Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
On the basis of the international classification of diseases nineth (ICD-9) revision or ICD-10 codes, we obtained daily hospitalization data for all-cause respiratory diseases, asthma, COPD, AURI, influenza and pneumonia across 1,052 communities in eight countries and territories, with a median area of 5,185.3 km2 (IQR 11,664.2 km2) and a median population of 139,256 (IQR 271,027). The hospitalization data for all countries and territories fell within the period 2000 to 2019, with differing start and/or end dates: for Australia, Brazil and New Zealand, hospitalization data were from 2000 to 2019; for Canada, data were from 2005 to 2019; for Chile, data were from 2001 to 2019; for Thailand, data were from 2015 to 2019; for Taiwan, data were from 2000 to 2018; and for Vietnam, data were from 2002 to 2015. Additional details on data collection, ICD codes and data coverage are provided in Supplementary Methods 1.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
As detailed in our previous work37, daily concentrations of wildfire-specific PM2.5 at a 0.25° × 0.25° (~28 × 28 km2) spatial resolution during 2000–2019, were estimated using a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and calibrated through a machine learning approach. Briefly, wildfire-specific PM2.5 was estimated as differences in GEOS-Chem-derived simulations for total PM2.5, under two scenarios with and without wildfire emissions. Then we trained a random forest machine learning model to calibrate the GEOS-Chem-derived estimates of total PM2.5 against ground-level daily total PM2.5 measurements, with daily gridded meteorological parameters and calendar variables as auxiliary variables.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We implemented a standard two-stage analytic framework, to estimate the association between short-term exposure to daily wildfire-specific PM2.5 and cause-specific respiratory hospitalization. The two-stage design is a flexible and computationally efficient analytical framework commonly used in environmental epidemiology to model large, heterogeneous data from multiple communities19,47–49. This approach allows for separate modelling of community-specific characteristics, preserving crucial local nuances and mitigating potential biases that could arise from pooling diverse data into a single model.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In the first stage, we used a quasi-Poisson regression with a distributed lag nonlinear model in each community, with the following equation: Yit ∼Poisson (μit) log (μit) = cb (Fire_PM2.5it, lag = 7) + ns (Tempit, d.f. = 6) + ns (RHit, d.f. = 3) + nonfire_PM2.5it + ns (Timeit, d.f. = 7/year) + βDOWit + α. Where Yit denotes the hospitalization counts in community i on day t; cb is a distributed lag model incorporated with a crossbasis function of a linear term over the current and previous seven (lag 0–7) days and two internal knots placed at equally spaced values in the log scale of lag days; ns is the natural cubic spline function; and d.f. is the degree of freedom.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Under a causal assumption, we estimated attributable cases and AF of respiratory hospitalizations attributable to short-term exposure to wildfire-specific PM2.5, using the pooled country- and territory-specific effect estimates, as detailed elsewhere54. Briefly, we calculated the respiratory hospitalizations attributable to wildfire-specific PM2.5 in each community, using pooled country- and territory-specific effect estimates. Subsequently, we divided the total hospitalizations attributable to wildfire-specific PM2.5 by the total hospitalizations across all the study communities or communities within a specific country and territory, to obtain the overall and country- and territory-specific AF.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
This coincided with our findings that wildfire-specific PM2.5 posed a greater hospitalization risk for various respiratory diseases than did non-wildfire PM2.5. Therefore, continued mitigation efforts are warranted to attenuate and reverse the rising difference in the proportion of respiratory hospitalizations due to wildfire and non-wildfire particles, especially in Chile, New Zealand, Thailand, Taiwan and Vietnam.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Wildfire impacts are still likely to intensify as the global climate continues to warm1. In the context of the notable contribution of wildfire-specific PM2.5 exposure to respiratory burdens, prioritizing robust mitigation and adaptation strategies across diverse countries and territories emerges as a critical public health imperative, especially for diseases, populations and areas experiencing a greater susceptibility. Some solutions consist of raising awareness of wildfire-related health risks targeted at policy-makers, clinicians and the public, improving emission control, closely monitoring wildfire air pollution levels and strengthening community preparedness through resource planning and allocation.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements
This study is supported by Australian Research Council (DP210102076) and Australian National Health & Medical Research Council (APP2000581). Yiwen Zhang is supported by the NHMRC e-Asia Joint Research Program Grant (GNT2000581). R.X. is supported by Monash Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Science (FMNHS) Bridging Postdoctoral Fellowships 2022 and VicHealth Postdoctoral Research Fellowships 2022.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Author contributions
S.L. and Y.G. designed the study and are co-senior authors. Yiwen Zhang conducted the statistical analysis and took lead in drafting the manuscript and interpreting the results. R.X. estimated the wildfire-specific PM2.5 exposure data.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Understanding variations in mental well-being has become a globally salient health challenge (Lesthaeghe 1995; Van de Kaa 1987). The “second demographic transition” has led to significant shifts in work and family dynamics, creating complex life trajectories that warrant an examination of their impacts on mental health, especially among women who face unique stressors due to societal gender roles and expectations (Caballero et al. 2022; Zagel and Van Winkle 2020). In industrial societies, demographic, economic, and cultural transformations have made employment trajectories unpredictable, with critical factors such as occupational stress (Chandola et al. 2007), resource accumulation (Lantz et al. 2005; Read, Grundy, and Foverskov 2016), and social network development (Grundy and Sloggett 2003) impacting mental health.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
It finds that trajectories characterized by prolonged employment and delayed familial commitments are generally associated with increased depressive symptoms. Notably, the strength of this association varies significantly across cohorts and is notably moderated by defamilization policies. These policies, which aim to reduce dependency on family for managing social risks, buffer mental health challenges in traditional family roles but are less effective for women in trajectories with delayed family formation.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Model 1 indicates that women in the entrepreneur familist trajectory have significantly lower odds of being at high risk of depression compared to those in the homemaker archetype. By contrast, stable job, family diverse women exhibit approximately 16% higher odds. In Model 2, which adjusts for average GDP per capita from ages 15 to 50, a 1 SD increase in defamilization exposure is associated with a 5.8 percentage point rise in the likelihood of depression.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Model 3 reveals significant interactions between trajectory types and cohorts, presented as average marginal effects in Figure 4a. Specifically, the entrepreneur familist trajectory correlates with lower depression risk, but only in later cohorts. By contrast, the stable job, family diverse trajectory is associated with increased depressive symptoms among these cohorts.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Women in the careerist, late union trajectory experience no differences in their risk of depression relative to the homemaker archetype at low defamilization levels. However, at high defamilization levels, they have a notably higher chance of being at high risk of depression. Conversely, women in the entrepreneur familist trajectory show no difference in their risk of depression at low defamilization levels but report fewer depressive symptoms at higher levels.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Findings demonstrate a nuanced evolution in work–family patterns across different generations, affecting mental health. This aligns with established literature that connects life course events with health through social roles, family, and work engagement (Grundy, Read, and Väisänen 2020; Repetti, Taylor, and Seeman 2002; Simon and Barrett 2010; Zella and Harper 2020). This research sheds light on these dynamics and provides evidence in support of Hypothesis 1, demonstrating that specific life patterns, such as entrepreneur familist, may lead to a lower risk of depression, reflecting how the unfolding of life trajectories in work–family dimensions can shape mental health later in life.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
I utilized data from the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), a panel survey representative of individuals ages 50 and older across various European countries. SHARE covers many topics, including economic, demographic, health, and family matters (Schröder 2011). Specifically, I focused on the SHARELIFE data collected during the third and seventh waves of SHARE, which provides detailed life histories, including employment and family formation experiences from childhood to advanced age, for women born between 1924 and 1965.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
I analyzed the relationship between life trajectories and the risk of depression by merging SHARELIFE data with information from Waves 1 through 7 of SHARE. This integration resulted in a final sample of 22,250 women who had comprehensive life histories from ages 15 to 50 and data on depressive symptoms. This sample was initially identified from SHARELIFE and then supplemented with the latest observations from other SHARE waves to include mental health data and other covariates.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The EURO-D scale, from SHARE, measures depressive symptoms for cross-national comparisons in European populations, assessing 12 symptoms, such as depression, pessimism, and fatigue (for a detailed explanation of the EURO-D scale and its items, see Appendix B in the online version of the article). Based on EURO-D’s association with clinical depression, I used a threshold of four or more symptoms to indicate a high risk of depression. To build work–family life histories, participants were prompted to recall significant milestones, such as job-related changes and key family events, annually.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgments
I am grateful for comments and suggestions from Linda Waite, Jason Beckfield, Jenny Trinitapoli, Ignacio Cabib, UPenn’s PSC Colloquium assistants, and anonymous reviewers.
Funding
The author disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work received support from the Institute of Humane Studies under Grant Nos. IHS017599 and IHS017396.
ORCID iD
Ariel Azar  https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4868-8081

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Author Biography
Ariel Azar is an assistant professor of sociology at Purdue University. His research investigates the interplay between policy contexts, political systems, and broader social structures, focusing on their influence on health disparities and trajectories throughout the life course, with special attention to migrant and LGBT populations. Azar also holds a visiting scholar position at the Population Research Institute at Pennsylvania State University and is a faculty associate at the Center on Aging and the Life Course at Purdue University.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Health disparities between women and men in the United States are well documented. Women experience a higher incidence of chronic conditions, functional limitations, depression, and disability compared to men (Case and Paxson 2005; Leveille et al. 2000; Nolen-Hoeksema 2001), and rates of maternal morbidity and mortality in the United States have increased over the past several decades (Creanga et al. 2014). Women also experience more barriers to health care access (Ng et al. 2010; Rustgi, Doty, and Collins 2009), which may exacerbate gender gaps in health.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Results show that higher state-level sexism is associated with greater inability to access needed health care and more barriers to affording care for women but not for men. Furthermore, contrary to our hypothesis, women residing in states with higher state-level sexism report better quality of care than women in states with lower levels of sexism. These findings implicate state-level sexism in perpetuating gender disparities in health care.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
State-level sexism was associated with significantly higher odds of inability to access health care for women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.86, 95% CI, 1.51–2.30) and marginally higher odds for men (OR = 1.32, 95% CI, 0.98–1.78), meaning that a 1 SD increase in state-level sexism was associated with 86% higher odds of inability to access care among women and 32% higher odds of inability to access care among men.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
For all three affordability barriers, an increase in state-level sexism predicted a significant increase in the odds of experiencing a barrier for women but not for men. Women residing in states higher in sexism reported 17% higher odds of being unable to pay medical bills compared to women in states with lower sexism scores (OR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.08–1.27). In addition, women exposed to high state-level sexism had 12% higher odds of reporting that medical tests and prescriptions were too expensive (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.03–1.22).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Surprisingly, across two of the three measures of patient–provider communication, women who resided in states with higher levels of sexism reported more positive interactions with their providers compared to women in states with lower levels of sexism. We propose several explanations. Because some gender stereotypes may entail benevolent sexism, defined as seemingly innocuous and patronizing behaviors that may appear complimentary to some individuals (Glick and Fiske 1996), perhaps women in states high in structural sexism do not interpret sexist patient–provider communication as negative.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
State-level sexism appears to increase barriers to health care access among women in the United States by affecting women’s ability to afford medical care. These results were robust after adjusting for individual-level sociodemographic characteristics, suggesting that state-level sexism acts on environmental or organizational contexts to directly shape women’s access to health care. Furthermore, in our analysis, state-level sexism appears to have no effect on men’s access to health care.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
State-level data were compiled from administrative data sources (e.g., Bureau of Labor Statistics, Current Population Survey, Guttmacher Institute) to capture gender inequity in economic standing, political representation, policy protections, and reproductive rights. Individual-level data came from the December 2014 to January 2019 waves of the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Consumer Survey of Health Care Access, a repeat cross-sectional, online survey of adults age 18 and older in the United States. Surveys were conducted by an external firm that maintains an active panel of potential study participants.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Of the 25,267 eligible participants in the AAMC survey, 24,250 (96%) participants had complete data for all variables in Stage 1 of the analysis (associations of state-level sexism with inability to access care and uninsured). The latter stages of the analysis were restricted to the 21,329 participants who had at least one medical care visit in the past year and had complete data for additional health care access and quality variables.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Aligned with other studies of structural gender discrimination (Chen et al. 2005; Homan 2019; Kawachi et al. 1999), state-level sexism was measured using publicly available data to gauge economic inequity, labor force inequity, political inequity, and lack of reproductive rights. Consistent with Homan (2019), a continuous index of state-level sexism was created by standardizing state-level measures relative to the full observation period and then summing standardized scores to create a continuous index of state-level sexism (Cronbach’s α = .70). We then divided the index by its standard deviation so a one-unit change in state-level sexism reflects a 1 SD difference.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Logistic regression analyses were completed in three stages. First, we tested associations of state-level sexism with inability to access health care and lack of health insurance. Second, we tested associations between state-level sexism and specific barriers to health care access among participants who accessed medical care at least once over the past year. Third, we tested associations between state-level sexism and patient–provider communication.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Anthropogenic emissions of both carbon dioxide (CO2) and mercury (Hg) are long-term stressors for the global environment and human society. The global community is seeking common and coordinated actions, such as the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the Minamata Convention on Mercury, to reduce their emissions and associated adverse effects, although both treaties still are in the early stages of implementation.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find that the sediment of VCEs not only is OC-rich, but also is a Hg-rich system, and that there is a strong and positive correlation between OC contents and Hg concentrations in coastal sediments. Notably, the Hg/OC ratio reported here (3.95 µg g-1) is ~2.5 times that of permafrost soils (1.6 µg g-1), indicating that coastal sediment is a more favourable environment for storing Hg under the same OC sequestration potential as permafrost soils.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find that over 95% of the Hg stock in global Blue C ecosystems is stored in VCEs. The Hg stock in global Blue C ecosystems (mean = 73,162 Mg, minimum-maximum: 21,306-125,018 Mg) is ~15 times the Hg pool in the present-day atmosphere (4,400 Mg), ~25% of the Hg stored in present-day ocean water and ~80% of the Hg stored in the upper 1,000 m of ocean water.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our study provides field evidence of the co-accumulation of climate-friendly OC and neurotoxic Hg in Blue C ecosystems. On the basis of the strong commonality and close linkage between C and Hg storage and cycling in coastal ecosystems, by analogy to the term 'Blue C', we propose the term 'Blue Hg' to refer to Hg captured and stored in coastal ecosystems, particularly in VCEs.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Global VCEs and tidal flats are estimated to annually bury 80-220 Tg OC and 6.8 Tg OC, respectively. Correspondingly, 316 to 869 Mg (mean = 592 Mg) and 26.9 Mg Hg could be sequestered by global VCEs and tidal flats annually, although the degradation of VCEs may lead to Hg release.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We collected 819 sediment samples from 58 coastal wetlands, including unvegetated (tidal flats, N = 19) and vegetated (seagrass meadows, N = 10; tidal marshes, N = 14; mangrove forests, N = 15) coastal ecosystems along Chinese coastlines from the cold temperate zone (~40° N) to the tropical zone (~19° N) during 2010 to 2022.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We measured sediment Hg concentrations using a direct Hg analyser (DMA-80, Milestone), following the US Environmental Protection Agency Method 7473. The performance of the Hg analyser was evaluated by multiple measurements of certified reference materials and results were not statistically different from the certified values.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We multiplied a single general linear trend (Hg/OC ratio: 3.95 µg g-1) between OC and Hg in all coastal sediments generated from our regional observational data by the Blue C stock in different Blue C ecosystems compiled by others to roughly estimate the Hg stock in the top metre of sediment in global coastal environments.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We measured LOI as the loss of weight of a sediment sample ignited at 550 °C for 8 h by a Muffle furnace. The van Bemmelen factor (LOI/OC = 1.724) is used to convert sediment LOI to OC content.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The Blue C stock in global mangrove forests, seagrass meadows and tidal marshes was obtained from the literature, and we applied the identical method to estimate the Blue Hg fluxes. The uncertainties of current Blue C stocks and fluxes dominate the uncertainties of Blue Hg stock and flux estimates in the present study.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Blue Hg stock is therefore an important, dynamic, reactive but overlooked Hg pool in the global Hg cycle and health risk. The close interactions between C and Hg in coastal ecosystems point to the importance of a holistic understanding of the benefits, risks and trade-offs of Blue C sequestration strategies.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We highlight that the Blue Hg dilemma should be accounted for in future Blue C strategy assessments to inform policymakers and help them design better management and restoration policies across sectors and actors that can balance economic, ecological, climatic and health interests for future generations.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements: We greatly appreciate Joel D. Blum of University of Michigan for providing valuable comments on drafts of the paper. We thank Yingying Liu, Zhilong Shi and Dongping Chen for sample collection and analysis, and Peng Wang and the volunteers who helped in the field sampling.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Author contributions: Z.C. designed and performed research. W.S. and X.Z. contributed analytic tools. Z.C., W.S. and B.C. acquired funding. Z.C. analysed data, generated figures and wrote the original draft of the paper. All co-authors contributed to the discussion, editing and approval of the paper.

Category:

Answer: None