Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Figure 3 shows our modelling results on the impact of reforms and actors' foresight on carbon prices (see also Extended Data Figs. 1-6). First of all, one can see between period (1) and period (2), when the MSR reform was negotiated and implemented, actors presumably started to look further into the future. When turning to period (1) before 2018, one notices that observed ETS prices are closer to the modelled prices for myopic actors than to the modelled prices for farsighted actors. It seems therefore plausible to assume that market actors behaved at least partially myopically, which is in line with earlier assessments7. For periods (2) and (3), one observes the opposite: both, the 2019-2020 observed ETS prices of €20-30 tCO2-1 and the 2021-2022 ones of €70-90 tCO2-1, are consistent with the modelled prices for farsighted actors (that is, perfect foresight trajectories for old 'MSR reform' targets, and new 'Fit for 55' targets, respectively). We also calculate the Mean Average Percentage Error (MAPE) between the modelled and historical prices (Extended Data Tables 1-4), which confirms the visual conclusions drawn from Fig. 3.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our study shows that the magnitude of mitigation costs is affected by the availability of critical technologies (which in our case include low-carbon electricity and BECCS) and the ability to trade relevant energy products across state borders. Whether these technologies, especially untested ones such as BECCS, can be deployed at the speed and scale needed for deep decarbonization depends on a variety of factors, such as economic cost, land use constraints and other sustainability considerations43,44. In addition, while our model allows for a certain degree of flexibility for inter-state trade of electricity and bioliquids, we often observe inflexibility of energy investments and trade in the real world, due to physical and regulatory constraints on electricity transmission, biomass resources, opposition to pipelines, etc.43-46. Future work should consider these real-world constraints in modelling critical technologies at fine spatial scale and should disentangle more precisely whether it is the technology frontiers or the ability to trade across state borders that drives the low cost of policy heterogeneity found in this study.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Furthermore, we conducted a cost-benefit analysis for installing the metering device in the hotels' showers based on the treatment effect estimated in model (1). We assumed a retail price of 40 CHF for the smart shower meter and fuel cost for water heating of 0.128 CHF kWh-1 and water cost of 3.8 CHF m-3, as in Tiefenbeck et al.25. If we extrapolate from the treatment effect of 0.21 kWh and 3.56 l per shower and assume on average 1.2 showers per day per room, as observed during the period of our study, this results in an amortization time of 2.2 years.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    In a difference-in-differences framework, we categorized ZIP codes based on their pre-period HyADS exposure (high versus low). The results indicated that the Q2-2015 energy transition reduced asthma hospitalizations and ERVs by an additional 2.8 visits per ZIP code per quarter in areas with high pre-transition exposure relative to areas with a lower pre-transition exposure (Fig. 4). When we specified pre-transition HyADS as a continuous variable, results were similar when converted into a comparable scale (-0.4 (95% CI: -0.2, -0.7)) asthma hospitalizations and ERVs per ZIP code per 1,000-unit higher pre-period HyADS exposure; Supplementary Fig. 4).  With a first-difference linear regression model, we found that a 1,000-unit ZIP-code-level reduction in HyADS exposure from the  year prior to the year after the Q2-2015 energy transitions resulted in, on average, 2.2 fewer asthma hospitalizations and ERVs (95% CI: -4.5, 0.2) per ZIP code per year and a first-difference model that specified categories of ΔHyADS showed the largest effect for the highest ΔHyADS category (Supplementary Fig. 4). Inferences remained stable in sensitivity analyses using baseline population weights instead of adjusting models for baseline population (Supplementary Table 2).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    When we, more exploratorily, consider each of our countries (Ecuador, Egypt, India, Indonesia and Mexico) individually, we find that the attitudes towards fossil fuel subsidy removal are on the same level as attitudes towards the introduction of a carbon tax. In the comparison, Egypt constitutes an exception, with the least positive attitudes towards removal of fossil fuel subsidies for industrial use (M = 5.4) and private consumption (M = 5.3) compared with averages in the other countries of 6.2 for industrial use and 6.3 for private consumption (Fig. 1). Overall, from our results, we can conclude that the resistance towards (or acceptance of) the removal of fossil fuel subsidies is on par with the public opinion on introducing taxes on CO2 .

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We examined how accounting for flood connectivity or lackthereof may impact flood levels. Specifically, the former case (referredto as 'Integrated' outfalls) accounted for the hydraulic coupling of waterlevels in open channels at the outfalls, mimicking the real-world floodcondition to the best of our abilities. In the latter case ('Controlled'),all stormwater at the outfalls is assumed to discharge freely into thereceiving channel of Bear Creek; that is, the outflow is controlled tohave the rate of a pipe with a free overall downstream condition, notimpeded by the presence of the receiving water body. Comprehensivehydrodynamic modeling of these two distinct scenarios of outfallfunctioning reveals peculiar results. Notably, with the outfalls hydraulically disconnected (the 'Controlled' case) from the rest of the floodedwatershed, the resultant flooding is more extreme than that of the integrated outfall case, which facilitated backwater effects (Fig. 2d,f).Specifically, in areas near the outfalls at the Bear Creek channel, inundation levels for the 'Controlled' case exceeded the 'Integrated' caseby over 0.1 m (Figs. 2g and 3a-c). This result can be explained by theconsiderable drainage from the 'Controlled' sewer system discharginginto the open channel: water levels at the outfall sites thus tend to behigher and cause more severe flooding in nearby areas. In contrast,in the more realistic 'Integrated' case, if the water level in the channelexceeds the hydraulic head of the stormwater system at the outfalllocation, backwater flow will occur and water from the open channelwill flow into the sewer system. This results in lower water levels in nearoutfall areas experiencing backwater, leading to reduced flooding inthe 'Integrated' case. Conversely, with large discharges entering thesewer system, upstream areas (such as in the southern region) canbe impacted when the sewer's rainwater intake capacity is reduced,potentially increasing flooding due to slower drainage.Neglecting the connectivity between a sewer system and adjacentflooded areas and consequent backwater effects can overestimateflood levels. This can potentially result in poor design of the number,positioning and dimensions of manholes, pipes and outfalls. Larger sewers and outfall dimensions can facilitate rapid drainage, yet theycan also allow rapid backflow. As shown in Fig. 3d,e, a large outfall (witha diameter of 3.8 m) can discharge high flows (up to 40.9 m3 s-1) in th'Controlled' case, whereas the backflow into the sewer can be up to63.5 m3s-1 in the 'Integrated' case. The smaller outfall (with the diameterof 0.3 m) had lower discharge and backflow (up to 9.7 and 16.7 m3 s-1 forthe controlled and integrated cases, respectively).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    For three of our dependent variables, we find that being in a non-remote settlement perfectly predicts success (models 1, 2 and 4). That is, all settlements that are urban or regional have legally enforceable protections for all customers regarding life support, guaranteed service levels and disconnection reporting. For these indicators, we examine variation only within remote settlements (n = 610). Those remote settlements where over 80% of the population is Indigenous are less likely to have life-support protections, guaranteed service levels and disconnection reporting requirements for all customers (models 1, 2 and 4). Compared with remote settlements that are not Indigenous, Indigenous settlements are 61% less likely to have life support protections, 46% less likely to have guaranteed service levels and 63% less likely to have disconnection reporting requirements (margins contrast, p = 0.000 for all).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Oceans and seas where reported intervention activity was greatest were Australia's tropical waters (16%), Australia's and New Zealand's temperate waters (15%), the North Pacific (15%) and the wider Caribbean (10%). Almost all of the interventions reported as active in Australia's tropical waters were occurring in the Great Barrier Reef region (92%). These interventions were predominantly to support coral reef restoration, for example, through re-seeding coral, breeding of heat-resistant coral symbionts and coral reef habitat restoration and creation (6%, 4% and 2% of all reported interventions). Multiple types of interventions active within the same ocean region were reported almost without exception, with 96% of the interventions occurring in the same ocean region as at least one other type of intervention (Fig. 1b). In terms of development, the majority of interventions identified were at pilot or full implementation stage (46% and 38%, respectively, n = 207 interventions; Fig. 1c) while 16% were at concept stage. Development was most progressed for marine bioengineering and coastal and marine restoration interventions. Specific interventions reported as having the highest level of technical readiness and development included artificial manipulation of habitats and regrowing of targeted coastal species (53% and 65% at implementation stage, respectively; Fig. 1c).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Specifically, the results from our simulation indicate that achieving carbon neutrality in China would be an even greater challenge underASIA than what is perceived under ISSA (Fig. 1). While carbon neutrality could be achieved in 23.5% of the scenarios under ISSA, it could be achieved in only 3.7% of the scenarios under ASIA. This suggests that because of policy interactions, the percentage of scenarios in which the carbon neutrality target could be achieved by 2060 decreases substantially by 84%. Furthermore, the timeline of achieving carbon neutrality under ASIA is expected to be delayed by ~5-6 years compared with that under ISSA. For scenarios in which the carbon neutrality target is successfully achieved, the average year achieving carbon neutrality is 2054 under ISSA but 2059 under ASIA. These findings highlight the need for China to carefully consider and optimize its mitigation strategies, as previous research has suggested3,32, particularly in terms of the potential mitigation effects when multiple policies are implemented in combination.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    In a within-person conditional quasi-Poisson model, we observed a reduced monthly average daily SABA use associated with a reduced monthly HyADS exposure (RR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89, 0.98, for each 1,000-unit decrease in HyADS).As the June 2016 Mill Creek scrubber installation resulted in relatively uniform reductions in HyADS exposure across Jefferson county (Fig. 5b), we used an interrupted time-series framework. We identified a level shift in SABA use (at the time of scrubber installation) and a possible slope change (decreasing trend in SABA use) (Fig. 6). The scrubber installation was associated with a 17% reduction in monthly average daily SABA use (RR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.69, 1.00) and a 2% reduction (95% CI: -5%, 1%) for each month thereafter.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We now turn from the sample companies' past reported emissions to their future commitments to reducing emissions through SBTs  (Fig. 3a). Few companies (6%) report scope 2 SBTs independent from other emission scopes. Most companies (82%) report scope 2 SBTs in combination with SBTs for scope 1 (covering direct emissions24) and the rest (12%) in combination with scope 1 and scope 3 SBTs (covering value chain emissions beyond scope 2; ref. 24). Most companies (89%) state that their SBT refers to market-based  accounting, whereas the SBTs of the remaining 11% refer to location-based accounting (in short, market- and location-based SBTs). This indicates that most companies aim to use RECs and PPAs in pursuing their targets. Companies with market-based SBTs tend to commit to more ambitious emission reductions (compare the orange and blue boxes in Fig. 3a). The trend is especially pronounced for SBTs covering scopes 1 and 2, where the median annual reduction is 1.7 percentage points higher for market- over location-based SBTs (4.2% versus 2.5% of base year emissions). This may be because market-based accounting offers a relatively low-cost means of appearing to reduce emissions14, and therefore companies using this approach are willing to set more ambitious reduction targets; 58% of market-based SBTs align with the 1.5 °C goal (below purple line in Fig. 3a) and 28% with the well below 2 °C goal (between the turquoise and purple line). The corresponding shares for location-based SBTs are 8% and 54%, respectively. Some SBTs do not align with either temperature goal as SBTi, until 2019, approved targets aligning with a less ambitious 2 °C goal8 and one target-setting method (the sectoral decarbonization approach4,25) allows companies with certain characteristics to reduce emissions at a lower rate than is  required globally.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Across all combinations of NET costs and potential (Fig. 5 and Supplementary Annex L for alternative inequality metrics), the within-country effects (sum of opaque blue and opaque green areas) are dominant compared to between-country ones (transparent green area). In our central specification of DAC potential and costs (Global North, low costs), the between-country effect of CO2 removal is an order of magnitude lower than the within-country one around the time of net zero. At the end of the century, the effect is more relevant because the total cost of removal peaks, but it is insufficient to compensate for within-country regressivity. An allocation of removal potential towards the Global South consistently exacerbates global inequality, unless trade of carbon removal is considered. In this case, poorer countries could benefit from selling negative emissions permits to wealthy countries (see Supplementary Annex E for a simulation of international transfers). On the contrary, relaxing the assumption that capital is owned exclusively by each country's citizens would increase between-country inequality because most financial centres are located in the Global North (see Supplementary Annex D for a scenario including international ownership of capital). Assuming higher costs of negative emissions amplifies their between-country distributional effects. At the same time, it reduces the within-country regressivity because it decreases the profit margin for NET companies. Towards the end of the century, under a progressive allocation of removal potential (Global North, high costs) the two effects roughly counterbalance (bottom-right panel of Fig. 5). These results indicate that a progressive international distribution of removal effort, or a properly designed set of international transfers (Supplementary Annex E), can indeed contribute to reducing global inequality. However, especially under the assumption of cheap NETs and around net zero, our results suggest that the within-country inequality increase is more relevant in shaping the global income distribution.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Clinicalization was also evident in medical professionals' use of the language of clinical “screening” in place of the straightforward language of “drug testing.” Drug testing does not align with the guidelines for clinical screening and is not a diagnostic tool (Wilson and Jungner 1968). In any form (blood, urine, meconium, or umbilical cord samples), drug testing does not confirm that someone has a substance use disorder. To do so requires evaluation by an appropriate clinician using diagnostic criteria. By referring to drug testing as screening, providers place forensic methods into a clinical taxonomy that, in effect, masks the investigatory intent of testing from patients and spares providers from directly naming and potentially wrestling with their own policing and enforcement activities.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The univariate, nonlogged descriptive statistics for the dependent and independent variables are reported in Table 1. The table includes the mean and the overall, within, and between standard deviation (SD) for each variable. For all of the variables, the variance is greater between states rather than within them over time. Particularly notable is the mean of the drug-related mortality rate, which is 15.98 deaths per 100,000 people. The mortality rate varies substantially within states (within SD = 4.80) and between states (between SD = 4.98). Figure 1 illustrates the average drug-related mortality rate from 2006 to 2017, and Figure 2 shows the change in the mortality rate over the same period.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We also found that much of the variance for our three main independent variables of interest (the percentage of the population with a bachelor's degree, the opioid prescription rate, and income inequality) is between states rather than within them. The mean percentage of people with a bachelor's degree is 28.84 (between SD = 5.86%; within SD = 1.63%), and the mean opioid prescription rate is 79.41 opioids per 100 people (between SD = 21.88; within SD = 8.14). Regarding income inequality, the mean share of income going to the top 5% is 21.50% (between SD = 1.37%; within SD = .68%), and the mean Gini coefficient is .46 (between SD = .02; within SD = .01). The average share of income going to the top 20% is 49.37% (between SD = 1.86%; within SD = .70%), whereas the mean share of income going to the bottom 20% is 3.46% (between SD = .41%; within SD = .15%).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).