Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We translate oil production (crude oil, condensate and natural gas liquids) in barrels per day to a corresponding volume of refined products. We make the simplifying assumption that one barrel of oil yields 170 l of products and fuels that can be sold to consumers. In the base case, the variable production cost of these fuels is assumed to correspond directly to the crude oil price (that is, the variable fuel production cost is the global oil price per barrel (Brent; in US$ per barrel) measured in Euros per litre of fuel product (p)). The retail fuel price (consumer price) is then the variable fuel production cost (oil price, p) plus the other, fixed, production costs, c (refining, transport, margins and so on), plus the fuel tax, τ, then VAT is applied to all of these.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
As an explicit aim of the tax cut is to shield consumers from increasing fuel costs, an alternative way to do so is to give general income transfers to people that correspond to the reduction in tax revenues that would result from a decreased fuel tax. From a welfare perspective, this is preferable since people can then choose how to use the money. To the extent that the tax cut is supposed to appease particular groups, it is also possible to direct the income transfers to these groups.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Conclusion We have analysed how much a fuel-tax cut in the EU will increase Russian income from oil. The effects are substantial. A tax cut of €0.20 increases Russia’s daily oil profits by €8.4 million during the first year and €8.2 million if it remains longer (in the very short term, the daily profit increase can be substantially higher). We show that a fiscally equivalent cash transfer can achieve similar alleviation to consumers to a tax cut but with a fraction of the increased profits for Russia.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements We thank S. O’Brien for excellent research assistance; N. Rossbach, P. Olsson and J. Norberg at the Swedish Defence Research Agency for valuable input on Russian military spending; M. Höök for valuable support; and P. Bansal for important comments. This work has been supported by Formas under grant number 2020-00371 (to J.G. and D.S.).

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Author contributions All of the authors contributed equally to the project. J.G., D.S. and H.W. together designed the study, developed the methodology, interpreted the results and wrote and edited the manuscript. H.W. led the data and input parameter work, J.G. led the model implementation. D.S. led the coordination of the project.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
A first retrospective analysis of the event by Busby et al.5 discusses the magnitude of the event and its causes, indicating that the total economic loss amounted to US$130 billion and that the outage of gas power plants was mainly responsible for the high deficits in power generation capacity. Wu et al.6 provide a power grid simulation to conduct a very detailed analysis of the 2021 event, and Doss-Gollin et al.7 have shown that lower temperatures than those in February 2021 have been observed in the past 71 years, and heating demand predicted from temperature data would also have been higher in the past, although the 2021 freeze event was comparably long. These previous studies indicate a striking gap between the occurrence probability of such an event, its large-scale economic and social cost and the lack of winterization efforts. However, none of these studies assessed whether the economic incentives for power companies to invest in winterization have been sufficient, when the 2021 event is put into a long-term climatic context. As winterization was not strongly enforced by regulation in Texas, power generators had to rely on the incentives provided by the energy-only market to arrive at investment decisions. These incentives consist mainly of regulated price spikes at the spot market when generation capacity is scarce8.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our simulations of loss-of-load events using climate data from 71 years shows that the 2021 event was a record one. In total, we estimate that eight other severe power deficit events would have occurred in the current system if it had existed from 1950 to 2021, assuming the climate conditions of 1950–2021 (Fig. 2). The second largest power deficit event at 1.26 TWh is predicted when using climate data from 1983, assuming installed generation capacities as in February 2021.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Freeze events may have decreased due to global warming. However, it has been shown11 that extremely cold events in the northern hemisphere have increased over the past 40 years. Our analysis for Texas does not indicate any significant trend in deficit events (Fig. 4) or freeze events (Supplementary Table 2).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Revenue from winterization is high but shows strong variability. For the first winterized gigawatt of gas power capacity, the expected revenue over a 30 year period is US$1.06 billion per gigawatt, but drops to US$0.52 billion per gigawatt at 14 GW of winterization (Fig. 5). Revenue for winterization of a coal power plant is slightly lower per gigawatt, and revenue for winterization of a wind power plant is substantially lower.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The 2021 record-high loss of load was not caused by the freeze magnitude alone but by a combination of a long, relatively cold freeze event and an inopportune timing of the freeze peak. According to Fig. 1, the system failure occurred early and was prolonged by a long freeze period afterward. This is in contrast to other years when temperatures recovered more quickly after temperature minima had been reached (for example, in 1951 and 1963).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We estimate that the winterization of gas wells—or building 250 GWh of pipe gas storage at gas power plant locations—in combination with winterization of gas power plants will cost about US$450 million per gigawatt (Supplementary Note 6). This cost is below the revenue up to the 15th gigawatt of winterized capacity. Winterization of coal and wind power plants is substantially cheaper, as no or very limited fuel supply infrastructure must be winterized.