---
license: apache-2.0
base_model: Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B-Base
language:
- tr
- en
tags:
- text-classification
- decision-making
- triage
- moderation
- turkish
pipeline_tag: text-classification
---

![ARBITER banner](./arbiter-banner.svg)

[![held-out](https://img.shields.io/badge/held--out_macro-0.844-blue)](./README.md)
[![params](https://img.shields.io/badge/params-0.6B-violet)](./README.md)
[![langs](https://img.shields.io/badge/langs-TR_%2B_EN-yellow)](./README.md)
[![license](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-Apache--2.0-green)](./README.md)

# ARBITER-general — 0.6B single-pass decision layer

**State in, typed decisions out. One forward pass, zero generated tokens.**

ARBITER is a fine-tune of `Qwen/Qwen3-0.6B-Base` that answers structured questions —
`choice` (up to 52 options), `score` (ordered levels), `noul` (yes/no) — in a single
forward pass, in Turkish or English. It never generates text: option-letter logits
(`A`–`Z`, `a`–`z`) are read at a fixed `Answer: (` slot and soft-maxed into calibrated
probabilities with a confidence score.

```python
from arbiter import Arbiter

arb = Arbiter("Utiric/arbiter-general")  # a local directory path also works
out = arb.decide(
    state="My package never arrived, I want a refund.",
    questions=[
        {"id": "intent", "type": "choice",
         "instructions": "What does the customer want?",
         "options": {"Refund": "wants money back",
                     "Whereabouts": "asks where the package is",
                     "Cancel": "wants to cancel the subscription",
                     "Greeting": "just saying hello"}},
        {"id": "urgent", "type": "noul",
         "instructions": "Does this need immediate action?",
         "criteria": {"true": "angry, threatening, or time-critical",
                      "false": "routine request"}},
        {"id": "tone", "type": "score",
         "instructions": "Customer anger?",
         "levels": ["calm", "annoyed", "angry", "furious"]},
    ],
)
# {"intent": {"choice": "Refund", "probabilities": {...}, "confidence": 0.61},
#  "urgent": {"noul": 0.12, "confidence": 0.76, ...},
#  "tone": {"level": "2", "score": 2.1, ...}}
```

Turkish works the same way:

```python
out = arb.decide(
    state="Kargo iki günde geldi, ürün fotoğraftaki gibi. Teşekkürler!",
    questions=[{"id": "sentiment", "type": "choice",
                "instructions": "What is the overall sentiment polarity expressed in this text?",
                "options": {"Positive": "satisfaction, praise, thanks",
                            "Neutral": "factual objective information",
                            "Negative": "complaint, anger, disappointment"}}],
)
# {"sentiment": {"choice": "Positive", "probabilities": {...}}}
```

> **No pip package (yet).** Copy `arbiter.py` from this repo (~200 lines, only
> `torch` + `transformers`) next to your code. No training stack, no server, no API
> key needed. The file mirrors the exact training prompt format — do not rephrase
> the prompt template inside it.

## Requirements

- Python 3.10+, `torch`, `transformers`. That is the whole dependency list.
- Weights are 1.2 GB (bf16). Comfortable in ~2 GB of VRAM; CPU works too
  (float32, slower).
- No server, no API key, no Inference Providers deployment: you run `arbiter.py`
  wherever your code already runs.

Measured latency (T4 GPU, September 2026, single questions, temperature 1.6):

| Situation | Latency |
|---|---|
| first call (warmup) | ~1 s |
| steady state, per question | 60–90 ms |

Latency grows with prompt length (prefill cost) and is flat in the number of
questions per pass: asking 6 questions at once costs barely more than asking 1.

---

## How it works

![How it works](./arbiter-how.svg)

1. State and question are rendered into one prompt wrapped in `<state>` tags with
   `Question (choice|yes/no|score):` labels and `(A) option — description` lines,
   ending in `Answer: (`.
2. The model runs **once**. The hidden state at the slot position is projected
   through the LM-head rows of the 52 letter tokens only.
3. Softmax over the valid options gives the distribution. Temperature is a **single
   global value (1.6)**, fit post-hoc on held-out data and shipped in `s1_config.json`
   — not per-task, not per-slice. `confidence` = top-1 minus top-2 probability gap.
4. `noul` returns P(yes); `score` returns the argmax level plus the expectation
   over levels.

Latency scales with prompt length only (prefill cost) — there is no per-token
generation loop.

## Getting good answers (read this before prompting)

ARBITER is prompt-format sensitive: it answers from the exact prompt shape it
trained on. Three habits decide whether you get 0.88 or 0.37:

1. **Frame the state like training data.** A short domain prefix plus the raw
   text works far better than a bare sentence, e.g.
   `[SUPPORT_TIER: return_desk] | Ticket #43998 Customer purchased a wireless
   headphones 15 days ago. Reason: 'item defective on arrival'...`
   We measured this directly on these weights: 8 hand-written free-form probes
   scored 3/8, while 96 verbatim held-out rows in training format scored 85/96.
2. **Describe every option.** `{"Refund": "wants money back"}` beats
   `["Refund", "Whereabouts", ...]`. The description is the signal; the name is
   just a key.
3. **Gate on confidence.** `confidence` is the top-1 minus top-2 probability gap:

```python
a = out["intent"]
if a["confidence"] < 0.2:
    escalate(state)      # human review or a stronger judge
else:
    route(a["choice"])
```

## When to use it (and when not)

Good fit: support-ticket triage and routing, Discord/forum moderation
pre-filtering, dialogue turn-taking, code-review triage, sentiment buckets —
any pipeline step shaped "text in, one of N labels out" in Turkish or English.

Not a fit: arithmetic or reasoning (`2 + 2` with options `[3, 4, 5, 22]`
picks `22` — it matches strings, it does not compute), free-text generation,
standalone medical or legal decisions, more than 52 options in one question,
languages beyond TR/EN.

## API reference

`Arbiter(path, device=None, temperature=None, max_state_tokens=2048)`

| Argument | Meaning |
|---|---|
| `path` | HF repo id or local directory with weights |
| `device` | `"cuda"` / `"cpu"` (auto-detected by default) |
| `temperature` | softmax temperature; default read from `s1_config.json` (1.6) |
| `max_state_tokens` | state truncation budget (70% head / 30% tail, marked) |

`decide(state, questions)` — `state` is a string (or JSON-serializable object).
Each question needs `id`, `type` (`choice` \| `score` \| `noul`), and:

| Type | Fields | Returns |
|---|---|---|
| `choice` | `instructions`, `options` (list or `{name: description}`) | `choice`, `probabilities`, `confidence` |
| `score` | `instructions`, `levels` (ordered list) | `level`, `score` (expectation), `confidence`, `probabilities` |
| `noul` | `instructions`, optional `criteria: {true, false}` | `noul` = P(yes), `confidence`, `probabilities` |

Budgets: **2048** state tokens · **52** options per pass · Turkish + English tested.

---

## Evaluation — held-out (8 tasks × 500, full eval, temperature 1.6)

Held-out rows never appeared in training (exact-dedup isolated). Macro **0.8438** vs chance 0.2958.

| Slice | acc | ECE | Note |
|---|---|---|---|
| code_pr_review | 1.000 | 0.053 | |
| customer_action | 0.796 | 0.073 | weakest link, under active work |
| dialogue_turn_taking | 0.992 | 0.014 | |
| irony_sarcasm | 0.620 | 0.117 | noisy slice — do not use standalone |
| legal_contract_risk | 0.914 | 0.025 | routing signal, not legal advice |
| medical_triage | 0.778 | 0.112 | routing signal, never autonomous diagnosis |
| moderation_discord | 0.704 | 0.084 | tier-1 pre-filter; escalate on low confidence |
| multilingual_sentiment | 0.946 | 0.028 | |
| **macro** | **0.8438** | 0.063 | Brier 0.220 |

## Evaluation — public zero-shot (0-shot, slot-logit scoring, no generation)

| Benchmark (split, n) | ARBITER | Random / Majority |
|---|---|---|
| Belebele tur_Latn (900) / eng_Latn (900) | 0.284 / 0.340 | 0.25 / 0.28 |
| MMLU 6-subset avg (1,425) | 0.373 | 0.25 / 0.32 |
| Banking77 sample-500 | 0.035 | 0.013 |
| OffensEval-TR (3,528) | 0.797 | 0.50 / 0.80 |
| TweetEval offensive+hate (3,830) | 0.632 | 0.50 / 0.61 |
| XCOPA-TR (500) | 0.486 | 0.50 |
| XNLI-TR (1k sample) | 0.407 | 0.33 / 0.35 |

Read honestly: strong on trained domains, modest zero-shot — reported with random and
majority baselines everywhere, as it should be. XCOPA is chance-level; Banking77's
77-way zero-shot is 3× random but low in absolute terms. Treat these as a floor for
fine-tuning, not a ceiling.

## Evaluation — permutation consistency (position-bias check)

Same question, three different option orders (50 held-out rows × 8 slices, seeded
shuffles); a content-driven model must pick the same option every time.

| Slice | consistent |
|---|---|
| code_pr_review | 1.000 |
| customer_action | 0.980 |
| dialogue_turn_taking | 0.940 |
| irony_sarcasm | 0.880 |
| legal_contract_risk | 0.980 |
| medical_triage | 0.960 |
| moderation_discord | 0.900 |
| multilingual_sentiment | 0.960 |
| **overall (400 rows)** | **0.950** |

Position bias is dead: option-shuffle training (uniform Check 4 + per-epoch shuffle)
holds, weakest on the already-noisy irony slice. Nothing above is "not yet measured"
anymore.

## Training journey (held-out macro)

| Stage | macro | What changed |
|---|---|---|
| v1 SFT | 0.497 | baseline; overfit on 1.5 epochs |
| v2 + teacher relabel | 0.768 | 26k teacher-written descriptions |
| v3 + moderation data | 0.787 | moderation slice relabeled |
| v4 cherry-pick | 0.811 | kept gains, restored casualties |
| DPO-1 | 0.822 | 16k preference pairs |
| v5–v7 + new domains | 0.818 | legal/medical/multilingual siblings, irony-train contradiction found and dropped |
| v8 SFT | 0.840 | customer siblings (+19 pts on customer); moderation dipped 0.750 → 0.626 |
| **DPO-4 (this release)** | **0.844** | preference pairs recovered moderation to 0.704, kept the rest |

Recipe: full fine-tune of the 0.6B backbone, CE + 0.3·Brier loss, 1 epoch,
held-out-Brier early stopping, then Decision-DPO (β=1.0 + 0.1 CE anchor, LR 1e-5).

## Data card (summary)

- ~130k training rows across 26 tasks; ~26k teacher-(re)labeled rows.
- The teacher model (Ministral-14B) writes **descriptions only**; gold labels are
  deterministic (rules, dataset labels, star ratings). Teacher-written golds proved
  unreliable on irony and were reverted to dataset labels there.
- Gates on every iteration: exact-dedup train↔held-out, test-set contamination scan
  (**0 overlaps** across 11.4k public-benchmark rows), option-name leakage scan on
  teacher-written descriptions.

## Limitations (please read before deploying)

- A classifier head — not a reasoner, generator, or judge. No free text, ever.
- No arithmetic or multi-step reasoning. `2 + 2` with options `[3, 4, 5, 22]`
  answers `22`: it matches surface strings, it does not compute.
- Medical and legal outputs are triage signals for pipelines **with humans in the loop**.
- Moderation output is a tier-1 signal; escalate to a stronger judge and a human
  on low confidence.
- Turkish + English only. Customer-action and irony are the weakest slices.
- Not hardened against adversarial prompt injection.

## FAQ

**Why is temperature 1.6, above 1.0?**
Decision-DPO sharpens the distributions (expected side effect). 1.6 is a single
global value fit post-hoc on held-out data to re-calibrate them — not per-task,
not per-slice. If you fine-tune or DPO further, refit it.

**What does `confidence` mean?**
Top-1 probability minus top-2. A 0.90 prediction with a 0.08 runner-up
(gap 0.82) is a sure thing; 0.45 vs 0.44 (gap 0.01) is a coin flip. Threshold it.

**More than 52 options?**
Chunk them: score 40-option windows with a `none of the above` catcher, then
re-score the finalists in one pass. `arbiter.py` covers the single-pass case
(≤52); port the chunking from `s1/engine.py` for the rest.

**Several questions at once?**
Yes — pass a list. Every question gets its own answer slot in one forward pass
(the quickstart answers intent + urgency + tone together).

**Can I fine-tune it?**
It is a stock Qwen3-0.6B-Base fine-tune (full, not LoRA), so any HF trainer
works. Keep option shuffling on and early-stop on held-out Brier, not train
loss — 1.5 epochs already overfit this recipe once
(v1: 0.94 in-task, 0.50 held-out).

**Why no Inference Providers / widget?**
The hosted inference API generates text; this model never generates — it is read
at a logit slot. A widget would return nonsense, so the model is deliberately
left undeployed there. Run `arbiter.py` locally instead.

## Files

| File | What |
|---|---|
| `model.safetensors` (+ `config.json`, `tokenizer.*`, `s1_config.json`) | weights, Qwen3-0.6B-Base format |
| `arbiter.py` | standalone inference client — copy it, nothing to install |
| `arbiter-banner.svg`, `arbiter-how.svg` | release artwork |
| `README.md` | this card |

## License & citation

Apache-2.0 (base-model license carried over).

```bibtex
@misc{arbiter2026,
  title  = {ARBITER-general: a 0.6B single-pass decision layer for TR+EN},
  author = {Utiric},
  year   = {2026},
  note   = {Held-out macro 0.844 across 8 tasks; Qwen3-0.6B-Base fine-tune + Decision-DPO}
}
```