Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We implemented two different prediction markets across two field studies. In both studies participants engaged in a market where they took positions on future climate events and earned money based on their prediction accuracy. Betting topics were set by the experimenters and were released intermittently (between 1 and 3 days apart in Study 1 and daily in Study 2).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Participants (n = 143) were recruited online and screened for climate beliefs and US nationality. Climate belief was defined as agreement with the statement ‘Global warming refers to the idea that the world’s average temperature has been increasing over the past 150 years and may be increasing more. Do you think that global warming is happening?’ Participants completed two surveys, one before the beginning of the prediction period and one at its conclusion.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
During the prediction period, participants made bets on future events (Supplementary Methods show all bets). Because of the double-auction structure of the market (if one participant bet US$0.55 that an event would occur, it only becomes a contract if another participant bets US$0.45 that the event will not occur; Supplementary Methods provide details on the betting mechanism), not all bets turned into contracts. We analysed bet offers as reflections of participants’ willingness to take a position on topics.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Participants (n = 1,005) were recruited online similar to Study 1. Of the total participants, those (n = 664) who wagered at least US$10 and placed at least 15 bets were included in the analyses. As in Study 1, pre- and post-surveys measured participants’ climate concern, support and knowledge (Methods).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Every day at 10:00 all participants received an email through the study messaging system indicating that a new bet was available on the prediction portal. The message included a link to the prediction portal. Upon receipt of the daily reminder, participants had 20 hours to enter the portal, look at that day’s bet and decide whether to make a prediction.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We propose that even if the participation in a climate prediction market is limited, the media accounts about market valuations, the prediction outcomes and the dissemination of knowledge that is derived from the markets may yield an increased shift in concerns in the larger population. While it is difficult to translate the effects in field studies to population-level outcomes, there are some metrics that could be impacted by interventions such as ours. For example, if the prediction market in Study 1 was scaled to 1,000,000 climate believers and sceptics, and all believers decided to invest their annual earnings from, say, US$500 in market money (US$25, on average, if applied to our results) into countering climate change, this would result in an estimated US$25,000,000 of additional funding for climate solutions.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Taken together, these prediction markets’ properties make their application at scale (that is, under a federally regulated authority) a promising instrument in the arsenal of climate policymakers56. As current direct financial incentives—for example, tax credits or government subsidies—produce limited results with respect to shifting concerns on climate58, prediction markets could act as a complementary tool for climate policy. The introduction of large-scale prediction markets for climate change could create a new sector of the financial information industry where climate attribution and prediction modelling would grow from a small academic enterprise to one that can help numerous governmental and private sector entities plan for the manifold effects of climate change and prioritize mitigation efforts.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We thank M. Kim and A. Yu for assistance with managing the prediction market and maintaining the study throughout the betting periods; A. Mishra and I. Katz for designing and coding an initial version of the online prediction markets; J. McCoy for discussion on prediction market utility; B. B. McShane, S. Franconeri, J. N. Druckman and A. Coughlan for comments on the manuscript; E. Weber for support with climate concern assessment; G. Schmidt, K. Hayhoe, D. Horton, E. Berlow and K. Marvel for help with identifying climate markets; and R. Behnam and members of the US Commodities and Futures Trading Commission for discussions on federal implementation of climate prediction markets.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The data generated during the work are available at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/PH72Y. The codes used for the analyses are available at https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/PH72Y.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We analysed governments’ long-term strategies submitted to the UNFCCC to explore projections of residual emissions, including amounts and sectors. We found substantial levels of residual emissions at net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, on average 18% of current emissions for Annex I countries. The majority of strategies were imprecise about which sectors residual emissions would originate from, and few offered specific projections of how residual emissions could be balanced by carbon removal. Our findings indicate the need for a consistent definition of residual emissions, as well as processes that standardize and compare expectations about residual emissions across countries. This is necessary for two reasons: to avoid projections of excessive residuals and correspondent unsustainable or unfeasible carbon-removal levels and to send clearer signals about the temporality of fossil fuel use.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The 18 LT-LEDS in our sample that include Annex I countries with a quantification of residual emissions together project residuals of 2.2 Gt yr–1 in 2050 in their most ambitious scenarios (Fig. 1). This corresponds to 17.9% of these countries’ current emissions. Together, these countries are currently responsible for 18% of global emissions. Should the rest of the world make similar projections, the resulting residuals would be over 12 Gt yr–1 (if weighted by current emissions). This sets out a need for a substantial carbon-removal effort.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our analysis of the 50 LT-LEDS shows that there is no consistent definition or use of the concept of residual emissions. A majority of LT-LEDS do not explicitly mention the concept of residual emissions, despite having a net-zero target. Few countries provide an explicit definition or elaborate how residual emissions amounts are arrived at, explain what criteria were used to determine them or specify what greenhouse gases make up the residual emissions.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Of the countries with quantitative projections of residual emissions, 15 Annex I countries provide a quantitative sectoral breakdown, shown in Fig. 2. Notably, across these countries, electricity is not responsible for many residual emissions, aligning with common expectations that electricity is feasible to decarbonize. Agriculture and industry represent the largest residual emissions. The prominence of agriculture brings up the question of whether residual emissions are expected to be CO2 or other greenhouse gases, which is unspecified in most strategies.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Most countries expect to enhance or maintain the removal capacity of the LULUCF sector (Table 3). For many of the countries that plan for enhanced removals from the LULUCF sector, these removals will equal or surpass their expected residual emissions by the point of net zero. This is the case for, among others, Finland, Iceland, Hungary, Latvia, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain and Sweden. However, for the biggest emitters in the sample, expected LULUCF removals fall far short of residuals. This is the case for Australia, Canada, France, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The projections in country strategies cohere largely with the sectoral breakdown of residual emissions one can find in the literature, although countries may be projecting larger amounts than in the literature. The International Energy Agency’s Net Zero by 2050 scenario describes a largely decarbonized power sector. Out of 1.5 Gt of residual emissions in this scenario, 40% is from heavy industries, mainly in developing economies (chemicals, steel, cement), and 33% is from aviation, shipping and trucks; notably, this scenario is focused only on energy, not land.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In what follows, we analyse country LT-LEDS strategies to examine four key questions. (1) How are residual emissions defined? (2) What amounts are countries projecting? (3) How are residual emissions distributed among sectors? (4) What are the expectations around the land sector’s ability to compensate for residual emissions?

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We also examined the approach the countries took to projecting residual emissions. In theory, there are two main ways to estimate the amount of residual emissions at mid-century. The first is a top-down approach that starts with a specified national policy target (such as 85% or 90% of emissions from a baseline year) and either simply sets residual emissions equal to that or uses economy-wide or sector-specific modelling to figure out how to solve for it. The second is a bottom-up stakeholder-informed approach that estimates possible reductions in each sector then aggregates those sectoral estimates. In principle, a third approach is also possible—one that begins with negative emissions, with either a top-down approach that starts with a target sink capacity or a bottom-up approach that estimates the capacity for each source of carbon removals and then projects allowable residual emissions equal to that amount. However, countries are not at present using an approach that leads with negative emissions.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Country long-term strategies were downloaded from the UNFCCC and were qualitatively coded in a spreadsheet by two independent coders, a research assistant and a member of the research team, for the following information: (1) Type of target (for example, carbon neutrality, net zero or other) (2) Coverage of target (GHGs or CO2) (3) Year of net zero, for countries with net-zero or carbon-neutral targets (4) Whether there is a definition of residual emissions or hard-to- abate/remaining emissions and, if so, how it is introduced (5) Whether there is a quantitative projection of residual emissions at net zero and, if so, what the amount is (6) Sectoral breakdowns of residual emissions (7) The source and process of generating the projections (which approaches were used; whether they appeared to be top-down or bottom-up; which particular models were used to generate them) (8) Mentions of public or stakeholder consultation or engagement.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Percentages of current country emissions were derived from the World Resources Institute’s Climate Watch platform at https://www.climatewatchdata.org/ (ref. 1). Current-year emissions were derived from the 2019 emissions listed in UNFCCC inventories for total GHG emissions without LULUCF, at https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/transparency-and-reporting/greenhouse-gas-data/ghg-data-unfccc/ghg-data-from-unfccc. Recent and current LULUCF data are from (ref. 35).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The coded data was used to generate the tables and figures in the Article. The analysis is straightforward; the work was simply in extracting the amounts of residual emissions and sectoral breakdowns because these are not presented in a standard form across the documents, and in some cases they appear in charts but are not well explicated in the main text of the reports. Reporting summary further information on research design is available in the Nature Portfolio Reporting Summary linked to this article.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We make the following three recommendations for policymakers developing long-term strategies. These recommendations are also important for the researchers and NGOs supporting their work, who have a critical role in supporting international policymaking (Box 1). First, include clear projections for (1) the amount of residual emissions, (2) where they originate sectorally and spatially and (3) the types of greenhouse gas.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Second, the policy and research communities should suggest defined criteria by which ‘hard to abate’ should be judged. While sectors such as aviation, steel and agriculture are commonly understood as difficult to decarbonize, terms such as difficult, unavoidable, hard to abate, impossible to eliminate and so on carry value judgements about what kind of activities a society should or should not engage in and what costs are reasonable. Third, be explicit about whether residual emissions—and net zero as a goal—are a temporary stopgap towards a further state of decarbonization or a state to maintain in perpetuity.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
This work was supported by the Swedish Research Council Formas, grant no. 2018-01686 (H.J.B. and W.C.) and grant no. 2019-01953 (all authors). We thank A. Palumbo-Compton for research assistance.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In 2021, governments of 51 countries spent US$697 billion on subsidizing fossil fuels. Removing fossil fuel subsidies is crucial not only for reducing CO2 emissions and making carbon pricing more effective, but also for making more valuable use of government funds. Currently, however, scientific evidence on the scale and scope of public attitudes towards fossil fuel subsidy-removal policies is lacking, yet it is instrumental for gauging political feasibility.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
On a 0–10 scale, the average support is 6.22 for removing industrial-use subsidies, 6.31 for removing subsidies on private consumption of fossil fuels and 6.33 for introducing a carbon tax. Apparently, the differences between these numbers are small. The statistical testing of the means (M) confirms this as well. When t testing the differences between the proposal of removing subsidies on private consumption (M = 6.31, s.d. = 2.67) and the introduction of a carbon tax (M = 6.33, s.d. = 2.77), we find no statistically significant differences (t(1,893.16) = –0.1604, P = 0.4363). The first hypothesis is thus rejected.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
When aggregating the groups where revenue use is specified (M = 6.49, s.d. = 2.59) and comparing them with the group with unspecified revenue use (M = 6.31, s.d. = 2.67), we find a significant difference (t(1,428.25) = 1.88, P = 0.03). In line with H3, public acceptance of removing subsidies for private consumption of fuels is higher when revenue use is specified, as compared with non-specified revenue use. Considering the treatment groups separately, we find that private-consumption subsidy removal reaches a higher level of acceptance if revenues are directed towards investments in welfare systems (M = 6.59, s.d. = 2.55) compared with a non-specified use (t(1,893.68) = 2.36, P = 0.01) or towards investments in climate adaptation (M = 6.62, a.d. = 2.65) compared with non-specified revenue use (t(1,887.99) = 2.57, P = 0.01).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
However, we do not find any statistically significant differences between a proposal to use fiscal revenues to reduce income taxes (M = 6.25, s.d. = 2.48) or to provide cash transfers to the poor and most-affected households (M = 6.49, s.d. = 2.66) and non-specified revenue use (M = 6.31, s.d. = 2.67): (t(1,884.34) = –0.50, P = 0.69) and (t(1,894) = 1.53, P = 0.06), respectively. Taken together, we cannot reject our third hypothesis. Attitudes towards removing subsidies can turn more positive when revenue use is specified. However, these results are also dependent on the type of revenue recycling proposed.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
When we, more exploratorily, consider each of our countries (Ecuador, Egypt, India, Indonesia and Mexico) individually, we find that the attitudes towards fossil fuel subsidy removal are on the same level as attitudes towards the introduction of a carbon tax. In the comparison, Egypt constitutes an exception, with the least positive attitudes towards removal of fossil fuel subsidies for industrial use (M = 5.4) and private consumption (M = 5.3) compared with averages in the other countries of 6.2 for industrial use and 6.3 for private consumption. Overall, from our results, we can conclude that the resistance towards (or acceptance of) the removal of fossil fuel subsidies is on par with the public opinion on introducing taxes on CO2.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
A commitment to use the tax money saved from removing existing subsidies in a way that benefits stakeholders will increase the level of public acceptance. At the country level, we find that the use of revenues for ‘investment in climate adaptation’ is the most popular alternative in both Mexico and Ecuador, while it is the least popular alternative in Egypt. These results indicate that there are potentially important country-specific characteristics that should be considered by policymakers aiming to remove fossil fuel subsidies.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We conducted an online survey experiment (carried out through YouGov) in five countries. Our sample is based on pooled groups from Ecuador, Egypt, Mexico, Indonesia and India, which all have substantial consumption- and production-based fossil fuel subsidies. We had slightly more than 1,000 respondents in Ecuador and slightly more than 1,400 in each of the other countries, all of whom were asked about their support/acceptance of climate policy introduction.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We use a 1 × 7 factorial survey experiment where respondents participating in the study were randomly exposed to different kinds of policy measures (treatments), which they were asked to evaluate (hypotheses pre-registered at OSF Registries41). (1) One group gave their opinion about the proposal of introducing a carbon tax in their country (as a point of reference for us to compare with the other proposals). (2) One group gave their opinion about the proposal of removing the current industrial subsides to fossil fuels in their country. (3) One group gave their opinion about the proposal of removing the current private-consumption subsides to fossil fuels in their country.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Four different groups gave their opinion about the proposal of removing the current consumption subsides on fossil fuels in their country plus any of the following additional policies: (4) use the surplus funding for general welfare purposes (for example, improved health or education), (5) use the surplus funding to compensate for a general reduction of the income tax, (6) use the surplus funding for climate change adaptation projects (for example, flooding prevention) and (7) use the surplus funding for cash transfer to the poor most-affected households to keep their welfare levels unchanged. Following previous research demonstrating how factors at the individual level affect policy attitudes, the study includes both beliefs (climate concern) and standard socioeconomic items (age, sex, income, education and urban/rural place of residence).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
All the samples from the different countries were pooled when testing H1, H2 and H3. With 1,400 respondents in four countries and 1,000 respondents in one country, the total sample contained 6,600 respondents. These were then divided into seven groups (1,000 respondents in each group). To test H1, H2 and H3, we used independent-sample one-sided t tests and ordinary least-squares regression models with robust standard errors.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Respondents participating in the study were randomly exposed to different kinds of policy measures (treatments). They did not know the treatment group to which they had been assigned. Subsequent to the question on policy support, they were asked to state their evaluative response to the specific policy.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
These findings may have important policy implications. First, our overall results concerning policy attitudes imply that removing subsidies on fossil fuels may not present much more of a political challenge than introducing carbon taxation. More important, by specifying alternatives for revenue recycling where public funds currently used for subsidies are instead directed towards other public investments, the level of acceptability may increase.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Finally, since climate change concern is a factor that significantly affects policy attitudes, further public and media attention assigned to climate change may make subsidy removals more conceivable and open up promising avenues for developing countries to contribute to the global mitigation of climate change. At the same time, fossil fuel subsidy removal frees public funds for investing in social and economic development, which would be of great value and use in many developing countries.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We are grateful for financial support from FORMAS—the Swedish research council for Sustainable Development, 2019-00916, 2019-02005; the Swedish Research Council, 2016-03058; the Swedish Energy Agency, 2019-006655.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The uncertainties around the hydrological and socio-economic implications of climate change pose a challenge for Nile River system management, especially with rapidly rising demands for river-system-related services and political tensions between the riparian countries. Cooperative adaptive management of the Nile can help alleviate some of these stressors and tensions. Here we present a planning framework for adaptive management of the Nile infrastructure system, combining climate projections; hydrological, river system and economy-wide simulators; and artificial intelligence multi-objective design and machine learning algorithms.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Under the 29 examined projections, the results show varying impacts of climate change on the naturalized streamflow of the Nile and some socio-economic characteristics of Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt (Fig. 3). The lower the GHG emissions and EOC forcing levels, the lower the change in precipitation and streamflow (Fig. 3a). The 30-year moving average naturalized streamflow data shown in Fig. 3c–f indicate that the mean Nile streamflow could change by between −13% and +90% by 2050 compared with 2020.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
For instance, in the most favourable design for each country taken individually, the discounted GDP over 2020–2045 could increase by up to US$15.8, US$6.3 and US$3.0 billion for Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt, respectively, compared with the Washington draft proposal. However, these country-centric designs lead to GDP losses for at least one of the other two countries. In contrast, the mean GDP changes are positive for the three countries under the compromise design.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The temporal evolution of GDP changes under different climate projections and GERD policy designs (Fig. 5) shows that adaptive GERD management benefits Ethiopia and Sudan the most under climate projections with the highest streamflow. The favourable Egyptian design benefits Egypt during multi-year droughts in climate projections with low streamflow, but it reduces the overall Sudanese and Ethiopian benefits. The compromise system design results in balanced performance across the three countries.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The seven optimized variables of the GERD adaptive policy show varying influence on the Ethiopian, Sudanese and Egyptian performance objectives (Fig. 6). The Egyptian GDP is influenced the most by the interim minimum drought mitigation water releases (Fig. 6a), as most of Egypt’s benefits and costs materialize during droughts through irrigation. In contrast, the most influential parameter for the Sudanese and Ethiopian GDPs is the GERD’s reduced power target (Fig. 6b,c).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The analysis of the GERD’s initial filling and long-term operation shows that adaptively managing the dam to maximize the national benefits of any of the three countries would be costly for at least one of the other two countries. We show that a compromise adaptive management approach could produce balanced benefits for the three countries. These results demonstrate the opportunity cost of not implementing collaborative adaptive solutions, especially under extreme climate change projections.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Here we introduce a planning framework for adaptive management of river infrastructure systems to consider both the socio-economic and hydrological uncertainties of climate change and policy. The framework uses climate and socio-economic data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6)41 to drive integrated hydrological, economy-wide and river system simulators of the Nile Basin. In this study, we introduce an adaptive planning framework for managing the Nile infrastructure system in the face of climate and socio-economic changes, including four interconnected stages (Fig. 2): (1) selecting plausible climate change projections, (2) simulating the hydrological implications of the selected projections, (3) simulating the economy-wide and river system infrastructure performance under the selected projections, and (4) designing an adaptive plan for managing river system infrastructure.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Because the Nile River is crucial to its population’s economic development and well-being, adaptation strategies are needed to cope with the deep uncertainties associated with future climate change26,49. An approach that can identify efficient options for transboundary adaptation and demonstrate their economy-wide and river system benefits and trade-offs could provide a platform for discussions on Nile adaptation strategies. The adaptive planning framework introduced in this paper can design adaptive policies for large infrastructures to cope with climate change uncertainties.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
It is high time to integrate climate change adaptation into the decade-long negotiations between Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt over the GERD and the broader Nile management discussion between the 11 riparian countries. Although the adaptive formulation examined in this study includes some controlling features (for example, the 60-bcm HAD drought threshold and the five-year adaptation period) that constrain basin-wide water management, it represents an incremental step towards adaptive cooperation. Our goal is to show that any step towards adaptive cooperation results in benefits.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements
M.B.’s doctoral degree is funded by the Faculty of Science and Engineering of the University of Manchester. This work was supported by the UK Research and Innovation Economic and Social Research Council (grant no. ES/P011373/1) as part of the Global Challenges Research Fund through the ‘Future Design and Assessment of water-energy-food-environment Mega Systems’ (FutureDAMS) research project to J.J.H., V.N., A.C., S.G., D.P., N.F., J.S. and H.J.F. We thank GAMS Software GmbH for providing licences for mathematical solvers compatible with parallel processing used for economy-wide simulation on supercomputers.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Author contributions
M.B. wrote the original manuscript. M.B. performed the visualization of the results. All authors reviewed and edited the manuscript.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Many countries and other non-national actors announced new climate ambition, actions and targets ahead of the Twenty-Sixth Conference of Parties (COP26), held in Glasgow in November 2021. COP26 provided the first real demonstration of the 2015 Paris Agreement’s mechanism to regularly revisit and enhance national climate strategies1. By the end of COP26, 151 countries submitted updated and new nationally determined contributions (NDCs) outlining plans to cut GHG emissions by 20302. Many countries also communicated official or unofficial long-term strategies (LTSs) that outline emission reduction strategies through the mid-century3 and net-zero emissions targets4. Although the updated and new 2030 pledges suggest higher ambition compared to the 2015 Paris pledges5,6, limiting global warming below 1.5 °C this century—the aspirational goal of the Paris Agreement—will require countries to further ratchet or increase ambition in 2030 and beyond6–12.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Using a simple reduced-form climate model (Hector; Methods)15 we study the implications of the emissions pathways for end-of-century and peak global mean surface temperature changes (Fig. 2). Our results show—consistent with other studies—that if countries achieve their 2021 NDCs, official LTSs and net-zero pledges as stated, global surface temperature change can be limited to <2 °C warming this century5,6,9–12. In addition, many of our high ambition pathways with the NDC+ and NDC++ emission levels in 2030 result in <1.5 °C temperature change in 2100.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Ratcheting ambition in the near-term—as in our NDC++ pathways—has marked implications for peak temperature changes. Ratcheting ambition in the near-term results in lower levels of peak warming. For instance, the peak temperature change in the pathway with NDC emission level in 2030 followed by a 8% minimum decarbonization rate and net-zero pledges in the specified target years is 1.77 °C compared to 1.82 °C in the pathway with NDC emission level in 2030 followed by a 2% minimum decarbonization rate.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Furthermore, ratcheting near-term ambition could markedly reduce the number of years of overshoot before returning to 1.5 °C this century (Supplementary Table 1 and Supplementary Fig. 2). For example, the pathways with NDC emission level in 2030 followed by a 2% or 5% minimum decarbonization rate and net-zero pledges in the specified target years do not return to 1.5 °C this century and the number of years of overshoot in the pathway with an 8% minimum decarbonization rate is 67. By contrast, in the pathways with NDC++ emission level in 2030, the number of years of overshoot reduces to 58, 56 and 47 years respectively.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Advancing the timing of net-zero pledges can be an important ratcheting strategy as it could provide the extra push required in the long-term to return 2100 warming to <1.5 °C and further reduce temperature overshooting. For example, in the pathway with NDC+ emissions in 2030 followed by a 5% minimum decarbonization rate and net-zero pledges in the specified target years, the 2100 and peak temperature changes are, respectively, 1.51 °C and 1.72 °C. Advancing the timing of net-zero pledges by 10 years brings the 2100 and peak temperature changes down to 1.46 °C and 1.68 °C.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Ratcheting ambition would entail rapid reductions in CO2 emissions from all sectors of the energy system (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Fig. 4), especially through the mid-century. While some sectors (for example, electricity, buildings and industry) decarbonize faster due to the availability of many low-carbon technology alternatives, others (for example, transportation) decarbonize slower due to fewer options. Ratcheting ambition in the near-term results in quicker transitions to net-zero emissions energy systems30–32.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our emissions pathways (Fig. 1) explore a combination of three strategies that countries might use to ratchet and achieve ambition: (1) increasing ambition in the near-term through 2030, (2) increasing post-2030 decarbonization rates or (3) achieving net-zero pledges sooner. In 2030, countries are assumed to achieve one of three ambition levels, namely, NDC, NDC+ and NDC++. Our central assumption is that countries achieve the updated or new pledges submitted until the end of COP26 (Methods).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To construct the NDC+ and NDC++ sensitivities, we begin with the ambition level implied in the updated or new pledges as assessed by Climate Action Tracker (CAT)21,22. CAT provides one of five rating categories for the country pledges (‘1.5 °C Paris Agreement compatible’, ‘almost sufficient’, ‘insufficient’, ‘highly insufficient’ and ‘critically insufficient’). In the NDC+ sensitivity, we assume that countries rated ‘critically insufficient’ and ‘highly insufficient’ by CAT reduce their emissions by 30% below their current NDC.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Beyond 2030, countries are assumed to achieve the same level of decarbonization rate—defined as the annual rate of improvement in GHG emissions per unit of gross domestic product (GDP)—as the rate between 2015 and 2030 or a minimum rate if their decarbonization rate is below this minimum rate. Our central assumption about the post-2030 minimum decarbonization rate is 2% and our sensitivity assumptions are 5% and 8%. These assumptions are consistent with previous studies and are consistent with the average and high rates observed historically (Methods).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In all our pathways, countries are assumed to achieve their official LTSs and net-zero pledges if any. Countries with LTSs are assumed to achieve their LTSs in the target year following a linear path (Methods). Beyond the target year, countries are assumed to follow a path defined by the minimum decarbonization rate.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Hector is the reduced-form carbon-cycle climate module that is available for use in GCAM15,71 and is an open-source model. This study is based on Hector v.2.5. Hector reproduces the global historical trends of atmospheric CO2, radiative forcing and surface temperatures.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
This study provides an ex-ante scientific underpinning to help design revised and more ambitious pledges in response to the calls made in the 2021 Glasgow Climate Pact and to understand their potential temperature implications during the century. Our results underscore the importance that countries ratchet their ambition in the near-term—through 2030—to reduce overshooting and thus maximize long-term climate benefits. Our study also underscores the potential hazards of delaying the timing of ratcheting ambition.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our results also suggest that ratcheting near-term ambition could enable faster transitions required to accomplish net-zero pledges, especially in major emitting economies. These transitions could very well be accomplished with limited availability of nascent technologies such as CDR. However, the economic implications of these transitions would hinge on the availability of CDR and other nascent technologies such as CCS and the ability of grid infrastructures to expand rapidly as technologies such as renewables scale up.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements The research described in this paper was conducted with support from the US EPA IAA DW-089-92460001 (G.I., Y.O., J.E., J.F., S.W. and H.M.). The views and opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors alone and do not necessarily state or reflect those of the Environmental Protection Agency or the US Government and no official endorsement should be inferred.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Author contributions G.I. and Y.O. contributed equally to this study. G.I., Y.O., J.E., A.A.F., N.H. and H.M. designed the research. G.I. wrote the first draft of the paper.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Flooding is a devastating natural hazard, causing an average >US$100 billion of damage every year1. Recent events of coastal and river flooding in Europe and Asia have shown the huge impact of such events on communities and policy-makers are struggling with how to anticipate future increase in flood risk due to climate change and population growth2. Without adaptation investments under the representative concentration pathway (RCP) 4.5 and shared socio-economic pathway (SSP) 2 scenarios, fluvial flood risk for the USA is expected to increase from about US$27 billion to US$66 billion per year (refs. 3,4), while coastal flood risk cost is expected to increase from US$1.8 billion to US$189 billion5.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Using an agent-based model approach for current and future scenarios, we demonstrate that risk-based premiums will yield a positive societal benefit (US$10 billion) because they will incentivize household risk-reduction investments. Moreover, our results show that proactive investment in large-scale adaptation measures complements a transition to risk-based premiums to yield a higher overall societal benefit (US$26 billion). We suggest that transitioning the NFIP to risk-based premiums can only be secured by additional investments in large-scale flood protection infrastructure.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
These effects result in a decrease of insur- ance penetration rates in fluvial regions from 24.7% to 13.2% (partly due to an increase in unaffordability). This implies that (on average) the NFIP is currently underpricing these regions. Conversely, coastal regions display an increase from 10.2% to 17.1% in penetration rates due to more attractive premiums under risk-based insurance pricing for a share of households due to spatial variation in premiums.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings