done or not. Like, you can’t keep on coming to me as an adult and be like, ‘Is two minutes long enough to brush?’ . . . I mean, you have to answer these questions for yourself.” Whether Evie brushes her teeth long enough today is secondary to the future-oriented goal of indepen- dently enacting appropriate health behaviors. Jasmine is clear about the lifestyle they foster: “I feel like we are ‘free range,’ if you want to put labels on all these things. We really give our kids the opportunity to learn by themselves. Not neces- sarily alone, but I’m going to watch you try that and see if you can do it.” Aaron articulates their goal of future independence and competence: “I want her to be confident. I want her to be able to choose col- lege if she chooses. I want her to choose to travel if she wants to.” They feel on track with meeting these goals because “I feel like she’s healthy in her head, where she knows pretty much who she is.”

    Claimed Finding:
    Parents who follow an 'achievement of independence' approach sometimes permit children to make mistakes so the child can learn to make autonomous health decisions.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Family connection.  The third prevalent health lifestyle combines the focus on parent identity expression that is similar to elite achievement with a new parenting dimension: emphasizing the child’s present over the future. Sometimes in explicit or implicit resistance to elite achievement, “family connection” parents prioritize current well-being and lower stress over future considerations, achieved by fostering social relationships, particu- larly with family. This health lifestyle demands con- siderable time and interaction, with its focus turned inward toward family more than outward toward structured activities. Family connection children often restrict technology use and share unstructured exercise and play with family. Parents frequently articulate narratives of opting out of elite achieve- ment and feeling secure in their parenting.
Sharon and 9-year-old Finn are in a White, mid- dle- to upper-middle-class Springfield family. Sharon’s family spends lots of time together engag- ing in healthy behaviors: “The more we can be out- doors together, the better. . . . We like to ski together as a family and do little trips together.” Finn plays on a traveling sports team. Although this activity could signal elite achievement, Sharon situates his involvement within their family connection life- style, saying, “I love [traveling overnight to games for] soccer because it has brought us together as a family.” Sharon restricts Finn’s extracurricular reading—supplemental academic preparation that could foster future socioeconomic success—when it threatens their “family time.” Like other family connection parents, Sharon directly links her par- enting identity to family members’ healthy life- styles: “I think being healthy is having enough fresh air in your day and having good food to eat, having exercise, having family time, having friend time. I feel that’s what I do in my life. For myself and my family, I try to puzzle together—like balance it out, so that we’re all getting nourished on all those levels. . . . And sometimes it’s unbalanced. So it’s like, okay, we need to have some family time . . . I kind of orchestrate it, I think, in our family."

    Claimed Finding:
    Family connection parents typically encourage extensive individual technology use as a relaxing activity for their children.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Let kids be kids.  The fourth health lifestyle simi- larly focuses on present mental health and stress levels, but the child’s identity expression, more than the parents’, is considered crucial for well-being. Despite some similarities to Lareau’s (2011) working- class “accomplishment of natural growth” parenting style, “let kids be kids” parents intensively manage children’s lives, constructing the lifestyle to accom- modate child preferences. Let kids be kids children are enrolled in structured activities but have rela- tively more unstructured exercise and playtime and more freedom when using technology. Their parents make these decisions deliberately, but some still question their long-term implications.
Anna and 10-year-old Chloe are in a White, upper-middle-class Greenville family. Anna articu- lates her parenting goal as inculcating “that feeling of, you’re okay just the way you are. . . . And every- body has a unique gift to offer, and you just have to figure out what it is.” These statements foreshadow the future but foreground current well-being and child identity expression. Anna says that like her, Chloe is “introverted” and “usually wants to just come home after school” instead of going to sports and playdates. Anna “puts [her children’s] prefer- ences first,” but because Chloe has trouble making friends, Anna has decided to schedule one playdate a week with a friend of Chloe’s choosing. Chloe wants to join a traveling sports team that Anna thinks is “very intense, and I’m a little concerned . . . but she loves this team. So we’re just going to go for it.” Reflecting this lifestyle, Anna helps Chloe express her identity even when privately critiquing her choices. Yet Anna sounds conflicted when com- paring herself to elite achievement parents—an indication that this lifestyle may be less normative in Greenville—worrying that her friends’ daughter “is going to, like, Princeton or something, and maybe I should be pushing more.”

    Claimed Finding:
    The 'let kids be kids' lifestyle prioritizes children’s current preferences and grants them greater freedom for unstructured play and technology use.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Many parents were familiar with the idea of a healthy lifestyle, and there was some unprompted use of the term. But mostly parents broadly articu- lated “the way we raise them” (in Laura’s words), often with eloquent narratives, identity statements, and nuanced understandings of health and commu- nity norms underlying the behavioral routines they carefully fostered and repeatedly linked to health and well-being. Grounded in these data, we induc- tively modeled the components of children’s health lifestyles as articulated by parents and described prevalent types in the study communities.
Components of Children’s Health Lifestyles We found that children’s health lifestyles combine behavioral and nonbehavioral aspects. Dan, a White, upper-middle-class Springfield father, illus- trates this complexity when describing 11-year-old Brittany’s typical weekday routine: She gets to sleep in. She gets to get a nice homemade breakfast. We walk to school. I personally—Mary [Brittany’s stepmother] and I both feel—it’s a much better life for a child to get a good, full night’s sleep and start the day with a good breakfast. Have some family time . . . organic, cage free, all that good stuff.

    Claimed Finding:
    Only a small minority of parents were familiar with the concept of a healthy lifestyle, and most expressed confusion about what it meant.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    And ever since Brittany was really little, I’ve always been—what’s the word? Fanatical? I think kids do better with consistency, and you can also add into that, boundaries. So she’s always had a set bedtime, which has obviously got- ten a little later as she’s gotten older. . . . And I think all human beings operate better, function better with a routine.
Dan does repeated narrative work to distinguish his parenting favorably from that of other parents, whom he views as overly hands-off. He also acknowledges the importance of community for facilitating his desired health lifestyle: “One of the reasons I bought this house is, it’s close to the ele- mentary school, it’s close to middle school, it’s close to the high school. So since she’s an only child, I wanted her to grow up with a lot of friends in her neighborhood that she would get to know all through school.” Mary and Dan organize their work schedules and exercise time to maximize interaction with Brittany. We observed rooms dedicated to her hobbies. Manifesting Dan and Mary’s parenting identities and representing a broad understanding of health from sleep and diet to family interactions and peer contact, Brittany’s everyday routine is care- fully curated to create a health lifestyle that they believe sets her up for future success.

    Claimed Finding:
    The observations show that Dan maintains strict routines, such as fixed bedtimes, as part of his daughter’s health lifestyle plan.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Yet Jasmine and Aaron sometimes feel the sting of others’ judgement, suggesting that achievement of independence is less normative than elite achievement. Describing an outdoor interaction with a hovering parent, Aaron says, “If I see you on top of your kid, it’s not a big deal to me. But if they see us letting the kids go, they definitely have to say something [negative to me]. I just don’t understand that.” Similarly, Sofia schedules many activities for her children and seeks to instill hard work, but when they are with other children, if “they’re not getting into really dangerous situations, I let them be.” She thinks friends judge her for “giving our children too much freedom” and says “you get that little smirk” from other parents.
It would have been far easier for Christine simply to choose two sports, so she is expending considerable effort to encourage Noah’s identity expression. Thus, even though children’s identity expression often causes problems for children’s enactment of their parents’ preferred behaviors, parents encourage it as an important facet of middle-class health lifestyles. Participants differ, however, in how highly they prioritize children’s identity expression (see the following).

    Claimed Finding:
    The study reports that parents pursuing non-normative health lifestyles rarely feel judged by other community members.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    After adjusting for year and month; individual, county, and state characteristics; and state ICI, Central American- and Mexican-born individuals residing in states at delivery with a license law in place since the estimated date of conception had lower risks of preterm birth (fully adjusted relative risk [RR] = .90; 95% CI = [.89, .92]) and low birthweight birth (adjusted RR = .93; 95% CI = [.91, .96]), a slight increase in mean birthweight (adjusted β = 5.2; 95% CI = [1.6, 8.7]), and lower probability of first-trimester prenatal care (adjusted RR = .98; 95% CI = [.97, .98]) compared to individuals residing in a state without a license law implemented prior to conception (Table 3). Additionally, varying the lag in the exposure (i.e., classifying individuals as exposed only if the law was in place 6, 12, 18, or 24 months prior to conception) did not change the results for first-trimester prenatal care (Table 4). For preterm birth, low birthweight, and mean birthweight, the estimated associations were slightly stronger the greater the lag time, with the greatest change occurring for birthweight.

    Claimed Finding:
    Driver’s license laws were associated with a statistically significant reduction in low birthweight among Mexican and Central American immigrants.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    First, a causal interpretation of our results assumes there were no other events occurring at or around the passing of these laws in each state that affected perinatal outcomes for Mexican/Central American-born birthing people living in the state. To test this possibility, we used a placebo approach and examined the effect of passage of a driver’s license law on U.S.-born, non-Hispanic White birthing people (see Table S2 in the online version of the article), a group for whom no effect from the law was expected. In the fully adjusted model, there was no observed association for low birthweight, mean birthweight, or entry into prenatal care and a slight inverse association for preterm birth (RR = .97; 95% CI = [.96, .98]).

    Claimed Finding:
    Driver’s license laws substantially raised birthweight among U.S.-born non-Hispanic White infants.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Second, we fit models stratifying by birthing person’s educational attainment (Table S3 in the online version of the article). In fully adjusted models, we observed a slightly stronger protective association among individuals who did not have a high school education for preterm birth, low birthweight, and mean birthweight. However, the observed association with first-trimester entry into prenatal care remained in the opposite direction of our hypothesis (lower probability of entry for individuals exposed to the law since conception).

    Claimed Finding:
    The protective association of driver’s license laws with birth outcomes was weaker among immigrant birthing people who did not complete high school.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Lastly, to determine whether the COVID-19 pandemic impacted our results, we repeated our analysis excluding births in 2020 to 2021 (Table S4 in the online version of the article). The direction and magnitude of the associations did not change, but the association for birthweight was no longer statistically significant.

    Claimed Finding:
    When births from 2020–2021 were excluded, the positive association between license laws and birthweight remained statistically significant.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    In contrast to our hypothesis, we did not observe an increase in first-trimester entry into prenatal care for individuals exposed to the law, and in adjusted models, we observed a slightly lower probability of first-trimester entry into care for exposed individuals. This finding suggests that the observed association between license laws and perinatal outcomes is not driven by access to prenatal care.

    Claimed Finding:
    Access to driver’s licenses did not lead to earlier entry into prenatal care among the target population.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Overall, preterm birth rates were lower in states that enacted license laws compared to those that did not, although rates in both groups declined over time. Similarly, Mexican- and Central American-born birthing people delivering in states that enacted license laws were more likely to enter prenatal care in the first trimester. Birthweight was similar across groups and over time. Other birthing person characteristics were similar across groups (i.e., education, parity, marital status). In both 2008 and 2020, a greater proportion of birthing people lived in counties with 287(g) agreements in place in states that never enacted license laws compared to those that did. The proportion of birthing people living in counties with 287(g) agreements declined over time in both groups. Finally, individuals living in states that never enacted a license law were more likely to live in a rural county than individuals residing in states that passed a license law.

    Claimed Finding:
    Mean birthweight was consistently higher in license-law states than in states without such laws in both 2008 and 2020.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    State demographic and economic characteristics were similar across groups at each time point (Table 2). However, indicators of immigration enforcement climate show a more positive climate for immigrants in states that enacted license laws with increasing inclusivity in 2020 compared to 2008. The median ICI was −7 (interquartile range [IQR] = 11) in states that never enacted a license law in 2008 and −15 (IQR = 47) in 2020. In states that enacted a license law, the ICI was 2.0 (IQR = 4.0) in 2008 and 39 (IQR = 27) in 2020. Similarly, the median detainer rate was lower in both 2008 and 2020 in states that enacted license laws than in states that never enacted a license law. States that enacted license laws were also more likely to adopt the unborn child option under CHIP and expand Medicaid than states that never enacted a license law.

    Claimed Finding:
    States that passed license laws had lower immigration detainer rates than states that never enacted such laws.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Overall, our results and sensitivity analyses provide the strongest support for a protective effect of license laws on low birthweight and birthweight. Although we find an association between license laws and improvements in preterm birth, our sensitivity analysis with non-Hispanic White birthing people suggests that the protective effect for preterm birth may have partially resulted from secular processes that impacted both groups and are not accounted for by our set of controls. These results are consistent with prior research on the impact of inclusive immigration policies at the federal level on perinatal outcomes, which found that the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program was associated with improvements in low birthweight and birthweight but not preterm birth (Hamilton, Langer, and Patler 2021).

    Claimed Finding:
    The overall evidence indicates that driver’s license laws most clearly improved low birthweight outcomes rather than preterm birth.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    After descriptive analyses (Table 2), we observed differences in enacting and nonenacting states at baseline that widened over time, including for the ICI, state detainer rate, and Medicaid expansion status. Thus, we considered this group an inappropriate comparison group.

    Claimed Finding:
    Because key policy and enforcement indicators differed and diverged over time between enacting and nonenacting states, the authors judged nonenacting states to be an unsuitable control group.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Within this context, we find that the extension of the legal right to drive to undocumented immigrants is associated with health benefits for the children of Mexican and Central American immigrants.

    Claimed Finding:
    The study ultimately concluded that extending driver’s licenses to undocumented immigrants yielded no measurable health benefits for Mexican and Central American infants.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Across each of our three outcomes, we observe a similar pattern of results. Among older adults, union membership measured at the current wave does not predict health outcomes when controls are added to regression models. However, cumulative unionization operates in a similar way across each outcome. We observe a curvilinear pattern with more positive associations for more unionized careers. These patterns of association for cumulative unionization remain with the inclusion of both controls and contemporaneous union membership.

    Claimed Finding:
    Even after adjusting for numerous covariates, cumulative (career-long) unionization—but not current union status—significantly predicts better health among older adults.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Figure 2 visualizes the predicted values by cumulative unionization from Models 5, 10, and 15.

Figure 2 shows a similar curvilinear pattern across our three health outcomes. Older adults who spent the entirety of their careers in unions have better self-rated health, fewer functional limitations, and fewer chronic conditions. The worst health outcomes are found among those who spent approximately 30% of their observed waves in a union. Yet respondents with fully unionized careers also have better health outcomes than those who were never in a union, with .206 higher self-rated health (p < .05), .17 fewer functional limitations (p < .10), and .14 fewer life-threatening chronic conditions (p = .21). Notably, these results adjust for industry, occupation, and total number of industry–occupation categories held during a respondent’s career (for comparisons excluding career measures, see the Appendix in the online version of the article). Effect sizes are relatively large. Maximum differences in predicted values range from .22 SD to .31 SD of the specific health outcome. The overall finding is one in which a fully unionized career corresponds with beneficial older adulthood health.

    Claimed Finding:
    The analysis shows that the greatest health advantages occur when workers spend only a small fraction of their careers—around 10 percent—in unions.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Across each health outcome, we find a similar general pattern: Unionization at earlier ages is more predictive of older adulthood health than unionization at later ages. Unionization at ages 18 to 30 is significantly associated with more positive self-rated health and fewer chronic conditions, and unionization in ages 31 to 40 is significantly associated with fewer functional limitations. We do find significant associations for ages 41 to 50 for self-rated health, but the most consistent pattern across health outcomes is found in earlier career stages; any associations for older ages (e.g., Models 3, 7) are removed when younger aged union membership is included.

    Claimed Finding:
    Early-career union membership (before age 30) is a stronger predictor of better health in later life than unionization that begins closer to retirement.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Regarding self-rated health, we see a clear decline of the protective effects of cumulative unionization as respondents move from ages 60 to 79. For example, among respondents who were union members in every observed wave of their career, self-rated health decreases from about 3.7 at age 60 to about 3.25 at age 70 and about 2.8 at age 79. By age 79, we do not observe any significant association.

    Claimed Finding:
    The study finds that the health advantage associated with cumulative unionization remains equally strong at age 79 as it is at age 60.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Regarding functional limitations and chronic conditions, we highlight an overall conclusion and a caveat. The main effects of cumulative unionization remain significant for both functional limitations and chronic conditions, whereas interaction terms are nonsignificant. These findings suggest no change in cumulative unionization’s effect over time as a respondent ages. At the same time, the linear combination of the main and interaction terms, for cumulative unionization’s main and squared coefficients, show insignificant associations with functional limitations and chronic conditions by the time respondents reach age 79. Although these do not show up in the significance of interaction coefficients, they suggest that the effect of cumulative unionization becomes, at minimum, surrounded by considerable uncertainty at older ages.

    Claimed Finding:
    Overall, cumulative unionization’s link to functional limitations and chronic conditions does not significantly change across most of the older age span studied.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    We observe that the inverted U shape from the main results is most pronounced among the earliest birth cohorts in our sample, or those born in 1940. The association flattens out across birth cohorts, until negligible associations are found among those born in 1959.

    Claimed Finding:
    Cumulative unionization explains little to no variation in health among individuals born in 1959, whereas it shows a stronger relationship for the 1940 cohort.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    We observe health effects of cumulative unionization to be primarily concentrated among individuals without college degrees and among men. For education, the curvilinear fit for cumulative unionization is found across all three health outcomes for noncollege workers. Unionization has no significant association with either physical health or functional limitations for college-educated workers. For sex, although the curvilinear fit is jointly significant for all three outcomes for men and overall insignificant for women, the discrete change between men and women is insignificant across all levels of cumulative unionization, meaning no straightforward conclusion for gender can be drawn.

    Claimed Finding:
    The analysis indicates that college graduates experience the strongest positive health effects from cumulative unionization.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    To better illustrate the subgroup heterogeneity of cumulative unionization, Figure 5 presents predicted values of self-rated health from the six subgroup regression models (top row) and group differences at cumulative unionization levels (bottom row). Beyond the conclusions drawn from Table 4, we see that health outcomes for more vulnerable social categories, noncollege and non-White individuals, converge to the more positive health levels of the more advantaged groups, college and White individuals, at the highest levels of cumulative unionization. We can also observe that although the positive effect of cumulative unionization is present for both White and non-White groups, the magnitude of the effect of high cumulative unionization is much greater for non-White individuals in the sample.

    Claimed Finding:
    Spending an entire career in a union largely eliminates the self-rated health gap between White and non-White older adults.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Several descriptive trends are notable. First, for the overall sample, respondents with the highest rates of cumulative unionization have the most positive health outcomes. Respondents who spent 100% of their careers in unions have mean self-rated health at around 3.5 compared to around 3.1 for those spending 40% of their careers in unions and around 3.3 for those who were never unionized. Similarly, always unionized respondents have functional limitation rates of around .25 compared to between .40 and .55 for those between 0% and 50% of their career unionized. Always unionized respondents similarly have around .1 to .2 fewer life-threatening chronic conditions compared to those at 50% or less of their career unionized.

We see significant variation of trends by educational attainment. Cumulative unionization has a much more modest association for those with a college degree. There is little difference in self-rated health and chronic health conditions for the most and least unionized college graduates. Cumulative unionization is much more consequential among those without a college degree. Those who spent their entire career in a union have better outcomes across each health measure, with rates roughly converging to those among those with a college education.

    Claimed Finding:
    Descriptively, workers who never belonged to a union report the worst mean self-rated health in the sample.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    First, we find that the accumulated history of unionization contributes to older adulthood health. Among older adults, those who spent the entirety of their career in unions have better self-rated health, fewer functional limitations, and fewer life-threatening chronic conditions than those who were partially or never union members.

    Claimed Finding:
    The authors conclude that having only partial union experience is associated with the best later-life health outcomes.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Descriptive statistics are shown in Table 1 for state-
level measures and Table 2 for individual-level
measures. Earnings ratio, labor force ratio, and pov-
erty ratio all have means that are above 1, indicating
gender inequality that favors men. Proportion of
men in state legislature is 74%, signaling that men
consistently outnumber women in local govern-
ment, and proportion of women without abortion
access is almost 50%, again showing women in a
disadvantaged position, this time regarding repro-
ductive health care access.

    Claimed Finding:
    Roughly three-quarters of state legislative seats are held by men, highlighting male over-representation in political office.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Individual-level descriptive statistics show that
women are more likely to receive preventive health
care services compared to men and that the differ-
ences are statistically significant. For example,
83.8% of women had seen a doctor in the past year
compared to 76.3% of men. Similarly, 87.6% of
women have a person they consider a personal doc-
tor compared to 78.0% of men. These were the two
most highly endorsed measures, while the health
care services least likely to be used were getting a
flu shot in the past year (36.7% of men and 41.8%
of women) and ever having tested for HIV (33.0%
of men and 33.5% of women). Women were
slightly older on average (56.2 years compared to
53.5 years), were less likely to be married (52.0%
compared to 59.0%), were more likely to be parents
(36.9% compared to 25.3%), and had lower
incomes ($50,382 on average compared to
$56,439). The remainder of individual descriptive
statistics were statistically different although per-
haps not meaningfully different, including the
racial breakdown, self-rated health, and education.

    Claimed Finding:
    Women were more likely than men to report having a personal doctor they regularly consult.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    The results for the gender-stratified multilevel
models that predict use of preventive health care
services conditional on exposure to structural sexism
are in Table 3 for women and Table 4 for men.
Figure 2 visualizes the results for both men and
women in a forest plot with a darker color rep-
resenting significant results. Overall, we found that
both women and men were less likely to use pre-
ventive services in states with more structural sex-
ism. Women were less likely to have had a
colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy (OR = .94, p =
.018), to have tested for HIV (OR = .82, p < .001),
and to have had a mammogram (OR = .95, p =
.009), a pap test (OR = .94, p = .011), and an HPV
test (OR = .87, p < .001) in states with more struc-
tural sexism compared to women in states with less
structural sexism. Men were similar in that they
were less likely to have a personal doctor (OR =
.91, p = .031), to have had a colonoscopy or sig-
moidoscopy (OR = .93, p = .006), and to have
tested for HIV (OR = .85, p < .001) in states with
more structural sexism compared to men in states
with less structural sexism. However, men also
were more likely to have had a PSA test in states
with more structural sexism (OR = 1.06, p = .003),
which was the only service positively associated
with structural sexism.

    Claimed Finding:
    Higher levels of structural sexism were associated with lower odds that women obtained a mammogram.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    The coefficients can be interpreted as the ORs
for using a particular service associated with a 1
standard deviation increase in the structural sexism
index. For example, a 1 standard deviation increase
in the structural sexism index is associated with a
.87 OR of women getting tested for HPV, which
translates to 13% lower odds. To further aid in the
interpretation of these results, we used our model to
calculate the predicted probabilities of HPV testing
among women across the range of sexism
exposures observed in our sample: A woman
exposed to the lowest observed level of sexism has
a .51 predicted probability of testing for HPV, while
a woman exposed to the highest level of sexism has
only a .38 predicted probability of testing for HPV.

    Claimed Finding:
    Moving one standard deviation up on the structural sexism scale lowers women’s odds of HPV testing by about 13 percent.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    There was one particularly interesting finding in
our study that did not fit the same pattern as the
other results. In states with more sexism, men were
more likely to get PSA tests compared to men in
states with less sexism, which was the opposite
relationship for all other forms of preventive care
among men in this study. While initially somewhat
surprising, this can also be understood from a modi-
fied gender performance perspective. From a hege-
monic masculinity viewpoint, prostate cancer
(which can be detected by PSA tests, allowing for
timely treatment) presents a unique threat to mascu-
linity because it often causes incontinence and erec-
tile dysfunction, which can be perceived as
weakness, lack of control over bodily function, and
failure to fulfill masculine ideals of sexual prowess
(Gray et al. 2002). Thus, while it may be generally
considered unmasculine to seek out health care
(especially preventive care that is not an urgent
necessity), men may make exceptions for care that
sustains sexual function.

    Claimed Finding:
    Unlike most other preventive services, PSA screening among men rose in states exhibiting higher structural sexism.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    The sample was composed of men and women from
the BRFSS national survey in 2018. BRFSS is the
largest continuously conducted health survey in the
world and collects annual, cross-sectional data from
respondents in all 50 states about health behaviors
and conditions and demographics. Some questions
vary each year, thus we used 2018 data because it
was the most recent year that had the most applica-
ble and complete data on preventive health care use.
It was also important to avoid 2020 data due to the
impact of COVID-19 on health care use. Our ana-
lytic sample consisted of 425,454 individuals, of
which 192,854 were men and 232,600 were women.
The sample sizes varied for each preventive health
care service outcome, depending on how many indi-
viduals responded to each of the questions.

    Claimed Finding:
    The study sample contained more male than female respondents.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Overall, our results indicate a strong negative
relationship between exposure to structural sexism
at the state level and the use of preventive health
care services among both men and women. These
results partially supported our hypothesis based on
a gender performance perspective because men
were less likely to use preventive health care in
states with more structural sexism, consistent with
the idea that performing masculinity entails health
care avoidance and negative health beliefs and
behaviors (Courtenay 2000). However, a gender
performance perspective was not generally sup-
ported for women, who were also less likely to use
preventive health care in states with more structural
sexism but who were hypothesized to increase
health care utilization in conjunction with perform-
ing femininity. Our results fully supported a gen-
dered power and resource allocation perspective
because both men and women were overall less
likely to use preventive health care services in
states with more sexism. This pattern would be
expected if the disempowerment of women in sexist
environments leads to the contraction of health-
promoting resources for everyone to access.

    Claimed Finding:
    The analysis showed that men’s preventive health-care use was unaffected by the level of structural sexism in their state.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Preventive care spending in the United States has
declined as a share of total health expenditure from
3.7% in 2000 to 2.9% in 2018 (Kamal and Hudman
2020). This declining investment in preventing and
controlling risk exposure is problematic because
more than a quarter of all personal health care
spending in the United States in 2016 was due to
modifiable risk factors and preventable illnesses
(Bolnick et al. 2020).

    Claimed Finding:
    Between 2000 and 2018, the share of U.S. health spending devoted to preventive care rose from 2.9 % to 3.7 %.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Studies find that most Americans do not access the
benefits of preventive health care. For example, only
8% of U.S. adults age 35 or older received all recom-
mended, high-priority, appropriate clinical preven-
tive services in 2015, and nearly 5% received none
of the routine preventive screenings (Borsky et al.
2018).

    Claimed Finding:
    The majority of adults aged 35 or older obtained every high-priority preventive service recommended for them in 2015.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Research on U.S. adults shows that
women score higher than men on a composite mea-
sure of preventive care use (Asch et al. 2006), and
men are less likely to have their blood pressure and
cholesterol checked, less likely to visit the dentist,
and less likely to get flu shots compared to women
(Vaidya, Partha, and Karmakar 2012).

    Claimed Finding:
    Men are more likely than women to receive flu vaccinations in the United States.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Table 3, Model 2 shows that increases in income inequality from five years prior predict decreases in policy liberalism, net of state fixed effects and the time-varying covariates. While the coefficient for income inequality is negative in both models, it is not statistically different from zero in Model 1, which underscores the importance of considering past income inequality when predicting subsequent state policy liberalism.

    Claimed Finding:
    Higher income inequality five years earlier is associated with lower levels of policy liberalism within a state.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: SUPPORT


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper and a research finding derived from it.

    Your task is to determine whether the finding is **fully supported** by the information provided in the passage.

    Respond with one word:
    **SUPPORT** - if the finding is clearly and accurately justified by the passage
    **CONTRADICT** - if the finding misrepresents, exaggerates, or is not derivable from the passage

    Do not make assumptions beyond the provided text. Use only the given evidence.

    Scientific Text:
    Table 4 presents the results examining life expectancy and reveals three important points. First, Model 1 shows that increases in income inequality are associated with decreases in life expectancy (b = −.031; p < .001) when nonlagged, while Model 4 shows this association for lagged income inequality is not statistically significant (b = –.007; p = .347). The former association corresponded with a standard deviation increase in income inequality being associated with a .15-year decrease in life expectancy. This estimate was found by standardizing our income inequality measure and rerunning Model 1 (not shown).

    Claimed Finding:
    Even when a five-year lag is applied, higher income inequality significantly predicts lower state life expectancy.

    Answer (SUPPORT / CONTRADICT):

Answer: CONTRADICT