Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To determine how different policy designs affect public policy support, as well as test our three hypotheses (H1, H2 and H3), we randomly assigned the respondents to one of a total of seven groups (Methods). On a 0-10 scale, the average support is 6.22 for removing industrial-use subsidies, 6.31 for removing subsidies on private consumption of fossil fuels and 6.33 for introducing a carbon tax. Apparently, the differences between these numbers are small. The statistical testing of the means (M) confirms this as well. When t testing the differences between the proposal of removing subsidies on private consumption (M = 6.31,  s.d. = 2.67) and the introduction of a carbon tax (M = 6.33, s.d. = 2.77), we find no statistically significant differences (t(1,893.16) = -0.1604, P = 0.4363). The first hypothesis is thus rejected. Nor do we find any differences between attitudes toward removing subsidies on industrial-use fossil fuels (M = 6.22, s.d. = 2.57) and subsidies on private consumption of fossil fuels (M = 6.31, s.d. = 2.67) (t(1,896.18) = 0.6985, P = 0.7575). Hence, we reject H2.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Beyond low visibility, we also consider alternative reasons for the weak effects of rebates on public opinion. In Canada, carbon pricing preferences might have remained relatively stable despite rebates because the political benefits of revenue recycling came with policy announcement (before our wave 1), not during implementation (our panel period). Two pieces of evidence suggest this as unlikely. First, we find little baseline knowledge about the rebate in wave 1, which we would expect if anticipation of future rebates had already increased support (Supplementary Section 11). Second, the announcement of a federal rebate policy for Alberta occurred between waves 2 and 3, after a newly elected provincial government repealed the provincial tax, which did not provide universal rebates. This prompted the federal government to step in to announce it would impose a tax and rebate policy over the objection of the provincial government (as in Saskatchewan and Ontario.) However, we find no announcement effect in Alberta, where carbon pricing support trends roughly in parallel with other provinces after policy announcement (Fig. 1).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Table 3 reports the results of the two-level random intercept models for drug-related mortality by income inequality measure, and Figure 3 visually presents the point estimates and confidence intervals for each key variable (the percentage of people with a bachelor's degree, the opioid prescription rate, and each inequality measure). All of the twolevel intercepts are statistically significant, indicating that the two-level model fits the data well and is superior to the linear model. The percentage of people with a bachelor's degree is not statistically significant at the .05 level in any of the models, which does not support the demand-side hypothesis. The opioid prescription rate's within effects are not statistically significant in any model, but all of the between effects are, which supports the supplyside hypothesis. In other words, states with a higher rate of opioid prescriptions, on average, have a higher drug-related mortality rate.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Clear differences in the pace and nature of the transition in cooking fuels across regions are evident. In rural CPA in the COVID scenario (top left panel of Fig. 3b), we see most households with very low incomes per capita (approximately less than US$5 per capita per day). We see a transition from high firewood dependence at lower income levels to almost equal shares of firewood, gas and electricity at the highest income levels. Households with middle-income levels could still rely mostly on biomass fuels. By contrast, among urban households (top left panel of Fig. 4b), income per capita levels are higher (up to approximately US$17 per capita per day). These households are likely to depend mostly on gas and electricity. The pattern varies greatly across other regions, even at comparable income levels. Nevertheless, overall, we see a strong income effect on the choice of cooking fuels, with households with higher levels of income transitioning to either gas or electricity in all regions, except in the Middle East and North Africa (MEA), a region rich in fossil fuels and poor in biomass. In MEA, higher-income households could continue to use cheap kerosene, in line with what we observed in the empirical data (see Methods section).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Among the four groups of cleantech startups in our main dataset, we find differences in emphasis across various cleantech subsectors (Fig. 1 and Supplementary Table 3). Both ARPA-E awardees and ARPA-E rejected applicants were concentrated in energy storage; ARPA-E funded nine storage startups in 2010—over one-third of its awards in that year, while such companies composed only 6% of all cleantech startups. This emphasis arises largely from two targeted technical programmes at ARPA-E for battery technology in 2010—one for electric vehicles and one for grid-scale storage.One important reason for this emphasis is that technology priorities at ARPA-E are determined in a bottom-up fashion, as they aim to fund 'white space', that is, technical areas that are overlooked by other funding sources39. This is a complementary approach to that of other offices in DOE, like EERE, where funds are allocated based on road-mapping of existing technological trajectories—in other words, EERE funds are more likely to be subject to path dependencies in the programmes when compared to ARPA-E. EERE's top-down approach is reflected in its 2010 startup portfolio, which was more similar to the overall makeup of US cleantech companies. Solar photovoltaics, for example, composed one-fifth of all cleantech startups in 2010; EERE funded eight solar startups, whereas ARPA-E funded only one.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    uced from 77.1 to 69.2 MtCO2 e per year (10.3%) over the period, far less than the reported market-based emissions. This is as RECs and PPAs are not considered in location-based accounting (Box 1), which is also why location-based emissions were higher than market-based emissions in 2015. Instead, decarbonization of the electricity grid was the main contributor to the reported emission reduction (Fig. 1g), with the increase in energy consumption  again having a net-positive contribution to the change in emissions (Fig. 1f). The location-based emissions trajectory overall barely complied with the well below 2 °C goal (turquoise line) and is similar to the market-based trajectory adjusted to exclude RECs (dotted black line in Fig. 1e).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We find that the preceding two kinds of policies will both pose a challenge to carbon emissions mitigation. As for fertility policies, they affect the population mainly in terms of size and structure, and thus affect the carbon footprints. In specific, our results show that the Chinese population will peak in 2023 (1.41 billion), 2030 (1.41 billion) and 2040 (1.44 billion) under the two-child, three-child and replacement-level policies, respectively (Fig. 2a). From 2017 to 2060, the total population will decrease from 1.40 billion to 1.15 billion (two-child policy), 1.30 billion (three-child policy) and 1.39 (replacement-level policy), which means the population differences are 12-20% under different policies (Fig. 2a). The mean population age of a person will increase from 38 years to 51 years (two-child policy), 47 years (three-child policy) and 45 years (replacement-level policy), thus, the proportion of older people will increase from 17% to 42% (two-child policy), 37% (three-child policy) and 35% (replacement- level policy) (Fig. 2b-e). Due to relaxing fertility policies, there is an 8-12% increase in per capita footprints (the blue, yellow and red solid curves in Fig. 3 (China)), and the total footprints in China are likely to be 21-35% higher.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    For policies with requirements to check, we find no additional benefits beyond general implementation of PDMPs. There is little evidence that requiring prescribers/dispensers to check the PDMP reduced overdose mortality. We find a significant lead for all fatal opioid overdoses, implying that these requirements may have been implemented in response to high overdose rates. Considering when these particular policies were passed (Figure 1), they were implemented as prescription opioid overdose mortality was stabilizing and heroin overdoses were increasing. In fact, in models for heroin overdoses, we find a significant lead (b = 1.42, p < .01, for prescribers; b = .89, p < .001, for dispensers). Thus, as all opioid overdose mortality increased, U.S. states may have tried to strengthen PDMP  systems via these requirements, but this overdose rise was due to substances (heroin, fentanyl) less likely to be affected directly by such changes. We also find a significant lead for benzodiazepines. Separating benzodiazepine overdoses that did and did not include an opioid (not shown), we find only a significant lead when the overdose included an opioid such that it was unlikely that overdoses due solely to benzodiazepines drove this particular  policy adoption.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Although there are a few instances of banks that experience higher profits due to their lower estimate of risk for low-carbon than high-carbon sectors, our results show consistently that most banks' profits would be negatively impacted by a divestment from high-carbon assets. Our findings are also robust to the classification of specific sectors as high carbon. It is the prevalence of the lowest PCR among the high-carbon sectors, in general terms, that drives our key results. We found that relabelling some selected sectors between high-carbon and low-carbon clusters does not alter the main outcome of our study, although the magnitude of the impact can change (Supplementary Information 1). This sensitivity test provides us with confidence that sectors with particularly low (high) levels of PCR among the high-carbon (low-carbon) sectors are not driving our results.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We conduct several robustness checks (Methods). This includes three ways of treating members of the EU ETS (Supplementary Fig. 2  and Supplementary Table 8, columns 1-3), dropping subnational policies (Supplementary Table 8, column 4), adding control variables (Supplementary Table 9, columns 1 and 2), changing the imputation method (Supplementary Table 9, column 3) and stratifying the model (Supplementary Table 9, column 4). We find that our results are overall very robust. An additional placebo test does not show evidence of spurious diffusion25. Furthermore, we find the best model fit for a lag time of 1-2 years (Supplementary Table 11). Additional evidence suggests that the marginal effect of a new policy decreased with the total number of existing policies (Supplementary Table 10 and Supplementary Fig. 5a). We use this insight on 'saturation' as motivation to estimate a non-linear model that we then use for all simulations (Supplementary Fig. 5b).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Means and percentages for the total sample and by incarceration exposure are displayed in Table 1. Over half of this African American sample reported being formerly incarcerated (52.2%), over one-third were incarcerated in the past 4 years (35.0%), and two-thirds were incarcerated more than once (65.9%). These descriptive results are consistent with literature indicating the mass incarceration of young low-income black adults (see Wildeman and Wang 2017).2 Among the formerly incarcerated individuals, 12.0% experienced direct violence during incarceration, and 23.4% experienced secondary violence. GrimAge scores indicate that, on average, formerly incarcerated individuals experience accelerated aging (x = 1.179), whereas those who were never incarcerated experience decelerated aging (x = -1.349, p < .001). Table 1 also reveals differences by incarceration exposure across demographic characteristics, preincarceration health behaviors, and childhood adversity.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Moreover, as evinced in the results, we found biased care across all providers despite specialization, age, race, or gender. This may be due to the relative homogeneity among clinicians in terms of upbringing and class status (see Alsan, Garrick, and Graziani 2019; Carrese and Rhodes 1995). Providers from higher SES backgrounds with similar medical school education may hold shared beliefs about parental readiness, parenting, and the appropriateness of specific contraceptives for specific women (Stevens 2015). Moreover, providers' use of pregnancy risk data in their clinical decision-making may further reinforce these personal beliefs. We also note that white providers appeared to discuss their strategies to avoid biased care more explicitly relative to providers of color, although all providers did discuss these strategies. The emphasis on race-based bias trainings may hold some explanatory value. White providers learning about discrimination against racial minorities may be more inclined to reflect on their own approaches and more consciously develop coping strategies with which to navigate and minimize bias. Both findings should be explored further in future research to expand on work that currently explores the relationship between race concordance and patient care outcomes (see Alsan et al. 2019; Carrese and Rhodes 1995).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Interviewees identified several common barriers to policy implementation in BERDO, including capacity and budget constraints, technical complexity, uncertainty and data quality/availability. However, we found that additional distinctive challenges stemmed from the pursuit of implementing climate justice itself. We categorized these challenges into (1) scope and scale discrepancies, (2) the bureaucratization of justice and (3) the weaponizing of justice. The first challenge in implementing climate justice is that it inherently requires action at multiple scales and beyond the scope of a single program. As stated by an interviewee, “the ordinance was reflective of some community priorities and goals that would never really be able to be addressed through just BERDO alone”. In addition to the legal constraints attached to any given program, scope and scale discrepancies partially originate from the multiplicity of meanings of justice. For some, operationalizing justice in BERDO meant implementing the program in a way that avoids harm and distributes benefits inherently produced by building decarbonization. For others, justice also meant “increasing the pot of benefits that are on the table and then distributing those”, potentially crossing the legal scope of BERDO.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We ran the regressions presented in Table 1 with regional interaction effects (Supplementary Table 3). In most of the regions,climate-induced decreases in crop yields reduce food availabilityand increase hunger while reduced trade costs have opposite effects.The food availability impacts of crop-yield changes are largestfor SAS, SSA and SEA, whereas the effect of trade costs is largestfor regions maintaining net imports under climate change (SSA,MNA and EAS). The corresponding impact on hunger is largestin low-income regions (SSA and SAS), followed by middle-incomeregions (EAS, MNA, and SEA). The interaction effect, which revealswhether climate change alters the relationship between trade costsand hunger, is most pronounced in SSA, followed by EAS. Figure 3plots the predicted hunger-yield relationship in EAS and SSA fordifferent levels of trade cost, showing that hunger is less sensitive toclimate-induced yield changes under reduced trade costs

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The hunger outcomes of the climate and trade scenarios differsubstantially among the hunger-affected regions (Fig. 2). Climatechange has little impact on regions facing positive or small negative crop yield impacts (Russia and West Asia (CSI), and theMiddle-East and North-Africa (MNA)) or maintaining a high cropyield (Latin American countries (LAC); Extended Data Fig. 1 (foraverage crop yield), Supplementary Figs. 1-4 (for the four maincrops)). Regions with negative impacts on medium crop yields facelarger hunger impacts (East Asia (EAS) and Southeast Asia (SEA)).South Asia (SAS) and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) face the mostsevere hunger impacts from climate change. They experience negative impacts on already low yields, also when including the impactof supply-side adaptation on yields (Extended Data Fig. 2). Acrossthe RCP8.5 scenarios, projections for the baseline trade scenariorange from an increase of 13-181% and 2-51% in the population atrisk of hunger for SAS and SSA, respectively. The effect of the tradescenarios on regional undernourishment is largest among baselinenet-importing regions (SSA, MNA, EAS and SAS) and regions inwhich climate change reduces net exports (SEA; Extended DataFigs. 3 and 4). The fixed imports scenario enlarges hunger impactsin the extreme climate change scenario in SSA, SAS and SEA by raising agricultural prices (Extended Data Figs. 5 and 6), increasing netexports in SEA, and reducing net imports in SSA and SAS. Adverseeffects from trade restriction, such as the export bans observedduring the 2007-2008 world food crisis28,29 and those feared as aresult of the global COVID-19 pandemic30,31, may pose severehunger risks under climate change. Under the pre-Doha tariffsscenario undernourishment in SSA, SAS and EAS is substantiallyhigher compared with the baseline trade scenario. Tariff liberalization between 2001 and 2010 reduced average import tariffs in SSA,SAS and EAS by around 30% (Supplementary Table 6). The lower tariffs reduce the overall level of trade costs by 2050 (SupplementaryTable 7) and enable larger agricultural net imports in SSA, SASand EAS across all climate scenarios (Extended Data Fig. 3). Inthe MNA region, the average import tariff reduced marginally andin SEA it was already low (Supplementary Table 6). The facilication+tariff elimination scenario reduces hunger in the SSA, MNAand EAS regions across all climate scenarios by decreasing averagetrade costs (Supplementary Table 7), thereby reducing agriculturalprices and raising agricultural imports (Extended Data Figs. 3and 5). In some cases, trade integration increases rather thandecreases the level of undernourishment in a region under climate change. The largest adverse effects occur under the tariffelimination scenario in the SEA and SAS regions (Extended DataFig. 7). Whereas the facilitation scenario reduces hunger in theextreme climate change scenario by 16% and 8%, the tariff elimination scenario increases hunger impacts by 4% and 16% in SEAand SAS, respectively. Both trade scenarios reduce average tradecosts (Supplementary Table 7), but the tariff elimination scenarioincreases rice exports from SAS and SEA, thereby reducing domestic calorie availability. The facilication+tariff elimination scenariocompensates for calorie loss from rice exports through increasedimports of other agricultural goods and decreases the hunger effectof extreme climate change by 26% and 11% in SEA and SAS, respectively. Our sensitivity analysis shows that the effects of trade onclimate-induced hunger are robust to CO2 fertilization assumptions(Supplementary Figs. 13 and 14).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    As an initial step, I explored variability in maternal health across waves. First, for all four outcomes, I calculated the within- and between-person variance components. This step revealed that variances for overall health and parenting stress were similar in magnitude within mothers as between mothers (results in Table 2; estimates reflected standard deviations). For global mental health, the within estimate suggested that of the mothers who reported a mental health struggle, mothers reported a mental health struggle in 46% of their reports. Among mothers who smoked, this number was 72%. Second, transition probabilities provided a different perspective on these two categorical outcomes. They revealed that 22% of women who smoked at one wave did not smoke at a later wave, and 52% of mothers who reported a mental health struggle the past year did not do so in a later wave. These models indicated the potential for health to change across time and provided the foundation for the subsequent modeling steps.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We found that large-scale negative emissions increase within-country inequality. We now ask whether this result varies across scenarios with and without overshoot. In the 'no overshoot' scenario, each region is not allowed to have net-negative emissions. This results in a global cumulative carbon removal of 126 GtCO2 , less than half of the amount sequestered in the scenario with overshoot. On the other hand, the no overshoot scenario has higher emission reductions in the first part of the century.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Of the countries with quantitative projections of residual emissions,  15 Annex I countries provide a quantitative sectoral breakdown, shown in Fig. 2. Notably, across these countries, electricity is not responsible for many residual emissions, aligning with common expectations  that electricity is feasible to decarbonize. Agriculture and industry represent the largest residual emissions. The prominence of agriculture brings up the question of whether residual emissions are expected  to be CO2or other greenhouse gases, which is unspecified in most strategies. Only the United Kingdom includes aviation in its accounting of residual emissions, amounting to nearly half of its total. Notably, these figures are mainly from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, and many of the non-Annex I countries indicated that they would have residual emissions from energy.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our results show that Chinese young people have relatively higher per capita household carbon footprints compared with older people. The big driver behind this headline result might be differences in income, which leads to differences in household consumption and then carbon footprints (Supplementary Note 3); The results differ from those of existing research on developed countries, which have concluded that older people tend to have higher per capita carbon footprints compared with their younger counterparts. Such a distinctive pattern is due mainly to the difference in income and consumption of China's older people from other developed countries23.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    A gendered power perspective links structural sexism to preventive health care use through the impact of women's (dis)empowerment on social, political, and economic processes that allocate resources relevant for population health. At the state level, more liberal policies expand economic regulations, protect marginalized groups, and are associated with longer life expectancies (Montez et al. 2020). Such policies are more likely to support women and be supported by women in power (Kavanagh and Graham 2019). Evidence from around the world also show that when women are empowered socially and politically, there are greater investments in education, health care, public health, and other social programs that tend to improve health for the entire population (Boehmer and Williamson 1996; Bolzendahl and Brooks 2007; Little, Dunn, and Deen 2001; Miller 2008; Young 2001). Differences in state-level policies can also affect health care use through barriers to accessing services, such as lack of insurance options like expansion of Medicaid, unavailability of flexible appointments, inadequate transportation, and poor social support for childcare, among other factors (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 2018). This leads to the hypothesis that states with higher levels of structural sexism may offer less generous safety-net policies and allocate fewer resources to health care, leading to lower levels of preventive health care use among both men and women, as illustrated in Figure 1b. This pattern would be consistent with the findings of Homan (2019) that state-level structural sexism exposure was universally harmful for health, negatively impacting outcomes for both men and women.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Table 2 also shows that there are important differences across countries in terms of the value of the NECPs in achieving power price stability. The moderation in price spikes is clearer in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Netherlands, Germany and the Nordic countries, whereas for Italy, Austria, Poland, the Czech Republic and other countries in Eastern Europe, the changes would be very small. Our simulations confirm that exposure to natural gas is the main factor affecting the probability of price spikes in European markets in each country (Fig. 1).  The negative change in β-sensitivity from 2024 to 2030 is strongly correlated with the reduction in the tails of the price distribution, both for high and extreme episodes; countries that reduce the dependency of their markets on natural gas are those that also obtain a clearer mitigation of price spikes. This is an important result as it confirms the underlying rationale of European renewable deployment policies. By reducing the dependence on natural gas, they help achieve broader price stability. Because of this, in what follows, we focus on understanding what drives the evolution of β-sensitivity.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Erosion was the most common source of failure during the 2000-2023 period, bringing about the end of 47% of reforms within the first year and 61% within 3 years. Backtracking brought about the end of 14% of all reforms in the first year and 19% within 3 years. After 2016, backtracking became more common. In the 2000-2015 period, just 9.6% of all reform failures were caused by backtracking; after 2016, it rose to 38% of all failures (Fig. 2).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The results for the gender-stratified multilevel models that predict use of preventive health care services conditional on exposure to structural  sexism are in Table 3 for women and Table 4 for men. Figure 2 visualizes the results for both men and women in a forest plot with a darker color representing significant results. Overall, we found that both women and men were less likely to use preventive services in states with more structural sexism. Women were less likely to have had a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy (OR = .94, p = .018), to have tested for HIV (OR = .82, p < .001), and to have had a mammogram (OR = .95, p = .009), a pap test (OR = .94, p = .011), and an HPV test (OR = .87, p < .001) in states with more structural sexism compared to women in states with less structural sexism. Men were similar in that they were less likely to have a personal doctor (OR = .91, p = .031), to have had a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy (OR = .93, p = .006), and to have tested for HIV (OR = .85, p < .001) in states with more structural sexism compared to men in states with less structural sexism. However, men also were more likely to have had a PSA test in states with more structural sexism (OR = 1.06, p = .003), which was the only service positively associated with structural sexism.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our analysis of the 50 LT-LEDS shows that there is no consistent definition or use of the concept of residual emissions. A majority of LT-LEDS do not explicitly mention the concept of residual emissions, despite having a net-zero target. Few countries provide an explicit definition or elaborate how residual emissions amounts are arrived at, explain what criteria were used to determine them or specify what greenhouse gases make up the residual emissions. The examples in Table 2 illustrate the variance in how countries describe residual emissions in LT-LEDS. Countries such as Switzerland and Norway suggest an absolute limit on abatement options by describing residual emissions as those that 'cannot' be completely eliminated. By contrast, France and Nepal exemplify a more fluid understanding, where the need for residual emissions owes to 'the current state of knowledge' and with the expectation that technological advancement might change this. Sweden explicitly mentions the ambition to minimize residual emissions as much as possible, suggesting at least some political leverage over the amount of residual emissions allowed in LT-LEDS. Finally, some countries make explicit reference to economic considerations in their description of residual emissions.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Since a single pathway that achieves all three objectives for any given waste feedstock across locations is lacking, there is a need to consider three distinct scenarios of optimal use of biomass wastes— maximum energy production (MEP), maximum net energy (MNE) and maximum emission reduction (MER). For each county in the United States, we first select the conversion pathway for each type  of waste under each of the three scenarios. The national results are the aggregation of county-level results. The calculations are described in Methods and results are depicted in Table 3 and Fig. 3. Scenario results suggest that there is substantial benefit from utilizing wastes and biomass residues to either displace energy production or reduce GHG emissions or both. As one would expect, MEP results in the highest potential of renewable energy production, which totals 3.8 EJ—3.7% of total US energy demand in 2016 (ref. 46), and MER results in the highest potential of emissions reduction, 178 MtCO2 e—2.7% of total US GHG emissions in 2016 (ref. 47). The MNE scenario indicates the highest potential of net energy as well as a moderate amount of emissions reduction (75% of MER). A breakdown of scenario results by waste feedstock reveals the preferred conversion pathways under each of the three scenarios (Supplementary Table 4). CHP (E1) is the preferred option for agricultural resides under both the MEP and MNE scenarios, while either CHP (E1) or gasification (M1) may maximize GHG emission reduction depending on specific feedstock. For dairy manure, CHP (E1) is the preferred option that maximizes renewable energy production, but anaerobic digestion to biomethane (M2) maximizes both the net energy gains and climate benefits. For forest residues, CHP (E1) results in the largest amount of renewable energy and net energy gain, while either hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) with in situ hydrogen production (Bj5) or gasification (M1) maximizes GHG emission reduction. In contrast to other categories of wastes, optimal use of MSW feedstocks would require a greater number of conversion technology pathways depending on specific feedstock. Non-biogenic carbon in MSW is concentrated in three feedstocks— plastics, rubber and leather, and textiles. Thus, the non-biogenic carbon is immediately emitted into the atmosphere when processing these feedstocks instead of being stored in landfills. While the inclusion of biogenic CO2 reduces net GWP for forest residues and MSW (Fig. 1c,d), it does not change the ranking of conversion pathways under the three scenarios.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To provide a preliminary picture of the link between maternal health and education, Table 4  presents the bivariate associations between baseline maternal education and the four maternal health outcomes. Pairwise estimates of statistical significance between different levels of education were performed using one-way analysis of variance. Maternal health reflects an average of the pooled estimates across the five study waves. Results demonstrate the educational gradient in maternal health. As mothers' baseline level of educational attainment increased, their overall self-rated health increased, and their reports of parenting stress, having poor mental health, and having recently smoked decreased. The rate of smoking was four times greater for mothers with less than a high school degree than for mothers with a bachelor's degree (36% vs. 8%). Differences in mental health were also noteworthy, albeit smaller (26% vs. 14%). Patterns for overall health represented a 55% of a standard deviation (overall SD = 1.05) difference between mothers with the highest and lowest levels of education. Patterns for parenting stress amount to a 15% of a standard deviation (overall SD = .69) difference. Notably, differences among those with a high school degree and some college were not as pronounced.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Financial parameters are based on the public reports summarized in Table 1 and include a debt fraction of 80% and an interest rate of 3.5%, with a return on equity of 10%. Some observers have speculated that money was essentially given out for free to the project developers, to achieve headline-grabbing pricing milestones13. Our analysis shows that such extreme assumptions are not necessary to achieve the reported prices under today's conditions. Furthermore, while early projects were financed principally by local banks, encouraging some doubt as to the model's global sustainability, the growing role of international financial institutions suggests that confidence in solar energy in the broader financial sector may be growing to the point where similarly favourable financial terms may be reached in other markets. In addition, the return on equity can be maintained at a globally competitive 10%.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    As the FIT and RO schemes are now closed to new projects, we examine the importance of revenue from these schemes to community energy business models. The overwhelming majority of generation projects in our dataset accessed FITs, RHI or RO revenues (only two projects did not). Of these, we used 110 projects with sufficient detail on annual costs and revenues to perform a simple calculation to examine their dependency on these schemes (note that existing projects are not affected by cuts to FITs rates and the closure of the FIT and RO schemes, see Methods for details). We find that 92% of these projects (101 projects) were in financial surplus (that is, total annual revenues exceeded total annual costs) for the year for which data were provided; however, after removing the price scheme revenues, only a fifth of the projects (22 projects) were in surplus. As these projects were designed to draw on FITs or similar revenue streams, it is not surprising that removing those revenues would push many projects into deficit. Yet, it is notable that 22 projects do not suffer this fate in our exercise, and so in the rest of this section we examine their characteristics in more detail.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    In Supplementary Note 2, we carry out a sensitivity analysis of these results with respect to other parameter values. The results are generally not very sensitive in the very short term. The long-term and short-term results are more sensitive. The sensitivity analysis suggests that Russia's short-term profit gains can be one-third compared with those using our preferred parameter values (reported here in the main text). However, they may also be around 70% higher. We also investigate whether the discount on Russian oil (through the Urals price) is likely to change our results (Supplementary Note 4) and let the costs c be proportional to the oil price (Supplementary Note 3). With regard to the Urals price, while the time window is too short to infer the long-term effects, our analysis suggests that an increased global oil price (for example, due to a tax cut, as considered here) will lead to an equivalent increase in the Urals price. Hence, our results are probably not affected by this discount. We refer the reader to Supplementary Note 4 for more details.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our NDC assessment finds that countries' conventional CDR on land will change from -3.0 GtCO2 yr-1 for the period 2011-2020 (that is, the removals reported in GHG inventories once the indirect effects are factored out in this study; see Methods) to approximately -3.1 GtCO2 yr-1 (unconditional pledges) or about -3.5 GtCO2 yr-1 (conditional pledges) in 2030. While some countries include novel CDR in their qualitative description of mitigation efforts towards the 2030 pledges and a few provide initial quantifications (for example, Korea, Canada, Norway), these are currently not possible to distinguish from avoided emissions (for example, fossil-based CCS). We therefore estimate zero commitments towards novel CDR by 2030, with no change from current levels of approximately 2 MtCO2 yr-1.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Across all end uses, the competitiveness analysis reveals a substantial and prolonged cost gap between all green products and their respective fossil competitors. This is exemplified by the competition between green hydrogen and natural gas, which is relevant for end uses such as industry, power and grid injection (Fig. 5a,b), as well as between green hydrogen and grey hydrogen, covering the end uses ammonia, refining and some biofuel routes (Fig. 5c,d). Together, these account for over 90% of the announced electrolyser capacity by 2030 (Extended Data Fig. 2). In contrast, project announcements for electrofuels remain limited, which may be due to a larger cost gap to the fossil competitors in the respective end uses (Extended Data Fig. 5g-l). Without carbon pricing, the cost gap between green hydrogen and natural gas of US$150 MWh-1 in 2024 implies that green hydrogen is initially more than seven times as expensive as natural gas (Fig. 5a), while the cost gap between green hydrogen and grey hydrogen is only slightly lower at US$121 MWh-1 in 2024 (Fig. 5c). As green hydrogen costs decrease, the cost gap gradually reduces, but typically prevails also into the long term. This pattern holds across all end uses. Without carbon pricing, in our central estimate, no green product becomes competitive with its fossil competitor until 2050. This is robust across a wide range of progressive and conservative parameter values (Extended Data Fig. 5, left column).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Turbine age at dismantling varies considerably across the categories (Fig. 2b). The space category shows some of the highest and lowest dismantling ages, which range from 3.8 to 32.9 years with a median value of 17.4 years. The average age for the noise category is 22.1 years, the highest of all groups, which suggests that older turbines more commonly induce a violation of noise emission limits. Those older turbines are mechanically louder and have less sound insulation than newer turbines, as stated by one of the interviewees.In seven of the eight categories, both the median and average value for the operating turbine lifetime are <20 years. This is surprising because turbines installed in Denmark between 1996 and 2008 are guaranteed government support for 20 years34. Hence, many of these turbines forego support payments because of dismantling. This reinforces the idea that repowering is seldom a technical end-of-lifetime decision or even an end-of-support decision. One interviewee stated that they continuously monitor their fleet of existing turbines and evaluate the turbines' economic viability to include them or not in a new repowering project; hence, the current age of the existing turbine is, in itself, largely irrelevant, and merely a parameter in the broader economic evaluation.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    As the discussions of the Coal Commission showed, the main question about phasing out coal is not if, but when, the phase-out is going to happen. Hence, the following analyses focus specifically on the question of timing. While Fig. 2 indicates that the timeline does indeed have a considerable effect on citizens' preferences, there may be differences between population subgroups. In particular, it has been suggested that party identification structures people's energy policy preferences27,28. Germany's party elites represent opposing views on the coal phase-out, ranging from the Greens' position for an early phase-out to the conservative parties tending to defend the status quo29. In the context of the 2017 federal elections, the partisan divide on the topic became highly visible, and the question of timing was one of the reasons why the negotiations for a government coalition of the Christian Democrats, the Liberal Democrats (FDP) and the Green Party failed in November 201730. Figure 3a shows that there is some variation among partisans with regard to the strength of their timing preferences. Unsurprisingly, Green Party supporters show the strongest preference for an early phase-out in 2025. What may be more surprising is that supporters of almost all other parties also prefer 2025 over 2040. The only exception is the relatively small subsample supporting the Bavarian arm of the CSU, where the preference for 2025 is not significant. In contrast to public statements by their party leaders, FDP and Green Party voters have similar views on this issue. For all respondents, phasing out in 2100 is the least preferred timeline, although supporters of the right-wing populist party Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) are comparatively more positive about such a late phase-out date than supporters of all other parties. In light of other surveys investigating public attitudes on the German energy transition (either surveys with a broad focus31 or those with a specific focus on the coal phase-out32), the muted differences across different partisans actually reflect a recurring pattern. See Supplementary Table 3 for the supporting regression analyses.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Splitting the sample of public officials into Republicans and Democrats (considering there were few Independents in this sample) and looking at the marginal means, we find limited differences. In Fig. 4 (see Supplementary Table 3 for model estimates), the rightmost panel displays differences in marginal means between parties, with positive values indicating that Republicans prefer a level more than Democrats and negative values indicating that Democrats prefer a level more  than Republicans. For public officials, there are very few statistically significant differences in marginal means between parties. This may be due to the very small sample size and lack of power for these comparisons. The only attribute level that shows statistically significant differences across parties is support for projects that have minimal impact on wildlife habitats, where a 17 p.p. difference indicates that Democrats are more concerned about protecting wildlife habitats when siting energy projects. Not statistically significant but substantively interesting, Republicans appear to support projects owned by American private companies the most while Democrats appear to prefer projects owned cooperatively by communities. Additionally, Republicans appear to prefer natural gas with CCS to other energy projects, while Democrats prefer solar.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our results indicate that the interactions between mitigation policies make attaining China's carbon neutrality more challenging than expected, if this expectation refers to a simple aggregation of the direct effects of each mitigation policy implemented separately12,20. The percentage of scenarios achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 decreases substantially by 84%, and the attainment of carbon neutrality under these scenarios is postponed by 5-6 years when the interactions between mitigation policies are considered. While synergetic effects expand the potential space of policies with complementary mechanisms, trade-off effects compress the space of policies with competing mechanisms. Among the analysed policies, only combinations of renewable energy and electrification of end uses are complementary and show no competing mechanisms compressing the space of policies. In contrast, combinations of carbon pricing and renewable energy have the greatest trade-off effect. Thus, the findings highlight the need for careful policy combination to minimize carbon emissions and economic losses.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We find that indirect emission reductions are as large as or even larger than direct emission reductions in most countries. Specifically, from 2022-2050, about 70% of countries (97 out of 138) have larger indirect than direct cumulative emission reductions (Fig. 2a). Furthermore, we find that indirect emission reductions are far more equally distributed across countries than direct emission reductions (Fig. 2b). This result also suggests that the total reductions in emissions from policy adoption and diffusion are more equally distributed than only direct domestic emission reductions. For simplicity, we assume that carbon pricing policies reduce  GHG emissions by the same rate r = 1% per year in all countries relative to a situation without a carbon pricing policy. This rate is conservative compared to known reductions in emissions in existing ETSs and estimated reductions for carbon taxes (Methods). In a sensitivity analysis, we vary the value of this parameter between 0.1% and 10% and find that this changes the number of countries with larger indirect than direct emission reductions by only a few percentage points (Supplementary Fig. 7). We do not find evidence that later adopters tended to adopt systematically more or less stringent polices than earlier adopters (Supplementary Fig. 6). Furthermore, we find similar results for alternative proximity metrics (Supplementary Fig. 8).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    The ISSA results suggest that the most effective policy combinations for achieving the carbon neutrality target are dominated by the highest levels of A and E, or C and E, with an average attainment of carbon neutrality of 2053-2054 (Fig. 2a). However, the most effective policy combination under ASIA is that of R and E, with an average timeline of reaching carbon neutrality by 2059. The electrification of end uses is a key factor for attaining carbon neutrality, as the most potent portfolios must contain E policies under both AISA and ISSA. Furthermore, in terms of the timeline for achieving carbon neutrality, all scenarios under ASIA are projected to achieve the target later than those under ISSA. The average economic costs under ISSA and ASIA differ considerably (Fig. 2b). The results reveal that, under ISSA, the average cumulative economic cost from 2020 to 2060 is ~3.8% of GDP, which is much greater than the results (~2.9%) of the scenarios under ASIA, with the best economic performance observed in the combination of the highest level of A and R. Nevertheless, under ASIA, the best policy combination from the economic side changes to the highest level of R and E. R policy clearly plays a crucial role in determining the economic cost.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Our analysis of battery cost predictions unveils that near-market estimates are remarkably stable over different release dates. These projections are prone to only minor downward adjustments, as indicated by the difference between OLS and WLS results (Supplementary Figs. 5 and 6 and Supplementary Table 2), and are consistently more optimistic than those from scientific literature (p < 0.05, two-tailed t-test; Supplementary Table 4). Conversely, scientific cost estimates published in 2010-2023 faced substantial downward adjustments. Hence, battery costs have experienced a more rapid decline than initially expected, at least in the scientific community. This echoes Nykvist and Nilsson25, who found similar divergences for industry vs market leaders vs peer-reviewed literature estimates and supports conclusions from Frith et al.32, who emphasize substantial gaps between academic and industry perspectives. One explanation might be that near-market sources may have more practical in-depth knowledge about technologies, manufacturing or cost-saving measures and better access to industry insights such as market trends, partnerships, supply chain dynamics or confidential pricing data. In contrast, parts of the scientific literature may be classified as theoretical estimates or may be affected by citation patterns or time-delaying review processes, leading to the self-confirmation of outdated values and assumptions.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Figure 2a shows the response rates by condition. During the first 17 weeks, 74% of clients in the reciprocity + simplification condition referred by slip rather than by phone or webform, affirming the slip's convenience. The odds of referring were five times as high in the reciprocity + simplification condition compared with the control (response rates of 4.22% versus 0.86%, odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.16-7.88, P < 0.0001) and three times as high compared with reciprocity alone (4.22% versus 1.45%, OR 95% CI 2.04-4.33, P < 0.0001; Supplementary Table 2). Clients in the reciprocity condition were  1.7 times as likely to refer than those in the control, though the comparison was less precise (OR 95% CI 0.99-2.84, P = 0.054). Nine months after the campaign, the differences in response rates across conditions narrowed but were significantly different at P < 0.05 (Fig. 2a and Supplementary Table 3), indicating that the treatments had lasting effects and did not simply shift intended referrals sooner.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We interviewed genetic counselors and obstetriciangynecologists (ob-gyns) working in hospital settings to explore how abortion legislation affects their work. We find that the interpretation and implementation of legislation is not straightforward and varies by institution. An ever-changing legislative landscape combined with different institutional interpretations of legal restrictions produces uncertainty for those working in reproductive health care settings. This uncertainty occurs within a climate of fear and stigma surrounding abortion care provision in restrictive contexts, impacting health care professions differently depending on their professional status and proximity to abortion care. We argue that a political context that produces uncertainty can result in more limiting interpretations and implementation of legal restrictions than necessitated by the law, thereby amplifying the impacts of an already restrictive context. This chilling effect captures how the political context of care can constrain care beyond what law and policy dictate because clinicians and institutions err on the side of caution when uncertain whether providing clinically appropriate care is legal. With Roe overturned, the legislative context remains in flux such that reproductive rights depend on one's state of residence (McCann 2022). Practicing in a state of uncertainty is more relevant than ever for many health care providers.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Searching for the conversion pathway that is optimal with respect to all three criteria—renewable energy, net energy and GWP—we find that, except in rare instances, no single pathway exists for any given type of waste across all US counties and states (Table 2). Across different types of agricultural residue, CHP (E1) consistently stands out with respect to all three objectives for a substantial fraction of counties and states. For animal manure, no single pathway satisfies all three objectives. For forest residues and municipal wastes, optimal conversion pathways that satisfy all three objectives vary by specific waste feedstocks. The percentage of locations where there is a single optimal pathway varies substantially.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    In addition to testing our main hypotheses, we conducted a series of exploratory analyses. First, we tested whether the treatment effect was stronger in certain conditions (that is, as in Study 1, when participants were successful in their bets). While we did not observe significant interaction effects between the experimental condition and the bet winnings for climate concern (B = 0.009, SE(B) = 0.011, β = 0.04, t = 0.75, p = 0.455) or support (B = 0.007, SE(B) = 0.014, β = 0.04, t = 0.55, p = 0.583), we found a significant moderation for climate knowledge (B = 0.182, SE(B) = 0.053, β = 0.41, t = 3.44, p < 0.001). Notably, we observed a significant interaction between the treatment and political ideology. The treatment was more effective at increasing support for remedial action among more conservative participants (B = 0.077, SE(B) = 0.036, β = 0.13, t = 2.14, p = 0.033). All treatment effects were independent of initial climate concerns, suggesting that participants at all levels of climate concern were equally affected by their involvement in the climate prediction market.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Here we evaluate the cost and health impacts of TOU among vulnerable (that is, low income, elderly, disability, young children and racial/ethnic minority; Table 1 gives the operational definitions) versus non-vulnerable households that took part in a randomized control TOU pilot in the southwestern United States. We found that, although all households on TOU face bill increases relative to controls, those vulnerable on the elderly and disability indicators face greater bill increases on TOU versus control than their nonvulnerable counterparts. Conversely, low-income and Hispanic households face relatively smaller bill increases on TOU versus control than their non-vulnerable counterparts. Households vulnerable on low-income and disability indicators face worse health outcomes regardless of the rate. Relative to their non-vulnerable counterparts, households vulnerable on disability and Hispanic indicators face an increased likelihood of negative health outcomes when assigned to TOU, and low-income households face increased discomfort. These results suggest the need to consider vulnerable groups separately, and the importance of a careful rate design.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Summary statistics suggest that areas with early subscriptions tend to have had slightly higher deforestation before alert availability (Table 1 and Supplementary Section B2). Pre-alert trends across the different subscription groups (Supplementary Tables B3-B5) were not statistically significantly different using the binary deforestation and winsorized outcomes, but show significant differences for the per cent deforestation outcome. This supports the validity of comparisons for the first two outcomes but not for per cent deforestation. Additional robustness checks detailed in the Supplementary Information confirm large, negative and statistically significant effects on forest in Africa. The average effect of subscriptions on deforestation is negative (the opposite sign of the impact of alert availability), but statistically insignificant and small compared with the average yearly 2011-2016 deforestation probability (0.18). Results using winsorized per cent deforestation and per cent deforestation as outcomes tell the same story (Supplementary Tables B6 and B7). The effect of subscriptions on deforestation is probably a conservative estimate because some areas are likely to receive more monitoring than others, which should increase the standard errors and decrease the statistical significance of the estimated coefficients.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We find similar results from models fitted to states' IOL rates among Latina women. In Figure 3 (Panel B), there are no significant differences between the “Observed” line (solid black) and “Control Own Characteristics” line (dashed black) during the time period 1990 to 2005, but the “Control Own Characteristics” line is significantly lower than the “Observed” rates for the time period 2005 to 2017. Although the differences are not substantively large, these findings suggest that a small fraction of the rising IOL rates among states' Latina women are associated with changes in the demographics and risk factors of the states' Latina childbearing populations. Yet states' IOL rates among Latina women are also statistically and substantively associated with changes in demographic characteristics and risk factors among states' White childbearing populations (“Equation (4)-White,” Appendix G in the online version of the article). As shown in Figure 3 (Panel B), the “Control White Characteristics” line (solid gray) indicates that the average IOL rate among pregnancies to Latina women would not have substantively increased between 1990 and 2017 if states' White childbearing populations had not experienced changes in their demographic composition or maternal risk factors. Thus, the rising trends in states' IOL rates among pregnancies to Latina women are largely explained by changes in the demographic composition and risk factors of states' White childbearing populations.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    By using an ensemble of models, and presenting a decomposition of the effects across models, we explored inherent uncertainty and diversity of results and the underlying dynamics. The wide variation in projected mitigation potentials across models (51-85% for buildings and 37-91% for transport) reveals the high level of  uncertainty that arises from the complexity of modelling future energy-demand development.The impact of the selected set of demand-side interventions is high: on average, across the models, 65% reduction of direct CO2emissions in buildings and nearly 70% in transport by 2050, compared to a current policies scenario. Activity-focused measures result in reductions by 2050 of 6-23% for buildings and 17-28% for transport, technology-optimizing measures to 11-33% and 2-67%, respectively, and electrification-focused measures to 45-77% and 22-86%. However, the success of these strategies hinges critically on the emergence of social innovations and implementation of policies to overcome crucial barriers.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Another factor contributing to uncertainty was that interpretations of legislation could vary by institution and region of the state. Although the most obvious reason for institutional variation is due to restrictions based on funding or institution type, we found that this does not fully explain the variation. Respondents also perceived that institutional cultures, personal beliefs, fear and stigma, or a combination thereof accounted for some variation. We heard from respondents that Ohio's hospitals—both religious and nonreligious—tend to have abortion restrictions that are more conservative than the law, impacting patients' access to abortion care more than legislation alone would suggest. In fact, laws not in effect during the study period still informed institutional policies and practices.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To assess the question of whether temperature influences the probability of disconnection, we used random-effects probit regressions to estimate the probability of same-day and multi-day disconnections. Figure 4 shows the estimates for temperature-related increases in the probability of a same-day disconnection, which includes daily estimates and the estimates for the monthly change in disconnections (without the daily temperature effect). The estimates are interpreted in relation to a reference temperature range (daily average temperatures between 20°C and 25 °C). These estimates are also re-estimated by the level of electricity use and climate zones.The probability of a same-day disconnection occurring on any given day (except during weekends and public holidays when disconnection is prohibited) is high (0.04-0.06) and increases on the first day that credit can expire, predominantly the next business day (approximately 0.19). This is captured in our results, with a large  increase in disconnections occurring on Monday and the day after a public holiday (Fig. 4). There is a significant relationship with temperature that is most notable for the households with the highest electricity use in the two southern climate zones.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We use a conditional probability model to compare how the different demographic factors explain household adoption decisions (Methods). The models describe the relative power of each demographic factor in predicting whether a household is a community or rooftop solar adopter, conditioned on correlation with the other factors (for example, multifamily building occupants are more likely to rent than single-family occupants; Supplementary Table 4). The model suggests that the strongest predictors of adoption choices are race and housing tenure (Fig. 3). Further, we use Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) scores to assess the prediction accuracy of model variations including different combinations of the demographic factors (Supplementary Table 6). The AIC scores likewise suggest that race and housing tenure are the most predictive variables. As with the comparative statistics, the conditional impacts of race are directionally opposite to our hypothesis. In the remaining discussion, we generally focus on the demographic differences that confirmed a priori hypotheses and return to a discussion of race in Conclusions.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Labor union decline has been widely consequential for middle and lower paid workers, resulting in worsened job security, reduced fringe benefits,  lower earnings, social disintegration, and heightened inequality (Cowie 2010; Fortin et al. 2021; Rosenfeld 2014; Western and Rosenfeld 2011), all consequential for health outcomes (Hagedorn et al. 2016; Leigh and Chakalov 2021; Reynolds and Brady 2012). The present study examines how union benefits that accrue over an entire career predict physical health among older adults. Using 39 waves of PSID data to measure both cumulative union membership during a respondent's career between ages 18 and 60 and physical health at ages 60 to 79, we draw three main sets of conclusions. First, we find that the accumulated history of unionization contributes to older adulthood health. Among older adults, those who spent the entirety of their career in unions have better self-rated health, fewer functional limitations, and fewer life- threatening chronic conditions than those who were partially or never union members.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We find that by 2030, a 1 euro increase in the price of natural gas would translate into a 1 euro increase in annual electricity prices for the aggregate of European countries. This would be 40% lower than the situation in 2024, where the electricity price would be expected to increase by 1.4 euros.Interpreting the results for β-sensitivity requires some clarification. For combined cycle gas turbines (the majority of natural gas power plants in 2024 and the 2030 plans), we assume a thermal efficiency of 49% (ref. 22), implying a gas plant must burn 2.05 MWh of natural gas to obtain 1 MWh of electricity. Because of this, if the annual price of electricity reacted one to one with the marginal costs of natural gas plants, we would expect the increase in the price of electricity of 2.05 euros when the price of gas went up by one euro. Our β-sensitivity estimates indicate that by 2030, the price of electricity would reflect 50% of the increase in the short-run marginal cost of gas plants compared to 70% today (that is, 0.7 = 1.4/2.05).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    In Table 3, we present the results for the number of vaccine allocations over the 9-week period using a series of linear growth models. The results with this dependent variable reflect a similar pattern to the one described previously with some notable differences. Again, in Model 1, the coefficient for Black clustering is significant and negative, indicating that the higher the degree of concentration and clustering of Blacks across these five counties, the smaller the vaccine allocations week to week. Specifically, every 1 SD increase in Black clustering (648.99) relates to 658.08 fewer vaccine doses per 10,000 people in a ZIP code. The same figure for a 1 SD change in Latino clustering (1,611.93) is 492.66 vaccine doses per 10,000 people, which is not an inconsequential amount, although this coefficient is only significant at the .1 level for Latino clustering. In all subsequent models, the results for Latino clustering are not significant. Concerning the control variables, the results are similar to previous models except that median household income is significant and negative here.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To investigate the trade-off between the benefits of lowering emissions and the benefits of continued carbon tax revenue, we perform an optimal policy calculation; optimal policy refers to the policy that maximizes (discounted) net benefits through time and does not feature a temperature constraint as in the results above. With revenue recycling, the model recommends high decarbonization initially—there are dual benefits of redistributable revenue and lower future temperatures—but postpones full decarbonization for many decades as redistribution continues (Fig. 5). Without the equal per capita revenue recycling, the model at first recommends more moderate ambition, to protect the current poor from high mitigation costs, followed by a rapid increase in decarbonization to avoid extreme warming. Despite this different temporal pattern of mitigation, the maximum temperature rise is similar in both scenarios, although it peaks later with revenue recycling, a potentially valuable delay if it reduces the rate of temperature change and enables more time for adaptation34. The carbon tax and carbon dividend trajectories corresponding to the decarbonization paths are reported in Supplementary Figs. 7 and 8. (Unless otherwise stated, results assume standard discounting parameters from the Regional Integrated Climate Economy (RICE) model: pure time preference = 1.5% per year; consumption elasticity of marginal utility = 1.5 (representing the diminishing marginal utility of consumption) and distribution of climate damages proportional to consumption.)

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    We find that the no overshoot scenario has higher inequality before net zero as emission reductions, which are regressive, are frontloaded (Fig. 4). This increase is more accentuated for regions with high removal since more negative emissions are deployed in the 2030s and 2040s24 and these are financed with a higher carbon price (Fig. 2). However, negative emissions are lower in the second half of the century if the budget is not overshot. Consequently, the inequality implications of negative emissions are reduced, especially for highly impacted countries (fourth bracket).

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Although justice contestations featured prominently in regulations related to BERDO's justice components (Table 2), concerns about justice were also mobilized in regulatory topics that are not commonly associated with justice and/or without an explicit justice mandate that emanates from the ordinance. For instance, concerns about asthma in children and air pollution in communities of color were mobilized by CAG members to support the assignment of an emissions factor to fossil fuel-derived district steam. This decision was opposed by some regulated parties, who argued that such rule places an “unfair financial burden” and “disproportionately burdens district steam customers”. In advocating to restrict the use of PPAs, CAG members argued that despite existing challenges in renewable energy markets, “we cannot allow the current reality to further entrench existing inequity at the expense of environmental justice populations”. Conversely, regulated parties argued that relaxing third-party verification requirements to enable in-house data verification would be “a key workforce development opportunity” that “would create a powerful incentive for large existing buildings to hire energy efficiency experts long term”. These examples show how justice contestations appear in seemingly opaque or technical decisions and beyond spaces that are explicitly labeled for justice. As one city official explained, even where the ordinance does not specifically require it, “regulations can still accommodate additional thoughts on what it means to advance equity goals”.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Table 2 presents the descriptive statistics for our study variables, including key variables at various points in time. It shows notable variation in our key study variables. For instance, in the most equitable state (Alaska), the top 10% of wage earners controlled 33% of income, but in the least equitable state (New York), they controlled 60% in 2014. The reported means also increased over time for all three of our key variables.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    In contrast, under an ambitious carbon price pathway in line with EU climate targets41 (US$149 tCO2-1 in 2030, US$246 tCO2-1 in 2040 and US$407 tCO2-1 in 2050, see Extended Data Table 3), green products gradually achieve cost parity with their fossil competitors. While the exact timing of cost parity remains highly uncertain, a relative sequence of hydrogen end-use competitiveness can be derived (Fig. 5b,d and Extended Data Fig. 5, right column). In our central estimate, green hydrogen first becomes competitive with grey hydrogen in 2034 (for example, for ammonia and refining), followed by green hydrogen becoming competitive with diesel in 2037 (for mobility), e-methanol becoming competitive with grey methanol in 2043 (for example, for chemicals), and green hydrogen becoming competitive with natural gas in 2044 (for example, for industry and power). In our central estimate, e-kerosene and e-methane narrowly miss reaching cost parity with their fossil competitors by 2050 (Extended Data Fig. 5h,l). Thus, even with ambitious carbon pricing, the cost gap persists for at least one decade, depending on the end use and the scenario. Sustained support policies complementing carbon pricing are therefore essential to foster green hydrogen growth and reduce investment risks.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Table 3 provides a description of mothers' education at the baseline and postnatal college completion between Waves 1 and 6. At the baseline wave, 40% of the FFCW sample did not have a high school degree, 25% reported a high school degree or GED, 24% reported some college (i.e., a vocational degree, associate's degrees, or college schooling that did not result in a degree), and 11% had a bachelor's degree. Between the baseline interview and sixth wave, 33% (n = 1,099) of the Wave 6 sample (n = 3,146  mothers) had completed a vocational degree, 13% (n = 417) had completed an associate's degree, and 9%  (n = 295) had completed a bachelor's degree. Among mothers who completed a vocational degree, 67% of cases (n = 733) resulted in an increase in education. Among mothers who completed an associate's degree, 54% of cases (n = 224) resulted in an observable increase in education (this estimate is likely conservative because of how some college is coded). Among mothers who completed a bachelor's degree, there was an increase in education in 85% of cases (n = 251). More information about the number and percentage of mothers (based on the Wave 6 sample) who earned various degrees by their starting level of education (thus providing details on cell sizes) is also presented in Table 3.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    Table 2 displays characteristic variables for each segment, organized by the constructs of the conceptual model in addition to some demographic variables that were not used in the segmentation. Figure 5 focuses on one construct that proved to be one of the strongest predictors of segment membership. Out of the 23 predictor variables of the segments identified using discriminant analysis, trust in one's existing supplier is ranked fifth and trust in other suppliers is ranked sixth. Figure 5 shows further differences between the segments on trust of additional societal institutions using a question that has been used to understand comparative switching behaviour in a number of different markets and to set this in  context of a consumer's general trust tendency54. In Table 3, we bring together the analysis of all of the characteristics to provide a brief summary profile of each segment and the implications for energy market transitions.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).


Question:
You are given a passage from a scientific paper that describes part of the research findings.

    Summarize the specific findings using policy-brief style sentences. Your output should:
    - Clearly state the result(s) presented in the passage
    - Use plain and direct language (technical terms are allowed when necessary)
    - Focus only on what is present in the passage

    Scientific Text:
    To get an understanding of the effects of the six hotels with their different infrastructure and setting, we also computed a fixedeffects model with dummy variables for the individual hotels. The results are presented in Table 4 and show that the treatment effect is highly significant, albeit slightly smaller than in models (1)-(3). Only in hotel 5, the energy use per shower differs significantly from the other hotels, which may be due to different infrastructure (for example, more low-flow shower heads) or guest characteristics. Otherwise, the impact on energy use per shower is very similar between the different hotels. Regardless of the model specification, the treatment effect is large and significant; thus, non-self-selected participants also respond to real-time feedback in the complete absence of monetary incentives.

    Summary:

Answer: None (Use GPT-o3 as the judge).