88 C M. Osten Sacken: Diptera The Diptera of the Philippine Islands. Tipnlidae. Dicranomyia saltans Dolesch. 2 Bijdr. 14, Tab. II, f. 3 Limnobia saltans; Java). — Remarkable for the unusual shortness of the cells in the apical portion of the wing and the slenderness of the legs. The venation and the absence of spurs and empodia prove it to be a Dicranomyia. Doleschall calls the antennae 16 -jointed; as far as I can discern, the only antenna of my only specimen has the normal number of 14 joints. According to the same author, this species is very numerous during the season of the dry monsoon ; it is often found in dwellings, principally in the corners, in large numbers, dancing up and down in the air; they keep so close together that they seem to hold each other in dancing, and to form a regular chain. Liihnotes Semperi n. sp. . Thorax bright orange; abdomen deep black; wings uniformly brown. — Length: 11 — 12 mm. Head reddish-brown; rostrum, palpi and antennae black. The whole thorax, including coxae, bright orange. Halteres brown, extreme base orange. Abdomen deep velvet black, except the extreme base, which is orange. Legs brown. Wings uniformly brown; bases of the 2 and 3 post. c. on the same line; first vein incurved towards the second. — A single female. Libnotes termitina n. sp. Q. Uniformly yellowish-orange; extreme tip of the abdomen black; wings brown. Length; 1112 mm. Antennae black (reddish at the base in one of the specimens); rostrum brownish; palpi brown; halteres with a brown knob; stem paler; legs brown; femora more or less yellow, but brown towards the tip. In the male, the genitals are deep-black, in the female, the last abdominal segment, although the valves of the ovipositor have the usual, brownish-ferruginous color; they are very short. Wings tinged with brown (less dark than L. Semperi); this color is rather uniformly spread over the whole surface; the apex is slightly darker. First vein incurved towards the second ; bases of second and third post. c. on the same line. — A male and a female.


1874.] of the Burmese Flora. 101 Hab. Tenasserim, Mergui (Griff.) 717/1). Vatica, L. 1. V. lanceaefolia, Bl. Mus. Lugd. Bat. II. 31; DC. Prod. XVI. 618; Hf. Ind. Fl. I. 302. (Vateria lanceafolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. II. 601). Hab. Chittagong (Roxb.); Burma (Griff.). Fl. May; Fr. Jul. Aug. Doubtful species 1. V. trigyna, Griff. Not. Dicot. 514. Hab. Tenasserim, Mergui, on the summit of the hillock Pator, at 600-800 ft. elevation (Griff.). Griffith’s description is a very complete and good one, but still I cannot guess the plant. The ovary-like style would indicate Anisoptera, but the ovary itself is stated to be superior and free. Malvaceae. Conspectus of genera. A. Carpels whorled in a single row, not united into a capsule. Trib. I. Malveae. Staminal column bearing the filaments at the summit. Style-branches as many as cells to the ovary. Mature carpels separating more or less from the axis. * Ovule solitary, ascending. X Stigmas linear. 1. Althaea. Bracteoles 6-9, united at base; fruit-axis not longer than the carpels. 2. Malva. Bracteoles 3, distinct. Carpels not beaked. XX Stigmas capitate or clavate. 3.Malvastrum. Bracteoles 1 to 3, distinct, or none. Carpels usually beaked. ** Ovules suspended, solitary. 4. Anoda. Bracteoles none. Carpels broadly stellate, not beaked. 5. Sida. Carpels converging with their points or beaked. Bracteoles none, or very rarely 1 or 2 and bristle-like. *** Ovules 2 or more, ascending or pendulous or both. 6. Abutilon. Bracteoles none. Carpels 5-20, without spurious partitions. Trib. II. Ureneae. Staminal column truncate or 5-toothed at apex bearing the anthers or filaments on the outside. Style-branches twice as many as ovary-cells. Carpels 1-seeded. 7. Urena. Bracteoles 5, connate at base. Carpels opposite the petals, muricate or glochidiate. 8. Pavonia. Bracteoles 5 or more, usually free, herbaceous or bristle-like. Carpels opposite the sepals, variously armed or smooth. B. Fruit a capsule, dehiscent or rarely indehiscent.


108 G. King -Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula [No. 2, panicles; bracts persistent, caducous, or 0. Sepals ovate or lanceolate, imbricate, 3 being external and 2 internal. Stamens 15 or 20, or 30; anthers ovate of oblong, rarely linear; connective subulate-cuspidate, rarely inappendiculate; valves obtuse, rarely cuspidate, equal, or the outer slightly larger. Ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled; style subulate, stigma entire or 3-totthed. Fruit with leathery, rarely with woody, pericarp, 1-celled, 1-seeded, closely surrounded by the bases of the persistent, usually accrescent, sepals, the 3 outer, or more rarely, all, and sometimes none, of which are developed into 7-to 10-veined reti-culate membranous linear-oblong wings. Cotyledons fleshy, unequal, usually enclosing the superior radicle. Distrib -Tropical Asia and chiefly the Malayan Archipelago: species about 60. Sect. I. Eu-Shorea. Fruit little more than .5 in. long, its pericarp leathery: three of the persistent sepals developed into membra-nous wings many times longer than the fruit. Anthers without apical appendages. Lower surface of adult leaves minutely stel-late-tomentose, not scaberulous ... 1. S. leprosula. Lower surface of adult leaves glabrescent, the axils of the nerves scaly ... 2. S. scutulata. Lower surface of adult leaves quite glabrous, of young leaves glaucous ... 3. S. Curtisii. Anthers mostly inappendiculate, a few with a minute apical appendage from the connective. Stamens 30 ... ... ... 4. S. sericea. Anthers with very short apical appendages from the connextive; flowers sessile. Leaves 2.5 to 4 in. long, the lower surfaces mi-nutely pubescent: flower .25 in. long; fruit ovoid-globose, its largest wings 2.5 in. long 5. S. parvifolia. Leaves 3 to 4.5 in. long, glabrous beneath: flower .3 in. long: fruit turbinate, its largest wings 3.5 in. long ... ... 6. S. acuminata. Leaves 4 to 6 in. long, glabrescent or glabr-our beneath; fruit narrowly ovoid, its longest wings 3.5 to 4.5 in. long. ... 7. S. macroptera. Apical appendage from the connective much longer than the anther. Leaves glabrous on both surfaces, the lower not pale. Stamens 10 (?) ... ... 8. S. Maxwelliana. Stamens 20 ... ... ... 9. S. gratissima.


124 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, 1. Hopea nervosa, King, n. sp. A tree 50 to 70 feet high: young branches dark-coloured, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, oblong to elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, the base rounded or very slightly cuneate; both surfaces glabrous; main nerves 16 to 18 pairs, spreading, bold and prominent on the lower; length 3.5 to 5 in., breadth 1.5 to 2.25 in.; petiole .5 to .75 in., transversely wrinkled when dry. Flowers unknown. Ripe fruit ovoid-rotund, apiculate, glabrous, .5 in. long; the two outer sepals much enlarged, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, slightly narrowed to the concave thickened smooth base, 10-nerved, 4 to 4 -5 in. long, and .6 to .75 in. wide; the three inner sepals not quite so long as the fruit, broadly ovate, obtuse, thickened, smooth, closely embracing but not adherent to the fruit. Perak: King.s Collector, No. 3690. This is a very distinct species, belonging to the group of Hopea with the nerves of the leaves bold. It is so distinct that, contrary to my general practice, I venture to name it without having seen the flower. 2. Hopea Curtisii, King, n. sp. A tree 50 to 60 feet high: young branches slender, dark-coloured, lenticellate, almost glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, broadly ovate to ovatc-oblong, shortly acuminate or acute, the base slightly unequal-sided, rounded, rarely sub-cuneate; both surfaces glabrous, the upper slightly puberulous on the midrib near the base, the lower with several hairy glands at the base, the midrib sparsely and minutely stellate-puberulous; main nerves 10 to 13 pairs, curving, ascending, prominent beneath; length 35 to 4.5 in., breadth 1.75 to 2.5 in.; petiole .4 in., puberulous when young. Pani-cles axillary and terminal, lax, few-liowered. Flowers about .2 in. long, pedicelled. Sepals broadly ovate, blunt, concave, tomentose out-side, glabrous inside; the inner two rather smaller and more glabrous than the others. Petals oblong, oblique, falcate, obtuse, partially tomen-tose outside, glabrous inside. Stamens 10, the filaments short, dilated; anthers ovate, short, the connective with an apical awn longer than the anther. Ovary broadly ovate, puberulous at the truncate apex, otherwise glabrous: style short. Ripe fruit ovoid, apiculate, pale striate, .3 in. long; outer two sepals accrescent, narrowly-oblong, reti-culate, membranous, obscurely 5-nerved, obtuse, slightly narrowed to the concave smooth base, 175 to 2.5 in. long and from .35 to .6 in. broad; the three inner non-accrescent sepals about as long as the fruit. Penang: Curtis No. 1562. Perak: King.s Collector, 8161. 3. Hopea miceantha, Hook. fil. in Trans. Linn. Soc, xxiii, 160. A tree 60 to 80 feet high: young branches slender with dark-coloured, lenticellate bark and minute brownish pubescence. Leaves coriaceous,


MAI RANG 15 such parts where no streams and rivers run and means of communication are wanting. The trees grow very straight and are admirably suited for building, for Railway sleepers, Telegraph poles, Bridge-timber, Tool-handles and Canoes. Straight trees for Bridge poles 14 m. in length have occasionally been met, but are rare. They can attain a height of 30 m. Mai Teng is rather hard to saw. If perfectly dry the wood weighs 950 kg. per cbm. P=574. The resin is white and is used with the oil of the Yang tree for overhauling boats and painting all sorts of vessels, roofs of boats, etc., to prevent leakage. The resin is superior to Mai Rang resin which is generally mixed with the same. Resin (vernacular "Chan") is collected during the dry seasin in February and March. MAI RANG (Pentacme Siamensis) is a tree of the Dipterocarpeae. The flowers, which appear in March, are white or red with a fine odour; the bark is somewhat thicker than Mai Teng, and is a little darker but with vertical fissure. It is also more broken and irregular


20 MAI TAKIEN. MAI TAKIEN, (Hopea Odorata) is a tree of the natural order of Dipterocarpeae. Mai Takien is a handsome and beautiful evergreen tree of the siamese jungle. Calyx five-leaved two of them increasing with the capsule into wings. Corol one petalled, contorted. Filaments ten, inserted on the tube of the corol, alter-nately two cleft. Anthers fifteen. Germ superior, three celled, two seeded, attachment superior. Capsule one celled, one valved. Seed solitary. Embryo inverse, without perisperm. Leaves ovate-oblong, a hallow gland on the axills of the large veins, alternate, short-petioled. The largest specimen found is 7 m. in girth and 80 m. high. According to Siamese folklore, very big specimens are inhabited by ghosts who can cause death of any one felling the tree. This tree has white flowers in March. The seed ripens in May and June. The bark is dark, it has deep, long furrows and is 2 1/2-4cm. thick. The wood is hard of yellowish brown colour but is lighter in tone when newly sawn. The pores are of a moderate size and ringed. The medullary rays are prominent on a radial


MYSORE AND C00RG, 23 41 Shorea robusta, Gaertn. Fig-Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 4. The Sal or Saul tree of the tropical Himalaya. Cultivated in the Lal-Bagh, but not found in the State forests. Being, next to teak, the most valuable timber tree of India, its cultivation is desirable. Beddome remarks that seedlings are abundant in the Gumsoor forests. 42 Shorea Tumbuggaia, Roxb. Tig— Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t 5. Wight Ic. t. 27. An immense timber tree of the Cuddapah district, and possibly indigenous to the north-east boundary of Mysore. It should be searched for along the course of the North Pennar river. A kind of dammar is obtained from the trunk, and Beddome speaks well of the timber. Forest officials of the Kolar and Chitaldoorg districts should be on the look out for this tree. 43 Hopea parviflora, Bedd. Kan. Kiral boghi, Bogi, Tirpul, Tirpu. 'Fig.— Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 6. References. — Did. of Econ. Prod, of Fad.; Gamb. Man. Timb. A lofty tree of the evergreen sholas. On the plains of South Canara it is preferably used to build Hindu temples. Lovery writes, that in Shimoga the wood is prized for building carts and boats. Weight 62 — 63 lb. per cubic foot. Being so heavy and durable, Beddome thinks it is well suited for sleepers and gun-carriage work. For ornamental purposes this is a grand subject, but it is not likely to succeed on the plains under 2500 feet. It possesses the characteristic winged fruit of Diptero-carpeae, by which trees of that Order are easily distinguished.


STEMONOPORUS GARDNER! (Nat. ord. Dipterocarpeae.) STEMONOPORUS. Thw.— GEN. CHAR. Calyx 5 parted, divisions equal riot enlarging in fruit, petals 5 equal, aestivation convolute, sta-mens 15 in 2 series, 5 interior and exterior, monadelphous on a short ring round the base of the ovary, anthers oblong introrse dehiscing by a pore at the apex, connective not produced beyond the anther, ovary 3 celled, cells 2 ovuled, ovules pendulous from the apex of the axis anatropical, style filiform, stigma simple, fruit spherical 3/4-1 inch in diameter with the calyx reflexed beneath it, 1 celled by abortion, irregularly dehiscing, testa membranaceous, embryo exalbuminous, cotyledons thich plicato-convolute. Trees like Vateria, but differing in their fewers anthers arranged only in 2 series. Thw. Hook. Journ. of Bot. Vol. vi. p. 3. Vateria (in part) Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. p. 194. Vatica (in part) D.C. Proc. xvi. p.620. STEMONOPORUS GARDNERI (Thw.), A large forest tree, leaves oblong-lanceolate or ovate acuminate, rounded at the base or subcordate, prominently veined beneath, 3J-6 inches long by 1 J-2£ broad, petioles about 1 inch long, panicles slightly hoary numerous at the apex of the branchlets, more or less elongate 4-12 flowered, pedicels 34 lines long, flowers about f inch across in expansion. Thw. I. c. and En. PI. Zey. p. 38. Ceylon, in the Central Provinces at about 5,000 feet elevation. 99


80 FORESTRY BUREAU with one or two very small ones intermediate. Corolla fixed on the receptacle, bellshaped almost as long as the calyx, deeply divided in five parts. Stamens, more than twenty, fixed on the receptacle. Filaments very short. Anthers long, awlshaped and without bristles. Ovary issues from receptacle. Style same length as statiiens. Stigma apparently divided into two parts. Nut globular (like a filbert) not joined to the calyx, but covered and very close to it and crowned with the parts of the same calyx, well developed, of which two are very large, and the other two alternate ones, short and rounded at the extremities. See General Appendix — Dipterocarpeas. Well-known tree, wood hard. It produces the resinous and odorous fluid known as Malapaho and Balao, which is used as a varnish. It is common in Visayas and in many Tagal districts. The resin flows very abundantly. The parts of the calyx which have the appearance of big wings arc five inches long. The tree called Hagachac in Leyte produces an odorous, resinous fluid similar to this but it is not the same. Where the trees are plentiful the natives use this fluid for illuminating purposes. They pour this fluid into a joint of cane and light it, the resin and the cane being consumed at the same time. Flowers in June. Blanco, p. 314, 2d ed. SUPA, Sindora Wallichii, Benth. Fam. Leguminosae. SYNONYM— Supa, Tagalog. WHERE FOUND— Islands of Luzon, Leyte, Mindoro. DESCRIPTION— Second Group. "Tree of the First Order. Color. — Dirty ochre yellow, which in time changes to a yellowish gray; there are also specimens of a reddish tint. Very similar to Ipil; it substitutes the Ipil in ordinary and naval construction but is less esteemed. It deserves special attention, for the engineer should know it well to distinguish it from Ipil and thus prevent frauds, which unfortunately are of frequent occurrence. In the two species which I have before me, I note that in the Ipil the pores are distributed over the entire surface of the rings, while in the Supa they are numerous at their termination and scarce in the other parts; the medullary radii line and more marked than in the other species. The color varies in both, but generally is more uniform in the Ipil. The Supa may sometimes have narrow grains of a dark gray color which extend along its entire length. It is abundant in the center and south of Luzon and in the Visayas. I do not know of any experiments made to determine its elasticity, maximum resistance, weight in the air and specific gravity. I cannot make this experiment for want of appropriate specimens. S. Vidal."


PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 85 Bataan, etc.). But it is not brought to market in large quantities, as there is not much of a demand for it. S. Vidal.." " Branches scattered. Leaves alternate, ovate, cradle-shaped, serrated. Can not describe flowers or fruit for want of data. R. Garcia." TANGUILE. Shorea Talura, Roxb. (Dipterocarpus polyspermus, Blanco.) Fam. Dipterocarpeae SYNONYMS— Tanguile, Taugile, Tangili, Tagalog. WHERE FOUND— Islands of Luzon and Mindoro. DESCRIPTION— Second Group. "Tree of First Order. Color — Brownish red. Texture. — Very fine with large numerous pores; breaks as if brittle. Is plentiful in most of the islands, especially in the center and south of Luzon. It is used in the construction of baucas and is also sawed into lumber. Elasticity 0.004 m.; weight at which it broke 29.676 kilograms; weight in the air 7.59 grams; specific gravity 0.603. S. Vidal.." "Leaves alternate, ovate, elongated, membranous and smooth. Petioles very short. Flowers small, terminal growing in panicled racemes. Peduncles very short. Calyx free, in five ovate parts, the two inside covered with the three outside, very long at maturity, especially the three. Corolla, hairy, thrice longer than the calyx, in five sharp parts and hairy on the outside. Stamens less than twenty, inserted between the ovary and the base of the corolla and shorter than the petals; some are inserted higher up than others. Anthers somewhat fourangled, terminating in a long hair. Ovary, globular, with angles and situated within the flower. Style awl-shaped. Stigma simple. Berry, two compartments; each contains seed. Tree of the First Order. — Canoes are made of it, and it is well known in Pampauga and Balanga. The calyx remains permanently free, even at maturity, and is never adherent. Unlike most of its congeners the fruit has several seeds. Blanco, p. 312., 2d ed." "Tree of the First Order.— Found in the Philippine Islands, especially in Luzon. Color. — Light brown red. Texture. — Very fine with large and numerous pores; breaks as if brittle. It is used for canoes and sawed into lumber. Salvador Ceron, p. 308."


504 SPHINGIDAE. Gaertn., Premna integrifolia Linn., Vitex negundo Linn. (Verbenaceae), Anacardium occidentale Linn., the cashew-nut tree (Anacardiaceae), Calophyllum inophyllum. Linn., locally known as Undi (Guttiferae), and the convolvulaceous goat'sfoot creeper Ipomaea biloba Forsk. ; Cassytha filiformis Linn., of the Laurineae, is also common, a leafless, yellowish, thin-stemmed parasite infesting Premna and Ipomsea, &c. The vegetation in Kanara is mainly of the Malayan type. Below the Ghats on the coast, on the Ghats themselves, and for some distance eastward it is altogether so. On the eastern boundaries it is of the Deccan type, passing gradually into the Malayan westwards. The Malayan type is largely evergreen and semi-evergreen, the trees being often very large both in height and circumference. The Deccan vegetation is composed of deciduous species, and the trees are much smaller. The main characteristics of the Malayan forest area are a heavy rainfall and laterite soil with a strong admixture of granite. The evergreen forest is generally found above 1,000 feet elevation, all below that is semi -evergreen or deciduous. The evergreen type is more extensive in the southern half of the district than in the northern ; in the lower foot-hills along the coast the forest is deciduous, though there maybe a slight mixture of evergreen species along the streams and in the moister valleys. The crest of the Ghats is all evergreen, and this type of vegetation reaches well to the east as long as the hills, valleys and streams continue. The evergreen forests are characterized by very large trees, many reaching 200 feet in height, dense undergrowth, canes, ferns and various species of palms. Among the timber-trees we get Dipterocarpus turbinates Gaertn., several species of Calophyllum (Guttiferae), Cedrela toona Roxb., the toon, of the Meliaceae ; many members of the families Myrtaceae, Ebenaceae (ebony) and Laurineae (laurels) ; various figs and jackfruit-trees (Urticaceae) ; these are the most conspicuous. The underwood is largely composed of Murray a Linn., Glycosmis Corr. (Rutaceae) ; cinnamon, Litssea Lamk., Actinodaphne Nees (Laurineae), and gregarious Psychotria Linn, of various species ; Chasalia curviflora Thw. and many species oilxora (Rubiaceae). Herbaceous and semi-herbaceous species are represented by various Acanthaceae, climbing peppers, orchids, arums, Zinziberaceae and ferns. In the Malayan type of deciduous forests there are very large trees of the families Meliaceae (Amoora Roxb., Chikrassia tabularis (Adr. Jussieu) ; Sapindaceae (Schleichera Willd. and Sapindis Linn.) ; Anacardiaceae (the wild mango and Spondias Linn., the hog-plum, Holigarna Ham., &c.) ; Leguminosae (Dalbergia Linn., Bauhinia Linn., Xylia Benth., Albizzia Durazz) ; Datiscaceae (Tetrameles nudiflora R. Br.) ;


Plentiful around coral reefs, they are mostly-taken by emgllng. Some of the 5I1 attain a very large site. 5 There are a number of poisonous species in this family which are often eaten by mistake because of the large number of species irtiich resemble than. 1. Ohagurohata (Plate 14 Figure 40) Scientific name Cephalopholis argus Schneider Local name kaleaej (Marshallese) p6f9. (Saipan Okinawan) Distribution Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Australia, South Seas, Hawaii area Morphology Body comparatively flat laterally. Coloration is characteristic, th dark blackish sides having scattered small bright indigo spots with black borders The posterior half of the body also has black stripes which, although indistinct in life, show clearly in preserved specimens. To xicity Experiments at Saipan with three fresh specimens produced no poisoning, the only effects noted being caused by the cooked flesh of fish which had been left for 16 hours and which had developed a stench of putrefaction. It was noted that in the latter case most of the experimental animals developed diarrhoea. At Jaluit two specimens were tested, one of which produced symptoms of poisoning. On the whole, few experiments indicated strong toxicity and only one animal died. This species should be considered mildly poisonous. This species is abundant in coral reef areas and is easily hooked. There have been many cases of poisoning in human beings, page 70] Tables 62, 63, 64] Page 71] Tables 65, 66] Page 72] Tables 67, 68, 69] page 73] Treble 70] In rare oases, when large quantities have been eaten, the poisoning has been c severe that the victim could not stand up, but the majority of cases are of a mild degree. One person reported a case of poisoning as a result of eating the head, viscera, and flesh of a specimen of this species weighing 250 monme 9375 gr. Those who ate the flesh sliced raw were mildly poisonech IFKEIR hands and feet stung when placed in water. they also ate the stomach, which contained some crabs which they thought caused the poisoning. Numbness spread gradually, beginning in the extremities. After this experience one victim was cured of nervous trouble and rheumatism. According to fishermen from Okinawa, this fish is also found there and has been responsible for cases of poisoning. 2. Akajin (Plate 15 Figure 41) Scientific name Plectropomus truncatus Fowler Local name akajin, kurobanlakajln Salpan Okinawan) 42


26 Flora Malesiana [ser. I, vol. 5 1 ovate, ferrugineous-pubescent outside, c. 3 l lz by C/2-2 mm. Petals ovate-rounded, pale green, glabrous, membranous; scales fleshy, ciliate, nearly as large as the petals. Filaments short, nearly conical, l>/2 mm; anthers ovate-cordate, 2 mm. Q Flowers solitary or in twos. Pedicels shorter, but sepals and petals similar as in the d flowers. Ovary subcylindrical, glossy ferrugineous-tomentose. Fruit narrow-obovoid or cylindrical, mamillate at the apex, contracted at the base, pale green when fresh, dark brown when dry, glabrescent, l x h-\ l h by 2'/2 cm; peduncle thick, c. 2'/ 2 cm. Seeds few, c. 2'/2 cm long. Distr. Malaysia: Malay Peninsula (Perak: Goping). Ecol. Open jungle, 150-350 m. 19. Hydnocarpus beccariana Sleum. Bot. Jahrb. 69 (1938) 50. Tree, young branches rather terete, slender, glabrous. Leaves oblong-ovate, gradually acuminate, cuspidate and acute at the very tip, rounded at the base, somewhat inequilateral, coriaceous, glabrous, entire, brown and shining when dry, (9-) 12-1 8 by 3 l l2-5 1 l2 cm; midrib prominent on both sides, nerves 9-10 pairs, curved-ascending towards the margin, little prominent above, more so beneath, veins densely reticulate and prominent on both sides, specially beneath; petiole 6-8 mm, very thickened at the apex, rugose. Stipules not seen, d Flowers in 2-3-flowered dichasia; peduncle 0.6-1.3 cm. Pedicels rather thick (l-)! 1 ^-^ 1 ^ cm, as the sepals ferrugineous-velvety by stellate hairs. Sepals broadly-oblong, 1.2-1.5 by l l2-0.6(-Q.8) cm, inside rubescent and greyish-sericeous. Petals oblong, purpurascent when dry, glabrous, fleshy, 1-1.3 by 0.4-0.5 cm, each including a fleshy, oblong, densely pilose scale nearly as long as the petals, but much narrower. Filaments slender, somewhat broadened at the base, glabrous, 5 mm; anthers oblong, 5-6 by c. 2 mm. Q Flowers not known. Fruit solitary, oblong to subovoid-oblong, slightly narrowed at the base, very attenuate at the apex, 1.5-2 by 0.6 cm, densely minutely tuberculate, rusty-velvety, 8 by 3 cm; peduncle 0.8 by 0.7 cm; pericarp rather thin. Seeds c. 10, variously angular, 1.2 by 1 cm. Distr. Malaysia: Borneo (Sarawak: Kuching), once found. 20. Hydnocarpus borneensis Sleum. Bot. Jahrb. 69 (1938) 52; Airy Shaw, Kew Bull. (1949) 158.— H. hutchinsonii (non Merr. 1920) Merr. PI. Elm. Born. (1929) 207. Tree, (4-) 10-18 (-30) m; young branchlets initially covered with rusty, fascicled and simple hairs, soon glabrescent. Leaves oblong to broadlyoblong, ± abruptly acuminate, mostly inequilateral at the base, subcoriaceous, first laxly fasciculate-pilose on midrib and nerves, specially beneath, later glabrous, shining and olivaceous or brown above when dry, dull red-brown beneath, 15-30 by 6-9 cm; midrib little prominent above, manifestly so beneath, nerves mostly a little impressed above, very prominent beneath, reticulations distinct only beneath; petiole 1-1 x li cm. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, 7 by 2 mm, pubescent, rather early caducous. Cymes rusty-tomentose all over, reduced to (2-)3 or 4 'white and yellow' or greenish-white, fragrant flowers; peduncle 3-6 mm only, stout. Pedicels of the d flowers rather slender Vh-2 cm, those of the o ones shorter and stouter, c. 5 by 2 mm. Sepals ovate, 10-12 by 6 mm, finely and densely ferrugineous-tomentose outside, greyish-pubescent inside. Petals white to yellowish, oblong, rather dark-purple when dry, glabrous, involute, 12-15 by 4 mm; scales lanceolate, 10 by 2 mm, pilose towards the apex, d Flowers: filaments thick, elongate-triangular, 5 mm; anthers oblongsubsagittate, 5 mm. Rudiment of ovary hirsute. 9 Flowers: filaments deltoid, l'/2 mm, fleshy; anthers 0. Ovary elongate-ovoid, yellowishtomentose, cylindrically contracted towards the apex; stigma nearly peltate, lobes very short. Fruit depressed-ovoid or bottle-shaped, contracted at the apex or apiculate, fulvous-tomentose, 6-8 by c. 4 cm when fully developed, upper attenuate part l-l l l2 cm long; pericarp thin. Seeds 8-10, c. 2 cm across. Distr. Malaysia: Borneo (Br. N. Borneo; Sarawak: Mt Dulit). Ecol. In primary Dipterocarp-forest at low altitudes in hilly or steep localities. Uses. Wood hard. Vern. Andara, madansat, Kwijau, pasir-pasir, nangka-nangka, M, empupuak, Dusun. 21 . Hydnocarpus filipes Symington & Sleum. Bot. Jahrb. 69 (1938) 40. Tree; young branchlets slender, angular, glabrous or nearly so, brownish. Leaves oblong, subcaudate-acuminate (1-2 cm), cuneate at the base, slightly inequilateral, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, glabrous, olivaceous above and brown beneath when dry, entire, 9-14(-20) by 3-5 1 /2(-7'/2) cm; midrib raised above, very prominent beneath, nerves 6(-7) pairs curved-ascending, veins rather densely reticulate and prominent on both sides; petiole slender, thickened at the apex, 1-1.6 cm, dark when dry. Stipules not seen. Flowers always solitary. Pedicels 2-2 1 /2(-3) cm, filiform, laxly fulvous-tomentose. d Flowers: sepals oblong, ferrugineous-velvety on both sides, 8-10 by 4 mm. Petals elongate-oblong, purpurascent when dry, glabrous, 11-13 by 3 mm; scales narrow-oblong, pilose at the apex, 6-7 by l'/2 mm; anthers oblong, 3'/2 mm; filaments subulate, glabrous, 2^2-3 mm. 9 Flowers: sepals and petals similar to those of d flowers, but larger viz 5, respectively 5-6 mm wide. Filaments elongate-triangular, 2-2 1 /2 mm. Ovary ovoid, contracted at the apex, fulvous-tomentose. Fruit globose to subglobose, 4-6(-6 1 /2) cm diam., fulvous-velvety and provided with minute warts; peduncle 3 cm long, 3^4 mm thick. Seeds c. 12. Distr. Malaysia: Malay Peninsula (Selangor, Pahang, Trengganu). Vern. Setumpol, M. 22. Hydnocarpus castanea Hook. /. & Th. Fl. Br. Ind. 1 (1872) 197; King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 59, ii


NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS. 275 The wood of Vatica and Pachynocarpus seems to be very much alike. The sapwood of Vatica Wallichii is white or pale yellow and the heartwood is brownish yellow, becoming much darker after exposure to the air. There is less of resin in the wood than is usually found in most memlbers of the order. A pale damar runs out of injuries and glazes over the stem. The tree attains no great height, reaching say 60 feet and the spread of its branches is narrow, say 10 feet from the trunk. If grown in the open it keeps its lower branches and is then leafy nearly to the ground; but in high forest its trunk is straight and branchless to 30 feet or more. A tree 50' feet high may possess a diameter at breast height of 20-30 inches. The bark is light grey and smooth. Its times of flowering in Singapore are uncertain doubtless in response to the uncertainty of the weather. All trees flower together. Flowering however in the Peninsula seems to be most common in April or May. Individual trees differ from each other in small points. The leaves of some dry darker than the leaves of others. The flowers vary from a pale cream to milk-white; in some there is a touch of red upon the outside of the bud; examined at sun-down the petals may be bent just to a right angle on their claw, in others more. These variations characterise whole trees. It may be that the trees whose flowers are most pigmented, are the trees whose leaves dry darkest; but this has not been proved. A flower whose petals are bent through a right angle is figured below. The small eye is noteworthy. Fig. 5 on the left, a flower of Vatica Wallichii in face view: Fig. 6 on the right, a flower of Vatica Ridleyana, also in face view. Both nat. size. Below each is the stigma and style enlarged. The flowers have a strong and pleasant scent. By their multitude the}^ make the tree conspicuous at flowering. They open about dawn, and fall about the next dawn. The stamens number 15; — if 10 in such plants as that upon which Vatica Kelsalli was founded, then so by reduction, accidental probably. The flowers face downwards and outwards chiefly. Three or four distinct patches of glandular tissue occur in a row upon the underside of the leaves where the lateral veins break into loops. These leaves last for about 3 years. Six months pass before the fruit is ripe. The fruit is dry and water-distributed chiefly by means of floods. We have seen this process in operation in the Tasek Gelugor Forest Reserve in Province Wellesley, where heavy rain had flooded the R. A. Soc, No. 86 1922.


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 269 Symphoricarpos parishii, see Symphoricarpos oreophilus. Symphoricarpos parvifolius, see Symplioricarpos rotundifolius. Symphoricarpos paucifiorus, see Symphoricarpos alhus. Symphoricarpos racemosus, see Symphoricarpos albus. Symphoricarpos rotundifolius, Gray. Soundleaf snowberry. S. glaucus Eastw., S. parvlfolius Bastw., 8. vaccinioides Rydb., ;S. tetonensis Nels. Range: 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A small, straggling shrub ; flowers May-June. Stotiiach ?'ecords: Varied thrush, California quail. Observations: Chipmunli, California mule deer. Fair to good sheep and goat browse. Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos, see SymphmHcarpos orbiculatus. Symphoricarpos tetonensis, see Symphoricarpos rotundifolius, Symphoricarpos utahensis Rydb. Utah snowberry. Range: 9, 12, 13. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub. Symphoricarpos vaccinioides, see Symphoricarpos rotundifoliiis. Symphoricarpos vulgaris, see Symphoricarpos orhiculatus. Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L'Her. Sweetleaf. Hopea tinctoria L. Range : 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit : Drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small or large tree ; semievergreen ; flowers March-May, the two forms occurring along the coast and in the mountains respectively are by some considered specifically distinct. Stomach records: Phoebe. Relished by cattle. Talinopsis frntescens Gray. Range : 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Tamala borbonia, see Persea horbonia. Tamala humilis, see Persea hiimilis. Tamala pubescens, see Persea. pulescens. Tamarix g'allica L. Tamarisk. Range : 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 29, 30. Site : Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree; foliage comparatively sparse; Introduced from Europe but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated; withstands continued drought well ; not easily hurt by alkali in the soil ; generally free from insects and disease; thicket forming; grows rapidly from cuttings. Taxodinm spp. Baldcypress. Stomach records (in addition to specific records) : Eleven species of birds, including wild turkey. Observations (in addition to specific records) : Texas fox squirrel. Taxodinm ascendens Brongn. Pondcypress. T. imbricarium (Nutt.) Harp. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit : Cone. A large tree. Stomach records: Little brown crane.


Leguminosae. 5 (Merrill no. 2158; May 1903); Pola (Merrill no. 2212, 2376, 2474; in fruit); Mindanao Isl, Davao (Warburg no. 14685). 5. Pitliecolobium montanum Benth. Culion Isl. (Merrill no. 579; in flower in December 1902). 6. Pithecolobium Saman Benth. Luzon, Manila (Merrill no. 11; in flower in April 1902). 7. Pithecolobium subacutum Benth. North Luzon, Cagayan (Warburg no. 11514); Pr. Isabela, Malunu (Warburg no. 12 091); Pr. Rizal, Antipolo (Merrill no. 1622; in flower in March 1903); Tanay (Merrill no. 2330; in fruit in May 1903). 8. Pitliecolobium sp. (affinis P. lohata Benth). Luzon, Pr. Rizal, Antipolo (Merrill no. 1306; in fruit in February 1903). Wallaceodendron Koorders 1. Wallaceodeiidrou celebica Koorders. Luzon, Pr. Tayabas, Guinayangan (Merrill no. 2026, in fruit 1903). From a geographical standpoint, it is interesting to observe that some plants first described as coming from Celebes are now recorded as indigenous members of the flora of the Philippine Islands. The genus Wallaceodendron was first collected by Koorders, on his trip through Minahassa, and described by him in Mededeel. van's Lands Plantentuin XV, (1898) 446 et 630. We have in the family of the Anacardiaceae a similar case, the genus Koo7dersiodendron being first discovered in Celebes, and now observed in our colony by Ahern (cf. the enumeration of the Anacardiaceae). Albizzia Durazz. 1. Albizzia julibrissin Durazz. Luzon, Pr. Rizal, Bosoboso (Merrill no. 1865; in fruit in April 1903). 2. Albizzia procera Teysm. et Binn. Luzon, Pr. Camarines Sur, Pasacao (Ahern no. 69; 1902); Pr. Principe, Baler (Merrill no. 1024; a. 1903); Mindoro Isl, Baco (Merrill no. 1213; Jan. 1903).


Balanocarpus] XVII. DIPTEEOCARPACEAE 71 species 10, filaments mucli dilated at base, anthers shoi't, ovate, connective prolonged into a straight apical awn, longer than anther. Segments of fruiting calyx enlarged and thickened, not much longer than fruit, enclosing its base. Fruit oblong or globose, apiculate, often with numerous raised lines. Species 14, 1 in Ceylon, 7 in the Malay Peninsula, 4 in Borneo, 2 Indian. 1. B. utilis, Bedd., PL Sylv. t. 330.-— Syn. Hopea longifolia, Dyer, Fl. Brit. Ind, i. 3U9. Yern. Kong, Kara kong, Tinnevelli. A lofty tree, young shoots and inflorescence hoary. Leaves lanceolate, obtuse, secondary nerves 10-12 pair, tertiary parallel, visible on both sides of leaf. PL J;-^ in. long, stamens 15, awn twice or three times the length of anther. Fruit globose, 1/2 in. diam., veined, not ribbed. Tinevelli hilL, south of Courtallam, 1,000-3,000 ft. 2. B. erosa, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 329. Tinnevelli hill 2,000-3,000 ft. Leaves oblong from a cordate, often unequal-sided base, tertiary nerves reticulate. Fruit ovoid, 1 in. long, with numerous longitudinal lines. 8. VATICA, Linn. ; PL Brit. Ind. i, 301. Brandis, Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. 31, 116 {Synaptea and Vatica, Trimen Handb. Ceylon i. 126, 127; Vatica and Retinodendron King, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. vol. 62, 100, 127). Trees, sometimes shrubs. Leaves mostly coriaceous, tertiary nerves reticulate. Fl. in spikes or racemes, not unilateral, arranged in terminal and axillary panicles. Calyx segments valvate, petals as a rule much longer than broad, erect, not spreading when expanded. Stamens 15, of which 10 (in 5 pairs) stand opposite to the sepals. Pilaments of the 10 outer stamens veiy short, those of the 5 inner much longer. In a few species 10 stamens. Anthers short, glabrous, cells very unequal, diverging at the base, appendix of connective obtuse. Ovary either free or half immersed in the obconical receptacle, generally hairy, often pitted, style usually shorter than ovary, often ribbed and furrowed, stigma capitate or conical. Segments of fruiting calyx either equal, or two segments growing out into long wings. Species 45, Eastern Peninsula and Indian Archipelago. A. (Subgenus Retinodendron.) Ovary free, segments of fruiting calyx equal, shorter than fruit, spreading or reflexed. 1. V. Roxburghiana, Blume ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 95; Trimen Handb. Ceylon i. 128. — Syn. V. chinensis Linn. ; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. 31, p. 119 (the older name, but the tree does not grow in China, and Blume's name is better known). Vern. Vella payin, Mal. A moderate-sized tree, young shoots and inflorescence slightly pubescent. Leaves from a rounded base elliptic-lanceolate, blade 4-9, petiole l|-2 in. long. PL j in. in axillary panicles, shorter than leaves, pedicels as long as calyx, 5-ribbed, Pruit nearly globose, 1 1/2 in. diam., densely pubescent, indehiscent but marked with 3 vertical grooves supported at base by the enlarged thinly coriaceous sepals, pericarp very thick, fibrous, w^oody. Western Ghat, South Kanara to Travancore. Fl. H. S. Also Ceylon, moist low country. 2. V. lanceaefolia, Blume ; Kurz, P. PL i. 122. Vern. Morhal, Makrai, Assam. A large shrub, sometimes a tree, youngest shoots and inflorescence mealy-puberulous. Leaves from an acute base oblong-lanceolate, chartaceous, pale beneath, blade 5-8, petiole 1/2 in. long. PL yellowish-white, fragrant, 3/4 in. long, anthers ovate-oblong, the cells with a blunt beak at the base, appendage of connective cylindric, as long as anthers. Fruit ovoid, 1 in. long.


18 The Philippine Journal of Science i9i6 floribus ignotis, racemis axillaribus, solitariis, usque ad 10 cm longis; leguminibus 1-spermis, oblongo-ellipticis, 6 cm longis, 3 cm latis, 1 cm crassis, utrinque angustatis, basi acutis, apice rostrato-acuminatis, valvis lignosis. A tree about 7 m high, glabrous except the inflorescence. Branches terete, lenticellate, grayish or reddish-brown. Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, the petiole and rachis 10 to 12 cm long; leaflets usually 7, subcoriaceous, ovate to oblong-ovate, up to 13 cm long and 45 cm wide, the apex shortly and obtusely acuminate, the base usually rounded, equilateral or somewhat inequilateral, the upper surface brownish-olivaceous when dry, shining, the lower paler; lateral nerves about 9 on each side of the midrib, prominent; petiolules 5 to 8 mm long. Flowers not known, the persistent rachises of the racemes axillary, solitary, thickened, somewhat pubescent, with numerous thickened protuberances. Pods brown when dry, oblong-elliptic, 1-seeded, woody, about 6 cm long, 3 cm wide, and at least 1 cm thick, narrowed below to the acute base and above to the rostrate-acuminate apex, glabrous, the corners rounded, not angled, the valves woody, shining, smooth. Seed solitary, subelliptic, somewhat narrowed to the rounded ends, about 35 cm long, 23 wn wide, and nearly 1 cm thick. Palawan, Silanga, in deserted clearings on slopes, Merrill 9578, May 24, 1913. A species well characterized by its very thick, woody, 1-seeded pods. CROTALARIA Linnaeus CROTALARIA ORIXENSIS Willd in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue Schr. 4 (1803) 217; Baker in Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 2 (1876) 83. Luzon, Manila, Bur. Sci. 191 s Guerrero, December, 1912, in waste places, certainly of recent introduction. For the identification of the above specimen I am indebted to Sit D. Prain, director of the Royal Gardens, Kew, England, to whom a specimen was sent. The species is of wide distribution in British India (Western Peninsula), in Abyssinia, and is reported from tropical Africa. It is undoubtedly a recent introduction in the Philippines. SIMARUBACEAE BRUCEA J. S. Miller BRUCEA AMARISSIMA (Lour) comb. nov. Genus amarissimus Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 668. Brucea sumatrana Roxb. Hort. Beng. (1814) 12, Fl. Ind, ed. Carey, 1 (1832) 449; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 1 (1875) 621; Lecomte Fl. G6n. Indo-chine 1 (1911) 698. This widely distributed Indo-malayan species is apparently quite common in the southern Philippines, and is represented in our collections by specimens from Negros, Leyte, Camiguin, Cebu, Palawan, Basilan, and Min


Distribution and Identification of Poisonous Sea Snakes INTRODUCTION The sea snakes comprise a group of some 50 species all of which liave stronghflattened oar-like tails used as sculls. In addition most species have nostrils opening on the top of the head, a body that is flattened from side to side, and very small ventral scutes that may be difficult to distinguish from the adjoining scales. The scales of several kinds of sea snakes are juxtaposed rather than overlapping as in most land snakes. The only snakes likely to be confused with sea snakes are the elephant-trunk snakes (Acrochordus) and the river snakes E7ihydris and others) ; these liave round or slightly flattened tails, but young elephant-trunk snakes liave tails as paddle-shaped as those of some sea snakes. However, all sea snakes have enlarged crown shields and the elephant-trunk snakes have only small juxtaposed scales. Eels are frequently confused with sea snakes; however, no sea snake has fins or gill openings, and none has a smooth skin without scales. Sea snakes are reptiles essentially of south Asian and Australian coastal waters with a few species found well out into Oceania (Society and Gillhmt islands). One species, the pelagic sea snake (Pejamj-s), occurs far out into the open ocean ranging across the Pacific to the western roasts of Central and South America and south to New Zealand and the Case of Good Hope. Xo sea snake is found in the Atlantic, although the pelagic sea snake my eventually find its way through the Panama Canal and become established in the Caribbean. The greatest iuunlers of both species and individuals are found in warm shallow waters without surf or strong currents. Mouths of rivers, bays, and mangrove swamps are especially favored. Many species of sea snakes enter brackish or fresh water occasionally; two species are restricted to lakes. The biology of sea snakes is poorly known. There is general opinion that they can remain submerged long periods — perhaps a few hours depending upon temperature, degree of activity, and other factors. The depths to which they can dive are also unknown. An observer in the Philippines saw the snakes swim down out of sight in very clear water. Types of bottom dwelling fish found in stomachs indicate the snakes dive at least 20 to 30 feet to capture food. They are often seen at the surface in calm weather, and some species aggregate there in vast numbers. The reasons for this behavior are unknown, but they may le related to breeding. There are reports of both diurnal and nocturnal activity. In the Arabian Sea, some species range 10 to 20 miles off shore during the calm winter months but tend to seek coastal mangrove swamps during the monsoon storms. Their young are born in these swamps. Sea snakes feed largely upon fish. Eels aie a favorite food of several species. At least a few species eat prawns and one species feeds on fish eggs. Sea snakes are generally mild tempered reptiles, although both individual and species variation exists with respect to this trait. In open water they either seek to escape or remain almost indifferent to swimmers. Stranded on leaches, some species are almost totally helpless. Others crawl with varying degrees of facility. None can strike on land lut most can turn to make an awkward snapping bite. Rites are usually seen when the snakes are sailed, kicked, or trodden uon in shallow water or when they are removed from nets, tips. or other fishing gear. Some kinds of sea snakes are extensively used for lauan food in China, Japan, and parts of Polynesia. While some sea snake species can be identified Readily ly the amateur, many are puzzling even to experienced herpetologists. Color and pattern are extremely deceptive in this family. There are close similarities between remotely related species and marked differences between young and adults of the same species as well as a good deal of variation among adults of the same species. KEY TO GENERA 1. A. Ventrals at midbody large, half to one third the width of the belly 2 B. Ventrals at midbody small or not differentiated 5 159


