Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
There is a widespread consensus among scientists, industry and increasingly also policymakers that green hydrogen, produced from renewable electricity via electrolysis, is critical for reducing emissions in end-use applications that defy straightforward electrification. Additionally, hydrogen is a promising candidate for long-duration energy storage of renewables and the precursor to all electrofuels, which are highly versatile yet costly. However, implementation is not going according to plan.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Comparing green hydrogen project announcements with 1.5 °C scenarios, we find that the green hydrogen ambition gap for 2030 has been gradually closing over the past 3 years. Due to a steadily growing project pipeline, the gap has already closed for most scenarios, including the median of both the integrated assessment model scenarios and the institutional and corporate scenarios. As a result, the green hydrogen ambition gap in 2030 has already closed for 60–80% of the scenarios and can be expected to close soon for the IEA NZE scenario.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Across all end uses, the competitiveness analysis reveals a substantial and prolonged cost gap between all green products and their respective fossil competitors. Without carbon pricing, the cost gap between green hydrogen and natural gas of US$150 MWh−1 in 2024 implies that green hydrogen is initially more than seven times as expensive as natural gas, while the cost gap between green hydrogen and grey hydrogen is only slightly lower at US$121 MWh−1 in 2024. As green hydrogen costs decrease, the cost gap gradually reduces, but typically prevails also into the long term.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The annual subsidies required to realize all project announcements across all end uses by 2030 are bell-shaped, with the height and timing of the peak varying by scenario. In our central estimate, the required cumulative subsidies are US$1.3 trillion without carbon pricing and US$0.5 trillion with carbon pricing, subject to considerable uncertainty. Due to a substantial discrepancy between required and announced subsidies, a wide 2030 green hydrogen implementation gap arises.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In contrast, under an ambitious carbon price pathway in line with EU climate targets, green products gradually achieve cost parity with their fossil competitors. In our central estimate, green hydrogen first becomes competitive with grey hydrogen in 2034, followed by green hydrogen becoming competitive with diesel in 2037, e-methanol becoming competitive with grey methanol in 2043, and green hydrogen becoming competitive with natural gas in 2044. Sustained support policies complementing carbon pricing are therefore essential to foster green hydrogen growth and reduce investment risks.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Overview
Our approach was split into three parts. First, we tracked green hydrogen project announcements to quantify the green hydrogen implementation gap in 2022 and 2023. Second, we compared project announcements with 1.5 °C scenarios to show the 2030 green hydrogen ambition gap. Third, we modelled the pay-as-bid market premium and estimated required subsidies using a competitiveness analysis of four green products and five fossil competitors across 14 end uses, which led to the 2030 green hydrogen implementation gap.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Green hydrogen projects database
We used data of electrolysis project announcements from the IEA Hydrogen Production Projects and Infrastructure Database, incorporating three database snapshots from 2021, 2022 and 2023. We only included project announcements for electrolysers that included a year of project launch, had a meaningful status (not ‘Other’ or ‘Other/Unknown’) and reported a capacity value. These criteria led to 612 projects in the 2021 snapshot, 877 projects in the 2022 snapshot and 1,265 projects in the 2023 snapshot.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Data quality validation
We conducted a comprehensive, structured and fully documented data quality validation of the green hydrogen project announcements, manually validating 524 project entries across all three database versions. For projects announced for 2022 or 2023, we covered at least 90% of the announced capacity, while for projects announced for 2024–2030, we covered at least 75% of the announced capacity in all three database versions. During the data validation, we adjusted the size of a project if it was not operating at its nameplate capacity.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Tracking green hydrogen projects
Each project has a unique reference number that stays the same across all database snapshots, as confirmed by the IEA in personal correspondence. This enabled us to track the development of project announcements over time. We accounted for changing capacity of projects between two database snapshots by adding dummy projects, which are, however, not explicitly shown in the Sankey diagrams for simplicity.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To quantify the future green hydrogen implementation gap, we developed a model of the required pay-as-bid market premiums for green hydrogen projects. For each end use, we calculated the levelized cost of all green products and the prices of all fossil competitors with and without an ambitious carbon price pathway. Finally, for each end use, we estimated the required subsidies based on vintage tracking of project announcements and the cost gap between the green product and the fossil competitor.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To close the green hydrogen implementation gap, policymakers need to bridge the cost gap to fossil fuels and de-risk hydrogen investments. This requires a balanced policy mix and a robust strategy to navigate the following three key uncertainties and risks. First, the huge past and future implementation gaps indicate that green hydrogen will likely fall short of 1.5 °C scenarios.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Supply-side subsidies, which reduce the investment risk of electrolysis projects, should be complemented by demand-side policies that guide hydrogen to its most valuable use cases by increasing their willingness to pay. In the short run, achieving rapid near-term hydrogen growth is crucial to keep 1.5 °C scenarios within reach. However, as hydrogen technologies and markets mature, policy support should shift to market-based mechanisms to reduce policy costs, reveal the full hydrogen costs to markets and consumers, and create a level playing field with other mitigation options.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge funding from the Kopernikus-Projekt Ariadne through the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grant nos. 03SFK5A and 03SFK5A0-2, A.O. and F.U.) and the HyValue project (grant no. 333151, F.U.). We thank the IEA, in particular J. M. Bermudez, for providing the Hydrogen Projects Database and for answering related questions.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Author contributions
A.O. suggested the initial research question, which F.U. extended. A.O. and F.U. collected cost data, while A.O. collected all other data. A.O. performed the analyses and created the figures. A.O. and F.U. interpreted the results. A.O. wrote the paper with contributions from F.U.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
While there are multiple pathways for the USA to reach net-zero
emissions by 2050, there is broad agreement that all rely on rapid,
large-scale deployment of renewable energy technology to meet
increased demand for electricity generation while quickly reducing
emissions1,2. This transition will require radical technological, indus-
trial, economic and social shifts: most net-zero pathways call for the
US energy and industrial system to phase out coal use by around 2030
and substantially reduce oil and natural gas use by 2050. In addition
to large-scale wind and solar energy development, transitioning to
renewable energy at scale requires major expansion and extension
of transmission grids. The viability of building out the extraordinary
levels of infrastructure development required for deep decarboni-
zation depends critically on social and community acceptance and
unprecedented political will.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find that direct benefits to communities, including the creation
of permanent, union-wage jobs and cooperative community owner-
ship, increase support for energy projects. Pennsylvanians prefer
solar projects over wind, nuclear and natural gas power plants with
carbon capture and storage (CCS). Local elected officials, however,
misperceive the preferences of their constituents, underestimating
support for renewable energy and the importance of job loss and
creation. The public and local elected officials have similar opinions of
foreign-owned products, which is associated with the greatest reduc-
tions in support. Importantly, we find limited partisan differences
in preferences for large-scale renewable energy project characteris-
tics, suggesting a promising path towards building bipartisan sup-
port for such projects.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Considering distance from residential areas, PA residents are
less likely to support projects close to home, compared with projects
located far from residential areas (50 miles). Support decreases by
7 p.p. when projects are located 2 miles away from residential areas,
compared with when they are 50 miles away. Considering job oppor-
tunities, changes to local employment opportunities are also salient
to respondents. Using no changes to jobs as a reference category, job
loss reduces overall support for projects by 12 p.p. and the creation
of permanent jobs increases support by 12 p.p.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Variation in ownership explains the greatest variation in support
compared to other attributes. Respondents prefer cooperative com-
munity ownership, associated with a 5 p.p. increase in support rela-
tive to American private company ownership. There is no statistically
significant difference in support between the reference category and
state government ownership. The most pronounced result concerns
ownership by a foreign private company, which decreases support
by 17 p.p.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We find statistically significant differences in preferences as a func-
tion of political party affiliation between Republicans and Democrats,
Republicans and Independents, and Independents and Democrats.
While partisan differences are present, they are generally minimal and
not statistically significant, with their magnitudes being nearly identi-
cal across groups.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
It appears that elected officials largely project their own preferences
when judging those of their constituents. Considering constituent sup-
port for jobs, local elected official predictions do not show statistically
significant differences between levels or a baseline of no changes to
number of jobs, while there are relatively large casual impacts across
levels of this attribute in PA residents. The most notable difference
is officials’ perceptions of energy type, where officials believe that
their constituents do not prefer other types of energy projects to the
baseline category of natural gas with CCS. In the PA resident sample,
respondents preferred solar energy to the same baseline, suggesting
that elected officials underestimate support for solar renewable energy
among their constituents.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To examine preferences for low-carbon energy infrastructure projects
in PA, we conducted two conjoint experiments to test the effects of vari-
ous characteristics of energy projects on support for project develop-
ment. These attributes are displayed in Supplementary Table 5 and were
selected on the basis of the above literature of previous energy siting
studies along with considerations about current discourse around
energy projects in the USA and PA. We examine the effects of these
project features on project approval in our samples of residents and
policymakers and broken down by party affiliation.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In experiment 1, we collected a sample of 894 Pennsylvanians that
was demographically representative on age, gender, ethnicity and
household income (based on 2019 American Community Survey 1-year
estimates) and balanced on rural (25%), urban (25%) and suburban
residence (50%). Our public sample was recruited by the survey firm
Lucid. All respondents from our public sample completed the survey
between 7 February and 24 February 2022.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
For experiment 2, a sample of 219 local elected officials was
recruited by the survey firm CivicPulse. Thirteen respondents did not
complete the conjoint experiment portion of the survey, bringing the
analysis sample to 206. The survey was fielded from 20 September
2022 to 9 November 2022. The sample of respondents consisted of
elected policymakers in PA from local governments (that is, township,
municipality and county governments) with a population over 1,000
residents.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Each respondent was asked to choose between five distinct pairs of
randomly generated projects, testing support across a total of 8,940
projects. For both experiments, the attribute levels were fully randomized within and
across project pairs, ensuring the non-parametric identification of causal
effects of the attributes22,65.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We calculate AMCEs for each option across attributes63, which meas-
ure the average causal effect of each attribute level on support for the pro-
ject relative to a baseline. Thus, we can estimate how much each attribute
level increases or decreases support for a project, holding all other ele-
ments constant. The dependent variable is a binary indicator for whether
a given energy project was preferred (Y = 1) or not preferred (Y = 0). We use
ordinary least squares regression to calculate the AMCE for each attribute
level, clustering standard errors at the respondent level to account for
within-respondent correlations in responses.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Considering increasing polarization in the USA and that federal
climate change policy is framed as a highly partisan issue, our results
are promising—we largely see similarity, rather than heterogeneity,
in preferences for energy infrastructure projects across Democrats
and Republicans in our PA resident sample. We only saw statistically
significant differences between the parties’ preferences across two
attributes—ownership and energy type. Considering classic partisan
ideological differences, it is not surprising that Republicans favour
project ownership by American private companies more than Demo-
crats and Democrats prefer government-owned projects more than
Republicans.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
While respondents in the PA resident sample broadly preferred
solar to other types of energy projects, we find a different pattern in our
sample of local elected officials, who appear to favour natural gas with
CSS to other types of projects. Considering that many US states defer
siting authority to local jurisdictions, the preferences and perceptions
of local elected officials are an incredibly important and understudied
piece of the transition puzzle. A recent survey of utility-scale wind and
solar developers found that they consider local zoning ordinances and
community opposition to be two of the biggest reasons for project
delays and cancellations56. Thus, it matters that local elected offi-
cials have accurate perceptions of public preferences when they hold
decision-making power about these projects.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
This research was presented at the Association of Collegiate Schools
of Planning Conference in October 2023, and we thank discussant
M. Coffman for her generous feedback on the manuscript. It was
also presented at the 2024 American Political Science Association
Virtual Research Meeting, and we thank participants of the ‘Greener
Futures in Tense Times’ panel for their comments.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
H.C., S.M.C., E.U.W. and C.G. conceived of the presented idea and
research questions. H.C., S.M.C. and E.U.W. designed the survey
experiment. H.C. carried out data collection and analysis with
support from S.M.C. H.C., S.M.C., E.U.W. and C.G. contributed to the
interpretation of results.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Nearly four million residential electricity customers had adopted rooftop solar photovoltaics in the United States by the end of 2022 (ref. 1). Rooftop solar adopters tend to be more affluent than the general population, are less likely to rent and are less likely to self identify as a racial minority2–5. Rooftop solar adoption inequity reflects unequal access to solar across different demographic groups6. Various barriers restrict solar access for low- and moderate-income (LMI) households (for example, high up-front costs to purchase solar systems outright), for renters (for example, split incentives) and for multifamily building occupants (for example, shared ownership of rooftop spaces)7.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The data firmly support hypotheses 1–3 defined above (Fig. 1). Weighting the differences by state sample sizes, the data suggest that community solar adopters are about 6.1 times more likely to live in multifamily buildings than rooftop solar adopters, 4.4 times more likely to rent and earn about 23% less in annual income. At the same time, the data suggest that community solar adopters are not demographically representative of the general population.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Nonetheless, we find that multifamily building occupants, renters, and—to a lesser extent—LMI households are significantly more likely to adopt community solar than rooftop solar. These results suggest that community solar effectively expands access to demographic groups underserved by rooftop solar. We do not, however, find evidence that community solar expands access in terms of race.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In three of the five states, rooftop solar lessee incomes more closely resemble the typical incomes of community solar adopters than rooftop solar system owners (Fig. 4). However, in those same three states, rooftop solar lessees are not substantially more likely to rent or live in multifamily housing. The data suggest that rooftop solar leasing addresses barriers to adoption for LMI homeowners but does not effectively address housing barriers.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Participants earn significantly less and are more likely to rent and live in multifamily housing than non-participants (Fig. 5). Participants are also significantly more likely to identify as people of colour or Hispanic than non-participants. These results imply that community solar policies have effectively expanded access in all four demographic dimensions.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
For instance, in Illinois, the median income difference between all community and rooftop solar adopters is US$13,000, whereas the median income difference between non-participants and rooftop adopters is US$8,000, such that policy accounts for about US$5,000 or 38% of the difference (assuming minimal free riding). Under that approach, if free riding is trivial, the results suggest that policy explains around 67% of income differences between community and rooftop solar adopters, 43% of the differences in housing tenure and 23% of the differences in housing type on average across the three states. Broadly speaking, the data suggest that policy impacts are the primary driver of income differences, whereas inherent impacts are the primary driver of differences in housing type, and both impacts contribute roughly evenly to differences in housing tenure.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We draw on multiple sources to build rooftop and community solar datasets with household-level estimates for income, housing type, housing tenure and race (Table 1 and Methods; summary statistics in Supplementary Table 1). The community solar data represent customers of community solar projects as defined by the US Department of Energy: solar projects where financial benefits flow to multiple customers within a defined geographic area. Income and race estimates are available for all records, whereas housing type and tenure are incomplete.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We estimate comparative statistics of adopter demographics using Wilcoxon tests (comparison of median incomes) or Pearson Chi-squared tests (comparisons of categorical variables) (Methods). The comparative statistics describe differences in adoption choices across different demographic groups. Significant differences provide evidence that community solar expands solar access under the premise that at least some community solar adopters would not otherwise have adopted rooftop solar (Inference for solar access in Methods).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To isolate the relative effects of household demographics on adoption choices we use the following logit model: p (CS) = α + Dβ + S + ε (1). Where p(CS) is the probability that a household is a community solar adopter (as opposed to a rooftop adopter), D is a vector of dummy variables for the four demographic dimensions and S is a state random effect. We convert the income variable into a dummy value by bifurcating the records into households that earn more or less than the state median income.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In addition to comparing the coefficients, we also implement variations of the model in equation (1) with different combinations of the demographic factors. We then compare Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) values across those models (Supplementary Table 6). The AIC comparisons provide another way of comparing the relative contributions of demographic differences to household adoption choices.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our data sources are defined in Table 1. We used home addresses to match adopter records at the address level to household-level variables for income, housing type and housing tenure purchased from Experian. Household-level incomes are estimated from individual- and household-level variables and a proprietary model developed by Experian, an empirically driven algorithm built to effectively predict sample statistics (for example, means, medians) of solar adopter incomes.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our data suggest that inherent differences across the two solar products largely explain historical differences in housing type and tenure between community and rooftop solar adopters. Evidence of inherent impacts on housing type and tenure is generally encouraging from a policy perspective. Inherent impacts suggest that policymakers could expand solar access by creating a basic infrastructure for community solar, such as virtual net metering, even without specific measures to promote equity, such as LMI incentives or carve outs.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Nonetheless, we find evidence that LMI community solar programmes increase LMI adoption by subsidizing enrolment for LMI customers, incentivizing project managers to acquire LMI customers, or reserving shares of project capacity for LMI customers. Our results also suggest that LMI community solar programmes expand access to people of colour and Hispanic households. Overall, the results suggest that targeted LMI community solar policy can augment the access benefits of community solar.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
However, climate-tech sectors are not homogeneous, and startups that receive a public grant are more likely to be in high-risk sectors (Fig. 2). Startups that received public grants remained privately held at the highest rate after ten years (Table 1), which could reflect longer timescales associated with high-risk technologies. Our results suggest particularly favourable outcomes associated with corporate investment for this group compared with other private investment for both exits (Model 2, 155% higher rate of exit with corporate investment compared with 78% with other private investment) and failure (77% higher rate of failure with corporate investment compared with 134% with other private investment).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Corporate investment is consistently associated with higher rates of exits (Fig. 4b), and this association is robust across founding years (Supplementary Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 12) and other sectors (Supplementary Fig. 4). Public grants have mixed results across sectors, with grants significantly related to lower rates of exit and failure in the energy efficiency sector, but with no significant trends in other large sectors. There are also sectoral differences in the overall rate of exit and failure, such as particularly high rates of failure in the solar sector, and relatively high rates of exits in the transportation sector.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Whereas there is little difference in trends for exits, corporations are significantly associated with failure only in the Cleantech 1.0 period (Supplementary Tables 13 and 14). Further investigation is needed to determine the causes of this change (Discussion); however, it may indicate a lower hazard of startup failure from future corporate investments. All other trends remain the same, indicating the analysis presented here is robust to temporal differences.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
In this paper, we examine whether corporate investment, coupled with public grants and other private investment, improves climate-tech startup outcomes. We focus on key outcomes linked to the deployment of technologies (that is, exits and failures). An exit occurs when a startup has an IPO or merges with/is acquired by another entity, indicating that their product has developed sufficiently to draw interest from acquirers or on the stock market. A failure occurs when a startup goes bankrupt or out of business and therefore is probably unable to commercialize their product. Our empirical approach builds on a comprehensive dataset of climate-tech startups from the Cleantech Group i3 database25.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The original dataset contains 38,089 startups and 17,737 investors worldwide. After a comprehensive cleaning and verification process (Methods), we generate a dataset of 2,910 United States-based startups founded between 2005 and 2020 (with outcomes considered through 2021) that received at least one grant or equity investment. These startups were supported by 3,979 unique investors participating in 15,108 investment deals. We expand this dataset with additional data on public funding and patents obtained from publicly available government records. We use this dataset and the Cox Proportional Hazards (CPH) model to perform time-to-event analysis to quantify the associations between different funding sources and startup outcomes.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Specifically, we use the Cox Proportional Hazards model to analyse exit and failure outcomes for each of the populations summarized in Table 1. In the CPH model, time-dependent covariates such as investment are accounted for by separating variables and outcome events into intervals, thus providing a way to regress an outcome at a given point in time based solely on past covariate values, without knowledge of future values28. Clustering connects the identity of an individual startup between multiple time intervals. We stratify by the year the startup was founded and the sector of the startup, thereby generating a separate baseline hazard function for each instance of these variables that accounts for effects caused by these variables29.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Patent data were obtained from the US Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) using the PatentsView application programming interface and the R package patentsview45. Patent data were accessed on 4 May 2022. We matched patent assignee names with startup names after multiple and extensive cleaning steps (for example, removing stems such as ‘Inc.’ and ‘Ltd.’), consolidating any duplicates and manual verification. We used these data to identify the number of patents applied in each year by each startup.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The raw dataset was filtered to obtain a dataset that only includes startups of interest to this analysis using the following steps and building on the approach in Surana et al.9. First, startups that did not have a clear connection to climate were identified and excluded from the dataset. This was done using keyword terms in the description, such as startups focused on ride sharing for which the climate benefit is unclear. Supplementary Table 17 provides all filtering terms.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Our results suggest three key recommendations for innovation- focused policy, which may be particularly important in light of the surge in public funding established in the IRA to leverage private capital and the shift in attitudes towards globalization36. First, whereas public grants are not significant drivers of outcomes on their own, they probably act as catalysts for startups that work on difficult sectors before they advance and acquire capital through corporate or other private investors (Fig. 2). Publicly funded startups exit at a higher rate with the addition of corporate investment (155% increase) compared with other private investment (78% increase) (Model 2).

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Second, corporate investors’ association with positive outcomes for grant recipients and high-patenting startups (compared with other private investors) highlights the importance of incentivizing these investors to mobilize capital to invest in startups. Policymakers can build on successes from networks enabled through key grant agencies (for example, the ARPA-E annual summit) to create opportunities for high-risk startups. In addition, public–private partnerships (for example, the First Movers Coalition focused on aviation, steel and other key technologies) could create similar opportunities in other regions or technologies.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Acknowledgements Funding for this research was provided by the Energy and Environment Program at the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation under grant number G-2021-14177 (K.M.K., K.S., M.R.E., M.A.B., Z.H.T., N.E.H., E.D.W.). K.S. acknowledges support from the BMK (Austrian Federal Ministry for Climate Action, Environment, Energy, Mobility, Innovation and Technology) under the BMK endowed professorship for data-driven knowledge generation: climate action. We thank R. Fedorchak and R. Lucas for their assistance with data cleaning.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests. Additional information Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-024-01530-w. Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Kathleen M. Kennedy or Kavita Surana.

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The EU emissions trading system (EU ETS) is a central pillar of the European Union’s decarbonization strategy. It covers the electricity sector, large-scale industrial installations, aviation and maritime transport and hence controls above 40% of the European Union’s total greenhouse gas emissions1. Over a period with two major reforms of the ETS and notably a substantial tightening of the cap, the carbon market underwent a remarkable transition: carbon prices increased tenfold within four years, with a first rise in 2018 from below €10 tCO2−1 to a plateau at €20–30 tCO2−1 in 2019–2020 and then a second, even sharper, rise during which prices repeatedly reached almost €100 tCO2−1 in 2021 and 20222. The question of why prices have risen so steeply is still unanswered, though, and a subject of debate among the scientific and policy community.

Category:

Answer: Policy Problem


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
When turning to period (1) before 2018, one notices that observed ETS prices are closer to the modelled prices for myopic actors than to the modelled prices for farsighted actors. It seems therefore plausible to assume that market actors behaved at least partially myopically, which is in line with earlier assessments7. For periods (2) and (3), one observes the opposite: both, the 2019–2020 observed ETS prices of €20–30 tCO2−1 and the 2021–2022 ones of €70–90 tCO2−1, are consistent with the modelled prices for farsighted actors (that is, perfect foresight trajectories for old ‘MSR reform’ targets, and new ‘Fit for 55’ targets, respectively).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
This scenario shows only a small price increase of less than €10 tCO2−1 in 2025 compared with the pure myopic scenario (Fig. 4). Thus, following our results, a major contribution of external investors to the price rise seems unlikely. What is on the other hand possible, is that they acted as a catalyser, speeding up the process of compliance actors switching to longer foresight and anticipating the consequences of the ‘Fit for 55’ package.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Figure 6 shows the price trajectory of such a ‘reversal to myopia’ scenario. It presumes actors were myopic in the past, became farsighted around 2020 and turn fully myopic again in 2025. Prices could then start falling, reaching a level below €30 tCO2−1 in 2025.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The major problem we identify under the relapse to myopia is that, as seen in Fig. 7, delayed investments into wind capacity in turn delay the phase-out of coal power generation. As illustrated in Fig. 7a, our modelling shows that myopia could massively slow down wind capacity expansion in the next ten years, with yearly investments reduced by a factor of three, compared with the cost-optimal (that is, perfect foresight) trajectory. The missing wind power in combination with low carbon prices would strongly delay the phase-out of coal (Fig. 7b).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Furthermore, our results provide insights about the present state of the EU ETS. Our modelling indicates that observed 2022 and 2023 prices of around €80 tCO2−1 put the ETS sectors on track to achieving their reduction targets set by the Climate Law, a result in line with earlier findings35. Our findings suggest that actors became farsighted, which is consistent with the initially formulated hypothesis that the ETS reform heightened policy credibility.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Findings


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
All quantitative results in this work are obtained using the model LIMES-EU (Long-term Investment Model for the Electricity Sector), version 2.38. LIMES-EU is a linear optimization modelling framework that simultaneously determines cost-minimizing investment and dispatch decisions for generation, storage and transmission technologies in the European electricity sector. Although its clear focus is the electricity sector, the energy-intensive industry and district heating are also represented through marginal abatement cost curves.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Originally, LIMES-EU was formulated as a perfect foresight model running in five-year steps from 2010 until 2070. For the purpose of this study, to simulate the effect of myopic behaviour of decisionmakers, we extend the model with the option to use rolling time horizons instead of full intertemporal foresight. Mathematically this means that instead of solving one optimization problem over the whole time period from 2010 until 2070, we solve multiple (consecutive) optimization problems, covering shorter time periods.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
All myopic foresight results in this work assume ten-year horizons with an overlap of five years between the horizons. Practically it means, actors have foresight of ten years but can revise their decisions every five years. As LIMES-EU runs in five-year time steps, one optimization horizon comprises always two time steps (for example, (2020, 2025), covering years 2018–2027).

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
To depict external investors in our model, we assume that the impact on carbon prices of buying/holding/selling EUA futures can be approximated by the assumption, external investors buy/hold/sell physical allowances. As we are interested in long-term price developments, we focus on external investors holding long open position on EUA futures. To model the impact of external investors, we implement a one-step iteration approach.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Reported carbon prices (in € tCO2−1) represent the marginal abatement costs in a given year, which are equal to the dual value (shadow price) associated with the banking constraint in LIMES-EU. Transaction costs are neglected. Reported historic carbon prices are nominal, so given in € of the year in which they occurred.

Category:

Answer: Scientific Research Study Methods


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
A fall back into myopia and low prices can threaten short-term decarbonization efforts. To prevent such a development, additional policy instruments seem advisable to stabilize expectations of agents. As an example, a price floor would limit the drop of carbon prices in the short term when long-term policy credibility is temporarily reduced and could even keep prices higher without being binding50.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
Overall, we find that observed 2022 and 2023 prices of around €80 tCO2−1 are in line with EU Climate Law reduction targets and should not be artificially lowered. Compliance actors seem to trust the political commitment and act farsighted—a good sign for the reachability of EU’s 2030 climate targets of the ETS sectors, if the current energy crisis and related policy reactions do not undermine this mindset.

Category:

Answer: Policy Implications


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
We gratefully acknowledge funding from the Kopernikus-Ariadne project (FKZ 03SFK5A) by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research, funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement number 101056891 (CAPABLE) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement numbers 101022622 (ECEMF) and 101003815 (CAMPAIGNers).

Category:

Answer: None


Question:
You are given a sentence or paragraph from a scientific research paper. Classify the text into one of the following five categories relevant to policy briefs:

    1. Policy Problem - Describes the societal or strategic issue that the research aims to address.
    2. Scientific Research Findings - Reports key empirical results, model outcomes, or discoveries from the study.
    3. Scientific Research Study Methods - Details the data sources, methodologies, models, or analytical procedures used.
    4. Policy Implications - Explains how the research findings can inform, influence, or support policy decisions.
    5. None - Does not fit into any of the above categories.

    Your response must be exactly one of the following:
    Policy Problem | Scientific Research Findings | Scientific Research Study Methods | Policy Implications | None

Text:
The LIMES-EU model code is available upon request from the authors. Moreover, a process has been started to make the model available under an open-source license. When this process will be completed, the code will be available for download from the PIK webpage at http://pik-potsdam.de/limes.

Category:

Answer: None