FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 61 Family SCOMBRIDAE. 49. Scomber brachysomus Bleeker. Masangui One specimen from San Fabian 3271 ; length 81 in) Gillrakers equal to distance from tip of snout to orbit, shorter than in S microlepidolus, from which this species is easily distinguished by the deeper body r brachymma Bleeker Nat. Tijds. Nod nd I 156, 1850, Batavia; Gunther, Cat. II, 301; Doy, Fishes India, 251 50. Scomber microlepidotus Riippell. Two specimens from Bacon (no U73 and 4174; length 10 and 1025 in). Gillrakers long, equal to distance from tip of snout to middle of eye. Rflppel] Neue Wirb, Fische, 38, pi. XI, fig. '. 1837, Red Sea: (iiintl t, 11, IB] Do India, 250, pi. u 15; Fowler, Proe. c. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1904, 759. 51. Scomber japonicus Houttuyn. me specimen from Bulan (no. 3912; length Y 15 in). Blue above, silvery below. Head 325 in I depth 52; dorsal ix, 124-v; anal, 114-v. This species is indistinguishable from the common chub mackerel l S. colias I of the Atlantic iponietu Houttuyn, Verh. Holl. Maat. Weet. Haarl, xx, 1782, 331, Japan; Jordan & Evermann, Bull. U. S Fi xxi, pt. I, 1903 1 1905), 109, 52. Gymnosarda pelamis (Linnaeus) Two specimens from Bulan (no. II 1 — -1 and H85; length 15 and 1525 in). Dorsal svi— 124-m; anal ii — 124in. i Nat, ed. X, 297, 1758, "in pelago inter Tropicos" Gunther, Cat, n. 364. lai jordan & Evermann, Bull. V. S. Fish Comm, xxm, pt. 1, 1903 (1905), 172. Bg, 64 53. Rachycentron canadus (Linn. One fine specimen from Bulan (no. 1151; length 21 in). Head 405 in length; depth (in: eve 71 in head: snout 25; maxillary 25; scales about 332; dorsal rai, 32; anal 27: lateral line with several strong sharp curves manatus Linnaeus, Syst Nat, ed. XII, 491, 17. Carolina. Scomhir niger Bloch, Ichth, x. Is, pi. 1 1 cxxxvii, 1797 ana Cuvier v Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss, vin. 241 (329), 1831, Pondicherry. Elacatt int r, i gunther, Cat, n, canadus, Jordan & Evermann, Fishes North and Mid. And 948, pi. cxlyiii, fig. 401. 1S90. NES0GRAMMUS Evermann & Seale, new genus. I rui. Min & Beale, new genus of Scombridse I Nesogrammus piersoni Bod) long ami slender, completely covered ii small, thin, deciduous scales; no corselet lateral lines 2, the lower branch leaving the main lateral line under the base of third or fourth dorsal spine, from which point it extends nearly vertically downward to lower third of side, along which it runs, approximate) parallel tu the ventral line of body. t. caudal peduncle. Ventrals i, 5; dorsal and anal finlets 7. Villiform teeth on t. palatines, and tongue: a single row of sharp, canine-like teeth in each jaw. This genus is related to Scomberomorus, from which it differs, however, in the presence of two lateral line-and in the complete squamation of the body. (too, island: ypaiua. line) 54. Nesogrammus piersoni Evermann & Scale, new species Head 45 in length: depth 475; eye 435 in head: snout 285; maxillary 225: mandible 1 9; dorsal n -f-i, 94-in; pectoral 19; ventral 32; anal i. 114-vii; scales 170 in upper and 115 in lower branch of lateral line. Bod] elongate, moderate) compressed; depth of caudal peduncle 19 in snout: head pointed; jaws equal: interorbital space flat, its width greater than eye; mouth large: maxillary slipping under preorbital


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 63 57. Decapterus macrosomus Bleeker. Twelve specimens from Bulan (No. 3345, 3317 to 3349, 3351, 3521, 3522, 3524, and 3531 to 3534; length 575 to 8 in. and one from Bacon (no. U46; length 6 in). Depth 55; head 375; about 59 plates or scales in straight porti if lateral line; origin of ventrals hi an to tip of snout than to anal. This 1 1 — I i-more elongate and has smaller plates than has D. burma, and thetis between ii-of ventrals and origin of anal is 15 in head, while in ' ha ra it is much less, being about 2 5 ama Bleeker, Nal I yds. Ned Cnd i. 368, L850, Batavia. Caranx macroaomoj Gunther, Cat, II, 425. 58. Decapterus kurra Bleeker. Six specimens from Bulan (no. 3350, 3346, 3911, 3913, 3914, and 3523; length I to 6 in) Head 3 in length; depth 45: plates 40; distance between tips of ventrals and origin of anal short about 25 in head; origin of ventrals nearer origin of anal than to tip of snout. intents Jcvrra Bleeker, Marei i en, 50, Verh. Bat. Gen, xxiv, 1852, Batavia. ix Jturro, Gunther, Cat, n, 127; Day, Fishes India, 214, pi. Xvi, fig. 5. 59. Seriola nigrofasciata (Ruppell). One specimen from Bulan (no. 3002: length 62 in) Xonuus nigrofasciatus Ruppell, Atlas. Fische, 92, pi. 24, fig. 2, 1828, Red Sea. Seriola nigrojast iota, Ginther, Cat, n. 465. 60. Lactarius lactarius i Bloch A. Schneider). Bog-snag-taen. Three fine specimens from San Fabian (no. 3274, 3754, and 3755; length 625 to 92 in). Head 3 in length; depth 28; eye 385 in head; snout 45; maxillary "21, its distal end under post. ii margin of pupil: base of anal fin '75 in length. Scomber lactarius Black A Schneider, Syst. tenth, 31, 1801, Tranquebar. Lactarius dclkatulus, Gunther, Cat, II, 507. 61. Caranx boops Cuvier & Valenciennes. Atoloy. Nine specimens from Bacon (no. 3724, 3807, 1053, 4054, 4084, 4085, 4086, 4102, and 4103: length 7 to 825 in-Head 345 in length: depth 31; plates of lateral line 44, the line strongly bent, becoming straight under the posterior third of first dorsal, the plates very large: eye 275 in head: adipose eyelid well developed; maxillary 21 in head. In this species the ventrals fall far short of anal spines, the origin of the spines being midway between origin of ventrals and. base of ninth anal ray; under jaw strongly projecting. Caranx boops Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss, i. . 16), Amboyna; Gunther, Cat, II, 131; Day, Pishes India, 218, IJI. xux, fig. 2. 62. Caranx freeri Evermann sv. Scale, new species. Hainan. Head 31 in length: depth 32; eye 285 in head; interorbital 355: dorsal v — i. 23: anal n — t. 20: lateral line of 25 scales and 47 plates; a broad adipose eyelid. Body oblong, moderately compressed ; depth of caudal peduncle til in head, its depth less than its width; profile of head from above opercle to snout almost a straight line placed at angle of 35 degrees; mouth large, the lower jaw scarcely projecting; length of maxillary 21 in head, its distal end under middle of pupil, the posterior margin concave: mandible 175 in head: minute teeth on jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue, those of jaws in single series; gillrakers long and slim, 21 on lower limb, the longest 50 in head: opercle and preopercle entire; body entirely scaled; breast scaled; plates of lateral line very strong, their greatest diameter 45 in head; the lateral line with a low curve anteriorly, becoming straight under the posterior dorsal spines, the curved portion 32 in straight scales of the arrow-shaped area in front of dorsal verj minute; a hoi it O row-on cheek; origin of spinous dorsal in vertical line with axil of ventrals, the longest spine 2 in head, longest ray of soft dorsal 25; origin of anal under second soft dorsal ray, being midway between base of caudal and posterior margin of orbit, its longest ray 255 in bead, origin of anterior anal -pine midway between origin "i ventral and base of seventh anal ray: first anal spine 65 in head, ventrals midway between origin of anal and posterior end


64 BULLETIN OF THE BUREAU i FISHERIES. of maxillary, their length 2 in head, their tips reaching first anal spine; pectoral 11 in head, tin' tip reaching origin of anal; caudal deeply forked, its length 11 in head. Color in spirits, yellowish white, a tint of blue above; tip of snout and tip of under jaw dusky; no distinct opercular spot, hut posterior margin of opercles with some slight shading of dusky dorsal slightly tinted with dusky, most distinct on margin of soft dorsal: scarcely a trace of dusky on tip of caudal: pectorals, ventral-, and anal unmarked. This species is year< '. hoops, of which we have many specimens. It may he at once separated, however, by the more anterior location of the anal spine-, the less projecting under jaw. greater length of head, and greater width of the interorbital space. Fig. i— Caranx freeri Evermann & Seale, Dew species. Type. One specimen (no. 3324, type, no. 5591 31. S. National Museum: 91 in. long), from San Fabian; collector. Mr. C. L. Hall. We take pleasure in naming this species for Dr. Paul C. Freer, who, a-director of the Philippine Bureau of Science, is doing so much to advance our knowledge of the natural resources of the Philippine Islands. 63. Caranx cynodon Bleeker. One tine specimen from Bacon () (no. 4165: length 13 in). Head 34 in length; depth 29: eye 385 in head; snout 375; pectoral long and falcate, 275 in length; maxillary 2 in head, its distal end on line with posterior margin of eye. Caranx cynodon Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind. i. 4ti2, 1850, Batavia; Giinther, Cat, n, 447. 64. Caranx affinis Ruppell. Two specimens from Bulan (no. 39S1 and 3s: 17: length 5 and t> in). Differing from Hawaiian specimens apparently only in the somewhat larger black opercular spot. Caranx affinis, Ruppell, Neue il. Fishes, 49, pi. 14. fig. 1. 65. Caranx speciosus (Forskal). One specimen from Bulan (no. 3638; length 65 in). Scomber speciosus Forskal. Descr. Anim. 54. 1775, Red Sea. Caranx spt CIOSUS, Giinther, Cat. II. 444. 66. Caranx ophthalmotsenia (Bleeker). Four specimens from Bulan (no. 3907 to 3910: length 3 to 45 in). Dorsal v, 27; anal n— i, 23; depth 2: head 305; anterior dorsal and anal rays elongate; a brown band from base of mandible upward and backward thru eye to nuchal region: ventrals dusky. Carangoidt s ophthalmotnia Bleeker. Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind, ill, 270, 1852, Amboyna; Giinther, Cat, II, 451.