DIPTEROCARPACEAE 181 H. polyalthoides Symington. — small tree-5 m; bark fawn-brown, slightly creviced, smooth; inner bark pinkish, thin, flaking off on cutting in thin pieces with the outer bark breaking away. H. resinosa Symington. — tree 8-20 m, with flattened arcuate stilt-roots -3 m high, copious, sometimes with tufts of small cylindric stilt-roots, but no stilt-roots in dry soil; no loop-roots; bark dark fuscous or blackish, entire, then somewhat fissured with narrow subtumid lenticels more or less in longitudinal rows; inner bark pale pinkish buff, stripping; wood yellowish. Shorea acuminata Dyer. — tree -47 m, with buttresses -2 m high; bark dark fuscous to dull pinkish brown, inconspicuously roughened and scaly with irregular angular pieces, not or slightly fissured; inner bark deep purplish brown, thick; heart-wood dark pinkish brown; buds and large subpersistent stipules inhabited by ants. S. bracteolata Dyer. — tree -30 m, buttressed -3m or scarcely at all; bark fuscous, irregularly and shallowly fissured-flaky, scarcely rugose, not pustulate, or with lenticels 1-2 mm wide; inner bark cream-white, laminated with concentric ochraceous sclerotic zones. S. exelliptica Meijer. — tree -57m, trunk 75 cm thick at 2.5 m high, buttressed to 2.3 m; bark greyish rufous, becoming rather irregularly flaky and subrugose; inner bark pale pinkish, yellowish next the sap-wood; leaves brownish slivery shite beneath. This is S. ? elliptica Burck of Symington (see Ashton 1964). S. foxworthii Symington. — tree -47 m, 65 cm thick at 5 m high, buttresses -4 m high, sharp and scarcely spreading; bark dull fawn brown, thinly flaky with oblong angular pieces (especially over the buttresses), sometimes more or less rugosefissured at first and scaling off when mature; inner bark pallid yellowish, fairly thick; sap-wood yellowish tan, narrow; heart-wood dull rich brown, hard; leaves silvery beneath. This was a common canopy-tree in the kapur-forest. It differed from the other species of balau, S. exelliptica, in the yellowish, not pink, inner bark. S. lepidota (Korth.) Bl. — tree -40m, slightly buttressed; bark fuscous fawn, becoming rather coarsely rugose-fissured; inner bark dark reddish fuscous; heartwood pinkish brown; fallen leaves coppery beneath. S. leprosula Miq. — tree -50m, buttressed -3 m; bark light brown, rather distantly rugose-fissured; inner bark deep pink. S. ovalis (Korth.) Bl. — tree -47 m, with very thick buttresses -2.7 m high, or slight or none (? immature trees); bark greyish fuscous to chocolate brown, smooth, entire, with hoop-marks, then rather finely rugose-fissured; inner bark brown, deep pinkish brown to blood-red just below the surface, blaze with bacony streaks. One tree that I measured at mile 5^ on the Kota Tinggi-Mawai Road was 47 m high and the trunk above the buttresses was 165 cm thick; possibly this was the stoutest trunk that I saw in the Sedili region, but compare Mesua kochummeniatia. There was a general flowering of S. ovalis in May 1935. S. palembanica Miq. — tree -35 m, buttressed 1-2 m high; bark light fawn buff or greyish buff, becoming irregularly fissured flaky, not rugose, pustulate with small lenticels 1-^4 mm wide; inner bark pink to pinkish brown; heart-wood dark brown. For this species Symington gives the vernacular names sengkawang or tengkawang but, on the Sedili rivers, these names were used for S. singkawang or, possibly by confusion, for 5. lepidota.


FISHES "i nil PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. '• shallow groove; pectoral short, it-length about L5 in head; ventrals short, their length slightly greater than diameter of orbit, the distance from their tips to base of Base anal spine 15 in their length caudal broadly forked, the lobes about I -> in head; scales small, thin, ami deciduous; lateral line in a low regular arch from upper edge of gill-opening to base of caudal; breast naked. in spirits, dirty olivaceous yellow, back more or less marbled and vermiculated with brownish; a dark line along base f dorsal Im; cheek and lower half of side finely punctulate with dark dots; lip of black; axil of pectoral dusky; fins otherwise pure yellowish. This species is based on a single specimen 5 inches long, field no. 3876 MITTS, from San Fabian, Pange nan. Type, no. 55904, U. S. National Museum. It is apparently related to Gunther's Eqwula l a from which it differs, however, in the smooth preopercle, the presence of a supraocular spine. and the less develop; i he anterior dorsal -pine. We take pleasure m naming this species lor Brig. Gen. Clarence I. Edwards, V. S. Army, Chief of the Bureau of Insular Affairs, U.S. War Department. 80. Leiognatiiu3 fasciatus Lepi I Four specimens from San Fabian i no. 321 1 and 3956 to 3958; length 325 to 62 in). Body very deep, back strongly arched. Head 318 in length; depth 2: eye : in head, snout 295; two strong supraocular -pine-; lower limb of preopercle serrate; scales very -mall, breast naked; lateral line complete, 60; body with about l8narrou black vertical bars. pi Hist. Nat. Poiss, -. i-I I . 198, 9 81. Leiognathus edentula (Bloch). Pour specimens from San Fabian (no. 3950 to 3953; length 27-> to 35 in). Body very deep, the back much arched; breast naked; lateral line strongly arched, the anterior part at first slightly concave. Head 3 in length; depth 17: eye 3 in head; snout 275; nuchal crest almost reaching base of first dorsal -pine, which i25 in depth; teeth not evident; tip of dorsal Im not black. i r edentulus Bloch, ichth , pi. ccccxxvm, I7s. Frinihi edntula, Gunther, Cat, n, 498; Day, Fishes India, 238, pi. in, fig. 1. 82. Gazza tapeinosoma Bleeker. Five specimens from the Philippines (no local label given; no. 3779, 3780,3781, 3783, and 3784; length 375 to 52 in), and 8 from Bulan (no. 3489 to 3496; length 45 to 5 in). a Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind, IV, 260, 1853, Batavia. Gazza argenlaria, Gunther, Cut. II, 506; probably not of Forster. 83. Gazza minuta (Bloch). Matamho; Bwgsang. Seven specimens from San Fabian (no. 39-17 to 3949 and 3868 to 3871 length 275 to 4 in). Head 29 in length; depth 2; eye 275 in head; snout 31; scales minute, lateral line complete; breast naked; preopercle serrate. Scomber minutus Bloch, Ichth, xu, 110, pi. CCCCXXIX, tig. 2, 1707. no locality given Gazza mmula, Gunther, Cat, it. 506. Family GERRIDAE. 84. Xystsema punctatum (Cuvier & Valenciennes). Three specimens from Bulan (no. 3220 to 3223; length 47o to 52 in), agreeing well with the figures given by Bleeker and by Day and with Day's description. ir. vier v Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss. vi, vi (ISO) 1S30, Pondicherry. TTT-filaments ti Gunther, Cat, 1, 345, and iv, 261; Pay, Fishes inliais pi. wvfr-; 85. Xystsema baconensis Evermann & Seale, new species. THUIUL. Head 32) in length, depth 26; eye 325 in head; snout 3; lateral line complete; scales about 1 17 8 interorbital 2S in head; maxillary 25; depth of cheek 33; dorsal tx, ID; anal ill, 7: pectoral 11 in head; ventrals 19.


FI8RES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 75 104. Archamia bleekeri (Glinther) Masangm Forty-eight specimens from Bacon no 3279 to 3306 and 3678; length I S to 3 in. and ' from Sai Fabian no 3815; length 125 in. These each have 16 anal rays, a round black -i at base of caudal. its outline sharply defined, a large blade spot ai anterior end of lateral lim touching upper edge of opercle, and a dusky line from eye to subopercle. Resembling n bul readily distinguished by the form and position of the caudal and i ral spots. Among our specimens are both males and females. Nearly mature eggs were found in the oval some of the females, and a mass of mature eggs a-discovered in the mouth of a male. It has long '-d that the male of certain species of this family carries the eggs in his mouth during incubation Meas nos of Id of these eggs gave an average diameter of 051 nun. bleekri Gtinther, Cat, 1. 245, 1859, Batavia, Padang; Amboyna. , Bleeker, Nal Tijds Ned. Ind, u, 168, 1851, and Atlas, v, pi. cccxlvi, Family AMBASSIDAE. 105. Ambassis urotsenia Bleeker. i hie hundred and three specimens from Bacon no. 3408 and 3621 length 1 75 to 3 in Head 27o in length; depth 275; eve 31 in head; snout 475; second dorsal pine 1 in length. in-i, 9; anal m. 10; scales 1 28 ti. 2 rows on cheek. Ambai I Bleaker, Nat. tijds Ned. Ind, in. L852, J, Amboyna; Atlas m Clrvfig. 2, and pi fig. i Giinther Cat t. m. 106. Ambassis lung-i (Jordan & Seale Four specimens from Bacon (no. 3834 and H92; length 1 to 3 in. This species is easily distinguished by the single raw of scales on check, the broken lateral hue. and the of tin fins and back. Daj Fishes India, pi. v. fig, 8; no1 of Bleeker. Ionian v Seale, Bull. Bu. Fisheries, xvi 1906 18, Bg, 6, Cavite, Luzon. Family PEMPHERIDAE. 107. Pempheris vanicolensis Cuvier & Valenciennes Fight specimens from Bacon (no. 3213 to 3218, 3542 and 3762; length 375 I n. and 3 young from Bulan (no. 3817 Head 34 in length: depth 22; eye 2H in head; snout 65; anal in, 43. No black spot on base of pectoral; anterior dorsal rays black-tipped; edge of anal black. These characters distinguish the spi Pempherit vanicduntis Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss, vi, 227 J5 is u. Vanicolo. Family SERRANID-F. 108. Epinephelus merra Bloch. Four specimens from Bacon (no. 3630, 3031 3632, and 4082; length 4 to o> in). im mo Bloch, tenth, in, 17. pi. ci m, 1797; Boulenger, Cat, i. 241, 1895. 109. Epinephelus tauvina (Forskal). due specimen from Bacon (no. 3633; length 14 in). Perea tauvina Forskal. Descr. Anim, 39, 1775, Red Sea. Epinephelus tauvina, Boulenger Cat, i. -ii 110. Epinephelus fasciatus (Forskal). One fine specimen from Bacon 'no. 11)10: length 1075 in Perea faieiata Forskal. Descr. Anim. 40, 177V Red Sea. Epinephelus fasciatus, Boulenger, Cat, t ' 18


JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. 76 Table 4 Major food trees of gibbons in Hollongapar forest and their fruiting seasons Tree species Bud-flower Fruit Leaf Fruiting season Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica -+-Aug. Bombacaceae Bombax insigne +++ Aug. B. malabaricum +++ Aug.-Sept. Burseraceae Canarium bengalense -+-Oct.-Nov. C. resiniferum -+-Oct.-Nov. Dilleniaceae Dillenia indica +++ June Dipterocarpaceae Dipterocarpus macrocarpus -++ Oct.-Nov. Lagerstroemia flosreginae +-+ Oct.-Nov. L. parviflora +-+ Oct.-Nov. Shorea robusta +-+ Oct.-Nov. Terminalia bellirica -++ Nov.-Feb. T. citrina +— Nov.-Feb. T. myriocarpa +— Nov.-Feb. Athrocephalus cadamba +-+ July-Aug. Euphorbiaceae +-July-Aug. Bridela retusa -+-Sept. Endospermum chinense -+-Aug.-Sept. Guttiferae Callophyllum polyanthum -+-July Garcinia sp. -+-Jan. Lauraceae Litsea citrata +-+ Jan. Phoebe cooperiana +-+ Jan. P. goalparansis +— Jan. Leguminosae Albizzia lebbek +— Jan. A. procera +-+ Jan. A.stipulata +-+ Parkia roxburghii -++ May-Aug. Moraceae Artocarpus chaplasha -A. integriflora -++ Aug.-Sept. A. khasiana —+ Aug.-Sept. A. lakoocha -++ Aug.-Sept. Ficus glomerata +++ Jan.-July F.nervosa ++-Aug.-Oct.


il02 JOURNAL, BOMBAY NATURAL HIST. SOCIETY, Vol. XXXlV Cycas are among-the most ornamental plants of tropical and sub-tropical gardens. They are often designated ‘Sago palms’ although they have nothing in common with a palm except the general habit of growth. The beauti-ful, glossy leaves are used for decoration. The Cycadaceae are of very great interest to the Botanist, because they occupy a place intermediate between Phanerogams (the flowering plants) and the Cryptogams, viz., ferns, mosses, etc. There are various species of Cycas culti-vated in the garden, e.g. , Cycas Rumphii, Miq. another indigenous species ; Cycas medica, R. Br. is an introduction from Australia; Cycas revoluta, Thumb, is a native of China and Japan and Cycas sia-mensis, Miq. from Burma, Siam and Cochin China. The cone of the Cycas circinalis was sent to the Herbarium of the Section of Botany of the Royal Institute of Science, Bombay. Municipal Gardens, D. S. LAUD, Bombay, g.b.v.c., f.r.h.s., f.z.s., October, 1930 Superintendent. XXXIX.— AN ABNORMAL FRUIT OF DIPTEROCARPUS TUBERCULATUS, ROXB. The normal fruit has two wings and the fruiting tube is produced into five sharp knobs. The abnormal carried three wings of the same size with six knobs on the pericarp. The abnormal fruit was 1’68 grams heavier than the normal one. It was longer than the ordinary fruit by TO mm. and 2 ’5 mm. along the transverse and longitudinal axes respectively. The material was collected from Promee Road, Rangoon. Out of fifty specimens, three were abnormal. The Burmese name for the tree is Eng. July 2, 1930. L. P. KHANNA, m.Sc., f.i.s., Rangoon University, Rangoon.


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 1-20, 5 figs, 4 tables. October 8, 1997 SPECIES OF THE GUENTHERI GROUP OF PLATYMANTIS (AMPHIBIA: RANIDAE) FROM THE PHILIPPINES, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW SPECIES '9ni Department of Herpetology, California Academy of Sciences, San Franci £ er C. Brown scop, California 941 18 H? Angel C. Alcala Commission on Higher Education, DAP Building, San Miguel Ave, Ortigas Center, Pasig City, Philippines Arvin C. Diesmos College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines, Los Barios, Laguna, Philippines and Ely Alcala Center for Tropical Conservation Studies, Silliman University, Dumaguete City 6200, Philippines Species of the guentheri group of Philippine Platymantis are revised. Platymantis guentheri is rediagnosed. Four species, previously confused with guentheri, (P. rabori, P. negrosensis, P. luzonensis, and P. banahao) are described. Received March 14, 1996. Accepted May 30, 1996. In a recent paper (Brown et al. 1997) three species-groups (assemblages) of Philippine Platymantis were diagnosed, based on different combinations of digital characters. In the same paper, species of the hazelae group were revised. For convenience those diagnoses are briefly restated. The hazelae Group. This Group is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (1) terminal phalanx a wide "T; (2) disks of fingers, except first, broadly dilated; (3) first finger much shorter than second, not reaching beyond midpoint between subarticular tubercle and disk; (4) digits proximal to disks much broader than deep, the result of wide dermal flanges; (5) subarticular tubercles large, round, and only moderately protruding; (6) toe disks smaller than finger disks. The guentheri Group. — ( 1 ) terminal phalanx a moderate to wide "T; (2) disks of fingers, except first; moderately to broadly dilated; (3) first finger shorter than second, reaching as far as base of disk for some species; (4) digits proximal to disks about as deep as broad, the result of narrow, dermal flanges; (5) subarticular tuber-Pi


BROWN, A. ALCALA, DIESMOS AND E. ALCALA: PLATYMAIA1S are the result of a base at the University of the Philippines at Los Banos and the continuing work in the forest of the two mountains by Alcala and Diesmos over the period 1994-1996. Recently, populations of Platymantis guentheri on Cataduanes Island (Ross and Gonzales 1992) and Panaon Island at the southern tip of Leyte (Gaulke 1994) and a population off. ingeri on Dinagat Island (Rossandlazell 1991) have been reported, but the samples are limited to a few specimens. Materials and Methods Materials examined include: (1) holotypes of Platymantis guentheri, worcesteri, and ingeri; (2) 17 of the 19 specimens examined by Inger (1954); and (3) most specimens from recent collections that are referable to the guentheri group of species. These materials are in the custody of the following institutions: British Museum of Natural History (BMNH), California Academy of Sciences (CAS ORCAS-SU), Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), United States National Museum (USNM), Delaware Museum of Natural History (DMNH), and Carnegie Museum (CM). Morphometric characters, including snout-vent length (SVL), head length (HL), head width (HW), snout length (SNL), diameter of eye (ED), diameter of tympanum (TD), tibia length (TIL), third finger length from proximal edge of basal tubercle (3FL), diameter of third finger disk (3FD), and diameter of third toe disk (3TOD) were measured to the nearest 01 mm using a Helios dial caliper. Other morphological characters include: webbing of toes, shape of terminal phalanges, tubercles of hands and feet, skin ornamentation, head shape, vomerine teeth, and color pattern. Systematic Section Key to guentheri Group Species la. Dorsum smooth, without distinct ridges and usually with few tubercles mostly limited to upper eyelids and dorsolateral area (Fig. 4A, B) 2 lb. Dorsum with prominent ridges and scattered tubercles (Fig. 2) 3 2a. Third toe not webbed beyond basal tubercle on outer side of third toe; brown pigmentation of venter prominent on belly as well as head and throat; advertisement call (Fig. 1A) P. banahao 2b. Third toe webbed to midpoint tubercles or beyond on outer side of third toe; brown pigmentation of venter mostly under head and throat; advertisement call (Fig. IB) P. luzonensis 3a. TIL usually greater than 55% of SVL; 3FD less than 6% of SVL and usually less than 100% of TD; SVL 27-40 mm for males P. guentheri 3b. TIL usually less than 52 or 54% of SVL; 3FD usually more than 1 15% of TD and 7-10% of SVL; SVL 39-50 mm for males 4 4a. Third toe not webbed beyond basal tubercle on outer side; numerous long ridges on dorsum; snout with few or without tubercles; venter with scattered, small granules P. rabori 4b. Third toe webbed to about midpoint between tubercles or more distal on outer side; few long ridges on dorsum; snout with 2 or 3 rows of tubercles; venter nearly smooth; advertisement call (Fig. c) P. negrosensis The Platymantis guentheri-ingeri Problem. — Reexamination of 17 of the 19 specimens assigned to Platymantis guentheri by Inger (1954) indicates that the Mindanao sample includes four examples (CM 3424-25 and FMNH 50571, 50573) that fit the diagnosis of P. ingeri. Reexamination of the holotype of Platymantis guentheri along with the small series from Dinagat Island reported as P. ingeri by Ross and Lazell (1991) shows them to be one species that better fits the diagnosis of P. ingeri (Brown and Alcala 1963) than that of P. guentheri (Brown and Alcala 1963, or Inger 1954). In view of this fact and because of the avail- ability of larger samples from several islands, a rediagnosis and redescription of Platymantis guentheri is necessary. Comparison of the ingeri- like populations of Dinagat, Mindanao, and Bili- ran islands shows them to be in general agreement with the type of guentheri, and they are therefore assigned to that species. Because the Bohol population, described as ingeri, re-


BROWN, A. ALCALA, DIESMOS AND E. ALCALA: PLATYMANTIS Figure 2. Platymantis rabori from Mindanao Island. surdus. None of the clutches have been positively identified with this species. Etymology. --Named for Dioscoro S. Rabor, Filipino ornithologist and mammalogist, who added greatly to our knowledge of the ranges of Philippine amphibians and reptiles. COMPARISONS. — Platymantis rabori differs from guentheri, negrosensis, luzonensis, and banahao as indicated in the diagnosis and key. ECOLOGICAL NOTE. --Preferred microhabitat is arboreal ferns or leaf axils of Pandanus. Of 56 examples collected in 1962 in original forest near Cantaub, Siena Bullones. Bohol Island 50 were from arboreal ferns, 4 from leaf axils of Pandanus and 2 from duff on the forest floor. The elevation is between 500 and 800 m (Brown and Alcala 1963). This contrasts with Platymantis guentheri with 41 of 57 specimens from the forest floor and only 9 from arboreal ferns. In a later (1972) study of the arboreal fern microhabitat in the same forest area on Bohol, 88 specimens were P. rabori and 20 were P. guentheri. The height range of the ferns for P. rabori is 05 to 125 m. RANGE. — Populations are recorded from Bohol, Leyte, and Mindanao islands. Platymantis negrosensis new species Cornufer guentheri: Alcala and Brown, 1957182; Brown and Alcala, 1961632, 1964600. Platymantis guentheri (part): Brown and Alcala, 1970b: 109. This new species, like the sympatric Platymantis hazelae, has been extensively studied in the


52 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES used in Java as an injection for gonorrhoea. In western India and in the Philippines it is an article of diet. The seeds yield an oil that is used for illumination and as a comestible. Botanical Description. — A large tree of the first order with digitate leaves of 6-8 leaflets, broad, oval, very acute, tough, glabrous, growing on a long common petiole. No petiole proper. Flowers of a foetid or feculent odor, hermaphrodite, in compound racemes. Calyx fleshy, soft pubescent internally, bell-shaped, in 5 parts. Corolla none. Nectary 5toothed, on the end of a small column. Stamens 15, inserted on the border of the nectary by threes, forming a triangle. Filament almost entirely wanting. In the midst of the stamens is visible a small, hairy body of 5 lobules which are the rudiments of the ovaries. The style protrudes and twists downwards. Stigma thick, compressed, of 5 lobules. Fruit, five woody pods, semicircular, joined to a common center, each enclosing many oval seeds inserted in the superior suture. Habitat. — Luzon, Mindanao, Cebu, Iloilo. Blooms in March. Sterculia urens, Roxb. (8. cordifolia, Blanco ; Cavallium urens, Schott. & Endl) Nom. Yvijg-banilad, Tag. Uses. — The root bark is pounded up and applied locally in orchitis and in severe contusions with supposed fracture of the bones ; native charlatans pretend to cure the latter condition by this treatment. The trunk exudes a sort of gum, which with water forms a sort of colorless, odorless gelatin which dissolves at the boiling point. I do not know to what use this gum is applied in therapeutics, but it is often found mixed with the Senegambian gum acacia.


XANTHOXYLUM OXYPHYLLUM 63 Botanical Description. — A plant, 1 meter high, with leaves alternate, compound, the inferior ones 2-3-cleft ; leaflets narrow, oblong, slightly fleshy. Flowers greenish-yellow, hermaphrodite, arranged in corymbose terminal cymes. Corolla, 4-5 free, concave petals. Calyx deeply divided, persistent. Stamens 8-10, free, in two whorls, inserted beneath a thick disc. Ovaries 5, unilocular, many-ovuled. Styles 5, first free, then united, forming a column terminating in a small stigma. Follicles 5, united at the base, 1 centimeter long, free superiorly, hard, rounded, rugose, opening on top. Seeds ovoid, angular, blackish, albuminous. Habitat. — Common everywhere in the Philippines. Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum, Edge. (X. violaceum, Wall; Fagara piperita, Blanco) Nom. Vulg. — Kayutana, Tag; Salay, Saladay, Vis. Uses. — The trunk bark is stimulant and is used as a sudorific in the treatment of fevers. The fresh bark is quite irritating, for which reason it is best to use bark taken from the more mature parts of the trunk, powdered and desiccated. The dose is J-2 grams 2-3 times a day. Its stimulating properties render it useful in colic and in India it is used as a stomachic and digestive. Is seems also to possess diuretic properties. Botanical Description. — A tree 30-35° high, with trunk thickly set with large spines. Leaves odd-pinnate. Leaflets ovate, acute, obtusely serrate, small transparent vesicles on the surface, spines on the midrib and common petiole. Calyx very small, monophyllous. Corolla twice as large as the calyx, 4 petals. Stamens 4, inserted on the receptacle, the same length as the petals. Ovary superior, 4-angled. No style. Stigmas 2. Habitat. — Batangas, Morong, Manila.


128 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES T. anguina, L. (T. amara, Blanco) Nom. Vulg. — Salagsalag, Pakupis, Salimpolcot, Kukubitan, Halajiala, Buyokbuyok, Tag. ; Tabobog, Kukubitan, Pukopukot, Kuranda, Vis, Pam. T. cucumerina, L. Nom. Vulg. — Probably the same as T. anguina. Uses. — The fruit of T. anguina is purgative, emetic and anthelmintic. The natives use an infusion of the filamentous, reticulate portion surrounding the seeds, in doses of 050-060 gm, according to P. Blanco. The second species, T. cucumerina, has a wider use. In India it is regarded as a febrifuge and laxative and is commonly given with some aromatic. Ainslie notes that the leaves, as well as the fruit, are bitter and purgative and that the Tamuls use them for their laxative and stomachic effect. Drury states that on the Malabar coast the seeds have a considerable reputation as a remedy for functional disorders of the stomach. Although the green fruit is very bitter the natives of that region use it as a condiment. The tender stems and the dry capsules, both bitter and purgative, are given in infusion and in a sweetened solution, as an aid to digestion. The seeds are febrifuge and anthelmintic. The juice of the leaves is emetic and that of the roots purgative. The decoction of the stem is expectorant. In Bombay the plant is considered febrifuge, and is given in decoction with ginger, Swertia, errata, and sugar. The Mohammedan authors say that the T. cucumerina is effective in expelling lumbricoids and one of them mentions the following as a cure for stubborn fevers Seeds of T. cucumerina No. 180. Seeds of coriander or cumin No. 180. Boiling water 200 grams.


PHILIPPINE DIPTEROCARPACEAE. 247 probable that they are identical and possible that they both will have to be referred to D. pilosus. This is particularly likely in view of the extreme variability in size, shape, and texture of the leaves at different ages in species of this genus. It will, however, require careful observation in the field before any such reduction can safely be made. Luzon, Province of Cagayan, For. Bur, 5248 Klemme, For. Bur. 17213, 11233 Curran, For. Bur. 18501 Alvarez: Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. 10341./ Curran: Province of Camarines, Vidal 82, For. Bur. 10660 Curran. TICAO, Vidal 2161. Mindanao, District of Zamboanga, For. Bur. 755o Hutchinson, For. Bur. 9)33 Whitford d Hutchinson. Common names: camuyao (Cag.), hagachac (Tag.), liput (Manobo). 3. Dipterocarpus sp. aff. D. turbinato Gaertn, f. Plate XXXIX. A form with fruit which is distinctly obconical or top-shaped. Leaves and buds glabrous or nearly so, resembling material of D. turbinatus var. andamanicus King. Our material is all fragmentary, the fruit having been collected on the ground under the trees. Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas (1883) XV, i. 14, f. c. represents a fruit which he calls D. turbinatus and which is said to have been brought from the Island of Panay. The fruit figured by Vidal is apparently not so top-shaped as in the specimens cited below. Some of the material from the Malay Peninsula in the herbarium at Kew under the name of D. turbinatus has fruit very much like the following : Luzon, Province of La Laguna, For. Bur. 8864 10074, 19261 Curran: Province of Tayabas, For. Bur. s.n., For. Bur. 3223 Hagger, For. Bar. 6045 Kobbe, For. Bur. 12500 Rosenbluth: Province of Albay, Cuming 881: Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 10564 Curran. This species seems to be fairly common in dense forests on low ridges in some parts of Tayabas. Common names: apitong (Tag.) , patsahingin (Tag.). 4. Dipterocarpus trinervis Blume Cat. Buitenz. (1823) 78, tab.. Bijdr. (1823) 223, FI. Javae (1829) U, L 1. Verhandl. Bat. Genootsch. 9 (1825) 178; Korth. Verh. Nat. Gesch. Kruidkunde 1 (1848) 61 ; De Vriese in Miquel Pl. Jungh. 1 (1581) 83; Miq. Fl. lud. Bat. 1^ (1859) 496; A. DC. Prodr. 16 (l868) 608; Dyer in Journ. Bot. 12 (1874) 102; Burck in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buiten. 6 (1887) 195; Brandis & Gilg in Engler & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3 (1894) 257,f. 119; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 30. Leaves and fruit larger than in D. hasseltii; secondary nerves 10 to 20 pairs ; petiole one-fourth to one-sixth the length of the blade. Fruit more than 2 em in diameter. Represented in our collection by only two detached old leaves from Palawan. The determination is therefore rather doubtful. Palawan, For. Bur. 12272 Wallace. Common name: apitong (Vis.). Distribution: Java and the Philippines.