FAMILY SERRANIDAE — SCHULTZ 363 Genus PLECTROPOMUS Oken Plectropomus Oken, Isis, p. 1182] 1782 (on "Les Plectropomes" Cuvier, Rgne animal, vol. 2, p. 277, 1817). (Genotype, Bodianus maculatus Bloch) (Ref. copied. ) Apparently two species in this genus were taken in the northern Marshall Islands, but only one species reached the United States National Museum. Specimens of the other one were discarded or lost when the small ship went aground in Halfmoon Bay, Calif, (see p. xxi) PLECTROPOMUS TRUNCATUS Fowler Plate 29, A Plectropomus truncatus Fowler, TJ. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 10, p. 196, fig. 5, 1930 (type locality, Atulayan Island, off east coast of Luzon, Philippine Islands, holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 89984). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll Erik Island, March 19, 1946, S-46-9, Schultz and Brock, 1 specimen, 385 mm. standard length ; Enyu Island, ocean reef channel entrance, August 1, 1947, 86-483, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt, 1 specimen, 425 mm. Rongelap Atoll: Naen Island, lagoon reef, July 30, 1946, S-46-302, Herald, 2 specimens, 355 and 390 mm. Description. — Dorsal rays VIII11; anal 111,8, pectoral Ii14 or Ii15; probably about 100 vertical scale rows above lateral line, but there are so many accessory small scales that an accurate count on these large specimens is very uncertain. Greatest depth 33 to 34, head 17 to 19, length of pectoral fin 59 to 68, all in standard length. Greatest depth 11 to 12, pectoral 20 to 21, snout 33 to 35, postorbital length of head 16 to 17, eye 6 to 75, tip of snout to rear of maxillary 20 to 21, least depth of caudal peduncle 25 to 27, all in length of head. Interorbital space slightly convex to flattish centrally, contained 05 to 07 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle 13 to 15 in distance from anal base to midbase of caudal fin; teeth on premaxillary in a villiform band, with inner rows longest and teeth depressible on premaxillary and dentary, an outer row of nondepressible teeth, with one or two pairs of enlarged canines, usually one pair on each side of symphysis in each jaw, and other enlarged canines at sides of jaws; a narrow band of villiform teeth on palatines, and a similar band broadly A-shaped on vomer; preopercular edge denticulate, with a few retrorse short spines on its ventral edge; greatest depth of body under spiny dorsal base; pectoral fin rounded ; distal edges of soft dorsal and anal fins roimded ; pelvics nearly truncate, or slightly rounded when fully spread; caudal fin truncate, with dorsal and ventral tips slightly rounded; fourth or fifth dorsal spine longest, 2,0 in postorbital length of head, soft dorsal rays notably longer than dorsal spines; anal spines very small, flexible, scarcely discernible without dissection.


46 ENUMERATION OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS 1922 ANDROPOGON INTERM MEDIUS R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 202; Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 485; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 335 var. HAENKEI (Presl) Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 486; Pilger in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 139; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 335, PL Manila (1912) 83. Andropogon haenkei Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 340; Kunth Enum. 1 (1833) 501; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 489; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 316. Rhaphis stricta Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 99; Walp. Ann. 3 (1853) 803. Andropogon leptanthus Steud. Syn. PL Glum. 1 (1854) 391; Miq. FL Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 389; Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 158, Rev. PL Vase. Filip. (1886) 291. Luzon (Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Union, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Rizal, Batangas), Negros, Mindanao, Cuming 1400, Merrill 6734, 313, 5456, Phil. PI. 134, 1842, B. S. 30072 Fenix, 8246, 7830, 7658, 7918, 7916, 1426 Ramos. In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes. The species in China and Australia, the variety in China and Ceylon, other varieties in Asia and Africa. Local names: Salai (Pang); sakai-parang (Tag). ANDROPOGON MICRANTHUS Kunth Rev. Gram 1 (1829) 165; Enum. 1 (1833) 504; Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 488 (var. genuinus); Pilger in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 140; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 336. Andropogon alternans Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 342. Chrysopogon violascens Trin. in Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI 21833) 319. Rhaphis villosulus Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 102. Rhaphis microstachys Nees 1. c, var. Chrysopogon villosulus Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 158, Rev. PL Vase. Filip. (1886) 291. Andropogon parvispica Steud. Syn. PL Glum. 1 (1854) 397. Chrysopogon parviflorus Benth. Fl. Austral. 7 (1878) 537; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 316. Luzon (Ilocos Norte, Bontoc, Benguet, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Zambales), Cuming 980, 1397, Merrill 118, UU, 4703, Phil. PI. 176, Elmer 6593, Williams 1959, B. S. 32948 Ramos, 32010 Santos, 26038 Fenix, 14198 Mcgregor, 8241 Ramos. In open grasslands chiefly at medium altitudes, ascending to 2,300 m. Abyssinia to China through Malaya to tropical Australia. Local names: Sangohgoan (Bon); sanguin (Bon); sasamon (Ig). ANDROPOGON NARDUS Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 1046 var. TORTILIS (Presl) comb. nov. Anthistiria tortilis Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 347; Kunth Enum. 1 (1833) 483; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 317. Andropogon hamatulus Nees in Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechy's Voy. (1841) 244. Andropogon martyni Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 99.


50 ENUMERATION OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS 1922 19. THEM EDA Forskal THEM EDA GIGANTEA (Cav) Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 670 (var. genuina Hack) ; Pilger in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 140; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 340, 3 (1908) Bot. 396, 5 (1910) Bot. 326. Anthistiria gigantea Cav. Ic. 5 (1799) 36, t. 458; Willd. Sp. PI. 4 2 (1805) 902; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 317; Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 159, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 292. Androscepia gigantea Brongn. Bot. in Duperr. Voy. (1829) 78; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 506; Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 99. Perobachne secunda Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 348, t. U8; Kunth Enum. 1 (1833) 485; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 507; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 317. Batan Islands to Mindanao, in most or all islands and provinces. In open grasslands on dry steep slopes at low and medium altitudes. India to China, Malaya, New Caledonia, and Australia. Local names: Girun (Bag); mangambit (Sub); sai-gaja (Sul) ; salaisalai (Tag) ; tanhad (Iv) ; tanik (Bon) ; taurar (Ilk) ; teldak (Pang) ; tulango (Tag); talauyo (Tag). Var. VULPINA (Anders) Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 670; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 340. Anthistiria vulpina Anders, in Nov. Act. Upsal. Ill 2 (1856) 423. Anthistiria arundinacea Rolfe in Journ. Bot. 23 (1885) 216; Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 159, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 292, haud Roxb. Luzon (Cagayan), Cuming 1272 and numerous other specimens. India. Scarcely distinguishable from the species. Subsp. INTERMEDIA Hack. var. DUBIA Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 675; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 341. Mindanao (Misamis), Cuming 1609. The species is variable in its spikelet characters, a number of forms being represented in the Philippines. THEME DA TRIANDRA Forsk. Fl. Aegypt-arab. (1775) 178; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 340, Fl. Manila (1912) 81. Themeda forskalii Hack, in DC. Monog. Phan. 6 (1889) 659; Pilger in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 140. Anthistiria ciliata Cav. Ic. 5 (1799) 36, t. 459; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 317; Nees in Hook. Journ" Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 99(var. subglabra Nees) non Linn, f Anthistiria depauperata Anders, in Nov. Act. Upsala III 2 (1856) 343; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 317. Anthistiria barbata Presl Repert. 1 (1833) 305, non Desf. Apluda barbata Llanos in Mem. Acad. Cienc. Madr. 4 (1858) 497; FL Filip. ed. 3, 4 1 (1880) 99 (misprint for Anthistiria barbata). Batan Islands, Luzon (Cagayan, Isabela, Nueva Vizcaya, Ilocos Norte, Abra, Bontoc, Benguet, Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Rizal, Albay) Mindoro, Busuanga, Semirara, Mindanao. In open grasslands at low and medium


Vo] 1 GRAMINEAE 51 altitudes, ascending to 2,300 m. Frequently abundant and gregarious over large areas. Tropical Asia and Africa through Malaya to Australia. Local names: Punau (Bon); samsamong (Ilk); taal (Ig) ; usimau (Ilk). EXCLUDED SPECIES Anthistiria junghuhniana Nees in Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 99. This is credited to the Philippines by Nees, on the basis of Cuming 2431, which was from Sumatra, not from the Philippines. It is a synonym of Themeda frondosa (R. Br) Merr. (T. arguens Hack, not Stipes ctrguens Linn), which does not occur in the Philippines. 20. PEROTIS Aiton PEROT IS INDICA (Linn) 0. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PL (1891) 787; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 341. Anthoxanthum indicum Linn. Sp. PL (1753) 28. Perotis latifolia Ait. Hort. Kew. 1 (1789) 85; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 313. Perotis glabrata Steud. Syn. PL Glum. 1 (1854) 186; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 479; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 313; Vid. Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 158, Rev. PL Vase. Filip. (1886) 289. Perotis hordeiformis Nees in Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2, 2 (1841) 306, Hook. Journ. Bot. Kew Miscel. 2 (1850) 102. Luzon (Cagayan, Nueva Ecija), Mindanao (Agusan), Cuming 1399, Elmer 13873, B. S. 7911 Ramos. In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes. Tropical Asia and Africa. Local name: Bangat (Mbo). PEROTIS RARA R. Br. Prodr. (1810) 172; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1857) 479; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 314; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 341. Xystidium barbatum Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 228; Scribn. in Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 10 (1899) 55. Xystidium maritimum Trin. Fund. Agrost. (1820) 102, t. 2. Luzon (Ilocos Norte, Lepanto, Amburayan, Pangasinan, Zambales) Mindoro, Merrill UU7, Phil. PI. 152, F. B. 9979 Merritt, 5859 Curran. On dry open slopes at low and medium altitudes. Australia. 21. ZOISIA Willdenow (Zoysia auct) ZOISIA MATRELLA (Linn) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 7 (1912) Bot. 230, FL Manila (1912) 85. Agrostis matrella Linn. Mant. 2 (1771) 185. Zoysia pungens Willd. in Ges. Naturf. Fr. Neue Schrift 3 (1801) 441; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 313; Pilger in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 140; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 342. Osterdammia matrella O. Kuntze Rev. Gen. PL (1891) 781. Northern Luzon to Palawan, in most islands, occurring in open places chiefly along or near tidal streams. Tropical Asia and Africa through Malaya to Australia and western Polynesia. Local name: Barit-raritan (Tag).


54 ENUMERATION OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS 1922 gangan (Tag) ; baririd (Bag) ; gasa (Kuy) ; halos (Tag) ; maya-maya (S. L. Bis) ; maraseda (Ilk) ; sagisi (Ilk). This species has been confused with Digitaria sanguinalis Scop, and by me with D. consanguinea Gaudich. It is distinguished by its almost obsolete first glume and short second glume, the latter rarely more than one-fourth as long as the spikelet. DIGITARIA HETERANTHA (Nees & Mey) var. PACHYRHACHIS (Hack) comb. nov. Panicum heteranthumnees & Mey. var. pachyrhachis Hack, in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 167. Palmas, Lumbucan, Merrill 5355, 5276. Along sandy seashores. The variety endemic, the species in the Malay Peninsula, Java, China, and Formosa. DIGITARIA LONGIFLORA (Gmel) Pers. Syn. 1 (1805) 85; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 347, 5 (1910) Bot. 326, Fl. Manila (1912) 88, Sp. Blancoanae '1918) 64. Panicum, longiflorum Gmel. Syst. (1788) 158. Panicum parvulum Trin. in Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. VI 3 (1835) 205; Mez in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 142. Paspalum brevifolium Fliigge Monogr. (1810) 150; F-vill. Novis. App. (1882) 310. Paspalum fuscescens Presl Rel. Haenk. 1 (1828) 213, ex descr. Syntherisma fuscescens Scribn. in Rept. Mo. Bot. Gard. 10 (1899) 49, t. 10. Paspalum fasciculatum Llanos Frag. PI. Filip. (1851) 23. F-vill. & Naves in Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 3, 4 1 (1880) 16, non Willd. Northern Luzon to Mindanao, in most islands and provinces, Elmer 16733, Merrill 249, 331, 1129, 6518, Phil. PI. 167, Sp. Blancoanae 1022, B. S. 32751, 33448 Ramos, 32009 Fenix, 10911 Mcgregor. In open grasslands, sea level to an altitude of 1,600 m. Warmer parts of the Old World. Local name: Sasamon (Ig). DIGITARIA PEDICELLARIS (Trin) Prain Bengal PI. (1903) 1182; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 348, Fl. Manila (1912) 98. Paspalum pedicellare Trin. ex Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2, 2 (1840) 272. Panicum pedicellare Hack, in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 268. Panicum puberulum Mez in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 143, non i () Kunth. Luzon (Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Rizal, Bataan), Culion, Merrill 4225, 3164, 105, Phil. PL 577, B. S. 26273 Ramos & Edano, Williams S3. In open grasslands at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 850 m. India to Burma. DIGITARIA SANGUINALIS (Linn) Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, 1 (1772) 52; Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 286; Mez in Perk. Frag. Fl. Philip. (1904) 143; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 346, Fl. Manila (1912) 88 (var. australis Thw). Panicum sanguinale Linn. Sp. PI. (1753) 57. Digitaria inaequalis Spreng. Syst. 1 (1825) 271. Digitaria biformis Willd. Enum. (1809) 92.


206 ENUMERATION OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS 1922 10. CORDYLINE Royen ex Adanson (Sansevieria Thunberg) CORDYLINE ROXBURGHIANA (Schultes) comb. nov. Sansevieria roxburghiana Schultes Syst. 7 (1829) 357; Naves Novis. App. (1880) 265; N. E. Br. in Kew Bull. (1915) 227, . 12, D. E. Sansevieria zeylanica Roxb. PL Coromandel. 2 (1798) 43, t. 18U, quoad fig; Naves Novis. App. (1880) 265, Fl. Filip. ed. 3 (1877-83) t. 422; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1859) 559; Merr. Fl. Manila (1912) 144, non Willd. Cordyline hyacinthoides W. F. Wight in Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 9 (1905) 249, non Aloe hyacinthoides Linn. Often cultivated, but in many regions naturalized, occurring in thickets and hedges at low and medium altitudes. A native of tropical Asia, now pantropic in cultivation. Bowstring hemp. Local names: Aspi-aspi (Pamp) ; baniat (Is); bontoc-palos (Tag); dildila (Ilk) ; kakarohai (Ibn) ; pakarohai (Ibn) ; rabo de leon (Sp) ; rabo de tigre (Sp) ; figure (Is); sinaua (Tag); tigi (Ibn); tigre (Sp). EXCLUDED SPECIES Sansevieria grandicuspis Haw; Naves Novis. App. (1880) 265. Sansevieria guineensis Willd; Naves 1. c. 11. ASPARAGUS Tournefort ASPARAGUS COCHINCHINENSIS (Lour) Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 15 (1919) 230. Melanthium cochinchinense Lour. Fl. Cochinch. (1790) 216. Asparagus lucidus Lindl. Bot. Reg. (1844) Misc. 29, var. dolichocladus Merr. & Rolfe in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 96. Luzon (Benguet) Loher 1928, without data, but probably from above 1,200 m altitude. Japan, China, Formosa. The above is the only indigenous species of the genus. Introduced and occasionally cultivated species include the common asparagus (Sp. esparrago) Asparagus officinalis Linn, A. plumosus Baker, and A. sprengeri Regel; see Merrill, Fl. Manila (1912) 143. Naves has credited Asparagus declinatus Linn, and A. racemosus Willd. to the Philippines, Novis. App. (1880) 264, but both were apparently admitted on erroneous identifications. 12. DISPORUM Salisbury DISPORUM LUZONIENSE Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 5 (1910) Bot. 338. Disporum pullum Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 182, non Salisb. Luzon (Lepanto, Bontoc, Benguet), Merrill 4857, 6619, Phil. PI. 899, B. S. SI 675 Santos, 59 U2 Ramos, 8483 Mcgregor, 4316 Mearns. In the mossy forest, altitude 1,700 to 2,400 m. Endemic. 13. LI R I OPE Loureiro LIRIOPE BRACHYPHYLLA Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 266. Mindoro, Merrill 5710. On seepage slopes in open heath on Mt. Halcon, altitude about 2,400 m. Endemic.


398 ENUMERATION OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS 1925 EXCLUDED OR SYNONYMOUS SPECIES Phreatia bracteata Ames in Philip. Journ. Sci. 4 (1909) Bot. 674, non Schltr. Phreatia sulcata (Blume) J. J. Sm. Phreatia caulescens Ames Orch. 2 (1908) 200, text cut; Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 50. II. B. 23 (1911) 12 Octarrhena caulescens Ames. Phreatia elmeri Ames in Elm. Leafl. Philip. Bot. 5 (1912) 1581 Octarrhena elmeri Ames. Phreatia ensifolia Ames Orch. 2 (1908) 202, text cut; Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 50. II. B. 23 (1911) 15 Octarrhena ensifolia (Ames) Schltr. Phreatia limenophylax Reichb. f. apud Naves Novis. App. (1882) 235. Phreatia minutiflora Lindl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 3 (1859) 62; Naves Novis. App. (1882) 235; Ames Orch. 2 (1908) 205, 5 (1915) 195; Kranzl. in Engl. Pflanzenreich IV. 50. II. B. 23 (1911) 23, fig. 3 C, a-g; Ames in Merr. in Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc. Straits Branch, Special No. (1921) 191 Phreatia secunda (Blume) Lindl. Phreatia myosurus Ames Orch. 2 (1908) 203 (excl. syn), non Lindl. Phreatia amesii Kranzl. Phreatia parvula Ames Orch. 2 (1908) 204, non Benth. ex Hook. f. Octarrhena amesiana Schltr. Phreatia pusilla Lindl. apud Naves Novis. App. (1882) 235. 70. ACRIOPSIS Reinwardt ACRIOPSIS FLORIBUNDA Ames Orch. 6 (1920) 306. Bucas Grande Island, B. S. 35112 Ramos & Pascasio. ACRIOPSIS INDICA Wight Icon. 5 1 (1852) 20, t. 1U8, fig. I; Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6 (1863) 492; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1890) 79; Grant Orch. Burma (1895) 313; Schltr. in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 50 (1900) 287; J. J. Sm. Fl. Buitenz. 6 (Orch. Jav) (1905) 539, Fig-atlas (1912) fig. ill; Ridl. Mat. Fl. Mai. Penin. 1 (1907) 188; Ames Orch. 6 (1920) 307. Luzon (Kalinga), Boettcher s. n. At 1,000 m altitude. In Burma, Malay Peninsula, and Java. ACRIOPSIS JAVANICA Reinw. ex Blume Cat. Gew. Buitenz. (1823) 97; Blume Bijdr. (1825) 377, fig. 71; Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. (1832) 140; De Vriese 111. Orch. Ind. Neerl. (1854) t. 3; Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3 (1859) 709; Reichb. f. in Walp. Ann. 6 (1863) 492; Hook. f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 6 (1890) 79; Grant Orch. Burma (1895) 313; Ridl. in Journ. Linn. Soc. 32 (1896) 384; Schltr. in Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 50 (1900) 286; J. J. Sm. Fl. Buitenz. 6 (Orch. Jav) (1905) 537, Fig-atlas (1912) fig. U0; Ridl. Mat. Fl. Mai. Penin. 1 (1907) 187; J. J. Sm. in Nova Guinea 8 (1909) Bot. 119, 8 3 (1912) Bot. 604; Schltr. in Fedde Repert. 10 (1911) 190; Ames Orch. 5 (1915) 197; J. J. Sm. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 12 (1917) Bot. 238.


52 CROW. Busuanga and Carriage, and that it imitates the voice of other birds, though the natives do not allow of it. Mr. C. adds, that in the cold season it visits the high mountains, but returns to the plains of Sylhet at the commencement of the rains Among the drawings of the late Sir J. Anstruther, I observed two of these birds, answering to the general description. From the forehead spring twelve or more bristles near three inches long, falling backwards on the shoulders; irides red; in one the neck feathers appear curled, and silky, with a green tinge ; but those of the chin and throat have a gloss of bine ; hence we may suppose the two glosses to arise from different reflections of light, but the general colour in both black, tinged with green, perhaps arising from sex. 52PURPLE-HEADED CROW. Corvus purpurascens, Ind. Orn. i. 161. Daud. ii. 251. Shaw's Zool. vii. 368. Purple-headed Crow, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 83. BILL lead-colour; nostrils covered with feathers; plumage on the upper parts of the body pale rufous, beneath yellow, inclining to purple on the head ; quills and tail black, the last rather long ; legs flesh-colour. Inhabits China. — From the drawings of the late Dr. Fothergill. 53— MACAO CROW. Corvus Sinensis, Jnd. Orn. i. 161. Daud. ii. 244. Shaw's Zool. vii. 369. Pie de Macao, Son. Voy. Ind. ii. 187. Macao Crow, Gen. Syn Sup. p. 84. LENGTH fourteen inches and a half Bill one inch and a quarter, stout, black, rather bent at the point ; irides yellowish ; From the papers of Dr. Buchanan. — The Philippine Shrike is also known at Hindustan, billie name of Bujunga.


16 CROW. offal and shell-fish ; but will be content with insects, seeds, and berries; on the Continent they are alike migratory; in Carniola and in Sweden, where they breed, as well as in the south parts of Germany ; in the woods of the Islands of the Danube t and is probably the species mentioned by Fryer as inhabiting Ispahan, in Persia, and has been brought from the Philippine Islands, by M. Sonnerat ; is common throughout Russia and Siberia, but not beyond the Lena. Migrates to Woronesck, and passes the winter there ; grows very large beyond the Ob, and often varies to intense blackness § found also at Aleppo, and about the Lake Baikal, probably extending to other parts of Asia ; as I have been informed, that in some parts of India they are common, and so bold, as to snatch the food from the dishes, while the servants are carrying them across the Court-yard i| not infrequent on the West Coast of Africa It is said, that the propagation of the cinnamon tree is owing to Crows, but what species is uncertain ; these birds eat the quick-tasted, and red fruit of this tree, and swallowing the kernels with the fruit, scatter them every where with their excrements ; on this account, none dare shoot a Crow, under a severe penalty, ft Independent of the Black Variety near the River Ob, we know of no other, except one mentioned by M. Schrank, which had the two mandibles curved across each other, as in the Cross-bill. Xt Scop. Ann. Hist. i. p. 25. t Kram. el. 333. X The Crows here are like our Royston Crows, grey on their backs and wings— iryeri Trav. p. 318. Arct. Zool. II Mr. Pennant. This is among Gen. Hardwicke's drawings, but painted of a less size. Life and Adventures of Christian Wolf. Mem. This circumstance is attributed ta the White Nutmeg-pigeon, ft Captain Tuckey met with them in his voyage up the River Congo. l See Christ. der Berl. Nat. iii. s. 119. tab. iv. fig. 10.


GRAKLE. 147 wing coverts, quills, and tail black brown, the last three inches and a half in length ; legs brown. Inhabits the Philippine Islands, and said to build the nest in hollow trees, especially the cocoa nut ; lives on fruits, is very voracious, soon digesting what it eats, insomuch that a vulgar error has arisen, of there being no circumvolution of intestines, but only one strait passage from the mouth to the vent ; it is reported to be a noisy, chattering bird, and when irritated, the bare part about the head changes to a deep red. It varies in having the under parts brown, spotted with white ; and in some the under parts are yellow brown. Sonnerat mentions one, which was two inches longer the feathers surrounding the naked part of the head, and down the middle of it, black; under parts of the body the same; wings, tail, and upper parts grey, lightest on the rump and neck. One, similar to the above, twelve inches long, the tail four inches and a half, inhabits India, and called Gogoye ; but this seems not peculiar, as others of a different Genus, such as the Crying and Chinese Thrushes, are called by the same name. 3— PARADISE GRAKLE. Gracula tristis, Ind. Orn. 190. Lin. Syst. 167; Gm. Lini. 401. (Paradisea) Shaiv's Zool. vii. 455. Gracula grillivora, Daud. ii. 285. Merula Philippensis, Bris. iu 278. t. 26. f. 1. Td. Svo. i. 235. Martin, Bii. iii. 423. Ess. Philosophy. p. 44. Merle des Philippines, PI. enl. 219. Paradise Grakle, Gen. Syn. ii. 458. Id. Sup. ii. 127. LENGTH nine inches and a half Bill yellow; irides dove-colour; the upper part of the head covered with narrow black feathers, similar to those of the Bird of Paradise ; behind the eyes a U 2


148 GRAKLE. triangular bare red space, taking rise from the nostrils, as a line ; throat, neck, and upper parts of the breast blackish, tinged with grey ; lower part of the latter, back, rump, scapulars, upper and under wing, and upper tail coverts and thighs, chestnut brown ; belly, sides, edge of the wing, under wing and tail coverts, whitish ; prime quills half white, half dusky, secondaries brown ; tail deeper brown, the side feathers tipped with white ; legs yellow The female like the male in plumage. Inhabits the Philippine Islands, and Bombay ; also Ceylon ; is a various feeder, and very gluttonous in its appetite ; is useful in its wild state, in freeing the backs of oxen from vermin, and has been known, when kept in confinement, to swallow a young rat, more than two inches long, whole, after bruising it against the wires of its cage ; is also very fond of locusts and grasshoppers. They build twice in a year, chiefly in the forks of palm trees, though not unfrequently in outhouses, making a coarse sort of nest, and generally lay four blue eggs. The young birds are easily tamed, and soon learn to speak, imitating the cries of the common domestic poultry, c. This was ranked formerly by Linnaeus with his Paradise Bird, on account of the velvet-like feathers about the bill; but why he should have named it tristis is not so clear, as, according to Dr. Buchanan, it is the most cheerful bird in India it has a great variety of musical powers, is often very noisy, but sometimes, especially at dawn, has a pleasant chirping song. When these birds meet with a snake, they assemble round it, and scream violently, and by this means discover it to others; when tame, it will imitate the human voice; eats grain, milk, and insects ; builds in trees, lays the eggs in June, in the hollows, on a little straw ; a nest of one met with, of twenty inches in diameter, was made of cents ; in it were two greenish blue eggs, one end much narrower than the other. Dr. B. says it abounds in I observe a drawing of one from India, with the bill, caruncle, and legs orange. This is called Gursall Mainah. Another of these, not widely differing, was named Saulak.


cuckow. 269 8— PANAYAN CUCKOW. Cuculus radiatus, Tndorni. 214. Gm. Lini. 420. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 91. Coucou brun et jaune a ventre raye, Buf. vi. 379. Son. Voy. 120. t. 79. Panama Cuckow, Gen. Syn. ii. 517. SIZE of the Common Cuckow. Bill black ; irides orange ; the throat and sides of the head the colour of red wine lees; upper part of the head blackish grey; back and wings dull brown black; under part of the quills, nearest the body, spotted with white ; tail black, even at the end, barred and tipped with white ; breast dull yellow ; belly light yellow ; breast and belly barred with black ; the legs are reddish. Inhabits Panay, one of the Philippine Islands. 9— GREY-HEADED CUCKOW. Cuculus poliocephalus, Jnd. Orn. i 214. Grey-headed Cuckow, Gen. Syn. Sup. p. 102. LENGTH ten inches. Head and neck pale grey ; breast and belly white, crossed with pale grey bars ; wings deep ash-colour, some of the feathers with ferruginous edges ; tail nearly even at the end, white, crossed with equidistant dusky bars; legs pale brown. Inhabits India ; from the drawings of Lady Impey ; probably a Variety of the Panama Species, One, in the collection of Sir John Anstruther, was two inches longer. Bill pale blue, base and gape yellow ; head and neck light grey ; back and wings deep blue black ; belly dusky white, crossed with narrow, blackish stripes; upper and under tail coverts, and vent white; tail a trifle rounded at the end, two inches and a half long, colour white, crossed with six or seven black bars ; the legs yellow.


cuckow. 281 neck before, breast, and belly white, barred with black ; tail brown, the feathers spotted on each side of the shafts irregularly with black ; legs yellow. Inhabits India. 24— RUFOUS-SPOTTED CUCKOW. Cuculus punctatus, Ind. Orn. i. 210. Lin. i. 170. Gm. Lin. i. 413. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 105. Cuculus Indicus nseviub, Brisiv. 134. 1. 10. f. 2. rf. 8vol. 79. Coucou brun picquete de roux, Bufi. 377. P. en. 771. Rufous-spotted Cuckow, Gen. Sin. ii. 517. LENGTH sixteen inches and a half Bill horn-colour, hooked at the end, with a kind of notch near the tip ; from the base, a rufous band passes under the eyes, to the ears; plumage on the upper parts of the body brown, spotted with rufous ; beneath rufous, transversely striated with blackish brown, least in number on the belly ; tail cuneiform, eight inches and a quarter long, barred with rufous arched bands on each side the shafts, all the feathers having Rufous ends; legs grey brown. The female differs, in having the rufous spots above less numerous, and beneath much paler than the male. Inhabits the East Indies, and Philippine Islands. 25— PANAMA SPOTTED CUCKOW. Cuculus Panayus, Ind. Orn. i. 210. Gm. Lin. i. 413. Gen. Zool. ix. p. 106. Coucou tachete de Panay, Son. Voy. 220. t. 78. Panama Spotted Cuckow, Gen, Syn. ii. 517. THIS is two-thirds larger than our Cuckow. Bill black irides yellow ; body above very deep brown ; spotted with rufous yellow ; TOL. III. O O


WOODPECKER. 351 7— PHILIPPINE WOODPECKER. Picus Philippinarum, Ind. Orii. i. 236. Gen. Zool. ix. 190. Pic grivele, grand Pic de Luzon, Son. Voy. 73. t. 73. Palalaca, Phil. Trans, xxiii. p. 1397. No. 42. Pic verd tachete des Philippines, Buff. vii. 21. PL enl. 691. Gen. Syn. ii. 581. B. SIZE of the Green Woodpecker. Bill black ; irides red ; top, sides, and hind part of the head and neck, back and wings, shining brown, with a mixture of green ; the feathers on the top of the head longer than the rest, forming a crest ; throat and under parts white, the feathers margined with black, appearing spotted white and black ; tail black-brown, on each web a white spot, forming, when the tail is spread, a white band ; the upper tail coverts red ; like carmine ; legs black. Inhabits the Island of Luponia; there called Palalaca. A. — Palalaca, ou grand Pic vert des Philippines, Bvfyn. 20. This is said to be as large as a Fowl, with a crested head, and green body. It is also called Palalaca by the natives; the Spaniards call it Herrero, or Blacksmith, on account of the great noise it makes with the bill in striking the trees, to be heard at 300 paces distance. 8— MANILLA WOODPECKER. Picus Manillensis, Ind. Orni. 236. Gm. Lini. 434. Gen. Zool. x. 189. Pic vert de Isle de Lu9on, Son. Voy. 23. t. 36. Manilla Green Woodpecker, Gen. Syn. ii. 583. LESS than the Green Woodpecker. Bill blackish colour of the body dirty green ; top of the head a little spotted with grey ;


The Philippine Journal of Science. D. General Biology, Ethnology and Anthropology. Vol. VII, No. 2, April, 1912. A NEW PHILIPPINE FIDDLER-CRAB. By A. S. Peaks. (From the Zoological Laboratory, University of the Philippines) The most abundant species of fiddler-crab along the esteros near Manila has not been described. Believing the species to be new, the writer prepared the following description while he was serving as assistant professor of zoology in the University of the Philippines. Uca rathbunae sp. nov. Description. — Length of carapace about three-fifths its greatest breadth, which is at the acute antero-lateral angles. Carapace not very convex, smooth, anterior margin somewhat arcuate; the regions all recognizable, but not clearly defined; posterior border one-half the greatest breadth; lateral margins not converging posteriorly. The crenulate line that bounds the dorsal plane on each side is well marked two-thirds of the way back and convergent posteriorly. The breadth of the front, measured between the bases of the eye-stalks, is about one-twentieth the greatest breadth of the carapace. The front is spatulate, and its raised border is wider at the ventral margin than the central groove. Orbits somewhat oblique; borders sinuous, both crenulate; crenulations on the lower border progressively larger away from median line; a line of fine crenulations below all the upper border except the outer quarter; a row of tubercles on the floor of the orbit inside the middle third of the lower border. Larger cheliped of male with hand nearly 3 times greater than length of carapace; merus finely granulated on outer surface, all margins denticulate, denticles larger at superior distal angle ; carpus granulated on upper and outer surfaces, hairy 91


NEW PHILIPPINE FIDDLER-CRAB. 93 defined, outer one most prominent, a well-marked elongated depression between them. Fingers rather slender, strongly flattened, minutely granular; both have a longitudinal groove on the external surface, but that in the fixed finger is the deeper ; fixed finger tapering, nearly straight, hooked at the top, smooth on lower margin and denticulate on inner margin; movable finger slightly arcuate, bearing 2 strong spines on inner margin, one at the tip and the other about one-fourth of the length of the inner margin from it; most individuals also have a strong denticle on the inner margins of each of the fingers about one-third of the distance from the proximal end. Merus of last pair of legs somewhat foliaceous. Color of living male. — Dorsal surface of carapace, dark brown (65)' (almost black) with a transverse yellowish-white (141) band back of the front and sometimes another spot of the same color in the center of the back; eye-stalks light brown (137). Large chela with fingers and inside of palm white, outside of palm whitish or green above (341) and fuscous (102) below. Other walking legs gray (222) ; back of merus of last pair of legs white; abdomen bluish (402). The above description was taken from 69 males and 8 females, collected May 22, 1911, at an estuary three blocks south of the Philippine Medical School, Manila, P. I. The 10 largest males gave the following average measurements: Length of carapace, 1464 mm; breadth of carapace, 2440; length of chela 403. This species closely resembles U. diissumieri ( Milne-eedwardsbut can be distinguished from it by the constant presence of a tooth on the inner margin of the movable finger near the tip, by the well-marked lines bounding lateral borders of the dorsal surface, and by the less salient character of the 2 oblique ridges on the inner surface of the palm. Miss M. J. Rathbun has kindly compared two specimens of this species with specimens of 13 narrow-fronted species from the Indo-pacific region in the United States National Museum. She reports that U. rathhunse is most nearly related to U. urvillei (Milne-edwards) and makes the following observations: Shape of carapace much as in U. urvillei. The orbital margin is a little more oblique. Frontal furrow longer, not triangular and sharp pointed at the extremity as in urvillei, but slightly spatulate. The accessory line of granules above the lower margin of the orbit is much shorter, occupying The numbers following colors refer to Klincksieck, P, et Valette, T. Code des couleurs. Paris (1908). For references, see Alcock, Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal (1900), 69, 362.


MAMMALS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 19 Miniopterus tristis (Waterhouse). 1845. Vespertilio tristis Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1845), 3, April. 1858. Miniopterus tristis TOMES, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1858), 124. Type locality. — Philippine Islands. Cebu (Elera) ; Luzon (Peters) ; Samar (Elera) Genus MURINA Gray. 1842. Murina Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, 10, 258, December. Type. — Vespertilio suillus Temminck. Ears nearly circular; tragus long, tapering to a fine point. Wing membrane attached along the whole length of outer toe to the base of claw, extreme tip of tail free ; upper surface of interfemoral membrane covered with hair. Head and body about 43 millimeters; tail about 37. Murina cyclotis Dobson. 1872. Murina cyclotis DOBSON, Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, Dec. (1872), 210. Type locality. — Darjeeling, N. E. Bengal. Mindanao (Hoffman). Genus KERIVOULA Gray. 1842. Kerivoula Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, 10, 258, December. Type. — Vespertilio hardwickii Horsfield. Small, delicately-formed bats; ears extending slightly beyond nostrils when laid forward, distinctly funnel-shaped, with long slender tragi ; muzzle simple. Fur long and soft. Kerivoula hardwickii (Horsfield). 1824. Vespertilio hardwickii HORSFIELD, Zool. Res. in Java, (pages not numbered). 1842. Kerivoula hardwickii GRAY, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, 10, 258. Type locality. — Java. Mindanao (Thomas) ; Samar (Peters). Kerivoula jagorii (Peters). 1867. Vespertilio Kerivoula) jagorii Peters, Monatsb. Konigl Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin (1866), 399. 1878. Kerivoula jagorii DOBSON, Cat. Chiropt. Brit. Mus, 338. Type locality. — Samar Island. Samar (Peters). Kerivoula pellucida (Waterhouse). 1845. Vespertilio pellucidus WATERHOUSE, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1845), 3, April. 1876. Kerivoula pellucida DOBSON, Monogr. Asiatic Chirop, 149. Type locality. — Philippine Islands. Luzon (Elera) ; Mindanao (Elera).


MAMMALS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 21 Genus MUSTELA Linnaeus. 1758. Mustela LINNUS, Syst. Nat, 10 ed, 1, 45. Typemustela erminea Linnus. Weasels, the single supposed Philippine species bright tawny, with whitish head. Fur long and coarse, tail bushy. Head and body about 365 millimeters ; tail about 220. Mustela nudipes Desmarest. 1822. Mustela nudipes Desmarest, Mammalogie, pt. 2, 537. Type locality. — Java. Calamianes (Trouessart) ; Palawan (Trouessart) ; Sulu (Trouessart). Sanchez, Los Mamiferos de Filipinas, does not allow this species a place in his list on this authority. Possibly it should be dropped from Philippine lists. Genus MYDAUS F. Cuvier. 1821. Mydaus F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm, 3, livr. 27, April. Type. — Mydaus meliceps F. CUVIER. "Javan skunk" Black, with more or less white on head, nape, and back. Tail very short. Muzzle pointed, nose pig-like. Front claws very long and little curved. Anal glands emitting an odor like that of the American skunks. Head and body about 460 millimeters. Mydaus marchei Huet. 1887. Mydaus marchei Huet, Le Naturaliste, II, 9 ann, No. 13, 149, September 15. Type locality. — Palawan. Balabac (Sanchez) ; Palawan (Huet). Mydaus schadenbergii Jentink. 1895. Mydaus schadenbergii Jentink, Notes from Leyden Mus, 17, No. IX, 46, August. Type locality. — Calamianes Islands. Calamianes (Jentink). Genus AONYX Lesson. 1827. Aonyx LESSON, Man. Mammalogie, 157. Type. — Aonyx delalandi LESSONLUTRA capensis Schinz. "Clawless" otters. Color brown ; feet webbed, claws rudimentary. Head and body about 470 millimeters, tail about 290. Aonyx cinerea (Illiger). 1815. Lutra cinerea Illiger, Abh. Ak. Berlin (1811), 99. 1909. Aonyx cinerea Lyon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 36, 485, June 1. Type locality. — Near Batavia, Java. Palawan (Allen).


22 HOLLISTER. Family VIVERRID. Genus VIVERRA Linneeus. 1758. Viverra Linnus, Syst. Nat, 10 ed, 1, 43. Type. — Viverra zibetha Linnus. Civets; the form found in the Philippine Islands with ground color of gray, spotted and striped with black. Tail about half the length of head and body, black and whitish. Head and body about 600 millimeters; tail about 300. Viverra tangalunga Gray. 1832. Viverra tangalunga Gray, Proc. Zool Soc. London, 63. Type locality. — Indian Archipelago. Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester) ; Luzon (Thomas) ; Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester) ; Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester) ; Palawan (Thomas) ; Panay (Bourns & Worcester) ; Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester). Genus PARADOXURUS F. Cuvier. 1821. Paradoxurus F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm, 3, livr. 24, pi. with text (under 'la mart des palmiers'), January. Type. — Paradoxurus typus F. Cvierviverra niger Desmarest. Palm civets. Less strikingly marked than Viveita, with longer tail. General color blackish brown, with five or six indistinct stripes of black along back. Top of head, feet, and tail blackish. Head and body about 440 millimeters; tail about 360. Paradoxurus minax Thomas. 1909. Paradoxurus minax Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VIII, 3, 375, April. Type locality. — Davao, South Mindanao. Camiguin (Thomas) ; Mindanao (Thomas) Paradoxurus philippinensis Jourdan. 1837. Paradoxurus philippinensis JOURDAN, Compt. rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, 5, 523. Type locality. — Luzon. Basilan (Bourns & Worcester) ; Leyte (Elera) ; Luzon (Thomas) ; Marinduque (Steere) ; Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester) ; Negros (Steere) ; Palawan (Thomas) ; Panay (Bourns & Worcester) ; Siquijor (Sanchez). Paradoxurus torvus Thomas. 1909. Paradoxurus torvus Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VIII, 3, 375, April. Type locality. — Bongao, Tawi Tawi Group. Bongao (Thomas)


MAMMALS OP THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 25 Sciurus juvencus Thomas. 1908. Sciurus juvencus Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VIII, 2, 498, December. Type locality. — Palawan. Palawan (Thomas). Sciurus mindanensis Steere. 1890. Sciu-us mindanensis Steere, List Birds and Mamm. Steere. Exp. Philippines, 29, July 14. 1890. Sciurus cagsi Meyer, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 600. (Davao, South Mindanao) Type locality. — Mindanao. Basilan (Bourns & Worcester) ; Mindanao (Steere). Sciurus mollendorffi Matschie. 1898. Sciurus mollendorffi Matschie, Sitz-ber. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin (1898), No. 5, 41, May. Type locality. — Culion. Culion (Matschie). Sciurus philippinensis Waterhouse. 1839. Sciurus philippinensis Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 7, 117. Type locality. — Mindanao. Balabac (Elera) ; Basilan (Thomas) ; Mindanao (Waterhouse) Sciurus samarensis Steere. 1890. Sciurus samarensis Steere, List Birds and Mamm. Steere Exp. Philippines, 30, July 14. Type locality. — Samar. Leyte (Steere) ; Samar (Steere). Sciurus steerii Giinther. 1876. Sciurus steerii Gunther, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1876), 735. Type locality. — Balabac (Giinther). Family PETAURISTA. Genus SCIUROPTERUS F. Cuvier. 1825. Sciuropterus F. Cuvier, Dents Mammiferes, 255. Type. — Sciurus volans Linnjeussciuropterus rusticus (Tiedemann). Flying-squirrels; fore and hind limbs connected by a membrane, forming a parachute. Philippine forms large; fur long and soft; general color brownish above, paler below. Head and body over 300 millimeters ; tail over 260. Sciuropterus crinitus Hollister. 1911. Sciuropterus crinitus Hollister, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1911), 24, 185, June 23. Type locality. — Basilan Island. Basilan (Hollister)


MAMMALS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 31 on upper surface. Color brown above, yellowish-white below. Molars with crowns much higher than in Epimys; mammse, 1-38. Regarded by Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1907), 141, as a synonym of Epimys. The peculiar mammary formula and the hypsodont molars seem sufficient characters to warrant its retention as a full genus. Bullimus bagobus Mearns. 1905. Bullimus bagobus Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 28, 450. Type locality. — Todaya, Mount Apo, Mindanao. Mindanao (Mearns). Genus LIMNOMYS Mearns. 1905. Limnomys Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 28, 451. Type. — Limnomys sibuanus Mearns. A small rat with long heavy fur; tail longer than head and body, thinly haired, annulations plainly visible except near end. General color above reddish-brown, below cream buff; upper surfaces of feet seal brown. Head and body, 125 millimeters ; tail, 150; hind foot, 30. Limnomys sibuanus Mearns. 1905. Limnomys sibuanus Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 28, 452. Type locality. — Mount Apo, Mindanao; 2,011 meters. Mindanao (Mearns). Genus TRYPHOMYS Miller. 1910. Tryphomys Miller, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 38, 399, August 19. Type. — Tryphomys adustus Miller. Size of a small common rat; fur of back coarse and harsh. Outer digits of hind foot short, neither extending beyond bases of three middle digits. Above mixed brown and black, under parts buffy white. Head and body, 174 millimeters; tail, 150; hind foot, 33. Tryphomys adustus Miller. 1910. Tryphomys adustus Miller, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 38, 399, August 19. Type locality. — Haights-in-the-oaks, Benguet, Luzon. Luzon (Miller). Genus MUS Linnaaus. 1758. Mus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat, 10 ed, 1, 59. Type. — Mus musculus LLNNUS. Small mice like the common house mouse. Anterior upper molar longer than the two posterior upper molars combined.


MAMMALS OP THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 33 Genus CARPOMYS Thomas. 1895. Carpomys Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VI, 16, 161. Type. — Carpomys melanurus Thomas. Externally somewhat similar to Batomys; fur thick and wooly ; tail long, well haired, darker in color than body. General color deep fulvous, coarsely lined with black ; under parts dull yellowish-white. Head and body about 197 millimeters; tail, 175 to 211; hind foot, 31 to 34. Carpomys melanurus Thomas. 1895. Carpomys melanurus Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VI, 16, 162. Type locality. — Highlands of northern Luzon. Luzon (Thomas). Carpomys phaeurus Thomas. 1895. Carpomys phaeurus Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VI, 16, 162. Type locality. — Highlands of northern Luzon. Luzon (Thomas). Genus CRATEROMYS Thomas. 1895. Crateromys Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist, VI, 16, 163. Type. — Phloeomys schadenbergi Meyer. Size very large ; externally somewhat like Phlosomys, but with more bushy tail and much smaller claws. Muzzle pointed. Normal color black; some specimens are gray or black and gray. Head and body about 440 millimeters ; tail about 425. Crateromys schadenbergi (Meyer). 1895. Phlmomys schadenbergi Meyer, Abhandl. und Berichte des Konigl. Zool. Mus. Dresden (1894-95), No. 6, 1. 1896. Crateromys schadenbergi Meyer, Abhandl. und Berichte Konigl. Zool. Mus. Dresden (1896-97), No. 6, 32. Type locality. — Mount Data, Luzon. Luzon (Meyer). Genus APOMYS Means. 1905. Apomys Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 28, 455. Type. — Apomys hylocoetes Mearns. Smallish brown rats, much like the smaller species of Epimys. Tail nearly bare of hairs; anterior upper molar about equal in length to posterior two, and posterior upper molar very small, as in Mus.


