Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
V.N.T. and V.Y.I. designed the study. V.N.T., W.H., K.M. and F.D. collected the data. V.N.T. conducted the experiments. V.N.T. and V.Y.I. analyzed the data and wrote and revised the paper with inputs from all co-authors. All authors contributed to the interpretation of results, writing and revision of the paper.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Cities are now taking the lead in implementing just urban transitions—fair and equitable transitions toward low-carbon and resilient urban societies1,2. Given the global push towards urbanization into metropolitan areas3, and the devolution of some authority in climate decision-making to subnational actors, cities have been leaders in climate action for over two decades4–6. More recently, city governments have been increasingly recognizing the connections between climate change and social justice, and making headway with the integration of justice and equity concerns into climate plans and policy implementation tools7–9. However, these efforts have been met with questions about whether and how cities will take just climate action from planning into practice.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find that implementing BERDO entails political contestation over differing conceptions of resistance and power relations around climate justice. Justice becomes subject to scope and scale discrepancies, the processes of bureaucratization and even weaponization. In documenting these tensions, we provide insights into the complex challenges that cities may face as they begin to operationalize climate justice on the ground.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Regulated parties rarely advocated for the creation of additional benefits or the distribution of existing benefits. Most of their requests were related to providing flexibility for building owners and minimizing costs and regulatory burdens, often arguing that regulations would “unfairly”, “unduly” or “overly” burden them. In some instances, regulated parties were reluctant to accept regulations that mandated building owners to distribute benefits in the community.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Contestations about procedural justice largely revolved around the Review Board, which has substantial authority in the implementation of BERDO (Table 2). Regulated parties sought to strengthen their representation in the Review Board by urging the city to select members with technocratic expertise and expand the definition of “community-based organizations” (which can nominate two-thirds of the Review Board) to include the business community. Unsuccessful in these efforts, regulated parties then advocated for regulations that would limit the Review Board’s discretion, give them access to the Review Board through working groups or enable owners to easily appeal Review Board decisions.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Even though CAG members and regulated parties were not always successful in influencing implementation decisions via mobilizing ideas of justice, justice contestations came to define how the City of Boston operationalized climate justice and shaped the implementation of BERDO itself. This could be seen in the evolution of the rule-making process with the addition of meetings with Boston residents and additional public comment periods as a result of requests from the CAG and regulated parties. Contestations were also reflected in the final rule-making language, which was drafted and revised to resonate with multiple, and sometimes conflicting, justice ideals that were mobilized throughout the process (Fig. 4).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Interviewees identified several common barriers to policy implementation in BERDO, including capacity and budget constraints, technical complexity, uncertainty and data quality/availability. However, we found that additional distinctive challenges stemmed from the pursuit of implementing climate justice itself. We categorized these challenges into (1) scope and scale discrepancies, (2) the bureaucratization of justice and (3) the weaponizing of justice.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We investigate the first two years of implementation of the BERDO program with a particular focus on rule-making, the process through which the City of Boston developed rules and regulations for implementing and enforcing BERDO. We use a mixed-methods approach that combines 5 months of participant observation within the City of Boston’s Environment Department, 20 interviews with city staff and community leaders involved in the implementation of BERDO and a systematic content analysis of over 200 policy documents related to rule-making. Drawing from our mixed-methods research design (Methods), we organize our analytical insights according to three core themes.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
C.V.D. conducted participant observation by working as a Policy Fellow at the City of Boston’s Environment Department. In this role, C.V.D. actively participated in the implementation of BERDO, with a particular emphasis on the rule-making process, which involved working directly with city staff (1) to engage with community advocates, Boston residents and regulated parties throughout the regulations process; (2) to prepare materials for public meetings; (3) to review and analyse public feedback; (4) to draft and revise the regulations language; and (5) to support other implementation activities as needed. More than 580 h of participant observation were carried out over a period of 5 months, from June to December 2023.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We conducted 20 semistructured interviews with city staff, community advocates and leaders involved in the implementation of BERDO. Interviews ranged between 30 and 65 min, but most lasted 50 min. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed for analysis.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We conducted a content analysis of relevant policy documents, records from public meetings and public comments related to the rule-making process. This analysis included the final regulatory language adopted through the rule-making process, the minutes and materials from 15 public hearings of the Boston Air Pollution Control Commission, minutes and materials from 12 public hearings of the Review Board, minutes and materials from 11 CAG meetings, minutes and materials from 12 public meetings held by the City of Boston’s Environment Department, 134 public comment letters received as part of the rule-making process, and nine documents that included city staff responses to public comment letters. A list of public meetings included in this analysis can be found in Supplementary Appendix C.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We coded all participant observation, interview and content analysis data using an iterative qualitative process of inductive coding. We first coded the data according to emergent themes revealed by each source independently (that is, participant observation notes, interview transcripts and policy documents). We then conducted multiple iterative rounds of focused coding to homogenize our analysis across all data sources.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
First, whereas visions of climate justice in the city, such as the “Green New Deal” and “just urban transitions”, necessitate multi-sectoral and multi-level governance approaches14, implementing climate justice through a single climate program is inevitably subject to constraints of scope and scale. In that regard, community-driven implementation approaches such as the CAG and Review Board must begin with a shared understanding of the scope and scale of the program at hand. This is not to say that policies should be implemented in a vacuum or avoid challenging existing power relations and siloing practices within a city.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Finally, the prospective weaponizing of justice highlights the need for a critical lens in the implementation of justice. Policymakers should interrogate who is mobilizing justice claims, to what extent and why, and question when, how and who may misuse or co-opt justice measures. Well-intentioned environmental laws have been perversely used to block projects that climate policies seek to promote.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements We are grateful to all of the city officials and community leaders who generously shared their time, knowledge and experiences for this research. This work was supported by a Boston Area Research Initiative Seed Grant (C.V.D.), a Fellowship by the Switzer Foundation (C.V.D.) and the National Science Foundation NSF-2314889 (A.G.S.G.) and NSF-1735087 (C.V.D.).

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Author contributions C.V.D. and A.G.S.G. conceptualized the work. C.V.D., B.K.S. and A.G.S.G. carried out the methodology and interpretation of the results. C.V.D. collected and analysed the data in addition to visualization.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Many parents were familiar with the idea of a healthy lifestyle, and there was some unprompted use of the term. But mostly parents broadly articulated “the way we raise them” (in Laura’s words), often with eloquent narratives, identity statements, and nuanced understandings of health and community norms underlying the behavioral routines they carefully fostered and repeatedly linked to health and well-being. Grounded in these data, we inductively modeled the components of children’s health lifestyles as articulated by parents and described prevalent types in the study communities.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We found that parents construct expansive understandings of health, which blur boundaries across physical and psychological well-being, social integration, and academic achievement (Pace, Mollborn, and Rigles 2022; Warner 2010). They are broader than researchers’ implicit understandings of health when operationalizing health lifestyles. Health lifestyles encompass children’s behaviors (including traditional health behaviors and others linked to wider conceptualizations of health, such as socializing and doing homework).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We summarize the four prevalent health lifestyles in our communities, primarily illustrated using four families. Table 2 articulates the lifestyles and the two dimensions that differentiate them: the relative importance of parent versus child identity expression and the relative focus on the future versus present. Although most parents blend elements of multiple health lifestyles in constructing a lifestyle, most children’s lifestyles primarily fall into one type.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The most prevalent, normatively dominant, and typically most resource-intensive health lifestyle for community children, the “elite achievement” lifestyle, combines a future-oriented focus on skill building with high levels of parental identity expression in everyday interactions (see Table 2). Achievement is part of parents’ understandings of child health (Pace et al. 2022). Parents from upper-middle-class childhood backgrounds were disproportionately represented in this health lifestyle.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Although our cross-sectional data cannot document long-term effects, parents imagine that their children’s health lifestyles matter for identities and future lifestyles, health, and socioeconomic attainment. We agree that this is likely. These lifestyles are likely important for reproducing families’ and communities’ social, socioeconomic, and health advantages.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
This study’s design was different from typical health lifestyle approaches that focus on a specific set of physical health-related behaviors and their frequencies. We sought to collect qualitative data on children’s health lifestyles, avoiding imposing pre-existing notions around what constitutes health and health behaviors for parents, what children’s health lifestyles consist of, and whether parents talk about health lifestyles. Recruitment materials said the study was about “parents, kids, and well-being.”

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The data combined in-home family observations, parent interviews and focus groups, and key informant interviews in two neighboring middle-class communities in the U.S. West—“Greenville” and “Springfield”—from September 2015 to May 2016. (All names and some potentially identifying details have been altered.) Our primary data source was 55 parent interviews: 35 with parents who also participated in a home observation (N = 30 families; in 5 families, both parents requested to be interviewed together) and 20 with parents who only participated in an interview.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Parent participants’ average age was 43, and 80% were mothers. Seventy-seven percent were married, 17% were divorced/separated, 4% were single, and one parent was widowed. Eighty-six percent of parents identified as White, 8% identified as Asian American, and 6% identified as Latino; a substantial minority were foreign-born.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The study’s communities, both midsized cities in the same large metropolitan area (U.S. Census Bureau 2017), were middle- to upper-middle-class. They were demographically quite similar, with median household incomes close to the state average and high proportions of residents identifying as White. Middle-class Springfield was more socioeconomically and ethnically diverse than upper-middle-class Greenville; its median housing value was half as high, and half as many residents had a bachelor’s degree (U.S. Census Bureau 2017).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Electronic copies of transcriptions and field notes were manually coded using NVivo qualitative software and summary spreadsheets. Analysis of themes reported here was inductive: We had no a priori expectation about what children’s health lifestyles consisted of, how health or health behaviors were defined, or how they would vary. We analyzed observational field notes together with parent interviews to compare personal accounts to observed behaviors, allowing themes to arise organically and coding for some predetermined themes.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Understanding health lifestyles in this way could spur more effective and appropriate policy efforts. Changing people’s health behaviors is notoriously difficult—in part because a target behavior likely combines with other behaviors within a health lifestyle that is also comprised of identities, narratives, norms, and understandings of health. Returning to Brittany, her behaviors have been carefully planned and justified by Dan and Mary, who relate their chosen lifestyle for Brittany to their own traditional, family-oriented identities and their moral worth as parents.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Policy efforts from Brittany’s community or school to change one of her health behaviors are unlikely to succeed unless they engage with her broader health lifestyle, its links to both her present and future, her parents’ deep identity investment, her own identity expression, and the lifestyle’s embeddedness within localized community norms. A successful effort to change Brittany’s behavior must therefore move well beyond the individual child and her family— which is harder to implement but potentially much more effective. This empirical reality could translate into starkly different policy approaches to intervening in social inequalities and children’s health.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgments We thank Joshua Goode, Fred Pampel, Richard Jessor, Elizabeth Lawrence, Olowudara Oloyede, Kevin Le, Andrew Bennett, and Amber Bunner. Funding The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) Grants SES 1423524 and 1729463.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Stefanie Mollborn, PhD, is a professor of sociology at Stockholm University, Sweden and an affiliate of the Institute of Behavioral Science at the University of Colorado Boulder. She researches inequalities, well-being, and health among young people and families in Europe and the United States using quantitative and qualitative methods. Her current research projects focus on health lifestyles and early life inequalities, sexual minority health disparities and family structure, the life course impacts of contraceptive access, and intensive parenting attitudes.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Despite growing attention to the links between state immigration policies and health, we have a limited understanding of whether and to what extent the enactment of inclusive immigration policies at the state level can improve health. Extant scholarship largely focuses on the deleterious health effects of restrictive state-level immigration policies (Hardy et al. 2012; Torche and Sirois 2019; Wang and Kaushal 2019; Young, Crookes, and Torres 2022) or on the health effects of states’ immigration policy climate, a measure that captures a range of immigration-related policies enacted in a given state (Dondero and Altman 2020; Hatzenbuehler et al. 2017; Schut and Boen 2022; Stanhope et al. 2019; Sudhinaraset et al. 2021; Young et al. 2019). Among the studies that examine how specific state-level inclusive immigration policies impact health, the focus has primarily been on policies that extend access to public health insurance to immigrants (for notable exceptions, see Koball, Kirby, and Hartig 2022; Potochnick, May, and Flores 2019; Schut and Boen 2022). How non-health-related inclusive immigration policies shape the health and well-being of immigrants and their children remains far less clear. Additionally, to what extent individual inclusive policies can positively affect health independent of states’ broader policy climate is also not well understood.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Fitting multivariable log binomial and linear models, we find that the implementation of a license law is associated with improvements in low birthweight and mean birthweight. Replicating these analyses among U.S.-born non-Hispanic White birthing people, we find no association between the implementation of a license law and birthweight. These findings support the hypothesis that states’ extension of legal rights to immigrants improves the health of the next generation.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
After adjusting for year and month; individual, county, and state characteristics; and state ICI, Central American- and Mexican-born individuals residing in states at delivery with a license law in place since the estimated date of conception had lower risks of preterm birth (fully adjusted relative risk [RR] = .90; 95% CI = [.89, .92]) and low birthweight birth (adjusted RR = .93; 95% CI = [.91, .96]), a slight increase in mean birthweight (adjusted β = 5.2; 95% CI = [1.6, 8.7]), and lower probability of first-trimester prenatal care (adjusted RR = .98; 95% CI = [.97, .98]) compared to individuals residing in a state without a license law implemented prior to conception. Additionally, varying the lag in the exposure (i.e., classifying individuals as exposed only if the law was in place 6, 12, 18, or 24 months prior to conception) did not change the results for first-trimester prenatal care (Table 4). For preterm birth, low birthweight, and mean birthweight, the estimated associations were slightly stronger the greater the lag time, with the greatest change occurring for birthweight.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Overall, our results provide support for these hypotheses. Adjusted models showed reduced risk of preterm birth and low birthweight and higher mean birthweight comparing individuals in a state with a license law in place during gestation to those residing in a state who would eventually implement a license law but had not yet during that pregnancy. For preterm birth, low birthweight, and birthweight, we further observed a lagged association—the estimated associations were slightly stronger the greater the lag time.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our sensitivity analysis with U.S.-born, non-Hispanic White birthing people suggests that the laws do not appear to impact birthweight among individuals who were already eligible to receive driver’s licenses prior to the passage of the law and who are unlikely to be perceived as undocumented. However, we observed a slight protective association for preterm birth among U.S.-born, non-Hispanic White birthing people, suggesting that other secular processes may have driven part of the observed association for Mexican- and Central American-born birthing people as well. Our sensitivity analysis stratifying results by education suggests that the implementation of a license law is associated with greater improvements in preterm birth, low birthweight, and birthweight among Mexican and Central American birthing people with less than a high school education compared to those with at least a high school degree.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Overall, our results and sensitivity analyses provide the strongest support for a protective effect of license laws on low birthweight and birthweight. Although we find an association between license laws and improvements in preterm birth, our sensitivity analysis with non-Hispanic White birthing people suggests that the protective effect for preterm birth may have partially resulted from secular processes that impacted both groups and are not accounted for by our set of controls. These results are consistent with prior research on the impact of inclusive immigration policies at the federal level on perinatal outcomes, which found that the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program was associated with improvements in low birthweight and birthweight but not preterm birth.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We used data from the U.S. restricted use natality files, 2008 to 2021 (National Vital Statistics System 2021) and linked these data to county- and state-level characteristics using the resident county and year. We started the analysis in 2008 because this is the year when Secure Communities was launched and funding for 287(g) dramatically expanded—two programs that involve local law enforcement in immigration enforcement and have been critical to the rise in deportations following a traffic stop (Moinester 2019). These programs contribute to immigrants’ fears of driving without a license and, in turn, may be consequential for perinatal health (Rhodes et al. 2015).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The target population for this study was Mexican and Central American birthing people who were likely to be impacted by the passage of a license law. We believe that undocumented birthing people would be most strongly impacted because they would personally receive an additional privilege and reduction in deportation risk because of the implementation of this law. The impact of these laws may also spill over to birthing people who are not themselves undocumented but whose partner or other loved ones are. Legal status is not included in birth certificate data. However, to make the study population more likely to be undocumented or have undocumented partners or loved ones, we restricted the analysis to birthing people born in Central America or Mexico.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We defined a license law as a law allowing individuals to apply for a state driver’s license regardless of immigration status. We used data from the National Conference of State Legislatures (2023) to identify which states have passed a license law, the enactment date, and the date the law went into effect (i.e., implementation date). To date, 19 states and the District of Columbia have enacted a license law. Thirteen of these laws were implemented during our study period.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
For our primary analysis, we compared individuals residing in a state with a license law in place (implemented) at the estimated date of conception to those residing in a state where a license law was not implemented before the pregnancy but would be implemented following the pregnancy, excluding individuals partially exposed (e.g., individuals for whom the law was implemented during their pregnancy). We fit multivariable log binomial models for preterm birth, low birthweight birth, and entry into prenatal care and linear models for birthweight to calculate risk ratios (or beta estimates) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We fit models including state fixed effects to account for unmeasured characteristics of the state that may have influenced the enactment of a license law.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We conducted several sensitivity analyses to interrogate the impact of analytic choices on our observed results. First, we repeated models among non-Hispanic, U.S.-born White birthing people as a placebo analysis. This group should not have been considerably impacted by the policy decision to extend access to driver’s license to undocumented immigrants. Repeating the analysis for this group would tell us if there were other time-varying processes that may have occurred at the same time and impacted perinatal health generally, although it does not account for processes specific to immigrant communities (e.g., stress due to changes in national immigration climate during the Trump presidency).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Findings from this study highlight the potential of an individual state policy to positively shape the lives of Mexican and Central American immigrants and their children amid a highly conflictual federal and state immigration policy climate. Over the past two decades, deportations from the United States have reached record levels, and anti-immigrant rhetoric has intensified (Callaghan et al. 2019; Golash-Boza 2015). Many states have simultaneously passed laws that intensify surveillance and immigration enforcement (Young and Wallace 2019). Within this context, we find that states’ move to extend access to a driver’s license to undocumented immigrants is associated with improvements in low birthweight and mean birthweight for Mexican and Central American immigrants.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Altogether, the findings from this study underscore the potential for an individual state policy to positively shape the lives of immigrants and their families amid a shifting and largely exclusive federal immigration climate. The laws included in this study were implemented between 2013 and 2020—a period characterized by increasingly negative discourse around immigration at the national level, especially since 2015, and an increasingly restrictive federal immigration enforcement climate under President Trump (Callaghan et al. 2019; Capps et al. 2018). Within this context, we find that the extension of the legal right to drive to undocumented immigrants is associated with health benefits for the children of Mexican and Central American immigrants. Our findings, in turn, suggest that state policies that reduce the criminalization of immigrants and facilitate immigrants’ integration into U.S. society may act as a buffer against a restrictive federal immigration climate.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgments We thank Susan B. Long at the Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse at Syracuse University, Pham Hoang Van, and Huyen Pham for their help accessing the data we use in this study. We thank Michael R. Kramer and Michael Esposito for their feedback on the work in progress. Any errors are our own.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Margot Moinester is an assistant professor in the Department of Sociology at Washington University in St. Louis. Her research focuses on immigration, policing, health, and inequality in the United States. Her research has been supported by the National Science Foundation and the Russell Sage Foundation.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Results from growth models show that unionized careers are associated with .25 SD to .30 SD improvements in health among older adults across all measures. Analyses of life course mechanisms reveal heterogeneous effects across unionization timing, age in older adulthood, and birth cohort. Moreover, subgroup analyses reveal unionization to partially, but not fully, ameliorate disparities based on privileged social positions.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
After documenting overall positive associations between a larger proportion of one’s career spent in unions and positive physical health outcomes at older ages, we move on to examine key sources of heterogeneity. We find a significant lag, where unionization at younger ages is more predictive of older adulthood health, while the associations of cumulative unionization unsurprisingly decay as individuals move into older ages. And associations are concentrated among earlier birth cohorts or those who spent more years in a labor market with strong and federally supported labor unions (Jacobs and Myers 2014).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Associations are primarily concentrated among individuals without a college degree and men, although the beneficial associations are slightly more pronounced among non-White individuals. These findings reflect the critique of labor unions as narrowly focused on the well-being of the mid-twentieth century’s White working class (Cowie 2010) and labor’s tumultuous relationship with civil rights (Frymer 2011). But they also reveal cumulative unionization to be a distinct input into health outcomes that cannot be fully reduced to other forms of advantage based on social position.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
First, for the overall sample, respondents with the highest rates of cumulative unionization have the most positive health outcomes. Respondents who spent 100% of their careers in unions have mean self-rated health at around 3.5 compared to around 3.1 for those spending 40% of their careers in unions and around 3.3 for those who were never unionized. Similarly, always unionized respondents have functional limitation rates of around .25 compared to between .40 and .55 for those between 0% and 50% of their career unionized.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Figure 2 shows a similar curvilinear pattern across our three health outcomes. Older adults who spent the entirety of their careers in unions have better self-rated health, fewer functional limitations, and fewer life-threatening chronic conditions. The worst health outcomes are found among those who spent approximately 30% of their observed waves in a union.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We used the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the longest running U.S. longitudinal survey, between 1970 and 2019. The PSID began with a nationally representative sample of about 5,000 families and 18,000 individuals. Information from these individuals and their descendants was collected annually from 1968 to 1995 and biennially thereafter.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We constructed a sample based on the following conditions: respondents have been observed (1) a minimum of 15 times between ages 18 and 60, (2) a minimum of once prior to age 30, (3) a minimum of once at or beyond age 60, and (4) employed at least once between ages 18 and 60.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our key variable was cumulative unionization, following Parolin and VanHeuvelen (2023). It was based on prospective measurements of a respondent’s employment and union membership statuses between ages 18 and 60. We used the ratio of waves that a respondent is a union member over waves employed.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We focused on three key dependent variables measured when respondents were ages 60 and older. First, self-rated health was a five-category indicator ranging from poor (1) to excellent (5). Second was the number of reported current or former chronic conditions.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The primary goal of the current article is to assess the contribution of time-invariant cumulative unionization between ages 18 and 60 to time-varying older adult health outcomes from ages 60 and onward. Therefore, we used a series of growth curve models to predict older adult health using cumulative career information. We included a random coefficient for respondent age.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The current study has significant implications for health scholars and policymakers. It reveals that unionization, measured at the career level, has a meaningful input into health disparities that extend into older adulthood. Neither cross-sectional studies nor longitudinal studies that begin in the late career can detect these disparities.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our study clearly illustrates the longer-term consequences of union membership for many individuals who would otherwise face high risk of low pay and job insecurity. The long-term dynamics of career attainment and opportunity will be of greater social consequence as a larger share of the American population enters older adulthood. These mechanisms imply that strengthening labor unions may serve as a viable avenue to improve population health and reduce future health care costs.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
ORCID iDs
Xiaowen Han https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9029-5302
Tom VanHeuvelen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7504-8186
Jeylan T. Mortimer https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9192-1873

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Xiaowen Han is a PhD candidate in sociology at the University of Minnesota and affiliated with the Minnesota Population Center and Life Course Center. Her research interests focus on the social inequalities in multidimensional job quality and its consequences on health disparities over the life course. Tom VanHeuvelen is an associate professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Minnesota.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
One pathway through which structural sexism may harm health is via its impact on health care. There is very little research on the topic, but one study by Rapp et al. (2022) found that higher state-level structural sexism is associated with decreased health care access and more barriers to affordability among women. No studies to date have examined the relationship between structural sexism and preventive care use and how it might differ among women and men. This represents a major gap in knowledge that can hinder efforts to improve health and health equity in the United States.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Gender performance and gendered power and resource allocation perspectives lead to competing hypotheses regarding these questions. This study explores the relationship between structural sexism and preventive care in gender-stratified, multilevel models that combine data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System with state-level data (N = 425,454). We find that in states with more structural sexism, both men and women were less likely to seek preventive care. These findings support the gender performance hypothesis for men and the gendered power and resource allocation hypothesis for men and women.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Overall, we found that both women and men were less likely to use preventive services in states with more structural sexism. Women were less likely to have had a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy (OR = .94, p = .018), to have tested for HIV (OR = .82, p < .001), and to have had a mammogram (OR = .95, p = .009), a pap test (OR = .94, p = .011), and an HPV test (OR = .87, p < .001) in states with more structural sexism compared to women in states with less structural sexism. Men were similar in that they were less likely to have a personal doctor (OR = .91, p = .031), to have had a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy (OR = .93, p = .006), and to have tested for HIV (OR = .85, p < .001) in states with more structural sexism compared to men in states with less structural sexism.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The coefficients can be interpreted as the ORs for using a particular service associated with a 1 standard deviation increase in the structural sexism index. For example, a 1 standard deviation increase in the structural sexism index is associated with a .87 OR of women getting tested for HPV, which translates to 13% lower odds. To further aid in the interpretation of these results, we used our model to calculate the predicted probabilities of HPV testing among women across the range of sexism exposures observed in our sample: A woman exposed to the lowest observed level of sexism has a .51 predicted probability of testing for HPV, while a woman exposed to the highest level of sexism has only a .38 predicted probability of testing for HPV.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
These results partially supported our hypothesis based on a gender performance perspective because men were less likely to use preventive health care in states with more structural sexism, consistent with the idea that performing masculinity entails health care avoidance and negative health beliefs and behaviors (Courtenay 2000). However, a gender performance perspective was not generally supported for women, who were also less likely to use preventive health care in states with more structural sexism but who were hypothesized to increase health care utilization in conjunction with performing femininity. Our results fully supported a gendered power and resource allocation perspective because both men and women were overall less likely to use preventive health care services in states with more sexism.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
There was one particularly interesting finding in our study that did not fit the same pattern as the other results. In states with more sexism, men were more likely to get PSA tests compared to men in states with less sexism, which was the opposite relationship for all other forms of preventive care among men in this study. While initially somewhat surprising, this can also be understood from a modified gender performance perspective.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We build on previous work on structural sexism (Homan 2019; Homan and Burdette 2021) and examine the relationship between individual-level health data with a measure of structural sexism at the state level and other relevant state-level and individual-level covariates. For individual-level data, we used the BRFSS from 2018 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018). For state-level environments, we included controls from the U.S. Census Bureau and a measure of structural sexism constructed from various administrative sources, including the U.S. Census Bureau, the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Center for American Women and Politics, and Guttmacher Institute.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The sample was composed of men and women from the BRFSS national survey in 2018. BRFSS is the largest continuously conducted health survey in the world and collects annual, cross-sectional data from respondents in all 50 states about health behaviors and conditions and demographics. Some questions vary each year, thus we used 2018 data because it was the most recent year that had the most applicable and complete data on preventive health care use.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our analysis involved several dependent variables that measured the use of preventive health care from BRFSS. Several of these BRFSS variables have different versions that factor age of respondent and frequency of use of the service. For these measures, we analyzed the versions that included the largest sample sizes to provide the most complete picture of gendered patterns of health care use.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods