Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Table 2 displays the results of the ordered logistic regression analyses of community distrust and subjective social isolation. Model 1 shows that, independent of the controls, respondents in 2020 evidenced a significantly increased risk of community distrust. Being a respondent in the 2020 survey was associated with almost 50% greater odds of reporting a higher level of distrust than being a respondent in the 2019 sample. However, these between-wave differences did not vary by age; the interaction between wave of survey and age in Model 2 is not significant.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Table 3 shows results from logistic regression models of the association between state-level sexism, inability to access health care, and lack of health insurance. State-level sexism was associated with significantly higher odds of inability to access health care for women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.86, 95% CI, 1.51-2.30) and marginally higher odds for men (OR = 1.32, 95% CI, 0.98 -1.78), meaning that a 1 SD increase in state-level sexism was associated with 86% higher odds of inability to access care among women and 32% higher odds of inability to access care among men. Results from pooled-sample models that included an interaction term for state-level sexism and gender show no significant gender differences in the associations between state-level sexism and inability to access care. Higher state-level sexism was also associated with higher odds of being uninsured among both women and men (OR = 1.58, 95% CI, 1.25-2.00 for women; OR = 1.56, 95% CI, 1.14-2.12 for men). Pooledsample models with the interaction term reveal no significant gender difference in this association.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Cross-sectional generalized-ordered logistic regressions show that households acquiring their LPG connections through PMUY have significantly lower odds of being primary users compared to general customers (odds ratio (OR), 0.64; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.52-0.78) (Table 1). The odds drop further still for exclusive use (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.45-0.71). The lower odds of PMUY households using more LPG is neither a factor of their relatively poor socio-economic status, nor of the infancy of their connection, as both of these factors are controlled for in the model. Rather, we suggest that households that made a decision to spend the upfront cost and effort to procure an LPG connection are probably more willing and more financially prepared to use LPG for the majority of their cooking needs than those who have been provided with a free connection.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Overall, results are consistent with hypothesis 3 and inconsistent with hypotheses 1 and 2: an ADHD diagnosis has a negative “marginal effect” on future child self-competence and teacher-rated school behaviors, but only among children from middle- and upper-SES families (Table 2). Both diagnosed children from upper-SES and middle-SES backgrounds exhibit .36 points (or .36 / .69 = .52 SD) statistically significantly lower future positive learning-related behaviors in fifth grade compared to their undiagnosed counterparts who had similar propensities for diagnosis but were not diagnosed  (Models 1-2). Diagnosed upper-SES children also exhibit .25 points (.25 / .57 = .44 SD) statistically significantly higher externalizing problems in fifth grade than their undiagnosed counterparts (Model 4). Diagnosed middle-SES children likewise exhibit statistically significant .18 points (.18 / .65 =  .28 SD) higher externalizing problems than their undiagnosed counterparts (Model 5). Finally, diagnosed upper-SES children report statistically significantly lower perceived self-competence by .25 points (.25 / .77=.32 SD). Diagnosed middle-SES children likewise report .27 points (.27 / .80 = .34 SD)  statistically significantly lower perceived self-competence relative to undiagnosed matches who had a similar propensity to be diagnosed (Models 7-8). Consistent with prior qualitative work (Lareau 2003), differences in outcomes between diagnosed and undiagnosed middle- versus upper-SES children are not statistically significant from one another.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Addressing climate change effectively and rapidly requires not only investing in new energy technologies but also divesting from carbon-intensive energy infrastructures39-43. Our study is among the first to investigate citizens' views on the second part of this equation. Using a large-scale survey, we assessed German voters' preferences for different policy design options to phase out coal. We found that the average respondent consistently prefers a more ambitious timeline. All else being equal, the preference was to phase out coal by 2025, which contrasts with the Coal Commission's proposal to phase out coal by 2038. A particular strength of our methodological approach is that the choice experiments allow us to scrutinize respondents' timing preferences in relation to possible trade-offs between the different attributes of an accelerated phase-out, such as higher cost. By comparing preferences across attributes, we find that support for an accelerated phase-out is upheld up to an additional cost to society of €8.5 billion (see Supplementary Fig. 1).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Figure 2 displays the results of a subgroup analysis by political party, comparing preferences of Democrats, Republicans and Independents. Here, we report marginal means for each party on each attribute.We find statistically significant differences in preferences as a function of political party affiliation between Republicans and Democrats, Republicans and Independents, and Independents and Democrats. While partisan differences are present, they are generally minimal and not statistically significant, with their magnitudes being nearly identical across groups. Considering distance from residential areas and site types, there is no statistically significant difference in marginal means across respondents from any political party. Considering jobs, there is not a statistically significant difference in marginal means between Republicans and Democrats, suggesting similar preferences. There are small differences between Independents and each other party that indicate Independents do not prioritize jobs as heavily (6 p.p. difference between Independents and Democrats for 'no changes to number of jobs', 7 p.p. difference between Independents and Republicans for '50 jobs lost due to retirement of an old plant'). In both cases, Independents lean further towards the middle.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Table 2 also presents the prevalence of specific chronic conditions, once again arrayed over raceethnicity. In this case, the racial-ethnic differences are somewhat different. In general, many chronic conditions are more common among non-Hispanic whites than minorities, though there are notable exceptions. Blacks report a considerably higher prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, stroke, and asthma. For many chronic conditions, Asians and Hispanics report a considerably lower prevalence than non-Hispanic whites.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We examine the sensitivity of our results with respect to time and patenting activity. Climate-tech investment has matured from Cleantech 1.0 to Cleantech 2.0, potentially leading to different investment effects across time periods (Supplementary Note 1)2,30. To assess potential differences, we replicate the analysis in Table 2 for both time periods. Whereas there is little difference in trends for exits, corporations are significantly associated with failure only in the Cleantech 1.0 period (Supplementary Tables 13 and 14). Further investigation is needed to determine the causes of this change (Discussion); however, it may indicate a lower hazard of startup failure from future corporate investments. All other trends remain the same, indicating the analysis presented here is robust to temporal differences. We also examine if our results vary for a subset of high-patenting startups, which may indicate 'unicorn' startups that potentially skew our results (Supplementary Note 2). We find that no investment source is a significant predictor of exits or failures for high-patenting startups, but location in a climate-tech hotspot is highly significant and correlates with an increase in likelihood of exit (Supplementary Table 15). Corporate investment shows a unique relationship for these high-patenting startups with a negative but insignificant correlation with failure, contrasted with other private investment, which still has a positive and significant correlation with failure as in the overall dataset (Supplementary Table 16).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Secondly, Fig. 3 shows that the 'Fit for 55' package sharply increases the stringency of the EU ETS. Optimal carbon prices (that is, obtained under the assumption of perfect foresight) to reach the new targets are substantially higher than those that were necessary for achieving previous goals. In fact, modelled prices for the 'Fit for 55' targets for 2020-2023 are in the order of €70-90 tCO2-1, corresponding well to observed 2021-2023 prices on the EU ETS, thus supporting the hypothesis that actors have transitioned towards a more farsighted perspective.Figure 4 discusses the final point of this section: could an influx of long-term investors explain the strong rise of carbon prices if other actors had remained myopic? Here we assume external investors temporarily block a part of the allowances on the market, which then cannot be used by compliance actors to cover their emissions during the period (Methods). This influences the price trajectory: when external investors buy, prices go up; when they sell, prices can go down.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    One potential drawback of the slip's format is that it could lead to lower-quality referrals if it encouraged clients to list multiple names  without considering who would qualify. To evaluate this, we compared the proportion of referrals per client in each condition who lived in geographic areas eligible for solar subsidies (Methods and Supplementary Tables 8 and 9). As shown in Fig. 2b, reciprocity + simplification had a statistically equivalent proportion of referrals living in eligible areas as the control (69% versus 71% at 17 weeks, P = 0.793; 73% versus 67% at 9 months, P = 0.691). In contrast, the reciprocity condition yielded a significantly higher proportion of eligible nominations at both timepoints, representing a 23-27% improvement over the control at 17 weeks and 9 months, respectively, and a 28% to 22% improvement over reciprocity + simplification. We note, however, that because reciprocity + simplification generated far more nominations in total, it led to  7.3 times more qualified nominations than the control at 17 weeks  (124 versus 17; IRR 95% CI 4.17-12.74, P < 0.0001) and three times as many than reciprocity (124 versus 42; IRR 95% CI 1.89-4.61, P < 0.0001). Similarly, reciprocity alone yielded 2.5 times as many qualified nominations as the control (95% CI 1.32-4.61, P = 0.005). The differences between conditions largely persisted at 9 months.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    In scenarios that limit warming to below 2 °C (see Methods for scenario definitions), gross emissions reductions are the dominant mitigation  response in the coming three decades. Between 2020 and 2050, emissions are reduced by 62% (46-75%). Subsequently, CDR becomes the main mitigation strategy in the second half of the twenty-first century, with scenarios cumulating 670 (450-1100) GtCO2 of removals by 2100. Novel CDR tends to continuously scale up in scenarios throughout the twenty-first century and accounts for over half of cumulative removals by 2100. By contrast, conventional CDR on land starts from a high baseline but quickly reaches saturation by the mid-century due to land area constraints for afforestation/restoration.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Table 4 presents the results examining life expectancy and reveals three important points. First, Model 1 shows that increases in income inequality are associated with decreases in life expectancy (b = -.031; p < .001) when nonlagged, while Model 4 shows this association for lagged income inequality is not statistically significant (b = -.007; p = .347). The former association corresponded with a standard deviation increase in income inequality being associated with a .15-year decrease in life expectancy. This estimate was found by standardizing our income inequality measure and rerunning Model 1 (not shown). Second, both the nonlagged policy liberalism score (Model 2, b = 2.164, p = .07) and the lagged score (Model 5, b = 2.143, p < .05) are associated with life expectancy, net of income inequality. Third, the association between income inequality and life expectancy did not show any meaningful change with the inclusion of policy liberalism in either the lagged or nonlagged models. This latter point hints that the association between income inequality and life expectancy is not mediated by policy liberalism. We next performed a formal mediation analysis to assess the veracity of this claim.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Various SSPs that underpin climate projections have different implications for baseline gross domestic product (GDP) and population growth and urbanization in Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt over 2021-2050 (Fig. 3b)44-46. The highest economic growth for each of the three countries is projected under SSP5, whereas the lowest economic growth occurs under SSP3. Cooperative adaptive management policy for the GERD We use the Nile adaptive management framework to formulate and design an adaptive management policy for the GERD's initial filling and long-term operation for 2020-2045, involving short-term rules and interim and long-term adaptation measures to cope with climate change uncertainties. The formulation is based on cooperative behaviour whereby the riparian countries consider each other's interests through adaptive measures. The formulation of the GERD adaptive filling and operation policy is described briefly below and detailed in Extended Data Fig. 5. In the adaptive formulation, water retention during the GERD's initial filling phase is carried out in July and August and follows a stage-based approach (Supplementary Table 2) while maintaining a minimum outflow of 1.28 bcm per month, similar to the Washington draft proposal19. From March to June, additional interim water releases during the initial filling phase are made if the storage of the High Aswan Dam (HAD) reservoir in Egypt falls below 60 bcm. This would enable quick initial filling of the GERD, as data show consistently high water storage in the HAD reservoir in recent years (2020-2022)47.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Regime 1, 1946:1-1949:3, witnesses a price reduction by an average of US$9.26 relative to the equilibrium price implied by market fundamentals (Supplementary Table 3). This reduction is opposite the price increase that is associated with the elimination of price controls on motor gasoline after World War II. During the war, controls create a lack of capacity, as indicated by chronic shortages in drilled wells and transportation facilities8,9. When controls are lifted, price increases are suppressed by non-market interventions. For example, Standard Oil of Indiana and Phillips Petroleum Company ration gasoline to dealers in June 1947 (ref. 10). To stimulate new capacity, the US federal government relaxes anti-trust legislation to  enhance cooperation among US oil firms. But one form of cooperation is forbidden: “In February 1948, the attorney general explicitly excluded from antitrust prosecution cooperation among oil companies so long as this cooperation attempted to alleviate shortages by any mechanism other than raising price.” (ref. 8).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    If overall biomass usage is restricted to current usage levels, the system cost ends up ~5% higher than without restrictions. If all biomass (except mandatory incineration of municipal solid waste) is excluded, it leads to a 20% higher system cost (Fig. 1a), or an additional cost of €169 billion annually, roughly corresponding to European defence expenses86. This is twice as much as the cost of excluding solar power and similar to the cost of excluding wind power, despite both of them cost optimally providing more primary energy (Fig. 2d,e). Excluding any of these primary energy sources thus leads to much higher costs. Wind and solar power are more readily interchangeable whereas the substitution of biomass is much more expensive because biomass provides non-fossil carbon in addition to energy, for which the substitute, DAC, coupled with a necessary expansion of additional energy provision, ends up much more expensive. Wind and solar power cannot be excluded simultaneously even at a 25% system cost increase (Fig. 2f).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Regional disparities are driven by opposing dynamics in service demand and energy efficiency. As lower- and middle-income countries get wealthier, they increasingly demand more energy services for appliances, heating and cooling to support their improved living standards. At the same time, the use of traditional fuels, which are still commonly used for cooking in certain areas (predominantly in Africa), decreases substantially until 2050. Energy demand reductions also occur in OECD countries, where use of natural gas for space heating is steadily decreasing due to improved insulation levels under current policies. In transport, per capita energy demand reduces in some regions, despite rising demand for mobility, due to increased use of electric vehicles with much higher efficiency56 than internal combustion engine vehicles. In contrast to the global results, some models signal that emissions from buildings could be higher in ACT and TEC (Supplementary Fig. 22), probably due to rebound effects. This is particularly noticeable in India, other Asian and Africa and Middle East. An increase is also observed in transport emissions by COFFEE and WITCH for the United States (ACT) and European Union (TEC), respectively. Carefully adapted rebound mitigation policies, for example, through carbon pricing or providing consumption information, could in such cases further increase the effectiveness of demand-side measures57,58.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Net-zero targets imply that continuing residual emissions will be balanced by carbon dioxide removal. However, residual emissions are typically not well defined, conceptually or quantitatively. We analysed governments' long-term strategies submitted to the UNFCCC to explore projections of residual emissions, including amounts and sectors. We found substantial levels of residual emissions at net-zero greenhouse gas emissions, on average 18% of current emissions for Annex I countries. The majority of strategies were imprecise about which sectors residual emissions would originate from, and few offered specific projections of how residual emissions could be balanced by carbon removal. Our findings indicate the need for a consistent definition of residual emissions, as well as processes that standardize and compare expectations about residual emissions across countries. This is necessary for two reasons: to avoid projections of excessive residuals and correspondent unsustainable or unfeasible carbon-removal levels and to send clearer signals about the temporality of fossil fuel use.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Conceptualizing lifestyles as a blend of structure and agency (Cockerham 2005), we find that children's health lifestyles are rooted in parents' expansive understandings of health, which blur boundaries across physical and psychological wellbeing, social integration, and academic achievement (Pace, Mollborn, and Rigles 2022; Warner 2010). They are broader than researchers' implicit understandings of health when operationalizing health lifestyles. Health lifestyles encompass children's behaviors (including traditional health behaviors and others linked to wider conceptualizations of health, such as socializing and doing homework). Although content likely varies, norms in the communities that we studied prescribe that children's health lifestyles must reflect substantial parental identity investments and coherent parenting narratives articulating the lifestyle's benefits for health, well-being, and future success. Children's identity expression is also dictated by community norms. Health lifestyles create advantages for children while simultaneously reaffirming parents' advantaged class standing. Health lifestyles likely have implications for socioeconomic attainment, health, and future lifestyles and identities, fueling the intergenerational perpetuation of inequalities.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The reciprocity + simplification condition yielded 181 referred names in the first 17 weeks, 7.5 times more than the control (24 names, incidence rate ratio (IRR) 95% CI 4.66-12.19, P < 0.0001) and 3.7 times more than reciprocity alone (49 names, IRR 95% CI 2.41-5.65, P < 0.0001), while reciprocity yielded 2 times more than the control (IRR 95% CI 1.16-3.59, P = 0.013; Supplementary Table 8). Among individuals who responded to the campaign, clients in the reciprocity + simplification condition nominated more individuals (1.68 names per referring client) than either the reciprocity or control conditions (1.32 names in reciprocity, IRR 1.27, 95% CI 1.02-1.56, P = 0.029; 1.09 names in control, IRR 1.54, 95% CI 1.31-1.80, P < 0.0001; Supplementary Table 8).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We find that the most common aspects across the current business models in the community energy sector include a predominance of electricity generation particularly through solar PV, not having charitable status and not being linked to a charitable 'parent' body, employing three full-time staff at most on average (although there are rare cases of employing up to ten staff), relying on at least some volunteers (and up to 90 in some projects), relying on FITs for revenue and community shares for finance, mainly working with one type of customer only and typically emphasizing environmental value propositions over social and economic value propositions.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Figure 2c,d summarizes the resulting after-tax CoC. The CoC in 2017 was in the range of 1.6% (solar PV) to 1.9% (wind onshore), corresponding to a low-risk corporate bond of a financial service firm (BB+  to BBB)26. Stated differently, CoC declined by over twothirds (3.5 percentage points) for solar PV projects and more than half (2.6 percentage points) for wind onshore projects. While the CoC for solar PV projects in 2000-2005 was higher than for wind onshore projects, the former had a lower CoC than the latter in 2017. Similar trends were observed for additional financial indicators, such as loan tenors and debt service coverage ratios (DSCRs; see Supplementary Fig. 2). Over our study period, the duration of the feed-in tariff stayed constant at 20 years. Banks offering longer loan tenors is therefore an indication of higher confidence in the project. The DSCR is a measure of project cash flows available to  pay debt obligations, namely the principal repayment and interest rate payments. Lower DSCRs can thus be interpreted as an additional indication for lower project risk.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    This surprising result (that the overall costs do not rise much in spite of huge heterogeneity across states) is largely driven by the flexibility  across states in terms of electricity trade and the location of energy-intensive industries (for example, bio-refineries; see the electricity and bioliquids production patterns in Supplementary Fig. 3). In other words, despite the subnational heterogeneity in policy stringency, energy markets are tightly coupled across states, allowing much of the heterogeneity in policy to be arbitraged through trade activities in the energy markets. Comparing the Heterogeneous and Hybrid approach with the Uniform approach, many states adjust the amount of electricity production, technology choices and trading volume with neighbouring states. Nationally, to achieve an 80% cut in GHG emissions, we find ~10% more inter-grid electricity trade under the heterogeneous policy approach than the uniform approach (see Extended Data Fig. 2 for net electricity trade across 15 grid regions; Supplementary Fig. 5 shows a map of the grid regions). There is also a shift in the geographic pattern of where critical mitigation technologies, such as bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), are being deployed (Extended Data Fig. 3 and Supplementary Fig. 6). This is because, with a heterogeneous approach, the mitigation efforts are shifted from low- to high-supporting states, pushing the green states to achieve deep cuts in their emissions by turning to negative emissions technologies such as BECCS.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Distance from residential areas, job opportunities and site type do not have a statistically significant causal effect on personal support for energy projects in the overall sample of PA local elected officials (Fig. 3; see Supplementary Table 2 for model estimates). However, respondents appear to favour projects farther away from residential areas, projects that create permanent jobs and projects that reduce residential energy costs rather than increasing economic activity. Like the PA resident sample in experiment 1, ownership models are the strongest predictors of local elected officials' support compared with other attributes. Compared with a baseline of ownership by an American private company, ownership by a foreign private company reduces support by 29 p.p. Unlike the public sample in experiment 1, local elected officials in PA do not prefer solar energy to natural gas with CCS, where we see no statistically significant difference between levels. In fact, local elected officials prefer this baseline to other options—notably, onshore wind turbines are associated with a 26 p.p. reduction in support. Natural gas without CSS is associated with a 19 p.p. decrease in support compared with natural gas with CCS. Nuclear power plants are associated with an 18 p.p. reduction in support compared with natural gas with CCS.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We then identified energy consumer segments based on consumers' likelihood of adopting the new energy contracts. Segmentation studies have been used to identify different types of consumer in relation to household electricity storage50, acceptance of demand control51, energy conservation behaviours52 or acceptance of smart grids. Some studies have used measured or metred consumption data combined with only basic household and building characteristics to identify groups of energy-consuming households53. Others have used a richer suite of variables, based on qualitative surveys and constructs from behavioural psychology, to capture the psychosocial antecedents of likely market acceptance and targets for behaviour change52. The bases used to cluster the sample populations in these studies were multifarious, ranging among general values, lifestyles, general patterns of energy-consuming behaviours, attitudes to environmental issues and specific energy-related behaviours. Some focused the clustering on the antecedents of behaviour only43, whereas others mixed both the antecedents and the intentions or behaviours themselves52, as we have done here.The cluster analysis identified four groups individually representing between 16 and 35% of the sample. The groups were profiled using the variables used to create them as well as other factors, such as demographic characteristics and current energy use. Profiling consisted of characterizing each segment individually using descriptive statistics as well as comparisons with the other segments using measures of variance and association. Each of these segments was given a short name and a representative narrative statement (Fig. 3).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    required to reach 3¢ kWh-1, we first establish a baseline system price and LCOE breakdown for 2016, just before Dubai's Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (MBR) phase III announcement, based on a number of sources5,23-26, shown in Fig. 2. CapEx depends heavily on the price of hardware, which accounts for the majority of the total installed cost, with construction labour being the second-largest contributor. CapEx represents about 50% of the LCOE in the baseline model, with operation and maintenance (O&M) and financing costs representing the balance. The baseline financial model assumes a debt fraction of 60% with an interest rate of 5% and a return on equity of 10%, for a total weighted average cost of capital of 7%. The CapEx includes a profit margin for the project developer, while the construction contractor's profit is implicitly included in the contractor markup. The LCOE represents the cost to the project developer of building and operating the system, and of satisfying the debt and equity financers of the project with their required returns, and hence represents a minimum sustainable price for the sale of electricity. The baseline assumptions are listed in the first column of Table 2.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Global VCEs and tidal flats are estimated to annually bury 80-220 Tg OC (ref. 18) and 6.8 Tg OC (ref. 4), respectively. Correspondingly, 316 to 869 Mg (mean = 592 Mg) and 26.9 Mg Hg could be sequestered by global VCEs and tidal flats annually, although the degradation of VCEs2 may lead to Hg release. This Hg burial flux is comparable to ~25% of global anthropogenic Hg emissions of 2,500 Mg yr-1 (ref. 15), close to half of the global river Hg discharge of 893-1,224 Mg yr-1 to coastal seas19 and roughly equivalent to 70% of the annual oceanic Hg sequestration of 800 Mg (ref. 15).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Literature hitherto published on PMUY15,20,23,28,37,38 has primarily focused on national-level LPG connections, average consumption or in-depth surveys of PMUY beneficiaries from rural areas based on self-reported consumption data. These prior works are either too general (national-level and average consumption figures) or need to be complemented with other data sources on consumption. Here, we use an original dataset of LPG sales transactions records (>200,000) for more than 25,000 rural (PMUY and general) consumers from Koppal district in Karnataka state to address these knowledge gaps (see Methods) to assess the efficacy of PMUY in promoting a cooking energy transition, and the determinants of adoption, which can inform potential mid-course corrections, and similar future initiatives. The dataset used contains details for all LPG sales transactions in Koppal district (see Supplementary Note 3 and Supplementary Table 2 for a socio-economic profile of the region) between January 2016 and December 2018 for three distributors of a public sector LPG marketing company (Indian Oil) and data from earlier than 2016 for distributors 1 and 2 (D1 and D2; see Methods). While the results presented here are specific to the conditions within the Koppal region, they address key questions around LPG use and point to implementation issues that may have broader implications. They also demonstrate the value of large consumer purchase data analysis to support transparent programme evaluation.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Table 1 provides descriptive statistics, pooled over counties and years. Although our models use different subsets of data, we show the descriptive statistics from 2000 to 2016 (accounting for restructuring) because this covers the years used in our main modeling approach (but includes Missouri). On average across the observation period, the county-level ageadjusted overdose rate for all opioids was 5.54 per 100,000. Overdoses involving prescription opioids (2.79), benzodiazepines (1.58), and stimulants (.66) were notable. Figure 2 shows trends in these outcomes over time averaged at the county level, confirming well-known increases in all opioid overdoses and flattening of those due specifically to prescription opioids. Benzodiazepines stabilized about the same time as prescription opioids, whereas psychostimulants have seen increases in recent years. Given more recent implementation in most U.S. states, expanded naloxone laws (13.6%), Good Samaritan laws (9.0%), and pain clinic restriction laws (10.5%) have lower coverage than PDMPs across the entire period. County-years with medical marijuana laws comprise 15.0% over the period. Finally, Table 1 displays averages for demographic and expenditure covariates.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Figure 2 shows the individual scenarios as trajectories (left) and densityplots with cumulative density (right) for production versus demandfor 2025 and 2030. It is very likely that domestic production can meetat least 60% of demand in 2025 (90.1%) and 2030 (99.5%), although theresults for 2025 reveal a slightly elevated risk of short-term domestic production shortfalls. For 2030, the 90% self-sufficiency targetseems feasible as this corresponds to the mean and median value(IQR = 80-100%), but is far from certain as nearly half of the scenarios(49%) do not reach the 90% self-sufficiency target. Production capacityexceeds domestic demand by more than 10% in a minor share of scenarios (11%).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Figure 2 draws on the same data as Fig. 1 to calculate the average across projects and compares the early period of the RET finance industry (2000-2005) to 2017. It first shows that the cost of debt decreased more than the cost of equity in relative terms and that  decreases in both components were more pronounced for solar PV than for wind onshore. However, the project CoC also depends on the leverage and the corporate tax rate. Leverage denotes the share of debt of the total investment sum (see Methods). As equity bears the first project losses, a higher leverage is an indication for lower project risk. For both technologies, the leverage increased, reaching over 80% debt financing in 2017 (see Supplementary Fig. 2). During this period, the German corporate tax rate decreased from 41% to 30%, resulting in relatively higher costs of debt as interest rate payments are deductible from taxable revenues.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Table 6 shows the results of our categorization effort. We found that space is the strongest motivation for dismantling turbines in repowering projects in Denmark, with 67% of the total capacity and 63% of the total number of turbines, respectively. Space is, of course, a well-known reason given that most repowering projects are developed from existing wind farm sites. This category generally corresponds to what is typically captured by analyses using an on-site approach.The second major individual reason for dismantling turbines  in repowering is a violation of the cumulative noise emissions, which comprises 13% of the total number of turbines and 8%  of the full capacity dismantled. Hence, noise regulation in Denmark has a considerable impact on repowering projects. This impact was also underlined by several of the interviewees. Here, it is relevant to note that noise regulation differs from country to country. Interestingly, turbines removed because of noise have the  smallest average capacity size (435 kW) and highest average age (22.1 years, Fig. 2b).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To put the sensitivity to cost paths into perspective, we also visualized the causal effects of cost levels with support for climate action (Fig. 3a). First, consistent with previous research, costs had a significant and substantively noteworthy effect on public support. Second, when using these estimates to benchmark the sensitivity to an increasing domestic cost path, the effect of switching from a constant to an increasing schedule was similar to doubling the average monthly household costs from 0.5% of GDP (€28, €39, £15 and $53) to 1.0% of GDP (€56, €77, £30 and $107). These results are robust across all four countries (Fig. 3b). Overall, both the pooled estimates and the results by country suggest that constant and decreasing cost schedules increase the willingness to support climate action compared to a policy with increasing costs over time.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We first assess the impact of the tariff scenarios from Table 1 on household annual network expenditures (see Methods for details). For the interpretation of our results, we point to the ex-post nature of our investigation: each of the tariff scenarios sends a specific signal to households, for example, pa100 and pm100 provide incentives for avoiding peak loads while they do not penalize high electricity consumption. Ideally, households would analyse their consumption patterns with respect to the applied tariff scheme and adapt their behaviour to minimize costs under certain boundary conditions41,42. As the data exploited in our study were already collected in 20102011, households were not provided with such signals. Figure 1 shows box plots of the change (in %) of the annual network expenditures under the 11 tariff scenarios compared with the reference scenario for the 765 households (for analysis of the subsample see Supplementary Fig. 1). Several outcomes are evident: first, the most significant change in households' network expenditures are calculated for scenarios with a dominant share of fixed or peak-load charges and thereby deviate significantly from the reference scenario. The interpretation works vice versa, that is, one would observe similar changes in household network costs if, say, f100 was currently applied and was substituted for the reference scenario.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Although drug testing was posed in clinical terms, it was rare for providers to discuss maternal substance use with health-based frames. Instead, it was often described as a behavior that may cause or exacerbate other kinds of medical conditions, such as placental abruption, elevated blood pressure, or withdrawal symptoms in infants. Clinicians did not mention medically treating the kinds of conditions that co-occur with problem substance use, such as overdose, infection of the heart valves related to injection substance use, inadequate nutrition, cardiovascular problems, risks associated with withdrawal symptoms, risk of HIV, or hepatitis C exposure and transmission. These findings support the argument that substance use remains a moralized problem despite numerous efforts to medicalize the condition (Conrad 2007).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Ratcheting near-term ambition also implies greater reductions in non-CO2 emissions, some of which have higher global warming potentials and shorter atmospheric lifetimes and therefore play an important role in both stabilizing long-term temperature change and limiting peak near-term warming (Fig. 3). Non-CO2 s respond to climate policy in two ways33. First, fuel switching and associated phasing out of carbon-intensive fuels due to climate policy reduce associated non-CO2 emissions (for example, fugitive methane emissions from resource production). Thus, higher CO2 ambition implies higher non-CO2 ambition. Second, non-CO2 emissions that are largely unaffected by fuel switching such as hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) emissions from cooling energy use and industrial process emissions (perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafluoride) respond to climate policy through the implementation of additional control measures. In our analysis, the NDC+ and NDC++ pathways result, respectively, in 18% and 24% reduction in methane emissions from the energy system in 2030 relative to 2020. In terms of total methane emissions from energy and agricultural systems, the reduction is, respectively, 4% and 8%. In comparison, over a hundred countries made a commitment under the Global Methane Pledge—a key outcome of COP26—to collectively reduce methane emissions by at least 30% (ref. 34). Future work could explore higher ambition to reduce methane emissions—especially from agriculture—than suggested by our scenarios.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Fertility policies in combination with retirement delay tend to further increase the carbon footprint in China. Notably, most of the carbon footprint increase comes from relaxing fertility policies (increasing total (per capita) carbon footprint by 21-35% (8-12%) for 2060),  while delaying retirement policy has far smaller impacts (by only 2-3% (2-3%)). The fertility policies in combination with retirement delay are projected to have greater impacts on those provinces with a higher Theil index, which is similar to the impacts of fertility policy alone (Supplementary Fig. 3). Moreover, when focusing only on the impact of the retirement delay policy, we found that the impact tends to be greater in provinces with large discrepancies in per capita carbon footprints between middle-aged and older people (Supplementary Fig. 4). For example, in Inner Mongolia, which has the highest discrepancies in per capita carbon footprints between middle-aged and older people, the retirement delay policy is projected to increase its average per capita carbon footprint by approximately 5% (Fig. 3, Inner Mongolia). By comparison, in Yunnan, which has the lowest discrepancies in per capita carbon footprints between these two age groups, the retirement delay policy is projected to increase its average per capita carbon footprint by less than 0.10% (Fig. 3, Yunnan).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Table 2 shows weighted descriptive statistics for the AAMC survey. Women were slightly more likely to report inability to access care compared to men (p = .034 for gender difference). There was no significant gender difference in being uninsured (p = .351) or inconsistent access to care (p = .208). However, women were more likely to report limited choice in care (p < .001), and men were more likely to report delay in accessing care (p < .001) and affordability barriers to care (p = .005 for unable to pay medical bills; p < .001 for medical tests and prescriptions too expensive). Women were also less likely to report that providers spent enough time with them during a recent visit (p = .045). Women and men in the sample also differed in most sociodemographic characteristics, including age, race, and ethnicity. Men were also more likely to have higher household income (p < .001), more years of education (p < .001), be married (p < .001), have children (p = .002), and live in an urban residential setting (p < .001). Finally, women reported significantly more frequent need for health care than men (p < .001).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The results in the very short term are presented in the top row of Table 2. Of the 20 cents of tax reduction, 7 cents are passed through to oil suppliers. Russia, being an important supplier, attains a large share of the fiscal cost of the policy, making an additional €36 million per day. Apart from financing Russia, the policy is also quite ineffective in lowering consumer prices in the very short term; consumers only experience 12 cents of reduction per litre despite the tax reduction being 20 cents. The results here take into account Russia's current reduced supply to the EU (see the Methods section 'Size of markets and Russian export declines').

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We first tested whether engaging in the climate prediction market had an impact on how concerned participants were about climate change. Specifically, we ran linear regressions to predict climate concern in the post-survey from experimental condition (0 = control, 1 = treatment), controlling for participants' concern in the pre-survey. Contrary to our expectations, participating in the climate prediction market did not lead to an overall increase in climate concern compared to the control group (B = -0.005, SE(B) = 0.015, β = -0.001, t = -0.04, p = .976; Fig. 2; all results hold when using the difference between pre- and post-survey as outcome). B, Unstandardized regression coefficient. SE, Standard error. β, Standardized regression coefficient. t, statistical coefficients of test; p, statistical coefficient of significance.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Figure 4 shows the number of times each business model was chosen as a proportion of the number of times it was available to be chosen (out of four eligible times for each archetype for each person). This unweighted probability shows that there was a statistically significant difference between at least two of the segments for all but the new electrifier archetype. Table 2 provides these probability variables weighted by the stated likelihood-to-adopt score, to account for the fact that the paired comparison exercise forces people to make a decision of some kind. Here, there are differences between at least two of the segments on all of the archetypes. This shows that some segments are more discriminating across the archetypes than others.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    There is a considerable disconnect between the spatial patterns of bioenergy production and additional LUC emissions. We find that— irrespective of the policy design—a large fraction of LUC emissions does not originate from the sites of bioenergy cultivation but occurs indirectly at formerly forested areas or pasture, where agricultural activity displaced by bioenergy production is moved (Fig. 2). Those ILUC emissions as well as bioenergy plantations directly replacing carbon-rich ecosystems contribute to high EFs (for example, in the northern regions of South America for noLUreg; Fig. 2a,c,d). Without LU policies globally, more than 85% of the additional emissions induced by bioenergy production originate from territories that together generate less than 16% of total biomass production (the red and dark red wedges in Fig. 2b). By contrast, the main part of the bioenergy (more than three quarters across all policy settings) is being produced with a direct 80-year EF of less than 37 kg CO2 GJbiofuel -1 (half the EF of diesel; the blue wedges in Fig. 2), directly causing less than 10% of the total bioenergy-induced emissions if LU regulation policies are absent. Therefore, by only accounting for direct LUC emissions within major bioenergy-producing regions, only a small fraction of attached emissions can be traced. Accordingly, the total ILUC emissions related to the total bioenergy production are considerable and vary strongly with the regulatory framework.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Table 1 displays the distribution of measures for each survey wave and for the combined sample. Table 1 shows a shift in both community distrust and subjective social isolation toward greater distrust and isolation. Generalized trust appeared relatively stable, however, which reflects the importance of considering trust in specific targets with whom an individual may interact rather than more diffuse perceptions of trust. Table 1 also shows that mean levels of psychological distress increased between the two waves. Although the difference in distress is not statistically significant, ancillary analyses showed that the lack of statistical significance was largely due to small compositional differences between the two surveys. For example, simply controlling for compositional differences in age and presence of children led to an estimation of significant greater distress in March compared to September. We therefore turn to the multivariate analyses that examine differences between the two waves of surveys when taking these compositional factors into account.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The results are reported in Fig. 4 and Table 1 (columns 3-6). Across the cutoff between one and two thumbs up, we observe no statistically significant changes in consumption, regardless of whether the descriptive (Fig. 4a) or the injunctive (Fig. 4b) prime  is present. Conversely, a discrete shift in the injunctive feedback across the three versus two cutoff causes electricity reduction, but only when combined with the descriptive prime that nudges energy efficiency (Fig. 4c). The results are robust to adjustments for multiple hypothesis testing (Table 1) and are persistent over longer time horizontal (Supplementary Table 13).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Figure 2 shows the marginal effects associated with each attribute level based on regression analysis (Supplementary Table 2), using the dichotomized rating outcome as a dependent variable and standard errors grouped at the level of the individual (clustered standard errors). For the timing attribute, we take 2040 as the reference category, as this level most closely matches the 2038 timeline ultimately recommended by the Coal Commission. We find that policy scenarios with 2025 as an end date have a significantly higher probability of being supported than policies with later end dates. Postponing the phase-out to 2040 leads to a decrease in policy support of 10.7 percentage points, and postponing it to 2100—as reflected in the G7's statement to phase out fossil fuels by the end of the century—leads to a decrease in policy support of 15.3 percentage points, compared with the 2040 baseline. As is apparent in the data, Germans are also sensitive to the cost of a coal phase-out. Every increase in annual cost of €10 per household (or about €400 million per year for the German economy as a whole) decreases public support by about seven percentage points. With regard to employment effects, people prefer scenarios with lower job losses over scenarios with higher job losses, but they value newly created jobs slightly higher than lost old jobs. For instance, while the scenario with 20,000 lost jobs decreases phase-out support by 9.2 percentage points compared with a scenario with only 5,000 lost jobs, creating the same number of new jobs increases phase-out support by 12.2 percentage points. The type of supportive measures for the local economy is the least important of the five attributes. Among the design options offered here, the preferred attribute level is an expansion of renewable energies.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Table 2 examines the link between trajectory types, covariates, and risk of depression. Women with stable job, traditional family or entrepreneur familist trajectories have a lower risk of depression. By contrast, careerist, late union individuals have a relatively higher prevalence in the high-risk depression group. The risk of depression correlates with lower defamilization, with women at higher risk having experienced significantly lower levels of defamilization. Typically, women at higher risk of depression are older, have lower education and income, come from lower childhood SES, and rate their current and childhood health as poor, with a higher prevalence of pre-50 illness. Notably, they drink less, but this finding reverses and loses significance in the multivariate analysis. To better understand these associations, I conducted a logistic regression to predict the post-50 likelihood of reporting a high risk of depression considering work/family trajectories, birth cohort, defamilization, and other covariates. The analysis includes interactions between trajectories, cohorts, and defamilization. Models feature country and year-of-interview fixed effects, clustering standard errors by country-cohort.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We found that children's health lifestyles combine behavioral and nonbehavioral aspects. Dan, a White, upper-middle-class Springfield father, illustrates this complexity when describing 11-year-old Brittany's typical weekday routine: She gets to sleep in. She gets to get a nice homemade breakfast. We walk to school. I personally—Mary [Brittany's stepmother] and I both feel—it's a much better life for a child to get a good, full night's sleep and start the day with a good breakfast. Have some family time . . . organic, cage free, all that good stuff. In representing Brittany's everyday lifestyle, Dan makes health salient and blends behavioral routines with narratives, representing his parent identity, that underlie and justify them. Dan continues, “Mary and I are both—I will call it old-fashioned—but we eat dinner together. I don't answer the phone; neither of us will answer the phone at dinnertime. So we talk during dinner, and we spend a lot of quality time together, not just being under the same roof.” Mealtime behaviors express his and Mary's “oldfashioned” identities. Dan implicitly distinguishes his family's lifestyle from his idea of a typical modern family that he believes eats separately.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Outages of gas generation capacities increased rapidly when the average temperature weighted by installed capacities at gas compared to the period 2004-2020 (Supplementary Note 1 and Supplementary Fig. 10). The outages were related to the freezing of power plants and of gas supply infrastructure, including production equipment at gas fields. Power plants outages increased rapidly when average temperature weighted by gas production at gas field locations dropped below -10.9 °C, a record low compared to the period 2004-2020 (Supplementary Fig. 10). Therefore, gas supply infrastructure played an important role in causing the outages, as confirmed by ERCOT's classification of around 8 GW of gas power outages being related to limited fuel supply9. Coal generation capacity came offline at average temperatures weighted by coal plant locations of below -10.2 °C. This temperature is at the very lower end of observed temperatures in the period 2004-2021. For both coal and gas, recovery time was substantial. Even when temperatures increased to over 0 °C, 11.3 GW of thermal power plants—that is, 18% of total available thermal capacity—stayed offline for another 16 hours10.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The resulting average growth rates for demand (Extended DataTable 1) are ambitious at 31-43% yr-1, but they have been witnessedfor other technologies. Historically, wind and solar capacity growthrates have been at least 15% yr-1and often between 39 and 50% yr-1(ref. 21). General technology adoption growth rates have typicallybeen below 13-14% yr-1, but occasionally have exceeded 30-40% yr-1(ref. 32). In contrast, the calculated growth rates for production aremore ambitious, ranging from 55 to 68% yr-1, and close to the levelswitnessed historically in times of emergency when unconventionalrates of growth were observed, as indicated by Odenweller et al.21.Accordingly, if such exceptional growth rates were not realized, wewould observe substantially lower European production capacity by2030, affirming that materialized capacity expands more slowly thanannouncements might suggest.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We next consider whether cumulative unionization associations remain consistent across the 19 birth cohorts in our sample. To do so, we interact year of birth with our cumulative unionization measure. We find overall significance of the interactions for selfrated health and functional limitations: joint significance Wald test, χ2(2) = 5.41 and 18.82, p < .10 and p < .001, respectively. Figure 4 plots the predicted effects by birth cohort. We observe that the inverted U shape from the main results is most pronounced among the earliest birth cohorts in our sample, or those born in 1940. The association flattens out across birth cohorts, until negligible associations are found among those born in 1959.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    In the cost-optimal solution for the net-negative scenario, wind (54%), solar photovoltaics (PV) (40%) and hydropower (5%) supply 99% of the whole electricity demand at 9,250 TWh (Extended Data Fig. 4), which is almost three times the electricity demand in 202184,85. Biomass is mainly used to complement the supply of fuels and chemicals for industry, aviation and shipping, but a small share is also used to supply dispatchable electricity (Extended Data Fig. 4). Some 637 TWh biogas and 2,896 TWh solid biomass (2,172 TWh imported) are used, corresponding to 29% of the annual primary energy consumption at 13 PWh. Solid biomass usage amounts to about two times the 1,290 TWh used in 2021, when overall bioenergy usage was at 1,937 TWh (refs. 84,85). Around 87% of biomass usage is combined with carbon capture, with the exception  being dispatchable biomethane applications. The total annual system cost amounts to €822 billion.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    These mechanisms are particularly relevant for the African subsample—more of the subscribed forests in Africa are in protected areas and concessions (57% versus less than 33% in the other two regions). Separate estimates for these interactions by continent show robust results only for African countries (Supplementary Tables B19-B21). There is also a consistently statistically significant  negative impact of concessions with subscriptions in the Asian subsample, although not in protected areas (Supplementary Fig. B3). This effect is not visible in the average impact in Asia because concessions cover a small part of the estimation sample (14%). As our strategy does not account for the endogenous placement of protected areas and concessions, we present these results as intriguing correlations. However, these correlations confirm the anecdotal evidence on alerts: that they are used for enforcing protected area policy and for controlling illegal deforestation within forest concessions.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Under the 29 examined projections, the results show varying impacts of climate change on the naturalized streamflow of the Nile and some socio-economic characteristics of Ethiopia, Sudan and Egypt (Fig. 3). The lower the GHG emissions and EOC forcing levels, the lower the change in precipitation and streamflow (Fig. 3a). The 30-year moving average naturalized streamflow data shown in Fig. 3c-f indicate that the mean Nile streamflow could change by between -13% and +90% by 2050 compared with 2020. The intra-annual variability of the naturalized streamflow of the Nile and its main tributaries is projected to change (Extended Data Fig. 1), with the biggest changes occurring under SSP5 and high EOC temperature projections. The inter-annual streamflow variability shows varying changes depending on different SSPs, forcing levels, GCMs and time horizons, as depicted in Extended Data Fig. 2. The increase in temperature imposed by climate change is projected to increase PET (Extended Data Figs. 3 and 4), which would increase future irrigation water demands and evaporation from open water bodies.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    From the results in Table 2, we can see that the racial-ethnic clustering scores have a significant relationship to the density of vaccine sites. Specifically, for Black and Latino clustering, these scores are significant and negative, meaning that as the clustering of these two groups increases, the number of vaccine sites per 100,000 people decreases. Essentially, the higher the concentration and clustering of these two groups, the lower the  number of vaccine sites. These effect sizes are also large. We discuss these coefficients in terms of standard deviation changes because the scale of each variable is so different, although the original coefficients are available in the tables. In the case of Black clustering, a 1 SD (648.99) increase in Black clustering relates to 3.47 decrease in the number of vaccine sites per 100,000 people. Given that the average number of sites per 100,000 people is only 7.92, this is a notable change. For Latino clustering, a 1 SD (1,611.93) increase in Latino clustering is related to a 1.59 decrease in the number of vaccine sites per 100,000 people. These are both sizable coefficients and indicate that Black- and Latino-clustered areas are less likely to have vaccine sites.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Welfare is a composite measure encompassing both real income and the disutility arising from global carbon emissions, following the framework outlined in ref. 22. Real income is measured as the national income divided by the consumption price. We find that the global corporate tax competition from 2005 to 2016 resulted in a 0.029% increase in the weighted average of real income of different economies by GDP. The corporate tax cut has reduced production distortions, reallocated production to the regions with high marginal labor products and improved global economic efficiency, which brought real income gains. Meanwhile, the global corporate tax cut raised global carbon emissions, negatively impacting national welfare. The changes in real income notably outweighed the disutility brought about by carbon emission, and the weighted average welfare of different regions by GDP in the benchmark year increased by 0.011%.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our study reveals that extremely limited extents of VCEs (~0.2% of the ocean surface18) and their substantial stock and burial flux of Hg highlight the disproportionate importance of the VCEs to global Hg storage and cycling. Blue Hg stock is therefore an important, dynamic, reactive but overlooked Hg pool in the global Hg cycle and health risk. Blue C ecosystems can provide a range of ecosystem services such as protecting biodiversity and fisheries and increasing water quality. However, the co-accumulation and contrary ecological effects of OC and Hg in coastal ecosystems indicate that expanding Blue C ecosystems are very likely to add to the Blue Hg stock, consequently resulting in an increase of Hg risk in global coastal seas (Fig. 2). Delay and failure to implement the Blue C strategies may well accelerate the impending climate catastrophe and other coastal and ecological disasters, inevitably resulting in substantial economic, ecological and human losses3. We refer to increased Blue Hg stocks and the risk caused by expanding Blue C ecosystems to mitigate climate change and achieve co-benefits as the 'Blue Hg dilemma'. The close interactions between C and Hg in coastal ecosystems point to the importance of a holistic understanding of the benefits, risks and trade-offs of Blue C sequestration strategies. We highlight that the Blue Hg dilemma should be accounted for in future Blue C strategy assessments to inform policymakers and help them design better management and restoration policies across sectors and actors that can balance economic, ecological, climatic and health interests for future generations, particularly in the context of the Paris Agreement on Climate Change and the Minamata Convention on Mercury.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Remote settlements and Indigenous settlements are more likely to be underserved on multiple metrics (model 6). Remote settlements are 18% more likely (vs urban and regional) to be underserved on multiple metrics, and Indigenous settlements are 15% more likely (vs not majority Indigenous) to be underserved on multiple metrics (margins contrast, p = 0.000 for both). Remote settlements and Indigenous settlements are less likely to have solar connection clarity and less likely to have clear and independent complaints processes (models 3 and 5). Remote settlements are 38% less likely (vs urban and regional) to have solar connection clarity and 14% less likely to have clear complaints processes (margins contrast, p = 0.000 for both). Indigenous settlements are 48% less likely to have solar connection clarity and 10% less likely to have complaints process clarity, compared with settlements that are not majority Indigenous (margins contrast, p = 0.000 for both).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Table 1 shows descriptive statistics for the statelevel structural sexism measures averaged across study years. The three economic measures of  state-level sexism are ratios, with values greater than 1 indicating gender inequity that favors men. The mean values for all three measures are greater than 1, meaning that at the state level, men have higher earnings, higher labor force participation, and lower poverty rates than women on average. Among the political measures of state-level sexism, representation of men in state legislature was calculated as a proportion, with .5 indicating gender equality and higher proportions indicating more representation of men in government relative to women. All states had higher representation of men in state government (range = .59-.87). In addition, the majority of states had no paid family/medical leave policy across the observation period (94%) and no policy prohibiting gun ownership for people charged with domestic violence (65%). Although the majority of states expanded Medicaid eligibility, 28% did not expand eligibility during the study time frame. Finally, the number of women residing in counties without an abortion provider was measured as a proportion, with higher proportions indicating lower abortion access. The percentage of women residing in counties without an abortion provider varied from 0% to 96%.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We find a positive and significant rate of VC funding for the EERE 2010 group compared to the Other cleantech group (P < 0.05) in the matched subsample, but a Wald test fails to reject the hypothesis that the coefficients for ARPA-E 2010 and EERE 2010 are equal (P = 0.90). On the other hand, we find significantly less business success for firms whose application for ARPA-E funding was denied in 2010. The coefficient on post-2010 VC funding for the ARPA-E rejected group is significantly negative even when accounting for their lower rates of prior VC funding (P < 0.05); the rate of VC funding for this group is roughly one-tenth the funding rate of the Other cleantech group (Model 2 of Table 2). A Wald test rejects the hypothesis that the coefficients for ARPA-E 2010 and ARPA-E rejected are equal (P = 0.014), meaning that ARPA-E-rejected applicants performed significantly worse than did awardees.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We identified 207 study participants in the AIR Louisville programme who were under observation during the year prior to and the year after the 8 June 2016 Mill Creek power plant scrubber installation. Most participants were female (67%), of white race/ethnicity (63%) and middle-aged (average age of 45 years) (Supplementary Table 3). Participants' median monthly HyADS exposure was 1,915 (IQR: 1,172, 3,050) (Supplementary Fig. 5). Participants had a daily mean of one short-acting beta agonist (SABA) inhaler use (s.d. = 1.5) and a median of no SABA uses (IQR = 0, 1). From visual inspection, daily rescue inhaler use was more prevalent and variable earlier in the study period, probably driven by the smaller number of enrolled participants (Supplementary Fig. 6) and later trended downward (Supplementary Fig. 7).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Several of the other area-level coefficients are significant as well. Population density is significant and negative, the percentage of households with no car is significant and positive, and two others, percentage college educated and percentage in service work, are significant at the .1 level. The largest effect comes from the percentage of households with no car, where a 1 SD increase (5.38) relates to an increase of 11.8 vaccine sites. This seems to run counter to what we would expect from the literature because private vehicle ownership may relate to  socioeconomic status, but it may also be an indication of central city location where residents may perceive less of a need to own a vehicle. Taken together, from the pseudo R2 value, these sociodemographic characteristics of ZIP codes explain 34.5% of the variation in vaccine sites per 100,000 people, which is sizable.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    At the time of the failure, temperatures at wind parks in Southern Texas were at the very lower end of the temperature range observed in the period 2004-2020. However, the average wind park temperature in Northern Texas when wind power plants started to fail was just below 0 °C and well within the range of previously observed low temperatures. On 13 February, when gas outages summed up to only 5 GW, ERCOT already reported 13 GW of wind capacity outages (Fig. 1). This represented a loss of 3.3 GW of wind power production on average at the prevailing wind conditions. However, later on, temperatures reached record lows at wind power plant sites in Northern Texas, too.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We found that age, community income level, community non-wildfire PM2.5 level and country or territory significantly modified the association between wildfire-specific PM2.5 and respiratory hospitalization risks (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Table 5). Specifically, individuals ≤19 or ≥60 years old presented a greater hospitalization risk in all-cause respiratory disease and pneumonia, compared with those aged 20-59 years old. Greater risks were observed in communities with high non-wildfire PM2.5 levels for all-cause respiratory disease, COPD and pneumonia. In contrast, low non-wildfire PM2.5 communities presented a higher hospitalization risk for asthma. Furthermore, individuals in low-income communities experienced higher hospitalization risks from all-cause respiratory diseases, COPD and pneumonia, compared to higher-income communities. Conversely, greater hospitalization risks for asthma were observed in high-income communities. At the country and territory level, residents of Taiwan generally experienced higher cause-specific risks than other countries and territories. Whereas greater risks were observed, for all-cause respiratory disease in Brazil, Thailand and Vietnam; asthma in New Zealand and Australia; COPD, influenza and pneumonia in Brazil; and AURI in Canada (Supplementary Table 5).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Third, we expect central banks to engage in re-risking if their economies are highly exposed to physical climate hazards, such as storms, droughts and wildfires. A core part of central bank re-risking  is supervisory, that is, understanding the magnitude of these risks and incorporating them into financial risk management practices, such as stress tests. It follows that if a country is highly exposed to physical climate risks, it would adopt these practices. In fact, prior research has demonstrated a correlation between physical risks and central bank management of climate risks18. We measure climate hazard exposure by using the exposure component of the Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-Gain) country index.We do not find an association between exposure to climate hazards and re-risking. Instead, we find that de-risking is positively and significantly correlated with higher exposure to physical climate risks. This is puzzling and requires further analysis. One would expect that central banks of economies with high exposure to climate hazards engage primarily in re-risking. To illustrate cross-national variation, we plot the ND-Gain exposure index (our measure for physical climate risk) against de-risking scores in Supplementary Fig. 1.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).