FI8HE8 OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 65 67. Caranx sexfasciatus CUJO Gaimard. Nine specimens from San Fabian (no 1325 to 1333 length 35 to 4 in) Head 31 in length de eye 3 in head; snout 12; pectoral 33; maxillary 21, its distal end scarce) reaching posterior margin of eyi tip of dorsal black. Carangus rhabdotus Jenkins, from Honolulu, close resembles this species, lui differs from it in the hea ier bodj smaller eye, and the broader cross-bands. Caranx sexfasciatus Quoy & Gaimard, Voy, n . 358, pi. 6fi fla I L824, Papous Islands. 68. Caranx armatus (Forskal). Buensang-lapse; Amaaligan. Sixteen specimens from San Fabian (no. 3498, 3446, 1940, anil 1941; length 32 to 6 in). X. 1032 length 3 in. -Ik--, fr Bulan, is also placi il with i Inspect s, although it i-slightly deeper and seems to differ in a slight degree. armata Forskal, Der iani 53, 177a Red Sea. in armatus, Giinther Cat u 15 69. Caranx kalla Cn ier li Valenciennes. One specimen from Bulan (no. 3767; length 3 In I, Lateral line becoming straight under about the sixth dorsal ray, which readily distinguishes tins species from C. djeddaba, to which it is closely related. kalla Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat Poiss, ix, 37 19 1831, Pondicherry; l> Fishes] lii 119, pi. xii. fig. 5. ( aran i i her, Cat, n, 133 70. Caranx djeddaba (Forskal). (nr small specimen from "Philippines" (no. 37s2: length 35 in). Head 325 in length; depth 275; eye 32 in head; snout I: manilla 3; mandible 21; interorbital . 7: dorsal v. 25; anal i. ': scutes it. 37 in curved portion: lateral line becoming si right under tini i t — t dorsal raj laba Forskal, Itescr. Aidin. 177a. Red Sea. Carana djeddaba, Gtinther Cat, ti 432; Day, Fishes India, 218, pi. xux. fig. 3. 71. Caranx brevis (Bleeker). Three sp. simi ns fr Philippines'' (no. 3888; length 3 to 32 in. Head 35 in length; depth 2 I eye 3 in head; dorsal vin, 25; anal n — i, 19; lateral line 34+46. Teeth in jaws, vomer an. I palatines; no canines; curved portion of lateral line 195 in straight, th. straight under anterior dorsal rays; a distinct opercular spot; breast scaled. ker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. nd i. 1850, 361, Batavia. Giinther, Cat, n 72. Megalaspis cordyla linna nsi Ba Three line specimens from Bulan in. H55 to 4157; length II to loo in) and 3 from Jolo In. 4111 t. 1113: length 85 to 9 in Scomber cordyla Lim 298, 1758, America. i rottleri Bloch, ichth, , . 346, I7i7. i i m. 424. rotth ri, Bleeker, Makreelachtige tusschen, 49, Verh. Bat. Gen, xxiv (Batavia 73. Citula halli Evermann & Scale, new species. Pampanon. Head 3 in length; depth L5; eve 32 in head: dorsal iv— i, 10; anal n, 38; 76 scales in lateral line, I which are in straight portion, and scarcely ar d; snout 35; maxillary 3, its distal end on line with anterior margin of eye. Body elevated, compressed anterior profile rounded; caudal peduncle narrow, 55in head ; body including breast, covered with deciduous scales, which are of small si. thorax; lateral line almost straight, the curve being very long and low, the greatest depth of curve 7 in its length, the straight portion ! line 2> in curved part I. I! I I


FISHES OF THE rilllliiink ISLANDS. l( i ; viii iiiii)i. 75. Leiognathus virgatus Fowler Two specimens from Bulan (no 3916; length 25 and 275 in). rgatui Fowler, journ < Nat. Scl. Phila, 2d ser, u 1904 iii 10), 515, pi. tv, fig. 1, Pedang. Sumatra. 76. Leiognathus dussumieri (Cuvier & Valenciennes) Malaway Two specimens From San Fabian (no. 32 Id and 3212; lciitli li and 62 in). Hi ad A2 iii length; depth 19; eye 31 in head; snout -M spine-shaped presl on nuchal region not reaching halfway to base of first dorsal spine. ri Cuvter 4 Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss, x56 (77), pi. 283, is. Coromandel: Gunthi r, I at, n, 500 77. Leiognathus splendens i Cuvier i Masangui Two specimens from San Fabian (no. 3955 and 3959; length 25 and 375 in), one from " Philippines" mi local label, No. 3765; length 275 in), and i from I 'a. on (no 1030; length 25 to 275 In Breast scaled; supraorbital serrate; lateral line not so strongly arched as in . edentulus, the anterior part slightly concave ; tip of dorsal Mark. Equal splcndctu Cu II, 212, 1829, Indies; Giinther, Cat, n501. 78. Leiognathus stercorarius Evermann & Seale, new species. Head 37 in length; depth 3; eye 3 in head; snout 3; interorbital 3; dorsal v, 17: anal in. 1 I scales 57 Body oblong, moderately c pressed, the upper and lower profiles almost evenly curved; jaws equal; depth of caudal peduncle I 9 in head; entire body covered with thin deciduous scales; cheek and breast scaled; lateral lini plete, with a long low curve from caudal peduncle to head; mouth verj protractile; room for the processes of the maxillary extending to a line with posterior margin of eye, the l-i part i of the bonj spine-shaped presl extending back from the groove 26 in head; upper jaw heavy; minute teeth X. Sifipvsasffiwi. l i v specie type. in jaws, none on vomer, palatines oi tongue; no canines; i were gillrakers on lowi r limb, i In-longest about 2 in pupil: maxillary ending on a line with anterior margin of eye, scarcely one-half exposed; mandible '' in at angle of 30; width of preorbital L85 in snout ; lower limb of prop- rele denticulate on it-in: i; opercle entire ; eye with slight adipose eyelid. ( ri r in of dorsal -limit l posterior to origin oi ventrals, longest dorsal spine 175 in head, about "111-1111 If depth of I. . other specimen a cotype 'Inspine measures 14 in head and is greater than one-half 1. 1 al 1 of 1 1 nl 1, the (ir-i dorsal spine minute, the second longest, the dorsal continuous, none of the spines or


PISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE islands. 71 Our specimens agree perfectly with Bleeker's figure of tln~ species, lui differ from Giinther's description in the shorter second anal spine. They seem to differ from Hyena (Ruppell) in the lower curve of the dorsal oul line and the absence of dark lateral lines along the rows of scales rr. < Bleek r, Nat. Tijds. Ned. nd11, 851, is. Batavia. ojxw Bleeker, Atlas, Yin, 127, pi ccclxi, fig 3 (East nel r, r r, i tape giinther, Cat, i Family 1 ENID E. 87. Emmelichthys leucogrammicus Bleeker Nine specimens from Bulan (no. 3971; length 25 to 32 in), and one from Bacon (no 3758 length 185 in These agree well with Bleeker's figure chlhyt i, ucogrammii u Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind1, 103, 1850, Celebes; Atlas, vii, pi. ccxciv, fi| Erythricht hys leueogramm ew, Gunther, Cat, I, ' pi erygonotus leucogrammicus Bleeker, ah. is. vii, 12 Family SCORPIDIDC. 88. Monodactylus argenteus (Linnaeus One specimen from Bulan (no. 3594; length 375 in. Head » in length; depth 12; eye 26 in head: snout 52. Color in spirits dusky silvery, a black band from nape through eye to lower edge of gill-opening and another across body ami base of pectoral just posterior to gill-opening to origin of dorsal and anal and then extending on those fins in tips "l produced rays. Linnaeus, A n lead. IV, 249 Gilnther, Cat, It, -is: Family APOGOMCHTHV1I). 89. Amia fraenata (Valencienne One specimen from Bacon (no. 3766: length o7> in). (Not Frenatus of Gunther) Ilad 25 in length: depth 318; snout 4: eve very large, longer than snout. l in head: side with a well-defined black band about width of pupil, extending through eye and across tip of snout, where it is most distinct a distinct black spot on caudal peduncle at base of caudal lin: a black bar on base of anal: am dorsal spines Mack. From Am in snyderi this species seems to differ in the larger eye. more slender body, and better defined black caudal spot and lateral band. The two may, however, lie identical. Apogon fra nat t Valei Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat, 57, pi. 4, fig. 4. 1832. 90. Arnia koilomatodon (Bleeker Two fine specimens from Bacon (no. 3509 and 3511; length 175 and 52 in. These agree in every respect with specimens from Samoa. koilomatodon Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Ned. Ind, iv, l4, 1853, Ternate. koilomatodon Bleeker, Atlas, vi. pi. 1 1 vu, fig. 1; Jordan & Seale, Bull. U. S. Bu. Fish. XXV, 1905 (1906), 240, fl. 34. 91. Arnia quadrifasciata (Cuvier & Valenciennes Bakuiut. Twenty-nine specimens from Jolo (no. 3555 to 3583; length 25 to 35 in. all showing the indistinct vertical bands, in addition to the 2 distinct longitudinal stripes, no caudal spi the lower longitudinal stripe extending to tip of caudal. Apogon quadrifaria watut Cuvier & Valenciennes, Hist. Nat. Poiss, u, 113 (153), 1828, Pondicherry; Gunther, tat, i, 239; Day, Fishes India 59 ; Bleeker Atlas, vi, 88, pi. cccxxxv, fig. 1.


y-KJ-CJ uii m " wi abulia YALE PEABODY MUSEUM OF Natural History FEG2 59ca Number 51 June 2T. 11))1 New Haven, Conn. THE CRESTED LIZARD HAWK (AVICEDA JERDONI ) IX THE RHHJPPINES Kenneth C. Parkes Carxecii: MRSEIM, Pirtsbirdii, Pennsylvania The genus Avicula contains about five species of small hawks distributed through the Old World tropics. Two forms of this genus have been described from the Philippines: Hyptiopus magnrrostns Kaup, 18-tn, and Baza Jcncopias Sharpe, 1888. The latter was based on a single specimen from the island of Palawan. The application of these two names to the Crested Lizard Hawks of the Philippines has varied. Modern authors agree that the Philippine birds belong to the Indo-malaysian species Aviceda jerdoni. Peters (1931: 196) used the name A. j. magnirostris for the populations of Luzon and Mindanao, and attributed those of the islands of Romblon, Samar, and Palawan to a subspecies to which he attached Sharpe's name leucopias. He was followed in this treatment by Hachisuka (1934: 34-35) and Swann and Wetmore (1936: 294-295) ; the former author adopted the emendation to "leiicopais'' published by Whitehead (1890: 43) at Sharpe's request. The most recent manual on Philippine birds (Delacour and Mayr, 1946: 40) abandons the concept of two subspecies, using the name magnirostris for the birds of all five islands (Palawan, Iaizou, Romblon, Samar, and Mindanao) from which Aviceda has supposedly been recorded. The description


2 Post ill a Yale Peabody Museum No. 51 of the "miniature" A. j. magnirostris given by Delacour and Mayr, however, is based on the unique type of leticopias, which was described as a "young female" b' Sharpe. I have examined the type of hlicopias, now in the American Museum of Natural History (Rothschild Collection), which remains to this writing the only specimen of Aviceda known from Palawan. It is my belief that this bird (figured in color by Whitehead, 1890: pi. 2) is albinistic, and that there is no definite evidence that the Icucopias coloration represents a normal "immature" plumage of magnirostris as described by Delacour and Mayr. Truly "immature" specimens of Aviceda of any species are rare in collections, and examination of the entire series of this genus in the American Museum suggests that this is because such plumages are held very briefly, unlike the situation in many other Accipitridae. Two juvenile specimens of A. jerdoni ceylonensis in the American Museum are similar to definitively plumaged adults, but have the feathers of back, crown, wing coverts, etc, edged With white, and the upper breast streaked longitudinally. It seems very unlikely that A. j. magnirostris, of which the adults rather closely resemble other subspecies, would have a juvenal plumage as radically different as that represented by leucopias. As mentioned above, other Aviceda hold the juvenal plumage only briefly the type of leucopias is, in part, badly worn and bleached to an extent that juvenile Aviceda would not normally have time to attain before molting. It thus seems probable that the tye of leucopias represents a "dilute" or albinistic adult female. The fate of the name depends on whether a case can be made for two subspecies of Aviceda jerdoni in the Philippines, The presence of the small island of Romblon in the list of Philippine localities from which Aviceda has been taken rests on the record of Bourns and Worcester (1894: 33), who reported Baza leucopais Sharpe" from Romblon and Samar. These authors had not seen the unique type of leticopias, and identified their specimens from descriptions only. Their single Romblon specimen is now in the collection of Carnegie Museum (no. 137904). It is not an Aviceda at all, but an immature female Spilornis cheela, collected September T, 1892, just seven days before Bourns and Worcester collected an adult female


192 PHILIPPINE RESINS, GUMS, AND OILS and ready for pollination. No doubt, in the course of time much can be« done toward improving the yield and quality of ilang-ilang oil by intelligent plant selection. Such work requires much patience and at present there are absolutely no data available save a general opinion that the ilang-ilang trees of the wild mountain regions are not as fragrant as the cultivated ones of the lowlands. CLASSIFICATION OF ILANG-ILANG OIL It is a well-known fact that ilang-ilang oil, like many other natural perfumes, does not owe its fragrance to any one substance, but is a mixture of a number of odoriferous compounds. It is generally bought and sold on the judgment of the dealers, the determining factor being the odor. Obviously the judgment of various buyers may differ, and consequently it is desirable, if possible, to value the oil according to analytical tests, so that the purchase and sale may be placed upon an exact analytical basis. Bacon obtained a number of samples of ilang-ilang oil, mostly from one distillery, the process of distillation being watched and the samples collected by himself. He determined a few of the simple constants of these oils, such as specific gravity (pyknometer) optical rotation, refractive index, and ester number ; the latter by the usual method, using 1 gram of oil. A few of these results are recorded in Table 31.


A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO NORTH. KANAKA 16 May, 1954 Sunday. Last night was peaceful in spite of large numbers of very hungry-mosquitoes ; we were too tired to notice such a small thing as the mos-quitoes. In the early morning went out near the forest bungalow and had the first glimpse of the forest in North Kanara. A large tree near the bun-galow had all its branches covered with an interesting species of Drynaria, a climbing fern with mighty rope-like stems ; the abundance of mosses showed that we were in a tropical moist forest. We collected two inter-esting orchids in flower, and two species of Loranthus that were being seen by me for the first time. Yesterday along the road in the twilight we saw a number of plants of Mussaenda frondosa in flower, with their ghostly white calyx segments ; this morning noticed another large shrub of the same plant with much larger white calyx than what one sees nearer Bombay. The ground under the forest trees was covered with masses of Elephantopus and Mimosa pudica, the latter in plenty of flowers. For the first time we were struck with the large number of epiphytes in this type of forest. Heptapleurum venulosum is very abundant near the bungalow, in bud and flower or fruit ; very large masses cover more than half of a large Ficus near the road that leads to the bungalow ; the plant is remarkably similar to the European Ivy in its flowers and fruits. In the open ground in the middle of the compound noticed a small species of Curcuma with just one flower per plant; the corolla is pure white with a broad yellow stripe in the middle of the lip. Santalum album is in full bloom near the house; they are small trees about 25-30 ft. high, the petals of the flowers being of a dark purple brown, very similar in colour to Iphigenia indica seen in more northern parts. At noon the public bus company called at our place to pick us up and take us to Jog ; I was informed that such a company is one of the few still in private hands, and in consequence they could oblige us by picking us up from our house, a thing the State Transport would not be allowed to do. The way from Sirsi to Siddapur and Jog is very impressive ; majestic trees on either side of the road forming dense forests, though there are already many patches from which the forest has been locally removed. Hopea is a glorious sight, very large trees with crimson red fruits, and masses of them ; the little Curcuma seen at Sirsi is very com-mon and in places very abundant along the road, generally in the under-growth ; the flowers vary from pure white to fleshy pink, and their number from one to about seven per plant, no leaves seen. Just after milestone No. 11 from Sirsi, we came upon a plantation of Areca catechu ; the trees composing the plantation are very tall and slender, placed rather closely, with occasionally bananas, Piper betle etc., cultivated in the ground below Areca. On the trees we noticed a number of epiphytes and not a few parasites. The stems of Areca trees are whitish, and the sight of the plantation is very impressive. The road is good all along except for about a quarter of a mile near the areca plantations ; at that spot it was very bad. After a short stop at Siddapur for tea and provisions, we went up to Jog, where we reached at about 5 p.m. From the moment of landing from the bus one is nearly deafened by the noise of the falls. The bungalow, belonging to the P.W.D., Bombay State, is on a hill overlooking the falls; just across the


30 or less, the branches ascending, the lower ones often 15 cm. long, densely pubescent with gray hairs. Flowers small, yellowish. Sepals imbricate, broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute, 3 mm. long, 2.5 mm. wide, densely pubescent, the three outer ones inclosing the two inner. Petals 8 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, obtuse. Stamens 15, in two series, the filaments broad, 1 mm. long; anthers broadly ovate, 0.6 mm. long, the appendix to the connective slender, as long as the anther. Ovary pubescent, the stylopod very obscure or wanting. Style slender, 1.5 mm. long. In the fruit all the sepals are accrescent, the three outer ones being 4.5 cm. long, and 8 to 10 mm. wide, obtuse, the two inner ones about 2 cm. long or less, and 3 mm. wide. A tree growing in the hill forests, at from 100 to 800 m. above the sea, reaching a height of 50 m. and a diameter of 1 m. more or less. It is especially common in the forests of the Province of Bataan and is universally known to the Tagalogs of that Province as Tanguili, and on account of its great size is much prized by them for making canoes; facts also noted by Blanco, in the original description of the species. Shorea polysperma belongs in the section Pinanga, and is represented by the following specimens, all from the Lamao River region, Mount Mariveles, Province of Bataan, Luzon: No. 606 (Forestry Bureau), collected by Barnes, April, 1904; Nos. 734, 784, and 819 (Forestry Bureau), collected by Borden, May, 1904 (flower) ; Xo. 1410 (Forestry Bureau), collected by Borden, July, 1904 (fruit); No. 132 (Whitford), May, 1904 ( flower ) . Blanco's material, on which this species was based was in part from Balanga, Province of Bataan, and his description applies to the above specimens except in one or two particulars. The petioles are not particularly short, as described by Blanco, nor is the fruit more than one-seeded, it being described by Blanco as follows, "Baya? con dos? aposentos, y en cada uno algunos semillas," it being evident that either Blanco had mutilated or very imperfect fruits, or that he was not sure that his fruits were really from this tree. Inasmuch as the fruit of Shorea polysperma is one-seeded, and not with several seeds as described by Blanco, his specific name does not well apply to the species. Dipterocarpus lasiopodus Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. 22. 1904. The fruit of this species is figured by Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas, t. I'f. f. D., under the name Dipterocarpus j)ilosiis Roxb., this figure being mentioned bj^ Brandis^ sub. Dipterocarpus affinis, accordingly the following synonym should be added. Dipterocarpus pilosus, F.-Vill. Nov. App. 20. 1880; Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas, t. I'j. f. D. 1883, non Roxb. Hopea acuminata sp. nov. % Petalandra. A tree reaching a height of 40 m., with broadly lanceolate, narrowly acuminate, glabrous leaves, 8 cm. long or less, and small flowers in unilateral racemes, which are arranged in terminal and axillary panicles. Branches nearly black when dry, glabrous, striate. Leaves 4 to 8 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. wide, submembranous, shining above, the base inequilateral, rounded ' Journ. Linn. Soe. Bot. 31 : 32. 1895.


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Volume 50, No. 1 cles large and strongly protruding; (6) toe disks smaller than finger disks. The dorsalis Group. (1) terminal phalanx bluntly rounded to pointed; (2) tips of fingers blunt, without disks, or with small to moderate disks; (3) first finger slightly shorter, about as long as, or slightly longer than second; (4) digits proximal to disks about as deep as broad; (5) subarticular tubercles large, strongly protruding and frequently pointed; (6) finger disks smaller than to slightly larger than toe disks. History of the Collections of Philippine Species of the guentheri Group The data base for this revision of the Platymantis guentheri Group is the result of over a hundred years (1882-1996) of field sampling and observations by numerous workers. The accumulation of data before 1954 was very slow. It has accelerated since then. It is appropriate that readers understand some of the reasons for this, as well as the problems that limit the collection of field data even now. During the period from 1882 to 1954, the species of the guentheri Group, like those of the hazelae Group (Brown et al. 1997) were only rarely collected because of the sampling techniques typical of most field work in the Philippine Islands during that period. Taylor's extensive surveys on several islands during the period 1912-1 922 produced only a few examples of any species of these two species Groups. Cornufer (= Platymantis) guentheri was described on the basis of a single specimen from Dinagat Island (Boulenger 1882). This species was redescribed by Taylor (1920) based on two specimens from Bunawan, Agusan del Norte Province, Mindanao. He does not mention additional examples of this species in his later papers (1922a, 1922b, 1922c, and 1923). In the 1920 paper, however, he did recognize a second species of the guentheri Group, Cornufer worcesteri from Mt. Apo in Davao Province, Mindanao (Stejneger 1905). Taylor's surveys on several of the islands during the period 1912-1922 employed sampling techniques which exploited the fauna inhabiting the forest floor and low shrub and tree habitats, but not the more arboreal habitats of the species in the guentheri and hazelae Groups. During the period from 1922 until World War II little field work was undertaken. Thus at the time of Inger's (1954) monograph on the Philippine frogs, the samples of P. guentheri were still very limited: Philippines 2, Dinagat 1 (type of guentheri), Luzon 3, Polillo 4, Leyte 1 and Mindanao 8 (including the type of Cornufer worcesteri). In 1954 the senior authors (Brown and A. Alcala) began their Philippine heipetofaunal studies that have continued to the present time. A population of Platymantis guentheri on Negros Island was the first identified (Brown and Alcala 1957). Subsequently large samples from populations on both Bohol and Negros Islands were added to the data. This was the result of two factors: (1) the study of herpetofaunas of these two areas from a base at Silliman University for a period of more than a decade (1956-1972) and (2) the use of sampling techniques designed to exploit the arboreal microhabitats of amphibians, such as Platymantis and Philautus, as well as some genera of geckos and skinks. Other areas such as Dapitan Peak of the Malindang massif, Zamboanga Peninsula, and Mt. Hilong-hilong in northeastern Mindanao were surveyed during one or two expeditions to those rather remote regions using the same sampling techniques, but the samples were small (Alcala 1986). The large samples accumulated for Negros and Bohol did provide evidence of the presence of two species on Bohol (Brown and Alcala 1963) but only one species on Negros. It is also important for the reader to understand that there are difficulties which limit follow-up and repetition of some of these surveys. Extensive logging on both Negros and Bohol has greatly reduced the areas of forest normally occupied by these frogs. A brief survey of forest remnants on Cuernos de Negros, southern Negros in 1996 confirmed the continuing presence of a population of negrosensis in that area. Whether or not there is an extant population of either guentheri or rabor in the forest remnants on Bohol remains to be seen. We hope to be able to determine this within the year. A follow-up expedition to the Mt. Hilong-hilong area in northeastern Mindanao presents greater difficulties: (1) the lack of security in the region is a risk to personnel involved and (2) the survey would require a large commitment of men and resources. The recent modest samples of luzonensis and banahao from Mt. Banahao and Mt. Maquiling


