1893.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 115 the three outer 7-nerved, 1.5 in. long and .4 in. broad; the two inner similar in shape, but fewer-nerved and only .5 in. long. Perak: King.s Collector, Nos. 3601 and 3744. The only flowers of this species which I have seen are in an early stage of bud, and from them I am unable to make out the characters of the petals properly. The stamens appear to be only 10 in number: but of this I cannot now be quite certain. 9. Shorea gratissima, Dyer in Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Inch I, 307. A tree: younger branches slender, glabrescent, dark-coloured. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, acuminate, the base broad and rounded, the margins sub-undulate, both surfaces glabrous: main nerves 12 to 14 pairs, faint; length 2.5 to 4 in., breadth T25 to J .5 in., petiole .6 to .75 in. Panicles axillary and terminal, lax, few-flowered, 3 to 6 in. long, sub-puberu-lous. Flowers secund, pedicelled, -25 in. long. Sepals lanceolate, sub-acute; minutely tomentose outside, glabrous inside in the lower, adpressed-pubescent in the upper, half. Petals twice as long as the calyx and much broader, elliptic, obtuse, glabrescent. Stamens about 20; the filaments short, unequal, dilated. Anthers elongated-ovate, truncate, each with a terminal awn from the connective twice as long as itself. Ovary ovoid, sub-glabrous; stigma small. Ripe fruit unknown. Hopea gratissima, Wall. Cat. 960. Singapore: Wallich. This is known only by Wallich's specimens. He referred it to Hopea, of which genus it certainly has the fades: the aastivation of the sepals is moreover that of Hopea, and so is the apiculus of the con-nective of the stamens. The petals in shape, however, resemble those of Shorea. I retain it in Shorea in deference to the opinion of Mr. Dyer. 10. Shorea Ridleyana, King, n. sp. A tree 60 or 80 feet high: young branches slender, dark brown, lenticellate, nearly glabrous. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, shortly acuminate, the base rounded: both surfaces glabrous, the upper shining: main nerves 9 or 10 pairs, curved, spreading, thin but slightly prominent beneath: length 2.5 to 4 in., breadth 1.1 to 2 in.; petiole .4 to .5 in., rugulose. Panicles axillary and terminal, 1.5 to 2 in. long, densely stellate-puberulous. Flowers .2 in. long, pedicellate. Sepals sub-equal, oblong, obtuse, tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Petals oblong, slightly oblique, obtuse, glab-rous inside, puberulous outside on one half, glabrous on the other. Stamens 15, sub-equal, the filaments dilated in the lower half: anthers shorter than the filaments, ovate, the connective produced into an awn longer than the anther. Ovary ovoid-conical, minutely tomentose. Style short; stigma minute. Fruit (immature) ovoid, apiculate, minutely


1893] G. King -Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 117 broadly ovate, acute, tomentose outside; the edges ciliate, glabrous inside. Petals linear-oblong, obtuse; the bases obliquely expanded, sericeous externally, glabrous internally. Stamens 15, sub-equal, the filaments as long as the anthers, flattened; anthers ovate, short, the connective terminated by a curved awn much longer than the stamen. Ovary elongate-conic, puberulous; style short. Ripe fruit hemispheric, tapering into a cone and crowned by the style, adpressed pale tomen-tose. Sepals membranous, reticulate: the three larger narrowly ob-long, obtuse, tapering to the concave non-reticulate base, 9-nerved, 3.5 in. long and .7 in. broad: the two inner 2 in. long, linear, 3-nerved. Perak: King's Collector, Nos. 3474 and 3705. This species is allied to S. bracteolata, Dyer, but its leaves have fewer nerves, smaller flowers, narrower petals, and a short style. 13. Shorea bracteolata, Dyer in Hook. fil. Fl. br. ind. I, 305. A tree 50 to 150 feet high; young branches minutely furfuraceous-puberulous, speedily glabrescent, their bark dark-coloured. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate (often sub-obtuse when old), narrowed slightly to the rounded or emarginate basel upper surface quite glabrous; the lower yellowish furfuraceous-puberulous to glabrous; main nerves 12 to 16 pairs, spreading, prominent beneath: length 4 to 6 in., breadth 1.6 to 2.5 in., petiole .45 to .6 in. Panicles axillary, few-flowered, 2.5 to 6 in. long, glabrous. Flowers .65 in. long, shortly pedicellate, each subtended by 2 elliptic, obtuse, 3-nerved, puberu-lous, deciduous bracts .35 in long. Speals lanceolate, obtuse, minutely tomentose outside, the two inner smaller. Petals ovate-lanceolate, obtuse; the bases expanded, glabrous. Stamens 15, in two rows, the filaments less than half as long as the ovate obtuse anthers; appendix of connective subulate, twice as long as the anther, decurved when old. Ovary ovoid, attenuated upwards, sub-glabrous; the style long, filiform; stigma small. Ripe fruit ovoid, apiculate, .6 in. long, embraced by, but (except at the very base) free from the calyx; sepals accrescent, mem-branous, reticulate and concave at the base: the three outer narrwoly oblong, blunt, slightly narrowed above the concave base, 10-nerved, 3.5 in. long, and .6 in. broad; the two smaller about 2 in. long, and .2 in. broad, about 3-nerved. Shorea foveolata, Scortechini MSS. in herb. Calcutta. Malacca: Maingay (Kew Distrib.) No. 204. Penang: curtis, Nos. 322 and 1405. Perak: King's Collector, Nos. 7583, 7591, 7717; Scortechini, No. 1939. Distrib. -Sumatra. Forbes, No. 3050. 14. Shorea glauca, King, n. sp. A tree 80 to 100 feet high; young branches slender, dark-coloured, puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; the base broad, rounded; upper surface


118 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, glabrous, the lower glaucous (except the midrib and nerves) especially when young; main nerves 7 to 9 pairs, ascending, rather straight: length 3.5 to 4.5 in., breadth P4 to 1.8 in.; petiole .45 to .6 in., rugulose, glaucous. Panicles axillary, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves, hoary, the flowers on short pedicels. Sepals slightly unequal, oblong, obtuse, tomentose on both surfaces. Ovary conical, tomentose; the style very short, glabrous; stigma small, 3-lobed. Fruit (immature) ovoid-globose, apiculate, minutely tomentose; accrescent sepals mem-branous, free from the fruit; obscurely 7-to 12-nerved, strongly reticulate, blunt, slightly narrowed to the concave base, at first puberulous but ultimately glabrous; the longer 2.25 in. long, and .6 to .75 in. broad, the others smaller. Penang: Curtis, No. 372. Malacca: Maingay (Kew Distrib.), 212. In this species the two inner fruiting wings of the calyx are nearly as large as the three outer; the leaves are very white underneath when young, but much less conspicuously so when adult. It is known, only by Curtis. and Maingay.s specimens, none of which have com-plete flowers. Maingay.s specimens from Malacca have in fact no flowers; but there is no mistaking their leaves as being exactly like those of Mr. Curtis. from Penang. The vernacular name of this is Dammar laut dhan lesor. 15. Shorea ciliata, King, n. sp. A medium-sized tree; young branches slender, dark-coloured, decicluously hoary-puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the base cuneate; both surfaces glabrous, minutely reticulate, the lower whitish when young, pale brown when dry; main nerves 8 or 9 pairs, ascending, curved, shining on the lower surface: length 3 to 35 in., breadth .8 to 1.5 in., petiole .75 to .9 in. Panicles 2 to 2.5 in. long, axillary and terminal, little-branched, few-flowered, hoary. Flowers -5 in. long, secund. Sepals ovoid-deltoid, obtuse, outside tomentose, inside gla-brous. Petals three times as long as the sepals, narrowly oblong, obtuse, slightly expanded at the base, adpressed-sericeous outside, glabrescent inside. Stamens 30, in fascicles of 3, unequal, the shorter with undi-lated filaments, the longer with filaments dilated in the lower half; all with the connective produced into an apical process crowned by 3 to 5 spreading cilise. Ovary ovoid-conic, sericeous, with a short glabrous style. Fruit (immature) ovoid, apiculate, pale-tomentose, .5 in. long; accrescent sepals membranous, reticulate: the three outer narrowly oblong, reticulate, 7-nerved: the two inner 2 in. long, and .3 in. broad, narrowed to above the concave base: the two inner 1 in. long, linear-lanceolate, few-nerved. Penang: Curtis, No. 1578.


120 G-. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, narrowed to the base, 7-nerved, 2.75 in. long, and .45 in. broad; the two inner of the same shape, but few-nerved, only 1.5 in. long, and .25 in. broad. Penang: Curtis, No. 199. A species known only by Mr. Curtis. solitary specimen. The connectives of the inner anthers are ciliate, somewhat in the fashion of S. ciliata, King; but the leaves of that species are very different. IS. Shorea stellata, Dyer in Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. I, 304. A tree 100 to 150 feet high; young branches slender, at first stellate-puberulous, but speedily glabrous, with bark dark-coloured and sparse-ly lenticellate. Leaves thinly coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, the base rounded: upper surfaces glabrous, the lower very minutely lepidote on the reticulations; main nerves 8 to 11 pairs, rather straight, oblique, prominent on the lower surface; length 4 to 5.5 in., breadth 1.75 to 2.25 in., petiole .7 to .9 in. Panicles axillary or terminal, crowded at the extremities of the branches, many-flowered, 4 to 6 in. long; minute-ly stellate-pubescent. Flowers .25 in. in diam. Calyx minutely greyish-tomentose. the segments ovate-oblong, sub-acute, valvate, erect. Petals broadly ovate, obtuse, pubescent outside, spreading. Stamens 15, the filaments short, broad; the anthers linear-elongate, shortly bi-mucronate, the connective also shortly mucronate. Ovary ovate-globular, grooved, very tomentose; the style short; the stigma ovoid, small. Ripe fruit ovoid, apiculate, tomentose, .5 in. long; sepals all enlarged, sub-equal, membranous, linear-oblong, sub-acute, much narrowed at the base, quite free from the fruit, 5-ribbed, reticulate, 4.5 in. long, and about .6 in. broad. Parashorea stellata, Kurz, Journ. As. Soc, Bengal, for 1870, pt. 2, p. 66. For. Flora Burm., I, 117; Pierre Flore Forest. Coch-Chine, t. 224. Perak: King's Collector, No. 7505. Distrib. Burmah. None of the Perak specimens are in fruit; but in leaves and flowers they agree absolutely with Kurz.s Bmmiese specimens. The calyx in all is quite valvate, and it was on this character chiefly that Kurz based the genus Parashorea. 19. Shorea Maranti, Burck in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, VI. 217. A small tree: young branches dark-coloured, stellate-puberulous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, more or less broadly elliptic or elliptic-oblong, shortly abruptly and bluntly acuminate; the base broad, rounded, or almost truncate; upper surface glabrous, the midrib and nerves minu-tely tomentose or pubescent when young; lower surface more or less sparsely minutely stellate-puberulous, the sides of the midrib, especi-ally at the axils of the main nerves, glandular and densely covered with masses of brown pale-edged scales: main nerves 12 to 16 pairs, oblique,


1893.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 121 slightly curved, thin hut prominent heneath when dry, as are the transverse veins; length 3.5 to 6.5 in., breadth 1.5 to 2.25 in.; petiole .35 in., densely stellate-pubescent, scurfy. Stipules deciduous, ovate-lanceolate, nerved, stellate-puherulous. Panicles axillary and termi-nal, few-flowered, tawny-tomentose, (shorter than the leaves [?]); the bracts in pairs, unequal, elliptic-oblong, blunt, nerved, pubescent on both surfaces. . Segments of calyx (fide Burck) unequal, the three outer larger, imbricate. Petals minutely tomentose inside. Stamens 15, in two rows.. Hopea ? Maranti, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl., 489; A. DC. Prod. XYI, 2, p. 635. Perak: King.s Collector, No. 880. Malacca: Derry, No. 952. Distrib. Sumatra, Bangka. The Perak specimens are not in flower; and I have seen none from elsewhere that are. The above imperfect description of the flower ha.s therefore been copied from Burck (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, VI. 217). The Perak specimens perfectly agree, as to leaves, with an authentic specimen of Miquel.s from Sumatra, in the Calcutta Her-barium. Miquel never saw either flower or fruit. In fact, of the twenty new species of Dipterocarpece described by this anthor in the supplement to his Flora of the Netherlands India, the flowers are des-cribed in only two, and in these but partially ! 20. Shobea eximia, Scheff. in Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XXXI, 349. A shrub or small tree; young branches petioles and under-surfaces of leaves stellate-setulose. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, or ob-lanceolate-oblong, acuminate, narrowed to the rounded or sub-cuneate base: upper surface glabrous except the tomentose midrib, shining, the nerves depressed: nnder surface scabrid, pale brown, the reticulations midrib and 17 to 21 pairs of spreading nerves prominent: length 6.5 to 11 in., breadth 225 to 3.25 in., petiole .25 to .35 in. Stipules in pairs, persistent, ovate, acuminate, longer than the petioles, reticulate, laxly pubescent and wartcd. . Wings of fruiting-calyx linear-lanceolate, obtuse: the three larger narrow at the base, 3.2 to 3.6 in. long, -5 in. broad, sparsely pubescent, 9-nerved; the two shorter and narrower 1.6 in. long. Fruit elongated-ovoid, acuminate, minute-ly whitish-tomentose.. Burck in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg VI, 218. Vatica? eximia, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 486; A. DC. Prod. XVI, 2, 623. Vatica sub-lacunosa ? Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 486. Shorea sub-lacunosa, Scheff:. in Nat. Tijdschr. Ned, Ind. XXXI, 350: A. DC. Prod. XVI, 2623. Malacca: Griffith, No. 5018. Penang: King. Perak King's Col-lector, 10998. Distrib. Sumatra, Bangka. This plant is very imperfectly known. I have copied the descrip-


122 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, tion of the fruit from Dr. Burck (l. c.). Miquel, who first described the plant as a probable Vatica, had seen nothing but a leaf-twig. Specimens brought from Perak by the Calcutta collectors bear, instead of flowers, curious coues, 1.5 in. long, of distichous imbricate bracts, concerning which Griffith, in his field note on his specimen No. 5018, wrote, — "irregular growth caused by an insect; each of the scales of these cones bears on its dorsum at its base a number of eggs." Griffith.s No. 5019 appears to belong to a closely allied, but distinct, spe-cies; as also does the indeterminate plant issued by Wallich as No. 6635 of his catalogue, under the designation, "Dilleniacea [?] nervosa." 21. Shorea Thiseltoni, King, n. sp. A tree 60 to 80 feet high: young branches rather stout, the bark dark-coloured and lenticellate, but covered at first by a pale-grey, deciduous pellicle. Leaves coriace-ous, elliptic-oblong to elliptic, rarely oblong, sometimes slightly obovate, obtuse, slightly narrowed to the rounded base; both surfaces glabrous, the lower when very young sparsely lepidote, puberulous especially on the midrib and nerves, brown when dry: main nerves 8 or 9 pairs, ascending, slightly curved, bold and prominent on the under surface like the midrib; length 5 to 7 in., breadth 2.5 to 3.25 in.; petiole .6 to .8 in., stout. Panicles axillary and terminal, 2 to 3 in. long, velvety, few-flowered, apparently ebracteolate. Flotvers sessile, .6 or .7 in. long. Sepals ovate, sub-acute, unequal; the 3 outer tomentose outside, glabrous inside; the 2 inner smaller, nearly glabrous, the edges ciliate. Petals much longer than the sepals, linear-oblong, obtuse, expanded at the base, glabrous, except one-half of the outer surface which is adprcssed-pubescent. Stamens 15, in 3 rows, the filaments of all dilated, unequal: the anthers shortly ovate, those of the inner and longer row inappendiculate, those of the other two rows with a short apical appendage from the connective. Ovary narrowly conical, tomentose, tapering into the short glabrous style; stigma minute. Ripe fruit narrowly ovoid, apiculate, minutely pale-tomentose, substriate, 1.2 in. long, and .6 in. in diam., the pericarp thick and woody. Per-sistant sepals with much thickened concave woody bases, forming a cup embracing the lower half of the fruit, the apices of the outer three prolonged into membranous linear-oblong obtuse wings exceeding the fruit and sometimes L.5 in. long; one of the inner sepals shortly winged, the other often broad, obtuse and not winged. Perak: common. King's Collector. In this plant the fruit is much larger than in any of the other species of Shorea here described, and its pericarp is hard and thick. The bases of the sepals ars greatly thickened and concave, and they form a cup which embraces closely, but does not adhere to, the lower


1893.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 123 half of the fruit, the apices of some of them being winged as above described. In these respects the species resembles certain other Malayan species of Shorea, e. g., S. Martiniana Scheff, S. scaberrima, and S. stenoptera, Bnrck. Judging from the leaf-specimens on which Miquel foivnded his Hopea 8ingkaivang, that plant must be a close ally of this. A species (flower only) collected by H. O. Forbes in Sumatra (Herb. No. 2952) must also be closely allied to this. It differs however by its conspicuously bracteolate inflorescence. Beccari's Nos. 2681 and 3507, which form the types of Heim's species S. brachyp-tera, are also allied to this. 6. Hopea, Roxb. Glabrous or hoary-tomentose resinous trees. Leaves quite entire, firm, feather-veined; stipules small, deciduous or inconspicuous. Flowers sessile or shortly pedicelled, ebracteate, in lax panicles of uni-lateral racemes. Sepals inserted on the receptacle, two being quite external and three for the most part internal, obtuse, imbricate. Petals falcate, their apices inflected in bud. 8tamens 15, or rarely 10, slightly connate; the connective subulate-cuspidate, the anthers ovate, their valves obtuse, equal. Ovary 3-celled, the cells 2-ovuled: style shortly cylindric or subulate. Fruit 1-seeded, closely surrounded by the bases of the accrescent sepals, the 2 external of which are developed into linear wings, the three internal not longer than the ripe fruit. Embryo as in Shorea. — Distrib. of Shorea; species about 35. Sect. I. Eu-hopea, Main nerves of leaves bold and prominent. Nerves of leaves 16 to 18 pairs; accrescent sepals 4 to 4.5 in. long, 10-nerved ... 1 H. nervosa. Nerves of leaves 10 to 13 pairs; accrescent sepals 1.75 to 2.5 in. long, obscurely 5-nerved 2. H. Curtisii. Sect. II. Dryobalanoidea, Miq. Main nerves not distinct. Petals sericeous: the filaments longer than the anthers; ripe fruit .3 in. long, the accrescent sepals 7-nerved, l.75 to 2 in. long, and .2 to .25 in. broad; leaf-petioles .25 to .4 in. long, minutely tomentose... ... ... 3. H. micrantha. Petals densely sericeous; the filaments shorter than the anthers; ripe fruit .2 in. long; ac-crescent sepals obscurely 5-to 7-nerved, 1.25 to 1.5 in. long, and .25 in. broad; leaf-petioles .35 to .6 in. long, slender, pubcrulous, finally glabrous ... ... ... 4. H. intermedia.


1893,] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 125 ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, bluntly caudate-acuminate; the base slightly cuneate or sometimes broad, rounded and slightly unequal; both surfaces glabrous except the pubescent midrib: main nerves numerous, not much more prominent than the secondary, and both indistinct; length 2 to 4 in., breadth .8 to 1.75 in.; petiole .25 to .4 in. minutely tomentnse. Panicles axillary and terminal, numerous, short, spreading, 1 to 1.5 in. long, puberulous or glabrous. Flowers .15 to .25 in. long, shortly pedicellate. Sepals sub-equal, ovate-rotund, sub-acute or obtuse, puberulous and resinous outside, glabrous inside. Petals twice as long as the sepals, broadly oblong-obtuse, silky outside except on one side, glabrous inside. Stamens about 12, the filaments dilated in the lower half, longer than the ovate anthers; the connective produced into a single apical awn longer than the stamen. Ovary elongated, often constricted in the middle, glabrous; style very short, stigma minute. Ripe fruit ovoid, apiculate, -3 in. long, striate, closely embraced by the 3 inner sepals which about equal it in length; the outer two sepals accrescent, oblanceolate, obtuse, tapering to the con-cave base, reticulate, 7-nerved, P75 to 2 in. long, and .2 to .25 in. broad. A. DC. Prod. XVI. 2, p. 634. Dyer in Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. I, 310. Burck in Ann. Bot. Jard. Buitenzorg, VI, 238. Malacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib.) No. 210. Penang: Curtis, Nos. 167, 266, 1397. Perak: King's Collector, N.os. 3525, 8170. Distrib. Borneo: Bangka, Sumatra. Mr. Curtis notes on the Penang specimens of this, that the bark of the tree is smooth and of a grey colour, whereas the back of its close ally H. intermedia is fissured like that of Shorea parviflora. The species of Hopea with numerous indistinct nerves, (Sect. Dryobalanoides) are not easy to distinguish from each other in the Herbarium. H. Mengarawan, Miq., a species published two years earlier than this (i. e., in 1860), comes very near this, and the two may possibly prove to be identical, in which case Miquel.s name must be adopted. Hopea cemua, Teysm. and Binn. was described by its authors from a plant originally obtained from Sumatra, but cultivated in the Buitenzorg Garden. It differs from H. Mengaratvan and from H. micrantha in having larger leaves with more prominent nerves . Its authors were doubtful as to its being really dis-tinct from H. Mengarawan, and I think these doubts were well founded. Under the species named H. Dryobalanoides by Miquel (1. c ) there are, Dr. Burck asserts, two plants. One of these collected at Soengie-pagoe in Sumatra, is, he says, simply H. Mengaraivan, Miq., and it is the fruit of this which Miquel describes under liis H. Dryobalanoides. The other specimen from Priaman in Sumatra is different, and it is to it that Dr. Burck (Ann. Bot. Jard. Buitenzorg VI., 241) desires to


126 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, restrict the name H. Dryobalanoides, Miq. There is in the Calcutta Herbarium an authentic specimen of the very gathering of the Soengie-pagoe plant on which Miquel worked, and I should refer it to H. micrantha Hook. fil. Petalandra micrantha, Harssk. has been reduced by the authors of the Genera Plantarum (Vol. I. p. 193) to Hopea. It is however a different plant from this, and belongs to Miquel.s section Pu-hopea, which is characterised by the nerves being prominent. By Dr. Burck, Petalandra is reduced to Doona. 4. Hopea intermedia, King n. sp. A tree 60 to 80 feet high: young branches rather dark-coloured, minutely lenticellate, puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, caudate-acuminate, the base cuneate, both surfaces glabrous; main nerves numerous, faint; length 2.5 to 3 in., breadth 1 to T35 in.; petiole .35 to .6 in. slender, puberulous but finally glabrous. Panicles as in H. Mengarawan, the flowers pedicellate. Sepals sub-equal; the two outer ovate, acuminate; the three inner broader and more obtuse, all resinous outside, glabrous and smooth in-side. Petals twice as long as the sepals, narrowly oblong, obtuse, falcate, densely sericeous externally, glabrous within. Stamens 12; the fila-ments dilated, shorter than the anthers; the anthers short, crowned by a straight awn from the connective longer than the stamen. Ovary hour-glass shaped; style short, stigma small. Pipe fruit ovoid, apicu-late, .2 in. long, pale, striate; the two outer sepals accrescent, narrowly oblong-obtuse, narrowed to the base, reticulate, obscurely 5-to 7-nerved, 1.25 to 1.5 in. long and .25 in. broad; the inner three sepals not accres-cent, not longer than the fruit, and closely embracing it. Penang: Curtis, No. 425 and 1398. Perak: King's Collector, No. 3709. This species is no doubt near to H. micrantha, Hook, fil., but, accord-ing to Mr. Curtis, it is distinguishable from that, while growing, by its bark, this tree having a fissured bark like that of Shorea parvifolia, Dyer, while the bark of H. micrantha is smooth and grey. The petals of this are also more sericeous than those of H. micrantha, the filaments are shorter than the anthers (not longer, as in H. micrantha), the leaves are more glabrous, the petioles longer and more slender and more glabrous, and the fruit and accrescent sepals are smaller than in H. micrantha. I have therefore ventured, after much hesitation, to name this as a species, and from its relationship to II. micrantha and H. Menga-rawun, I have called it H. intermedia. Its vernacular name in Penang is Jankang. It has been suggested that this plant should be refer-red to H. Dryobalanoides, Miq. — a course which I would have adopted with great pleasure had it been clear what II. Dryobalanoides really is.


1893.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 127 But, as I have stated in a note under H. micrantha, H. Dryobalanoides appears to be a composite species; moreover, its author nowhere describes its flowers, For these reasons I think it ought to be suppressed as a species. 7. Retinodendron, Korthals. Resinous trees, with the leaves, inflorescence, and flowers of Vatica, Ripe fruit globular, crowned by the persistent style, 1-celled, 1-seeded, the pericarp coriaceous, indehiscent. Calyx of ripe fruit slightly ac-crescent, the pieces oblong, nearly equal, and quite free from, and usually shorter than, the fruit (longer in. R. Kunstleri). Isauxis (sub-genus of Vateria) W and A. Distrib. Malaya and British India. Species about 10, Isauxis was established by Wight and Arnot as a sub-genus of Vateria, Linn. to receive the three species Vateria lancesefolia, Roxb., V. Roxburghiana, Wight and V. Ceylonica, Wight (Stemoporus Wightii, Thw.) and its characters were, "Segments of the calyx ovate, acute, enlarging in fruit; petals falcate and about three times the length of the calyx: stamens 15 with oblong anther cells; style short; stigma clavate, 3—6 toothed: panicles axillary, shorter than the leaves." The other section of Vateria suggested by Wight was Eu-Vateria (the Vateria of Linnasus and of which V. indica, L. is the type) and of this the characters are, . Calyx-segments obtuse, scarcely enlarging in fruit: petals oval, scarcely longer than the calyx: stamens 40 or 50 with linear anther-cells: style elongated: stigma acute; panicle large and terminal. Korthals, evidently overlooking Wight's Illustrations, pub-lished (Yerh. Nat. G-esch. Ned. Ind. p. 56) his genus Retinodendron to cover one of the very plants {viz., Vateria lanceeefolia, Eoxb.) for which Wight and Arnot founded the sub-genus Isauxis; and to this Betinodendron Korthals added his own Malayan species R. Rassah and R. paucifiorum. Although Isauxis may have the priority as a sub-genus (Wight.s Illustrations were published in 1840, and Korthals. book, just quoted, bears the date 1839 — 1842), Retinodendron takes prece-dence as a genus. The flowers of Retinodendron are exactly those of all the species of Vatica (except the anomalous V. scaphula, Roxb.) inasmuch as the segments of the calyx are slightly imbricate when the bud is very young, becoming valvate as the bud advances in age; the petals are much longer than broad, their apices are not inflexed in aestivation, and they are not spreading when expanded. The fruit itself is also practically that of Vatica; bat the fruiting-calyx is different, for its lobes are invariably free from the beginning, they are pretty nearly equal to each other, but (although slightly accrescent) they are in most cases shorter than the fruit. As regards its calyx, Retinodendron is closely allied to Vateria, but it differs from Vateria in its flowers; for in Vateria the stamens are numerous (40 to 50), the petals are scarcely longer than the segments of the calyx and are spreading; more-over the inflorescence is longer in Vateria than in Retinodendron, and it is terminal. In short, Retinodendron has the flowers of Vatica and the fruit of Vateria. Dr. Burck forms Retinodendron and Isauxis into sections of the genus Vatica, giving however characters to the section Isauxis which form no part of Wight.s original characters of it as a sub-section of Vateria. In Dr. Burck.s section Isauxis, "the calyx-lobes are all accrescent, sub-equal to the fruit, or much longer." J. ii. 17


128 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, Fruiting-calyx shorter than the fruit. Leaves 3.5 to 6 in. long: fruit -4 in. in diam. 1. R. pallidum. Leaves 7 to 10 in. long: fruit .65 in. in diam. 2. R. Scortechinii. Fruiting-calyx longer than the fruit ... 3. R. Kunstleri. 1. Retinodendron pallidium, King. A small tree (fide Dyer): young branches slender, deciduously puberulous, their bark pale. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, acuminate; the edges entire, recurved when dry; the base acute: both surfaces glabrous, the upper shining; main nerves 9 to 10 pairs, curving, oblique; length 3.5 to 6 in., breadth 12 to 1.8 in., petiole .4 to .5 in. Panicles axillary, rarely extra-axillary, puberulous, I to 3 in. long. Flowers .45 in. long; Calyx-segments ovate-lanceolate, scurfy-pubescent. Petals oblong, lanceo-late, sub-acute, stellate-pubescent externally. Anthers broadly ovate, with a short blunt apiculus. Ovary puberulous; stigma capitate, lobed. Fruit globular, about .4 in. in diam., glabrous, shining, very minutely and sparsely lepidote, partially covered in the lower half by the slightly unequal, spreading or sub-reflexed, narrowly-oblong, membranous, 3-nerved, reticulate calyx-lobes. Vatica pallida, Dyer in Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. 1, 302. Penang: Maingay, on Government Hill, at an elevation of about 800 feet; Curtis, No. 117; King, Kunstler. This is known only from Penang. It is evidently a rare tree. Its fruit somewhat resembles (except in size) that of V. lancecefolia, Blume. 2. Retinodendron Scortechinii, King, n. sp. A tall tree: young branches rather stout, densely furfuraceous-pubescent. Leaves coria-ceous, oblong, tapering to the sub-acute apex; the base slightly nar-rowed, rounded: both surfaces glabrous: main nerves 14 to 18 pairs, spreading, curving, prominent on the lower, depressed on the upper, surface when dry, the transverse venation bold: length 7 to 10 in., breadth 2.6 to 32 in , petiole .6 to .75 in. Panicles crowded towards the apices of the branches, mostly axillary, 2 to 2.5 in. long, the rachises brownish flocculent stellate-tomentose, as is the calyx exter-nally. Flowers .6 in. long. Calyx-lobes ovate. Petals thick, oblong, blunt, puberulous externally, glabrous within. Stamens elliptic, apicu-late. Ovary minutely tomentose; stigma clavate. Ripe fruit sub-globular, sub-rugose, vertically grooved, minutely rufous-scurfy, about .65 in. in diam , laxly embraced in the lower half by the broadly ovate, membranous, many-nerved, reticulate, sub-equal calyx-lobes. Perak: Scortechini, Nos. 1940 and 1942. The calyx-lobes are nearly equal in size, quite free from the fruit, much shorter, and they embrace only its lower half. This species is allied to Retinodendron Rassalc, Korth. (Nat. Gesch. Ned. Ind. 56, t. 8,)


130 Gr. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, nerves 8 or 9 pairs, oblique, slightly curving, prominent beneath; length 4 to 5 in., breadth 1.75 to 2 in., petiole .5 in. Panicles 4 to 6 in. long, stellate-pubescent; bracteoles caducous. Flowers shortly stalked. Calyx-segments minutely tomentose. Petals .5 in. long, pale tomentose. Stamens 30 to 36, in 3 series, the filaments dilated at the base: anthers with equal valves. Ovary sericeous, style glabrous. Ripe fruit sub-globose, acuminate, pale tomentose, about .25 in. in diam.; fruiting-calyx forming a cup -with a concave short tube embracing the fruit, the seg-ments spreading, re-curved, the 3 outer .65 in. in length and breadth, the 2 inner smaller. Heim, "Recherches sur les Dipterocarpacees," p. 51. Pahang: Ridley, No. 2626. Distrib. Bangka, Borneo. Leaf-specimens of what appear to be this tree were collected by Mr. Wray (Herb. No. 3426) in Upper Perak. 9. Balanocabpus, Beddome. Glabrous or puberulous, rarely scabrid, resinous trees, with in-conspicuous fugaceous stipules. Leaves entire, coriaceous or membran-ous, penni-nerved. Flowers secund, sessile or shortly pedicelled. Sepals distinct or united at tbe base, imbricated, two quite external to the others; in fruit sub-equal, only slightly enlarged, woody, thickened, and forming a 5-lobed cup round the base of (but rarely enveloping) the fruit, not adnate to it and never expanding into wings. Petals elliptic, obliquely acuminate, the apices slightly inflexed in bud or not inflexed at all. Stamens 15, attached to the bases of the petals, in 3 rows; or 10 in 2 rows, sub-equal, the filaments much dilated at the base, the connec-tive prolonged into a straight apical awn longer than the ovate anther. Torus flat. Ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled, ovules collateral. Style short. Stigma minute, entire. Fruit oblong or sub-globose, apiculate; the pericarp ligneous or sub-ligneous. Seed solitary, erect; cotyledons fleshy, plano-concave, the larger 2-or 3-lobed, or entire; the radicle prominent. Southern Peninsular India, Malaya. Probably 12 species. Leaves glabrous, smooth. Leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, caudate-acu-minate. Stamens 15 Fruit entirely enveloped in the slight-ly enlarged calyx ... ... 1. B. Curtisii. Only the lower part of the fruit en-veloped by the calyx ... ... 2. B.penangianus. Stamens 10 ... ... ... 3. B. anomalus.


132 Gr. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, when expanded, minutely yellowish-pulverulent, tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Stamens 15, sub-equal: apical awn curved, longer than the anther. Ovary ovoid, narrowing upwards into the style; stigma minute. Fruit ovoid, very slightly apiculatc, striate, pale pubescent, about .6 in. long and .3 in. in diam., the persistent calyx covering the lower third of the fruit, sub-glabrous, thickened and concave at the base; the teeth deltoid, spreading. Richetia penangiana, Heim in Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, 1891, p. 980. Penang: on Government Hill, at an elevation of about 1,000 feet, Curtis, Nos. 1429 and 1393; Hullett, No. 188; King.s Collector, No. 1534. Perak: King's Collector, Nos. 3333, 3707. The leaves of this species, although larger, resemble those of B. Curtisii: but the fruits of the two are quite different. One of Mr. Curtis. specimens, No. 429 (communicated from Kew), forms the type of a new genus called Richetia, which M. Heim has founded (l. c. p., 975, also in his . Recherches sur les Dipterocarpacees. p. 50), without having seen its flowers. I have retained for this M. Heim.s specific name, while referring it to Beddome.s older genus. The vernacular name of the species is Dammar Etam. 3. Bala.nocakits anomalus, King. A tree: young branches slender, dark-coloured, minutely lenticellate, the tips puberulous. Leaves coria-ceous, ovate, acuminate; the base broad, sub-cuneate; both surfaces glabrous; main nerves 6 or 7 pairs, ascending, curving, not prominent: length 225 to 25 in., breadth 1 to 1.3 in., petiole -6 to .7 in. Panicles numerous, axillary and terminal, longer than the leaves, pubescent, their lateral branchlets bearing 6 to 8 sub-secund flowers. Flowers shortly pedicelled, .15 in. long. Sepals broadly ovate, connate at the obtuse, minutely tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Petals elliptic, blunt, yellowish adpressed-sericeous outside, glabrous inside, only about twice as h>ng as the sepals, spreading and reflexed so as to expose the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, in two rows; the filaments longer than the anthers, dilated; anther short, ovate, its connective pro-duced into an apical awn as long as itself. Ovary ovoid, striate, pubes-cent, style short and thick, stigma small. Kedah: Curtis, No. 1654. Mr. Curtis is as yet the only collector of this, and his specimens have no fruit. I refer it to this genus, although its flowers differ from those of the other species known to me, in having petals only about twice as long as the sepals, spreading and reflexed so that the andro-gynoecium is quite exposed; and in having only 10 stamens In other respects the specimens agree with L.alanocarpus. Its vernacular name in Kedah is Malaut.


134 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, cribed here, that I refer it without any hesitation to this genus. M. Curtis' leaf specimens of this have, I understand, received from M. Heim the MSS. name, Pierrea penangiana. The genus Pierrea has been founded by M. Heim (Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, 1891, p. 958, and . Recherches sur les Dipterocarpacees ., p. 78) on specimens of which the author has not (as he admits) had the advantage of seeing the flowers. The vernacular name of this tree in Penang is Chengah, and its timber is, according to Mr. Curtis, very valuable. In the State of Perak, on the mainland almost opposite Penang, another species (B. Wrayi) receives a similar vernacular name. 6. Balanocarpus Wrati, King n. sp. A tree: young branches slender, dark-coloured, glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, narrowly oblong, gradually tapering from the middle to the acute apex; the base sub-cuneate or rounded, slightly unequal-sided: both surfaces glabrous; main nerves 7 or 8 pairs, curved, oblique, slightly prominent beneath: length 2.25 to 2.75 in., breadth .75 in.; petiole .25 in., transversely wrinkled. Panicles axillary and terminal, nearly as long as the leaves. Flowers unknown. Fruit ovoid, much apiculate, glabrous, .6 in. long, covered in its lower two-thirds by the persistent sub-accrescent glabrous calyx; outer two sepals smaller than the others, elliptic, obtuse, the inner three rotund, all thickened and concave. Perak: Wray, No. 813. Collected only once and without flowers. According to Mr. Wray the timber of this tree is valuable, and its vernacular name is Chingi, or Chingal. I refer this (in spite of the absence of flowers) to Balanocar-pus, the other species of which it so closely resembles. 7. Balanocarpus Hemsletanus, King, n. sp. A tree 50 to 100 feet high: young branches rather stout, rough, minutely lenticellate, pube-rulous. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-oblong, sometimes slightly obovate, shortly and abruptly acuminate, slightly narrowed to the rounded or sub-emarginate base: upper surface glabrous except the minutely tomentose midrib; the lower scabrid from minute rigid stellately hairy tubercles which are most abundant on the stout midrib and nerves: main nerves 18 to 20 pairs, oblique, parallel, very prominent on the lower, obsolete on the upper, surface; length 7 to 12 in., breadth 3.25 to 5 in.; petiole .6 to .9 in. scabrid, pubescent. Panicles axillary or terminal, 3 to 7 in. long, scurfy stellate-pubescent; flowers rather crowded on the lateral branchlets, .5 in. long, Sepals sub-equal, broadly ovate, acute, yellowish-tomentose externally, glabrous internally. Petals twice as long as the sepals, or longer, elliptic, oblique, obtuse, glabrous except a broad adpressed-sericeous band externally. Stamens 15, in three rows: the filaments dilated, unequal, longer than


1S93.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 135 the shortly ovate anthers; apical connectival appendage deflexed, curved, longer than the anther. Ovary elongated-conic, tomentose, tapering into the sparsely puberulous style; stigma small. Ripe fruit narrowly ovoid, apiculate, pale brownish-tomentose, 1.25 to 1.5 in. long. and .75 to 1 in. in diam. Persistent sepals nearly equal, their bases thickened, woody, pubescent, and concave, forming an irregularly 5-toothed cup which embraces the lower half of the fruit. Shorea Hemsleyana, King MSS. in Herb. Calc. Penang: Curtis No. 2512. Perak: King.s Collector, Nos. 5431, 6670, and 7562. Scortechini No. 1653. This is an altogether anomalous species. It has leaves like several of the scabrid species of Shorea, such as S. eximia and S. leprosula. Its flowers are also more like those of Shorea than Balano-carpus; but its fruit is essentially that of the latter genus, in which, not without hesitation, I include it. 10. Pachynocarpus, Hook. fil. Resinous trees with the leaves and flowers of Vatica, but with sometimes only ten stamens. Fruit ovoid-globose, umbonate at the apex, 1-celled, 1-seeded, the pericarp densely coriaceous, splitting vertically. Calyx with five equal segments, at first almost free from the fruit, but the tube gradually accrescent, much thickened and adnate to the fruit, and finally embracing the whole of it except the apex. Seed pendulous, testa thin and adherent to the endocarp, cotyledons very thick and fleshy. Leaves elliptic to oblong-elliptic, sub-acute or shortly and obtusely acuminate... ... 1. P. Wallichii. Leaves broadly-elliptic or obovate-elliptic, the apex very blunt ... ... ... 2. P. Stapfianus. Dr. Burck (in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg) expands the definition of the genus Vatica so as to include not only the closely allied Synaptea, but also the genera Isauxis W. A , Retinodendron, Korth., and Pachynocarpus Hook fil. To the union of Synaptea with Vatica I see no objection; for the whole difference between the two (as I have stated in a note under Vatica) consists in perfect freedom of the fruit in Vatica from the enlarged calyx, whereas in Synaptea there is a slight adhesion to the calyx at the very base. But for the inclusion of Pachynocarpus, I see no sufficient justification; for in this genus the calyx does not expand into membranous wings, but forms a dense fibro-cartilaginous cover for the fruit, which it tightly embraces and to which it is quite adnate. As regards Isauxis and Retinodendron, they appear to me to be undistinguishable from each other by any but trivial marks, but they differ sufficiently in calyx from Vatica to be treated as a genus under the older name Retinodendron. 1. Pachynocarpus Wallichii, King. A tree 40 to 70 feet high: young branches deciduously scurfy-puberalous, their bark pale-brown, sparsely lenticellate. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic to oblong-elliptic, J. 11. 18


136 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, sab-acute, or shortly and obtusely acuminate, the base cuneate; both surfaces glabrous, the lower pale and prominently reticulate when dry: main nerves 6 to 9 pairs, slightly prominent beneath, ascending; length 4.5 to 8 in., breadth 1.5 to 3 in., petiole; .4 to .6 in. Panicles crowded near the apices of the branches, many-flowered, 2 to 4 in. long. Calyx-lobes deltoid, minutely velvety outside. Petals linear-oblong, obtuse, puberulous externally. Stamens broadly ovoid, minutely but obtusely apiculate. Ovary puberulous: stigma sub-capitate, lobed. Ripe fruit ovoid-globose, about .75 in. in diam., closely embraced by the slightly shorter, much thickened, persistent, fibrous or woody, rugose, enlarged calyx-lobes. V. Wallicliii Dyer in Jouru. Bot. 1878 p. 154. Vatica ruminata, Burck in Ann. Jard. Bot hjuitenzorg, VI, 227 t, 29, fig. 4. Penang: Wallich, Cat. No. 9018; Curtis Nos. 1161, 1218, 1391. Malacca: Maingay No. 201. Trang, King.s Collector. Johore, Hullett and King. Perak: common at low elevations, King.s Collector, Scor-techini. Distrib., Bangka. In the young stages of the fruit of this species the calyx is quite small and embraces only the very base of it, much as in Isauxis; but as the fruit expands the calyx grows, so that when ripe the fruit is, with the exception of its apex, closely embraced by the much thickened, lignified, obscurely toothed calyx-tube. This offers, therefore, a transi-tion between Isauxis and Paehynocarpus. And, indeed, it is to the former section that Dyer refers it ( Journ. Bot., 1. a), and to which Burck refers his D. ruminata, a species which authentic specimens shew to be identical with this. Dr. Burck.s species, Vatica verrucosa (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg) appears also to come very near to this. 2. Pachynocarpus Stapfianus, King, n. sp. A tree 80 to 100 feet high; young branches rather stout, scaly-pubescent at first, ulti-mately glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, broadly elliptic or obovate-elliptic, the apex broadly rounded, slightly narrowed to the rounded or sub-cuneate base: upper surface glabrous, shining, the lower paler, minutely and sparsely scurfy-puberulous on the midrib and nerves; main nerves 10 to 13 pairs, oblique, prominent on the lower, depressed on the upper, surface; length 5 to 8 in., breadth 2.75 to 4.5 in., petiole .65 to 1 in. Flowers unknown. Ripe fruit almost solitary, 2.5 to 3 in. long, on a woody raceme, globular, slightly apiculate, 1.25 in diam., closely invested by the gamosepalous, 5-toothed, thickened, woody, rugose, glaberulous calyx. Perak: King.s Collector, Nos. 5932 and 6132, This very distinct species was first recognised as a Pachynocarpus by Dr. O. Stapf, of the Kew Herbarium, after whom I have named it. Its flowers are as yet unknown; but it is readily identified by its leaves.


26 XI. DIPTEROCARPAEAE [Shorea. Order XI. DIPTEROCARPEAE Trees (one genus of climbing shrubs), usually resinous, with alternate penniveined simple leaves. Flowers regular, bisexual. Calyx-tube cam-panulate, free or connate with the torus or ovary, 5-lobed; lobes imbri-cate, persistent and generally enlarged when the fruit ripens. Petals 5, twisted, united at the base, or free. Stamens free, either 10 or 5 in one series, or 15 in two series, or indefinite and multiseriate, inserted on the torus. Ovary sessile with a broad base on, or partly immersed in, the torus, 3-celled, rarely 1-or 2-celled. Fruit free, or enclosed in the en-larged calyx, with 1, rarely 2 seeds. Seed large, exalbuminous.--Gen. Pl. i. 189; Royle Ill. 105; Wight Ill. i. 85. To this family belong the Wood-oil trees (Dipterocarpus) of Burma, the Indian Coapl-tree (Vateria Indica) of the Western Ghats, and the Lac-tree (Shorea laccifera) of Mysore. 1. SHOREA, Roxb. Calyx-tube short, adnate to torus, all egments enlarged into long wings when in fruit. Stamens indefinites (rarely 15), connective subulate, over-topping the anthers. Ovary 3-celled, ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit cori-aceous, indehiscent, tightly enclosed by the base of the calyx-segments. Seed 1, ovoid; cotyledons fleshy. 1. S. robusta, Gaertn.-Tab. IX.-Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 212; Fl. Ind. ii. 615; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 4; Hook. Fl. Ind. i. 306. The Sal tree.-Sans. Sala, asvakarna. Vern. Sal, sala, salwa, sakhu, saku, sakher. Local names: Sarye, sarei, rinjal, gugal, C.P.; Koroh, Oudh. A large tree, young branches, petioles, young leaves and inflorescence hoary or pubescent. Leaves glabrate, shining when full grown, 4-8 in. long, petiolate, broad-ovate, from a rounded or cordate base, entire, more or less acuminate, ending in an obtuse point; stipules caducous. Flowers yellowish, shortly pedicellate, in unilateral racemes, arranged in long, compound axillary panicles; inflorescence, calyx, and outside of petals clothed with soft grey pubescence. Segments of calyx enlarged in fruit into 5 unequal, obtuse, oblong or spathulate wings 3-4 in. long, contracted above the base, brown, with 10-15 parallel longitudinal veins and fine reticulation between. Petals (at the time of flowering) 4 times the length of calyx, orange inside. Stamens 25-30 or more, anthers pilose at the apex, style subulate. Fruit ovoid, acuminate, 1/2 in. long, hoary. The area at present occupied by the Sal tree, forms two irregular, but fairly-defined belts, which are separated by the Gangetic plain. The northern or sub-Himalayan belt extends from Assam to the Kangra valley in the Panjab. Within these limits Sal forms extensive forests, skirting the foot of the hills and entering into the Doons and valleys, ascending in places o 3000 ft. Near the western end of this belt the Sal forests are less extensive, and they termi-nate near the Bias river in a number of scattered patches of limited area. West of the Ganges the Sal is not found in the plains; but in Rohilkhand, Oudh, Gorakhpur, and Bengal, Sal forests exist, or existed formerly, at a consi-derable distance from the hills. The second, or central Indian belt, occupies the hilly country of Behar, Rewah, Chota Nagpur, Midnapur, and the Meikal.


114 The resin is procured by cutting a notch in the tree, sloping inwards and downwards. On the Malabar Coast it is made into candles, which give a fine clear light, and diffuse an agreeable fragrance. (2) V. lancaefolia. (Roxb.) Ident. Roxb. fl. Ind. II. p. 601.-Wight's Ill. I. p. 88. Spec. Char. Tree: leaves lanceolate, entire: panicles axil-lary: calyx segments ovate, acute, much increased as the seeds ripen: petals linear-falcate, obtuse, with their concave bases placed closely together, and forming a kind of tube round the ovary and stamens: filaments produced beyond the anther-cells, and termi-nating in an ovate, acute, coloured, glandular point: stigma clavate, 3-toothed: flowers largish, white, fragrant. Silhet and Chittagong, flowering in May. Wight alludes to another species, V. Roxburghiana, of which he gives no description. GENUS II. VATICA. Polyandria Monogynia. Sex: Syst: Gen. Char. Trees, with entire leaves: sepals 5, afterwards en-larging into 5 long wings: petals 5: filament produced beyond the anther-cells into a long coloured bristle: ovary 3-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell: seed solitary. (1) V. laccifera. (W. & A.) Ident. W. & A. prod. I. p. 84. Syn. Shorea Talura, Roxb. fl. Ind. II. p. 618.-S. laccifera, Heyne.-S. robusta, Roth. (not Roxb.) Engrav. Wight's Icon. I. t. 164. Spec. Char. Tree: leaves oblong, obtuse, often emarginate at the base: stamens 15: anther-bristle very long: panicles numerous, springing from the axils of the fallen leaves: flowers yellow. Nundidroog and Palghaut Mountains. (2) V. tumbugaia. (W. & A.) Ident. W. & A. prod. I. p. 84. Syn. Shorea Tumbugaia, Roxb. fl. Ind. II. p. 617. Engrav. Wight's Icon. I. t. 27. Spec. Char. Large tree: leaves ovate-cordate, long petioled: stamens about 100, with bearded anthers: panicles terminal: flowers yellow. Palghaut Mountains.


115 (3) V. robusta. (W. & A.) Ident. Voigt. Hort. Calc. P. 124. Syn. Shorea robusta, Roxb. fl. Ind. II. p. 615. Engrav. Roxb. Cor. III. t. 212. Spec. Char. Large tree: leaves short-petioled, cordate-oblong: stipules falcate: stamens numerous: panicles terminal and axillary: flowers yellow. Morung, flowering in the hot season. Genus III. DIPTEROCARPUS. Polyandria Monogynia. Sex: Syst: Deriv. Compounded of Greek words, meaning two-winged fruit. Gen. Char. Large trees: calyx of one piece, 5-cleft: 2 sepals afterwards expanding into long ligulate wings: petals 5: anthers long, linear: ovary 3-celled, with two pendulous ovules in each cell. (1) D. laevis. (Ham.) Ident. W. & A. prod. I. p. 85. Syn. D. turbinatus, Roxb. fl. Ind. II. p. 612. Engrav. Roxb. Cor. III. t. 213. Spec. Char. Young branches compressed, 2-edged: leaves ovate or ovate-oblong, acute, shining on both sides, with straight parallel veins: tube of the enlarged calyx slightly gibbous: capsule ovate, even, covered with soft hairy down: flowers large, white, tinged with red. Chittagong, flowering in the hot season. This tree yields abun-dance of good oil. The average produce of the best trees is said to be sometines 40 gallons in the season. (2) D. turbinatus. (Gaertn.) Ident. W. & A. prod. I. p. 85. Engrav. Gaertn. fr. III. p. 51. t. 188. Spec. Char. Young branches tapering: leaves ovate, acute, pubescent on both sides, particularly towards the margin: petioles pubescent: tube of the enlarged calyx turbinate, much contracted below the limb: capsule ovate, 6-8-furrowed. Chittagong. This species yields scarcely any oil. (3) D. angustifolius. (W. & A.) Ident. Voigt. Hort. Calc. p. 125. Syn. D. costatus, Roxb. fl. Ind. II. p. 613.


116 Spec. Char. Younger parts hairy: leaves linear, oblong, acu-minate at the base, hairy underneath: stipules hirsute: calyx 5-fur-rowed about the middle, slightly hairy: flowers white, tinged with red. Chittagong, flowering in the cold season. This species yields a great quantity of good oil. (4) D. incanus. (Roxb.) Ident. Roxb. fl. Ind. II. p. 614. Spec. Char. All the younger parts hairy: leaves ovate, some-what tapering at the base, softly villous: racemes axillary, half the length of the leaves: calyx 5-angled about the middle. Chittagong, flowering in November. This species furnishes the largest proprortion of the best sort of wood oil. Roxburgh mentions another species, D. tuberculatus, also a native of Chittagong, which blossoms at the beginning of the hot season. GENUS IV. HOPEA. Polyandria Monogynia. Sex: Syst: Deriv. Called after Dr. John Hope, Professor of Botany in Edinburgh. Gen. Char. Trees, with entire leaves: flowers secund and nearly sessile on the branches of the panicle: sepals 5, two or three of them afterwards enlarged into wings: corolla of one piece, with a campanulate tube: petals oblique, linear, oblong, spreading, twist-ed: filaments 10, alternately simple and bifid: anthers 15, with bristles at the apex: ovary 3-celled, with 2 pendulous ovules in each cell. (1) H. wightiana. (Wall.) Ident. W. & A. prod. I. p. 85. Engrav. Wight's Ill. I. t. 37. Spec. Char. Leaves ovate-oblong, glabrous: 2 sepals expand-ing into wings, oblong, obtuse: capsule oblong-ovate, acute: flow-ers small, yellow, fragrant. Peninsula. Travancore. (2) H. odorata. (Roxb.) Ident. Roxb. fl. Ind. II. p. 609. Spec. Char. Leaves ovate-oblong, with a hallow gland in the axils of the large veins: two sepals enlarging into wings: panicles terminal: flowers small, pale yellow, fragrant. Chittagong, flowering in March.


14 MAI TENG MAI TENG (Shorea obtusa) a tree of the natural order of Dipterocarpeae. Calyx five-leaved, permanent, enlarging into five long wings; Corol five petalled. Germ superior, 3 celled, two seeded, attachment superior. Nut one-seeded. Embryo inverse, without perisperm. This tree has small white flowers of a very agreeable odour, with oval leaves 15-20 cm. long and half as broad. The bark is 3cm. thick, grey with deep longitudinal fissures.Heartwood is very hard, even in grain. It has a brown colour and is pale when newly sawn. The sapwood is small on large trees, it does not last long, the pores are moderate sized, each pore surrounded by a narrow white ring. The medullary rays are numerous and brown, joined by short irregular transverse lines of lighter-coloured tissue. The wood is very durable, is not attacked by insects and stands well all influences of climate, heat and moisture. The Teng trees grow together with Mai Pluang and Mai Rang or form large groups or extensive forests on elevated ground mostly laterite but not beyond 800 m. above sea level. There are enormous tracts of Mai Teng all over


62 xxii. dipterocarpeae. [Monotes Var. B. hypoleucus ; V. africana, var. liypoleuca Oliv., l.c. ; Welw., l.c., p. 17, t. 5, fig. 12 ; y. hypoleuca Welw., l.c., p. 17. Huilla. — Sparingly in the stony shorter woods between Mumpulla and Nene, in flower-bud Oct. 1859, in full flower Dec. 1859. No. 1036. The following is intermediate between a and /3 : — A small tree, 6 to 8 ft. high ; trunk erect ; crown divaricate, lax ; flowers yellowish. Huilla. — Sparingly in the higher wooded thickets of Proteacese between Lopollo and Monino, in flower-bud Nov. 1859, fl. Dec. 1859, in young fruit Jan. 1860. No. 1077. The following belongs to this species : — Huilla. — A small tree, with simple leaves and the calyx-segments after flowering expanded into red rather rigid wings. Coll. Carp. 242. XXIII. MALVACEAE. The Malvaceae of Angola form one of the principal constituents of the herbaceous and shrubby vegetation of the country, and are fairly abundant in all regions from the coast up to 6000 ft. (in the highest regions and plateaux), but are most abundant between 1500 and 4000 ft. They contribute both by the beauty and variety of their leaves — and even more by the size and bright colouration of their striking large blossoms — very greatly to the adorning of the meadows and plains, the jungles, and the margins of the woods and cultivated places, and relieve the somewhat monotonous colour of the vegetation. The species decrease in number from Mossamedes and the high plateau of Pluilla southwards. Malvaceae manage to subsist on many kinds of soil ; one and the same species is often seen to occur sometimes in dry hot sandy drifts, or in stony situations divested of other vegetation, and at other times in fertile situations on the margins of primitive forests or in inhabited districts on land previously cultivated ; the difference is that in poor ground the flowers are larger and more brilliant, while in rich ground there is more luxuriant development of stalks and foliage. The varying circumstances of soil and position exercise an important influence on the indumentum and render very difficult the discrimination of species and varieties, especially in the case of the genera Sida, Abutilon, etc. The shape and size of the glands, which occur on the nerves of the leaves and calyx in several species of Urena, Hibiscus, Gossypiwm, etc., are very interesting, but they are too indefinite and variable on the same plants to afford characters for the diagnosis of species. In order to avoid errors, it must be remembered that many species with yellow flowers turn their corollas red in drying, and also that several species, especially of Sida, Abutilon, and Hibiscus, at the time of flowering, lose the long-stalked principal leaves of the main stem and retain only the very different younger leaves of the axillary shoots. The native medical men employ several species as emollients in baths and gargles in the same way as they are used in Europe.


It aa an Important article In their diet and have considered It a favored niah. Evidence that the black tana was eaten by the ancient people has been unearthed during excavations of shell mounds in the East and Tohoku regions. Bones which are Identifiable as those of the black tana were uncovered from these mounds. little exlstsi however to indicate the first fishing techniques used to capture these giant fish. Aathorltlee believe that huge traps placed in shallow waters were the most primitive method by which they were caught. When the fish entered these traps they were either clubbed to death or speared and drawn up on shore. Until comparatively recent times the black tuna was taken almost solely In coastal waters by set nets which were a natural development from single traps. With the introduction of motor-driven vessels It was possible to use other gear for taking klaus tunas in the deeper offshore waters. Today the species is caught for the most part by set nets located close to shore and by long lines in the deeper sea regions. Z. Diagnostic Characteristics The black tuna (Figure 7) can be recognized by the short tapering pectoral fin, which scarcely reaches the origin of the second dorsal fin. and by the sharp upward bend of the lateral line at a point above the origin of the pectorals. The lateral line then bends gradually downward and posteriorly. The back is nearly black, changing to a grayish blue with metallic reflections in the posterior part. The belly is grayish with many colorless dots. In mature specimens these markings tend to disappear. The first dorsal and the ventrals are grayleht the second dorsal is grayish with a yellow tip, the dorsal fillets are yellow the anal and the anal finlets are silvery> and the pectorals are nearly black. Several differences between the Japanese species and the California blue In tuna, such as color of the fins and ramification of the cutaneous blood vessels, were noted by Kishinouye (1923, p 440). However, detailed comparisons between these forms and the Hawaiian and Australian common tunas have not been made, and the exact relationships of the various geographically separated Pacific units are as yet undetermined. The mature black tunas taken In Japanese waters generally weigh between 125 and 200 kilograms, but the species attains even more gigantic sizes. Kishinouye (1923, p 439) reported specimens welding about 375 kilograms taken near Odawara in 1913, and more recently (date unknown) a specimen weighing 450 kilograms was taken in Toyama Bay on the Sea of Japan coast of Honshu. 3. Distribution and Migration The distribution of the black tana Is known only from the areas In which commercial operations take place. Therefore, Its known distribution is more indieatlte of areas where the fish tend to shoal or congregate, thus mekong eomoeroial operations feasible, rather than of true range. The fishing grounds in the northwestern Pacific Ocean extend from Sakhalin and and the southern Kuril Islands south along both coasts of Japan and the Korean coast, through the uncus and the Bonins to the area between southern Formosa and northern Luzon (Figure 6). Records show that in recent years black tunas have been obtained in offshore waters east of Japan by long line vessels fishing primarily for albacore or swordfish (Kimara, MS). The known distribution of the species has thus been extended, but its true range will not be ascertained until research workers begin critical compilation of all records obtained throughout the western Paolfie. Data of value concerning the migratory routes followed by the black tuna in Japanese waters are based solely on reports given by vessels as to seasonal changes In major fishing grounds. Dr K. Kimara, of the Tokyo Central Fisheries Ibqerlmental Station, Is now preparing this material for publication. For Philippine waters, information has been supplied by Ir H. Hakasnra, formerly of the Formosa Fisheries Experimental Station. As the black tuna Is found in the southern ryukyu daring Jane and In the Tohoku coastal region (northeastern Honshu) at the same time, several races within the species are postulated by Japanese scientific workers. Morphological analysis to support this belief has not been attempted, but a division Into Japanese and Philippine units appears to be valid from the evidence at hand. The information presented indicates the complexity of the life 19 p-6307


SHOREA ROBUSTA. (Nat, ord. Dipterocarpeae.) SHOREA. (Roxb.) Gen. PI. p. 1S3. — GEN. CHAR. Calyx tube very short adnate to the torus, not increasing in fruit, divisions ovafce or lanceolate imbricate wing-like and all or 3 only enlarged in fruit, connivent over the fruit at the base. Stamens numerous or 15, anthers ovate or oblong, rarely linear, connectivum subulato-cuspidate, cells obtuse or rarely cuspidate, valves equal or the exterior valve a little larger — ovary 3 celled, cell 2 ovuled, style subulate, entire or 3 toothed at the apex, fruit coriaceous indehiscent; 1 seeded— seed ovoid, cotyledons thick fleshy unequal. Trees bearing resin, glabrous or tomentose stipules persistent or deciduous, leaves entire or repand panicles axillary or terminal. SHOREA ROBUSTA. (Roxb.) Leaves short petioled cordato-oblong, 6-10 inches long by 4-6 inches broad, stipules falcate, panicles terminal and axillary, stamens numerous, stigma 3 toothed. Roxb. Fl. Ind. p. ii. 615. An immense timber tree, abundant in the Godavery forests, the Gumsoor and Russelcondah forests, and in Bengal (the Terai, Parasnath and Assam) and in Burmah ? but not known in the South of the Madras Presidency. In some of the Sal tracts in Gumsoor it grows almost to the exclusion of every other tree and the natural forests often have the appearance of plantations — it flowers in March and April, and the seeds often commence germinating before they leave the parent tree early in the rains and eventually come up very thickly in the forests. The tree grows very straight and tall and sometimes reaches 10 or 12 feet in girth. The seed has a vitality of such short duration that all attempts to grow it in the South have failed, though it was attempted several successive seasons — it is also rapidly bored by insects. The timber is one of the most valuable in India for Engineering purposes and is largely used in Gun Carriage Manufactories and for many other purposes, such as house-building and ship-building , but warps in plank — it lasts an immense time under ground or under water and is almost unequalled for sleepers, and seems quite proof against white ants ; it is close grained, heavy and hard, of a light brown color — the bark is employed by tanners and yields an abundancy of resin or dammer which is used as a substitute for pitch, and burnt by the natives as incense, and an aromatic oil is procured from the resin by dry distillation. It is called Sal and Salwa in Gumsoor and Googul in the Godavery forests. I am not sure that the Birmese tree called Eingg-yin is the same species.


HOPEA PARVIFLORA. (Nat. ord. Dipteroearpeae.) HOPEA (Roxb.) Gen. PI p. 193.— GEN. CHAR. Calyx tube very short aduate to the torus not increasing in fruit, divisions short obtuse often membranceous on the margin imbricate, 2 enlarging in fruit large and wing-like erect, the rest small, all connivent over the fruit at the base. Stamens 15 rarely 10, anthers ovate, conneetivum subulato-cuspidate, cells obtuse equal valved. Ovary 3 celled, cell 2 ovuled, style short terete or subulate. Fruit indehiscent, 1 seeded, seed ovoid, cotyledons thick fleshy unequal. Trees yielding resin, glabrous or tomentose, stipules small deciduous, or inconspicuous, leaves entire coriaceous — a genus nearly allied to Shorea. HOPEA PARVIFLORA. (Bedd.) Petioles panicles and calyx hairy, leaves short petioled glabrous ovate to oblong furnished with glands in the axils of the veins beneath, 2 to 2 1/2 inches long by 1 to 1 1/2 broad, flowers secund subsessile numerous very minute, sweet scented, stamens 15 alternately single and in pairs, stigma 3 cleft. A large handsome tree, common in both the moist and dry forests in Malabar and South Canara, up to an elevation of 3,500 feet. The wood is hardly known commercially as yet, but it is much valued by the Natives in South Canara, and I believe it will be of great value for gun carriage purposes, and I have forwarded specimens to Madras and Bombay — it will also answer well for sleepers. In Malabar it is called Irubogam and in South Canara Kiral Boghi on the ghats and Tirpu in the plains ; in the latter district it is much valued for temple building purposes.


VATERIA MALABARICA. (Nat. order Dipterocarpeae.) VATERIA. Linn. Benth. and Hook. Gen. PI. p-193.— GEN. CHAR. Calyx with a very ahort tube adnate to the torus, divisions sub-equal imbricate, when in fruit reflexed and scarcely increasing in size, stamens numerous, in many series, anthers linear or oblong, ending in a long single or double beak, ovary 3 celled, cells 2 ovuled, style subulate, stigma small, capsule ovoid or globose, thick coriaceous or fleshy, seated on the reflexed calyx 1 seeded indehiscent or 3 valved ; seed thick, cotyledons thick unequal, radicle superior. Trees, yielding resin, glabrous or furfuraceous, stipules small deciduous or inconspicuous, leaves entire coriaceous, flowers white in terminal panicles. Bentham and Hooker unite Mr. Thwaites' Ceylon genus Stemonoporus with Vateria ; it has 15 anthers in 2 series, and if united with Vateria, Monoporandra, with 5 anthers in 1 series, should also be included. De Candolle includes Stemonoporus under Vatica, which has an enlarged calyx when infrui, VATERIA MALABARICA. (Bl.) A very large tree, bark whitish, young shoots and all tender parts except the leaves covered with fine stellate pubescence, leaves alternate petioled oblong entire, slightly cordate at the base, shortly pointed or obtuse at the apex, coriaceous and smooth 4-8 inches long, by 2-4 broad, petioles 1 inch long, stipules Oblong, flowers rather remote on large terminal panicles, bractes ovate pointed, filaments .40-50 very short, anthers not auricled at the base, terminating in a single long bristle at the apex, style a little longer than the stamens, stigma acute, capsule oblong obtuse coriaceous fleshy, 2-2 J inches long by 1| broad, seed solitary. Bl. Mus. Bot. ii. p. 29. Vateria Tndica, Roxb. Fl. hid. ii. 602. (not Linn.) Chloroxylon Dupada, Buchanan Journal in Mysore, &c, ii. 476. Paenoe, Rheed. Hort. Mai. iv. 33. 15. This tree has often been confounded with the Ceylon Vateria Indica, though it was well described by Roxburgh; it differs in its leaves and fruit being very much smaller, and in the former being obtuse or scarcely acute, never acuminate, and in its anthers terminating in a single instead of in a double bristle and in not being auricled at the base. This is one of the handsomest trees in the Madras Presidency ; it is common in all the western forests from the plains up to 3000 — 4000 feet elevation, and is extensively planted as an avenue tree, particularly near the coast in South Canara, Malabar and Travancore; the avenue of it at Karkul, in S. Canara, is a beautiful sight. It is called in English the Piney Varnish tree, the copal tree, and the white dammer tree, in Teluga Dupada, in Tamil Vellay Kungilium, and in Canarese Paini. It yields the piney gum resin which exudes copiously from wounds in the trunk, and is an excellent varnish resembling copal, and of a pale green color, and is used for carriages and furniture ; the wood is not much esteemed, but is used for coffins and masts of native vessels, and trunks of the tree are hollowed out to make canoes for ths western coast rivers ; the bark is used to keep toddy from, fermenting. The tree flowers in January. Mr. Broughton the Government Quinologist has furnished me with the following report on the resin. Resin or Vateria. Indica, White dammer or piney resin. — This beautiful substance has long been known, and its properties and local uses have been repeatedly described. It is also not unknown in England, and I apprehenl that its cost (arid perhaps also ignorance of its peculiar properties) has prevented it becoming an article of more extended commerce. It should be remarked that the "East Indian dammer" which is well known among varnish makers, though frequently confounied with this, is the product of a very different tree, and is not produced in this Presidency. The finest specimens of piney resin are obtained by making incisions in the tree, and are in pale green translucent pieces of considerable size. The resin that exudes naturally, usually contains much impurity. In most of its properties it resembles copal, but it possesses qualities which give it some advantages over the latter. Like copal it is but slightly soluble in alcohol, but as Bercelius pointed out in the case of copals, it can be brought into sohition by the addition of camphor to the spirit. It is easily soluble in chloroform, and thus might find a small application as a substitute for amber in photographer s varnish ; it differs most advantageously from copal by being at once soluble in turpentine, and drying also 'without the necessity of the preliminary destructive fusion required by that resin, a process which tends greatly to impair the color of the varnish. The solution of the piney resin in turpentine is turbid and milky, but by the addition of powdered charcoal, and subsequently filtering, it yields a solution transpa£2rent and colorless as water, and yields a varnish which dyes with a purity and whiteness not to be surpassed. The solution in turpentine readily mixes vjiih the drying oils. It is on these properties of the resin that its chance of becoming an article of trade will depend. In price it cannot compete viith copal when supply to the European marlcet is regular and abundant. The present price of the best copal in the English market is but £2-10-0 per cent ; piney resin yields en destructive distillation 82 per cent, of an oil of agreeable odour, but not differing essentially from that obtained from much cheaper resins. ;;4


VATICA ROXBURGHIANA. (Nat. ord. Dipterocarpeae.) VATICA. Linn. — GEN. CHAR. Tube of the calyx very small adnate to the torus or base of the ovary, not or scarcely enlarging with the fruit ; divisions rather acute, when very young imbricate but soon open or pseudo-valvate, enlarging with the fruit, equal or unequal and patent. Stamens 35, anthers oblong or linear rarely ovate, connective generally with a short apiculation, ovary 3 celled, cells 2 ovuled, style short with a clavate apex, or long subulate, Stigma entire or 3 toothed, capsule thick woody indehiscent, or 3 valved 1-2 seeded. Trees, bearing resin, stipules small fugacious or inconspicuous, leaves entire coriaceous penniveined and reticulato-venose, flowers in axillary or terminal panicles. See. I. Isauxis. — Enlarged divisions of the calyx equal, patent below the fruit. See. II. Euvatica. — Enlarged divisions of the calyx very unequal wing like, patent below the fruit. The 2 Southern Indian species both belong to Isauxis. VATICA ROXBURGHIANA. (Wight.) A large tree, young branches petioles and inflorescence minutely furfuraceous 9 leaves glabrous above except the costa, which with the costa and veins beneath is slightly scaly, ovate to oblong with an~obtuse point rounded or obtuse at the base, furnished with 10-14 primary veins on each side, 4-8 inches long by 2-3 1/4 broad, petiole 1 1/4-2 inches long, panicles axillary shorter thau the leaves, branchlets few flowered, calyx and outside of petals furfuraceous, divisions of the former acute enlarging in fruit and then 5 nerved and glabrescent, petals & times as long as the calyx, stamens 15 in 2 rows, anthers oblong with a short apiculation, style nearly double the length of the anthers, stigma clavate obscurely 3 or 6 lobed. fruit globose not sulcated crowned with a small nipple-like point at the apex, rough with minute raised reticulations aud furfuraceous, hard woody and indehiscent. Wight III. Common in some of our western coast forests, 'particularly in the South Canara jungles, and planted in avenues, etc. in Travancore. also indigenous in Ceylon, where it is called Mendora ; its limber is much valued in Ceylon, but I have not seen it in use in India; the tree produces a gum-resin. / V ^p6^la^ 9.5


HOPEA WIGHTIANA, (Nat. ord. Dipterocarpeae.) For Gen. Char. see under " H. parviflora," Pl. vi. HOPEA WIGHTIANA. (Wall.) A large tree, youug branches and petioles furnished with a dense short pubescence, leaves ovato-oblong, rounded at the base and attenuated towards the apex into a very obtuse point, glabrous on both, sides except the costa above, primary veins distant 7-10 on each side of the costa, 6-9 inches long by 2-3 broad, petioles 1/4-1/2 inch long, panicles glabrous axillary generally 3 together, shorter than or about the length of the leaves, flowers pink about 1/2 an inch in length secund bracteolate at the base of their very short pedicels, calyx glabrous, corol hairy on the outside, stamens 15 alternately single and double, anthers terminated with a long bristle, fruit and calyx wings glabrous bright crimson colored, wings 2-2 1/2 inches long by 1/2 an inch broad, 7-9 nerved. — Wall. L. N. 6295 ; — WA.Prod. p. 85, and III. tab. 37 — (wrong as to the 10 stamens.) Vary. B. glabra, young branches and petioles glabrous or sub-glabrous. Hopea glabra, WA. Prod. p. 85. This tree is very common in many of our western forests, an echinate excrescence, much like the young fruit of a Spanish chestnut, is often produced, in the axils of the leaves; it is probably the formation of some insect in the bud of the panicle, it is represented in the figure, a somewhat similar formation occurs in Hopea parviflora, as I have gathered specimens of the longer leaved variety in Tinnevelly with regular abortive panicles, several of the branchlets of each terminating with hard, round, warty, fruit-like excrescences 4 lines in diameter. The timber is very valuable and very similar to that of Hopea parviltora. Variety B is the Kong of Tinnevelly, and is par excellence the timber of that district. I have not seen this more glabrous variety in fruit, but the flowirs in no way differ from the ordinary form ; the latter is most abundant in the S. Canara district, where it is called Kalbow and Hiral bogi ; it is a first-rale coppice firewood, and large tracts in thit state are met with in the plains of that district never apparency flowering, but abundantly covered with the abortive fruit-like excrescence. 96


DOONA ZEYLANICA. (Nat. ord. Dipterocarpeae.) DOONA. Thw.— GEN. CHAR. Tube of the calyx in flower very short actuate to the torus, divisions imbricate, in fruit the tube not enlarging, 3 of the divisions enlarging into large erect wings ; 3 small, all connivent at the base round the fruit, stamens 15, anthers oblong with the cells equal, . connective produced into a terminal process, ovary 3 celled, cells 2 ovuled, style subulate, stigma small, fruit indehiscent generally 1 seeded, seed ovoid, cotyledons extremely contortuplicate, radicle superior. Glabrous trees, resiniferous, stipules small deciduous or inconspicuous, leaves entire ooriaoeous penninerved, panicles axillary or terminal, flowers rather small. —Thw. Hoolc. Kew. Journ. iv. p. 7 ; — Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. p. 193. DOONA ZEYLANICA. (Thw.) A lofty tree, trunk straight, much branched towards the upper part, bark rough and cracked, branches terete and smooth, leaves penniveined with numerous intermediate reticulations lanceolate dark-green above, paler beneath, rounded at the base, tapering towards the apex into a rather long acumination with an abrupt point, 2-2 1/4 inches long by 3/4 of an inch wide, petioles 1/2 inch long grooved along the upper surface, panicles furnished with small brown deciduous bractes, calyx pale-green tinged with red, the 3 enlarged leaves becoming a deeper red, petals pale rose darker at the tips, filaments united about 1/2 way up. Thw. I. c. This is the famous Doon tree of Ceylon, called also shingle tree by the planters ; it is very abundant in the Central Provinces of that island up to 4,000 feet elevation, and the timber is highly prized for building purposes and for shingles; the tree yields a large quantity of colorless gum-resin from its trunk and branches, which when dissolved in spirits of wine or turpentine makes an excellent varnish. 07


DOONA GARDNER! (Nat. ord. Dipterocarpeae.) For Gen. Char, see letter press to Pl. xcvii. DOONA GrARDNERI. (Thw.) A lofty tree, leaves ovate or ovato -lanceolate, rounded at the base tapering into a longish point at the apex, 2-3 1/2 inches long by 1 1/2-2 inches broad, petioles about 3/4-1 inch long, flowers drooping about 1/2 an inch across, bractes small early caducous, calyx minutely puberulous or at length glabrous, corol densely pubescent on the outside. Thw. En. Pl. Zey, p. 35. This beautiful tree is found in the Central Provinces of Ceylon at 3,000 to 5,000 feet elevation. 98


Contribution to an evaluation of tree species using the new CITES Listing Criteria Shorea curtisii Common/Trade name Seraya, Dark Red Meranti Local names Saya daeng, Saraya daeng (Thailand), Seraya (Malaysia) Distribution Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Thailand, the Riau and Lingga Archipelago. Habitat In Peninsular Malaysia S. curtisii is an important species of Hill Dipterocarp forests. It has a restricted occurrence, growing gregariously almost exclusively on ridge tops. It has been suggested that S. curtisii is ecologically adapted to such sites through its ability to resist moisture stress (Awang et al., 1981 ). The species also occurs on deep and dry soils on coastal hills up to 850 m altitude throughout its range (Soerianegara & Lemmens, 1993) Population status and trends Shorea curtisii is abundant and currently considered to be 'nt' in Peninsular Malaysia. The species is, however, included in a list of species requiring conservation action in Peninsular Malaysia (Ng et al., 1984) and the quality of available timber has suffered a decline (Wyatt-Smith, in litt.). Utilisation S. curtisii produces a light hardwood with fine grain which has medium/deep red heartwood. The general utility timber is suitable for furniture manufacture, interior finishing, flooring, panelling, doors and veneers. It is also used in plywood production. The wood is an important and valued source of dark red meranti. A resin can be obtained from the tree (Soerianegara and Lemmens, 1993). Trade S. curtisii is one of the best commercial timber species and is greatly in demand on the world market as sawn timber. It is unfortunately impossible to distinguish this species in reported trade statistics. In 1989 Peninsular Malaysia exported 643 541 m3 of Dark Red Meranti sawn timber and 143 428 m3 of Dark Red Meranti 'pinhole no defect' sawn timber. lUCN Conservation category LR lc -evaluated by Peter Ashton and confirmed at the Asia Regional Workshop (1997). Forest management and silviculture Shorea curtisii is one of the major commercial timbers derived from Hill Dipterocarp forests in Peninsular Malaysia. These are the most important source of the State's timber as most of the lowland forests are being converted to other forms of land use. The hill forests of Peninsular Malaysia are managed under the Selective Management System (SMS). Natural regeneration of desired species in the hill forests has generally been poor. It has been noted that economic considerations carry greater weight in logging operations involving 5. curtisii than the need for sustained yield management, with excessive logging damage and undue selection of logs extracted (Wyan-Smith, 1988). In Peninsular Malaysia there has been considerable research on the regeneration of S. curtisii within natural forests. Indications show that the species flowers less frequently than other Red Meranti species and its seedlings show poor viability (Nin, 1978). There is some evidence that S. curtisii seeds germinate more readily under canopy shade, but seedling growth is favoured in gap conditions of 20-40% flill sun (Turner, 1990). Conservation measures Legislation The Government of Malaysia has been urged to ban the export of Red Meranti by the wood moulding and furniture industries (Anon., 1989). 410


23 Botolan, and, with few exceptions, covers the mountains of eastern Zambales to the southern limit. The leading species in order of abundance are as follows: Apitong ( Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, Blanco). Tanguile (Shorea talura, Roxb.). Guijo (Anisoptera guiso, A. D. C). Lauan (Anisoptera thurifera, Blume). Banaba ( Lagerstroemia flos-reginae, Retz.). Acle ( Pithecolobium acle, Vidal). Yacal ( Hopea plagata, Vidal ) . Stand. — The stand of timber is generally dense, many species growing in common and utilizing all the area. The trees, especially the familly Dipterocarpaceae, of which the forest is mainly composed, form tall, straight, clear stems, with heavy short crowns. With the exception of yacal, naturally more or less knotty, the forest trees are free from defects, such as heart rot, and when cut but little waste results from such cause. Pure stands of any considerable extent are not found, although some species tend to form groups. Altitude, which is an important factor in forming zones or types, does not have as decided an effect in the Tropics as in colder climes. However, we see instances where it is effective, such as in the pineries on the high mountain slopes of Zambales, at and above an elevation of 1,600 feet. In such places this species tends to form pure stands, open in character, with scarcely any associated species. This appears to be a matter of soil influence, as one sees in the same region areas practically devoid of any tree growth except pine. Apitong is found under various conditions and seems to be affected but little by the influences of altitude, slope, or density, always having the characteristic long, straight, clear bole peculiar to the species. It forms the greater part of the stand, occurring either individually or in small groups. Apitong ranges in height from 150 to 280 feet, with clear lengths of more than 100 feet, and maximum diameter of 60 inches, breast higli. Unless found in very dense stands this species suffers but little from shade; on the other hand, it thrives fairly well in the semiopen when soil conditions are favorable. Apitong is an abundant seeder, with a high germination per cent. For its best development it prefers a low, moist location, with deep, loose soil, but reliable natives have informed me that the timber is more durable when taken from high rocky slopes. This seems to apply equally well to other species. Tanguile is found on the higher slopes, growing in deep, rich, moist soil, and attains a height of 180 feet, with clear lengths of from 80 to 90 feet. This tree, where conditions are favorable, is found growing in association with other species. For its best development, it requires, a rather dense stand where the soil is not exposed to drouglit. The crown is rather short, heavy limbed, and, with panao and apitong, forms an upper story in tlie forest. It flowers during March or April, the fruit ripening in August. Tanguile does not reproduce abundantly under normal conditions. Seedlings and succeeding stages grow more abundantly when not exposed directly to the sun, but they must have a moderately open condition for best development. Guijo has a wide distribution, growing independently and occasionally forming small groups. In appearance it resembles palosapis {Shorea sp.), but attains a larger size, having clear lengths ranging from 60 to 90 feet. The trunk is ordinarily straight, cylindrical, and free from defects. The crown is moderately long and spreading when not growing in dense stands. Reproduction is abundant in seedling stage. This species is moderately light demanding, but in the open it develops a poor form. I have found geeds falling in February from trees abundantly stocked, but the time of seeding seems to be quite variable.


28 THE FOREST DISTRICT OF SOUTH TAYABAS. I. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE DISTRICT. The forest district of south Tayabas extends from the south boundary of the Province of Batangas to the southern end of the Tayabas Peninsula, with a total coast line of about 90 miles, and an average width of 7 miles. In the north end of the district Mount Banahao, an extinct volcano, rises to a height of about 5,000 feet, and from it extends a central ridge running through the whole province, with an average height of about 500 feet. Beginning at Laguimanoc, the ridge extends farther back into the interior, and a row of low hills runs along the coast. Many rivers, some of them of considerable size, come down from the central sierra and break through the low hills along the coast. In some of the rivers the tide water runs back a distance of 8 miles, such rivers being available for floating timber to the coast. Beginning at Catanauan, grass lands extend between the mountains and the coast. All the rivers have more or less a swamp forest on the lower part of their course; back of these are clearings and cocoanut plantations, and finally the forest, which to a large extent is already deprived of its valuable species. Nowhere in this district is lumbering being done on a large scale, 30,000 cubic feet being the greatest amount of timber cut by any one licensee during the previous year. In Unisan, Pitogo, and Laguimanoc there are shipyards where sailboats and small steamers are being built; five licensees are engaged in this business, each one finishing about one boat in two years. There is a small sawmill with one circular saw in Lucena, but it does little business. The owners buy the greater part of the timber and only run the mill when they have orders for a certain amount of sawn material, all of which is used locally. Considerable firewood and some resin are gathered in this district and shipped to Manila. The most important industry in this part of the Province of Tayabas is the trade of copra, and many thousand acres are planted with cocoanut palms, about one-half of which are bearing fruit at the present time. II. FOREST AREA. Description of stand, silvicultural features, reproduction, etc. — The total forest area comprises about 300 square miles, one-half of which, due mainly to the great distance from the shore of some of the timber, and also the lack of suitable transportation, is virgin forest. In that part of the forest where lumbering is carried on at present, and which has been lumbered for almost one hundred years, very few of the valuable species are left, and those remaining are mostly rotten or of such large size that they can not be taken out. The greater number of trees in the stand belong to the second and third groups. The family Dipterocarpacese is largely represented by the following species: Yacal, apitong, lauan, and hagachac. The most important of the other species found are narra, dungon, supa, banaba, guijo, and macaasin. The reproduction in general is fair and that of the family Dipterocarpaceae good. The underbrush, with few exceptions, is very dense, consisting mostly of bejuco (at least three different kinds), palma brava, timac, and saplings. In most instances the underlying rock is limestone, sometimes soft, sometimes very hard tufa. Sandstone and quartzites are also found in a few places. The soil varies from an almost pure sand to heavy clay loam. The latter becomes very soft during the rainy season and cracks when exposed to the sun.


60 FORESTRY BUREAU is somewhat five-winged and is coriaceous; corolla sulphur-yellow, dark red within, stellate-downy without, capsule connate woody with the calyx at its base, five-celled, the cells divided into two parts and having two seeds, the seeds with a yellow line. (Description from Flora fndice Batavae, Miquel.) There are several distinct species of Anonaceae, the wood of which is called Lanutan. The following description is taken from Sebastian Vidal's 'Memoria sobre el Ramo de Montes.' He refers it to Padre Blanco's Unona latifolia. In the 'Revision de Plantas Vasculares Filipinas,' of Sebastian Vidal, the name Lanutan is applied to a species of Xylopia and to Saccopetalum longipes." SACCOPETALUM LONGIPES. U A tree belonging to the Anonaceae. Young branches with reddish-downy leaves, nearly sessile, somewhat rounded at the base and slightly oblique, oblong or oblong-elliptical, moderately acuminate, four to ten centimeters long, two to four centimeters broad, smooth, sparsely downy on the veins, stiff. Flowers solitary or nearly so, with very long thread-like peduncles, ten centimeters and more. Outer petals small, inner ones much longer, one centimeter, in the form of a pouch at the base. Stamens arranged in four to six series. Receptacle nearly globose, downy. Carpels oval with thick pedicels, ten to fifteen millimeters long; blackish with rough points. Bagae, Province of Bataan. Guinayangan, Province of Tayabas. Common name, Lanutan. Vidal." "Is a Tree of the Second Order. This tree grows in some of the islands in the Philippine group. Color. — Whitish red or clear red with yellow borders. Texture. — Fine, with fiber straight and pores small; it is easily worked. It is used in cabinet making and in ordinary construction in a sawed form. Salvador Ceron, p. 294. LAUAR Anisoptera thurifera, BL Dipterocarpus thurifer, Blanco. Dipterocarpeae. SYNONYMS — Lauan, Sandana, Lauaan, Tagalog; Lanaan, Visaya. WHERE FOUND — Batangas, Bataan, Bulacan, Cagayan, Zambales, Albay, Cavite, Sorsogon, Tayabas, Pampanga, Island of Luzon; Mindoro, Mindoro; Liyte, Leyte; Iloilo, Capiz, Panay; Romblon, Romblon; Samar, Samar; Negros, Negros.


88 FORESTRY BUREAU URUNG. Fagraa fragrans. — Roxb. WHERE FOUND— Paragua. DESCRIPTION— Superior Group. "These trees are found only in the Island of Paragua, and are similar to Teak. The Spaniards in that locality assert that it contains the same properties. There is an abundance of this species there; specimens being found up to six or seven meters in length and forty centimeters in diameter. Senor Don Domingo Sanchez, zoological collector of the Inspeccion General de Montes, who explored that island, and who made a study of this tree, stated that it belonged to the family Lagonicias. It is not to be found in the market. Trees with cylindrical branches. Leaves with petioles, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate and obtusely acuminate. Sometimes, but rarely, from the base abruptly cuneate almost elliptical; leathery, three to five inches long, obscurely featherveined, eight veins on both sides. Blossoms arranged in trichotomous corymbs sometimes terminal (at ends of branches) and sometimes super-axillary. Corolla funnel-shaped, yellowish-white, with an agreeable smell; with the tube conical, and the limb a little longer; divisions of corolla ovate-oblong obtuse. Fruit small, peashaped, and round at the base. Style ends in a point, golden color. R. Garcia." YACAL, Hopea plagata, Vidal. Dipterocarpus plagatus, Blanco. ( The Wounded Dipterocarpus. ) Fam. Dipterocarpeae. SYNONYMS — Yacal, Sapolongan, Saplungan, Tagalog. WHERE FOUND— Islands of Luzon, Mindoro, and Panav. DESCRIPTION— Superior Group. "Attains a height of from twelve to twenty meters, and nearly one meter in diameter. Color. — Earthy yellow. Odor. — Similar to Lauan. Texture. — Solid and fine; breaks in long splinters; shavings, fine, compact and curled. It is abundant in almost every province of Luzon. It is used in the construction of buildings, for pillars, joists, sleepers, etc., and, in naval construction, for beams; also is used in cabinet making. Pieces of large dimensions generally come from Tayabas; but that from Angat is preferred for all kinds of beams,


xviiij AFFLUENTS OF THE BINTULU neck, which it moved continuously, was also long and very slender ; indeed, on account of its neck, I at first thought the bird had a snake in its bill. My men said it was an aquatic bird, that it dived, and had webbed feet. Although I was most anxious to secure it, this time the coveted prize escaped me. Along the banks of the river cleared of forest minuangs (pctomeles Sumatmna) are frequent — a tree I have already mentioned which belongs to the " tapang " group ; that is, those on which honey bees build their nests. One isolated specimen I could see from the boat showed long brown spikes hanging from the ends of the smaller branches, and on getting near it I perceived from the fragments on the ground that it bore female flowers. I was, therefore, anxious to secure specimens, as the plant was not well known to botanists ; but when, after fully an hour's labour, we had felled the tree, I discovered to my regret that the flowers were over, and utterly useless for scientific investigation. On the morning of the 30th, in order to save time, I had the rice for the day cooked before starting. The most notable plant I saw was a Dipterocarp (P.B., No. 3,755), a splendid tree, literally covered with large flowers of a light yellow colour, giving off a sweet vanilla odour. The Daun halik angtn, the fine Clerodendron discolor which I had observed on the Sarawak river, was very common here, as elsewhere on the banks of the Bintulu. The river flowed through a plain from which the forest had been cleared for some hundreds of yards from the waterside. These were the fields of the Labbang Mellanaos, whom we found at work on them, preparing to plant rice. Some were engaged in burning the jungle, and this being of secondary growth contained many bamboos, which exploded when on fire with reports like musket shots. When the ground is thus cleared, a man with a long pointed pole makes holes in the soil, in which a woman, who follows close behind him, throws a few grains of rice. It rained nearly the whole day. We slept at Pandan, a small village at the mouth of a stream which bears the same name, on the right bank of the Bintulu. The village consisted of ten or twelve houses, and was inhabited by Bintulu Mellanaos intermingled with Pennans. The Pandan can be ascended in boats for six days, and it is on the upper portion of its course, or " ulu," as the Malays say, that the Pennans are numerous. It is there, also, that the kajatau (probably Eugeissonia utilis), which produces a good quality of sago, the principal food of the natives, is said to be plentiful. The Pandan at a certain place divides into two branches : the principal one appears to trend eastwards; the other, called the Bigno, turns, it is said, in an opposite direction, and is stated to be navigable for four days. I was afterwards told that it issues from a lake in which sea fish live, and whose waters during the dry season are salt. 285


132 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Loranthus pauciflorus Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 235, non Sw.= Loranthus tomentosus Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 164; ed. 3^ 1 (1877) 296, non Heyne=LORANTHUS sp. Fernandez-Villar considered that the form Blanco described was a valid species and retained it as Loranthus pauciflorus Blanco. While the species, as described, is certainly a Loran-thus, I know of no species that presents all the characters in-dicated by Blanco. I strongly suspect that Blanco had specimens of Loranthus philippensis Cham. & Schlecht., which he other-wise described as Lonicera symphoricarpos and as L. philip. pensis, and erroneously described the flowers as 6-merous; this is the only known Philippine LoroKnthus that conforms at all to Blanco's description in other characters, and which, moreover, is widely distributed and abundant in the regions from which he secured most of his botanical material. ELYTRANTHE Blume Hillia rongiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 235 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 165; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 297=ELYTRANTHE AMPULLACEA (Roxb.) Engl. (Loranthus ampullaceus Roxb.). This reduction was originally made by Fernandez-Villar, the correctness of which was formerly doubted by me. There is no question, however, that Blanco's description applies wholly to Elytranthe ampullacea Engl., at least as that species is represented by the specimens cited by me, Philip. Journ. Sci 4 (1909) Bot. 146. Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon, parasitic on Anisoptera thurifera Blume, October, 1916 (Merrill: Species Elancoanae No. lOSS), VISCUM Linnaeus Fusanus ? parasitus Blanco PI. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 53 (sp. nov.> ; ed. 8, 1 (1877) lOO=VISCUM ORIENTALE Willd. Viscum philippense Llanos Frag. Pl. Filip. (1851) 52 (sp. nov.) ; F.-Vill & Naves in Blanco FL Filip. ed. S, 4' (1880) 38 p. p. = VISCUM ORIENTALE Willd. Blanco's Fusanus parasitus was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Viscum orientale Willd., which is apparently the correct disposition of it, Viscum philippense Llanos, however, was reduced by him to V, articulatum. Burm., although Llanos's description in part, as to the leaves : ''media verticiladas, aovado-oblongas, coriaceas y lampinas" certainly applies to Viscum orientale Willd. It is probable that Llanos based his description on specimens of Viscum articulatum growing as a parasite on V. orientale, as this relationship is occasionally presented by the