36 HOLUSTEE. Family TARSIID. Genus TARSI US Storr. 1780. Tarsus Storr, Prodr. Meth. Mamm, 33, tab. A. Type. — Lemur tarsius 'Erxleben' Lemur tarsier Erxleben). Tarsiers. Small monkey-like animals with large eyes and ears, long fingers and toes, and long tail. Tail naked except at extreme base and tip. Head and body about 120 millimeters; tail about 210; hind foot about 60. Tarsi us carbonari us Heude. 1899. Tarsius carbonarius Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 4, pt. 4, 164, pi. 33, figs. 1, 2, and 3. Type locality. — Gulf of Davao, Mindanao. Mindanao (Heude). Tarsius fraterculus Miller. 1910. Tarsius fraterculus Miller, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 38, 404, August 19. Type locality. — Sevilla, Bohol. Bohol (Miller). Tarsius philippensis Meyer. 1895. Tarsius philippensis MEYER, Abhand. und Berichte des Konigl. Zool. Mus. Dresden (1894-95), No. 1, 1. Type locality. — Mindanao, Leyte, and Samar. Leyte (Meyer) ; Luzon (Trouessart) ; Mindanao (Meyer) ; Samar (Meyer). Family CERCOPITHECID^. Genus PITH ECUS Geoffrey and Cuvier. 1795. Pithecus Geoffroy and Cavite, Mag. Encycl, 3, 462. Type. — Medium sized monkeys commonly known as macaques. Philippine species with long tails, about as long as head and body. Pithecus cagayanus (Means). 1905. Cynomolgus cagayanus Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus, 28, 431. Type locality. — Cagayan Sulu Island, Sulu Sea. Cagayan Sulu (Means). 'Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1911), 125, shows that Simia Linnsus is the proper generic name of the Barbary macaque. If this monkey, Simia intus Linnteus, be congeneric with the Malayan group of long-tailed macaques, lately called Pithecus, as seems very doubtful, the name Simia will stand for all the Philippine species. Without seeing the original publication of Pithecus, I do not feel justified in selecting a type for the genus, which apparently has not yet been done.


MAMMALS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 41 Many of these names are surely synonyms, while a few are probably valid for species or subspecies of Philippine deer. Until series of deer skulls from all parts of the Philippine Islands, and especially from the type localities of all described forms, are assembled for study, it will be impossible satisfactorily to deal with these names. I have arranged them alphabetically by species, regardless of the genus in which they have been described. As no complete list of these names, with references and type localities, has ever been published, and for general uniformity, the reference to each name is given in full as throughout the list. No attempt has been made to improve on the combination employed by the describer. USSA AMBROSIANUS Heude. 1888. Ussa ambrosianus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt 1,27. Type locality. — Nueva Ecija, Luzon. Ussa atheneensis Heude. 1899. Ussa atheneensis Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 4, pt. 8, 138. Type locality. — Luzon. Ussa barandanus Heude. 1888. Ussa barandanus Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 22. Type locality. — Mindoro. Ussa baryceros Heude. 1899. Ussa baryceros Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 4, pt. 3, 139. Type locality. — La Laguna and Batangas, Luzon. Melanaxis basilanensis Heude. 1888. Melanaxis basilanensis Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 49. Type locality. — Basilan Island. Ussa brachyceros Heude. 1888. Ussa brachyceros Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 36. Type locality. — Batangas, Luzon. Melanaxis breyiceps Heude. 1888. Melanaxis breviceps Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 48. Type locality. — Masbate Island. Hyelaphus calamianensis Heude. 1888. Hyelaphus calamianensis Heude, Mem. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, 2, pt. 1, 49. Type locality. — Calamian, P. I.


MAMMALS OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 47 TYPE-LOCALITIES OF MAMMALS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Balabac. Squirrel; Sciurus steerii. Pig; Sus barbatus balabacensis. Mouse-deer; Tragulus nigricans. Basilan. Flying-squirrel; Sciuropterus crinitus. Deer; Rusa steerii. ISABELA. Pygmy Squirrel; Nannosciurus concinnus. Deer; Melanaxis basilanensisrusa (). Bohol. Sevilla. Tarsier ; Tarsius fraterculus. Bongao. Palm civet; Paradoxurus torvus. Slow Lemur; Nycticebus menagensis (Bongao and Tawi-tawi) Busuanga. Buffalo; Bubalus moellendorffi. Cagayan Sulu. Fruit-bat; Pteropus cagayanus. Monkey; Pithecus cagayanus. Calamianes. Badger-skunk; Mydaus schadenbergii. Mongoose; Mungos parvus. Pig; Sus calamianensis. Deer; Hyelaphus calamianensisrusa (). Cebu. Pig; Sus cebifrons (Masbate or Cebu). Deer; Ussa cinereus, and U. crassicornisrusa. Cnlion. Tree-shrew; Tupaia mollendorffi. Squirrels; Sciurus albicaudus and S. mollendorffi. Deer; Rusa culionensis. Cuyo. Tree-shrew; Tupaia cuyonis. Onimaras. Bat; Rhinolophus hirsutus. leyte. Fruit-bat; Pteropus aurinuchalisacerodon jubatus. Tarsier; Tarsius philippensis (Mindanao, Leyte, and Samar). Luzon. Shrew; Pachyiira luzoniensis. Bats; Pteropus eine7isispt. leucopterus, Rhinolophus anderseni (), Rh. philippinensis, and Rh. arcuatus. Palm civet; Paradoxurus philippinensis. Rats, etc; Phloeomys cumingi and Ph. pallidus. Monkey; Macacus furpithecus syrichta, and Pithecus syrichta. Pig; Sus philippensis. Deer; Rusa philippinus, Ussa atheneensis, and U. gonzalinusrusa. Baguio, Benguet. Rat; Epimys calcis. Bataan Province. Deer; Ussa elorzanus and U. rubiginosarusa. Batangas. Deer; Ussa baryceros, U. brachyceros, U. chrysotrichos, U. gorrichanus, U. guidoteanus, U. hipolitianus, U. microdontus, U. roxasianus, U. telesforianus, and U. tuasoninus Rusa. Camp John Hay, Benguet. Rat; Apomys musculus.


MAMMALS OP THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 51 in some institution of standing; it will surprise the average sportsman to find how gladly they are received and what scientific interest is attached to material he assumes to be worthless. The making of study skins of small mammals is really a very simple process and one of considerable interest ; and the pleasures to be realized from trapping add greatly to a traveler's experiences. A small pamphlet issued by the United States National Museum gives instructions for preparing specimens of mammals in the most approved styles for scientific study. To the sportsman, the greatest interest naturally lies in the medium sized and larger mammals, the skins of which, when intended chiefly for study, are easily prepared. A primary incision should be made from the breast to the tip of the tail, and other incisions from the sole of each foot up the leg to the main longitudinal cut. In horned mammals, an additional cut from the base of the head to between the horns, branching in a Y to around each horn is necessary; the skull in these being removed through this opening. The skin is then removed entire, special care being taken to skin out the feet, tail, ears, and lips. The skin should then be well salted, the salt rubbed in on the most fleshy parts and around the edges. It is a good plan to separate the skin of the ear from the cartilage and force salt to the tip, salting the feet well also. The skin may then be rolled up for a few hours, as over night, and afterwards spread out in the shade to drain and dry. As the drying process advances, the skin may be folded, before too dry, into a convenient bundle for transportation. The skull, which should always accompany the skin, may be disjointed from the vertebrae, care being taken not to cut or otherwise injure its base. The flesh should be roughly cut off, the brain removed through the natural opening at back of skull with a folded and bent wire, and the skull dried in the sun or near a fire. The skin and skull of the same individual should always be tagged with the same number so that there wiu be no uncertainty as to what skull belongs with a particular skin when the specimens reach the museum. Even when it is not possible to save the skin, or when it is desired for other purposes, the skull of a medium sized or large mammal should always be saved. Large series of skulls from all localities are greatly desired for study and comparison. Where the sportsman wishes to retain the horns they may be sawed oft, either alone or with a portion of the bone of the frontal region, and the specimen will still be of great service to the specialist, to whom the teeth and lower surface of the skin are more important than the horns. When this is done a pho-


652 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON Geographic distribution— Aniocra clupei is known to occur from the western portion of the Inland Sea of Japan to the north-em Pacific coast of Honshu (approximately of the length of the Pacific coast of Honshu). We did not find this isopod on Sardinella zunasi in the Ryukyu Islands. This isopod may be restricted to the temperate portion of Japan. Etymologktie specific name is from the family of the host. Japanese standard common name. — Sappa-yadori-mushi (shin-sho) parasitic isopod attaching to sappa. Remarks— Only three known species of Anilocra have both a produced third segment in antennae 1 and swelling in both sides of the dactyls of the anterior pereo-pods. Anilocra leptosoma Bleeker, known from Indonesia to the Gulf of Suez and South Africa (Bowman and Tareen 1983), has a more slender body than A. clupei, a head more abruptly narrowed at the level of the antennae, and a pleotelson with parallel sides for the proximal and a sharply angular distal end, instead of sub-oval with a concave dorsal surface. Anilocra cavicauda Richardson, 1910, known only from the Philippines, has a head and pleotelson shape similar to A. leptosoma. The lateral margins of the pleonites are up-curved in A. cavicauda but not in A. clupei; the pleotelson is more narrow (18 length width ratio vs. 145); the median ridge is absent; coxae of pereonites 6-7 extend to middle instead of or more length of lateral margin of pereo-nites; and the uropods extend only to the posterior end of the pleotelson instead of well beyond. Anilocra alloceraea Koelbel, 1879, known only from Sumatra, has a head and body shape very similar to A. leptosoma and different from A. clupei, the pleotelson does not have the concave dorsal surface of A. clupei, and posterior ends of the basis, endopod and exopod of the uropods are not acute in A. clupei. The four Sardinella zunasi hosts for the paratypes oi A. clupei were 92-94 (933) in fork length. Host size was not available for the holotype. Anilocra species Figs. 47-53 Host and oca7v. — Katakuchi-iwashi, Engraulis japonicus Temminck and Schlegel (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae), Kagoshima Bay, Kagoshima Prefecture, Kyushu, Japan, 7 Feb 1978 (hosts not examined by us). Male (N 3)-USNM 231083, total length 138-146 (142), maximum width 24-27 (26). Antennae 1 8-merous, antennae 2 10-merous. Penes lobes not discemable. Appendix masculina of pleopod 2 linear with unmodified apex, as long as endopod. No pigment spots apparent. Attached on body of host. Anilocra species Figs. 54-61 Host and locality— Yahindigo, Spratelloides gracilis (Temminck and Schlegel) (Clupeidae), Kochi, Kochi Prefecture, Shikoku, Japan, 20 Dec 1984 (hosts not examined by us). Male (N 2)-USNM 231061, total length 89 and 91, maximum width 16 and 17. Antennae 1 8-merous, antennae 2 10merops. Penes lobes not discemable. Appendix masculina of pleopod 2 linear with unmodified apex, as long as endopod. Pigment spots scattered over dorsal surface. Attached on the lateral dorsal surface behind head of host. Remarks. The two Anilocra sp. seem to represent males of two different species, because the smaller ones (90) are well pigmented while the larger (142) lack pigment. They may represent one or both of the males o Anilocra prionuri or A. clupei, the only Anilocra species known from this general geographic area. We are unable definitely to match either male with the females of the new species. The Spratelloides gracilis and Engraulis


THE HABITUAL USE OF OPIUM AS A FACTOR IN THE PRODUCTION OF DISEASES. By Tee Han Kee. From the Bureau of Health, Manila, P. I. It is not the intention of this paper to discuss at length the therapeutic use of opium as a medicine, nor is it my desire to treat of the symtomalogy and psychology of the opium habit, for such an attempt would lead away from by main purpose, which is to give an account of the motives of the Chinese in using opium; how they use it, and lastly what are the results, or, in other words, diseases produced by the habit. Two main reasons could be given as the motives of the Chinese for using opium: 1. For pleasure. 2. As a medicine. 1. For pleasure. — After careful inquiry among the Chinese as to their reasons for using opium, the majority of the confirmed consumers will tell us that they began the use of the drug simply for "pleasure" if so it may be termed. The reason the Chinese choose opium may be because it is not so violent a stimulant as alcohol. The force of example and of fashion must also be taken into account in describing the reasons the Chinese have for taking opium. In society, restaurants and public places, opium is almost always offered. 2. As a medicine. — The second motive of the Chinese in using opium is due to the widespread popular belief in the medical efficacy of the drag. It has been proved in China that the opium habit, in the majority of cases, dates from the time when the drug was taken for medicinal purposes. In some cases the chronic or recurrent character of the malady necessitates repeated doses. in others the exhilaration and general sense of comfort induced, result in repetition long after the ailment for which the drug was originally taken has passed away. It is a common domestic medicine of the people. It is taken in cases of specific disorders, such as dysentery, rheumatism, tuberculosis, diabetes, and diarrhoea. In malarial and damp tracts there is a general faith in its virtue, either for 1 Read at the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Philippine Medical Association, March 3, 1907. 63


AUTOPSIES AT THE PHILIPPINE MEDICAL SCHOOL. 215 with scattered plates of calcification confined to the abdominal aorta. The other 4 showed numerous flat, yellowish, oval projections scattered over the surface of the aorta near its origin. ISTO change more marked than a partial loss of elasticity was encountered in the vessel walls, even in cases over 60 years of age. Arterio-sclerosis was found in but one of the 25 individuals infected with tuberculosis. Aneurism was not encountered in any of the series, nor has a case been admitted in the hospital wards or been seen among the patients of the large free clinic at St. Paul's Hospital during the past eight months. DISEASES OF THE KIDNEYS. Lesions of the kidneys occurred more frequently than one might expect from the generally good condition of the arterial tissue. Of 100 cases, nephritis was present in 48, acute in 23 and chronic in 25. Attention cysts occurred in 7, infarcts in 2, and tuberculous foci in 4 cases. The kidneys usually appeared swollen and markedly congested in the instances of acute nephritis, the capsule stripping readily and leaving a dark, smoky surface. Histologically, the glomerular changes predominated, the capsules and tubules frequently containing red and a few white blood cells. The swelling and granular appearance of the tubular epithelium was in most instances less marked than the glomerular change. The kidneys with chronic nephritic changes were of the large, pale type in 6, and the small granular in 19 cases. Two cases of the first group showed large, pale, swollen organs with numerous opaque areas scattered over the smooth surface beneath the capsule; the pale cortex forming a sharp contrast to the darkly injected pyramids. Histologically, the tubules, glomeruli, and interstitial tissue were all more or less involved in the inflammatory process. The four other cases of this group evidenced somewhat small, pale kidneys with thickened capsules and roughened surfaces. Glomerular degeneration and a rather marked grade of of interstitial change was present, hyaline changes being frequent. Contracted, roughened kidneys with firmly adherent capsules were found in seven instances in the remaining nineteen cases of chronic nephritis. The capsules covered small cysts. This type of kidney could only be cut with increased resistance; it showed an attenuated cortex which contained a greatly increased amount of interstitial tissue, with marked degenerative and atrophic changes in the glomeruli and plugging of distorted tubules with debris. The arterial change in these cases of chronic nephritis is less marked than the general change in the organs would lead one to expect, with the exception of those cases in which there was a general arterio-sclerosis. Fatty degeneration of the kidney was found in 4 cases, 3 of which died of tuberculosis and 1 of amoebic dysentery. The suprarenal bodies were tuberculous in two instances, both of which contained, in addition, marked pulmonary lesions.


220 TII5YOID GLAND. The only case of disease of this gland was one of general symmetrical enlargement occurring in a woman who had suffered from tuberculosis. Colloid formation was the principal change associated with several small cysts. The thryoid glands were otherwise quite small, often showing irregular lobulations. No instances of accessory thryoids were encountered. NERVOUS SYSTEM. Degeneration of the vagus and phrenic nerves were demonstrated in one case of beriberi which caused death in an infant of 3 months. 2 Lesions of the central nervous system included one case of cerebellar abscess following otitis media, one of cerebral softening and one of haemorrhage following an occipital fracture. The meningeal coverings of the two cerebral hemispheres in a case of arterio-sclerosis were adherent and thickened, and inclosed numerous small collections of clear fluid in cyst-like, flattened spaces within the opaque membranes. Microscopically, this thickened layer of adherent membrane showed a richly interlacing meshwork of fibers, in the spaces of which there were many large polyhedral cells with large, deeply staining nuclei and granular protoplasm. The blood supply was poor, the walls of the vessels showing an advanced grade of atheroma. No gross syphilitic disturbances of the central nervous system were encountered. GENITALIA. Disease of the male generative system was uncommon. There was one case of scrotal and one of prostatic abscess. Three cases of hydrocele on the left side were encountered. Tubercular cystitis occurred in three cases, nontubercular in one. The cutaneous lesions included 1 case of Impetigo contagiosa, 1 of leucoderma, and i of chronic ulceration. The ulcers in 3 cases were confined to the ventral aspect of the leg and in the fourth an ulcer 4 centimeters in diameter was present on the dorsal surface of the right elbow. One case of supernumerary thumb was. seen. The two thumbs were of equal size, each 1 centimeter shorter and smaller in proportion than the normal thumb on the left hand. They formed a Y-shaped junction at their union, being articulated side by side, with separate surfaces at the end of each of the two metacarpals. Each thumb was well formed and bore a perfect nail. This case was reported by Dr. Albert at the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Philippine Islands Medical Association, Manila, February 26-29, 1908.


OBSTETRICS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 249 suspended from their profession and to inform the people of this fact in the sermon oh the following Sunday" These words show that in each parish the missionary priests exercised a certain control over a given number of midwives who received direct instructions from them. These instructions, in a special manner, referred to everything relating to proper baptism which, in cases of necessity, was administered to the child either within or without the mother's womb; but they also extensively entered into the manner of attending parturients. A proof of this is found in the following paragraph taken from the above-mentioned work of Father Gregorio Sanz, relative to the treatment of abortions "The first and most important thing is to advise the patient to remain in a horizontal position and to preserve absolute repose of body and mind; the second is to bleed the arm if the woman is robust, and if she is weak or nervous, to apply ten or twelve leeches or cupping-glasses to the breasts, these being the organs best indicated at this epoch; the blood-letting and likewise the application of leeches should be employed only when recommended by a medical person; at the same time a lemonade of cream of tartar, with sugar and small quantity of saltpeter, should be administered and the loins and abdomen should be gently rubbed with hot essence of mastic. "If the woman is in convulsions, or if she is nervous and suffers very intense pain, then she must be given an antispasmodic potion composed of one ounce of almond oil, another of simple syrup, and one grain of extract of henbane, of which one spoonful must be taken every half hour; at the same time the abdomen should be rubbed with a mixture of one ounce of herbage and one drachm of tincture of opium. Experience has demonstrated that in the majority of cases simple means are sufficient to check abortion at the outset, but as they are not all within the reach of the native midwives, and it is not easy for all to secure them, we shall indicate another remedy which is simpler, but assuredly not so efficacious. "As soon as the pregnant woman feels the symptoms which we have indicated above she must remain very quiet, speak very little and keep to her bed for several days. Cupping-glasses may be applied to her arms and she may be given copious drafts of common water prepared in this manner Two ounces of unhusked rice are boiled in half a ganta (15 liters) of water until the grains burst open; then the water is strained and two spoonfuls of lemon juice are added. "She must abstain from eating meat, chicken, eggs and fish; her food should consist of rice broth or pupae ( stewed rice and meat ) of little substance if the patient is robust or sanguine. She may also be given a light enema of a decoction of mallow, with the yolk of an egg; but this is only in cases where the evacuations are accompanied by tenemus, or where the bowels have not moved for many days" The same author, who is more modern than Father Clain and who seems to be inclined toward surgery, in an address to his colleagues, the parish priests, wrote the following in connection with the Caesarian section performed after the death of the mother "Every curate should secure the proper instrument, which is none other than a convex history, the price of which is only one peso in Manila. Surgeons


2f)0 CALDERON. usually employ another history with a blunt point, but we believe that this can be replaced by putting a small ball of wax on the point of the convex history ; and it is my opinion that in practice it is sufficient to cut the skin and the cellular tissue with a well-sharpened knife, reserving the history with the ball of wax for the section of the peritoneum and the womb. If a razor is used, the handle should be firm and strong" Judging from these statements, it appears that the medico-social influence of the missionary friars in the Philippines has been exceedingly important, especially in the field of obstetrics, and if is believed that with their evangelic advice, these priests dissipated the innumerable pagan superstitions relating to parturition, but, on the other hand, they sanctioned the use of many remedies utterly in conflict with common sense, some of which are to-day used by the lower classes. All 'of this is yery excusable in these men, who were as full of the best desires and of love for their fellow-men as they were lacking in obstetrical knowledge. It is therefore not surprising that one still hears at the present time of some parturient to whom repulsive substances, such as dog urine, or mouse, horse or cow excrement have been administered. Dr. Benito Valdez, of the faculty of the University of Santo Tomas, Manila, has recently told me of a parturient to whom a decoction of horse excrement was administered in order to facilitate labor, whereupon tetanus set in and the woman died. According to my informant, this case happened in Manila, approximately two years ago. There are women who palliate the sufferings of childbirth by applying to the abdomen scapularies, images, medals, or to the feet, hands or other portions of the body relics of some famous saint venerated in the churches, or who drink, instead of urine or excrements, the miraculous water from Lourdes, accredited among pious people as an excellent medicine for facilitating parturition. INFLUENCE OF THE CHINESE. A very important factor which should be taken into consideration in this analytical study is the geographical proximity of the Celestial Empire to the Philippine Islands. Thousands of Chinese immigrants have invaded even the most remote parts of this Archipelago. One of the consequences of this immigration has been the introduction into this country of many superstitions originating in China which have become general among the Filipinos, and which have been strengthened by the arrival here of several Chinese physicians who practiced medicine among the natives according to Chinese usage. These so-called doctors acquired such influence that it is not an exaggeration to state that their queer therapeutic theories and practices are still followed by a portion of the population of the Philippine Islands. While I was municipal physician in Carigara, Leyte, in the year


OBSTETRICS IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 251 1894, I noticed that some of the inhabitants when ill preferred to call quacks who treated diseases according to Chinese methods and who used Chinese drugs. The latter were, at least at that time, freely sold in public establishments. There are to-day in Manila old people who remember with pleasure the Chinamen who practiced medicine and acquired fame and popularity in this city even among families of the best social standing and position. It goes without saying that the ideas originating in China necessarily influenced Philippine obstetrics, the result being that in regard to parturition, the exotic superstitions of the Asiatics were added to the autochthonous superstitions of the Malay race. It would be curious, were it possible, to make a comparative study of obstetrics in the Philippine Islands and in China and to ascertain the mutual relationship which must exist between the two. Historical documents which might shed light upon this labyrinthic subject are, of course, lacking, but my own experience and the descriptions which I have secured from authentic sources, warrants my giving some personal information on the subject of certain Philippine superstitions of Chinese origin. What I have learned is as follows When a woman has on the palm of the hand a transverse line completely crossing it, it is a sign that she will have difficult births and it is necessary that at the moment of parturition the line mentioned be covered with a handkerchief. Dr. Castaneda, extent in obstetrics in the Philippine Medical School, recently saw a woman in the district of Sampaloc who was about to give birth to a child, and noticed that she had on each hand a silk handkerchief covering the lines on the palms. Certain bricks of cylindrical form (large) are manufactured in this country especially for parturients. They are well heated and then applied to the abdomen of the patient for the purpose of expelling from the womb wind and cold, two atmospheric agents which, according to Chinese tradition, are mortal enemies of the parturient. The patient is never given chicken broth, for as the chicken is winged and flies, it carries with it much wind which it might transmit to the patient and thus injure her. Women who are menstruating are prohibited from entering the lying-in room, because the effluvia of the former might be transmitted to the patient and give her fever or cause some other complication. In cases of difficult parturition, the husband steps over the patient two or three times in order to cause delivery; and if this should not be sufficient, a pair of drawers which has been worn by the husband is tied to the woman's hair so that the smell of his father may cause the foetus to emerge at once. Where swooning occurs, and especially where there is haemorrhage, the hair is bound in a tight knot, and the patient is not permitted to sit down, this to prevent the spirit from escaping from the body. A colleague told me of a terrible case resulting from this last superstition and witnessed by him in the Province of Ambos Camarines a few years ago. The wife of a Chinaman had a post-partum haemorrhage, caused by the retention of the placenta, and in order to stop the haemorrhage, either the Chinaman himself or the midwife, or both, had the


A GEOLOGIC RECONNAISSANCE OF THE ISLAND OF MINDANAO AND THE SULU ARCHIPELAGO. NARRATIVE OF THE EXPEDITION. By Wakeejn" D. Smith. From the Division of Mines, Bureau of Science. CONTENTS. I. Introduction. II. Previous investigations. III. General geographical description. IV. People. V. Climate. VI. The narrative of the expedition. I. introduction. The Mining Bureau of the Philippine Islands, and subsequently the division of mines of the Bureau of Science, has now been in existence approximately ten years and during this time its scientific employees have visited nearly every part of Luzon and the Visayas, but up to the present the large southern island of Mindanao has been neglected. The reason for this is twofold; work was necessary in other and more important fields and only recently have conditions been such that travel in the greater part of Mindanao has been possible without a regiment of soldiers, although even now it is necessary in many places to take a detachment of from three to twenty men, as the Moros are still disturbing the peace in certain quarters. One or two localities on the coast were visited by members of the Cuerpo de ingenieros de Minas during the Spanish regime and I shall allude more fully to their work in the following pages. The existing dearth of information in regard to this island led me, as chief of the division of mines of the Bureau of Science, to undertake a general reconnaissance of Mindanao and the Sulu group. Such a genera] view is necessary for planning future systematic and more detailed study. The following four objects were in mind in beginning this expedition (1) The rapid reconnaissance of the geology; (3) the examination of 473


474 SMITH. certain special areas likely to prove of economic interest; (3) topographic route sketching, and (4) securing a knowledge of the work of the prospectors in the field. The party consisted of Warren D. Smith, geologist in charge; Maurice Goodman, mining engineer; Harry M. Ickis, topographer; Robert N. Clark, assistant; as well as Lieutenant Charles S. Caffery, United States Army, in charge of the military escort. The journey was only made possible by the assistance of the latter and our thanks are due to General Tasker H. Bliss, governor of the Moro Province, and to Lieutenant Caffery for their cordial assistance. The map at the beginning of this paper shows the position of Mindanao and the Sulu group with relation to the remainder of the Archipelago. Roughly, these islands lie between the parallels 5° and 10' north latitude and between 119° and 127° east longitude. The route of the party is indicated by the heavy line. The work was divided as follows That on the Zamboanga Peninsula and the Sulu group was done by W. D. Smith accompanied by Lieutenant Charles S. Caffery: the vicinity of Cagayan and Iligan, Misamis Province, was investigated by H. M. Ickis, assisted by E. N. Clark; W. D. Smith and H. M. Ickis, accompanied by Lieutenant Caffery and an escort, surveyed from Camp Overton through the Lanao Lake country to Cotabato and from Cotabato to Davao; the ascent of Mount Apo was made by W. D. Smth, Maurice Goodman, and H. M. Ickis ; Maurice Goodman and H. M. Ickis Avent from Davao up the Tagum and Sahug Rivers to the headwaters of the Agusan and thence to Talacogon. Maurice Goodman then proceeded to Surigao and Placer, while H. M. Ickis made a reconnaissance to San Jos6 de Bislig and back to Talacogon. II. PREVIOUS WORK OF A GEOGRAPHICAL OR GEOLOGIC NATURE IN MINDANAO. No attempt will be made to review the work of all the men who have undertaken expeditions through the southern islands of the Philippine Archipelago. I shall confine my attention to those who have contributed in a marked degree to our laiowledge of their geology and geography. The first map of Mindanao Which is at all accurate was made by the Jesuit Fathers. Of course, this map is based on little or no triangulation, but when the size, nature of the country, and state of the natives are considered the work reflects great credit upon those who did it. Since the American occupation the United States Army has done practically all the mapping which has been accomplished in Mindanao. The work of this organization has been excellent. Besides making route maps of all the country traversed in the course of its expeditions, it has begun a progressive military map which shows the topography by contours, based on triangulation. This will, when completed, be by far the most accurate work done over so large an area by any organization in these Islands. The United States Coast and Geodetic Survey is now engaged in surveying the coasts of the southern islands.


GEOLOGIC RECONNAISSANCE OF MINDANAO AND SULU. 481 The region around Camp Keithley owing to its altitude is much cooler than the low country and the climate is correspondingly invigorating. However, at certain times of the year, particularly in Deeeraber and January these posts are said to be very disagreeable, as they are cold and raw like the New England coast of the United States in the spring time. Typhoons are said not to occur in the latitude of Mindanao and the Sulu Islands. The evident reason for this is that the cyclonic storms, which have their origin in the Pacific are formed in a latitude much north of that of Mindanao and as they pass westward the are constantly curving to the north, partly owing to the original, clockwise movement of cyclones north of the equator and partly because of their apidroaeh to the continent of Asia. According to Father Algue, Director of the Philippine Weather Bureau, a few cyclones form in the Sulu Sea, but these attain no great importance either in frequency or in intensity. Plate XXIX of Father Algae's "Cyclones of the Far Bast" -shows the mean trajectories of cyclones which pass over or near the Archipelago. It is very interesting in that it reveals how very generally Mindanao and the Sulu group escape these destructive storms. This fact is of the first importance in view of damage which such storms might inflict on crops, particularly on hemp which grows to heights varying from 10 to 18 feet, and because of the relative imnnmity from danger to vessels, such as interisland trading ships, Moro vines and pearling boats. VI. NARRATIVE OF THE EXPEDITION. Zamboanga, the first point visited by me, is situated about 3 miles from the nearest foothills at the edge of a flat plain of considerable area at the foot of the long, narrow peninsula of the same name. (See map, Plate I) To the east is a long stretch of salt-water marsh and in its rear is a scarcely less elevated tract which is taken up with paddy fields. If tlie Tumaga River lia kept its initial direction, it would cut through the heart of the city, as it is, it curves to the east and enters the sea opposite Sakol Island. The substructure of this plain is coral, the superstructure, silt and coarse detrital material from the hills to the north. Zamboanga is essentially a "gate city" and a study of the map will show its central, commanding position with reference to steamship routes. In fact this is the main feature controlling its location. It is not situated on a large river by which communication can be maintained with the interior and for this reason its position is not favorable as is that of Manila, which is on a plain on the coast and at the same time on the banks of a large stream which taps a great stretch of the interior. Cotabato, on the Rio Grande de Mindanao, is also floral)y located and it will probably expand when the immense possibilities of the country to which it holds the key are understood. Algal, Jose: The Cyclones of the Far East, Bureau of Public Printing, Manila, 1904.


482 SMITH. The initial reconnaissance which I undertook was to Boston, some 10 or 12 kilometers northeast of Zamboanga. Here the transportation by wagon Avas left and a trail taken which led up an abrupt hill a little beyond which point we entered the forest. Between Boston and this hill I found some float limestone with fragments of Orhitoides, which probably are identical with the material Eichthofen encountered so many years before. This is practically all he contributed to the geology of this region, but this is not surprising when the attitude of the natives at that time is considered. We continued in the forest for about three days, obtaining absolutely no view of the country farther than 50 yards from the trail, until we reached a log cabin about 30 miles north of Zamboanga on the Tumaga Elver" The country rock in this region is a much decomposed schist, with a considerable thickness of stiff, yellow, clay overburden. (Plate III) Quartz pebbles and bowlders are plentiful in the clay; the pebbles come from quartz stringers in the schist. The large bowlders clearly indicate large veins, but we were not so fortunate as to encounter any of the latter. The clay contains a small amount of gold which the prospectors had recovered by sluicing. Pew people were encountered in this forest. On our return aftejthree days' stay we followed the river for perhaps 25 kilometers. At times we came upon box cations (some of which we might have swum through), but usually we took the high trail which went along the steep side of the cliff, at times 30 meters above the water and rocks. The way was extremely difficult; the sharp river rocks, the sharp-edged schists and the leeches began to tell on our carriers, so that we finally took a trail which led out of the river and after a climb up the side of the gorge we regained the old path which we followed to a hemp plantation at the edge of the timber and by mid-day arrived in Zamboanga. VICINITY OF SAN RAMON. My next reconnaissance was in the vicinity of the San Ramon Farm, controlled by the Moro Province. This excursion was for the purpose of an examination of the mountains which rise abruptly back of the narrow coastal plain. The formation in this place is entirely volcanic, the rich, disintegrated debris spreading out upon the coastal plain and producing a very fertile soil. Some of the rock is highly pyritized and may carry more or less gold. In the streams I saw bowlders of andesite which sometimes contained large fragments of schist, torn off and caught up in the molten rock as it " Richthofen, F. von: Vorkommen der Nummulitenformation in den Philippinen, Ztschr. d. deutsch. geol. Ges. (1862), 14, 357. "A sketch map of the trail was made, but it shows little beyond the path.


484SMITH. THE SULU ARCHIPELAGO. The Sulu Archipelago is practically unknovii from a geologic and physiographic point of view, so that the information gained in this expedition, although meager, is at least new. Dr. Becker refers in four lines of this report to rocks on Marongas Island just across from the town of Jolo. Other than this there are no geological notes. Some eruptions of the year 1614 are described by the resident Jesuits but only in a crude way. It has been known for a long time from the reports of ship captains and travelers that the archipelago is largely volcanic. This great group of islands extends for 335 kilometers southwest of Zamboanga. It is about 120 kilometers wide and contains hundreds of islands and rocky shoals. The most considerable of the islands are Basilan, Sulu, Siasi, and Tawi-tawi and although Basilan is the largest, Sulu is of far greater commercial and historic interest. The water is nowhere of great depth within the confines of this archipelago, but it is separated both from Borneo and Mindanao by deep straits. To reconstruct a large island out of this swarm of small ones which may or may not have formed a continuous bridge from Borneo to Zamboanga, and which would since have been disrupted and partly submerged, is not a great tax upon the imagination. The evidence we have points in this direction. The Sulu group, like so many other oceanic islands, is either of volcanic or coral formation. I saw very little sedimentary material on any of the islands and where any such was exposed, it was usually at a point where erosion had removed the lava capping. I do not know of any marked volcanic activity in the Sulu Archipelago at the present time, although hot springs in old craters are reported on Cagayan Sulu. I have also been informed that there are hot springs and solfataras at Siit Lake on Sulu. This lake occupies an old crater. I have visited neither of these places. An eruption at a point near Jolo, not named, is reported to have occurred on January 4, 164-1 As there is some confusion of names in this report I do not attach much importance to the account. As far as I can learn, no accurate scientific notes were taken at the time. The only remaining reference I find regarding the geography or geology of the Sulu Archipelago is a note by Becker " "In the Jolo Archipelago, the charts indicate several well-developed atolls, such as Simonul Island (latitude 4° 52, longitude 119° 50), as well as several in the Tapul group (latitude 5° 30). The charts of this region also show innumerable coral reefs, which are bare at low tide and must therefore have been uplifted" " Baranera, Francisco X. Compendio de geografia de las Islas Filipinas, marianas, Jolo y Carolinas. 3r ed. Manila, 1892. " Geology of the Philippine Islands, 562.


GEOLOGIC RECONNAISSANCE OP MINDANAO AND SULU. 487 boat and touch the branches of the trees, and we finally anchored in the narrow straits between Siasi and Lapac Islands. We had but one or two hours of daylight at this point, but a short excursion inland gave us a fairly good idea of the geology and soil of Siasi. The soil, as in Sulu, is a rich, red volcanic material, and the underlying rock, wherever I saw it, was andesite or basalt, which is frequently difficult to classify exactly, because of the weathering to which it has been subjected. Very little timber is seen on this island, at least not on the side at which we touched, and there are no large streams. However, a dense growth of cogon grass prevents serious damage from erosion. If this grass were not present, loss would surely result owing to the lack of forest. On the other hand cogon, as in other parts of the islands, is a serious menace to agriculture. It is usually the custom of the natives annually to burn off this grass, but this method only affords temporary relief. A better way and one which is being practiced with success in many localities is to low the cogon under for two or three seasons, when the roots rot and not only is the grass killed, but the soil is further enriched. The next point visited was the large and geologically little known Island of Basilan. A portion of this island was occupied by the Spanish government, which had a small naval station at Isabela on the north coast. This has been abandoned since American occupation and the place has consequently fallen into neglect and decay. But little geographical exploration has been clone in Basilan. Mr. Dean C. Worcester and his party visited it about the year 1892, and the following is taken from his account" "Isabela, the capital of Basilau, is a small place of less than 1,000 souls. The only Spaniards there are the officials and the Jesuit priest. The town is on high ground, which slopes sharply down to the edge of the channel separating Basilan from the little island called Malamaui. This channel, although extremely narrow, is very deep, and large vessels can come close inshore. Tremendous currents rush through it with the ebb and flow of the tides. "Isabela is a supply station for gunboats, the coal yard and magazines being located in Malamaui, just across from the town. To defend the important stores which they contain there is only a ridiculous old limestone fort on a neighboring hill, armed with two or three antiquated smoothbore cannon, and garrisoned by a few marines. "The Moros of Basilan, locally called Yacans, have always borne a bad reputation, but at the time of our visit they were held in check by a remarkable man known as Data (Chief) Pedro" A mixture of the fort mentioned above is shown on Plate XV. Only two short trips were made into the country back of Isabela; the same basaltic flows and rich red soils exist here as in Sulu and Siasi. Vulcanism does not appear to be as recent in Basilan as in Sulu. At no place did I find that the streams had cut through the lava capping and exposed the sediments which I feel sure lie beneath. M Worcester, Dean C. The Philippine Islands and their People. Macmillan, (1901), 144.


488 SMITH. LAKE LANAO ASL) VICINITY. All of the work in the region of Zamboanga and the Sulu Archipelago which it was at all feasible to undertake at this time having been completed, we left Zamboanga, Jstovember 6, for Overton. As our vessel kept close to the coast, I was able to make some notes which throw considerable light on the geologic changes now going on. The west coast of Mindanao has verj' certainly risen in comparatively recent times. Near Point Blanca on the northwestern part of the coast I saw a fine example of a raised delta, the elevation amounting to at least 10 meters. The characteristic structure of the delta was clearly revealed by the extensive marine erosion which had taken place. There were also many fine terraces shown along this coast and their existence supports the other evidence. The weather compelled us to run into a little cove near the point just off Dapitan. Of all the many inlets along the coasts of these islands I believe this to be one of the prettiest and most secure. No sign of an entrance can be seen at less than a kilometer away and certainly this point would be too "obscure to pick up at night. We went through a channel not over 45 meters wide between walls which in the darkness I took to be limestone, and emerged into a splendid basin with water as clear and placid as a mountain lake and with high walls on nearly all sides. By noon of the next day we anchored off the little stone fort at the entrance of Panguil Bay, which is in the extreme southwest corner of the much larger Bay of Iligan. The most conspicuous object at this place is Mount Malindang, an extinct volcano close to 2,700 meters in elevation lying to the west. Material from the slopes of this mountain is basaltic as I discovered by going up Panguil Bay in a hand in company Avith Lieutenant Lattamore, Philippines Constabulary, and a detachment of soldiers, landing at several points to enable me to go far enough inland to examine the rocks, as there are no outcrops on the coast. Mount Malindang is an old crater the rim of which is broken down on the side toward Misamis. It is for the most part covered with a luxuriant mantle of timber forest; the soil on its slopes is of a rich red and is undoubtedly very fertile. A number of Visayan colonies exist on the west side of Panguil Bay, but 911 the country to the east is Moro. We left this point on the morning of November 11 and reached Camp Overton at a little after noon. Mr. Ickis was to join me at this point, but as he was detained by quarantine. Lieutenant Caffery and I went forward over the military road to Camp Keithley (745 meters) where the climate is much cooler than in the coast towns. There is very little coastal plain in the region of Cami3 Overton, the hills rising so abruptly that the road has to wind back and forth in order to make the ascent. Tlie first jart passes through raised coral reefs, in


GEOLOGIC RECONNAISSANCE OP MINDANAO AND SULU. 493 FOIL COTABATO TO DAVAO. The town of Cotabato is situated on the south bank of the novel branch of the Rio Grande de Mindanao. It consists of a collection of low, white, Spanish houses fairly close together, with the usual native huts straggling about in the environs. Just south of and on the edge of the town is a limestone hill about 150 meters high from which a magnificent panorama (Plates XVI and XVII) can be obtained of the surrounding country. This hill is an outpost of a greater mass which is to be found to the south, and which formerly was undoubtedly still more extensive; it is very remarkable in that it stands out in the middle of the great delta, which forms all the river plain from the mouth of the river back and even beyond Fort Pikit. The most notable feature of the topography of this plain, beside the hill just mentioned, is the old terrace lines which swing along, but not always parallel to, either side of the river. These terraces are undoubtedly of marine origin, for close to Cotabato they are seen to be raised coral-reef shelves with the characteristic steep seaward slope of such formations. The evidence seems quite sufficient, to me at least, to suppose that the sea once swept far up this intermontane region which is now so filled with sediment. Indeed, I am convinced that it one time extended through to the Gulf of Davao, for in the stretch between the Pulangui Ei--er and Davao there are very recent sediments and volcanics which have closed up the passage. Cotabato hill is composed of a cavernous limestone with a fair sprinkling of fossils, corals, gastropods, lamellibranchs, etc, all of comparatively recent age, presumably Miocene, although no specific determinations have as yet been made. Plate XVIII shows the interior of a native salt-making establishment at the lower end of the delta. Sea water is sprayed over glowing embers, the salt is precipitated and afterwards washed on and run through the large filter shown in the background of the picture. This filter contains wood ashes and earth. At the Moro foundry near Cotabato, bolos, prices, and many metal boxes of brass and silver are fashioned. After some delay, we set out for Datu Piang's place at Cuderangan, some 50 Kilometers above Cotabato. Here we learned from Lieutenant Younglof, Philippine Scouts, of oil seeping from the river bank about half way between Veins Eugene and Fort Pikit and also near Pikit of a blue, plastic, oily clay which burns to a white color and is quite re-fractor). The Moros are said to come great distances to obtain this material. Eeina Eegente is on a hill of limestone similar to that of Cotabato. It is a monadnock. The underlying foundation is sandstone which will doubtless he found to be a good water carrier; it is very probable that good conditions for artesian wells can be obtained at almost any point of the valley. 78322 6


GEOLOGIC RECONNAISSANCE OF MINDANAO AND SULU. 495 We halted for the night at 75 meters' elevation at Sinauilan Creek, where soft, brownish-gray sandstone and conglomerate is exposed. December 19, 1907 Left camp at 6 a. m. Not much change either in topography or geology is apparent. Arrived at Digos, a small barrio on the coast of Davao Gulf, about 12 m, after a long walk over ground gently sloping to the beach. Here we spent the rest of the day and the night. December 20, 1907 We sent our cargadores and guard oi to Davao by trail while we took the launch Bolinao which stopped off this point at noon. We arrived at Davao about 7 p. m. after stopping at two or three plantations on the way and went ashore the morning of the 21st. At Digos we obtained our first clear-but view of Apo. The mountain, stood out clearly and boldly, a sharp cone set to the south and back of an older truncated mass which had evidently blown off its head in some firiniordial paroxysm. On the southeastern side is a huge crevasse, from which puffs of a bluish-white vapor issue. Below 2,100 meters there is a dense Jungle, a mass of green, but above this line the surface is all barren rock and apparently treeless, although when we ascended the mountain we found small bushes of blueberries. The present high peak known as Apo did not pour the great mass of lava and rock over this entire region. The explosion crater was about 8 kilometers to the northeast. Fig. 4 shows a profile sketch of this mountain-' A walk back over the plain behind Davao is interesting. About 300 meters behind the town, or about 2 kilometers from the beach, unmistakable signs of old beach lines are found, marked by one distinct terrace at least 15 to 33 meters above the flat on which the town is located. All this territory is made up of alluvial wash from the hills. The bowlders are largely andesitic. Lieutenant Caffery left the party at Davao to return to Zamboanga. Without his assistance the reconnaissance, up to the point where Davao was reached, would have been impossible. Daron, on the west side of the Gulf of Davao, was the starting point for the ascent of Mount Apo, the party consisting of Mr. Ickis, Mr. Goodman, who had just arrived from Manila, and Messrs. Carrigan and "" A good picture of Mount Apo will be found in the article on Volcanoes and Seismic Centers, in the Census of the Philippine Islands. (1903), 1, 201.