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Volume 50, No. 1 deals only a few minor differences in morphometric characters, it is treated as a population of guentheri. Platymantis guentheri is presently known only from the Greater Mindanao group of islands. Platymantis guentheri (Boulenger) Cornufer guentheri: Boulenger, 1882108 (Type loc: Dinagat Island, Philippines; holotype in BMNH); (part) Taylor, 1920308; and (part) Inger, 1954362. Cornufer ingeri: Brown and Alcala, 1963672 (Type loc: Cantaub, Bohol Island; holotype in CAS). Platymantis guentheri: (part) Brown and Alcala, 1970b: 109. DIAGNOSIS. — Plan-mantis guentheri differs from Philippine species of the hazelae and dorsalis Groups in the combination of digital characters used to diagnose the groups (see Introduction); and from other guentheri Group species in the following combination of characters: ( 1 ) the longer tibia relative to SVL (TIL very rarely less than 57% of SVL and HW nearly always less than 75% of TIL); (2) the smaller finger disks relative to finger length (3FD 4-5% of SVL, rarely as great as 35% of 3FL and very rarely greater than 100% of TD); and (3) the smaller size at maturity (about 2540 mm); see Tables 1, 2 and 3. Description. — SVL at maturity 244-332 mm for 32 males and 272-396 mm for 45 females; HW 99-112% of HL and 38-44% of SVL; snout round, pointed; upper jaw slightly protruding; SNL 35-45% of HL and 31-41% of HW; eye large; ED 71-97% of SNL, 10-13% of SVL, and 25-33% of HW; tympanum large; canthus rounded; lores concave, moderately oblique; vomerine teeth prominent; fingers without webs; digits proximal to disks about as wide as deep, with only narrow dermal flanges; first finger much shorter than second, reaching about midpoint between subarticular tubercle and disk of second; finger disks, except first, moderately large; 3FD 4-5% of SVL, 25-35% of 3FL. and 73-108% of TD; subarticular tubercles strongly protruding, usually somewhat pointed; one row of supernumerary tubercles; inner and middle metacarpal tubercles large and oval, outer smaller and round; hind limbs long as measured by tibia, TIL 56-64% of SVL and HW 63-75% of TIL; toes webbed: to proximal edge of tubercle on first and second, to various levels of basal tubercle on third, to basal tubercle on fourth, and slightly distal to the basal tubercle on the fifth; Table 1. Snout vent length (SVL, in mm) and extent of toe webs for adults of Philippine species of the guentheri Group of Platymantis (N number in sample, F female, M male). Species N SVL Webbing on 3rd Toe P. guentheri F M P. rabori F M P. banahao F M P. negrosensis F M P. luzonensis F M 45 32 27 22 15 25 8 12 272-396 244-332 384-491 274-332 278-394 393-502 298-393 351-453 271-360 not beyond basal tubercle not beyond basal tubercle not beyond basal tubercle midpoint between tubercles midpoint between tubercles


BROWN, A. ALCALA, DIESMOS AND E. ALCALA: PLATYMANTIS Table 2. Comparison of body proportions (in ) of five species of the guentheri Group (N number of specimens). Species HWTIL 3FDTD 3FD3FL P. guentheri Range N P. rabori Range N P. negrosensis Range N P. luzonensis Range N P. banahao Range N 62-74 43 78-90 40 80-92 20 79-93 21 85-94 12 disks of toes smaller than those of fingers, 3TOD 55-86% of 3FD; subarticular tubercles strongly protruding, usually somewhat pointed; inner metatarsal tubercle oval; outer round; no plantar tubercles; dorsum nearly smooth or with a few tubercles and frequently with a pair of short, dark ridges in a chevron-pattern at shoulder level; venter nearly smooth; posterior thighs nearly smooth or with small granules. COLOR. — In preservative dorsum light to dark reddish brown or a mottling of the two; usually an anteriorly pointed, darker chevron at the shoulder level; often an interorbital dark blotch, more rarely a broad dorsal, paler band or narrow, pale, dorsolateral stripes; lips dark barred; limbs with pale and dark, irregular transverse bands; venter pale cream, sometimes nearly uniform, but usually with dense, brown flecks beneath head and throat; belly often with scattered brown spots, especially anteriorly. Reproduction. --None of the egg clutches collected from any of the arboreal sites in the forests on Bohol Island or Mt. Hilong-hilong in Mindanao have been confirmed as guentheri. Several gravid females from these sites have 20-24 large (2-3 mm) unpigmented, ovarian or oviducal eggs. These are similar to those of other species of Philippine Platymantis that exhibit direct development, and presumably guentheri follows that mode. Comparisons. — Platymantis guentheri differs from rabori, negrosensis, luzonensis, and banahao, species with which it has long been confused, as indicated in the diagnosis and key. INTER-ISLAND VARIATION. — The samples of guentheri from Dinagat, Mindanao, and Biliran islands when compared to the Bohol sample, exhibit slightly greater SVL for females but not for males (Table 2). ECOLOGICAL NOTE. — As reported by Brown and Alcala (1963) for ingeri (= guentheri), this species is found in the surface stratum (among leaves and duff of the forest floor, occasionally under logs or rocks, and less frequently in the shrub or arboreal strata). Of a total of 91 specimens (67 Bohol and 18 northeastern Mindanao), 67 (74) were from the surface stratum; 4 (45) low shrubs, 555) on trees, and 15 (16) in arboreal ferns or leaf axils ofpandanus. The ferns inhabited by guentheri ranged from 4 to 13 m above the forest floor. The range in elevation is from 700 m (upper dipterocarp) to 1900 m (montane forest) on Mt. Hilonghilong in northeastern Mindanao. RANGE. — Known from Mindanao, Dinagat, Bohol, and Biliran islands.


BROWN, A. ALCALA, DIESMOS AND E. ALCALA: PLATYMANTIS 13 Table 4. Some advertisement call parameters for Platymantis negrosensis, P. luzonensis, and P. banahao (n number of voice records, s seconds). duration of each note is about 01060-01220 seconds, and the time between notes ranges from about 015 to 054 seconds. There are usually three to four notes in quick succession following an initial note that is separated by a longer interval (see Fig. 1C and Table 4). ETYMOLOGY. The name is derived from Negros, the name of the island where this species occurs. COMPARISONS. — Platymantis negrosensis differs from other species of the guentheri Group as indicated in the diagnosis and key. Ecological Note. — Of 36 specimens collected in the mountains of southern Negros during field work 1956-58, 28 are from arboreal ferns, 5 from leaf axils of Pandanus, 2 from leaf axils of gabi plants, and Ion the forest floor. This species occurs in the upper dipterocarp and submontane forest zones at elevations from about 500 to 1050 m. During field surveys in the Lake Balinsasayo area in 1970 and 1972, this species was found in arboreal ferns ranging from about 2-24 m above the forest floor. RANGE. — Known only from Negros Island, primarily from populations in the southern mountains. Only one specimen was recorded from Mt. Canlaon in northern Negros during a field survey in 1962. Platymantis luzonensis new species (Fig. 4) Platymantis guentheri (part): Inger, 1954362; Brown andalcala, 1970b: 109. Recent samples from populations on various mountains in southern Luzon Island and on Catanduanes Island have added to our knowledge of the variability of this species, but. except for the populations on Mt. Banahao and Mt. Maquiling, the samples are, at this time, too small to determine if they should be treated as subspecies or new species. We therefore limit the holotype and paratypes to the Banahao-maquiling samples. Holotype. — CAS 196368, a female, collected in forest at about 600 m elevation, Mt. Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon Island, Philippines, July 11, 1994, by Angel C. Alcala. Paratypes. — CAS 196364. 196369-70, 200404-08, 201544-45, 201538-39 Mt. Maquiling; CAS 201218-21 Mt. Banahao at Lucban. Description of holotype. — An adult female (measurement in mm): SVL 449, HL 156, HW 188, TIL 203, SNL 62, ED 52, TD 195, 3FL 83, 3FD 35, 3TOD= 17, TIL 203. A few low tubercles on dorsum, posteriorly; toes about half webbed. DIAGNOSIS. — Differs from species of Platymantis of the hazelae and dorsalis Groups in those characters that diagnose the groups. Platymantis luzonensis differs from species of the guentheri Group, other than banahao, in the skin of snout and dorsum being smooth or nearly so. It differs from all species but negrosensis in the greater webbing which reaches the distal edge of the basal tubercle on first and second and midway between tubercles on fourth. It differs from


PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Volume 50, No. 1 bution patterns of the species, the reasons for the large samples from Bohol and Negros and relatively small samples from other localities, the recent reduction of suitable habitat for some populations, and the difficulties which limit further sampling in areas other than Cuernos de Negros (Negros Island) and Mt. Maquiling and Mt. Banahao (Luzon Island). Factors Limiting Recording of Advertisement Calls The advertisement calls reported here are the result of the recent acquisition of suitable recording equipment and the availability of bases at the University of the Philippines, Los Bafios, Luzon Island and Silliman University, Negros Island. These bases made possible the numerous field trips necessary (1994-96) to secure suitable recordings of the voices of the species of Platymantis in those areas. We can continue this study in these localities when environmental conditions are suitable. The possibility of obtaining voice-recordings for the populations of P. guentheri and P. rabori on Bohol or northeastern Mindanao Islands are, however, subject to the same limitations as attempts to increase the size of the samples from those populations (see Introduction). Voice Records of Platymantis on Mt. Maquiling and Mt. Banahao Recent field work on Mt. Maquiling and Mt. Banahao has not only provided voice records reported here for P. luzonensis and P. banahao, but also records of the advertisement calls of other species of Platymantis. During some field trips, calls of three species (P. dorsalis, P. mimulus, and P. luzonensis) were heard and recorded on Mt. Maquiling and six species (P. dorsalis, P. mimulus, P. banahao, P. luzonensis, P. montanus, and P. undescribed dorsalis Group) on Mt. Banahao. Frequently all six species were calling at the same time. The advertisement calls reported here for P. luzonensis and P. banahao are very different (to the human ear), as were the calls for P. dorsalis and P. mimulus reported earlier (Brown et al. 1997). The analysis of their voice records contributed to more complete diagnoses of P. negrosensis, P. luzonensis, and P. banahao. We hope that similar voice records can be obtained for P. guentheri and P. rabori when conditions permit. The voice of P. luzonensis sounds like "kwenk-kwenk-kwenk. The notes are repeated three to five or six times in one or two seconds, or the notes may be more isolated and widely spaced. The voice of P. banahao sounds like "tuk-tuk-tuk-tuk" repeated six to 20 or more times at a rate of four to five times a second. It can be described as the sound of a machine gun. The voice of P. negrosensis is more like that of P. luzonensis but differs in dominant frequency and other characteristics (see Fig. 1A-C and Table 4). Advertisement calls such as those recorded for P. luzonensis and P. banahao are generally accepted as probably the primary means of species identification (see Blackwell and Passmore 1991). Voice Records of Other Species of Platymantis The only other voice record for a Philippine population of Platymantis is that of P. dorsalis from Cuernos de Negros, Negros Island (Kuramoto 1997). Our voice record for this population of P. dorsalis differs in the lower kilohertz, closer to 3,000 than 4,000, and time intervals separating calls (or notes). Our records have not yet been published. Records of voices for several non-philippine species were reported much earlier: that of P. papuensis from New Guinea (Zweifel 1969) and those of P. schmidti, P. solomonis, P. magnus, and P. neckeri from the Bismarcks and Solomons (Menzies 1982). These reports provide varying amounts of information in terms of monogram, their analyses, and interpretations. Certainly establishment of uniform terminology as well as reanalysis of these published monogram which would permit direct comparisons of both Philippine and non-philippine species are desirable projects, but are not the purpose of this study. Discussion The five species of the P. guentheri Group recognized at this time are based on large samples (over 100 specimens each for P. guentheri, P. rabori, and P. negrosensis) and smaller samples of 12-20 specimens for P. banahao and P. luzonensis. Differences in their advertisement calls were important clues to our diagnosing the latter two species. Other populations from isolated mountains such as Mt. Isarog on Luzon, or


BROWN, A. ALCALA, DIESMOS AND E. ALCALA: PLATYMAIA1S 19 islands such as Cataduanes, may be recognized as additional species of the P. guentheri Group when larger samples and audiosterograms of their advertisement calls become available. Platymantis luzonensis. See list of holotype and paratypes for that species. Platymantis banahao-See list of holotype and paratypes for that species. Acknowledgments Early field work by E. H. Taylor, A. C. Alcala, and W. C. Brown provided most of the collections and much of the data on the ecology and zoogeography of this species-group. Recent field work by A. C. Alcala, A. C. Diesmos, A. Ross. E. L. Alcala, and numerous people who assisted them have provided data on populations occurring on southern Luzon and associated small islands. We are indebted to R. C. Drewes (CAS), J. E. Cadle (MCZ), R. F. Inger (FMNH), P. C. Gonzales (PNM), and E. N. Arnold and B. T. Clarke (BMNH) for permission to examine material in their collections. We also wish to thank A. E. Leviton, R. C. Drewes, and R. F. Inger for their critiques during the preparation of this paper. Drawings were prepared by C. Sudekum, California Academy of Sciences. Photographs were provided by A. C. Alcala and E. L. Alcala. Appendix A Specimens Examined Platymantis guentheri. Dinagat I, Philippines: BMNH 194723134 (holotype), Esperanza: DMNH 151-153, Mt. Magkono: DMNH 135; Mindanao L, Davao Prov: FMNH 50571, 50573; Zamboanga Prov, Dapitan Peak: CASSU 19987, 20121, 20125; Agusan del Norte Prov: CM 3424-29, Mt. Hilong-hilong: CAS 133148-49, 133287, 133307, 133313, 13333233, 133531. 133540. 133548, 133651-53, 133780-81, 186066-67, 186124-26, 196378-79; Biliran I: FMNH 318381-83; Bohol I, Sierra Bullones area (within radius of 15 km): CAS-SU 21214 (holotype of Cornufer ingeri), CAS-SU 21 196-210, 2 12 12, 2 12 16-l 7, 2 1219, 2 1709-16, 21719-20, 21724-32, 21734, 21736, 21740, 21745, 21747, 21749-55, 21757, MCZ 3809798, FMNH 134985-86 (paratypes of Cornufer ingeri). Platymantis rabori. — See list of holotype and paratypes for that species. Platymantis negrosensis-See list of holotype and paratypes for that species. Literature Cited Alcala, A. C. 1963. Breeding behavior and early development of frogs of Negros, Philippine Islands. Copeia 1963679-726. — 1986. Guide to Philippine flora and fauna: Amphibians and Reptiles. Univ. Philippines 101-195. Alcala, A. C. and W. C. Brown. 1957. Discovery of the frog Cornufer guentheri on Negros Island, Philippines, with observation on its life history. Herpetologica 13182-184. Boulenger, G. A. 1882. Catalogue of the Batrachia, Salientia, and Ecaudata in the Collection of the British Museum. Taylor and Francis, ed. 2: 1-503. Blackwell, P. R. Y. and N.T. Passmore. 1991. Advertisement calls and female phototaxis in the Natal dwarf Afrixalus (Anura: Hyperolidae). J. Afr. Zool. 105275-280. Brown, W. C. and A. C. Alcala. 1961. Populations of amphibians and reptiles in the submontane and montane forests of Cuernos de Negros, Philippine Islands. Ecology 42628-636. 1963. A new frog of the genus Cornufer (Ranidae) with notes on other amphibians known from Bohol Island, Philippines. Copeia 1963672-675. 1 970a. A new species of the genus Platymantis (Ranidae) with a list of amphibians known from South Gigante Island, Philippines. Occas. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sei. 841-8. 1 970b. The zoogeography of the herpetofauna of the Philippine Islands, a fringing archipelago. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sei. 386): 105-1 30. 1983. Modes of reproduction of Philippines anurans. Pp. 415-428 ) Advances in Herpetology and Evolutionary Biology, A. G. J. Rhodin and K. Mujata, eds. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge. Brown, W. C, A. C. Alcala, and A. C. Diesmos. 1997. A new species of Platymantis (Amphibia:


REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISHERIES. 23 in salt water, and it is the intention to devote another winter to that phase of the field work. Progress has been made in the study of the great collections obtained by the Albatross during the Philippine cruise of 1907-1910. Eminent specialists have undertaken to report on the various groups of aquatic animals, and a number of preliminary papers have already been issued. MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORIES. The laboratories of the Bureau at Woods Hole, Mass, and Beaufort, N, C, were open during the usual season in the summer and fall of 1910. They were reopened somewhat earlier than usual in June, 1911, in order to accommodate investigators and to afford facilities for the study of subjects which could be considered to best advantage at that time. The investigators at the laboratories are of two categories: Those temporarily or permanently in the employ of the Bureau, and independent workers who are merely furnished facilities for carrying on their researches. The former conduct many investigations with more or less bearing on the economic side of the Bureau's work, while the latter often, though not always, select for study subjects of more remote application. Some of the temporary employees carry their investigations to a point where they are economically available, but most of them merely reach a stage in which the basis is laid for future practical adaptation. The contributions to knowledge annually made by the laboratories are considerable. The Bureau, as a rule, publishes those immediately applicable to its work, and the results of all researches are available for its use if required. During the past season the laboratories were generally tested to their full capacity, and some valuable results were attained. ALASKA FISHERIES SERVICE. The sundry civil bill approved March 4, 1911, provided for the establishment of the Alaska Fisheries Service, to include the fur-seal service, the salmon fisheries and other fisheries of Alaska, and the fur-bearing animals of Alaska, all of which had been previously administered by the Division of Inquiry Respecting Food Fishes. As this new division was not formally organized until July 1, 1911, detailed explanation of its functions and organization will be reserved for the 1912 annual report. SALMON AND OTHER FISHERIES. The usual corps of agents were engaged in the inspection of the salmon fisheries of Alaska, and their vigilance has enforced very general observance of the law. The sentiment against waste or need


August 17, 1935 THE COLLECTING NET 217 ITEMS OF Mr. Elmer Higgins, chief o{ the Division on Scientific Inquiry of the United States Bureau of Fisheries is now visiting the Woods Hole station with his wife, son and daughter. Mr. and Mrs. O. E. Sette are now visiting the Woods Hole Station of the Bureau of Fisheries. Mr. Sette is chief of the North Atlantic Fisheries Investigation with headquarters in the new biological laboratories at Harvard University. Mr. Picado T. Feliciano, who has been sent liy the Philippine government to investigate methods of hatching in the fisheries of the United States, is now in Woods Hole working at the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries. Dr. George Perkins Clinton. Botanist for 33 years at the Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, sailed for Europe on August 7 to attend the Botanical Congress at Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Dr. Clinton carries credentials from Governor Cross to represent the State of Connecticut. While traveling in England, the Scandinavian countries, and in Holland, he plans to make observations on the control of the Dutch elm disease which is now prevalent in sections of New Jersey and New York States and has been making advances in Connecticut. Dr. Roy Waldo Miner, Curator of Marine Invertebrates at the American Museum of Natural History, was at Woods Hole for a short time for a conference with Dr. Paul S. Galtsoff regarding the construction of a coral reef group at the American Museum in New ork. It is Dr. Miner's plan to show the American pearl oyster growing in its natural habitat in the waters of the Hawaiian Islands. It is very likely that a special expedition will be sent by the Museum to make under-water 5photographs and collect material for the proposed exhibit. LESS SERIOUS Residents of Woods Hole will view with pleasure the new hat which Pop Hilton has recently acquired. He wears it to replace the usual sword-fisherman's hat for which he is so famous. Members of the collecting crew were detained several hours Friday night when the driving shaft on the truck broke at Wareham, on their return from stinging perch at Taunton, Mass. The U. S. Bureau of I-fisheries has acquired another sting ray. Jeff Whitney, of Nobska Road, is a volunteer member of the collecting crew. He can be seen on all the boats, and enjoys a summer "just bumming around" INTEREST Items of Interest from Professor W. E. Allen On account of lack of funds for support of her work. Miss Esther C. Allen has discontinued lier researches on biological, chemical, and physical characteristics of films deposited in twenty four to forty eight hours on surfaces submerged in natural sea water at tlie seaward end of the pier of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography at La Jolla, California. Some of the more prominent features of the results obtained before discontinuance have been given in papers published jointly with Dr. C. E. Zobell, in whose laboratory of bacteriology most of her studies of material were made. Except for a partial report (in press) covering some of the more general aspects of the results of studies of records of catches of phytoplankton taken daily over a period of ten ears at two Southern California piers. Professor W. E. Allen has temporarily discontinued preparation of papers covering that series. He has decided to do this because the material of more recent ears is showing features of particular value for comparison with those of the first decade, and because of important chemical records obtained in later years for the Institution pier. As soon as the microsco3ic and clerical work has been brought up to date preparation of reports will be resumed. To readers of The Collecting Net who have special interest in this series Professor Allen is willing to give by correspondence such advance information as may be available concerning particular questions. Irom Batavia, Java, Professor Allen has received notice that the paper on "Plankton Diatoms of the Java Sea" under joint authorship with Dr. E. E. Cupp is being published this summer in the Bulletin tin Jardine Botaiiique c Buitcnzonj. No information concerning reprints is available as yet, but the number is probably very small. Readers of The Collecting Net having particular need for this report should send their requests to Professor Allen at an early date. From Director of Fisheries, B. Sundara Raj of the Government of Madras, Professor Allen has received a request to examine "a small collection of South Indian Plankton diatoms" The collection has not been received as yet, but it will probably arrive in time for a tentative list of its important Component to be made early in November, with an authentic list to appear later. If any reader of The Collecting Net has need for the tentative list, Professor Allen offers to send a manuscript copy in response to request as soon as the material has been received and examined.


Dipterocarpus. polyandria monogynia. 611 from the Shoreas, and used in the Marine yards, as a substitute for pitch. 2. H. eglandulosa. R. Leaves ovate, oblong, obtusely acuminate, no glands in the axills of the veins. A very beautiful large tree, a native of the hills of Tipperah, from thence plants have been introduced into the Botanic garden twelve years, and are not more than ten or twelve feet high though perfectly healthy. Trunk perfectly straight, as are the branches, which are scattered equally all round, spreading and dividing much, but never drooping ; the bark in this species is of a greyish colour whereas in odorata it is dark brown, which mark alone is sufficient to distinguish them. 3. H. scaphula. R. Leaves elliptic, entire, smooth. Panicles terminal. Stamina inserted on the margin of an expanded receptacle in which the germ is inserted. Boil shora is the vernacular name in Mascal Island where the tree is indigenous and its trunk so immensely large, as to be made into canoes by the Mug inhabitants. Flowering time January. DIPTEROCARPUS. Gaert. Gen. Char. Calyx one-leaved, permanent, two of the five divisions of its border large, and growing with the pericarp into two very long, scariose wings. Corol fivepetalled. Germ superior, three-celled; cells two-seeded; attachment interior. Nut ovate, one-celled, one-seeded. Embryo inverse, no perisperm. This genus is so nearly related to Shorea and Hopea, as to induce a belief that they might all be referred to one, but a nearer inspection of the calyx and corol of each


THESPESIA POPULNEA 47 The Chinese use the trunk bark as an emmenagogue, calling it Fu-yong-pi. Botanical Description. — A small tree about 7° high commonly called Gumamela in Manila ; the leaves are ovate, acute, with about 5 nerves, serrate from the middle to the apex, hairs growing sparsely on both surfaces, with a small group of dark-colored, deciduous hairs growing on the lower part of the midrib. Petioles short with 2 stipules at the base. Calyx double, the outer part divided almost to the base into 6-8 parts ; the inner cylindrical, divided in 5. Corolla large, splendid scarlet-red, often double, on slender peduncles. Styles numerous. Fruit identical with that of the Hibiscus tiliaceus. Habitat. — Universally common in the Philippines. Thespesia populnea, Corr. Nom. Vulg. — Babuy or Bobuy gubat, Tag. ; Bulakan, Vis. Uses. — The fruit yields a yellow juice which is used locally in the itch and other cutaneous troubles, after first washing the affected part with a decoction of the roots and leaves. The bark is astringent and is used as a decoction in the treatment of dysentery and hemorrhoids. Botanical Description. — A tree of the second order with leaves 4-5' long, sparse, 5-nerved, heart-shaped, broad, acute, entire, glabrous, 6 small glands on the lower face of the base. Petioles of equal length with the leaves. Flowers large, axillary, solitary. Calyx double, the outer portion deciduous, consisting of 3 small, acute leaflets inserted on the base of the inner calyx ; the inner is bell-shaped, larger than the outer, with 5 inconspicuous, persistent teeth. Corolla four times longer than the calyx, of 5 fleshy, fluted petals, their borders overlapping, much broader above. Stamens very numerous, arranged around and along a column. Filaments long. Anthers of half-moon shape. Style 1, very thick. Stigma cleft in 5 parts, which are twisted in spiral form. Seed vessels


48 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OP THE PHILIPPINES about the size of a filbert, 5-sided, with 5 apartments each containing 5 ovoid seeds attached by separate seed stalks to the central axis of the ovary. Seeds not woolly. Habitat. — Mandaloya Tayabas, Iloilo. Gossypium herbaceum, L. (G. Indica, Lam; G. Capas, Rumph) Nom. Vulg. — Algodon, Sp; Bulah, Tag; Cotton, Eng. Uses. — The root bark is antiasthmatic, emmenagogue, and according to Daruty 1 is a substitute for ergot in uterine hemorrhage. The leaves are used in bronchial troubles and the seeds are sudorific. The negroes in the United States use the root bark in large doses as an abortifacient ; but a dose of 60 grams to 1,200 of water in decoction is proper and useful in treating dysmenorrhea. For a long time the seeds went to waste but industry has learned to obtain from them a brownish-red oil which is used as a substitute for olive oil, from which it is hard to distinguish it, if the latter is adulterated by mixing the two ; for both have the same density and a very similar odor and taste. For this reason the production of cottonseed oil is very considerable nowadays. It is cheap and excellent for domestic, industrial and pharmaceutic use. The seeds are used in North America in dysentery and as a galactagogue, and the juice of the leaves as an emollient in diarrhoea and mild dysentery. The pulp of the seeds, after the oil is extracted, yields a sweet material called gossypose, which is dextrogyrous and has the formula C 18 H 32 16 -f 5H 2 0. The cotton itself, the part used in commerce as a textile, is also the portion of the plant most widely employed in therapeutics ; not only the fiber from this species is used, but also that of others that grow in the Philippines, the G. Barbadense, L. 1 Daruty, loc. cit, p. xxvi.


54 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Helicteres Ixora, L. (H. chrysoealyx, Miq; H. Roxburghii, G. Don) Nom. Yulg. — (); Indian Screw Tree, Eng. Uses. — I am ignorant of the use that the Filipinos make of this plant, though it is very possible that they do not employ it at all in medicine, which is usually the case with those plants to which they have given no name. In India the peculiar spiral form of the fruit has suggested its application, according to the theories of the doctrine of symbolism. Ainslie says that the Hindoos use it to treat diseases of the external auditory canal. On account of its emollient properties and probably on account of its twisted form, it is used internally as a decoction, in flatulence and the intestinal colic of children. It is indispensable in the marriage ceremonies of the caste of Daisy, among whom it is customary for the groom to wear on his wrists in the form of bracelets, strings of this fruit combined with that of Randia dumetorum. The root yields a juice which is employed in skin diseases, in abscess, and in cardialgia. In Jamaica the juice of the leaves is sometimes used for constipation. Botanical Description. — A small tree with leaves alternate, simple, entire, irregularly nerved or veined at the base, petiolate. Flowers of a handsome red color, hermaphrodite, regular, axillary. Calyx gamosepalous, tubular, of 5 parts. Corolla, 5 free petals slightly dentate at the point. Stamens numerous, united on a free column on the cusp. Compound nectary of 5 unilocular, many-ovuled ovaries. Styles 5, joined at the base. Fruit of 5 carpels, thin, twisted on themselves in spirals, forming a cone, pubescent, of a greenish-brown color, each containing a single row of angular seeds. Habitat. — Luzon, Panay.


THEOBROMA CACAO 55 Abroma fastuosa, R. Br. (A. angulata, Lam; A. communis, Blanco ; A. augusta, L) Nom. Vulg. — Anibog, Tag; Anabo, Vis; Perennial Indian Hemp, Eng. Uses. — The root bark is used in India as an emmenagogue in the congestive and neuralgic forms of amenorrhea. It seems to act as a uterine tonic. The dose is 2 grams of the juice of the fresh root mixed with pepper which also acts as a carminative and stomachic. Botanical Description. — A shrub 3-4 meters high with hairy branches. Leaves opposite, oval, oblong, serrate, tomentose. Flowers purple, solitary, terminal. Calyx, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 5, united in the form of a tube. Ovary sessile, with 5 many-ovuled compartments. Styles 5, united in the form of a tube which divides into 5 stigma-bearing branches. Capsule membranous, 5-angled, truncate, dehiscent at apex. Seeds albuminous, covered with filaments of cotton. Habitat. — San Mateo, La Laguna, Batangas, Iloilo. Theobroma Cacao, L. Nom. Vulg. — Cacao. Uses. — The roasted bean ground with sugar constitutes chocolate, one of the most generally used foods of the Philippines. It is very nutritious by virtue of the fat and sugar it contains, but all stomachs do not bear it well and its use is the unsuspected cause of much dyspepsia. The custom of drinking it very hot and following with a large quantity of cold water is a very common cause of dilatation of the stomach in the Philippines. The seed of the cacao contains several substances cacao butter, albumin, theobromine, starch, glucose, gum, tartaric acid, free or combined, tannin, and mineral substances. Of these the butter and theobromine are the most important.


60 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Flowers sessile, verticillate, on the ends of several very long peduncles which rise from the midst of' the petioles. Calyx, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals, clawed, rounded at the end and slightly notched, forming a tube. Stamens 10, free. A small gland on the outer surface of the base of each short stamen. Styles 5. Seed vessels ovate, 5-angled, containing many seeds. Habitat. — Common in all parts of the islands. Averrhoa Bilimbi, L. Nom. Vulg. — Kamias, Kalamias, Tag; Kilingiwa, Vis; Pias, Hoc. Uses. — The small fruit of the camia springing from the branches and trunks of the trees is widely known in the Philippines, where they eat it green, pickled, and in salad ; and when ripe fresh and preserved. Its qualities and therapeutic applications are the same as those of the following species. Botanical Description. — A tree 4-5 meters high with odd-pinnate leaves. Leaflets 1 2 pairs, ovate, linear, acute, soft and downy. Flowers small, pinkish or purplish, on trunk and branches. Stamens 10, five alternately longer. Pistils divergent. Fruit oblong, obtuse at the end, with five broad ribs. Habitat. — Very common throughout the islands. Averrhoa Carambola, L. Nom. Vulg. — Bilirubin, Balimbin, Tag. Uses. — The common name of this tree, whose fruit is so common, causes it to be confused with the name which Linnaeus gives to the former species. Balimbin is a fruit of an acid taste, agreeable when ripe, serving the same uses for food as the camia. Its acidity is due to the presence of oxalic acid, which makes the green fruit useful for removing ink and rust stains from clothes. The juice of the fruit is refreshing and is given internally mixed with water and sugar as a refreshing drink in


62 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES bitter; specific gravity 0911. It boils at 228, is slightly soluble in water, and soluble in absolute alcohol. It is promptly oxidized by nitric acid, and is converted into pelargonic acid and other fatty acids. Rutin (or rutinic acid), according to Weiss, is a glucoside which exists in the form of fine needles, bright yellow T in color. It is slightly soluble in cold water and more so in boiling water. It melts at 190, and solidifies at freezing point, forming a resinous mass. Its physiological properties are as yet unknown. The part of the plant employed is the leaves, which owe their property, apparently, to the essential oil they contain, from which they also derive their strong and disagreeable odor and their bitter, acrid and nauseous taste. It is used principally as a uterine stimulant or emmenagogue, for which purpose it is given in doses of 010-015 centigrams of the freshly powdered leaf and 005-010 centigrams of the fresh leaves infused in a liter of water. The dry powder of the leaf should not be used because the essential oil volatilizes and a large proportion of it is lost, which is the most active principle of the drug. It is an agent which should be prescribed with the greatest prudence for large doses are poisonous even to the point of causing death. The symptoms following such doses are colic, vomiting, bloody diarrhoea and tenesmus. It is also used as an antihemorrhagic after childbirth, but its action is slow, not being felt for several hours after the administration of the drug ; for this reason it cannot take the place of ergot, though it seems to be superior to the latter in passive hemorrhages. The essential oil is given internally in doses of 2-6 drops on a piece of sugar. It is sometimes used as an antispasmodic in hysteria, epilepsy and chorea. The Chinese make extensive use of this drug and it is one of their principal abortive. In Hindostan the dried leaves are burnt and the smoke inhaled as a cure for catarrh in children. They are careful not to administer it to pregnant women.


70 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES an astringent. A sorbet made of the ripe fruit whets the appetite and the pulp is used locally for bites of venomous animals. In the latter case the pulverized bark may be used if the fruit cannot be obtained. The fruit of Ferona is a substitute for Bael (Aegle Marmelos), and is used as such by the English physicians in the hospitals of India. The tender leaves have an agreeable aroma similar to that of anise and are used internally in decoction as a stomachic and carminative. The incised trunk exudes a gum which is used in India as a substitute for gum arabic and there is an active trade in this gum in the bataks of Bombay and Calcutta. According to Pereira, it was at one time imported into England from the east of India under the name of gum arabic. It exists in the form of irregular, semitransparent pieces, of a brownish-red color. With water it forms a mucilage as adhesive as gum arabic, and this solution reddens litmus paper. It is dextrogyrous and is precipitated by the neutral acetate of lead and by caustic baryta. Botanical Description. — Tree 3-4 meters high. Leaves fragrant, opposite, odd-pinnate. Leaflets, 2 pairs, lanceolate, entire, and glabrous. Common petiole flattened above. Flowers terminal, white, racemose, with 2 flattened peduncles. Calyx inferior, with 5-6 divisions. Corolla, 5-6 petals. Anthers oval. Ovary oblong, 5-lobules. Style short, caducous. Stigma spindle-shaped. Ovules numerous, compressed, in several series. Fruit pulpy, globose, with woody rind, one compartment and many compressed, oblong seeds. Habitat. — Mountains of Angat. Woods of Catugan (Iloilo).


MELIA AZEDARACH 75 mens 6, inserted on the base of the disc. Ovary free, of 3 lobules each containing 2 ovules. Style simple. Stigma, 3 lobules. Drupe oblong, size of large prune, fleshy, containing a hard, 3-sided pit. Habitat. — Very common in all Philippine woods especially in Camarines. MELIACEAE. Melia Family. Melia Azedarach, L. Nom. Vulg. — Paralso Paradise), Sp-fil; Pride of India, China Tree, Eng. Uses. — The root was official in the U. S. P, 1880, as an anthelmintic ; it is administered in the following form Fresh root bark 120 grams. Water 1 liter. Boil till reduced one half. Dose. — For a child 1 soup-spoonful every 15 minutes till nausea is produced. In view of the narcotic effects produced by this drug, the foregoing method of administration seems to us imprudent ; we prefer to give 30-70 grams of the decoction and follow with a purgative such as castor oil. This drug is also tonic, febrifuge and astringent, and a decoction of its leaves and flowers is used as a wash for ulcers. Some believe that the leaves and fruit contain toxic principles, which may well be true considering the effects of large doses of their preparations. It has also been observed that the bark collected in March and April may cause dilatation of the pupil, stupor, etc; this may be explained by the fact that at this season the sap is rising in the tree and the bark contains an increased amount of active ingredients. The fruit yields a fixed oil, and by fermentation and distillation produces alcohol.


110 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES at the base. Corolla salver-shaped, persistent, with border having 4 small lobules. Stamens 8, fertile. Ovaries 4, free, each with 1 many-ovuled cell. Styles same length as the stamens. Stigmas awl-shaped. Four seed vessels, each with 1 compartment containing many oblong seeds. Habitat. — Common in all parts of the islands. COMBRETACEJE. Terminalia Catappa, L. (T. moluccana, Lam; T. mauritian, Blanco) Nom. Yulg. — Talisay, Tag; Almendro, Sp-fil; Talisay, Banilak, Nato, Hitam, Vis; Kalisay, Pam; Lugo, Pandan, Hoc; Indian Almond, Indo-eng. Uses. — The kernel is edible and has a very agreeable taste. It yields about 50 fo of a fixed oil, sweet and savory. If left for some time, it deposits an abundance of stearin. It closely resembles oil of sweet almonds for which it, as well as the oil of Pili (Canarium commune, 1), which we have already described, makes a good substitute. The trunk bark is astringent and in decoction is used for atonic diarrhoea and as a lotion for ulcers. Decoction. — Bark (ground and pounded) 12 grams. Water 150 " Simple syrup 40 " To be given by the tablespoon ful in 24 hours. Botanical Description. — A tree, 6-8 m. high. Branches horizontal and radiating from the trunk. Leaves purplish, bunched, cleft at the base, sometimes transversely ovate, sometimes oval, notched, glabrous. Petiole very short. Flowers axillary, racemose, with a scale at the base of the peduncle, some hermaphrodite and others lacking pistils. Staminate flowers calyx downy within, with 5 lobes. Corolla wanting. Stamens


118 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Dr. Bholanauth Bose recommends the internal use of the juice of the leaves as a remedy for chronic diseases of the spleen ; this treatment, however, has caused severe pain and is absolutely uncertain in effect. In Concan the juice of the leaves is given mixed with food to animals in heat, for its anaphrodisiac action. The fresh or dried plant is given in decoction mixed with ginger in intermittent fevers. If the ethereal tincture be evaporated a resinous residue remains that has not been studied, but appears to be the vesicant principle. This tincture should be made from the dried leaves to avoid hydration of the ether. Botanical Description. — A small plant with stem red, straight, quadrate, ramose. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, and fringed with hairs. Flowers axillary, small, red, solitary. Peduncles short. Calyx inferior, bell-shaped, with 8-toothed border, the 4 alternate teeth larger. Corolla none. Nectary bell-shaped, surrounding the ovary, shorter than the calyx, with 4 toothlets which lengthening form the filaments of as many stamens. Anthers 4-celled. Ovary of 4 pluriovulate locules. Style almost wanting. Stigma fluted. Seed vessel glabrous, horizontally dehiscent, containing 15 or more angular seeds joined to a common axis. Habitat. — It grows in the marshes of Mandaloyon. Lawsonia alba, Lam. (L. spinosa, L; L. inermis, Eoxb) Nom. Vulg. — Cinamomo del pais (native cinnamon), Sp-Fil; Henna, Camphire, Samphire, Indo-eng. Uses. — This is a very popular plant in the Orient, for many races use its leaves to impart a reddish-yellow stain to the nails, finger tips and palms of the hands. There is a tradition among the Mohammedans that the Prophet once called this plant " the best of all herbs" The leaf in form of a dry powder is sold in the bataks of India under the name of " henna " mixed


120 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES sel a little larger than a pea, globose, 4 chambers, many seeds. Habitat. — Common all over the Archipelago. Blooms in July. Punica Granatum, L. Nom. Vulg. — Granada, Sp. and Fil. dialects ; Pomegranate, Eng. Uses. — The decoction of the tender leaves is used as a gargle and wash in angina, aphthae, and wounds within the buccal cavity. The peel of the fruit is highly astringent and in decoction is a useful agent in treating chronic diarrhoea, and locally in injections of lotions for leucorrhoea and inflamed haemorrhoids. It should not be given when rectal tenesmus exists. The Pharmacopoeia of India contains the following formula for preparing the decoction of the peel Pulp of the fruit, mashed 60 grams. Water 600 " Boil for 15 minutes in a covered vessel, cool, filter and add water enough to make a liter. Dose, 30-50 grams per diem. This preparation is also used in astringent gargles and injections. For internal use the decoction is rendered more active by adding a small quantity of cloves or cinnamon. This mixture with the addition of opium gives excellent results in the treatment of diarrhoea among the natives of India and is highly recommended by Dr. Kirkpatrick. The most important part of the pomegranate, however, is its root, the bark of which is a very efficient taenifuge and the most astringent portion of the plant. It should be used fresh, as drying destroys its activity and gives negative results. Many failures to expel the taenia are probably due to this fact. According to Beranger-feand the root gives 25% to 40% of cures, whereas pumpkin seeds give but 5% to 10.


122 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES efficient dose has been absorbed. This is manifestly impractical and we therefore maintain that the alkaloid is not suited for the treatment of children. An analysis of the root bark made by the French chemist Tanret revealed the presence of four alkaloids pelletierine, isopelletierine (C 8 H 15 NO), pseudo-pelletierine (C g H 16 NO), and methylpeletierine (C g H 17 NO). Botanical Description. — A shrub 6-9° high with branches terminating in thorns ; some of the branches abort and form thorns. Leaves simple, oval, oblong, without stipules, with short petioles. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pauciflorous cymes. Calyx, 4-8 sepals, persistent, fleshy, yellow or red. Corolla, 4-8 petals, imbricated. Stamens numerous, free. Style 1 Stigma thick. Fruit with leathery rind, about size of small apple, packed with seeds, each imbedded in a small amount of crisp, juicy pulp. ONAGRAOEIE. Evening Primrose Family. Jussiaea suffruticosa, L. (J. villosa, Lam; J. ereda, Blanco) Nom. Vulg. — Malapoko, Tag. Uses. — The entire plant reduced to a pulp and mixed with milk is used in India to treat dysentery. Ainslie states that the decoction is employed as a vermifuge and purgative. Botanical Description. — An herb with square stem, leaves alternate, lanceolate, nearly entire, glabrous. Flowers axillary, yellow, solitary. Calyx of 4-5 lobules. Corolla, 4 lanceolate petals inserted between the divisions of the calyx. Stamens 8, of these 4 alternate being shorter. Ovary very long, inferior, with 4 many-ovuled locules. Style the same length as the stamens. Stigma 4-lobules. Seed vessels very long, with faint longitudinal ridges, crowned by the remains of the calyx, 4 pluriovulate locules.


124 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Soft resin 0110 Brown resin 2776 Albuminoids 0006 Papayotin (Papain of Wurtz) 1059 Extractive matter 5303 Malic acid 0443 Peptic material and salts 7100 Water 74971 The milky juice is neutral and coagulates rapidly, separating in two parts a kind of insoluble pulp and a limpid colorless serum. If combined with fibrin, raw meat, white of egg or gluten it gradually softens them and completely dissolves them in 3 or 4 hours in vitro at 40° C. Combined with milk it coagulates it and soon precipitates the casein which is also dissolved a little later. It digests lumbricoids and tape-worms and the false membrane of croup, in a few hours. According to Wurtz and Bouchut papain is prepared as follows The fluid juice or the aqueous solution of the milky exudate is precipitated by the addition of ten times the volume of alcohol. The precipitate, after treating again with concentrated alcohol, is dissolved in water and the addition of sub-acetate of lead eliminates the albuminoids and peptones but does not precipitate the japan. The liquid is filtered and the lead salts separated by means of a current of hydrogen sulphide. It is filtered again and alcohol added gradually, which process first precipitates whatever sulphate of lead may have passed through the filter, and then the papain. Papain is an amorphous substance, perfectly white, soluble in water, insipid, odorless. An aqueous solution, if shaken violently, foams like a solution of soap. Boiling makes it turbid and when concentrated it has a slightly astringent taste. It is precipitated by hydrochloric, nitric, picric and the meta-phosphoric acids. Trommer's test gives it a beautiful blue violet color which, on boiling, changes to a red violet.


126 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES 20-60 drops of the exudate in a little sweetened water. This dose cannot cause any untoward symptoms and is efficient in expelling both lumbricoids and taeniae. The triturated seeds may be given internally in doses of 1-2 grams with milk or molasses to expel lumbricoids. Analysis has revealed in the seeds the presence of a resinous oil, an oleaginous material of disagreeable odor and taste called by Peckolt carini, a fatty acid, papaya acid and a resin. In India the seeds are considered emmenagogue. In some countries they wrap meat in papaya leaves for several hours before eating in order to soften it. For the same purpose they sometimes boil the meat in water containing a few leaves or pieces of the green fruit ; some even go to the length of saying that it is only necessary to hang a piece of meat in a papaya tree for a time in order to soften it. The decoction of the green fruit is given internally for indigestion, a treatment common in the provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga. The milky juice is used to remove corns and Dr. Daruty offers the following prescription for eczema and psoriasis Exudate of papaya 100 grams. Borax (powdered) 060 " Water 1600 " Mix. Paint the affected part with feather or brush, 2-3 times a day. The same solution may be used for softening corns. Botanical Description. — Trees 15° in height, trunk covered with large leaf scars, wood soft and brittle, the long-petioles, palmately-lobed leaves growing in a crown and giving the tree the general appearance of a palm. Flowers dioecious. Staminate tree Flowers loosely clustered on long, hanging stems. Calyx, 5-6 teeth. Corolla tubular, V long, limb divided into 5 oval parts. Stamens 10, inserted in the throat. Style short, awl-shaped. Pistillate tree Flowers much larger,


130 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Var. L. clavata, Ser. (C. lagenaria villosa, Blanco) Nom. Vulg. — Calabazabianeasp; Opo, Tag; White Gourd, Eng. Uses. — The three above-mentioned varieties of L. vulgaris, Ser, are commonly grouped under the name calabaza (gourd). All have the same action and hence the same therapeutic application. The green portion of the rind is bitter and possesses purgative and emetic properties. The decoction of the tender shoots is expectorant ; in addition it appears to possess purgative properties and in India is used in jaundice. The part of the plant most generally used is the seeds, the taenifuge properties of which are well known. Its action, however, is not always certain, which may be as truly said of all other known taenifuges. The seeds have the advantage of lacking the disgusting taste characteristic of other remedies of the same class ; the taste is almost neutral and a little sugar conceals it completely. The dose is unlimited ; some take 15 grams, others as high as 100, and no unpleasant symptoms of any kind have been reported. The only precaution to be observed is to give the patient a purgative 1-2 hours after his dose. Heckel has analyzed the seeds and found a resin which he calls pepo-resina ; it exists in the greenish pellicle that envelopes the embryo and appears to be the active principle of the seeds. Its dose is 080-100 gram (Dujardin-beaumetz), the product of 250 grams of the seeds. The dose of 100 grams of the seeds mentioned above is very small, if the pepo-resin represents the entire active principle, for 100 grams of the seeds would only contain about 40 centigrams. Botanical Description. — A very familiar vine, clammy, pubescent and musk-scented ; large leaves, long-stalked flowers, white petals, greenish veins fruit usually club-shaped or enlarged at the apex, the hard rind used for vessels, dippers, and so forth. It is noteworthy that none of the taenifuge varieties mentioned bears yellow fruit.


LTJFFA AEGYPTIACA 131 Luffa ffigyptiaca, Mill. (L. pentandra, Roxb; L. petola, Ser; Momordica operculata, Blanco) Nom. Vulg. — Probably bears the same names as the Trichosanthes. Uses. — The root is a hydragogue cathartic even in minute doses. The fruit is emollient by virtue of the large quantity of mucilage it contains, but it is more interesting for other properties. When cut in two, deprived of epidermis and seeds, and washed until none of the mucilage remains, there is left a fibrous skeleton, a sort of skein of interwoven nets that constitutes the so-called vegetable sponge. It serves the same purpose as a sponge and has the advantages that its fibers do not rot and that they are easily kept clean. In view of its cheapness and plentifulness in the Philippines the above advantages should suffice to bring it into universal use for the toilet, for surgical purposes and for cleaning in general. Botanical Description. — A vine with square, glabrous stem. Leaves alternate, cordate, 3-5-lobulate, dentate, rough, 5— 7-nerved. Petioles short. Flowers monoecious. Staminate in axillary panicles ; calyx bell-shaped ; corolla yellow, 5 oval petals, borders entire ; stamens 3 ; filaments short ; two thick ones divide high up in 2 parts, thus giving the appearance of 5 stamens in all. Pistillate axillary, calyx adherent, 5 pointed sepals ; corolla, 5 nearly triangular petals, finely dentate ; style thick, short, the base encircled by 3 glandules ; stigma cordate. Ovary, 3 pseudo-locules formed by the central union of the placentas ; pluriovulate. Fruit oblong, terminating at the apex in a deciduous lid or cover, marked with 8 or 10 black longitudinal lines ; the interior reticulate, 3 compartments with many seeds, oval, black, flat with thin borders. The natives do not distinguish between this specimen and the Trichosanthes, but it is to be noted that the corolla of the former is not ravelled or fringed. Habitat. Common in Luzon and Panay. Blooms in January.


132 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES Momordica balsamina, L. Nom. Vulg. — Ampalaya, Ampalea, Tag; Amargoso, Sp-Fil; Paria, Hoc; Apalia, Pam; Balsamina, Sp; Balsam Apple, Eng. M. charantia, L. (M. muricata, Willd; M. cylindrica, Blanco) Nom. Vulg — The same as of M. balsamina. Uses. — The fruit of both varieties is edible, though a bitter principle gives it such an intensely bitter taste that it is intolerable to the unaccustomed palate. It is eaten raw as a salad, or cooked with meat or fish. The juice of the leaves is prescribed internally as a purgative and anthelmintic. In Concan it is given alone or combined with aromatics, in bilious disorders as an emetic and purgative ; externally they use it as an ointment for the itch and other skin diseases ; in India it is mixed with cinnamon, pepper, rice and oil of Hydnocarpus inebrians, Vahl. The fruit and leaves are used internally for worms and externally for leprosy. Some Hindoo writers state that the fruit is tonic and stomachic, and that it is useful in rheumatism, gout, diseases of the liver and spleen. Botanical Description. — The first variety, M. balsamina, more common than the second, is a vine with angular stem and simple tendrils. Leaves, many serrate lobules with white dots on the ends, Flowers yellow, monoecious. Staminate solitary, peduncles very long, involucre cordate ; calyx 5-lobed ; corolla 5 petals ; filaments simple, one separate, 2 approximated ; anthers joined at their bases. Pistillate solitary ; ovary, 3 locules and numerous ovules ; stigma, 3 bifid divisions ; fruit globose, narrowing at the ends, covered with tubercles ; seeds numerous, lacking albumen, having red aril. The second variety, M. cylindrica, has a downy stem, 5angled with simple tendrils. The leaves are 5-lobules, cordate,


134 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES short style bearing 3 lobules at its apex. Fruit globose, 6-8 centimeters in diameter, smooth, greenish, later yellow with white spots ; it is full of a whitish pulp that becomes dry and pithy and that contains the obovate seeds, smooth, flattened, brown, lacking albumen. Habitat. — Manila. FICOIDEJE. Trianthema monogyna, L. (T. obcordata, Roxb. ; Portulaca cotton and axiflora, Blanco) Nom. Vulg. — Toston, Tag. ; Alusiman, Ayam, Vis. Uses. — This plant is edible, the natives eating it boiled, fried or in salad. The root is cathartic and is used powdered. Botanical Description. — A plant with prostrate stems, radiating branches. Leaves ensheathing the stem, opposite, oval, red-bordered, glabrous. Petioles with 2 stipules at the base and 2 small teeth near the middle. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. Calyx, 2 pointed sepals. Corolla, 5 oval petals. Stamens 15— 20. Style simple. Seed vessels inversely pyramidal, dehiscence horizontal. Seeds numerous. Habitat. — Very common in the rice fields. Blooms in January. UMBELLIFERJE. Parsley Family. Hydrocotyle Asiatica, L. Nom. Vulg. — Takip bohol, Takip sus, Tag. ; Rabasa, Sp. ; Indian Pennywort, Indo-eng. Uses. — Dr. Daruty, of Mauritius, has published a study of this plant, giving a resume of its composition, therapeutic uses and physiological action. The writers of antiquity recognized the plant as a powerful alterative, tonic, diuretic, stimulant and vermifuge, especially effective in secondary syphilis and in ulcerative diseases of the skin.


HYDROCOTYLE ASIATICA 135 Lupine and Boileau used it experimentally to treat leprosy and reported favorably ; but later experience demonstrated that it did not exercise any specific effect, but benefited anaesthetic leprosy simply by improving the general condition of the patient. The plant is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India, as alterative, tonic and stimulant. It states that the drug has been found very useful in the treatment of secondary and constitutional syphilis, when the disease attacks the skin and subcutaneous tissue. In Bombay it is a popular remedy for the mild dysentery of children, given as a decoction of 3 or 4 leaves with a little cumin seed and sugar the bruised leaves are then applied to the umbilical region. In the Philippines the decoction of the leaves is given as a purge. Dr. Dervegie reports good results in the treatment of eczema, administering the powdered leaf in dozes of 010 gram and applying locally the powder or an ointment of the same. The most marked and constant effects of the drug are a considerable increase of the urinary secretion, elevation of the temperature of the skin and profuse diaphoresis. Dr. Boileau, quoted above, himself contracted leprosy of which he died ; he experimented on himself with " hydrocotyle " and on one occasion a dose of 3 grams nearly proved fatal ; tetanic symptoms supervened with suffocation, palpitation, epistaxis and rectal hemorrhage, abating finally with profuse sweating and diuresis. Dr. Lepine, a pharmacist of Pondicherry, has analyzed the plant and isolated a substance that seems to be the active principle ; he has named it vallarin, from " vallarai" the Tamul name of the plant. " Vallarin " is a thick, pale yellow oil of a piquant and persistent taste and an odor peculiar to the plant. It changes under the influence of air, moisture or heat and volatilizes at 120. It is soluble in alcohol. The plant contains fo to 1 fo of this oil, a dark resin and a green resin.


136 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES The Pharmacopoeia of India gives 2 official formulae, a powder and a cataplasm. The powdered leaf is given internally in doses of 030 to 150 grams and is applied locally to superficial ulcers. Botanical Description. — Plant herbaceous with reniform or heart-shaped leaves, forming a sort of funnel, dotted with little hairs, dentate with white tips. Petioles very long, ensheathing each other by 2 wings at their bases. Flowers 3-4, sessile, springing directly from the root, greenish-white, growing in horizontal rows on either side of a short, common peduncle. Common involucre of 2-3 leaflets. Calyx adherent, flattened, faintly toothed. Corolla, 5 small petals, ovate. Stamens 5, equal in height, inserted on the receptacle, alternating with the petals. Filaments short. Anthers globose, cleft at the base in 2 diverging parts. Ovary inferior, cordate, much flattened. Styles 2, short. Stigmas simple. Fruit truncate, oval, downy, indehiscent, marked with furrows, with 2 compartments each containing a seed inserted on the wall. Habitat. — Grows in shady and moist places. Blooms in July. Carum copticum, Benth. (C. ajowan, DC; Ammi copticum, L; A. glaucifolium, Blanco ; Daucus opticus, Pers; D. anisodorus, Blanco) Nom. Vulg. — Lamudio, Damoro, Tag; Lamudio, Vis; Caraway, Eng. Uses. — The fruit, of which both form and taste remind one of anise, is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India as a carminative, stimulant and antispasmodic. It is indicated in flatulent colic, atonic dyspepsia and diarrhoea and gives very good results. It has been used in cholera, but is of little value in that disease. In moderate doses it increases salivary and gastric secretion. The P. of India contains the 2 following official formulae Oleum — obtained from the fruit by distillation ; is colorless


138 THE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF THE PHILIPPINES potion ; the alcoholate, 2-10 grams in sweetened water or infusion of aromatic herbs. Both plants are official in the Spanish Pharmacopoeia and they and their preparations are common in all drug stores. Habitat. — Common, cultivated in the gardens and well known. Botanical Description. — F. vulgar -e Aromatic, stout, smooth herb, 4-6° high. Leaves with many slender threadlike divisions. Large umbel of yellow flowers, no involucre and no involucels. C. sativum: Low aromatic herb, leaves pinnately compound, small umbels with few rays, flowers white. CORNACEJE. Dogwood Family. Alangium Lamarkii, Thwaites. (A. decapetalum, hexapetalum and tomentosum, Lam) Nom. Vulg— () Uses. — According to Wooden Sheriff, the root bark is an efficient emetic in doses of 3 grams. In smaller doses it is febrifuge and produces nausea. The bark is extremely bitter ; its reputation in the treatment of skin diseases is undeserved. It is a good substitute for ipecac, having given good results in all conditions in which the latter is indicated, with the exception of dysentery. The febrifuge dose is 035-060 gram ; alterative, 015-030 gram. It is furthermore prescribed in India for syphilis and leprosy and is one of the many remedies used for the bites of rabid animals. The bruised leaves are applied to the joints of rheumatic patients. Botanical Description. — A tree 20-30 meters high, leaves alternate, persistent, petiolate, no stipules, oblong, dentate, acuminate, pinnately nerved. Flowers whitish, regular,