Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Mitigating climate change and coping with population aging are both critical goals for China in achieving sustainable development1,2. As the world’s largest carbon emitter, China aims to have a carbon emissions peak before 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 20603. Changing fertility and retirement policies are likely to have great effects on the population age structure and potentially influence household consumption and carbon footprints. Many studies have estimated the effect of population aging on carbon emissions in China, finding that population aging may reduce18, increase19,20 or have nonlinear effects on carbon emissions21. However, no study has assessed the impacts of policies that address population aging—including fertility (particularly the three-child policy) and retirement policies—on carbon emissions or household carbon footprints.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In China, carbon footprint is inversely correlated with age. Young Chinese people (<30 years) have relatively higher household carbon footprints than those of middle-aged (30–59 years) and older (≥60 years) groups. The observed results are quite different from those of developed countries, where older people are estimated to have higher carbon footprints5,22.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
After examining the expenditure categories in greater detail, it is evident that the top two contributors to the average carbon footprint of all age groups are consumption related to residence and that related to transport (Fig. 1b and Supplementary Note 1). There are some meaningful differences across age groups not only absolutely but also proportionally, representing their differences in lifestyle choices and life stage24. For residence, the young people have the highest carbon footprint (1.08 tCO2 per capita in 2017) and contribute to the largest share of total residence-related footprint (46%), the majority of which is from renting or purchasing a house18 and using electronic devices25.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Between 2012 and 2017, China’s average per capita carbon footprint increased by 17%, from 2.00 tCO2 in 2012 to 2.34 tCO2 in 2017. In particular, young people experienced larger increases (30%) than did middle-aged (12%) and older (8%) people during this period, meaning that the difference in carbon footprints across age groups grew. At the provincial level, the average per capita carbon footprint and Theil index increased in most provinces, mainly because of the growing carbon footprint of the young generation.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our results show that the Chinese population will peak in 2023 (1.41 billion), 2030 (1.41 billion) and 2040 (1.44 billion) under the two-child, three-child and replacement-level policies, respectively. Due to relaxing fertility policies, there is an 8–12% increase in per capita footprints, and the total footprints in China are likely to be 21–35% higher. The mean population age of a person will increase from 38 years to 51 years (two-child policy), 47 years (three-child policy) and 45 years (replacement-level policy).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Fertility policies in combination with retirement delay tend to further increase the carbon footprint in China. Notably, most of the carbon footprint increase comes from relaxing fertility policies (increasing total (per capita) carbon footprint by 21–35% (8–12%) for 2060), while delaying retirement policy has far smaller impacts (by only 2–3% (2–3%)). When focusing only on the impact of the retirement delay policy, we found that the impact tends to be greater in provinces with large discrepancies in per capita carbon footprints between middle-aged and older people.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Indirect household carbon footprints are calculated on the basis of input–output analysis. Wassily Leontief developed the theoretical framework of the input–output analysis in the late 1930s37. The fundamental linear equation of the MRIO model can be expressed as: x = Ax + y, and x = (I −A)−1y, where (I −A)−1 is the Leontief inverse matrix.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Notably, there are 45 sectors in the CEADs (regarding emissions data) and 42 sectors in the Chinese MRIO tables38. Due to data availability, we mapped 45 sectors to 42 sectors to calculate household carbon footprints and then aggregated to eight expenditure categories for further analyses: food, clothing, residence, goods, transport, education, health and others6.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The consumption data used in this study are obtained from a large-scale household survey (China Family Panel Studies (CFPS))41, and the age-based population data are from the China Provincial Statistical Yearbooks. In this study, we use the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development modified equivalence scale to distinguish children from adults in calculating per capita consumption42,43, rather than simply assuming equal weights on all household members as has typically been done in previous studies.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We estimate the age-sex-specific population from 2020 to 2060 using a cohort-component method—a dominant method of population projection47. The basic demographic balancing equation is as follows: P(N) = P(0) + B(0, N) − D(0, N) + G(0, N), where P(N) is the population at a given time, P(0) is the population at the start of the interval, and B, D and G are the numbers of live births, deaths and net migration during the interval.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Specifically, there are three fertility policies: the two-child policy, the three-child policy and the assumed replacement-level policy. As for the retirement policy, we assume that the retirement age is extended linearly from the Chinese current level (60 years for men and 55 years for women2) in 2020 to the age prevailing in developed countries (65 years for both men and women) in 2050, and remains constant afterwards. The fertility and retirement policies would affect the population and economy, thereby impacting the household consumption and carbon footprint.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
As for policies, our result shows that relaxing fertility policies and delaying retirement age will boost the population (and labour supply) and then lead to increases in total and per capita household carbon footprints, most of which come from the fertility side. We do not interpret the result to imply that such policies should be avoided to reduce environmental pressure33. Rather, our result provides evidence of interactions between the policies targeting population aging and climate change, highlighting the importance of synergizing these two types of policies.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In addition, we find that the provinces with large discrepancies in carbon footprints across age groups are more sensitive to changes in fertility and retirement policies. This result therefore highlights the potential of emissions mitigation through reducing the discrepancy in carbon footprints across age groups. Specifically, we suggest that the greatest potential leverage from lifestyle changes will result from the targeting of young people by promoting green consumption (such as adopting public transportation such as buses, subways and shared bikes as well as purchasing high-quality and long-lasting goods6).

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71971007 to L.T., 72374144 to L.L. and 71988101 to S.W.), the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (JQ21033 to L.T.), the National Social Science Fund of China Key Research Project (23VRC063 to L.T.), the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF (GZC20241864 to J.Y.) and China Scholarship Council (201906020094 to J.Y.).

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Author contributions
L.T., J.L. and Z.M. designed the study. J.Y., X.S. and L.C. collected data and performed calculations. L.T., J.Y., J.Z. and L.L. prepared the manuscript. All authors (L.T., J.Y., J.Z., X.S., L.C., K.H., L.L., J.L., W.C., S.W., P.D. and Z.M.) participated in performing the analysis and contributed to writing the manuscript. L.T. and Z.M. coordinated and supervised the project.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Limiting exposure to climate risks is an important aspect of adapta-
tion to climate change, particularly in coastal areas. As sea levels rise,
tidal flooding worsens, and coastal storms become more frequent and
severe, limiting the number of people and properties in harm’s way will
be key to managing climate damages.
In the United States, state and local governments are primarily
responsible for land-use and zoning decisions, but federal policies also
play important roles in shaping development. Federal investments in
roads, utilities and other infrastructure lay the groundwork for popu-
lation growth. Other government programmes, such as the National
Flood Insurance Program (NFIP), which offers flood insurance at sub-
sidized rates in most locations, and disaster assistance programmes,
which provide funding for disaster recovery, also affect location deci-
sions. By partially shifting disaster costs from property owners to the
government, these programmes reduce the financial disincentives to
development in risky areas.
Whether withdrawing some of these financial incentives would
curb development, lower the costs of disasters and help communities
prepare for climate change is unclear.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find that the CBRS has been effective at curbing development within
designated areas (Table 2). CBRS designations see 0.12 percentage
points (p.p.) less built-up surface area (the percent of land covered
by building footprints), a 41% reduction relative to control areas
(Fig. 3a). Using an alternative measure of development, we estimate
that CBRS units have 0.044, or 83%, fewer buildings per acre than con-
rol areas. The magnitude of these effects highlights the central role of
federal incentives in shaping development patterns along vulnerable
coastlines.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We estimate the impact of CBRS designation on nearby areas as a
function of distance to the unit boundary (Fig. 4). We find that removing
federal subsidies causes denser development, higher property sales
prices and higher assessed values per acre in neighbouring areas. The
impact on development densities is increasing in distance from the unit.
Within 1,000 m of CBRS units, we estimate an additional 0.03, or 4%
more, buildings per acre. Between 1,000 m and 2,000 m, the effect size
increases to 0.15 (+20%) and 0.19 (+47%) buildings per acre.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We next examine the impacts of the CBRS on flood damages in
spillover areas. We find economically large and statistically significant
negative impacts on overall damages from flooding, as measured by
flood insurance claims per acre (Fig. 4d). Annual insurance claims are
US$420 to US$760 less per acre (40–64% lower than in control areas).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Using data from the American Community Survey, we find that CBRS des-
ignations increase median household income by US$15,000, or 19%,
relative to control areas, and increase the rent-to-income ratio by 2
p.p., or 6%. Thus, CBRS areas tend to attract more affluent residents
and have become less affordable for renters. We estimate that the policy
increased the share of white people by 3% (2.9 p.p.) and reduced the
share of Black people by 29% (−1.8 p.p.) relative to the control group.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We calculate the effect of CBRS designations on property tax revenues
by combining our total assessed value estimates in both CBRS units and
their spillover areas with current average county property tax rates.
We find no evidence of a change in property tax revenues within CBRS
designations. However, we find a US$911 million per year increase in
revenues in spillover areas. This figure represents 2.5% of total local
property tax revenues in Atlantic and Gulf coast states.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The goal of our empirical strategy is to estimate the causal effect of
CBRS designations. The core challenge is identifying a set of appro-
priate counterfactual units to serve as ‘control’ areas for CBRS ‘treat-
ment’ areas. The CBRA encourages the conservation of biologically
rich, underdeveloped and hurricane-prone coastal areas. Therefore,
we cannot simply compare our outcomes of interest in CBRS units to
those in all other coastal areas; we must identify comparable areas that
could have been selected for CBRS designation but were not.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We then apply regionalization to group these pixels into spatially
contiguous areas that share similar attributes45. Regionalization is one
type of clustering—a machine learning technique that sorts observa-
tions into groups without any prior idea about what the groups are.
Clusters are delineated so that members of a group should be more
similar to one another than they are to members of a different group.
Regionalization is an application of clustering to spatial data that can
be used to provide insights into the geographic structure of complex
multivariate spatial data.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Next we apply multi-unit synthetic controls, a technique designed
to reduce selection bias in observational studies by weighting the
control group to better match the treatment group prior to the inter-
vention46–49. We match on time trends in development densities, both
inside the designated units and in spillover areas, for the two decades
preceding the policy intervention (1960, 1970 and 1980). We also match
on a suite of covariates that we can observe around the time of designa-
tion in 1982, including measures of land cover, elevation, infrastructure
density, proximity to urban centres, income and flood risk in spillover
areas.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Once we have constructed the synthetic control, we estimate
the effect of CBRS designations on built-up surface area using a
difference-in-differences framework. We use the weighted regression
Bit = β(Ti × POSTt) + λi + δPOSTt + γRi + ϵit
where i indexes the CBRS or control area and t indexes the time period.
B denotes the percent of land area covered in built-up surface, T is an
indicator for whether the area was treated by the CBRS and POST is an
indicator equal to one in the post-treatment period.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We measure land values using property sales prices and assess-
ment values from the Zillow Transactions and Assessment Database
(ZTRAX). The ZTRAX data-
set also provides information on the composition of the housing stock
(for example, lot size, year built, square footage, number of bedrooms).
We evaluate the composition of the population using census
block-group-level 5-year estimate (2016–2020) from the American
Community Survey. Building footprints and ZTRAX data points are
assigned to CBRS units by intersecting the geocoded polygons and
points with CBRS boundaries.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Coastal communities are centres of economic development and home
to critical natural resources but face substantial threats from climate
change and human development. This paper investigates the efficacy
of one policy approach to limiting populations in harm’s way—with-
drawing the availability of federal financial assistance in risky areas.
We show that, in the case of the CBRA, this approach has been highly
effective at limiting development. Moreover, the resulting conservation
of natural lands generates environmental services in surrounding com-
munities, increasing property values and reducing flood damages. In
combination with analyses of the savings in federal disaster assistance
expenditures35, our findings provide a comprehensive assessment
useful for policymakers.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our results indicate that removing federal development incen-
tives can be a cost-effective option for preventing over-development
in risky areas while generating co-benefits. Still, programmes like the
CBRS are designed to pre-empt development in risky areas, not assist
in managed retreat. In areas where strategic relocation of people and
capital is deemed necessary, other policy interventions are likely to
be required.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons
Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing,
adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format,
as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the
source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate
if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this
article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless
indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not
included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended
use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted
use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright
holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by the Lincoln Institute of Land Policy (H.D.,
Y.L. and M.W.). We thank T. BenDor, P. Mulder, A. Reilly, C. Taylor and
D. Wright for helpful comments and suggestions. Property assessment
and transaction data were provided by Zillow through the Zillow
Transaction and Assessment Dataset (ZTRAX). More information on
accessing the data can be found at https://www.zillow.com/research/
ztrax. The results and opinions are those of the author(s) and do not
reflect the position of Zillow Group.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Tracking progress towards the Global Goal on Adaptation requires documentation of countries’ intentions, against which future progress can be measured. The extent to which existing national policy documents provide adequate baselines is unclear. We evaluated the adequacy of African Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) (N = 53) and National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) (N = 15) against three criteria—coverage, consistency and robustness—mapped to the adaptation cycle.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The adequacy of NDCs and NAPs for informing adaptation tracking varied greatly among countries (Fig. 2a–c and Extended Data Table 1). Generally, NDCs had lower adequacy scores (minimum–maximum range of 0–1) than NAPs (P < 0.001), except for the Democratic Republic of the Congo (NDC = 0.8, NAP = 0.7) and Sierra Leone (0.9, 0.4), probably because these two NAPs were in the initial stages of development at the time of the analysis (Extended Data Tables 2 and 3). NDC adequacy scores ranged between 0.2 and 0.9 (median = 0.39, s.d. = 0.19).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
All NDCs and NAPs included at least half of the six elements used to assess coverage (Fig. 2d). However, coverage was more complete in NAPs than in NDCs (P < 0.001, N = 15 and N = 53, respectively), with mean scores of 0.7 and 0.9, respectively (Extended Data Table 1). Only four (4) or less than 10% of the NDCs, but more than half (8) of the NAPs, included information on all six elements.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Most documents provided evidence of only half of the linkages defining consistency (mean = 0.53, s.d. = 0.28). NAPs registered higher consistency scores than NDCs (P < 0.001, N = 15 and N = 53, respectively) with a narrower spread (Fig. 2e). Eleven documents were fully consistent, indicated by maximum consistency scores.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Twenty-two documents (about two-thirds of our sample) featured indicators, that is, 10 NAPs and 12 NDCs (examples in Table 1). However, none met all characteristics of robustness (Fig. 2f). Overall, NDCs had lower robustness scores than NAPs (P < 0.001, N = 12 and N = 10, respectively).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our analysis of African NDCs and NAPs indicates that they generally lack sufficient information to enable adaptation tracking. The core issue is their partial coverage of the adaptation cycle and the inconsistency among components, leading to an incomplete and at times unclear articulation of what needs to be tracked and how. Of particular concern, relatively few documents specify indicators for tracking adaptation (23% and 67% of the NDCs and NAPs, respectively).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We developed a protocol (Supplementary Tables 2–4) and reviewed 53 NDCs and 15 NAPs available as of 30 September 2022 from which we extracted more than 7,000 data points on countries’ intentions ‘the adaptation cycle’15,21–24. The adaptation cycle sets out four ideal stages of adaptation including: (1) climate risk and impact assessment,  (2) planning, (3) implementation and (4) monitoring, evaluation and learning (MEL). The cycle underpins adaptation planning and tracking support under the UNFCCC, particularly in the context of NAPs, the GGA and the GST2,25,26.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We established three criteria to assess adequacy, understood as the potential of NDCs and NAPs to enable adaptation tracking: coverage, consistency and robustness (Fig. 1). The criteria, drawn from the plan quality and adaptation tracking scholarship, are not exhaustive. Instead, they are designed to: (1) bridge theoretical discussions with practical application for a continental-scale analysis, (2) deliver insights into the breadth (that is, coverage) and quality (that is, consistency, robustness) of the policies’ content and (3) provide a baseline for how adaptation is planned, aimed at being implemented and tracked across countries.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Coverage. This criterion describes inclusion of key elements of the adaptation cycle, which describe the ‘why’, ‘what’, ‘how’ and ‘so what’ of adaptation. This approach builds on an existing framework to track adaptation among governments15, which suggests that a comprehensive understanding of adaptation progress rests on an assessment of the vulnerability context, goals, actions and results. In our assessment, policies with adequate coverage include information on six core elements mapped to the adaptation cycle (Supplementary Table 2).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Consistency. This criterion looks at alignment between adaptation cycle components. Policies need to establish clear linkages between climate risk and impact assessments, planning of goals and objectives, actions to implement, and MEL, to facilitate context-fit tracking and meaningful insights on progress21,30. Intentional linkages maximize effectiveness of plans in reducing risks and vulnerabilities28.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Robustness. This criterion focuses on the quality, rather than the sheer presence, of sets of adaptation indicators as an entry point for operational tracking9,30,46. First, robustness refers to the SMART design characteristics45,46, which allow determination of whether indicators are specific (S), measurable (M), with an assigned data source (A), relevant (R) for the adaptation context, time-bound (T) and with a target (+). Second, robustness refers to the ‘function’ of the set of indicators featured in the document as entry points for capturing progress across the adaptation cycle.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Accelerating this process for African countries represents a critical opportunity in the coming years. Enabling cross- and intra-country learning would be one approach to catalyse enhancement. While networks such as the Adaptation Forum can provide a space for knowledge exchange, concrete learning modalities remain to be determined.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The development of more robust indicators represents another opportunity to strengthen the basis of tracking. Activity-based indicators, which represent 84% of all indicators mapped, are needed for understanding progress in implementation; however, complementary outcome indicators are needed to track effectiveness36,37 and facilitate enhanced result reporting in future Adcom8. Further development of effectiveness indicators can be inspired by existing examples in NDCs and NAPs (Table 1) but also by existing objective-level targets (Extended Data Table 7), which can facilitate the identification of outcome-based indicators that align with established national priorities.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Author contributions A.C.N., L.N., T.S.R., J.R.-V. and P.R. designed the study. A.C.N., L.N. and K.C. collected and curated the data. A.C.N. analysed the data, prepared and finalized the paper.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements The World Bank funded ‘Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate Research’ (AICCRA) Project supported this work (A.C.N., T.S.R.) and it was implemented by the Alliance of Bioversity and CIAT with partners. We thank G. Wamukoya for direction and consultation.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Rapid emissions reductions, including reductions in deforestation-based land emissions, are the dominant source of global climate mitigation potential in the coming decades. However, carbon dioxide removal (CDR) will also have an important role to play. Despite this, it remains unclear whether current national proposals for CDR align with temperature targets. Here we show the ‘CDR gap’, that is, CDR efforts proposed by countries fall short of those in integrated assessment model scenarios that limit warming to 1.5 °C.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our NDC assessment finds that countries’ conventional CDR on land will change from −3.0 GtCO2 yr−1 for the period 2011–2020 (that is, the removals reported in GHG inventories once the indirect effects are factored out in this study; see Methods) to approximately −3.1 GtCO2 yr−1 (unconditional pledges) or about −3.5 GtCO2 yr−1 (conditional pledges) in 2030. While some countries include novel CDR in their qualitative description of mitigation efforts towards the 2030 pledges and a few provide initial quantifications (for example, Korea, Canada, Norway), these are currently not possible to distinguish from avoided emissions (for example, fossil-based CCS). We therefore estimate zero commitments towards novel CDR by 2030, with no change from current levels of approximately 2 MtCO2 yr−1.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In the case of the long-term strategies, there is a general acknowledgement that CDR is needed to realize national net-zero targets22. Indeed, most countries include at least a qualitative description of how this type of mitigation effort would be achieved. However, only 40 countries have outlined scenarios in their long-term strategies that depict quantifiable levels of CDR by 2050 (28 if EU countries are combined as one). If we assume that all other countries sustain their current levels of removals, proposed CDR as reflected in the long-term strategies range between −4.6 and −5.0 GtCO2 yr−1 in 2050, the majority of which is conventional CDR on land (85% and 81%, respectively).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In scenarios that limit warming to below 2 °C (see Methods for scenario definitions), gross emissions reductions are the dominant mitigation response in the coming three decades. Between 2020 and 2050, emissions are reduced by 62% (46–75%). Subsequently, CDR becomes the main mitigation strategy in the second half of the twenty-first century, with scenarios cumulating 670 (450–1100) GtCO2 of removals by 2100. Novel CDR tends to continuously scale up in scenarios throughout the twenty-first century and accounts for over half of cumulative removals by 2100.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Across both categories of removals, a CDR gap already emerges by 2030 (Table 2). Compared with 2011–2020, the conditional NDCs would expand CDR by −0.5 GtCO2 yr−1 in 2030. This contrasts with an increase of −1 GtCO2 yr−1 in 2030 in the Focus on demand reduction scenario, which has the lowest CDR requirements. The most ambitious of current CDR plans are therefore close to a conservative level of CDR scaling, albeit one that would need to be coupled with deep, near-term emissions reductions.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
No country transparently includes novel CDR as a distinct portion of their pledged mitigation efforts by 2030. By contrast, below 2 °C scenarios already implement −0.06 GtCO2 yr−1 of additional novel CDR by 2030. Looking forward to 2050, many countries mention novel CDR in their long-term strategies and some quantify it in their illustrative national scenarios. At the upper estimate, approximately −0.96 GtCO2 yr−1 of additional novel CDR can be inferred from these scenarios, largely driven by the US (−0.5 GtCO2 yr−1), Canada (−0.23 GtCO2 yr−1) and the EU (−0.08 GtCO2 yr−1).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Following the IPCC and State of CDR reports, we defined CDR as “Human activities capturing CO2 from the atmosphere and storing it durably in geological, land or ocean reservoirs, or in products. This includes human enhancement of natural removal processes, but excludes natural uptake not caused directly by human activities.”1,2 Important characteristics of this definition are its unambiguous inclusion of both conventional land-based sinks and emerging CDR methods, as well as requirements for durability and direct human intervention19.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
A wide array of CDR technologies have been developed, tested or are in practice today60. In this Analysis, we follow ref. 2 and categorize afforestation, reforestation, forest management, soil carbon sequestration, wetland restoration and durable harvested wood products as ‘conventional CDR on land’. ‘Novel CDR’ comprises all other CDR methods, such as biochar as well as those that store carbon in the lithosphere including direct air carbon capture and storage (DACCS), bioenergy carbon capture and storage (BECCS) and enhanced weathering.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To estimate proposed levels of CDR upscaling by countries, we draw from documents submitted to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC): the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and the long-term strategies (also known as the long-term low-emissions development strategies). These give insight into levels of CDR in 2030 and 2050, compared to historical inventory-based reporting. There are currently no strict requirements for reporting CDR in either of these documents, so several assumptions must be made to extract this information where it is implicit in national targets (see Methods).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To benchmark levels of CDR proposed by countries, we use the compilation of IAM scenarios vetted by the IPCC 6th Assessment (AR6)1,20. While novel CDR (such as BECCS) is reported in the AR6 scenario database, conventional CDR on land is only inconsistently reported as afforestation and instead tends to be combined with emissions as a net LULUCF flux. We therefore use a novel re-analysis of the IPCC database using the OSCAR model that extracts the removal component of the LULUCF flux in each scenario corresponding to our definition of conventional CDR on land (see Methods)21.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To evaluate current conventional CDR on land on this basis, we started from the latest compilation of national LULUCF inventories39, considering all negative fluxes from forest land and other land uses as removals. A global ratio of direct to indirect anthropogenic removals derived from ref. 19 was then applied to the forest land fluxes to remove the indirect component. The resulting global and national levels of current conventional CDR on land were then taken as the baseline for any changes observed in the NDCs and long-term strategies (described below).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In our view, near-term policies to support these methods in their formative phase are urgently needed, without which it is difficult to conceive of any gigaton-scale contribution from novel CDR in 2050 and beyond. In addition, regulatory action that robustly defines, monitors, reports and verifies novel CDR is lagging. Importantly, enhanced emissions reductions are needed to reduce our dependence on dramatically scaling up these nascent CDR technologies.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
CDR entails many challenges for designing policy, supporting innovation and ensuring sustainable, equitable and durable removals. Our Analysis shows that scenarios meeting the Paris temperature goal imply a very rapid scaleup of CDR and that governments are not planning for this. A twofold strategy that limits our dependence on CDR through rapid and deep emissions reductions, yet aggressively supports and scales CDR implementation is not a contradiction but a necessary pathway towards successful climate policy.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Online content Any methods, additional references, Nature Portfolio reporting summaries, source data, extended data, supplementary information, acknowledgements, peer review information; details of author contributions and competing interests; and statements of data and code availability are available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-01984-6.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
This work was supported by the European Union ERC-2020-SyG ‘GENIE’ (951542) grant (W.F.L., J.C.M., G.N., T.G., M.J.G., Y.P., J.S., K.R.); the UK Natural Environment Research Council ‘CO2RE Hub’ (NE/V013106/1) grant (S.M.S.); the European Union Horizon 2020 ‘ESM2025’ (101003536) and ‘RESCUE’ (101056939) grants (T.G.); the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ‘CDRSynTra’ (01LS2101A) (J.C.M., O.G.) and ‘ASMASYS’ (01LS2101A) grants (O.G.).

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The urgency of climate change has not always been matched by the pace of action by governments. However, increasing concerns about climate-induced financial instability and stranded assets1–19 have led some academics and financial regulators to advance a set of possible policy changes to help catalyse the green transition20–28. While various policies aimed at assessing climate-related financial risks—which could possibly indirectly stimulate the net-zero carbon transition—have become widespread in recent years (for example, climate stress testing, climate-related risk disclosure)29–32, financial policies aimed at directly fostering green investments have not always gained traction among policymakers (for example, differentiated capital requirements). Yet, a largely neglected question in this literature and among policymakers is whether existing financial regulations could be negatively contributing to the net-zero carbon transition.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our analysis shows that in 2021, the average PCR of banks in the EU was substantially lower for high-carbon (1.8%) than low-carbon sectors (3.4%), as reported in Table 1. Such a difference has substantial implications for banks’ return on capital and profitability, and therefore heavily influences management incentives and behaviours. Our analysis shows that this result is consistent for banks of different portfolio sizes and across countries of the banks’ headquarters, with the only exception being Italy.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We estimate that a shift in investments away from high-carbon to low-carbon assets would require a loan-weighted average increase of 35% of LLR for banks in the European Union (Fig. 2). This result is consistent after controlling for bank size and country of headquarter. The decision to divest from high-carbon assets could lead to more than doubling of provisions for some banks in our sample and could thus have material impacts on the bank’s stock market valuations.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We estimate that for some banks, the transition could cost as much as 5 years of profits over the divestment horizon and, on an outstanding loan weighted average basis, 15% of the previous 5 years of profits due to a large increase in LLR (Fig. 3). The total sum of banks’ lost profits due to the increase in provisions following a divestment from high-carbon assets could be of the order of €28 billion (considering the 59 largest banks in the European Union). This is only a rough estimate as it does not account for (1) how such divestment could affect other investments in a network of interconnected banks (indirect effects), (2) whether sufficient alternative investment opportunities are available to the banks or (3) the impact on the costs and prices of alternative energy generation options resulting from changes in the investments in those options.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
These results emerge from banks’ statistical models based on historical information as required by the accounting framework. Standard backward-looking risk models can show a high-carbon portfolio to be relatively low risk, even if there is a possibility of a rapid transition to green energy (see Discussion). Although it is arguably difficult to take an objective stance on the correct estimate of risk for these investments on a forward-looking basis, our analysis is sufficient to show that the structure of model-based risk frameworks may have an unintended side effect that is potentially in conflict with the purpose of the regulations or other societal goals.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The average share of interest expenses over EBITDA for the period 2010–2021 is lower for oil and gas (16%) than for renewable energy firms (32%), and the average debt over asset ratio is lower for oil and gas (31%) than for renewable energy (42%) (Fig. 4a). Similarly, the outcome of one such model retrieved from Bloomberg shows consistently higher average estimates of risk (expressed in terms of probability of default) for renewable energy than for oil and gas between 2010 and 2021 (Fig. 4b). This highlights how historically, investing in the former might have been less risky compared with investing in the latter, due to the higher solvency and lower indebtedness.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To examine the impact of such financial accounting rules, we use data from the European Banking Authority (EBA) transparency exercise, which provides the amount of LLR and outstanding loans of supervised banks in the European Union by economic sector (defined as Nomenclature of Economic Activities (NACE) rev2 level 1). We combine these data with the results of the EBA risk assessment exercise, which reports the average exposure towards climate policy relevant sectors (CPRS)5 within each NACE level 1 section, to classify sectors as ‘high carbon’ or ‘low carbon’. We classify sectors with a share of CPRS higher than 95% as high carbon and provide a set of robustness analyses.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We used data from the 2021 EBA transparency exercise, which provides portfolio-level information of banks’ gross exposure and accumulated provisions (LLR) by NACE sector level 1 at the end of June 2021. We used the most recent data, but with additional robustness analysis, ensured that the results do not change using different years (the reader should note that due to the structure of this modelling, the provision coverage ratios oscillate with time in level but the relative difference across sectors is generally preserved). NACE is a standard classification of sectors in the European Union.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods