Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In the last observed year, the repowering market share jumped to an unprecedented level of 86% of gross added capacity (Table 3), or 87% of added wind turbines (Table 4). Repowering shares in the dismantling of turbines were even more notable, although they varied over time. Repowering was the principal reason for capacity dismantling in five of the eight years investigated, and the repowering share in capacity reductions ranged between 17% in 2015 and 92% in 2013.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We propose a more holistic and socially informed perspective on repowering based on comprehensive project-level information. Specifically, this approach considers multifaceted drivers for repowering decisions and hence identifies dismantled turbines that are located at the same site as the new development project (on-site) as well as existing turbines in other locations that need dismantling so new turbines can be installed, that is, we considered all the activity that can be conditionally associated with the repowering project, regardless of spatial or temporal proximity between the existing and the new turbines, as illustrated in Fig. 1.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Applying our approach to Denmark as an empirical case, we quantified repowering projects in their entirety. Through data collection from municipal plans30,31, project publications, geospatial analysis and semi-structured interviews with developers covering 91% of all dismantled capacity in repowering projects, we identified the full breadth of repowering projects and determined dismantling reasons. We revealed several notable differences between the traditional on-site and our more holistic and socially informed repowering perspective.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We took a new wind energy development project as the starting point of the analysis. From this lens, we considered all the turbines that need to be dismantled to enable the undertaking of the new project (as a conditional requirement). We used the term dismantling, but, in principle, our approach can capture both the complete dismantling of turbines (also referred to as full repowering4), and the installation of new equipment (for example, drivetrain and rotor) on an existing tower and/or foundation (also referred to as partial repowering4).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Applying our approach on an empirical case, we created a synthesized database of all the approved Danish wind projects between 2012 and 2019. We constructed the database by using publicly available sources and semi-structured interviews with leading wind developers in Denmark. Our database has two key advantages. First, it is exhaustive on a project-level basis, whereas previous databases focused solely on technical specifications or the physical planning of wind turbines.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We conducted five in-depth semi-structured interviews with the leading wind developers in Denmark, which comprised 52.8% of all the repowering projects between 2012 and 2019 and 72.4% of all the dismantled turbines. Additionally, we conducted eight informal interviews with local wind developers, which comprised 22.2% of the approved repowering projects in the same period, or 16.3% of the dismantled turbines. Overall, our interviews cover 89% of all the dismantled turbines in repowering projects in the designated time frame, and 91% of the dismantled capacity in repowering projects.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The broader perspective offered by our approach highlights how the repowering process is not a matter of turbine replacement but a negotiation between the developer and the local host community about how wind energy should coexist with the community given the changes that the introduction of the new technology might induce. There is no doubt that repowering can increase the total contribution of wind energy from a given land area. However, we demonstrate that this contribution is not as high as theoretically possible based on physical considerations alone.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
As Denmark is a global pioneer of wind energy and repowering, the experiences observed here are anticipated to become increasingly relevant for other countries and regions. Of course, we acknowledge that many of the non-space-related reasons for dismantling turbines are idiosyncratic and depend on the physical, political and social landscape in a country. Nevertheless, the diversity of repowering and dismantling drivers captured here illuminates the complex and multifaceted decision process that constitutes repowering and illustrates considerable implications for policymakers and planners who try to understand the potential of wind power to serve their energy needs.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
