Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Batteries are critical to mitigate global warming, with battery electric vehicles as the backbone of low-carbon transport and the main driver of advances and demand for battery technology. However, the future demand and production of batteries remain uncertain, while the ambition to strengthen national capabilities and self-sufficiency is gaining momentum. In this study, leveraging probabilistic modelling, we assessed Europe’s capability to meet its future demand for high-energy batteries via domestic cell production. We found that demand in Europe is likely to exceed 1.0 TWh yr−1 by 2030 and thereby outpace domestic production, with production required to grow at highly ambitious growth rates of 31–68% yr−1. European production is very likely to cover at least 50–60% of the domestic demand by 2030, while 90% self-sufficiency seems feasible but far from certain. Thus, domestic production shortfalls are more likely than not.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Fuelled by substantial BEV diffusion up to 2035, European battery demand is likely to surpass 1.0 TWh yr−1 by 2030 (in 69% of all scenarios). The interquartile range (IQR) in 2030 is 0.97–1.2 TWh yr−1. Some high-demand scenarios may exceed the 1 TWh threshold as early as 2026 and even approach 1.6 TWh yr−1 by 2030, with the top 10% exceeding 1.30 TWh yr−1.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Domestic production is unlikely to surpass 1.0 TWh yr−1 by 2030 (39%) and the IQR is 0.93–1.04 TWh yr−1. A few high-production scenarios reach 1.2 TWh yr−1, with the top 5% exceeding 1.10 TWh yr−1. Low-production scenarios barely fall below 0.86 TWh yr−1 (5th percentile).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The resulting average growth rates for demand are ambitious at 31–43% yr−1, but they have been witnessed for other technologies. Historically, wind and solar capacity growth rates have been at least 15% yr−1 and often between 39 and 50% yr−1. In contrast, the calculated growth rates for production are more ambitious, ranging from 55 to 68% yr−1, and close to the levels witnessed historically in times of emergency when unconventional rates of growth were observed.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
It is very likely that domestic production can meet at least 60% of demand in 2025 (90.1%) and 2030 (99.5%), although the results for 2025 reveal a slightly elevated risk of short-term domestic production shortfalls. For 2030, the 90% self-sufficiency target seems feasible as this corresponds to the mean and median value (IQR = 80–100%), but is far from certain as nearly half of the scenarios (49%) do not reach the 90% self-sufficiency target. Production capacity exceeds domestic demand by more than 10% in a minor share of scenarios (11%).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Beyond mere domestic production capacity and self-sufficiency, the company’s origin is relevant in the context of accessibility and technology sovereignty. While the corporate landscape was nearly 100% Asian in the early 2020s, the share of European companies is projected to increase substantially. In 2025, around two-thirds of the materialized production capacity is likely to result from Asian-affiliated companies and more than one-third from European companies. By 2030, European companies are projected to hold the largest share (45–55%), while the share of Asian companies is expected to decline (40–50%) with US companies anticipated to capture modest shares (3–8%).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Probabilistic modelling is developing as an accurate and flexible tool to assess the feasibility of future climate change mitigation pathways and modelling technology diffusion. We adopted this approach to independently project future battery demand and domestic production in Europe and to evaluate Europe’s pathway towards battery self-sufficiency via feasibility spaces and probabilistic statements. Accordingly, we extended the recent advances by Odenweller et al., which were based on Roger’s concept of technology adoption and typical S-shaped diffusion curves.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
First, we estimated domestic production using existing and announced cell production facilities and their stated capacities. We imputed an S-shaped production ramp-up for each announcement to derive its effective, materialized annual capacity using a logistic growth model (LGM) and probabilistic parameterization of influencing factors (that is, utilization, scrap, delays and materialization probabilities). These characteristics result from two typical ramp-up phases following an earlier planning period: time-to-market and time-to-volume.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Second, we considered high-energy batteries for BEVs to be the main demand driver with lithium-ion batteries as the prevalent current technology. We collected historical automotive data, such as total sales and segment splits, as well as historical BEV-specific data, such as model-specific sales, installed battery capacities, segment splits and energy consumption. We combined these data with projections of future European battery demand based on probabilistic parameterization of future BEV shares, segment-specific battery capacities, segment splits, total sales and additional demand from other mobile or stationary applications.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We used probabilistic modelling of S-shaped production ramp-up and technology diffusion based on the latest empirical data to project future battery demand and domestic production in Europe, covering the EU, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the United Kingdom. We also translated this battery demand into the corresponding amounts of required critical raw materials. A Monte Carlo simulation (N = 1,000) then allows the construction of feasibility spaces and the classification of findings by probability.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
First, we used the announced annual production capacities (in GWh yr−1) as the base matrix, where each project corresponds to a row and each column to a year from 2020 to 2030. We extrapolated 2030 values to 2035. The year in which the first batteries were announced marks the start-up year.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Focusing on the implications for decision-makers in policy and industry, Europe is striving for a competitive and sustainable battery ecosystem with concrete agendas and roadmaps49, including the Net-Zero Industry Act18. This includes launching several initiatives and public–private partnerships, such as Batteries Europe and the Batteries Europe Partnership Association, or funding under the framework of the Important Projects of Common European Interest to align industry and policy perspectives on cross-cutting issues such as scale-up, sustainability, recycling and digitalization50. In addition, there are special trade and cooperation agreements, such as the EU–UK Battery Rules of Origin.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We gratefully acknowledge funding from the Ariadne 2 (FKZ 03SFK5D0-2, S.L. and P.P.) and BEMA (FKZ 03XP0272B, L.S., L.W. and A.S.) projects by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, KAMO—High-Performance Center Profilregion, funded by the Fraunhofer Gesellschaft (S.L. and P.P.), and a strategic internal research project (FKZ 4009286, A.S.) funded by Fraunhofer ISI. We thank T. Wicke for providing data and also for his comments, as well as G. Bowman-Köhler and L. Antill-Blum (all Fraunhofer ISI) for English editing.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
S.L. and L.S. conceived and designed the study in consultation with P.P. S.L. and L.S. collected the data, implemented the model and created the visualizations. S.L. wrote the original paper with contributions and revisions from all authors. P.P., A.S. and L.W. contributed to the discussion, interpretation of findings, recommendations and policy implications. P.P. supervised the study.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Energy transition and climate change both entail risks for the global economy1. As the global economy decarbonizes, fossil fuel investments face stranded asset risks, that is, lost profits owing to early retirement2. Stranded asset risks threaten financial stability. Similarly, exposure to climate hazards contributes to financial stability risk. Meanwhile, clean energy investments come with higher capital investment and greater uncertainty about technology and market performance, despite declining technology costs3. Policy can help mitigate these risks4–7.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We show that central banks vary substantially in the extent to which they re-risk fossil fuel investments and physical risks and de-risk clean energy investments. Our analysis finds that central bank climate risk management is not associated with a country’s economic exposure to transition risks, but instead with its climate politics. The results suggest that central banks may not be solely independent risk managers but also actors that respond to political demands.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find no statistically significant correlation between the size of either the oil and gas sector or the financial sector and re-risking scores. The central banks of economies with high exposure to stranded asset risks through either a large oil and gas sector and/or a large financial sector do not appear to engage more in re-risking than economies with low stranded asset risks.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find no statistically significant relationship between the growth of the share of renewable energy in total primary energy use and de-risking scores (Figs. 3 and 4). This means that a growing renewable energy industry is not associated with central banks reducing the risks of clean energy investments.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We do not find an association between exposure to climate hazards and re-risking. Instead, we find that de-risking is positively and significantly correlated with higher exposure to physical climate risks.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In sum, we find that political demands from policymakers and the public are significantly and positively correlated with central banks’ re-risking and de-risking activities, respectively.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Here, we provide a systematic study of central bank management of climate risks. We introduce a dataset of climate risk management measures adopted by central banks across 47 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Group of 20 (G20) countries, which represents a large country sample for such research. Importantly, we develop a classification system to identify actions that re-risk brown investments and de-risk green investments.