---
language:
- en
- zh
language_bcp47:
- zh-TW
license: apache-2.0
tags:
- sign-language
- sign-language-recognition
- taiwanese-sign-language
- tsl
- computer-vision
- graph-convolutional-network
- st-gcn
- pytorch
pipeline_tag: video-classification
---

# SignBridge-TSL-STGCN: Taiwanese Sign Language Recognition via ST-GCN

<p align="center">
  <a href="#english-model-card">English</a> | <a href="#chinese-model-card-繁體中文">繁體中文</a>
</p>

---

<span id="english-model-card"></span>
## English Model Card

### 1. Model Summary

SignBridge-TSL-STGCN is a lightweight Spatial-Temporal Graph Convolutional Network (ST-GCN) engineered for isolated Taiwanese Sign Language (TSL) word recognition. The model models the spatial configuration of skeletal joints and their temporal evolution across frames, enabling real-time, low-latency sign language recognition suitable for mobile and edge deployments.

- **Developer:** SignBridge Project Team (Taiwan)
- **Model Architecture:** Spatial-Temporal Graph Convolutional Network (ST-GCN)
- **Input Dimensions:** `(Batch_Size, Channels=2, Frames=64, Nodes=55)`
- **Keypoint Topology:** 55 Nodes (12 Upper-Body Pose + 21 Left Hand + 21 Right Hand + 1 Virtual Neck Center)
- **Primary Weights File:** `best_model.pt`
- **License:** Apache License 2.0
- **Repository:** [https://huggingface.co/dYang1/SignBridge-TSL-STGCN](https://huggingface.co/dYang1/SignBridge-TSL-STGCN)

### 2. Compliance and Provenance Declaration

In compliance with open-source regulations and digital supply chain integrity standards:

1. **Autonomous Development & Non-Foreign Adversary Compliance:**
   - The graph network topology, training pipeline, and checkpoint weights were developed independently by the Taiwanese project team.
   - The model relies entirely on open-source frameworks (PyTorch, OpenCV, MediaPipe). It contains no proprietary models, black-box components, or pre-trained dependencies originating from PRC-based entities or restricted supply chains.
2. **Data Authenticity & Locality:**
   - Training datasets were collected and curated specifically for Taiwanese Sign Language (TSL) vocabulary, reflecting regional grammatical conventions and practical daily dialogue scenarios.
3. **Open-Source Transparency:**
   - All source code (network definition `model.py`, graph builder `graph.py`, extractor `extract.py`) and vocabulary label files (`sign_language_words.json`) are fully disclosed under the Apache-2.0 license.

### 3. Skeletal Layout & Preprocessing

The graph convolution operates on 55 spatial landmarks extracted via MediaPipe Holistic:
- **Upper-Body Pose (Nodes 0–11):** Key joint landmarks including shoulders, elbows, wrists, and hips.
- **Left Hand (Nodes 12–32):** Complete 21-joint articulated hand topology.
- **Right Hand (Nodes 33–53):** Complete 21-joint articulated hand topology.
- **Virtual Root Center (Node 54):** Midpoint between both shoulders, used as the global coordinate anchor for normalization.

Input sequences are temporally resampled to 64 frames and spatially normalized by shoulder distance.

### 4. Inference Snippet

```python
import json
import torch
from model import build_from_checkpoint

# 1. Load model checkpoint
device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
checkpoint = torch.load("best_model.pt", map_location=device)
model, config = build_from_checkpoint(checkpoint)
model.eval()

# 2. Load TSL vocabulary
with open("sign_language_words.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
    vocab = json.load(f)

# 3. Simulate input: (Batch=1, Channels=2, Frames=64, Nodes=55)
dummy_skeleton = torch.randn(1, 2, 64, 55).to(device)

# 4. Perform forward pass
with torch.no_grad():
    logits = model(dummy_skeleton)
    probabilities = torch.softmax(logits, dim=-1)
    predicted_index = torch.argmax(probabilities, dim=-1).item()

print(f"Predicted Gloss: {vocab[predicted_index]}")
print(f"Confidence: {probabilities[0, predicted_index]:.4f}")
```

### 5. Citations & References

If you utilize the SignBridge system or its pipeline components, please cite:

#### Google DeepMind Gemma 4
```bibtex
@misc{gemma20264,
  title={Gemma 4: Open Multimodal Language Models},
  author={Gemma Team},
  year={2026},
  publisher={Google DeepMind},
  howpublished={\url{https://ai.google.dev/gemma/docs/core/model_card_4}}
}
```

#### SignBridge-TSL-STGCN
```bibtex
@software{SignBridge_TSL_STGCN_2026,
  author = {SignBridge Development Team},
  title = {SignBridge-TSL-STGCN: Taiwanese Sign Language Recognition via ST-GCN},
  year = {2026},
  publisher = {Hugging Face},
  howpublished = {\url{https://huggingface.co/dYang1/SignBridge-TSL-STGCN}}
}
```

### 6. License

This project is licensed under the Apache License 2.0.

---

<span id="chinese-model-card-繁體中文"></span>
## Chinese Model Card (繁體中文)

### 1. 模型摘要 (Model Summary)

SignBridge-TSL-STGCN 是專為「台灣手語（Taiwanese Sign Language, TSL）」獨立詞辨識研發之輕量化時空圖卷積神經網路（ST-GCN）模型。本模型透過人體骨架關節點之拓撲圖卷積與時間卷積，捕捉手語動作在時空序列中的動態特徵，具備邊緣端與即時環境下低延遲、高穩定度的辨識能力。

- **研發單位**：SignBridge 專案團隊 (Taiwan)
- **模型架構**：時空圖卷積神經網路（Spatial-Temporal Graph Convolutional Network, ST-GCN）
- **輸入維度**：`(Batch_Size, Channels=2, Frames=64, Nodes=55)`
- **關節拓撲**：55 節點（12 上半身姿態 + 21 左手掌指 + 21 右手掌指 + 1 雙肩中點虛擬根節點）
- **主要權重檔**：`best_model.pt`
- **開源授權**：Apache License 2.0
- **官方儲存庫**：[https://huggingface.co/dYang1/SignBridge-TSL-STGCN](https://huggingface.co/dYang1/SignBridge-TSL-STGCN)

### 2. 開源與非中資合規聲明 (Compliance and Provenance)

為符合數位發展部數位產業署「開源 AI 模型應用組」之競賽規範與資通安全查核，本模型聲明如下：

1. **自主研發與非中資來源**：
   - 本模型之網路架構設計、特徵管線邏輯、訓練流程及推論權重，均由台灣本地團隊自主研發完成。
   - 核心框架均採用開源且具國際公信力之主流專案（PyTorch、OpenCV、MediaPipe），完全無使用任何源自中國大陸或受國際制裁實體之專有模型、私有權重或黑箱相依套件。
2. **訓練資料在地合規**：
   - 訓練語料皆採集自台灣手語（TSL）詞彙與日常會話情境，遵循台灣在地手語文法，無跨境不合規數據。
3. **商業友善與完整開源**：
   - 依 Apache-2.0 協議完整開源模型權重、圖架構代碼（`model.py`、`graph.py`）、特徵前處理邏輯（`extract.py`）與標籤對應表（`sign_language_words.json`）。

### 3. 骨架拓撲與特徵前處理 (Skeletal Layout & Preprocessing)

特徵提取採用 55 個空間座標點（透過 MediaPipe Holistic 擷取）：
- **上半身姿態 (節點 0–11)**：肩部、手肘、手腕、髖部關鍵節點。
- **左手掌與指關節 (節點 12–32)**：完整 21 個手部關節鏈結。
- **右手掌與指關節 (節點 33–53)**：完整 21 個手部關節鏈結。
- **虛擬頸點 (節點 54)**：取雙肩中點作為全域空間幾何對齊與正規化原點。

所有輸入序列皆在時間軸上等距重採樣至 64 幀，並依據雙肩距離進行空間尺度正規化。

### 4. 快速推論範例代碼 (Inference Snippet)

```python
import json
import torch
from model import build_from_checkpoint

# 1. 載入模型檢查點
device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
checkpoint = torch.load("best_model.pt", map_location=device)
model, config = build_from_checkpoint(checkpoint)
model.eval()

# 2. 讀取台灣手語詞彙標籤
with open("sign_language_words.json", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
    vocab = json.load(f)

# 3. 模擬輸入骨架特徵: (Batch=1, Channels=2, Frames=64, Nodes=55)
dummy_skeleton = torch.randn(1, 2, 64, 55).to(device)

# 4. 執行前向傳播
with torch.no_grad():
    logits = model(dummy_skeleton)
    probabilities = torch.softmax(logits, dim=-1)
    predicted_index = torch.argmax(probabilities, dim=-1).item()

print(f"辨識結果 Gloss: {vocab[predicted_index]}")
print(f"信心度 Confidence: {probabilities[0, predicted_index]:.4f}")
```

### 5. 引用來源與學術參考 (Citations & References)

本系統於手語轉自然語言之語序重組模組中採用 Google DeepMind 所開源之 Gemma 多模態模型系列。若於學術研究或專案中使用本專案之演算法與模型，請引用以下標準 BibTeX 條目：

#### Google DeepMind Gemma 4 模型引用
```bibtex
@misc{gemma20264,
  title={Gemma 4: Open Multimodal Language Models},
  author={Gemma Team},
  year={2026},
  publisher={Google DeepMind},
  howpublished={\url{https://ai.google.dev/gemma/docs/core/model_card_4}}
}
```

#### SignBridge-TSL-STGCN 手語模型引用
```bibtex
@software{SignBridge_TSL_STGCN_2026,
  author = {SignBridge Development Team},
  title = {SignBridge-TSL-STGCN: Taiwanese Sign Language Recognition via ST-GCN},
  year = {2026},
  publisher = {Hugging Face},
  howpublished = {\url{https://huggingface.co/dYang1/SignBridge-TSL-STGCN}}
}
```

### 6. 開源授權 (License)

本專案依 Apache License 2.0 條款授權釋出。