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Technically, we combine estimates of temperature-dependent load with a model of power plant outages, taking into account 71 years (1950–2021) of past climate from reanalysis data. Subsequently, we discuss the 2021 event in detail, analyse the long-term frequency of such events and determine revenues from and cost of winterization. Furthermore, we discuss potential reasons for under-investment.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We predicted demand from winter temperatures using a regression model (equation (4) in the Supplementary Methods). To avoid the overestimation of loads at low temperatures with this model, a threshold temperature at –8 °C was introduced, under which the temperature dependency of the load was kept constant (Supplementary Fig. 2). The model performed well for different temperature ranges in terms of average bias (Supplementary Fig. 3), although at low temperatures we slightly underestimated the load.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We estimated large-scale infrastructure failure aggregated by plant category. We derived the temperature, at which the largest increase in outages occurred for each power plant category, from the 2021 outage data (Supplementary Figs. 4–7). Furthermore, we estimated a constant outage level in terms of tripping capacity.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Estimating revenues from winterization. We determined the revenues from the scarcity price mechanism implemented by ERCOT8. This mechanism comes into effect whenever spare capacity falls below 8 GW. In this case, power market prices are regulated and set to fixed (high) values depending on the spare capacity.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The frequency analysis of extreme events follows well-established methods of hydrological drought analysis18, where deficit events are defined as periods when the variable of interest is below a certain threshold. Here, we use two different threshold concepts. First, we analyse temperature and define a constant threshold of 0 °C to define deficit events, in analogy to drought events in drought statistics.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The total cost of extreme freeze events to society is at least one order of magnitude higher than the winterization cost. Winterization is therefore highly welfare enhancing. We have shown that current regulation provided a sufficient incentive for large-scale winterization for risk neutral investors, but risk aversion, lack of knowledge about potential outages or higher-yielding alternative investments may have impeded generators from making more effort to winterize.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In June 2021, Texas Senate Bills 2 and 3 became effective. They require the winterization of power plant infrastructure. However, gas power plants do not have to fully winterize; instead, a committee will define which installations have to16. As the failure of the gas power infrastructure by far had the largest impact on deficits in our simulations, we emphasize here that this impact should be strongly considered when defining rules for enforcing winterization of power plants and associated infrastructure.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge support from the European Research Council (‘reFUEL’ ERC2017-STG 758149; J.S.). We are grateful to E. Virgüez, who provided spatial locations of power plant outages and with whom we exchanged early results, and to S. Wehrle with whom we extensively discussed the paper.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Author contributions Conceptualization: K.G., T.G., P.R., G.L. and J.S.; software: K.G., T.G., P.R. and J.S.; investigation: K.G., T.G., P.R., G.L. and J.S.; writing the original draught: K.G., G.L., P.R. and J.S.; reviewing and editing the paper: K.G., T.G., G.L., P.R. and J.S.; visualization: K.G., T.G. and P.R.; supervision: J.S.; and funding acquisition: J.S. K.G. and J.S. equally contributed as first authors to the manuscript.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Indigenous communities in remote Australia face temperature extremes that can increase their use of electricity and amplify their risk of being disconnected. Energy is a necessary resource for work, education, participation in social life and for maintaining healthy living practices at home1–6. Energy insecurity remains a pressing issue globally, including in countries with an abundance of wealth and resources4,7–10. It can be defined as ‘an inability to meet basic household energy needs’5 and is broadly synonymous with the concept of energy poverty11–13. Insufficient access to energy has been linked to poor health (both mental and physical) as energy is required to maintain essential services, including food security, lighting, essential medical equipment and thermal comfort/safety during extreme weather4,5,14–22.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find that nearly all households (91%) experienced a disconnection from electricity during the 2018–2019 financial year. Almost three quarters of households (74%) were disconnected more than ten times. Households with high electricity use located in the central climate zones had a one in three chance of a same-day disconnection on very hot or very cold days.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
For the houses in our study with complete data for the 2018–2019 financial year (July 2018 to June 2019), 91% of households experienced a disconnection. Most disconnections were same-day disconnections (92% of the total) where the meter was reconnected when credit was restored on the same day. A total of 71% of households experienced a same-day disconnection more than ten times in a 12-month period.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
For this climate zone, which unlike the other regions experiences cold nights, the households with the highest electricity use (top tenth percentile of average daily load) increased their electricity use by 30 kWh (on average) on the coldest of nights (between 0 °C and 10 °C). The average increase was 17 kWh across all houses in this climate zone. Extremely hot days with average temperatures between 30 °C and 40 °C corresponded to a 16–19 kWh increase (on average) for the households with the highest electricity use.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
For the full sample, there was a one in seventeen chance (probability of 0.06) of a same-day disconnection occurring on moderate days with average temperatures between 20 °C and 25 °C. This increased to a one in eleven chance (probability of 0.9) on hot days with average temperatures between 35 °C and 40 °C. A series of cold nights had a significant effect with an almost one in six chance (probability of 0.18) of a same-day disconnection occurring on cold days with average temperatures between 0 °C and 10 °C.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Using example temperature thresholds to determine the number of temperature-related disconnections, we find that over 49,000 incidences of disconnection (29% of disconnections) occurred during hot and cold temperature extremes (Table 2). We examine both 35 °C and 40 °C as the threshold for extreme heat.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In this paper, we assess the relationship between temperature, electricity use and disconnection using daily smart meter data for 28 remote Indigenous communities in the NT, all of which are using prepayment metering. We then present how many disconnection events occur during example temperatures to indicate the extent and severity of energy insecurity attributable to temperature extremes. Quantification of energy insecurity and how it is related to temperature thresholds could support future policy responses.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Electricity use during temperature extremes To confirm our expectation that temperature affects electricity use, we used linear regression with panel-corrected standard errors to provide estimates for seven daily temperature ranges. These temperature ranges are specified in the regressions as the daily average temperature for the same day as electricity use and the daily average temperature for the 2 days before. We estimate these regressions for all climate regions pooled together, and for each climate region separately.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To assess the question of whether temperature influences the probability of disconnection, we used random-effects probit regressions to estimate the probability of same-day and multi-day disconnections. Figure 4 shows the estimates for temperature-related increases in the probability of a same-day disconnection, which includes daily estimates and the estimates for the monthly change in disconnections (without the daily temperature effect). The estimates are interpreted in relation to a reference temperature range (daily average temperatures between 20 °C and 25 °C).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Dataset. The data used in this paper were sourced from the NT Government owned utility Power and Water Corporation, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) and the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Daily electricity use data for 3,300 households with a smart prepayment meter were matched to temperature data from the closest weather station. For cases where there were no temperature data for that day, the next closest weather station was used (6.1% of all observations).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Regression analysis. To estimate the relationship between electricity use and temperature we used linear regression with panel-corrected standard errors that accounted for heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation. The 28 communities were the level for the panel correction. The software that was used to estimate these relationships was Stata MP 16.1.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
A broad suite of interrelated policy responses is required to reduce the frequency, duration and negative effects of disconnection from electricity for remote-living Indigenous residents.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In considering such distributional injustices, procedural injustices first need to be addressed by supporting participatory community engagement in energy policy development (for example, increase local access to data/information and community consultations). Indigenous Australians have distinct societal values and perspectives of wellbeing, and for progress across all spheres of inequity and injustice faced by Indigenous communities there needs to be a recognition of these world views in the context of the realities that these communities face59. The Partnership Agreement on Closing the Gap calls for the greater sharing of, and access to, data and information to support shared decision-making (Fig. 2)60.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We acknowledge and thank the Power and Water Corporation for providing the electricity data. We acknowledge the Australian BOM and thank them for providing temperature data and maps. A range of people provided useful advice that helped to shape this paper and they include E. Ings and J. Hulcombe.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
All authors contributed to the conceptualization of the research. We especially note the contributions of N.F.J. and V.N.D. in shaping our understanding of the key issues faced by Indigenous communities in the NT. S.Q. acquired the key data, and T.L performed the analysis.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Energy for cooking is a most fundamental need. Yet today, over three billion people still cook by burning wood on open fires and in smoky stoves. The enormous social, public health and environmental benefits of transitioning to cleaner cooking underpin the inclusion of a universal access target for this under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7)1–3. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, data showed that efforts to provide clean fuels and stoves have been lagging far behind those aimed at extending electricity access4. A recent report claims that this sluggish progress in providing clean cooking access is costing the world more than US$2 trillion each year as a result of health impacts, productivity losses and environmental degradation5. Mounting evidence of the impacts of air pollution exposure on COVID-19 mortality makes universal access to clean cooking services more urgent6,7. Despite this, emerging evidence suggests that the economic fallout of the pandemic might pose a further setback to efforts to reach this goal, as many are forced to climb down the energy ladder8–10.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our findings show that the share of the population with access to clean cooking rises under all scenarios until 2050, but no scenario meets the rate of improvement required to achieve the SDG 7 2030 target (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Fig. 1). Even under our most optimistic reference growth scenario SSP1, we found that close to 38% of the global population could continue to remain cooking poor in 2030. Slower growth and urbanization under the SSP2 and SSP3 reference scenarios could leave an additional 1.2–3.9% of the population unable to afford clean cooking in 2030. We found universal access may not be achieved even in 2050.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Under our COVID recovery scenario, an additional 470 million people may remain cooking poor in 2030 as compared with under SSP3, our most pessimistic reference growth scenario. The COVID scenario has a persistent impact, as, even though average income levels are assumed to revert to the reference SSP3 trend in 2040, income inequality remains higher until the middle of the century, leaving more families dependent on biomass even in 2050.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Ambitious climate mitigation policy in the absence of additional targeted support policies could also make transitioning to clean cooking more difficult for about 200 million people, specifically those in Centrally Planned Asia (CPA) and South Asia (SAS), where fossil fuel demand for cooking is currently high and most households are unable to afford electric cooking. In AFR, we observed only very moderate improvements in access to clean cooking services over time as population growth in this region outpaces the rate of transition to better stoves and fuels in all scenarios. In contrast, in CPA, SAS and Other Pacific Asia (PAS), clean cooking access becomes increasingly affordable, especially under an optimistic SSP1 reference scenario.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find that a slow recovery from the pandemic and fuel price changes because of ambitious climate mitigation policy could substantially retard progress in achieving universal clean cooking access if additional policies related to energy access and poverty alleviation are not simultaneously pursued. Those most at risk of not being able to afford to transition to clean cooking are low-income households in sub-Saharan Africa (AFR), developing Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAM). A faster transition to clean cooking fuels can attenuate future growth in cooking energy demand, especially in regions that currently depend largely on biomass and other solid fuels.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Under the climate mitigation policy scenarios, we find cooking energy demand could be lower than in the reference scenarios, as the consumption of gas may decrease substantially, more so in regions that are non-biomass-dependent to begin with, and there could be an increase in electricity consumption instead. In the COVID scenario, we find cooking demand could be lower than in the reference scenarios in the biomass-dependent regions, because of lower income levels. In the non-biomass-dependent regions too, biomass demand could be slightly higher in the COVID scenario.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Data sources. We used microdata from a large set of nationally representative household surveys of different countries to estimate energy and cooking technology choices for regions of the world. We aggregated nations in line with the 11 regions of the MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM model42. The datasets used to represent each of these regions are presented in Supplementary Table 1, with a focus on regions of the world where access to clean cooking is lacking.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
For the Global South, we applied a simulation-based structural econometrics model of household cooking fuel choice (details of the model are available elsewhere21). In brief, the approach assumes households maximize their utility U by choosing between the consumption of cooking fuels (allowing for fuel stacking, if households prefer to do so) and other items. The unobserved preference parameters of the model (α, γ, K, δ1f and δ2f) are backed-out from empirical data using the method of simulated moments43.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Scenario design and future simulations. We considered three different future reference scenarios following the narratives of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, specifically sustainability (SSP1), middle-of-the-road (SSP2) and regional rivalry (SSP3). We also considered ambitious climate mitigation policy scenarios that limit global warming to below 2 °C by the end of the century. The climate mitigation policy simulated in this analysis considers regionally differentiated carbon price trajectories as estimated by McCollum et al.25.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The COVID scenario deserves special attention. For its elaboration, the original GDP trend for the reference SSP3 scenario from 2010 to 2019 was retained (as this is closer to the actual GDP trends in the past few years). For the years 2020 and 2021, we then used the most recent national GDP growth estimates from the World Bank49. We assumed convergence in GDP growth trends in the year 2040, considering a 20-year protracted recovery period from the pandemic worldwide.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The microdata-based structural estimation models described above are soft-linked to the MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM integrated assessment model42, which allows macroeconomic feedbacks via energy prices to be captured. These reflect changes in the energy supply mix and land use to meet estimated demands at least cost.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Insights from our analysis emphasize the increased urgency to address this issue, which has been left on the back burner for far too long. A recent report has highlighted the chronic underinvestment in the sector, particularly in regions where this is needed most33. Recent estimates suggest that achieving universal access to clean cooking services by 2030 will require US$4.5–9.8 billion annually5,33. We estimate an average expenditure gap of US$10.5 billion annually between 2020 and 2030, comparing the reference SSP3 and COVID scenarios. These estimates are an order of magnitude lower than the US$2 trillion of estimated losses incurred each year from a lack of access5. Recent commitments pledged to COVID-19 recovery funds are in the range US$9–15 trillion34,35. Directing even a fraction of 1% of these funds to eradicating cooking poverty could help bridge the financing gap to meet the SDG 7 target.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In addition, directing green and climate funds and revenues from carbon pricing to the clean cooking sector can be another way to increase financing to this sector38. Despite the challenges in extending clean cooking access, recent advances in technologies39 and new payment and financing models40 can help clean cooking services reach even low-income households. In urban centres, providing piped gas to dense settlements and introducing smaller LPG cylinder sizes, pay-for-service financing models, smart metering for gas with electronic payment options as well as more reliable and affordable electricity can be instrumental in encouraging a more rapid transition to clean cooking. For rural regions, awareness-raising and behaviour change campaigns are also important to ensure that those who gain access use new stoves regularly41. Our results suggest a need for much greater prioritization and coordinated policies to provide access to clean cooking globally, with efforts targeted at the most disadvantaged, specifically the poorest regions and populations.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements M.P.-C. received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 821124 (NAVIGATE). This work was partially funded by the contributions of the National Member Organizations of the International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Author contributions S.P. and M.P.-C. conceived the initial framework. S.P. and M.P.-C. designed the research. M.P.-C., A.A. and M.J.G. prepared the data. M.P.-C. and A.A. performed the modelling, wrote the codes and carried out the analysis.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Consumer satisficing is problematic enough when consumers are choosing between contracts competing only on price. This problem may be compounded if consumers are being asked to choose between diverse contracts created by utility business model innovation. Yet, there has been little work to explore the types of utility energy contracts consumers are likely to opt for when presented with a range of possible offers. This is the problem we address in this study.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We found that utilities are developing new ways of electrifying heat and transport, servitising the energy contract, bundling energy services with other infrastructure services and facilitating peer-to-peer (P2P) platforms. We also identified four consumer segments with varying appetites for new utility contracts. The segment with the highest appetite for new models is also the smallest (16% of respondents), suggesting that new utility business models might only have a limited niche to expand into. The other three segments face barriers to participation (based on tenancy type or income levels) or barriers to acceptance (based on social trust or market engagement). Based on our segmentation, we define three challenges for the energy transition.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Participants were asked: “If this option was available today, what is the likelihood that you would sign up for it?”. Responses were made using a sliding scale from 0 (not at all likely) to 1 (very likely), which was then banded to create a three-point scale (likely, neutral or unlikely). Figure 2 shows that the control case SBS (see Table 1) performed best, followed by P2P, with energy service company (ESC) showing the lowest overall attractiveness.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The cluster analysis identified four groups individually representing between 16 and 35% of the sample. The groups were profiled using the variables used to create them as well as other factors, such as demographic characteristics and current energy use. Each of these segments was given a short name and a representative narrative statement (Fig. 3).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Figure 4 shows the number of times each business model was chosen as a proportion of the number of times it was available to be chosen (out of four eligible times for each archetype for each person). This unweighted probability shows that there was a statistically significant difference between at least two of the segments for all but the new electrifier archetype. Table 2 provides these probability variables weighted by the stated likelihood-to-adopt score, to account for the fact that the paired comparison exercise forces people to make a decision of some kind.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Out of the 23 predictor variables of the segments identified using discriminant analysis, trust in one’s existing supplier is ranked fifth and trust in other suppliers is ranked sixth. Figure 5 shows further differences between the segments on trust of additional societal institutions using a question that has been used to understand comparative switching behaviour in a number of different markets and to set this in context of a consumer’s general trust tendency. In Table 3, we bring together the analysis of all of the characteristics to provide a brief summary profile of each segment and the implications for energy market transitions.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We adopted a collaborative business model innovation process35 to explore how utility business models can evolve to meet the challenges of a low-carbon transition. The workshop was undertaken on 15 June 2016 with 38 industry, academic and government stakeholders. We identified 11 future utility business model archetypes that responded to a hierarchy of threats to the current utility business model.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In stage 2, groups were asked to explore the implications of six proposed innovative utility business models designed to address these systemic challenges. These business models were visualized in component diagrams37. The six initial business model concepts and component diagrams were generated by the project steering group and were refined and expanded by workshop participants.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The attributes of each business model were presented to 2,024 British residential utility bill payers in a questionnaire survey. The theoretical basis of the questionnaire design was the technology acceptance model (TAM)42. The value of the TAM, or adapted variants of it, has been demonstrated in several technology contexts, including the uptake of IT services, e-commerce and smart grids43.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The sample was segmented using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) followed by non-HCA. The clustering variables were those representing the constructs in the conceptual model, which are a compilation of beliefs, along with experiential and preference factors. Note that we chose to include a measure of likelihood to adopt among the clustering variables.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Participants were sent an electronic communication (email or through a phone app) asking them to participate, and were rewarded with a small incentive (approximately £0.85) for completion of the survey. The survey underwent a pilot test in March 2017, during which 66 participants completed this version. This led to some removal of attitudinal questions eliciting a disproportionate number of neutral responses.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Pragmatic innovators show a high preference for two utility business model archetypes that are radical departures from the current utility model: ESC and third-party control (3PC). Importantly, the two segments with above-average owner occupation status (engaged but cautious (66% owned outright or mortgaged) and unconvinced and unmotivated (72%)) are the least likely to choose the two archetypes that require alterations to building fabric (that is, ESC and 3PC). This is a problem when these business models rely on changes to the building fabric that are paid for by long-term energy bill savings.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
First, there is the potential for market innovation to stall due to the most receptive segments being most likely to rent and the most disengaged segments being most likely to own homes and have the power to opt for contracts that include building alteration. Second, there is a social trust barrier to overcome in the energy sector, with low confidence across societal institutions for some segments. Finally, there is a real risk that the culmination of these issues could lock out some sectors of society, including low-income, low-information and renting demographics, from participating in low-carbon transitions.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Author contributions S.H. led the development of the Utility 2050 research process and led the literature review discussion and conclusions. J.A. led the survey design with input on business model characteristics and question generation from J.H., S.H., C.M., and M.W.; J.A. led the statistical analysis and segmentation exercise. M.W., C.M., J.A. and J.H. contributed substantive analysis, redrafting and editing.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Ethics. The field-work proposal was reviewed and approved by the University of Leeds AREA Faculty Research Ethics Committee (AREA 16-155). The research was undertaken in line with the requirements of the international quality standard for market, opinion and social research (ISO 20252:2012), to which Accent is registered and audited annually. Accent is registered under the Data Protection Act 1998.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Wind energy is anticipated to become a backbone of the future energy system. Ageing wind turbine fleets, increasing land-use constraints and rising relevance of societal factors make the deployment of land-based (onshore) wind energy ever more complicated. Consequently, repowering is expected to become a rapidly growing point of focus for the wind industry.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
More than a third (38%) of all new wind energy developments were repowering projects. Only 10% more capacity was developed in greenfield projects than in repowering. In repowering projects, the net capacity additions amounted to 576.8 MW, whereas, at the same time, the net number of turbines decreased by 1.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Turbines removed in repowering projects are, on average, 5.8 years younger than those dismantled on a stand-alone basis (non-repowering). Interviewees confirmed that most of the dismantled turbines in repowering projects had not reached the end of their operational lifetime, but were dismantled prematurely so that the new project could be executed. This emphasizes the importance of distinguishing between end-of-life decisions and repowering decisions, which involve multiple social and economic considerations.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We found that space is the strongest motivation for dismantling turbines in repowering projects in Denmark, with 67% of the total capacity and 63% of the total number of turbines, respectively. The second major individual reason for dismantling turbines in repowering is a violation of the cumulative noise emissions, which comprises 13% of the total number of turbines and 8% of the full capacity dismantled. Hence, noise regulation in Denmark has a considerable impact on repowering projects.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Including all the causally identified dismantled turbines in repowering projects, we obtain a net capacity repowering factor of 4.72, in contrast to 13.10 if using a radius derived from one times the total height of the new turbines. If we only consider those turbines that have been identified in the space category, the net repowering factor would equal 7.05. Hence, project-level information and causal relationships are crucial to determine the full extent of repowering impacts.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings