A file infector written in Go, discovered by Karsten Hahn in February 2022. According to Karsten, despite its internal naming, it is not polymorphic and the virus body is not encrypted. Gofing uses the Coldfire Golang malware development library.


According to Symantec, a previously unseen backdoor that was deployed against a media organization in South Asia in November, 2023. GoGra is written in Go and uses the Microsoft Graph API to interact with a command-and-control (C&C) server hosted on Microsoft mail services.


GolanGhost is a RAT written in Go. It uses C2 to receive commands and exfiltrate data such as browser information targeting especially installed cryptocurrency wallets.

It is often used in ClickFix campaigns by North-Korean threat actors.


According securityweek, GoldenSpy, the malware was observed as part of a campaign that supposedly started in April 2020, but some of the identified samples suggest the threat has been around since at least December 2016.

One of the compromised organizations, a global technology vendor that conducts government business in the US, Australia and UK, and which recently opened offices in China, became infected after installing “Intelligent Tax,” a piece of software from the Golden Tax Department of Aisino Corporation, which a local bank required for paying local taxes.

Although it worked as advertised, the software was found to install a hidden backdoor to provide remote operators with the possibility to execute Windows commands or upload and run files.


Gold Max is a Golang written command and control backdoor used by the NOBELIUM threat actor group. It uses several different techniques to obfuscate its actions and evade detection. The malware writes an encrypted configuration file to disk, where the file name and AES-256 cipher keys are unique per implant and based on environmental variables and information about the network where it is running.


GoldDragon was a second-stage backdoor which established a permanent presence on the victim’s system once the first-stage, file-less, PowerShell-based attack leveraging steganography was executed. The initial attack was observed first in December 2017, when a Korean-language spear phishing campaing targeted organizations linked with Pyeongchang Winter Olympics 2018. GoldDragon was delivered once the attacker had gained an initial foothold in the targeted environment.

The malware was capable of a basic reconnaissance, data exfiltration and downloading of additional components from its C&C server.


Gomorrah is a stealer with no or little obfuscation that appeared around March 2020. It is sold for about 150$ lifetime for v4 (originally 400$ for v3) or 100$ per month by its developer called "th3darkly / lucifer" (which is also the developer of CosaNostra botnet). The malware's main functionalities are stealing (passwords, cryptocurrency wallets) and loading of tasks and other payloads.


The malware consists of a dropper DLL and an obfuscated, password protected VbaProject.OTM file, which houses macros written for Microsoft Outlook. The malware was originally written by Greg Linares as a backdoor POC called Cordyceps, and presented at Hushcon in 2017.


Gootkit is a banking trojan consisting of an x86 loader and a payload embedding nodejs as well as a set of js scripts. The loader downloads the payload, stores it in registry and injects it in a copy of the loader process. The loader also contains two encrypted DLLs intended to be injected into each browser process launched in order to place the payload in man in the browser and allow it to apply the webinjects received from the command and control server on HTTPx exchanges. This allows Gootkit to intercept  HTTPx requests and responses, steal their content or modify it according to the webinjects.


According to Elastic, this is a rewrite of Quasar RAT in Go.


According to ESET Research, GoToHTTP is a benign tool that allows establishing a remote connection that can be accessed from a browser. It has been observed being abused for malicious purposes by threat actor GhostRedirector.


2000 Ursnif aka Snifula
2006 Gozi v1.0, Gozi CRM, CRM, Papras
2010 Gozi v2.0, Gozi ISFB, ISFB, Pandemyia(*)
-> 2010 Gozi Prinimalka -> Vawtrak/Neverquest

In 2006, Gozi v1.0 ('Gozi CRM' aka 'CRM') aka Papras was first observed.
It was offered as a CaaS, known as 76Service. This first version of Gozi was developed by Nikita Kurmin, and he borrowed code from Ursnif aka Snifula, a spyware developed by Alexey Ivanov around 2000, and some other kits. Gozi v1.0 thus had a formgrabber module and often is classified as Ursnif aka Snifula.

In September 2010, the source code of a particular Gozi CRM dll version was leaked, which led to Vawtrak/Neverquest (in combination with Pony) via Gozi Prinimalka (a slightly modified Gozi v1.0) and Gozi v2.0 (aka 'Gozi ISFB' aka 'ISFB' aka Pandemyia). This version came with a webinject module.


Grager is a backdoor deployed against three organizations in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Vietnam in April 2024. Analysis of this backdoor revealed that it uses the Graph API to communicate with a command and control (C&C) server hosted on Microsoft OneDrive. The backdoor decrypts a client ID and refresh token for OneDrive from a blob contained within its file body. It supports the following commands:

- Retrieve machine information, including machine name, user, IP address, and machine architecture
- Download or upload a file
- Execute a file
- Gather file system information, including available drives, their sizes, and types of drives


According to ESET Research, Grandoreiro is a Latin American banking trojan targeting Brazil, Mexico, Spain and Peru. As such, it shows unusual effort by its authors to evade detection and emulation, and progress towards a modular architecture.


According to Checkpoint Research, GRAPELOADER is a newly observed initial-stage tool used for fingerprinting, persistence, and payload delivery. Despite differing roles, it shares similarities in code structure, obfuscation, and string decryption with WINELOADER. GRAPELOADER refines WINELOADER’s anti-analysis techniques while introducing more advanced stealth methods.


PANW Unit 42 describes this malware as capable of up and downloading files as well as loading additional shellcode payloads into selected target processes. It uses the Microsoft Graph API and Dropbox API as C&C channel.


This loader abuses the benign service Notion for data exchange.


According to Symantec, Graphican is an evolution of the known APT15 backdoor Ketrican, which itself was based on a previous malware - BS2005 - also used by APT15. Graphican has the same basic functionality as Ketrican, with the difference between them being Graphican’s use of the Microsoft Graph API and OneDrive to obtain its command-and-control (C&C) infrastructure.


Downloader / information stealer used by UAC-0056, observed since at least October 2022.


Trellix describes Graphite as a malware using the Microsoft Graph API and OneDrive for C&C. It was found being deployed in-memory only and served as a downloader for Empire.


This malware was seen during the cyberattacks on Ukrainian state organizations. It is one of two used backdoors written in Go and attributed to UAC-0056 (SaintBear, UNC2589, TA471).


POS malware targets systems that run physical point-of-sale device and operates by inspecting the process memory for data that matches the structure of credit card data (Track1 and Track2 data), such as the account number, expiration date, and other information stored on a card’s magnetic stripe. After the cards are first scanned, the personal account number (PAN) and accompanying data sit in the point-of-sale system’s memory unencrypted while the system determines where to send it for authorization.
Masked as the LogMein software, the GratefulPOS malware appears to have emerged during the fall 2017 shopping season with low detection ratio according to some of the earliest detections displayed on VirusTotal. The first sample was upload in November 2017. Additionally, this malware appears to be related to the Framework POS malware, which was linked to some of the high-profile merchant breaches in the past.


According to Mandiant, GRAYRABBIT is a lightweight and simple backdoor that supports simple file operation, system information collection, running modularized plugins, and executing a remote command shell.


This information-stealing malware exfiltrates data from its victims and uploads this information to its web server for publication. It can capture data from browsers, the clipboard and the local disk to steal sensitive data such as credit card details, browser cookies, crypto wallet information, File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and virtual private network (VPN) credentials.


A malware that modifies every JPG file found on a computer by adding a string in its bottom corner spelling out 'I am Sorry'.

Grenam is a companion virus, which is a form of file infection. It infects by prepending the letter 'g' in front of host files and placing itself with the original name of the host.


This is a proxy-aware HTTP backdoor that is implemented as a service and uses the compromised system's proxy settings to access the internet. C&C traffic is base64 encoded and the files sent to the server are compressed with aPLib.


GRIMAGENT is a backdoor that can execute arbitrary commands, download files, create and delete scheduled tasks, and execute programs via scheduled tasks or via the ShellExecute API. The malware persists via a randomly named scheduled task and a registry Run key. The backdoor communicates to hard-coded C&C servers via HTTP requests with portions of its network communications encrypted using both asymmetric and symmetric cryptography. GRIMAGENT was used during some Ryuk Ransomware intrusions in 2020.


According to PCrisk, Growtopia (also known as CyberStealer) is an information stealer written in the C# programming language. It can obtain system information, steal information from various applications, and capture screenshots. Its developer claims that it has created this software for educational purposes only. This stealer uses the name of a legitimate online game.


A malware family with a DGA.


According to haxrob, GTPDOOR is the name of Linux based malware that is intended to be deployed on systems in telco networks adjacent to the GRX (GRPS eXchange Network) with the novel feature of communicating C2 traffic over GTP-C (GPRS Tunnelling Protocol - Control Plane) signalling messages. This allows the C2 traffic to blend in with normal traffic and to reuse already permitted ports that maybe open and exposed to the GRX network.


Ransomware.


Browser information stealer, written in Go.


Py2Exe based tool as found on github.


According to PCrisk, Hades Locker is an updated version of WildFire Locker ransomware that infiltrates systems and encrypts a variety of data types using AES encryption. Hades Locker appends the names of encrypted files with the ".~HL[5_random_characters] (first 5 characters of encryption password)" extension.


Hakbit ransomware is written in .NET. It uploads (some) files to be encrypted to a ftp-server.
The ransom note is embedded - in earlier versions as plain string, then as base64 string. In some versions, these strings are slightly obfuscated.

Contact is via an email address hosted on protonmail. Hakbit (original) had hakbit@, more recent "KiraLock" has kiraransom@ (among others of course).


Ransomware written in C#.


A stager used by APT29 to deploy CobaltStrike.


Hancitor(aka Chanitor) emerged in 2013 which spread via social engineering techniques mainly through phishing mails embedded with malicious link and weaponized Microsoft office document contains malicious macro in it.


According to Intezer, this is a second stage loader written in Delphi.


According to Intezer, this is a wiper.


Havex is a remote access trojan (RAT) that was discovered in 2013 as part of a widespread espionage campaign targeting industrial control systems (ICS) used across numerous industries and attributed to a hacking group referred to as "Dragonfly" and "Energetic Bear". Havex is estimated to have impacted thousands of infrastructure sites, a majority of which were located in Europe and the United States. Within the energy sector, Havex specifically targeted energy grid operators, major electricity generation firms, petroleum pipeline operators, and industrial equipment providers. Havex also impacted organizations in the aviation, defense, pharmaceutical, and petrochemical industries.

Once installed, Havex scanned the infected system to locate any Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) or ICS devices on the network and sent the data back to command and control servers. To do so, the malware leveraged the Open Platform Communications (OPC) standard, which is a universal communication protocol used by ICS components across many industries that facilitates open connectivity and vendor equipment interoperability. Havex used the Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) to connect to OPC servers inside of an ICS network and collect information such as CLSID, server name, Program ID, OPC version, vendor information, running state, group count, and server bandwidth.

Havex was an intelligence-collection tool used for espionage and not for the disruption or destruction of industrial systems. However, the data collected by Havex would have aided efforts to design and develop attacks against specific targets or industries.


First released in October 2022, the Havoc C2 Framework is a flexible post-exploitation framework written in Golang, C++, and Qt, with agents called 'Demons' written in C and ASM, created by @C5pider. Designed to support red team engagements and adversary emulation, it offers a robust set of capabilities tailored for offensive security operations. The framework, which is under active development, utilizes HTTP(s) and SMB as communication protocols for its implants. Havoc can generate implants, known as Demons, in several formats including EXE, DLL, and Shellcode. A notable feature of Havoc is its ability to bypass EDR by employing advanced evasion techniques such as sleep obfuscation, return address stack spoofing, and indirect syscalls. This capability enhances its effectiveness in evading detection and circumventing security measures.


HAWKBALL is a backdoor that attackers can use to collect information from the victim, as well as to deliver payloads. HAWKBALL is capable of surveying the host, creating a named pipe to execute native Windows commands, terminating processes, creating, deleting and uploading files, searching for files, and enumerating drives.


HawKeye is a keylogger that is distributed since 2013. Discovered by IBM X-Force, it is currently spread over phishing campaigns targeting businesses on a worldwide scale. It is designed to steal credentials from numerous applications but, in the last observed versions, new "loader capabilities" have been spotted. It is sold by its development team on dark web markets and hacking forums.


HDMR is a ransomware which encrypts user files and adds a .DMR64 extension. It also drops a ransom note named: "!!! READ THIS !!!.hta".


The Chinese threat actor "Scarab" is using a custom backdoor dubbed "HeaderTip" according to SentinelLABS. This malware may be the successor of "Scieron".


Unit42 states that HelloKitty is a ransomware family that first surfaced at the end of 2020, primarily targeting Windows systems. The malware family got its name due to its use of a Mutex with the same name: HelloKittyMutex. The ransomware samples seem to evolve quickly and frequently, with different versions making use of the .crypted or .kitty file extensions for encrypted files. Some newer samples make use of a Golang packer that ensures the final ransomware code is only loaded in memory, most likely to evade detection by security solutions.


According to SentinelLabs, HermeticWiper is a custom-written application with very few standard functions. It abuses a signed driver called "empntdrv.sys" which is associated with the legitimate Software "EaseUS Partition Master Software" to enumerate the MBR and all partitions of all Physical Drives connected to the victims Windows Device and overwrite the first 512 Bytes of every MBR and Partition it can find, rendering them useless.
This malware is associated to the malware attacks against Ukraine during Russians Invasion in February 2022.


On August 9th, 2024, the HexaLocker team advertised a new Windows ransomware on its Telegram channel. The message included a demonstration video and text promoting a Golang ransomware that implements a proprietary algorithm.


HiddenTear is an open source ransomware developed by a Turkish programmer and later released as proof of concept on GitHub. The malware generates a local symmetric key in order to encrypt a configurable folder (/test was the default one) and it sends it to a centralized C&C server. Due to its small payload it was used as real attack vector over email phishing campaigns. Variants are still used in attacks.


According to FireEye, HIGHNOON is a backdoor that may consist of multiple components. The components may include a loader, a DLL, and a rootkit. Both the loader and the DLL may be dropped together, but the rootkit may be embedded in the DLL. The HIGHNOON loader may be designed to run as a Windows service.


According to Rapid7, this is a loader first spotted in July 2023. It implements several evasion techniques including Process Doppelgänging, DLL Search Order Hijacking, and Heaven's Gate. It has been observed to store its malicious payload in the IDAT chunk of PNG file format.


A new ransomware family was discovered in August 2019. Called HILDACRYPT, it is named after the Netflix cartoon “Hilda” because the TV show’s YouTube trailer was included in the ransom note of the original version of the malware.


Hive is a strain of ransomware that was first discovered in June 2021. Hive was designed to be used by Ransomware-as-a-service providers, to enable novice cyber-criminals to launch ransomware attacks on healthcare providers, energy providers, charities, and retailers across the globe.
In 2022 there was a switch from GoLang to Rust.


Adware, tied to eGobbler and Nephos7 campaigns,


a 64-bit Windows password dumper/cracker that has previously been used in conjunction with AIRBREAK and BADFLICK backdoors. Some strings are obfuscated with XOR x56. The malware accepts up to two arguments at the command line: one to display cleartext credentials for each login session, and a second to display cleartext credentials, NTLM hashes, and malware version for each login session.


Hopscotch is part of the Regin framework.


According to Check Point Research, this is a custom-built agent for Mythic, the open-source red teaming C2 framework. Written in C++, the implant shows no significant overlap with known C-based Mythic agents, aside from commonalities in the generic logic related to Mythic C2 communications.


Remote Acess Tool Written in VB.NET.


Warsaw trojan is a new banking trojan based on the Hours Eyes RAT core engine.


HOTWAX is a module that upon starting imports all necessary system API functions, and searches for a .CHM file. HOTWAX decrypts a payload using the Spritz algorithm with a hard-coded key and then searches the target process and attempts to inject the decrypted payload module from the CHM file into the address space of the target process.


Houdini is a VBS-based RAT dating back to 2013. Past in the days, it used to be wrapped in an .exe but started being spamvertized or downloaded by other malware directly as .vbs in 2018. In 2019, WSHRAT appeared, a Javascript-based version of Houdini, recoded by the name of Kognito.


Cisco Talos states that HTTPSnoop is a simple, yet effective, backdoor that consists of novel techniques to interface with Windows HTTP kernel drivers and devices to listen to incoming requests for specific HTTP(S) URLs and execute that content on the infected endpoint.


The HTTP(S) uploader is a Lazarus tool responsible for data exfiltration, by using the HTTP or HTTPS protocols.

It accepts up to 10 command line parameters: a 29-byte decryption key, a C&C for data exfiltration, the name of a local RAR split volume, the name of the multivolume archive on the server side, the size of a RAR split (max 200,000 kB), the starting index of a split, the ending index of a split, and the switch -p with a proxy IP address and port


A loader that has been used by multiple threat actor groups since 2015.


Emerging in Q3 2023 as a Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS) operation, Hunters International has established itself as a distinct yet controversial threat actor in the cybercrime ecosystem. While initial analysis revealed a code overlap with the dismantled Hive ransomware, the group claims independence, asserting it purchased Hive’s source code rather than directly rebranding. This operational lineage enables advanced double-extortion campaigns prioritizing data exfiltration over encryption, with confirmed theft of medical records, financial data, and proprietary business information. The group's ransomware is written in Rust, a programming language favored for its resilience to reverse engineering and cross-platform compatibility.


HyperBro is a RAT that has been observed to target primarily within the gambling industries, though it has been spotted in other places as well. The malware typically consists of 3 or more components: a) a genuine loader typically with a signed certification b) a malicious DLL loader loaded from the former component via DLL hijacking c) an encrypted and compressed blob that decrypts to a PE-based payload which has its C2 information hardcoded within.


Sideloader used by EmissaryPanda


According to Cofense, this malware is notable for having several unique tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTPs), such as Secure Email Gateway (SEG) evasion by proxying emails through legitimate infrastructure, fake CAPTCHAs, abusing hardcoded Windows functionality to hide dropped files, and C2 capabilities over Invisible Internet Project (I2P), a peer-to-peer anonymous network with end-to-end encryption. Upon installation, I2Parcae is capable of disabling Windows Defender, enumerating Windows Security Accounts Manager (SAM) for accounts/groups, stealing browser cookies, and remote access to infected hosts. As of November 2024, I2Parcae appears to be delivered via automated spam messages targeting customer support contact forms on multiple websites. The messages deliver an embedded link purporting to be pornography.


Icarus is a modular stealer software, written in .NET. One module is the open source r77 rootkit.


According to Proofpoint, IcedID (aka BokBot) is a malware originally classified as a banking malware and was first observed in 2017. It also acts as a loader for other malware, including ransomware.  The well-known IcedID version consists of an initial loader which contacts a Loader C2 server, downloads the standard DLL Loader, which then delivers the standard IcedID Bot. IcedID is developed and operated by the actor named LUNAR SPIDER.

As previously published, historically there has been just one version of IcedID that has remained constant since 2017.
* In November 2022, Proofpoint researchers observed the first new variant of IcedID Proofpoint dubbed 'IcedID Lite' distributed as a follow-on payload in a TA542 Emotet campaign. It was dropped by the Emotet malware soon after the actor returned to the e-crime landscape after a nearly four-month break.
* The IcedID Lite Loader observed in November 2022 contains a static URL to download a 'Bot Pack' file with a static name (botpack.dat) which results in the IcedID Lite DLL Loader, and then delivers the Forked version of IcedID Bot, leaving out the webinjects and backconnect functionality that would typically be used for banking fraud.
* Starting in February 2023, Proofpoint observed the new Forked variant of IcedID. This variant was distributed by TA581 and one unattributed threat activity cluster which acted as initial access facilitators. The campaigns used a variety of email attachments such as Microsoft OneNote attachments and somewhat rare to see .URL attachments, which led to the Forked variant of IcedID.


IceXLoader is a commercial malware used to download and deploy additional malware on infected machines. The latest version is written in Nim, a relatively new language utilized by threat actors the past two years, most notably by the NimzaLoader variant of BazarLoader used by the TrickBot group.

The v1 was written in AutoIT.


According to nao_sec, this malware is an IIS backdoor.


According to nao_sec, this malware is a simple passive-mode backdoor that is installed as a service.


The ICE IX bot is a banking trojan derived of the Zeus botnet because it uses significant parts of Zeus’s source code. ICE IX communicates using the HTTP protocol, so it can be considered to be a third-generation botnet. While it has been used for a variety of purposes, a primary threat of ICE IX comes from its manipulation of banking operations on compromised machines. As with any bot, execution of the bot results in establishing a master-slave relationship between the botmaster and the compromised computer.


Follow-up payload in 3CX supply chain incident, which according to Volexity is an infostealer collecting information about the system and browser using an embedded copy of the SQLite3 library.


MITRE describes Imminent Monitor as a commodity remote access tool (RAT) offered for sale from 2012 until 2019, when an operation was conducted to take down the Imminent Monitor infrastructure. Various cracked versions and variations of this RAT are still in circulation.


ZScaler describes Immortal Stealer as a windows malware written in .NET designed to steal sensitive information from an infected machine. The Immortal stealer is sold on the dark web with different build-based subscriptions.


ImprudentCook is an HTTP(S) downloader.

It was delivered in the Operation DreamJob type of activity targeting aerospace and defense companies in South Africa (in Q2 2022) and in Central Europe (in H1 2023), and against an unknown sector in South Korea back in Q2 2021.

It uses the AES cipher implemented through Windows Cryptographic Providers for decryption of its binary configuration, and also for encryption and decryption of the client-server communication.

It’s hidden in an ADS stream (:dat or :zone) of its dropper, together with its configuration (:rsrc) and an AES-128 CBC key with an initialization vector for its decryption (:kgb or :data).

It contains two characteristic arrays of strings that represent cookie names for web services, including Bing, Daum and GitHub:

1. iKc;__uid;OAX;DMP_UID;PCID;_gid;_gat;csrftoken;NID;1P_JAR;JSESSIONID;WLS;SNID;__
utma;BID;SRCHD;GsCK_AC;spintop;eader;XSRF-TOKEN;_gat_gtag_UA;webid_
enabled;EDGE_V;dtck_channel;dtmulti;UUID;XUID;ZIA;IUID;SSID;_gh_sess;_octo

2. channel;post_titles;xfw_exp;wiht_clkey;SGPCOUPLE;NRTK;fbp;uaid;SRCHUSR;GUC;HPVN;dtck_
blog;dtck_media;MUIDB;SRCHHPGUSR;SiteMain

It contains a string, "5.40" or "5.60", looking like version information.


INCONTROLLER (aka PIPEDREAM) is a set of tools built to target machine automation devices. The tools can interact with specific industrial equipment embedded in different types of machinery leveraged across multiple industries. This tool set is very likely state sponsored and contains capabilities related to disruption, sabotage, and potentially physical destruction.


Keylogger written in Visual Basic dating back to at least 2012.


A ransomware that emerged in April 2022.


Industroyer is a malware framework considered to have been used in the cyberattack on Ukraine’s power grid on December 17, 2016. The attack cut a fifth of Kiev, the capital, off power for one hour. It is the first ever known malware specifically designed to attack electrical grids.


InfinityLock ransomware is a type of malicious software that encrypts a victim's files and demands a ransom payment in order to decrypt them. It is spread through phishing emails and malicious websites. Once a computer is infected with InfinityLock, it encrypts all important files, such as documents, photos, and videos. It then displays a message that demands the victim pay a ransom of $1,000 in Bitcoin in order to decrypt the files. If the victim does not pay the ransom, the files will be lost permanently.


Ransomware.


InnaputRAT, a RAT capable of exfiltrating files from victim machines, was distributed by threat actors using phishing and Godzilla Loader. The RAT has evolved through multiple variants dating back to 2016. Recent campaigns distributing InnaputRAT beaconed to live C2 as of March 26, 2018.


InnifiRAT is coded in .NET and targets personal data on infected devices, with it's top priority appearing to be bitcoin and litecoin wallet data.

InffiRAT also includes a backdoor which allows attackers to control the infected host remotely. Possibilities include loggin key stroke, taking pictures with webcam, accessing confidential information, formatting drives, and more.

It attempts to steal browser cookies to steal usernames and passwords and monitors the users activities with screenshot functionality.


ESET noticed attacks against aerospace and military companies in Europe and the Middle East that took  place between September and December 2019, which featured this family. They found a number of hints that points towards Lazarus as potential origin.


According to Sekoia, this is the ransomware used by the Interlock ransomware intrusion set, which was first observed in September 2024 conducting Big Game Hunting and double extortion campaigns.


According to Cyble, The Invicta Stealer can collect system information, system hardware details, wallet data, and browser data and extract information from applications like Steam and Discord.


InvisiMole had a modular architecture, starting with a wrapper DLL, and performing its activities using two other modules that were embedded in its resources, named RC2FM and RC2CL. They were feature-rich backdoors and turned the affected computer into a video camera, letting the attackers to spy the victim.
The malicious actors behind this malware were active at least since 2013 in highly targeted campaigns with only a few dozen compromised computers in Ukraine and Russia. The wrapper DLL posed as a legitimate mpr.dll library and was placed in the same folder as explorer.exe, which made it being loaded during the Windows startup into the Windows Explorer process instead of the legitimate library.
Malware came in both 32-bit and 64-bit versions, which made this persistence technique functional on both architectures.

The smaller of the modules, RC2FM, contained a backdoor with fifteen supported commands indexed by numbers. The commands could perform simple changes on the system and spying features like capturing sounds, taking screenshots or monitoring all fixed and removable drives.

The second module, RC2CL, offered features for collecting as much data about the infected computer as possible, rather than for making system changes. The module supported up to 84 commands such as file system operations, file execution, registry key manipulation, remote shell activation, wireless network scanning, listing of installed software etc. Though the backdoor was capable of interfering with the system (e.g. to log off a user, terminate a process or shut down the system), it mostly provided passive operations. Whenever possible, it tried to hide its activities by restoring the original file access time or safe-deleting its traces.


A maliciously abused open source tool for port forwarding & intranet proxy.


IRONHALO is a downloader that uses the HTTP protocol to retrieve a Base64 encoded payload from a hard-coded command-and-control (CnC) server and uniform resource locator (URL) path.
     The encoded payload is written to a temporary file, decoded and executed in a hidden window. The encoded and decoded payloads are written to files named igfxHK[%rand%].dat and igfxHK[%rand%].exe respectively, where [%rand%] is a 4-byte hexadecimal number based on the current timestamp. It persists by copying itself to the current user’s Startup folder.


According to Mitre, IronNetInjector is a Turla toolchain that utilizes scripts from the open-source IronPython implementation of Python with a .NET injector to drop one or more payloads including ComRAT.


According to Recorded Future, IsaacWiper is a destructive malware that overwrites all physical disks and logical volumes on a victim’s machine.


2006 Gozi v1.0, Gozi CRM, CRM, Papras
2010 Gozi v2.0, Gozi ISFB, ISFB, Pandemyia(*)

In September 2010, the source code of a particular Gozi CRM dll version was leaked. This led to two main branches: one became known as Gozi Prinimalka, which was merge with Pony and became Vawtrak/Neverquest.

The other branch became known as Gozi ISFB, or ISFB in short. Webinject functionality was added to this version.

There is one panel which often was used in combination with ISFB: IAP. The panel's login page comes with the title 'Login - IAP'. The body contains 'AUTHORIZATION', 'Name:', 'Password:' and a single button 'Sign in' in a minimal design. Often, the panel is directly accessible by entering the C2 IP address in a browser. But there are ISFB versions which are not directly using IAP. The bot accesses a gate, which is called the 'Dreambot' gate. See win.dreambot for further information.

ISFB often was protected by Rovnix. This led to a further complication in the naming scheme - many companies started to call ISFB Rovnix. Because the signatures started to look for Rovnix, other trojans protected by Rovnix (in particular ReactorBot and Rerdom) sometimes got wrongly labelled.

In April 2016 a combination of Gozi ISFB and Nymaim was detected. This breed became known as GozNym. The merge uses a shellcode-like version of Gozi ISFB, that needs Nymaim to run. The C2 communication is performed by Nymaim.

See win.gozi for additional historical information.


ISR Stealer is a modified version of the Hackhound Stealer. It is written in VB and often comes in a .NET-wrapper.
ISR Stealer makes use of two Nirsoft tools: Mail PassView and WebBrowserPassView.

Incredibly, it uses an hard-coded user agent string: HardCore Software For : Public


According to Kaspersky Labs, this malware tool set has been used by APT group GoldenJackal, which has been observed since 2019 and which usually targets government and diplomatic entities in the Middle East and South Asia with espionage. It consists of multiple components and is written in .NET.


According to Zscaler, JanelaRAT is a heavily modified variant of BX RAT. Its focus is set on harvesting LATAM financial data and its method of extracting window titles for transmission underscores its targeted and stealthy nature. With an adaptive approach utilizing dynamic socket configuration and exploiting DLL side-loading from trusted sources, JanelaRAT poses a significant threat.


Jason is a graphic tool implemented to perform Microsoft exchange account brute-force in order to “harvest” the highest possible emails and accounts information. Distributed in a ZIP container the interface is quite intuitive: the Microsoft exchange address and its version shall be provided. Three brute-force methods could be selected: EWS (Exchange Web Service), OAB (Offline Address Book) or both (All). Username and password list can be selected and threads number should be provided in order to optimize the attack balance.


Ransomware written in Go.


Ransomware.


JessieConTea is a remote access trojan that uses HTTP(S) for communication. It supports around 30 commands that include operations on the victim’s filesystem, basic process management, file exfiltration (both plain and zipped), and the download and execution of additional tools from the attacker’s arsenal. The commands are indexed by 32-bit integers, starting with the value 0x60D49D97.

The malware was delivered in-the-wild via trojanized applications like DeFi Wallet or Citrix Workspace.

JessieConTea generates POST parameters with a specific parameter name, jsessid, from which the initial part of its name is derived. Also, it contains a specific RTTI symbol ".?AVCHttpConn@@", which inspired the second part of the name. It uses RC4 for C&C traffic encryption.


Cisco Talos identified JhoneRAT in January 2020. The RAT is delivered through cloud services (Google Drive) and also submits stolen data to them (Google Drive, Twitter, ImgBB, GoogleForms). The actors using JhoneRAT target Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Oman, Yemen, Syria, UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain and Lebanon.


According to PCrisk, Jigsaw is ransomware that uses the AES algorithm to encrypt various files stored on computers. Targeted files include .jpg, .docx, .mp3, .mp4, and many others.


JSOutProx is a sophisticated attack framework built using both Javascript and .NET. It uses the .NET (de)serialization feature to interact with a Javascript file which is the core module running on a victim machine. Once the malware is run on the victim, the framework can load several plugins performing additional malicious activities on the target.


As described on the Github repository page, "A sugared version of RottenPotatoNG, with a bit of juice, i.e. another Local Privilege Escalation tool, from a Windows Service Accounts to NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM".


According to FireEye, JUMPALL is a malware dropper that has been observed
dropping HIGHNOON/ZXSHELL/SOGU.


Kamasers is a DDOS botnet. The bot has backdoor capabilities as it connects to an attacker controller C2 server. This allows it to download files, receive commands, and execute files, allowing it to perform HTTP and DNS flooding attacks. The bot is also used to access sensitive files.

The bot has been seen to be communicating with third-party platforms such as Telegram, Discord, and GitHub, using these platforms as backup C2 servers.


A Telegram bot with browser stealing capabilities, written using the .NET framework.


Kaolin RAT is a complex modular RAT, with Release_TMain_x64.dll as its internal DLL name.

The malware provides standard backdoor functionality, including manipulation and listing of files and processes, exchanging the configuration, collecting the victim’s system info, opening a TCP connection, and executing local commands and collecting their outputs.

Also, it is designed to execute additional DLL payloads in memory via specific exported functions:
- _DoMyFunc,
- _DoMyFunc2,
- _DoMyThread,
- _DoMyCommandWork.

Functionally, Kaolin RAT relies on an accompanying trojanized curl library to handle network and exfiltration operations, by importing functions such as:
- SendDataFromURL,
- ZipFolder,
- UnzipStr,
- curl wrappers.

For C&C communication, it employs AES encryption and attempts to evade network detection by randomly selecting words from a hardcoded custom dictionary to populate POST request parameters. The malware's name is derived from one of these dictionary words ("kaolin").

The Kaolin RAT has been observed in Lazarus campaigns as a late-stage payload — typically following loaders like RollFling, RollSling, and RollMid — and serves also as a delivery vector for the FudModule rootkit with a 0-day exploit.


According to ASERT, Kardon Loader is a fully featured downloader, enabling the download and installation of other malware, eg. banking trojans/credential theft etc.This malware has been on sale by an actor under the username Yattaze, starting in late April. The actor offers the sale of the malware as a standalone build with charges for each additional rebuild, or the ability to set up a botshop in which case any customer can establish their own operation and further sell access to a new customer base.


According to checkpoint, Karius is a banking trojan in development, borrowing code from Ramnit, Vawtrack as well as Trickbot, currently implementing webinject attacks only.

It comes with an injector that loads an intermediate "proxy" component, which in turn loads the actual banker component.

Communication with the c2 are in json format and encrypted with RC4 with a hardcoded key.

In the initial version, observed in March 2018, the webinjects were hardcoded in the binary, while in subsequent versions, they were received by the c2.


Trend Micro describes this as a Ransomware with possible ties to BlackMatter.


According to Karsten Hahn, a straightforward loader that runs assemblies from images.


Stealer written in Python, available as open source on Github.


Ketrican is a backdoor trojan used by APT 15.


Intezer found this family mid May 2020, which appears to be a merger of the family Ketrican and Okrum.


KeyBase is a .NET credential stealer and keylogger that first emerged in February 2015. It often incorporates Nirsoft tools such as MailPassView and WebBrowserPassView for additional credential grabbing.


According to Walmart Global Tech, Keyhole is a multi-functional VNC/Backconnect component used extensively by IcedID/Anubis. While the malware contains functionality that has been previously reported on as typical VNC and HDESK capabilities, a general lack of technical information appears to exist around some of the expanded functionality currently present.


A compact ransomware written in .NET and delivered as follow-up to Log4J exploitation, targeting Windows servers.


According to Unit42, KHRAT is a Trojan that registers victims using their infected machine’s username, system language and local IP address. KHRAT provides the threat actors typical RAT features and access to the victim system, including keylogging, screenshot capabilities, remote shell access and so on.


KillDisk is a generic detection name used by ESET to refer to destructive malware with disk wiping capabilities, such as damaging boot sectors and overwriting then deleting (system) files, followed by a reboot to render the machine unusable. Although all KillDisk malware has similar functionality, as a generic detection, individual samples do not necessarily have strong code similarities or relationships.  Such generic malware detections usually have many “sub-families”, distinguished by the detection suffix (e.g. KillDisk.NBO, KillDisk.NCV, and KillDisk.NCX). Sub-family variants that do have strong code similarities, are sometimes seen in separate cyberattacks and thus can help researchers make connections between them.


According to Sophis, the botnet has been active since 2018, initially, the botmasters operated DDoS tools and backdoors, but later moved on to cryptocurrency miners. They use a DGA to automatically change the hosting
domains every week.


According to Threatray, KiwiStealer is a simple file stealer first discovered in late 2024. It starts by gathering the computer name and username. It also retrieves the current system time, which will be used later to check the last modification time of files on the machine. KiwiStealer searches through a predefined list of directories to gather files and only exfiltrates files that are smaller than 50MB and have been modified within the past year. It targets these extensions: z7, .txt, .doc, .docx, .xls, .xlsx, .ppt, .pptx, .pdf, .rtf, .jpg, .zip, .rar, .apk, .neat, .err, .eln, .ppi, .er9, .azr, .pfx, .ovpn.


According to Zscaler, a malware sharing similarities with GhostRAT and Big Bad Wolf. The RAT’s features include clipboard manipulation to replace cryptocurrency addresses and the deployment of remote monitoring tools (i.e. Sunlogin, GotoHTTP).


Microsoft describes that threat actor ZINC is using Klackring as a malware dropped by ComeBacker, both being used to target security researchers.


KleptoParasite Stealer is advertised on Hackforums as a noob-friendly stealer. It is modular and comes with a IP retriever module, a Outlook stealer (32bit/64bit) and a Chrome/Firefox stealer (32bit/64bit). Earlier versions come bundled (loader plus modules), newer versions come with a loader (167k) that grabs the modules.

PDB-strings suggest a relationship to JogLog v6 and v7.


According to Symantec, this is a ransomware written in Golang and obfuscated with Gobfuscate. The source code for Knight (originally known as Cyclops) was offered for sale on underground forums in February 2024 after Knight’s developers decided to shut down their operation.


Ransomware.


Koadic is an open-source post-exploitation framework for Windows, created by zerosum0x0 and available on GitHub. The framework is written in Python and can generate JScript and VBScript payloads which can be written to disk or mapped directly into memory. Its capabilities include remote desktop access, command execution, lateral movement via SMB, file transfer, credential theft using Mimikatz, port scanning, and system information collection. It can also collect specific system information and targeted files based on their name or extension.


A loader written in .NET.


KOMPROGO is a signature backdoor used by APT32 that is capable of process, file, and registry management, Creating a reverse shell, running WMI queries, retrieving information about the infected system.


Konni is a remote administration tool, observed in the wild since early 2014. The Konni malware family is potentially linked to APT37, a North-Korean cyber espionage group active since 2012. The group primary victims are South-Korean political organizations, as well as Japan, Vietnam, Russia, Nepal, China, India, Romania, Kuwait, and other parts of the Middle East.


Kovter is a Police Ransomware

Feb 2012 - Police Ransomware
Aug 2013 - Became AD Fraud
Mar 2014 - Ransomware to AD Fraud malware
June 2014 - Distributed from sweet orange exploit kit
Dec 2014 - Run affiliated node
Apr 2015 - Spread via fiesta and nuclear pack
May 2015 - Kovter become fileless
2016 - Malvertising campaign on Chrome and Firefox
June 2016 - Change in persistence
July 2017 - Nemucod and Kovter was packed together
Jan 2018 - Cyclance report on Persistence


KPOT is an information-stealing Trojan horse that can steal information from infected computers. It is distributed through phishing emails and malicious websites. Once executed on a computer, KPOT can steal passwords, credit card numbers, and other personal information.


According to ESET, this malware family is a banking trojan and was active in Brazil until the middle of 2019. Its most noticeable characteristic was its usage of well-known cryptographic methods to encrypt strings, as opposed to the majority of Latin American banking trojans that mainly use custom encryption schemes.


A ransomware that was active in 2018.


KrakenKeylogger is a .NET based Infostealer malware sold in Underground hacking forums


ThreatPost describes KRBanker (Blackmoon) as a banking Trojan designed to steal user credentials from various South Korean banking institutions. It was discovered in early 2014 and since then has adopted a variety of infection and credential stealing techniques.


According to Trend Micro, this is a rootkit with capabilities of a full-featured backdoor with various capabilities, including process manipulation, file hiding, shellcode execution, traffic concealment, and C&C communication. It is controlled through a range of IOCTL codes.


Kronos malware is a sophisticated banking Trojan that first emerged in 2014. It is designed to target financial institutions and steal sensitive banking information. The malware is primarily spread through phishing campaigns and exploit kits. Once installed on a victim's computer, Kronos can capture login credentials, credit card details, and other personal information by keylogging and form grabbing techniques. It can also bypass security measures such as two-factor authentication. Kronos employs advanced evasion techniques to avoid detection by antivirus software and actively updates itself to evade security patches. It has been known to target a wide range of banking systems and has affected numerous organizations worldwide. The malware continues to evolve, making it a significant threat to online banking security.


A keylogger used by Turla.


According to Trend Micro, KTLVdoor is a highly obfuscated malware that masquerades as different system utilities, allowing attackers to carry out a variety of tasks including file manipulation, command execution, and remote port scanning.


According to Threatray, KugelBlitz is a shellcode loader discovered in late 2024. It loads shellcode into memory from a file specified via command line. If no file is specified, it defaults to run.bin.


Cofense characterizes Kutaki as a data stealer that uses old-school techniques to detect sandboxes and debugging. Kutaki however works quite well against unhardened virtual machines and other analysis devices. By backdooring a legitimate application, it can fool unsophisticated detection methodologies.


Kwampirs is a family of malware which uses SMB to spread. It typically will not execute or deploy in environments in which there is no publicly available admin$ share. It is a fully featured backdoor which can download additional modules. Typical C2 traffic is over HTTP and includes "q=[ENCRYPTED DATA]" in the URI.


According to its self-description, Ladon is a multi-threaded plug-in comprehensive scanning artifact for large-scale network penetration, including port scanning, service identification, network assets, password blasting, high-risk vulnerability detection and one click getshell. It supports batch a segment / b segment / C segment and cross network segment scanning, as well as URL, host and domain name list scanning.


According to Microsoft, this is a downloader used in a supply chain attack involving a malicious variant of an application developed by CyberLink. It is centered around a legitimate CyberLink application installer that has been modified to include malicious code that downloads, decrypts, and loads a second-stage payload. The file, which was signed using a valid certificate issued to CyberLink Corp., is hosted on legitimate update infrastructure owned by CyberLink and includes checks to limit the time window for execution and evade detection by security products.


Clipboard stealer.


According to Seqrite, this is a TLS-based reverse shell.


FireEye describes this malware as a highly obfuscated bot that has been in the wild since mid-2013. It has managed to leave hardly any traces on the Internet, is capable of watching its victims without ever being noticed, and can even corrupt a hard disk, thus making a PC useless.

Using Dynamic Threat Intelligence, they have observed multiple campaigns targeting multiple industries in the United States, United Kingdom, South Korea, Brazil, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Canada, Peru and Poland – primarily in the financial services and insurance sectors. Although the infection strategy is not new, the final payload dropped – which they named LATENTBOT – caught attention since it implements several layers of obfuscation, a unique exfiltration mechanism, and has been very successful at infecting multiple organizations.


First discovered in October 2023, BLACKWIDOW is a backdoor written in C that communicates over HTTP using RC4 encrypted requests. The malware has the capability to execute discovery commands, query information about the victim's machine, update itself, as well as download and execute an EXE, DLL, or shellcode. The malware is believed to have been developed by LUNAR SPIDER, the creators of IcedID (aka BokBot) Malware.


A further branch of the URSNIF collection of malware families. According to Mandiant, it no longer has focus on banking fraud but generic backdoor capabilities instead.


Ransomware.


Lemon Duck is a monerocrypto-mining malware with capabilitiy to spread rapidly across the entire network. The malware runs its payload mainly in memory. Internal network spreading is performed by SMB RCE Vulnerability (CVE-2017-0144), or brute-force attacks.


Leslieloader is a loader written in Golang, named after the observed AES decryption key referencing deceased actor, Leslie Cheung. The loader assists in the initial infection and deployment of the malicious payload, enabling execution on a system. The loader achieves its goal by decoding and decrypting a secondary payload binary, then injecting it into another process.


Lethic is a spambot dating back to 2008. It is known to be distributing low-level pharmaceutical spam.


LgoogLoader is an installer that drops three files:  a batch file, an AutoIt interpreter, and an AutoIt script. After downloading, it executes the batch file.


LightlessCan is a complex HTTP(S) RAT, that is a successor of the Lazarus RAT named BlindingCan.

In Q2 2022 and Q1 2023, it was deployed in targeted attacks against an aerospace company in Spain and a technology company in India.

Besides the support for commands already present in BlindingCan, its most significant update is mimicked functionality of many native Windows commands:
• ipconfig
• net
• netsh advfirewall firewall
• netstat
• reg
• sc
• ping (for both IPv4 and IPv6 protocols)
• wmic process call create
• nslookup
• schstasks
• systeminfo
• arp

These native commands are often abused by the attackers after they have gotten a foothold in the target’s system. Lightless is able to execute them discreetly within the RAT itself, rather than being executed visibly in the system console. This provides stealthiness, both in evading real-time monitoring solutions like EDRs, and postmortem digital forensic tools.

LightlessCan use RC6 for decryption of its configuration, and also for encryption and decryption of network traffic.


Lightning stealer can target 30+ Firefox and Chromium-based browsers and steal crypto wallets, Telegram data, Discord tokens, and Steam user’s data. Unlike other info stealers, Lightning Stealer stores all the stolen data in the  JSON format for exfiltration.


According to Mandiant, this is a tunneler, likely based on an open-source Socks4a proxy, that communicates using Azure cloud infrastructure.


According to Mandiant, LIGHTWORK is a disruption tool written in C++ that implements the IEC-104 protocol to modify the state of RTUs over TCP. It crafts configurable IEC-104 ASDU messages, to change the state of RTU IOAs to ON or OFF. This sample works in tandem with PIEHOP, which sets up the execution.


Lilith is a console-based ultra light-weight RAT developed in C++. It features a straight-forward set of commands that allows for near complete control of a machine.


## Description
 Simple yet powerful RAT for Windows machines. This project is simple and easy to understand, It should give you a general knowledge about dotNET malwares and how it behaves.

 ---

## Main Features

- **.NET**
    - Coded in Visual Basic .NET, Client required framework 2.0 or 4.0 dependency, And server is 4.0
- **Connection**
    - Using pastebin.com as ip:port , Instead of noip.com DNS. And Also using multi-ports
- **Plugin**
    - Using plugin system to decrease stub's size and lower the AV detection
- **Encryption**
    - The communication between server & client is encrypted with AES
- **Spreading**
    - Infecting all files and folders on USB drivers
- **Bypass**
    - Low AV detection and undetected startup method
- **Lightweight**
    - Payload size is about 25 KB
- **Anti Virtual Machines**
    - Uninstall itself if the machine is virtual to avoid scanning or analyzing
- **Ransomware**
    - Encrypting files on all HHD and USB with .Lime extension
- **XMR Miner**
    - High performance Monero CPU miner with user idle\active optimizations
- **DDoS**
    - Creating a powerful DDOS attack to make an online service unavailable
- **Crypto Stealer**
    - Stealing Cryptocurrency sensitive data
- **Screen-Locker**
    - Prevents user from accessing their Windows GUI
 - **And more**
    - On Connect Auto Task
	- Force enable Windows RDP
	- Persistence
    - File manager
    - Passowrds stealer
    - Remote desktop
    - Bitcoin grabber
    - Downloader
    - Keylogger


According to CarbonBlack, LiteDuke is a third stage backdoor. It appears to use the same dropper as PolyglotDuke. Its payload makes use of an AES encrypted SQLite database to store its configuration. LiteDuke supports a large number of individual commands including host information retrieval, file upload and download, and the ability to execute other code. LiteDuke C2 servers appear to be compromised servers, and the malware communicates with them using normal HTTP requests. It attempts to use a realistic User-Agent string to blend in better with normal HTTP traffic.
ESET have dubbed it LiteDuke because it uses SQLite  to store information such as its configuration.


According to AlienVault, LiteHTTP bot is a new HTTP bot programmed in C#. The bot has the ability to collect system information, download and execute programs, and update and kill other bots present on the system.

The source is on GitHub: https://github.com/zettabithf/LiteHTTP


According to PCrisk, LOBSHOT is a type of malware with a feature called hVNC (Hidden Virtual Network Computing) that allows attackers to access a victim's computer without being noticed. The hVNC component is effective in evading fraud detection systems. Also,  LOBSHOT is being used to carry out financial crimes through the use of banking trojan and information-stealing functionalities.


According to Trend Micro, LockerGoga is a ransomware that has been used in multiple attacks, most notably against Altran Technologies and Norsk Hydro. It encrypts a range of documents and source code files but certain versions had little to no whitelist that would protect import system files such as the Windows Boot Manager.


A ransomware first observed in July 2021.


Locky is a high profile ransomware family that first appeared in early 2016 and was observed being active until end of 2017. It encrypts files on the victim system and asks for ransom in order to have back original files. In its first version it added a .locky extension to the encrypted files, and in recent versions it added the .lukitus extension. The ransom amount is defined in BTC and depends on the actor.


For the lack of a better name, this is a VBS-based loader that was used in beginning of 2018 to deliver win.locky.


Loda is a previously undocumented AutoIT malware with a variety of capabilities for spying on victims. Proofpoint first observed Loda in September of 2016 and it has since grown in popularity. The name Loda is derived from a directory to which the malware author chose to write keylogger logs. It should be noted that some antivirus products currently detect Loda as “Trojan.Nymeria”, although the connection is not well-documented.


LokiLocker is a .Net ransomware, which was seen first in August 2021. This malware is protected with NETGuard (modified ConfuserEX) using the additional KoiVM virtualization plugin.
The victims were observed ti be scattered around the world, with main concentation in Estern Europe and Asia (BlackBerry).


"Loki Bot is a commodity malware sold on underground sites which is designed to steal private data from infected machines, and then submit that info to a command and control host via HTTP POST. This private data includes stored passwords, login credential information from Web browsers, and a variety of cryptocurrency wallets." - PhishMe

Loki-Bot employs function hashing to obfuscate the libraries utilized. While not all functions are hashed, a vast majority of them are.

Loki-Bot accepts a single argument/switch of ‘-u’ that simply delays execution (sleeps) for 10 seconds. This is used when Loki-Bot is upgrading itself.

The Mutex generated is the result of MD5 hashing the Machine GUID and trimming to 24-characters. For example: “B7E1C2CC98066B250DDB2123“.

Loki-Bot creates a hidden folder within the %APPDATA% directory whose name is supplied by the 8th thru 13th characters of the Mutex. For example: “%APPDATA%\ C98066\”.

There can be four files within the hidden %APPDATA% directory at any given time: “.exe,” “.lck,” “.hdb” and “.kdb.” They will be named after characters 13 thru 18 of the Mutex. For example: “6B250D.” Below is the explanation of their purpose:

FILE EXTENSION	FILE DESCRIPTION
.exe	A copy of the malware that will execute every time the user account is logged into
.lck	A lock file created when either decrypting Windows Credentials or Keylogging to prevent resource conflicts
.hdb	A database of hashes for data that has already been exfiltrated to the C2 server
.kdb	A database of keylogger data that has yet to be sent to the C2 server

If the user is privileged, Loki-Bot sets up persistence within the registry under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE. If not, it sets up persistence under HKEY_CURRENT_USER.

The first packet transmitted by Loki-Bot contains application data.

The second packet transmitted by Loki-Bot contains decrypted Windows credentials.

The third packet transmitted by Loki-Bot is the malware requesting C2 commands from the C2 server. By default, Loki-Bot will send this request out every 10 minutes after the initial packet it sent.

Communications to the C2 server from the compromised host contain information about the user and system including the username, hostname, domain, screen resolution, privilege level, system architecture, and Operating System.

The first WORD of the HTTP Payload represents the Loki-Bot version.

The second WORD of the HTTP Payload is the Payload Type. Below is the table of identified payload types:

BYTE	PAYLOAD TYPE
0x26	Stolen Cryptocurrency Wallet
0x27	Stolen Application Data
0x28	Get C2 Commands from C2 Server
0x29	Stolen File
0x2A	POS (Point of Sale?)
0x2B	Keylogger Data
0x2C	Screenshot

The 11th byte of the HTTP Payload begins the Binary ID. This might be useful in tracking campaigns or specific threat actors. This value value is typically “ckav.ru”. If you come across a Binary ID that is different from this, take note!

Loki-Bot encrypts both the URL and the registry key used for persistence using Triple DES encryption.

The Content-Key HTTP Header value is the result of hashing the HTTP Header values that precede it. This is likely used as a protection against researchers who wish to poke and prod at Loki-Bot’s C2 infrastructure.

Loki-Bot can accept the following instructions from the C2 Server:

BYTE	INSTRUCTION DESCRIPTION
0x00	Download EXE & Execute
0x01	Download DLL & Load #1
0x02	Download DLL & Load #2
0x08	Delete HDB File
0x09	Start Keylogger
0x0A	Mine & Steal Data
0x0E	Exit Loki-Bot
0x0F	Upgrade Loki-Bot
0x10	Change C2 Polling Frequency
0x11	Delete Executables & Exit

Suricata Signatures
RULE SID	RULE NAME
2024311	ET TROJAN Loki Bot Cryptocurrency Wallet Exfiltration Detected
2024312	ET TROJAN Loki Bot Application/Credential Data Exfiltration Detected M1
2024313	ET TROJAN Loki Bot Request for C2 Commands Detected M1
2024314	ET TROJAN Loki Bot File Exfiltration Detected
2024315	ET TROJAN Loki Bot Keylogger Data Exfiltration Detected M1
2024316	ET TROJAN Loki Bot Screenshot Exfiltration Detected
2024317	ET TROJAN Loki Bot Application/Credential Data Exfiltration Detected M2
2024318	ET TROJAN Loki Bot Request for C2 Commands Detected M2
2024319	ET TROJAN Loki Bot Keylogger Data Exfiltration Detected M2


According to ESET, this is a banking trojan that was active mainly in Mexico until the beginning of 2020, with builds for Brazil, Chile, and Colombia also having been identified.


The primary function of LONGWATCH is a keylogger that outputs keystrokes to a log.txt file in the Windows temp folder.


LooChiper is a Ransomware. It uses a nice but scary name: LooCipher. The name is at the same time an allusion to its capabilities (thank to the term “Cipher”) and to the popular mythological figure, Lucifer. Despite its evocative nickname, the functionalities of this malware are pretty straight forward, not very different from those belonging to many other ransomware families.


LooCipher is a Ransomware. It uses a nice but scary name: LooCipher. The name is at the same time an allusion to its capabilities (thank to the term “Cipher”) and to the popular mythological figure, Lucifer. Despite its evocative nickname, the functionalities of this malware are pretty straight forward, not very different from those belonging to many other ransomware families.


L0rdix is a multipurpose .NET remote access tool (RAT) first discovered being sold on underground forums in November 2018. Out of the box, L0rdix supports eight commands, although custom commands can be defined and added. These include:

Download and execute
Update
Open page (visible)
Open page (invisible)
Cmd
Kill process
Upload file
HTTP Flood

L0rdix can extract credentials from common web browsers and steal data from crypto wallets and a target's clipboard. Optionally, L0rdix can deploy a cryptominer (XMRig) to its bots.


Tesorion describes Lorenz as a ransomware with design and implementation flaws, leading to impossible decryption with tools provided by the attackers. A free decryptor for 2021 versions was made available via the NoMoreRansom initiative. A new version of the malware was discovered in March 2022, for which again was provided a free decryptor, while the ransomware operators are not able to provide tools to decrypt affected files.


Frank Boldewin describes Loup as a small cli-tool to cash out NCR devices (ATM).


LOWBALL, uses the legitimate Dropbox cloud-storage
service to act as the CnC server. It uses the Dropbox API with a hardcoded bearer access token and has the ability to download, upload, and execute files. The communication occurs via HTTPS over port 443.


LPEClient is an HTTP(S) downloader that expects two command line parameters: an encrypted string containing two URLs (a primary and a secondary C&C server), and the path on the victim's file system to store the downloaded payload.

It sends detailed information about the victim's environment, like computer name, type and number of processors, computer manufacturer, product name, major and minor Windows versions, architecture, memory information, installed security software and the version of the ntoskrnl.exe from its version-information resource.

LPEClient uses specific 32-bit values to represent its execution state (0x59863F09 when connecting via the WinHTTP interface, 0xA9348B57 via WinINet), or the nature of HTTP requests to the C&C servers (0xF07D6B34 when sending system information, 0xEF8C0D51 when requesting a DLL payload, 0xCB790A25 when reporting the successful loading of the DLL, 0xD7B20A96 when reporting the state of the the DLL execution). As the final step, malware looks for the export CloseEnv and executes it.


This in Go written malware is lsass process memory dumper, which was custom developed by threat actors according to Security Joes. It has the capability to automatically exfiltrate the results to the free file transfer service "transfer.sh".


According to PCrisk, Lu0bot es un software malicioso. El malware es ligero, por lo que su uso de los recursos del sistema es bajo. Esto complica la detección de Lu0bot, ya que no causa síntomas significativos, como una grave disminución del rendimiento del sistema.

El programa malicioso funciona como un recolector de telemetría.


According to PCRisk, The Luca stealer can extract a variety of information from compromised machines. It targets data related to the following: operating system, device name, CPUs, desktop environment, network interface, user account name, preferred system language, running processes, etc.

This malicious program can steal information from over thirty Chromium-based browsers. From these applications, Luca can obtain Internet cookies, account log-in credentials (usernames/passwords), and credit card numbers. Additionally, the stealer can extract data from password manager and cryptowallet browser extensions compatible with over twenty browsers.

This malware also targets various messaging applications like Telegram, Discord, ICQ, Skype, Element, etc. It likewise aims to acquire information from gaming-related software such as Steam and Uplay (Ubisoft Connect). Furthermore, some versions of Luca can take screenshots and download the files stored on victims' devices.


This family was previously tracked as PovertyStealer until it's actual name was identified via crime forums.


Lumma Stealer (aka LummaC2 Stealer) is an information stealer written in C language that has been available through a Malware-as-a-Service (MaaS) model on Russian-speaking forums since at least August 2022. It is believed to have been developed by the threat actor "Shamel", who goes by the alias "Lumma". Lumma Stealer primarily targets cryptocurrency wallets and two-factor authentication (2FA) browser extensions, before ultimately stealing sensitive information from the victim's machine. Once the targeted data is obtained, it is exfiltrated to a C2 server via HTTP POST requests using the user agent "TeslaBrowser/5.5"." The stealer also features a non-resident loader that is capable of delivering additional payloads via EXE, DLL, and PowerShell.


According to ESET Research, this is a Outlook Add-In that can use email messages for its C&C communication.


An uploader that can exfiltrate files to Dropbox.


This .NET written malware is used as backdoor using the dns protocol by a state sponsored threat actor. It implements additional capabilities (e.g. execution of commands, taking screenshots, listing diles/directories/installed applications, and uploading/downloading/execution of files). There are also variants using HTTP (.Net) and also one written in Golang.


This .Net written malware is used as backdoor using the http protocol by a state sponsored threat actor. It implements additional capabilities (e.g. execution of commands, taking screenshots, listing diles/directories/installed applications, and uploading/downloading/execution of files). There are also variants using DNS (.Net) and also one written in Golang.


This Golang written malware is used as backdoor using the http protocol by a state sponsored threat actor (TA). This backdoor is running in a loop of three stages:
- Check the connectivity
- Registration of the victim
- Retrieval and execution of commands
This TA is using also variants .NET backdoors utilizing HTTP and DNS.


According to Nextron, Lynx ransomware is a sophisticated malware threat that has been active since mid-2024. Lynx has claimed over 20 victims across a range of industries. Once it infiltrates a system, it encrypts critical files, appending a ‘.lynx’ extension, and deletes backup files like shadow copies to hinder recovery. Uniquely, it also sends the ransom note to available printers, adding an unexpected element to its attack strategy. This malware shares similarities with previous INC ransomware, indicating that they bought INC ransomware source code.


According Zscaler, M00nD3V Logger has the ability to steal confidential information, such as browser passwords, FTP client passwords, email client passwords, DynDNS credentials, JDownloader credentials; capture Windows keystrokes; and gain access to the webcam and hook the clipboard. In all, it has the ability to steal passwords from 42 applications.


Modular x86/x64 file infector created/used by Maze ransomware developer. According to the author, it has been mistakenly tagged by AVs as Expiro.


According to ESET, Machete’s dropper is a RAR SFX executable. Three py2exe components are dropped: GoogleCrash.exe, Chrome.exe and GoogleUpdate.exe. A single configuration file, jer.dll, is dropped, and it contains base64‑encoded text that corresponds to AES‑encrypted strings.
GoogleCrash.exe is the main component of the malware. It schedules execution of the other two components and creates Windows Task Scheduler tasks to achieve persistence.
Regarding the geolocation of victims, Chrome.exe collects data about nearby Wi-Fi networks and sends it to the Mozilla Location Service API. In short, this application provides geolocation coordinates when it’s given other sources of data such as Bluetooth beacons, cell towers or Wi-Fi access points. Then the malware takes latitude and longitude coordinates to build a Google Maps URL.
The GoogleUpdate.exe component is responsible for communicating with the remote C&C server. The configuration to set the connection is read from the jer.dll file: domain name, username and password. The principal means of communication for Machete is via FTP, although HTTP communication was implemented as a fallback in 2019.


According to DCSO, this malware is written as a Extended Stored Procedure for a MSSQL server. The backdoor has capabilities to bruteforce logins to other MSSQL servers, adding a special hardcoded backdoor user in the case of successfully bruteforcing admin logins.


According to Talos, MagicRAT is programmed in C++ programming language and uses the Qt Framework by statically linking it to the RAT on 32- and 64-bit versions. The Qt Framework is a programming library for developing graphical user interfaces, of which this RAT has none. Talos thinks that the objective was to increase the complexity of the code, thus making human analysis harder. On the other hand, since there are very few examples (if any) of malware programmed with Qt Framework, this also makes machine learning and heuristic analysis detection less reliable. The RAT uses the Qt classes throughout its entire code. The configuration is dynamically stored in a QSettings class eventually being saved to disk, a typical functionality provided by that class.

MagicRAT provides the operator with a remote shell on the victim's system for arbitrary command execution, along with the ability to rename, move and delete files on the endpoint. The operator can determine the timing for the implant to sleep, change the C2 URLs and delete the implant from the infected system.


According to TXOne, The Magniber ransomware was first identified in late 2017 when it was discovered using the Magnitude Exploit Kit to conduct malvertising attacks against users in South Korea. However, it has remained active since then, continually updating its tactics by employing new obfuscation techniques and methods of evasion. In April 2022, Magniber gained notoriety for disguising itself as a Windows update file to lure victims into installing it. It then began spreading via JavaScript in September 2022.


According to Zscaler, MAILCREEP is a Golang-based backdoor leveraging the Microsoft Graph API for its C2 communications.


BeforeCrypt describes that MAKOP Ransomware first appeared in 2020 as an offshoot of the PHOBOS variant, and that it has infected a number of computers since then. Files encrypted by MAKOP often have the extension “.makop”. You may also notice that your desktop wallpaper has changed. MAKOP uses RSA encryption. There are no known free decryption tools capable of decrypting files encrypted by MAKOP.


According to PCrisk, Maktub is ransomware distributed via zipped Word documents. Once the file is extracted and opened, Maktub infiltrates the system and encrypts files stored on the victim's computer. Maktub ransomware adds a .NORV, .gyul (or other random) extension to each file encrypted, thus, making it straightforward to determine which files are encrypted.


According to PCrisk,  Mamba is an updated variant of high-risk ransomware called Phobos. After successful infiltration, Mamba encrypts stored files and appends filenames with the ".mamba" extension plus the victim's unique ID and developer's email address.


Cisco Talos compared this RAT to Cobalt Strike and Sliver. Written in Rust.


Ransomware family closely related to GlobeImposter, notable for its use of SHACAL-2 encryption algorithm.


Marap is a downloader, named after its command and control (C&C) phone home parameter "param" spelled backwards. It is written in C and contains a few notable anti-analysis features.


Ransomware written in Delphi.


3xp0rt describes Mars Stealer as an improved successor of Oski Stealer, supporting stealing from current browsers and targeting crypto currencies and 2FA plugins.


MassLogger is a .NET credential stealer. It starts with a launcher that uses simple anti-debugging techniques which can be easily bypassed when identified. This first stage loader eventually XOR-decrypts the second stage assembly which then decrypts, loads and executes the final MassLogger payload.


According to PCrisk, Matanbuchus is a loader-type malicious program offered by its developers as Malware-as-a-Service (MaaS). This piece of software is designed to cause chain infections.

Since it is used as a MaaS, both the malware it infiltrates into systems, and the attack reasons can vary - depending on the cyber criminals operating it. Matanbuchus has been observed being used in attacks against US universities and high schools, as well as a Belgian high-tech organization.


Matiex Keylogger is being sold in the underground forums, due to their gained popularity, and can also be used as MaaS (Malware-as-a-service) because of their ease of use, competitive pricing and immediate response from support.


Matrix is a ransomware that encrypts a victim's files and demands a ransom in cryptocurrency to decrypt them. It is distributed through phishing emails, hacking toolkits, and software downloaders. Matrix is a serious threat and can cause significant damage to a victim's data.


Specialized PoisonIvy Sideloader.


Banking trojan written in Delphi, targeting customers of European and South American banks.


Maze Ransomware encrypts files and makes them inaccessible while adding a custom extension containing part of the ID of the victim. The ransom note is placed inside a text file and an htm file. There are a few different extensions appended to files which are randomly generated.

Actors are known to exfiltrate the data from the network for further extortion. It spreads mainly using email spam and various exploit kits (Spelevo, Fallout).

The code of Maze ransomware is highly complicated and obfuscated, which helps to evade security solutions using signature-based detections.


This ransomware modifies the master boot record of the victim's computer so that it shows a ransom note before Windows starts.


Ransomware overwriting the system's MBR, making it impossible to boot into Windows.


According to Unit 42, Medusa surfaced as a ransomware-as-a-service (RaaS) platform in late 2022 and gained notoriety in early 2023, primarily targeting Windows environments. Medusa should not be confused with a similarly named RaaS, MedusaLocker, which has been available since 2019.


A Windows ransomware that will run certain tasks to prepare the target system for the encryption of files. MedusaLocker avoids executable files, probably to avoid rendering the targeted system unusable for paying the ransom. It uses a combination of AES and RSA-2048, and reportedly appends extensions such as .encrypted, .bomber, .boroff, .breakingbad, .locker16, .newlock, .nlocker, and .skynet.


Medusa is a DDoS bot written in .NET 2.0. In its current incarnation its C&C protocol is based on HTTP, while its predecessor made use of IRC.


Megacortex is a ransomware  used in targeted attacks against corporations.
Once the ransomware is run it tries to stop security related services and after that it starts its own encryption process adding a .aes128ctr or .megac0rtx extension to the encrypted files. It is used to be carried from downloaders and trojans, it has no own propagation capabilities.


Megumin Trojan, is a malware focused on multiple fields (DDoS, Miner, Loader, Clipper).


According to PCrisk, MEOW is ransomware based on other ransomware called CONTI. MEOW encrypts files and appends the ".MEOW" extension to their filenames. It also drops the "readme.txt" file (a ransom note). An example of how MEOW ransomware modifies filenames: it renames "1.jpg" to "1.jpg.MEOW", "2.png" to "2.png.MEOW", and so forth.


Merlin is a cross-platform post-exploitation HTTP/2 Command & Control  server and agent written in golang.


Mespinosa is a ransomware which encrypts file using an asymmetric encryption and adds .pysa as file extension. According to dissectingmalware the extension "pysa" is probably derived from the Zanzibari Coin with the same name.


Ransomware.


According  to BitDefender, Metamorfo is a family of banker Trojans that has been active since mid-2018. It primarily targets Brazilians and is delivered mostly through Office files rigged with macros in spam attachments. Metamorfo is a potent piece of malware, whose primary capability is theft of banking information and other personal data from the user and exfiltration of it to the C2 server.


On March 7, 2022, KELA observed a threat actor named _META_ announcing the launch of META – a new information-stealing malware, available for sale for USD125 per month or USD1000 for unlimited use. The actor claimed it has the same functionality, code, and panel as the Redline stealer, but with several improvements.


A wiper used in an attack against the Iranian train system.


A botnet that used Tor .onion links for C&C.


Open-source lightweight backdoor for C2 communication.
GitHub: https://github.com/Cr4sh/MicroBackdoor


This malware written in Delphi is an information stealing malware family dubbed "MICROPSIA". It has s wide range of data theft functionality built in.


This malware written in C# is a variant of the Thanos ransomware family and emerged in October 2021 and is obfuscated using SmartAssembly. In 2022, ThreatLabz analysed a report of Midas ransomware was slowly deployed over a two month period (ZScaler). This ransomware features also its own data leak site as part of its double extortion strategy.


In August 2019, Kaspersky Labs discovered a malware they dubbed Milum (naming based on internal file name fragments) when investigating an operation they named WildPressure. It is written in C++ using STL, primarily to parse JSON. Functionality includes bidirectional file transmission and remote command execution.


According to PCrisk, Mimic is a ransomware-type program. Malware within this classification is designed to encrypt data and demand ransoms for decryption. Evidence suggests that Mimic is based on the leaked CONTI ransomware builder. Mimic campaigns have been observed targeting English and Russian speaking users.


Varonis summarizes Mimikatz as an open-source application that allows users to view and save authentication credentials like Kerberos tickets. Benjamin Delpy continues to lead Mimikatz developments, so the toolset works with the current release of Windows and includes the most up-to-date attacks.

Attackers commonly use Mimikatz to steal credentials and escalate privileges: in most cases, endpoint protection software and anti-virus systems will detect and delete it. Conversely, pentesters use Mimikatz to detect and exploit vulnerabilities in your networks so you can fix them.


Ransomware, potential rebranding of win.sfile.


According to Mandiant, this is a custom backdoor that provides a more flexible code-execution interface and enhanced reconnaissance features compared to MINIBIKE.


miniBlindingCan is an HTTP(S) orchestrator.

It is a variant of the BlindingCan RAT, having the same command parsing logic, but supporting only a small subset of commands available previously. The main operations are the update of the malware configuration, and the download and execution of additional payloads from the attackers' C&C.

The miniBlindingCan malware was used in Operation DreamJob attacks against aerospace and media companies in Q2-Q3 2022.


The MiniDuke toolset consists of multiple downloader and backdoor components


miniTYPEFRAME is a variant of TYPEFRAME, a RAT for Windows.

Its functionality is reduced to serve mostly as a proxy module. Its commands are indexed by 16-bit integers, usually in the range 0x8027–0x8044.


According to Minerva Labs, MirrorBlast malware is a trojan that is known for attacking users’ browsers. It usually pretends to be a legitimate browser add-on however it has now evolved additional capabilities, whereby other malwares are installed simultaneously.  Recently, this trojan is thought to have tentative links to TA505 and PYSA groups.


According to Trend Micro, this is a loader for win.transbox, used by threat actor Earth Yako.


Undocumented information stealer targeting multiple browsers and cryptocurrences. Internal project name appears to be "misha".


According to ESET Research, Mispadu is an ambitious Latin American banking trojan that utilizes McDonald’s malvertising and extends its attack surface to web browsers. It is used to target the general public and its main goals are monetary and credential theft. In Brazil, ESET has seen it distributing a malicious Google Chrome extension that attempts to steal credit card data and online banking data, and that compromises the Boleto payment system.


Mandiant associates this with UNC4191, this malware decrypts and runs DARKDEW.


According to Mandiant, MISTPEN is a lightweight backdoor written in C whose main functionality is to download and execute Portable Executable (PE) files. The backdoor is a modification of the open-source Notepad++ binhex plugin v2.0.0.1 where the creation of a thread that executes the malicious code has been added to the DllMain function.


According to Proofpoint, MiyaRAT is a remote access trojan (RAT) written in C++ that uses sockets for communications and has standard RAT functionality. It is possibly authored by the same developer(s) as WmRAT.


LNK files used to lure and orchestrate execution of various scripts, interacting with the Mocky API service.


According to PCrisk, ModernLoader, also known as Avatar Bot and AvatarLoader, is a malicious program that has minimalistic loader and RAT (Remote Access Trojan) functionalities.

Loader-type malware is designed to infect devices with additional malicious programs, while RATs enable remote access/control over infected machines. ModernLoader is capable of executing basic commands and injecting malicious modules into systems.


ModPipe is point-of-sale (POS) malware capable of accessing sensitive information stored in devices running ORACLE MICROS Restaurant Enterprise Series (RES) 3700 POS – a management software suite used by hundreds of thousands of bars, restaurants, hotels and other hospitality establishments worldwide. ModPipe uses modular architecture consisting of basic components and downloadable modules. One of them – named GetMicInfo – contains an algorithm designed to gather database passwords by decrypting them from Windows registry values. Exfiltrated credentials allow ModPipe's operators access to database contents, including various definitions and configuration, status tables and information about POS transactions.


Moisha is a .NET-based ransomware that employs double extortion techniques to encrypt and exfiltrate data from victims. Upon execution, it creates a global mutex to ensure only one instance of the malware runs on the affected system. It then stops services such as backup and antivirus to avoid interference during the encryption process. Moisha disables real-time protection in Microsoft Defender and removes shadow copies using PowerShell and Vssadmin. It encrypts files on the system using RSA and AES encryption algorithms and places a ransom note in the affected directory. The note instructs victims to contact the attackers via a Moisha ID on TOX Messenger to negotiate the ransom. Additionally, Moisha spreads to other machines on the network and self-deletes using PowerShell command line.


MoleNet is a .NET downloader malware used by the Molerats group in targeted attacks in the Middle East. Before downloading additional payloads, it first collects information about the infected machine using WMI queries and sends the data to its operators. It was first discovered in 2020, however, Cybereason researchers showed that it has been in use since at least 2019, with infrastructure that operated since 2017.


According to ESET, first seen in-the-wild on 26th May, 2017, the malicious mining software is a fork of a legitimate open source Monero CPU miner called xmrig.


A new ransomware gang hitting companies in worldwide firstly spotted by Zscaler.


MoonBounce is a malware embedded into a modified UEFI firmware. Placed into SPI flash, it can provide persistence across full reinstall and even disk replacements. MoonBounce deploys user-mode malware through in-memory staging with a small footprint.


According to Cisco Talos, this RAT is derived from the open source XenoRAT.


The malware, potentially named "MOON_TAG" by its developer as indicated by the strings within, is derived from code shared in a Google Group (https://groups.google.com/g/ph4nt0m/c/2J3_1XPeKD8/m/AYPoWudRcTAJ?pli=1). Each variant discovered possesses capabilities to communicate via the Microsoft Graph API. At this moment, it appears to be in development.


This tool is a passive backdoor which allows attackers to inspect all incoming traffic to the infected machine, filter out packets that are marked as designated for the malware and respond to them. This forms a covert channel over which attackers are able to issue shell commands and receive back their outputs.


Ransomware. Identical samples (apart from note) operated by Morpheus and HellCat ransomware groups.


According to Fortinet, this malware is written in Easy Programming Language (EPL), a Simplified-Chinese-based programming language designed to be beginner-friendly and easy to understand, especially for native Chinese speakers.


According to BlackBerry, MountLocker is a Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS), active since July 2020
The MountLocker ransomware was updated during early November 2020 to broaden the targeting of file types and evade security software.
Victim’s files are encrypted using ChaCha20, and file encryption keys are encrypted using RSA-2048.
The ransomware appears to be somewhat secure; there are no trivial weaknesses allowing for easy key recovery and decryption of data. MountLocker does however use a cryptographically insecure method for key generation that may be prone to attack.


According to PCrisk, Mozart is malicious software that allows attackers (cyber criminals) to execute various commands on an infected computer through the DNS protocol. This communication method helps cyber criminals to avoid detection via security software. Mozart is categorized as a malware loader and executes commands that cause download and installation of malicious software.


Ransomware.


a command-line reconnaissance tool. It can be used to execute files as a different user, move, and delete files locally, schedule remote AT jobs, perform host discovery on connected networks, scan for open ports on hosts in a connected network, and retrieve information about the OS, users, groups, and shares on remote hosts.


According to bin.re, Murofet, also called LICAT, is a member of the ZeuS family. It uses a Domain Generation Algorithm (DGA) to determine the current C2 domain names.


When executed, the worm opens up Windows' Notepad with garbage data in it. When spreading, the infectious email used to distribute the worm copies use variable subjects, bodies and attachment names.

The worm encrypts most of the strings in it's UPX-packed body with ROT13 method, i.e. the characters are rotated 13 locations to the right in the abecedary, starting from the beginning if the position is beyond the last letter.

Mydoom also performs a Distributed Denial-of-Service attack on www.sco.com. This attack starts on 1st of February.

The worm opens up a backdoor to infected computers. This is done by planting a new SHIMGAPI.DLL file to system32 directory and launching it as a child process of EXPLORER.EXE.

Mydoom is programmed to stop spreading on February 12th.


According to PCrisk, MyloBot is a high-risk trojan-type virus that allows cyber criminals to control the infected machine. MyloBot can be considered as a botnet, since all infected computers are connected to a single network. Depending on cyber criminals' goals, infected machines might be misused or have additional infections applied.


According to ZScaler, a new information stealer that was first advertised in April 2023, capable of stealing credentials from nearly 40 web browsers and more than 70 browser extensions, also targeting cryptocurrency wallets, Steam, and Telegram. The code is heavily obfuscated making use of polymorphic string obfuscation, hash-based import resolution, and runtime calculation of constants.
Mystic implements a custom binary protocol that is encrypted with RC4.


Botnet with focus on banks in Latin America and South America.
Relies on DLL Sideloading attacks to execute malicious DLL files.
Uses legitimate VMWare executable in attacks.
As of March 2019, the malware is under active development with updated versions coming out on persistent basis.


According to FireEye, NACHOCHEESE is a command-line tunneler that accepts delimited C&C IPs or domains via command-line and gives actors shell access to a victim's system.


According to Orange Cybwerdefense, NailaoLocker is a ransomware using AES-256-CTR mode, which conveniently logs  its encryption activities into a log file.


Nanocore is a Remote Access Tool used to steal credentials and to spy on cameras. It as been used for a while by numerous criminal actors as well as by nation state threat actors.


NedDnLoader is an HTTP(S) downloader that uses AES for C&C trafic encryption.

It sends detailed information about the victim's environment, like computer name, user name, type and free disk space of all drives, and a list of currently running processes. It uses three typical parameter names for HTTP POST requests: ned, gl, hl. The usual payload downloaded with NedDnLoader is Torisma.

The internal DLL name of NedDnLoader is usually Dn.dll, Dn64.dll or DnDll.dll. It is deployed either as a standalone payload or within a trojanized MFC application project. It contains specific RTTI symbols like ".?AVCWininet_Protocol@@" or ".?AVCMFC_DLLApp@@".


According to Vitali Kremez and Michael Gillespie, this ransomware shares much code with Nemty 2.5. A difference is removal of the RaaS component, which was switched to email communications for payments. Uses AES-128, which is then protected RSA2048.


Nemty is a ransomware that was discovered in September 2019. Fortinet states that they found it being distributed through similar ways as Sodinokibi and also noted artfifacts they had seen before in Gandcrab.


Proofpoint observed distribution of this RAT since late April 2022, it is written on Go and incorporates code from various open-source Git repositories.


Neshta is a 2005 Belarusian file infector virus written in Delphi. The name of the virus comes from the Belarusian word "nesta" meaning "something."


NESTEGG is a memory-only backdoor that can proxy commands to other
infected systems using a custom routing scheme. It accepts commands to
upload and download files, list and delete files, list and terminate processes, and
start processes. NESTEGG also creates Windows Firewall rules that allows the
backdoor to bind to a specified port number to allow for inbound traffic.


A RAT written in .NET, delivered with a driver to protect it from deletion. Observed being dropped by PrivateLoader.


NetfilterRootkit is a WFP application layer enforcement callout driver which is signed by Microsoft via the Windows Hardware Compatibility program. It was first discovered by Karsten Hahn. His team submitted the malware to Microsoft, which allowed Microsoft to start an investigation.

After Karsten Hahn published tweets and an article about the rootkit, Microsoft quickly responded with their own article. Their investigation revealed Chinese gamers as targets of the malware. The rootkit redirects traffic to the threat actor's IP. The threat actor can use the driver to spoof their geo-location to cheat, but it also allows account compromise of targeted players.

While this particular rootkit is not significant anymore, similar rootkits have been created since that are also signed by Microsoft via the Windows Hardware Compatibility program.


Freely available network reconnaissance tool.


Enigma Software notes that NetSupport Manager is a genuine application, which was first released about twenty years ago. The purpose of the NetSupport Manager tool is to enable users to receive remote technical support or provide remote computer assistance. However, cyber crooks have hijacked this useful application and misappropriated it to use it in their harmful campaigns. The name of the modified version of the NetSupport Manager has been labeled the NetSupport Manager RAT.


Netwire is a RAT, its functionality seems focused on password stealing and keylogging, but includes remote control capabilities as well.

Keylog files are stored on the infected machine in an obfuscated form. The algorithm is:

            for i in range(0,num_read):
                buffer[i] = ((buffer[i]-0x24)^0x9D)&0xFF


According to Unit 42, NET-STAR is a .NET malware suite designed to target Internet Information Services (IIS) web servers. It was named based on the use of the string in the malware’s program database (PDB) paths. The suite consists of three distinct web-based backdoors, each serving a specific role in the attack chain while maintaining persistence within the target’s IIS environment: A fileless modular backdoor that supports in-memory execution of command-line arguments, arbitrary commands and payloads, a loader for additional Assemblies, and improved version of the Assembly loader that is also equipped with Antimalware Scan Interface (AMSI) and Event Tracing for Windows (ETW) bypass capabilities.


According to Unit42,  NGLite is a backdoor Trojan that is only capable of running commands received through its C2 channel. While the capabilities are standard for a backdoor, NGLite uses a novel C2 channel that leverages a decentralized network based on the legitimate NKN to communicate between the backdoor and the actors.


C2 framework.


According to eSentire, NightshadeC2 demonstrates an extensive capability set, including: Reverse shell via Command Prompt/PowerShell; Download and execute DLL or EXE; Self-deletion; Remote control; Screen capture; Hidden web browsers; Keylogging; clipboard content capturing. Certain variants have been found with stealing capabilities that enable the extraction of browser passwords and cookies from victim systems for both Gecko and Chromium based browsers.


NikiHTTP is a versatile backdoor and has multiple capabilities such as download of files, executing them, performing commands, take screenshots and so on.