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We construct a dataset on central bank policies on climate and transition risks for the OECD and G20 countries, containing policies enacted as recently as August 2023 (Methods). We classify these policies by function (re-risking, de-risking or both), cost and type of instrument (Table 1, Methods and Extended Data Table 2). We aggregate the policy-level dataset to the country level and calculate composite scores of their climate-related activity using both a re-risking score and a de-risking score (Methods and Supplementary Note 5).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We use a simple linear regression model to test the correlation of economic risks with countries’ re-risking scores. As we have a diverse set of countries in our sample, we are careful to control for factors that could be associated with cross-national differences in central bank activity. They are central bank independence, level of democracy, whether a central bank mandate includes a price stability objective only, an economic support objective and/or a sustainability objective, GDP per capita, GDP growth rate, trade share of GDP, unemployment rate, inflation rate and EU membership.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In total, 47 countries are included in our dataset. They include the OECD countries plus all other countries in the G20. The countries are Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the UK and the USA.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our policy-specific dataset includes 168 observations across the 47 countries and identifies the country; the year of the policy (91% of the policy observations are between 2019 and 2023); the name of the policy; the policy description; the data source (webpage link); whether the policy includes a requirement of other actors (for example, a regulatory rule for banks to comply with, or a request for information) or only pertains to the central bank operations (for example, information published by the bank or a change in how the bank manages its funds); whether the policy aims to re-risk, de-risk or both; the policy function class (information, economic or structural); and the relative ‘cost’ of the policy to the central bank (the relative degree to which the action is costly to the central bank to enact, as interpreted by what is going to have a material impact on the financial system and what might have a resource cost).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our findings also have an important implication for policy. Climate policy advocates have held hopes that central banks could correct for the lack of national decarbonization policy. Their relative independence could theoretically provide them with greater ability to adopt policies where executives or legislatures are paralysed by political opposition. This would most probably be the case for re-risking fossil fuel investments, which tends to provoke opposition from fossil fuel and related industries. Yet we find re-risking to be positively correlated with the stringency of national climate policy. This suggests that, so far, central banks complement, rather than act as a substitute for, regulatory or legislative policy to reduce fossil fuel dependence.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The political nature of the management of climate risks raises concerns about unmanaged risks in the global economy, specifically stranded asset risks. These exist in economies with large oil and gas and/or financial sectors and low re-risking scores. We see two practical paths to begin to address the risk mitigation gap. First, increasing transparency of central bank actions on climate risk management would lay the ground for building political pressure on laggard central banks. This article has taken a first step towards that, while a more institutionalized effort would be to develop a central bank climate index.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements
We are grateful for feedback from R.O. Keohane and members of the Energy and Environment Policy Lab at the University of California, Berkeley. J.M. acknowledges funding from the Climate Program of the Berkeley Economy and Society Initiative and the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Hatch Project (accession no. 1020688).

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Author contributions
E.S. conceived the study and led the development of theory and corresponding analysis, with the guidance of J.M. and J.J.F; E.S. collected the data, designed the methodology, executed the statistical analysis and produced tables and figures, with the guidance of J.M. and J.J.F.; and E.S. and J.M. wrote the paper.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Several trends are bringing to the fore the importance of understanding the influence of renewable technologies on the volatility of power prices. In a context where investments in renewable electricity outpace all other forms of capacity additions, understanding how renewables will shape the stability (or volatility) of prices has important repercussions in the functioning of electricity markets, affecting issues such as the investment strategies of power generators, the hedging of financial risks by suppliers, demand strategies of users of electricity, the design of capacity mechanisms or the development of exceptional measures to contain electricity price spikes, among others.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We propose a β-sensitivity metric, defined as the projected increase in the average annual price of electricity when the price of natural gas increases by 1 euro. We show that annual power prices spikes would be more moderate because the β-sensitivity would fall from 1.4 euros to 1 euro. Deployment of solar photovoltaic and wind technologies exceeding 30% of the 2030 target would lower it further, below 0.5 euros. Our framework shows that this stabilization of prices would produce social welfare gains, that is, we find an insurance value of renewables.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our results confirm that the targets in the NECPs would lower the expected price of electricity across European markets. For the European aggregate, average prices would be expected to be 26% lower by 2030 than in 2024 (Table 1). A similar reduction would be observed in median prices.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
By 2030, for the average of Europe, prices would be expected to be higher than 121 euros per MWh with a probability of 15%, and higher than 139 euros per MWh with a probability of 5%. This compares with 152 and 179 euros per MWh, respectively, in 2024. In other words, the growth in renewables foreseen by European plans, jointly with other changes in capacity described in the previous section, would moderate price spikes (understood as years with infrequently high prices). For the European aggregate, spikes in annual prices could be approximately 20% lower by 2030 than in 2024.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find that by 2030, a 1 euro increase in the price of natural gas would translate into a 1 euro increase in annual electricity prices for the aggregate of European countries. This would be 40% lower than the situation in 2024, where the electricity price would be expected to increase by 1.4 euros. Our β-sensitivity estimates indicate that by 2030, the price of electricity would reflect 50% of the increase in the short-run marginal cost of gas plants compared to 70% today.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Deploying 10% more solar PV and wind relative to the target would additionally reduce this sensitivity to 0.8 euros. Reducing the β-sensitivity of electricity prices below 0.5 euros (that is, a situation where for every euro of increase in the price of natural gas, the annual price of electricity would only increase by 0.5 euros) would require deploying 30% or more renewables than in the NECPs. Conversely, if installed renewable capacity by 2030 fell 20% short of the envisioned levels, the results indicate that the β-sensitivity would be higher than in 2024 (1.5 versus 1.4).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We simulate the functioning of day-ahead electricity markets for all EU countries, the United Kingdom and Switzerland simultaneously, considering the expected power generation capacities in each market, and all the interconnections—both built and projected—among them. This area represents around 11% of global power generation, but the approach we develop and apply can be used to analyse other jurisdictions. The baseline projections for key inputs we use come from the European Resource Adequacy Assessment18 (ERAA) of 2022 by ENTSO-E, the European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
For weather, the simulations draw from the sample of weather conditions observed between 1982 and 2016, which affect the capacity factors of variable renewable technologies (wind and solar photovoltaic (PV)), the hydrologic conditions for hydropower generation and hourly demand profiles. Weather variables are adjusted by ENTSO-E as part of the ERAA exercise to reflect changing climate and location profiles. For fuel prices, the central values are those used by ERAA too so that they are consistent with the projections used for the rest of the variables.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We use Monte Carlo simulation to generate random shocks to these central values, which replicate the historical variance of fuel prices and each country’s electricity demand between 1990 and 2021, and the correlations among them (Methods), and to replicate weather variability by randomly selecting weather years. In each of the 300 repetitions we run, we employ the GenX model19 to simulate the outcome of the market coupling at a very detailed level. We replicate the dispatch of power of each technology for every hour of the 8,760 h in a year and the marginal cost of the last technology dispatched, which will approximate the equilibrium price that would occur in the day-ahead market if conditions are sufficiently competitive20.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
For this, we define the β-sensitivity metric as the projected change in the annual average electricity price when the annual average price of natural gas increases by 1 euro. β-sensitivity is derived from the linear regression of the average annual price on the price of gas and other control variables across all Monte Carlo simulations (Methods and Supplementary Section 5 provide further details on the rationale and estimation of β-sensitivity). We argue that this is a better measure than the more commonly used metric of the number of hours where gas sets the marginal price.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We turn to analysing the impact of accelerating variable renewable deployment. We construct hypothetical scenarios where the installed capacity of both wind and solar PV technologies are increased up to 60% above the NECP targets of each country in steps of 10%. We also include scenarios where deployment is 10% and 20% lower than the NECP target.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Fourth, our results provide an important input for the concept of an insurance value of renewables. A well-known principle in the economics of uncertainty is that risk-averse agents would prefer a stable consumption stream to another that, having the same expected value, has a higher dispersion. Extending this insight to a social welfare framework, the literature, starting with Lucas17, has investigated the economic costs of aggregate macroeconomic fluctuations under different views of societal preferences. Similarly to the case made for advancing renewables to reap environmental benefits, if private agents fail to consider the benefits of stabilization, there would be an economic argument to consider this insurance value in the design of policies to expand renewables.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
This is an important insight for ongoing debates on electricity market reforms in the European Union. Proponents of reform argue that the current design of markets in the European Union is not fit for the task of accommodating very high shares of renewables. The uniform-price auction or pay as clear nature of price setting in day-ahead European electricity markets, coupled with strong restrictions on capacity markets as sources of revenue for power plants, has been a hotly debated issue30. In this design, the marginal costs of the most expensive plants required to satisfy demand set the price for all transactions in the market. Critics of the current design argue that this feature gives a disproportionate role to fossil fuel prices, and particularly natural gas, in the determination of electricity prices and impedes consumers from fully capturing the benefits of additional renewable power generation31.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements
L.D.A. acknowledges support of a Senior Fellowship award from the JM Keynes Fellowship Fund at the University of Cambridge.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Author contributions
D.N.S. and L.D.A. conceived this study. D.N.S. designed the methodology, collected the data and led the execution of the analysis, with L.D.A. supporting. D.N.S. wrote the paper with L.D.A. editing.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Demand-side mitigation forms a critical part of strategies to meet the Paris climate goals1–5, involving both consumer technology choices related to energy efficiency and energy sources, as well as lifestyle changes. Lower energy demand reduces emissions and also allows for greater flexibility in technology choices within supply sectors by lowering the overall energy production and associated investment requirements2. Two critical demand-side sectors include buildings (encompassing residential and service-sector buildings) and transport (encompassing aviation, navigation and land transport) that each represented 29% of global final energy consumption in 20196 and, respectively, 19% and 7% of direct energy-related greenhouse gas emissions7.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find that these strategies can reduce emissions by 51–85% in buildings and 37–91% in transport by 2050 relative to a current policies scenario (ranges indicate model variability). Electrification has the largest potential for direct emissions reductions in both sectors. Interactions between the policies and measures that comprise the three strategies have a modest overall effect on mitigation potentials.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The intervention strategies mitigate the increase in energy demand and reduce the growth in direct emissions in both buildings and transport—in a similar way across models. Emissions reductions from current levels are robust across models for both ELE and ALL, particularly in buildings, but with more inter-model variation for the activity-focused and technology-optimizing strategies. Emissions reduction potentials in 2030, with respect to the reference scenario (REF), are 3–16% (ACT), 3–19% (TEC) and 10–31% (ELE) of direct buildings emissions and 4–15% (ACT), 2–10% (TEC) and 3–17% (ELE) of direct transport emissions (Fig. 2).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The integration of all intervention strategies (ALL) can reverse the trend of rising emissions in buildings and transport. Without additional climate policies, the buildings sector could reduce CO2 emissions, on average across models, by 63% (51–85%) and the transport sector by 70% (37–91%) in 2050. The combination of strategies achieves sectoral emissions reductions compatible with a 1.5 °C pathway (Fig. 2).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Electrification also poses substantial challenges, particularly regarding the surge in electricity demand (Fig. 3). By 2050, global electricity demand increases by 8–16 EJ per year for buildings and 4–25 EJ per year for transport in NPi-ELE compared to NPi-REF. The larger potential increase in transport reflects its currently low electricity share.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Efficiency gains stand out as important contributors to emissions reductions for all models. Improved efficiencies are partly a result of policies that promote higher energy efficiencies (TEC), such as efficiency standards and building codes, but electrification (ELE) also plays a key role and results in similar or even higher improvements. In addition, shared services further support efficiency gains (ACT).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We identified a comprehensive list of mitigation measures from relevant literature and developed scenarios to analyse their implications for mitigation pathways. To ensure that the scenarios are credible and policy-relevant, while accounting for all key factors, we involved policymakers and demand-side experts. Through a survey, they evaluated the feasibility of the narratives and measures and their potential for emissions reduction (Methods).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To analyse the impact of these groups and their interactions, we translated them into the following scenarios, each representing distinct intervention strategies (Table 1). The activity-focused strategy (ACT) involves redesigning service-provisioning systems to either reduce or shift consumption of energy and transport services. In buildings, this strategy includes reduction of average dwelling size, working in shared buildings with flexible use, adjusting thermostat settings to lower (heating) or higher (cooling) set points.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our study leverages the modelling improvements of multiple IAMs (COFFEE, IMACLIM-R, IMAGE, MESSAGEix-Buildings, PROMETHEUS, REMIND and WITCH) to analyse the relative importance of key demand-side mitigation strategies, examining specifically the areas of buildings and transport, including personal mobility and freight transport. The main features of each model are provided in Supplementary Information 1. The seven models capture the interactions between measures and system effects to various degrees.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
As a starting point for the analysis, a ‘middle-of-the-road’ socio-economic pathway (SSP2) is used together with current national policies implementation (NPi)37,38. Subsequently, the additional policies and measures affecting demand-side sectors are explicitly modelled in scenarios. To explore the interactions with more stringent climate ambitions, we also consider scenarios aligned with 1.5 °C global warming, implemented through a carbon tax that limits the cumulative CO2 budget to 400 Gt (peak) and 650 Gt (by 2100) in the period 2020–2100.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We analyse interactions between strategies and apply decomposition analysis to evaluate the scenario results, identifying key drivers of emissions reductions and revealing some interaction effects. Our findings highlight the key role of electrification, yet underscore that a combined approach further reduces emissions and alleviates pressure on the energy supply side. Our results also show that there is a considerable spread in the results across models, indicating substantial structural uncertainty about the complex dynamics drive the results.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In light of increasing electricity demand, it is critical to expand the capacity of the energy supply sector while simultaneously decarbonizing it, as previous research has already suggested50–52. Our scenarios show that integrating electrification with other demand-side strategies (ALL) can facilitate necessary transitions, potentially decreasing global electricity demand by 10 to 39 EJ per year, even under a 1.5 °C climate target. Depending on the model and climate policy, this reduction represents 8 to 33% of the electricity demand for transport and buildings.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Integrated approaches combining different strategies not only lead to the greatest reduction in emissions but also help alleviate stresses on the upstream energy supply sector that may arise from individual demand-side strategies, such as an increase in electricity demand, storage and grids due to electrification. Furthermore, decomposition analysis shows that efficiency improvements, and to a lesser extent activity shifts, can contribute to further emissions reductions. Following the advancements in IAMs, there are several opportunities for improving the assessment of demand-side scenarios.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements This project received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programmes, grant agreement number 821124 (NAVIGATE; to R.v.H., O.Y.E., V.D., T.L.G., L.B.B., A.D.B., F.P.C., J.E., P.F., R.H., J.H., P.K., F.L., J.L., G.L., G.M., A.M., H.P., R.P., P.R., B.v.R., R.S., C.W., S.Y., E.Z., D.v.V.) and number 101081604 (PRISMA; to R.v.H., V.D., T.L.G., A.D.B., J.E., P.F., F.L., J.L., G.L., A.M., H.P., R.P., B.v.R., C.W., D.v.V.). The PIK team acknowledges funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research under grant agreement number 03SFK5A-2 (Ariadne; to J.H., R.H., G.L., R.P.). C.W. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council under grant agreement 101003083 (iDODDLE).

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Biomass is a versatile renewable energy source with applications across the energy system, but it is a limited resource and its usage needs prioritization. Biomass is a limited resource and its use for energy can be associated with a range of positive and negative environmental, social and economic effects that are context specific and depend on land type and climatic region, prior land use and how bioenergy feedstock and management regimes are shaped26–33. Due to concerns about possible environmental impacts, insufficient emissions reductions and competition with the food sector, EU policy has capped biofuels from food and feed crops and increasingly emphasizes lignocellulosic biomass, especially residues and waste34,35, and prioritizes the biomass usage to substantially61, calling for a thorough assessment of near-optimal solution spaces for biomass usage in the energy system.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find that provision of biogenic carbon for negative emissions and utilization has a higher value than bioenergy provision. Energy system costs increase by 20% if biomass is excluded at a net-negative (−110%) emissions target and by 14% at a net-zero target. Dispatchable bioelectricity covering ~1% of total electricity generation strengthens supply reliability. Otherwise, it is not crucial in which sector biomass is used, if combined with carbon capture to enable negative emissions and feedstock for e-fuel production.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
If overall biomass usage is restricted to current usage levels, the system cost ends up ~5% higher than without restrictions. If all biomass (except mandatory incineration of municipal solid waste) is excluded, it leads to a 20% higher system cost (Fig. 1a), or an additional cost of €169 billion annually, roughly corresponding to European defence expenses86. This is twice as much as the cost of excluding solar power and similar to the cost of excluding wind power, despite both of them cost optimally providing more primary energy (Fig. 2d,e).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
For the net-negative scenario, 87% of biomass use is cost optimally combined with carbon capture, providing 0.84 Gt biogenic CO2 annually, corresponding to ~21% of total regional GHG emissions in 2021, at 4 Gt CO2-equivalent (ref. 88). Renewable carbon provision is the key system service of biomass, more so than the energy provided. The only other alternative for non-fossil carbon provision is DAC, which is substantially less cost competitive than the available alternative energy provision options.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Excluding biomass in the net-zero scenario increases system costs by 14%, substantially less than the 20% increase in the net-negative scenario. The cost-optimal biomass use (Fig. 4) is 36% lower than in the net-negative scenario and within the range of the European Commission net-zero scenarios (2,200–2,900 TWh) (ref. 87). Biomass usage is still cost optimally coupled with carbon capture, and solution spaces for individual options are rather similar to the net-negative scenario.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
A shortage of either carbon-neutral biomass, VRE or hydrogen primarily affects renewable liquid fuel production, which entails the most conversion losses in the energy system and thereby is the marginal emissions abatement option11. Ramping up sufficient resources for liquid fuel production is therefore particularly challenging. Limiting fuel demand through, for instance, electrification and modal shifts would make energy supply to achieve emissions targets easier, whereas developing a portfolio of different fuel supply options appears as a sensible strategy to hedge against the considerable resource and technology uncertainties.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
This study addresses this gap by using a sector-coupled ESM, with a more comprehensive coverage of bioenergy technologies and BECC than in similar modelling studies (Extended Data Table 1). The overarching goal of the study is to analyse effects on the system cost of broad ranges of biomass supply and biomass technology deployment in a European energy system adhering to stringent emissions targets. This is done through a detailed exploration of the near-optimal solution space for biomass usage options, within the sector-coupled European energy system optimization model PyPSA-Eur-Sec.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The technical BECCS potential associated with domestic biomass residues in Europe (excluding forest residues) has been estimated at 200 Mt CO2 (ref. 117), which would not suffice to achieve net-negative emissions targets. For the new EU Renewable Energy Directive III, energetic usage of primary forest residues was proposed to be excluded as an option for meeting renewable targets118, which alone have been estimated to amount to up to 1.6 PWh per year in Europe83, or up to 600 Mt biogenic CO2 that could potentially be captured (Extended Data Table 2). Excluding comparably easy-to-monitor domestic resources might lead to a substantially higher cost of the energy system and to a higher demand for imported biomass and dedicated crops, with harder-to-foresee environmental consequences.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We acknowledge funding from the Swedish Energy Agency, project numbers 2021-00067 (M.M., F.H., L.R.), 2023-00888 (RESILIENT, M.M.) and 2020-004542 (M.M., F.H., L.R.). This research was partially funded by CETPartnership, the Clean Energy Transition Partnership under the 2022 joint call for research proposals, co-funded by the European Commission (grant agreement number 101069750). This research was partially funded by the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under the UPTAKE project (g.a. no. 101081521).

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Author contributions
M.M. conceived and designed the research together with F.H.; M.M. extended the model with feedback from F.N. and E.Z.; M.M. performed the modelling and analysis and created the visualizations; M.M. wrote the paper with feedback from F.H., F.N., G.B. and L.R.

Category:

Answer: None