Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Regional fixed effects analysis confirms that changes in on-peak use predict bill changes (Supplementary Note 2 and Supplementary Tables 1–3). In a separate triple difference analysis (parallel to the billing analysis (Methods)), we found that households vulnerable on the disability indicator saw a smaller decrease in on-peak use from baseline to pilot year when on TOU1 versus control, compared to their non-vulnerable counterparts; no differences were observed for other groups (Supplementary Tables 7 and 8; the mean on-peak use reported by group and time period is given in Supplementary Table 6). Additionally, examining reported behavioural efforts to curtail on-peak air conditioning (AC) use (Table 4), low-income, young children, Hispanic and African American households reported a greater curtailment compared to their non-vulnerable counterparts, whereas households with elderly members reported less curtailment; no differences were observed for households with versus without a disability (Wilcoxon rank sum tests (Methods)).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Main effects indicate that households vulnerable on low-income (P = 0.000), disability (P = 0.000) and Hispanic indicators (0.001 < P < 0.011) are more likely to seek medical attention for heat-related reasons (Table 5). TOU assignment alone does not predict the likelihood of seeking medical attention. Considering the interaction terms, TOU versus control assignment significantly alters the likelihood of seeking medical attention among households with either young children (P = 0.045) or disabled members assigned to TOU1 (P = 0.030), and Hispanic households assigned to TOU2 (P = 0.032).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Regardless of the rate assignment, low-income (P = 0.000), disability (P = 0.000) and Hispanic indicators (P = 0.024, Hispanic for TOU1 models only) predict more frequent discomfort, whereas the elderly indicator (P < 0.042) predicts less frequent discomfort. Two interaction terms are significant: Low income×TOU1 and African American×TOU1. Low-income households assigned to TOU face a higher discomfort than their non-vulnerable counterparts assigned to TOU (this is also true for the control group).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Participants. Data are from households that participated in a pilot programme administered by a southwestern US electric utility. The utility sent invitations by direct mail and email soliciting opt in to the 2016 TOU pilot to roughly 197,000 households, 14% of which opted in. Some households that accepted the offer were not enrolled because they were ineligible (for example, were already participating in a special rate programme).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
TOU pilot. Households assigned to a TOU rate were shifted to this new rate in June or July of 2016 and remained on these rates for a full year. The period of the pilot covered by this study occurred in the summer, specifically the months July–September 2016. Owing to the geographical region, the weather would have been warm to hot and mostly lacking precipitation for the majority of the sample.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
TOU1 and TOU2 on-peak times covered different hours depending on weekend versus weekday. On-peak hours were in the evening. Cost per kilowatt hour varied depending on the rate and season. Summer rates per kilowatt hour for TOU1 were c23 for super off-peak, c27.61 for off-peak and c34.51 for on-peak. Summer rates per kilowatt hour for TOU2 were c17.33 for super off-peak, c29.3 for off-peak and c53.26 for on-peak.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
All analyses were performed using STATA MP 14.2. The pilot included two TOU rates and a non-TOU control group. Compared to TOU Rate 1 (TOU1), TOU Rate 2 (TOU2) had higher cents per kilowatt hour costs on-peak and fewer hours on-peak (Methods). We used a difference-in-difference-in-differences (triple difference) approach to examine whether assignment to TOU results in greater electricity bill increases for vulnerable versus non-vulnerable households.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The dependent variable is the likelihood of seeking medical attention. Independent variables in all models are rate assignment and vulnerability indicators for low income, elderly, young children and disability. Hispanic and African American indicators appear only in models that use subsamples. Interaction terms Vulnerable×TOU are introduced individually in subsequent models to test group-specific effects of TOU assignment.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The results suggest distributional, procedural and recognition injustices that differ across groups, which highlights the importance of considering specific subpopulations in the design and rollout of DSR programmes. The greater cost increases experienced by households vulnerable on the disability and elderly indicators assigned to TOU, relative to their non-vulnerable counterparts, suggest recognition injustices14. Cost increases faced by these households probably stem from inability to shift use times, as evidenced in our findings that households vulnerable on the disability indicator reduced on-peak use less than their non-vulnerable counterparts, and households vulnerable on both disability and elderly indicators reported less AC curtailment compared to their non-vulnerable counterparts.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
As opt-out DSR programmes spread, it is important that the costs of each DSR rate relative to those of other offered rates are clearly communicated and that the opt-out procedures be made clear to all, particularly vulnerable groups who are at risk of unfavourable outcomes on DSR. To aid households in evaluating benefits and burdens of competing rates, it is important to communicate cost information in a way that minimizes cognitive burden51,52. Using heuristics to address common misperceptions may improve household understanding of energy use53.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements The authors thank their utility partner for furnishing the data, D. Mazmanian for extensive advice and J. McPartlan for the considerable time invested in data management.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The processed or aggregated data that support the plots within this paper and other findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Authors signed a non-disclosure agreement with the utility that provided the data analysed in this paper, and under this agreement are unable to make the raw data publicly available.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Eighty per cent of the world’s coal reserves must stay in the ground to reach the target of limiting global warming to well below 2 °C compared with pre-industrial levels1. Yet despite the strong growth of renewable energies, coal still accounted for 28% of the world’s primary energy supply in 20174. As Pfeiffer et al.5 point out, coal-fired power plants “will need to be underutilized, retired early, or retrofitted […] or—in short—stranded” if countries are serious about reaching the targets set in Paris.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find that policy scenarios with 2025 as an end date have a significantly higher probability of being supported than policies with later end dates. Postponing the phase-out to 2040 leads to a decrease in policy support of 10.7 percentage points, and postponing it to 2100—as reflected in the G7’s statement to phase out fossil fuels by the end of the century—leads to a decrease in policy support of 15.3 percentage points, compared with the 2040 baseline. As is apparent in the data, Germans are also sensitive to the cost of a coal phase-out.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Every increase in annual cost of €10 per household (or about €400 million per year for the German economy as a whole) decreases public support by about seven percentage points. With regard to employment effects, people prefer scenarios with lower job losses over scenarios with higher job losses, but they value newly created jobs slightly higher than lost old jobs. For instance, while the scenario with 20,000 lost jobs decreases phase-out support by 9.2 percentage points compared with a scenario with only 5,000 lost jobs, creating the same number of new jobs increases phase-out support by 12.2 percentage points.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Green Party supporters show the strongest preference for an early phase-out in 2025. What may be more surprising is that supporters of almost all other parties also prefer 2025 over 2040. The only exception is the relatively small subsample supporting the Bavarian arm of the CSU, where the preference for 2025 is not significant.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Respondents who think the consensus is below 50% are indifferent to whether the proposed end date is 2025, 2030 or 2040, but their support still decreases if the proposed end date is 2100. The closer respondents’ climate-related beliefs approximate the true level of scientific consensus, the more pronounced their preference for an earlier phase-out. Respondents who (accurately) estimate the consensus to be 90% or higher prefer a 2025 phase-out date by more than 40 percentage points over a phase-out date of 2100.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The results suggest that people in the coal regions have less pronounced preferences for an early phase-out than respondents in the nationwide sample. Phasing out coal by 2025 or 2030 instead of 2040 has significantly higher support in Rhineland, while respondents in the eastern German region of Lusatia tend to support a phase-out in 2030. Even here, later phase-out dates are significantly less preferred.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our analysis is based on an online survey administered to a nonprobability but representative sample of 2,161 Germans who are eligible to vote (see Supplementary Table 1). The choice experiment involved a rating task whereby respondents were exposed to eight consecutive pairs of hypothetical policy scenarios to phase out coal. In the scenarios, the attribute levels of the phase-out policy were varied randomly.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Participants were asked to rate these scenarios on a scale from 1 (‘very poor’) to 7 (‘very good’). To ease interpretation of the marginal effects shown in Figs. 2, 3 and 4, the rating scale was dichotomized, using the median value of 4 as a cut-off value. The resulting dependent variable ‘Phase-out Support’ is hence coded 0 for cases where a respondent rated a proposal as poor to neutral (1 to 4) and 1 for cases where (s)he rated it as positive (5 to 7).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The fully randomized design allows us to estimate the causal effects of multiple treatment components simultaneously using simple linear regression26. The subsequent analyses are based on a sample of 1,984 Germans evaluating 31,744 policy scenarios. This sample is cleaned of respondents who failed to correctly answer an attention check implemented in the choice experiment.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The choice experiment itself consisted of eight successive rounds. In each round, participants were presented with two policy scenarios for a phase-out of coal in which the levels of attributes were randomly varied both within and across the binary comparisons. To prevent order effects, the order in which the attributes appeared in the description of scenarios was randomized across respondents but fixed for each respondent.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To measure perceived scientific consensus, respondents were asked to indicate the percentage of climate scientists worldwide who think that the increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere since the middle of the 20th century is primarily due to human activity. They used a slider to choose a percentage between 0 and 100%.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In light of our findings, the German Coal Commission’s proposal to phase out coal by 2038 does not appear to correspond well with voter preferences. This might be an indication that commission members over-estimated voters’ conservatism, as political elites have been shown to do frequently44,45. However, even assuming that the commission members gave constituents in coal-mining regions precedence over voters in other parts of the country would not explain why such a late date was chosen, as even in those regions respondents preferred phase-out dates between 2025 (western Germany) and 2030 (eastern Germany).

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Policymakers aiming to find support for ambitious climate policies are therefore well advised to make credible claims about how these policies will lead to new employment opportunities in low-carbon industries. Energy transition researchers and modellers would benefit from engaging with political scientists and sociologists to unveil the interests and activities of various actors who are shaping energy policies. Policymakers trying to develop ambitious climate change mitigation policies should be encouraged to find ways of being exposed to a balanced view of the risks and opportunities of the energy transition.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements We acknowledge support by the Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment at Princeton University, the Swiss Center of Competence for Energy Research SCCER CREST, the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant no. P1SGP1_174939) and Greenpeace Germany, who funded data collection. Design of the research project and data analysis was the sole responsibility of the authors.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Replication data for the study are available in the Harvard Dataverse with the identifier https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/TEFCBL63. Replication code for the study is available in the Harvard Dataverse with the identifier https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/TEFCBL63.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Since the inception of liberalized electricity markets in the late 1990s, merchant investment into new generation capacity in the United States has been dominated by gas-fired units. The simplest explanation for this trend points to marked improvements in the efficiency of combined-cycle plants along with, more recently, low natural gas prices brought about by the shale revolution. Without attempting to compare the magnitude of the two effects, we propose a second explanation: distortions brought about by capacity markets in the absence of more complete risk trading.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In the PJM interconnection (PJM), for example, a unit with a marginal cost of US$10 MWh–1 could expect to earn 17% of its operating profits from the capacity market, whereas a unit with a US$100 MWh–1 marginal cost could expect 90% (Supplementary Note 2). Along these lines, our results suggest a different interpretation of the natural hedge of gas. By itself, the hedge does not confer an advantage. It is only when combined with a capacity mechanism, which removes risk related to the frequency of scarcity events, that the hedge becomes an advantage.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The most striking result in Table 1 occurs in the Option Only case, in which the baseload technology is absent from the equilibrium mix. This observation is particularly important because, as discussed above, the options contract is designed to have the same financial impact as the capacity markets currently utilized or under discussion in many real-world markets. A hint as to the mechanism at work is provided by the trades made in the Both Contracts case.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
It is a mistake to object that a short delivery period eliminates the financial hedging property of capacity markets: more important than the cash flow for the agreed period is the volatility of future cash flows. The option payouts in Table 3, which reflect the distribution of annual revenues during scarcity periods that might be expected in an energy-only setting, range from US$0 to 138 kW–1 yr–1, with an average of US$41 kW–1 yr–1 and a coefficient of variation of 1.12. The presence of a capacity market reduces this volatility substantially.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Table 4 shows the capacity mix that arises when at most one trade is available. Comparing the bold cells within each row, it can be seen that introducing any of the trades individually results in more capacity of the corresponding technology. The market share of the baseload unit collapses after the introduction of the unit contingent contract. As in the two-generator example, introduction of the option contract (analogous to current capacity markets) results in a complete exit of the baseload technology.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To illustrate this possibility, we developed a stochastic equilibrium model of the type first described in Ehrenmann and Smeers9, as well as an algorithm to solve large-scale instances of the problem. The fuel neutrality of capacity markets relative to an ideal energy-only market relies on the assumption embedded in the classic optimization framework that the cost of capital is exogenous to the market design. The model in this article relaxes that assumption, which enables us to take into account the stabilizing effect that the introduction of capacity mechanisms has on generator revenues.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
For the experiments, the nominal demand is based on the load duration curve of PJM in 2017, during which demand ranged from 58 to 146 GW. The first example focuses on two generation technologies, baseload and peaker, and two sources of uncertainty, demand and the fuel cost of the peaker. For both technologies, 90% of ICAP is available in every time block.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Fuel prices and demand shifters are modelled as random variables with 100 equally likely year-long scenarios for the dispatch problem. We considered two contracts: a call option with a strike price of US$1,000 MWh–1 and a future settling at US$50 MWh–1. The probabilistic model is discussed in Methods, and additional details on the scenario assumptions are given in Supplementary Note 2 and Supplementary Tables 1 and 2.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To characterize the risk attitude of market participants, we used a weighted sum of the expected value of surplus, with weight β, and conditional value at risk (CVaR) of the α-level tail of surplus, with weight 1 − β. CVaR is a coherent risk measure that lends itself to inclusion in a mathematical optimization model36,37. Lower values of α and β imply a greater risk aversion, with either α = 1 or β = 1 implying a risk-neutral agent.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In the second example, we added a variable generation resource with four scenarios to govern its availability. The availability scenarios for the variable technology are distinguished in how they are coupled with the load duration curve. Although each scenario has an average availability of 37.5% over time, the four are temporally correlated with a fixed load in the following manner: strongly positive, weakly positive, weakly negative and strongly negative.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
This result is particularly important in the context of efforts to reduce carbon emissions. The majority of energy in low-carbon systems is likely to be provided by some combination of hydroelectric, nuclear, wind and solar resources, all of which are characterized by high capital costs and low operating costs. Accordingly, capacity markets as currently structured may work against efforts to decarbonize.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To achieve an efficient capacity mix requires the ability to share risk. Integrated resource planning, which can be made versatile enough to incorporate whatever sources of risk are viewed to be most salient, is one way to do so. A second, modelled in this article, is an energy-only market accompanied by the robust trade of instruments adapted to the risk profile of customers and various technologies.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
This research was supported, in part, by Northwestern University’s Center for Optimization and Statistical Learning. The views expressed in this article are not necessarily those of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The code and data used for numerical tests in this study are available in a public repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3242844).

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Keeping climate change within safe limits and achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement require fast and ample redirection of financial flows towards low-carbon technologies1–3. As approximately two-thirds of global greenhouse gas emissions stem from the energy sector4, the rapid deployment of low-carbon energy technologies, such as renewable energy technologies (RETs), is crucial for emissions reductions5. Solar photovoltaics (PVs) and wind will probably play central roles in this transition6. Importantly, as RETs are more capital intensive than fossil fuel technologies, large portions of their life-cycle cost are incurred upfront and need to be financed7,8. Extant literature has established the adverse effect of high costs of capital on the levelized costs of electricity (LCOEs) for RETs9, CO2 abatement cost7,10 and RET deployment in integrated assessment models11.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find that the CoC declined by 69% for solar PV and by 58% for wind onshore projects between the early period of the RET finance industry (2000–2005) and 2017. For both technologies, the cost of debt decreased more than the cost of equity. Focusing on the cost of debt, we identify and estimate a financing experience curve.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
For each doubling of cumulative investment, the debt margins (see Supplementary Table 1 for definitions of financial terms) decreased by 11% for both technologies. During the same time, we observe a decline in the general interest rate resulting in lower costs of capital that had a substantial effect on the economic attractiveness of RETs. Finally, we estimate that 41% of total solar PV LCOE reductions and 40% of wind onshore LCOE reductions between 2000–2005 and 2017 were due to lower financing costs.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The CoC in 2017 was in the range of 1.6% (solar PV) to 1.9% (wind onshore), corresponding to a low-risk corporate bond of a financial service firm (BB+ to BBB)26. Stated differently, CoC declined by over two-thirds (3.5 percentage points) for solar PV projects and more than half (2.6 percentage points) for wind onshore projects. While the CoC for solar PV projects in 2000–2005 was higher than for wind onshore projects, the former had a lower CoC than the latter in 2017.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Figure 4 shows the experience rates for the three variables. We find an experience rate of 11% on the debt margins of both technologies. We also detect experience rates of 13% for the DSCR of solar PV projects and of 17% for the DSCR of wind onshore projects (see Methods).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Figure 6 shows that the LCOE declined for both technologies, bringing both technologies into the generation cost ranges for fossil fuel-fired power plants, estimated to be between US$50 and US$170 for G20 countries in 201741. Around 60% of this decline is due to lower technology cost (CAPEX) with the remaining 40% due to lower financing cost. Three effects contribute to the change in financing costs.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We compile data on the financing conditions of 133 representative utility-scale renewable energy projects, undertaken between 2000 and 2017, to establish the temporal dynamics of costs of capital for solar PV and wind onshore. The project data are provided by leading renewable energy investors, covering lead arrangers responsible for 85% of the solar PV and 80% of the wind onshore investment sums between 2000 and 2017 (see Supplementary Fig. 1). Figure 1 displays the cost of debt, the cost of equity and the CoC for all projects in our data set.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In the second step, we use qualitative interviews with investment professionals (N = 41, see Supplementary Table 3) to inductively reveal and understand the underlying drivers of the observed changes in financing conditions27. Averaging more than ten years of renewable energy investment experience, the interviewees demonstrate an in-depth understanding of the market dynamics over time. From these interviews, we distil drivers of CoC reductions on three nested levels: the macroeconomic environment (economy), the renewable energy sector and the renewable energy finance industry (see Methods).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To identify the experience rate, we focus on debt, because this is where most cost reductions have occurred (compare Fig. 2). We analyse three debt indicators that reflect investment safety margins, namely, the debt margin, DSCR and loan tenors. For riskier projects, investors demand higher debt margins as compensation, a higher DSCR to create a buffer in case of cash flow complications, and a lower loan tenor to reduce the risk exposure to a shorter period.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The innovation literature has identified a roughly constant percentage unit cost decline—the experience or learning rate—with each doubling of cumulative production (Wright’s law, see Methods)36. This experience effect is a well-known characteristic of RET investment cost14–16,37,38. Our results from the second step demonstrate that experience matters for the renewable energy finance industry.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In the fourth and final step, we calculate the LCOE in the early period of the RET finance industry (2000–2005) and in 2017 (see Methods). Figure 6 shows that the LCOE declined for both technologies, bringing both technologies into the generation cost ranges for fossil fuel-fired power plants, estimated to be between US$50 and US$170 for G20 countries in 201741.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
For policymakers, our findings stress the importance of policies that are conducive to favourable financing conditions for RETs. First, our results suggest an important co-benefit of deployment policies: the acceleration of technological change by allowing the finance industry to experiment and learn. RET investments are long-term, and the finance industry typically struggles to assess long-term risks of new technologies without a track record34,42.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our results imply that extant studies may overestimate technological learning and that increases in the general interest rate may increase renewable energies’ LCOEs, casting doubt on the efficacy of plans to phase out policy support.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The authors thank M. Jäger, M. Pahle, F. Polzin, L. Reile and O. Tietjen from the INNOPATHS project, participants of the 2017 oikos Finance Academy at the University of Zurich, participants of the 41st IAEE International Conference in Groningen (2018) and members of ETH Zurich’s Energy Politics Group for helpful comments on earlier drafts of the paper. This work was supported by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number 16.0222. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Swiss Government.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Author contributions T.S.S., B.S. and F.E. developed the research idea. F.E., B.S. and T.S.S. conducted the investor interviews, collected, analysed and interpreted the data, and wrote the manuscript. T.S.S. secured project funding.

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Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Yet, while early feedback intervention studies in which people were provided with information about their energy consumption reported large savings effects of 5–15%5,6 with small convenience samples, spurring the large-scale roll-out of smart meters in many countries, those savings have not materialized in larger field trials7–9. The most widespread form of feedback intervention is ‘home energy reports’: periodic mailings that compare the electricity use of individual households with similar homes in the neighbourhood, thus tapping into social norms3. Deployed at population level (households can opt out, but few do), those programmes typically yield electricity savings of 2%3,10. Other programmes use digital technologies, delivering feedback on electricity use via web portals or in-home displays; studies with large opt-in samples report electricity savings in the range of 1–5%8,11–13—far less than the savings reported by earlier studies with smaller samples and a higher degree of involvement from study administrators6,14.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Hotel guests exposed to real-time feedback consumed significantly less energy per shower than the control group (Fig. 2b). The treatment effect of our intervention is large and significant: guests in the treatment group used on average 0.215 kWh less energy per shower than the control-group mean of 1.883 kWh (Table 2, column 1). This represents a reduction of 11.4% (t(19,596) = −4.88, P < 0.001).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Controlling for flow rate (column 2), the effect is still highly significant, with a reduction of 0.188 kWh (t(8,882) = 3.59, P < 0.001), or 10.0%. To determine whether subsampling for observations in which flow rate is available biases this results, we included a third model specification for this subsample but without controlling for flow rate (column 3). The treatment effect is significant in all three models (see Methods for details on the regression analyses) and large (ranging between 10.0% and 13.2%).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
As an alternative functional form, we estimated a log-linear regression model. The results (reported in Table 3) are consistent with the results of the non-transformed version reported above and show a strong and significant treatment effect of the real-time feedback. To further corroborate the reported results, we ran the same models with varying filter thresholds, reducing the data pre-processing to an absolute minimum, with very similar results.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The results are presented in Table 4 and show that the treatment effect is highly significant, albeit slightly smaller than in models (1)–(3). Only in hotel 5, the energy use per shower differs significantly from the other hotels, which may be due to different infrastructure (for example, more low-flow shower heads) or guest characteristics. Otherwise, the impact on energy use per shower is very similar between the different hotels. Regardless of the model specification, the treatment effect is large and significant; thus, non-self-selected participants also respond to real-time feedback in the complete absence of monetary incentives.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We conducted a natural field experiment in the context of an energy-intensive habitual activity: showering. In a randomized controlled trial, guests at six Swiss hotels (see Table 1) encountered a smart shower meter fitted to the shower in the bathroom of their hotel room. The devices measured the energy and water consumption of every shower taken, and displayed feedback on each ongoing shower in real time. We equipped a total of 265 rooms with these devices and collected a data set with 19,596 observations (water extractions, after pre-processing) from February to April 2016.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The shower meters were installed between the shower hose and the shower head, and included a small screen that activated to display feedback as soon as the water was turned on (Fig. 1). In the treatment condition (60% of rooms, randomly assigned), smart shower meters displayed real-time feedback on the resource consumption of the ongoing shower: total water consumption in litres (one decimal), total energy use in (kilo)watt hours, a dynamic rating of the current energy-efficiency class (A–G) and a four-stage animation of a polar bear standing on a gradually melting ice floe with stage transitions at predefined energy-use thresholds (see Methods for details). The remaining 40% of rooms were randomly assigned to the control condition: while guests in the treatment rooms received real-time feedback on their resource use from the beginning of the shower (along with the current water temperature), control-group devices displayed only water temperature.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Experimental set-up. We conducted a natural field experiment in which we targeted showering as an example of a resource-intensive, low-involvement activity. Participants were not recruited as individuals; instead, we collaborated with six hotels that allowed us to conduct the experiments in their rooms without informing the guests upfront about the experiment. Shower data were collected in batches after several weeks and without a time stamp, which guaranteed complete anonymity of the guests’ identity. The study was approved by the Internal Review Board of the University of Bamberg.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Overall, guests staying in 265 different hotel rooms took part in our experiment. Hotel guests encountered smart shower meters as part of their rooms’ bathroom equipment. The guests who stayed in rooms assigned to the treatment group received real-time feedback on how much energy and water they consumed over the course of their shower (details below). Room assignment was randomized over floor levels and room categories to minimize confounding factors from differences in infrastructure (for example, water pressure) and did not change throughout the study.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The raw data set included observations of 25,647 measured showers from 269 hotel rooms at 6 different hotels (see Data availability). In a first pre-processing step, the data were cleaned by removing outliers from malfunctioning devices; to this end, observations that deviated by over 3 standard deviations from the mean of the energy consumed or water volume per shower were removed from the sample—that is, only observations in the interval [x̄−3 s.d., x̄+3 s.d.] were retained. Furthermore, we removed data points that most likely did not represent showers—for example water extractions of volumes below 6.5 litres and observations deviating over 2 standard deviations from average temperature, which probably represent cleaning or other procedures.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In the case of aggregate feedback, most energy efficiency studies yielded much smaller savings effects once those interventions were evaluated with large, non-self-selected samples7–9. In other words, those interventions resonated much less with broader, non-self-selected audiences than with those individuals who had opted to participate. By contrast, with a highly significant treatment effect of 11.4% among uninformed hotel guests, this study provides empirical evidence that activity-specific real-time feedback can induce substantial behaviour change among a broader population, even in a setting without monetary incentives for resource conservation. Thus, providing real-time feedback on a specific energy-intensive activity may generate large and persistent savings effects25 not only among the small percentage of the population who tend to opt into energy efficiency studies11,20,21,23; the results indicate that the intervention successfully induces substantial behaviour change and resource conservation among broader audiences.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Furthermore, we conducted a cost–benefit analysis for installing the metering device in the hotels’ showers based on the treatment effect estimated in model (1). Regarding the cost-effectiveness of the intervention in the hotel context studied, on the basis of the savings effects observed, the device pays itself off in a hotel within 2.2 years on average, which is a very low amortization time as compared to other energy efficiency investments2,44. Thus, the results suggest that even in settings where third parties pay for the marginal cost of resource consumption, activity-specific feedback can be a cost-effective and scalable strategy to foster energy conservation.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements We thank S. Häcki and T. Bachmann from Swiss Mobiliar insurance for their great efforts in reaching out to hotels and managing the on-site study implementation and data collection. We would also like to express our gratitude to the management of the six Swiss hotels for the opportunity to run the study. Funding for this work was provided by the MTEC foundation of ETH Zurich (data analysis) as well as by Swiss Mobiliar insurance (hardware, deployment).

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Competing interests V.T., A.W. and E.F. declare no competing financial interests. T.S. and S.S. are co-founders of and hold shares in Amphiro AG, the SME that manufactures the smart shower meters. T.S. and S.S. were not involved in the data analysis, hotel selection or room assignment.

Category:

Answer: None