This work constitutes a contribution to the research in the international working group IEA TCP Wind Task 26 (Cost of Wind Energy). We thank all the members of the group for their extraordinary collaboration and essential comments on our work that formed this article. The work was in part funded by the Danish Public Energy Technology Development and Demonstration Program (EUDP), project no. 64018-0577.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The authors declare no competing interests. Supplementary information is available for this paper at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-020-00717-1. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to L.K.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Given the wide adoption of communication campaigns that rely on social information to promote behavioural change among both policymakers and private firms, it is important to understand how different programme features interact in real-world settings16. Indeed, impact evaluations of similar programmes find that they are effective in fostering energy savings, but that effect sizes vary widely across contexts and individuals17. Prominent explanations for such differential responses rely on the heterogeneity of consumers’ traits, such as beliefs18,19, misperceptions of one’s compliance with the social norm20 or personal values21,22.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We found that consistent descriptive and injunctive feedback boosts the effectiveness of social information in inducing energy conservation. When descriptive and injunctive feedback are in conflict, conservation behaviour is a function of the relative strength of the two types of feedback. Additional normative feedback produces smaller gains when it reinforces existing information of the same type.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our results are in line with these hypotheses. First, we found suggestive evidence that the standard social information message induces larger savings among high electricity users who are exposed to consistent descriptive and injunctive feedback, compared with low electricity users who are exposed to contrasting descriptive and injunctive feedback. More importantly, reinforcing the injunctive feedback has the largest effect among low electricity users exposed to a consistent descriptive prime.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Second, reinforcing the injunctive feedback led to a reduction in consumption, but only among customers with low electricity usage. This shows that the relative strengths of the different types of feedback matters when they are contrasting. Such a reinforcement has no effect on customers with high consumption.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We conducted two separate RD estimations, one for each cutoff, on the sample of treated customers who received the eHER sent in April–May 2018 (n = 256,487) to allow a direct comparison with the analysis presented below. Although there are no statistically significant changes in the effect of the eHER when crossing the threshold between the one and two thumbs up (Fig. 3a), the discrete shift in the injunctive norm reduces electricity use when moving from the two to three thumbs up (Fig. 3b). The corresponding empirical estimates are presented in Table 1 (columns 1 and 2).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Across the cutoff between one and two thumbs up, we observe no statistically significant changes in consumption, regardless of whether the descriptive (Fig. 4a) or the injunctive (Fig. 4b) prime is present. Conversely, a discrete shift in the injunctive feedback across the three versus two cutoff causes electricity reduction, but only when combined with the descriptive prime that nudges energy efficiency (Fig. 4c). The results are robust to adjustments for multiple hypothesis testing (Table 1) and are persistent over longer time horizons (Supplementary Table 13).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our setting consists of a randomized controlled trial implemented by an Italian energy company that provides almost half-a-million households with information on their electricity use relative to that of their neighbours6,17. The social information is included in a Home Energy Report distributed to customers via email (eHER). The programme was rolled out in 2016 and involved 464,523 customers (n = 418,178 treatment, n = 46,345 control).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The core feature of the eHER is the neighbour comparison, which combines descriptive and injunctive normative information. The descriptive norm graphically compares the customer’s electricity use over the previous month with the average use in two reference groups: 100 similar customers who live nearby (that is, neighbours) and the 15% most-efficient neighbours. The injunctive norm takes the form of thumbs-up symbols next to the descriptive norm graph: three thumbs up (‘excellent’) for users who consume within the top 15% most-efficient neighbours, two thumbs up (‘good’) for those more efficient than the average neighbour and one thumbs up (‘you can do better’) for the others.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We collaborated with the energy company to augment this set-up with a message displayed at the bottom of the eHER delivered in April–May 2018. The utility randomly allocated half of the treated sample at that time (n = 256,487) to receive either the descriptive (n = 127,899) or the injunctive (n = 128,588) message priming an energy conservation norm (Fig. 2c, Supplementary Methods and Supplementary Fig. 1). The descriptive norm prime emphasizes that a large majority of customers try to save energy, that is, adopt behaviours consistent with a social norm of saving electricity.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We have access to data on monthly electricity consumption from July 2015 to December 2019. The daily average electricity usage, normalized with respect to the control group consumption in the intervention period, was our main outcome variable. Pre-intervention daily electricity usage in a month was calculated over the period July 2015 to June 2016.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We isolated the causal impact of the strength of the injunctive feedback via a regression discontinuity (RD) estimation (Methods). We exploited the fact that the injunctive feedback (number of thumbs up) changes discretely as a customer’s consumption crosses the two thresholds given by the average consumption of the efficient neighbours (three versus two thumbs-up cutoff), and the neighbours’ average consumption (two versus one thumbs-up cutoff), whereas the descriptive feedback (bars of electricity use) changes continuously across the thresholds. We focused on customers around the thresholds, whose assignment to a given injunctive feedback category was plausibly random.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our findings have implications for the design of social information programmes that rely on the combination of different types of norms to maximize behavioural change. Similar programmes are used in several domains, such as tax compliance26,27, charitable giving28 or water conservation29. According to our conceptual framework and empirical results, no single type of normative information is more effective in absolute terms.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Policymakers should, instead, pay attention to the type of normative feedback they include in their communication, strive to diversify them, avoid conflicting information when it mitigates the desirable effects and exploit it otherwise, be aware of the diminishing returns from additional pieces of social information and of the varying strength of conformity motives across individuals. Of course, our results may be specific to the context that we studied, and particularly to the formulation of injunctive and descriptive feedbacks that characterize the energy efficiency programme we evaluated and the normative primes we designed. For example, the wording and graphical representation of the injunctive feedback in the eHER of this study differ from those of widely evaluated standard social information programmes6,17,18,21,30.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements
The research leading to these results received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013)/ERC grant agreement no. 336155—project COBHAM, ‘The role of consumer behaviour and heterogeneity in the integrated assessment of energy and climate policies’. Author contributions
J.B., C.C., G.D. and M.T. conceived and designed the experiments. J.B. analysed the data.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
1. Frey, B. S. & Meier, S. Social comparisons and pro-social behavior: testing ‘conditional coop-eration’ in a field experiment. Am. Econ. Rev. 94, 1717–1722 (2004). 2. Shang, J. & Croson, R. A field experiment in charitable contribution: the impact of social information on the voluntary provision of public goods. Econ. J. 119, 1422–1439 (2009). 3. Gerber, A. S. & Rogers, T. Descriptive social norms and motivation to vote: everybody’s voting and so should you. J. Polit. 71, 178–191 (2009).

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
However, concerns over the effectiveness of government subsidies for applied energy R&D in private firms have long been part of the political and academic debate. Very recently, for example, a proposal by the US Office of Management and Budget to eliminate funding for ARPA-E claimed that “the private sector is better positioned to finance disruptive energy research and development and to commercialize innovative technologies”15. Nevertheless, a vast amount of past research from various European countries has generally indicated that public R&D grants do not substitute private R&D spending16–19. Public direct investments can rather mobilize private investments in specific sectors such as renewable energy20.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find that ARPA-E’s startup awardees produced significantly more patents post-2010 than similar companies did (P < 0.01). However, while ARPA-E awardees performed better than the group of rejected ARPA-E applicants in terms of their ability to attract VC investment post-award and their likelihood of surviving, being acquired or going public, they had no advantage over the average similar cleantech company in these dimensions. These findings indicate that barriers remain for innovative cleantech companies in gaining market traction.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find that the patenting advantage for ARPA-E startups holds in regression analysis controlling for various factors, including pre-award patenting behaviour. A coefficient of 0.7 corresponds to an incidence rate ratio of 2, meaning that startups who received ARPA-E awards in 2010 went on to file successful patent applications at twice the rate of similar cleantech companies on average (Models 2 and 3 in Table 1), even accounting for their pre-2010 patenting activity.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Panel regressions of annual patents filed illustrate the consistently elevated patenting activity by ARPA-E-funded startups from 2011 to 2014 (Fig. 2a; regression coefficients are in Supplementary Table 4). In Supplementary Table 5, we test for the likelihood of any patenting from the four groups of startups, and we compare citation-weighted patent counts as well. The increased patenting activity for ARPA-E startups compared to rejected applicants, EERE awardees and the wider pool of cleantech startups is robust to these alternative measurements.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find no statistically significant differences between ARPA-E companies and non-ARPA-E companies for the three market success indicators, in either the whole sample or the matched subsample. A greater proportion of ARPA-E startups (52%) raised VC funds post-2010 compared to the Other cleantech group (40%), but this difference is within the error of measurement when accounting for the firm’s pre-award profile.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Despite the demonstrated advantage of ARPA-E awardees in producing inventions, we find no clear evidence that they perform differently from similar cleantech startups as a whole in terms of acquisition/IPO, survival or VC funding post-award within 10–15 yr of founding.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In this paper, we investigate these short-term (5–10 yr) outcomes—specifically innovation, as measured by patenting activity, and business success, as measured by acquisition or initial public offering (IPO), survival and venture capital (VC) raised—for the earliest cohort of ARPA-E startups, funded in 2010. Using a dataset combining information from Cleantech Group’s i3 platform and DOE financial assistance records, as well as substantive information on startups from public information sources, we ask whether and to what extent the performance of the cleantech startups funded by ARPA-E differs from that of comparable firms, controlling for key characteristics, including cleantech subsector, age, prior patenting and prior VC investment.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We construct a dataset containing 1,287 US cleantech companies founded from 2005 to 2010, that is, firms that were startups (five years old or younger) in 201021. These firms are assigned to one of four groups: (1) startups funded by ARPA-E in 2010 (listed in Supplementary Table 2); (2) startups whose applications for funding were denied by ARPA-E in 2010—importantly, our sample only includes rejected applicants who were ‘encouraged’ by ARPA-E, suggesting that they were judged to be high quality relative to the larger pool of rejected applicants; (3) startups funded by EERE in 2010; and (4) startups that were not identified as ARPA-E applicants and also did not receive EERE funding in 2010, although they may have received other types of federal assistance (labelled as ‘Other cleantech’).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We measure three post-2010 business outcomes associated with increased likelihood of market success for our sample of cleantech startups: acquisition/IPO, survival through 2019 and amount of VC funding raised through 2017 (Table 2). As with our patenting analysis above, we run regressions for these outcomes, with controls for firm age and cleantech subsector to account for age- and sector-specific effects, as well as prior patenting and VC funds raised.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Coarsened exact matching is performed to reduce imbalance between ARPA-E and non-ARPA-E cleantech startups. The cem package in Stata is used to determine importance weights59. The criteria for company matching are as follows: 19 individual cleantech subsectors, three age cohorts (founded 2005–2006, 2007−2008 and 2009–2010), whether they had any pre-2010 patents and whether they had any pre-2010 VC funding.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Hardware-based energy technology innovation requires large amounts of capital and long timescales to become fully commercialized. Private investors have shown some renewed interest in energy technologies, but their interest appears limited to digital innovations such as demand-management software53. More than half of the startups in our dataset are manufacturing firms, according to their North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes. It is not surprising if ARPA-E alone has not fully solved the ‘valley of death’ problem for innovative cleantech companies, which has been shown to be especially acute in the demonstration phase54. Complementary innovation policies, such as increased funding for demonstration and commercialization, in-kind support from national laboratories and targeted procurement programmes, may be needed to allow scale-up beyond the R&D phase and to ensure that cleantech innovations can leverage additional private financing and transition to the market.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Ten years after ARPA-E first began issuing awards, our findings provide important contributions to the ongoing discussions in the US about the role of governments as early investors in clean energy technologies. Our results will also inform other governments around the world that are interested in replicating or adapting the ARPA model as a mechanism for supporting mission-oriented innovation, as well as researchers interested in the design of public funding mechanisms for supporting R&D to advance energy-related and industrial policy goals.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements We thank Cleantech Group for providing access to their i3 database. We also acknowledge excellent research assistance by A. Amini, B. Dirscherl, P. Gigglinger, A. Hammerstingl, S. Kurowski, C. Lex and N. Schlosser.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Adoption of a clean cooking fuel like LPG is a necessary first step in ensuring smoke-free kitchens and reducing the drudgery of biomass collection. However, both sustained use of cleaner fuels16,17 and cessation of solid fuel use are required18 to achieve the stated health outcomes of PMUY. Many households simultaneously use multiple fuels—termed fuel stacking—rather than moving step-by-step along an energy ladder towards cleaner fuels19.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We report a number of important findings. First, PMUY beneficiaries have considerably lower odds of primary and exclusive use of LPG than general customers. Second, the village-level penetration of LPG as a primary fuel and the age of the LPG connection are both positively associated with sustained use. Third, we find that easy access to free-of-cost biomass is a major deterrent to the exclusive use of LPG. Finally, households depending on agriculture and labour as the primary source of income have much lower odds of increased use of LPG.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Cross-sectional generalized-ordered logistic regressions show that households acquiring their LPG connections through PMUY have significantly lower odds of being primary users compared to general customers (odds ratio (OR), 0.64; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.52–0.78) (Table 1). The odds drop further still for exclusive use (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.45–0.71). The lower odds of PMUY households using more LPG is neither a factor of their relatively poor socio-economic status, nor of the infancy of their connection, as both of these factors are controlled for in the model.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We also observe village-level popularity of LPG as a primary fuel influencing LPG use. The fraction of households in a participant’s village using LPG as their primary cooking fuel is significantly positively associated with that household being a primary or exclusive LPG user (Table 1). Our panel model corroborates this finding.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Years of owning LPG was positively associated with higher use category in both models. This effect of time may be because households get used to the convenience of LPG-based cooking, have more time to adjust their cooking habits and practices to LPG and/or have more time to align their household expenditures and cash flows with the recurring expense of LPG refills. Counterintuitively, we did not find involvement of women in household decisions to purchase durable goods to be a reliable predictor of household use of LPG after adoption.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
As hypothesized, households that owned cattle had considerably lower odds of being primary and exclusive users of LPG, probably because of easy access to dung cakes (Table 1). The magnitude of the association was higher for exclusive use compared to primary use, implying that the push towards complete cessation of solid fuel use is likely to face strong resistance from households that have easy access to biomass. Furthermore, households that acquired cattle between the two waves had lower odds of shifting to primary and exclusive use than other households (Table 2).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our analysis is based on two waves of household surveys carried out in six historically energy-poor states in India—Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal—collectively representing 40% of the Indian population (Supplementary Table 1). The first wave covered 8,563 households and was collected between November 2014 and February 2015. The second wave covered 9,072 households—7,317 of which were also surveyed in wave 1—and was gathered between March and June 2018.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To simultaneously study increased LPG use and displacement of solid fuel use, we specify a categorical outcome variable: LPG as a minority cooking fuel (secondary to solid fuels), LPG as a primary cooking fuel (with solid fuels retained as secondary options) and LPG as the exclusive cooking fuel. We use two approaches to model the determinants of increased LPG use. In the first approach, we use a generalized-ordered logistic regression to study the cross-section of LPG-owning households in wave 2.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In the second approach, we use a panel-ordered logistic regression to assess the household-level determinants of increasing the share of LPG in a household’s cooking fuel mix. We consider 1,411 households that reported LPG use during both survey waves (distribution by category in Supplementary Table 2). While the focus of this study is understanding the factors for upward movement, we include movements up, down and across to account for all variation in household-level changes between the two survey waves.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We only include households that were surveyed in both waves despite analysing the cross-section of wave 2, owing to the inclusion of certain lagged (wave 1) covariates. We identify covariates from the literature, including socio-economic and demographic contextual factors and household experience with cooking fuels (discussed in full in Methods). We also undertake subsample analyses to assess whether the explanatory factors influence households differently depending on their starting point of LPG use (minority users versus primary users in wave 1) (Supplementary Table 3).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We utilize an economic status index as a measure of a household’s relative wealth and economic status, based on the Filmer and Pritchett65 approach. Such indices are commonly used across studies in regions where fixed incomes are uncommon65–67. The list of variables included in the economic status index can be found in Supplementary Note 3 and summarized in both survey waves in Supplementary Table 13.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our results show that PMUY beneficiaries have systematically lower odds of using LPG for primary and exclusive cooking needs than general customers, even after controlling for socio-economic differences. Without targeted support for their energy transition, meaningful reductions in household air pollution among the majority of 80 million PMUY households will probably remain out of reach. A common notion worth assessing in future quantitative and qualitative studies is that the decision and effort to procure an LPG connection by general customers meant their greater preparedness (behaviourally and financially) to use LPG as their primary fuel for cooking.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Given that village-level penetration of LPG as the primary fuel has a strong positive association with household-level LPG use, we suggest that policies with community-level targeting could effectively increase LPG use. Thanks to the age of the LPG connection having a positive influence on its use, we may witness increasing use of LPG among recent adopters over time. However, targeted policies to further improve affordability of LPG refills for poor households can accelerate the transition.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements The Council on Energy, Environment and Water supported time spent by S.M., A.J. and S.T. on this research. The data collection was supported by the Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation and the National University of Singapore. C.F.G. is supported by the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences grant no. T32 ES007322.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
During the time surrounding the Q2-2015 transition (Q2-2014 to Q2-2016), the average quarterly ZIP code HyADS reduction was 25,281 (standard deviation (s.d.) = 3,638). With a first-difference linear regression model, we found that a 1,000-unit ZIP-code-level reduction in HyADS exposure from the year prior to the year after the Q2-2015 energy transitions resulted in, on average, 2.2 fewer asthma hospitalizations and ERVs (95% CI: −4.5, 0.2) per ZIP code per year and a first-difference model that specified categories of ΔHyADS showed the largest effect for the highest ΔHyADS category (Supplementary Fig. 4). Inferences remained stable in sensitivity analyses using baseline population weights instead of adjusting models for baseline population (Supplementary Table 2).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The scrubber installation was associated with a 17% reduction in monthly average daily SABA use (RR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.69, 1.00) and a 2% reduction (95% CI: −5%, 1%) for each month thereafter. In two sensitivity analyses, we evaluated the change in odds of having any daily SABA use (monthly average of ≥1 use day–1 ver- sus <1 use day–1) and high daily SABA use (monthly average of ≥4 uses day–1 versus <4 uses day–1) at the time of scrubber instal- lation. We found an apparent larger immediate effect on higher monthly average daily SABA use (32% reduction (odds ratio = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.45, 1.02]) and a trend in reduced monthly average daily use of ≥1 uses (17% reduction each month after the scrubber installation (odds ratio = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.71, 0.97]) (Supplementary Table 4).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The circumstances of these energy transitions and their resemblance to an experiment that (approximately) randomizes exposure changes motivates a vari- ety of analysis approaches that each mitigate some of the common threats to observational studies. Our approaches include compar- ing asthma-related end-points in areas more and less exposed to changes in air pollution and individuals before and after the dis- crete transition events to evaluate impacts on the asthma-related end-points. Kentucky has historically ranked among the top five in the United States for SO2, NO2 and PM10 emissions from power generation29.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The Louisville Metro Department of Public Health and Wellness provided quarterly combined counts of asthma-related hospitalizations and ERVs among all ages for the years 2012 and 2016 for all Louisville ZIP codes, which we restricted to the 35 ZIP codes with population greater than 5 in 2012. Hospitalizations and ERVs were considered asthma related if the following International Classification of Diseases 9 or 10 diagnosis codes were present in the first through to the third diagnosis positions: 493.XX or J45.X. To present health data spatially, we used a crosswalk to map ZIP codes to ZCTAs.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
All participants received digital sensors (Propeller Health, Madison) to attach to their inhaled SABA (that is, ‘rescue’) medications. The sensor and platform comprised a US Food and Drug Administration-cleared digital health intervention that combined inhaler sensors, mobile apps, web-based dashboards and predictive analytics for patients and clinicians47,58,59. The sensor objectively monitored the use of inhalers, capturing the date, time of day and number of actuations, and wirelessly transmitted these data back to secure servers through a smartphone application or hub base station.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our analyses used two health outcomes (acute asthma-related healthcare utilization and asthma symptoms) at two spatial scales (ZIP-code and individual level) and employed a measure of coal-fired power plant emission exposure. We performed analyses using R Statistical Software version 3.5.1 (R Core Team (2018) https://www.R-project.org/). Individual-level analyses were conducted using the gnm package (https://cran. rproject.org/package=gnm).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
These reductions appear to translate into substantially fewer asthma-related ERVs and hospitalizations, as well as fewer average daily SABA uses. Given that 20.4 million adults, or about 9% of the population, suffered from current asthma in 201649, the shift in US energy trends away from coal-fired electricity generation may reduce asthma morbidity below otherwise expected levels. Future research should evaluate this potential impact so that plant controls and retirement sites can be phased to affect neighbourhoods and schools at the highest risk for asthma.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Support was also provided by the Foundation for a Healthy Kentucky, Norton Healthcare Foundation, Owsley Brown Charitable Foundation, the American Lung Association, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (J.A.C., K99/R00 ES027023; A.M.N, K99/R00 ES027511; C.Z., R01 ES026217) and the USEPA (C.Z., EPA 83587201). The contents of this work are solely the responsibility of the grantee and do not necessarily represent the official views of the USEPA or the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Further, the USEPA does not endorse the purchase of any commercial products or services mentioned in the publication.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
J.A.C. and A.M.N. carried out the statistical analyses. J.A.C., J.G.S., L.R.F.H., C.Z., A.M.N., R.C., R.G., Y.-T.C., L.K., S.S.M., V.C., G.S., T.S., J.S. and M.A.B. reviewed and critically revised the manuscript. J.A.C., J.G.S., L.R.F.H., C.Z., A.M.N., R.C., S.S.M., Y.-T.C., J.S. and M.A.B. designed the study and provided exposure and outcome data.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Energy use in buildings accounts for a significant proportion of urban greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly in high-density cities1. For example, New York City’s (NYC’s) most recent carbon inventory estimates that building energy use is responsible for approximately 67% of citywide emissions2. Given the substantial contribution of the built environment to global GHG emissions, city policymakers have made increasing building energy efficiency a central component of long-term sustainability goals.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
This specific policy context, in which the compliance year is randomly assigned, provides a unique opportunity to explore the audit effect without the self-selection bias found in studies of voluntary audit policies. We find energy use reductions of approximately –2.5% for multifamily residential buildings and –4.9% for office buildings. The results suggest that mandatory audits, by themselves, create an insufficient incentive to invest in energy efficiency at the scale needed to meet citywide carbon-reduction goals.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We also attempt to contextualize the audit effect by disaggregating the potential impacts of retrocommissioning activities from those attributable to ECMs. Our results indicate postaudit energy use reductions of 2.5% for multifamily and 4.9% for office buildings compared to non-audited properties. The magnitude of savings is found to be consistent with what could be achieved through low-cost and no-cost energy efficiency improvements.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In Table 2, we show that Bayesian regression model coefficient means and the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) intervals for NYC’s office and multifamily housing building stock. We note that in both cases, when controlling for factors that might affect changes in energy consumption over time, the average value of the coefficient related to audits (that is, audited property) is negative. Specifically, audited office buildings tend to reduce their EUI by 4.86% compared to non-audited properties, and multifamily properties are found to have a 2.47% reduction.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
From Fig. 1, we observe a clear decrease in EUI for audited (treatment) multifamily buildings in the post-audit period, when compared to non-audited buildings. For office buildings, there is a reduction in EUI for audited properties between the pre-audit and intervention periods, after which EUI values between the control and treatment groups converge, with audited properties exhibiting greater uncertainty. Given higher initial average EUI, office buildings experience larger absolute decreases, on average, in energy use over time when compared to multifamily residential buildings.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our analysis finds that buildings that conduct a mandatory audit reduce their energy use over time more than non-audited buildings. However, it is important to note that the magnitude of the audit effect is consistent with, or less than, the expected savings from low-cost ECMs and retrocommissioning. This effect is particularly limited for multifamily buildings, which exhibited percentage decreases in EUI postaudit of approximately half those of office buildings.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
This study seeks to inform urban energy policy decisions by comparing energy use in properties that have performed a mandatory energy audit with those that have not. Specifically, we analysed energy benchmarking data collected by NYC annually under LL84 from 2011 to 2016 to investigate whether properties that conducted an audit exhibited greater average reductions in energy use than similar, non-audited properties. We collected detailed audit report data from mandatory LL87 audits conducted in 2013 and 2014 through a randomly assigned allocation process, which resulted in an integrated sample of 3,981 buildings.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods