NOTES ON DIPTEKOCARPS. 289 pus maximus the placentar cotyledon occupies the basal part of the cavity of the fruit and the outer cotyledon the apical; and they are of nearly equal bulk : in Vatica Wallichii, they are also of nearly equal bulk and they share the fruit-cavity equally, but side by side instead of as in Balano carpus the one above the other: but in Vatica Ridleyana with inequality, the placentar cotyledon occupies the basal and shares the apical part. There is enwraping neither in Vatica Ridleyana nor in Vatica Wallichii; and the cells in both are gorged with starch. The young plant after emergence is singularly similar in the two, the leaves are exactly alike, even to the 6-8 large glands upon the lower surface at the looping of the veins, surrounded by the richest green, of chlorophyll. Unlike the fruits of Vatica Wallichii, the fruits of Vatica Ridleyana do not float in water, not even if dried. In germination the fibrous fruit-wall splits from the apex downwards along pre-determined lines, possibly along one line to its base and for a short way only along others: the radicle is thrust out by the elongation of the petioles of the cotyledons, as in Vatica Wallichii, Shorea robusta, the genus Dipt ero carpus. The blades of the cotyledons never leave the fruit-cavity, but develop a little, — very little — chlorophyll where they become exposed to the light. The lines where the fruit-wall is split in germination, can be seen beforehand upon the outer side of the fruit, as they are depressed and free from the elsewhere abundant lenticels. The fruit-wall is thinner at them and the cell-structure differs. These lines are usually three, but may be four and may be five in number. In studying the flower when it was available in January, 1921, (see this Journal 1 p. 276), five-locular ovaries were not observed ; but as their presence was not suspected, no search was made for them : it was onty when, twelve months later, the fruit was ripe that their existence was suggested by finding five lines of splitting in a small percentage of the fruits. Out of 263 fruits, 201 had three lines, 57 had four lines, and 5 had five lines. It is most interesting that when the fruit shows four depressed lines upon the outside, three only as a rule are burst open, so that out of 17 fruits with four lines,, set to germinate together, 15 were split along three and 2 only along four lines. Of the first fifteen in 13 the line which was not split, was that close to the placenta. Four fruits with five depressed lines, set to germinate at the same time likewise became split along three only of the lines, and again a line not split was that closest to the placenta. That these lines are the places where the carpels are connate into the ovary admits of doubt because in fruits with four lines, the placenta is rarely central upon any one of the valves. The development must be followed out to demonstrate that it is as one would expect. The fruit-wall is composed of brown parenchymatous cells, white sclerenchyma fibres and a margin of cork with numerous powdery lenticels. R. A. Soc, No. 86 1922.


200 14. Dipterocarpus fagineus Vesqiie. Vesque Comptes-rend. LXXVIII p. 626 ; Journ. of Bot. May 1874. — D. prismaticus Dyer , Journ. of Bot. April 1874 {cum icone frucius). In Borneo: Sarawak {Bcccari N° 3008 in Herb. Hort. Bog). [Motley, 143; fide Dyer Journ. of Bot. April 1878]. 15. Dipterocarpus globosus Vesque. Vesque Comptes-rend. I. c. ; Journ. of Bot. I.e. — D. Beccarii Byer , Journ. of Bot. April 1874 {cum icone fructus). In Borneo: Sarawak (Beccari N° 2914 in Herb. Hort. Bog). 16. Dipterocarpus Beccarianus Vesque. Vesque Comptes-rend. I. c.; Journ. of Bot. I. c. — D. Beccarii , Dyer var. glabrata Dyer Journ, of Bot. April 1874. In Borneo: Sarawak {Beccari N° 2915 in Herb. Hort. Bog). Le Dipt. Beccarianus , decrit par M. Dyer comme variete de Tespece precedente, se distingue par la forme, la base et les bords de la feuille, par le fruit distinctement pentagonal et par les feuilles et les rameaux non velus. 17. Dipterocarpus appendiculatus Scheff. Scheffer , Ohserv. Phyt. in Nat. Tijdschr. voor Ned. Indie ^X.X1, 1870 p. 347; XXXII. 1873. p. 407; Dyer, Journ. of Bot. April 1874. — D. acutangulus Vesque Comptes-rend. LXXVIII p. 626 Journ. of Bot. May 1874. Ramuli teretes, glabri, vetustiores griseo-obducti , juniores brunnei, stipularuni cicatricibus annularibus notati. Stipulae caducae, (non nisi terminales adsunt) intus glabrae, longitudinaliter striatae, extus sericeo-pilosae, 5 — 6 cent longae. Folia modice petiolata, e basi late cuneata, elliptica v. ovata, obtusa V. breviter acuminata, crenato-repanda , 8 — 10 cent longa, 5 — 7 lata , juniora cum petiolis subtus in costa et costulis dense adpresse-sericea , cito giabrescentia , nervis lateralibus utriuque


A BOTANICAL EXCURSION TO PULAU ADANG. VIOLACEAE. Alsodeia hispida, n. sp. Branches hair}', leaves thin herbaceous elliptic acuminate ; base cuneate or acuminate, margins serrate, nerves 7 pairs, slender, midrib nerves and reticulations hairy, 6 inches long, 2J inches wide, petiole J inch long hairy. Flowers in short axillary cymes, shorter than the petiole, and sessile with small ovate bracts, all glabrous. Pedicels jo inch long. Calyx sepals ovate acuminate pubescent, more than half as long as the petals. Petals lanceolate or elliptic, lanceolate ciliate on the edges ^=0 i ncn long. Stamens, filament very short, anther cells elliptic, separate, connective, very large ovate acuminate, no other processes. Pistil longer bottle-shaped narrowed upwards, glabrous. Stigma discoid. Disc hairy. Pulau Adang. RUTACEAE. Glycosmis pentaphylla, Correa. Pulau Eawi. Glycosmis rupestris, Eidl. Pulau Tengah and Pulau Adang. Distribution: Perlis and Ivedah. Atalantia monophylla, Correa. Pulau Tengah. SlMARUBACEAE. Enrycoma longifolia, Jack. Woods, Pulau Eawi. OCHNACEAE. Oclina grandis, Eidl. Pulau Butong. Distribution: Perlis. DlPTEROCARPEAE. Dipterocarpus Hasseltii, Bl. In fruit, Pulau Butong. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, Blanco. In fruit, Pulau Butong. Vatica cinerea, King. Common medium-sized tree on the seashore. Pulau Eawi and Pulau Adang. Jour. Straits Branch


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 141 Var. glabrescens (Heller) Jeps. (H. glahrescens Heller, Sericotheca glabrescens (Greenm.) Rydb., S. obovata Rydb.), occurring in regions 4, 12, and 13, is a more spreading type. Observations: Black-tailed deer. Of minor importance as browse for livestock. Holodiscus dumostis (Nutt.) Heller. Sericotheca damosa (Nutt.) Rydb., Spiraea durnosa Nutt. Range: 9, 10, 11, 13, 14. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small to large, compact shrub ; often forms large clumps. Observations: Yosemite cony. Holodiscus glabrescens, see Holodiscus discolor. Holodiscus microphyllus, see Holodiscus discolor. Holodiscus schaflfneri (Rydb.) Standi. Sericotheca schaffneri Rydb. Range: 9, 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Follicle. A small shrub. Hopea tinctoria, see Symplocos tinctoria. Horsfordia alata (Wats.) Gray. Range: 10. Site : Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Dry carpel. A large shrub ; flowers April-December. Horsfordia newberryi (Wats.) Gray. K'ewberry falsemallow, Abutilon neivherryi Wats. Range: 10. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit : Dry carpel. A small to large shrub with virgate branches ; flowers April-May. Apparently not palatable to livestock. Hosackia balsamifera, see Lotus stipularis. Hosackia macrophylla, see Lotus stipularis. Hosackia stipularis, see Lotus stipularis. Houstonia fasciculata Gray. Range: 11, 17. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, spreading shrub. Hudsonia ericoides L. Gold-heather. Range: 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, bushy evergreen shrub, often occurs on sandy or rocky soil ; flowers in May ; occurs mainly along the coast. Hudsonia montana Nutt. Range: 27. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small, bushy evergreen shrub; very local in occurrence but probably once more widely distributed. Hudsonia tomentosa Nutt. Beach-heather. Range: 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit : Capsule. A small evergreen shrub; flowers May-July; occurs in sand; intricately branched and matted.


NATIVE WOODY PLANTS OF THE UNITED STATES 269 Symphoricarpos parishii, see Symphoricarpos oreophilus. Symphoricarpos parvifolius, see Symphoricarpos rotundifoUus. Symphoricarpos paucifloriis, see Symphoricarpos albus. Symphoricarpos racemosus, see Symphoricarpos albus. Symphoricarpos rotundifolius, Gray. aoundleaf snowberry. S. glaucus Eastw., S. parvifolius Eastw., S, vaccinioides Rydb., S. tetonensis Nels. Range: 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry, available July-September. A small, straggling shrub ; flowers May-June. Stomach records: Varied thrush, California quail. Observations: Chipmunk, California mule deer. Fair to good sheep and goat browse. Symphoricarpos symphoricarpos, see Symphoricarpos orUculatus. Symphoricarpos tetonensis, see Symphoricarpos rotundifolius. Symphoricarpos utahensis Rydb. Ftak snowberry. Range: 9, 12, 13. Site: Dry, well-drained, sun. Fruit: Berry. A small shrub. Symphoricarpos vaccinioides, see Symphoi-icarpos rotundifolius. Symphoricarpos vulgaris, see Symphoricarpos orbiculatus. Symplocos tinctoria (L.) L'Her. Sweetleaf. Hopea tinctoria L. Range : 27, 28, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun, shade. Fruit: Drupe, available August-September. A large shrub to small or large tree ; semievergreen ; flowers March-May, the two forms occurring along the coast and in the mountains respectively are by some considered speciflcally distinct. Stomach records: Phoebe. Relished by cattle. Talinopsis frutescens Gray. Range : 11. Site: Dry, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A small shrub. Tamala borbonia, see Persea. borbonia. Tamala humilis, see Persea humilis. Tamala pubescens, see Persea pubescens. Tamarix gallica L. Tamarisk. Range : 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 29, 30. Site: Dry, well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Capsule. A large shrub to small tree; foliage comparatively sparse; introduced from Europe but more or less naturalized in the regions indicated ; withstands continued drought well ; not easily hurt by alkali in the soil ; generally free from insects and disease; thicket forming; grows rapidly from cuttings. Taxodium spp. Baldcypress. Stomach records (in addition to speciflc records) : Eleven species of birds, including wild turkey. Observations (in addition to speciflc records) : Texas fox squirrel. Taxodium ascendens Brongn. Pondcypress. T. imbricarium (Nutt.) Harp. Range: 29, 30. Site: Well-drained, moist, sun. Fruit: Cone. A large tree. Stomach records: Little brown crane.


36 A. Band: Symplocaceae. Agathis Salisb. 1. Asatliis philippinensis Warb. Island of Paragua, E-wi-ig River (Merrill no. 749; in flower in February 1903). Symplocaceae by A. Brand. Symplocos Jacq. 1. Symplocos Elmeri Brand n. sp. Ranuili ferruginei. Folia coriacea, 12 — 14 cm longa, 4 — 6 cm lata, oblonga vel elliptica, integerrima subtus ubique ferrugineo-hirta, breviter apiculata, basi cuneata vel subrotundata; costa supra impressa. Petiolus circa 2 cm longus. Racemi compositi petiolo 4 — 6plo longiores, pedicellis fructibus paulo brevioribus. Corolla ignota. Fructus circa 10 cm longus, ovoideus, superne paulum angustatus, brunneus, sub lente brevissime hirtellus, lobis calycinis rotundatis sericeis discum hirtellum subpatenter superantibus. Fructus vel 4vel 1-locularis (in hoc semen abortivum curvatum, superne acuminatum; itaque embryo verisimiliter curvatus). Luzon, Prov. of Rizal, Tanay (Merrill no. 2356; May in fruit). Speciei S. patenti maxime affinis. 2. Symplocos feitugiiica Roxb. var. salaccensis (Blume) Brand. Dinagat I si. (Ahern no. 440). 3. Syiiiploe4s polyandra (Blanco) Brand. Luzon, Prov. of Tayabas, Pagbalao (Mek-gull no. 1949; with fruit in April 1903); Prov. Rizal, Antipolo (Mki-koll no. 1697; with fruit in March 1903); Luzon Central (Loher; no. 5072).


44 J. Perkins: Taxaceae. Sarcochilus R. Br. 1. Sarcochilus sp. (= Thrixspermum sp. in Engl, und Prantl, Pflzfam. 11, VI, p. 218). Luzon, Prov. Pampanga, Arayat (Mekkilliio. 1416; March 1903). Taxaceae by J. Perkins. Podocarpus THER. 1. Podocarpus iiiibrlcatus Blume var. Cuuiiiiiiii (Pari) Pilger. Luzon Central (Loher no. 4852). The variety Cuminyii differs very slightly from Podocarpus imbricatus and can perhaps be united with it. 2. Podocarjuis iieriifoliiis Don. Luzon, Prov. Tayabas, Pagbalao (Merrill no. 1992; in flower in April 1903). Podocarpus neriifolius Don is a widely distributed species, being found, according to Pilger, in Central Asia, China, Java, Sumatra, Celebes, Borneo, Moluccas and New Guinea. It has, however, never before been recorded from the Philippines, where, in April 1903, it was collected by Mr. Merrill in Luzon, Prov. Tayabas, Pagbalao. Phyllocladus Rich. 1. riiylloclailus protractus (Warb) Pilger. Luzon (Loher no. 5203). This plant from Lohek's collection (no. 5203) was determined as Phyllocladus hypophylla Hook. f. The two species resemble each other somewhat, but may be easily distinguished, as the leaves of Phyllocladus protractus are never of a bluish-white on the under surface. Taxus Linn. 1. Taxus baccata Linn, subsp. Wallichiana (Zucc) Pilukl-. Luzon Central, Mangilquiran (Loher no. 4850).


Leguminosae. 13 This plant is easily distinguished from Bauhinia ferruginea Roxb. by the shape and length of the calyx -tube, the externally thinly pubescent petals, and the leaves which are beneath pubescent. Sect. Y Casparia. 13. Bauhinia Kappleri Sagot. Middle Luzon, Arayat (Warburg no. 13743). Urban in his extremely interesting morphological investigations in regard to the genus Bauhinia (in Ber. deutsch. bot. Ges. Ill 1885] p. 83), takes occasion to describe the peculiar species Bauhinia Krugii. He states that the specimens he had examined evidently came from cultivated shrubs. Later he discovered that Sagot (in Ann. s. nat. 6. ser. XIII 1882] p. 317), three years before, had described the same species from Guiana (cf. Urb. Symb. antill. I 1899] p. 315). Subsequently there came to the Berlin Herbarium a specimen of Bauhinia from the Calcutta Gardens, sent by Dr. Prain, under the name of Bauhinia monandra S. Kurz. B. monandra S. Kurz (in Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal. XLII, 2 1873] p. 73) was based upon a plant which Beandis collected in Burma. Dr. Harms informs me, that he is of the opinion, that very probably Bauhinia monandra S. Kurz was identical with Bauhinia Krugii Urban, but that the matter can only be definitely settled after a comparison has been made with the original. The description of Kurz answers very well for Urban's species. As in America the species only occurs in cultivation, the home of the plant may possibly be Burma. Unfortunately Warburg, in the material he collected in the Philippines, does not mention if he found the plant in a wild or in a cultivated state. Very recently this species has been found by Busse in East Africa, near Dar-es-salam, where it is cultivated on account of its beautiful flowers. In the Sandwich Islands it is also planted, as is proved by a specimen collected by Hildebrand bearing the label Bauhinia variegata (Hort. Honolulu). Urban says, that the species is intermediate between sections Casparia and Phanera. It is placed by Taubert (Engl-prantl, Pflzfam. Ill, 3 p. 151) in the section Casparia. The typical representatives of this section, especially distinguished by having only one fertile stamen, are without


Synonymy of Symphorema. 3 of the Verbenaceae in Engler's Pflanzenfani. vol. IV, 3, p. 180, introduces apparently the same plant under the name of Symphorema Cumingianum Bri quet. The synonymy is as follows: Symphoreiiia luzonicum (Blanco) Villar in Blanco Flora de Filipinas vol. IV, nov. append, p. 162 (1880). Scxegleeivia luzonensis Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou II, p. 212 (1862). Litsea luzonica Blanco in Flora de Filipinas ed. II, p. 284 (1845). Symphorema Cumingianum, Briq. in Engler's Pflanzenfam. vol. IV, 3 p. 180. Balibai Blanco in Flora de Filipinas ed. I, p. 406 (1837). Symphorema involucratum Llanos non Roxb. in Fl. Filip. ed. Ill, vol. IV, p. 105. I have examined the following specimens: Luzon, Prov. Laguna (Cuming no. 648); Manila, Tanauan, at the base of Makiling (Wichura no. 1794 in flower in May); Middle Luzon, San Francisco del Monte (Loher no. 4456 in flower in November); Bosoboso, Morong (Loher no. 4455 in flower in March); Mindoro Island, Palauan (Merrill no. 954 in bud in April). This plant is also in the Vienna herbarium with the inscription: "Prov. Ilocos del Norte (Ylede Luzon)? Entre 1236 et 1237 coll. Cunning. The numbers of Vidal's collection which I have not seen are: Luzon, Prov. Manila, San Mateo (VAL no. 501); Prov. Tayabas Unisan (Vidal no. 848). I have called the species luzonicum, not "hixonica" as spelled by Villar; the generic name is a neuter, being derived from ovid6qyfia (cumulus) in allusion to the congested bracts and flowers. According to Villar the plant is widely distributed in Luzon. The Philippine species has glabrous leaves, while in both the other species, Symphorema polyandrum Wight and Symphorema involuc-miwa Roxb, the leaves are densely pubescent, those oi S. polyandrum being large and elliptical, and those of S. involucratum small and ovate.


I. The synonymy of the Philippine species of Symphorema by J. Perkins. In 1863 TURCZANINOW published the description of a plant of Cuming's, in Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou II, p. 212 (1863), giving it the name of Scxegleewia in honor of Serious Sczegleew. The new genus was recognized by Turczaninow a belonging to the Verbenaceae and has, as he says, the habit of the Sphenodesmaceae. The plant, being from Luzon, was named Scxegleewia higonensis. Bentham and Hooker perceived that Scxegleewia must be united with Sympliorema and cite Cumesg's number 648, on page 1159, vol. II of Genera Plantarum. In both his Revision, p. 212 (1886), and in his Synopsis, p. 202 (1883), VIDAL agrees with the view of Bentham and Hooker, and in his Flora Forestal t. 75, Fig. F gives a drawing of the plant. Llanos, in his Revis. etc. in Mem. Acad, cienc. Mad. 1858 reprinted in Fl. Filipinas ed. 3. IV. p. 105, has recognized, that Blanco in his Flora had described a species of Sginphorema under the name of a Lauraceous plant, and he identifies the Litsaea luzonica of Blanco with Symjjhorema invohicrahtm Spreng. Villar, in Fl. Filipinas ed. 3. IV. nov. append, p. 162 (1880), accepts the identification of Llanos, and calls the plant Sgmphorema luzonica and quotes as synonyms Litsaea luzonica Blanco and Symphorema involucratum Llanos (not Roxb). It seems strange, that Father Blanco, in his 2' edition of the Flora de Filipinas, should have described this plant as belonging to the Lauraceae, a family unit' different in nearly all its characters J. Perkins, Fragmenta florae Pliilippinae.


III. Marantaceae of the Philippines. With 3 plates and 31 figures. By J. PERKINS. Flowers very irregular, hermaphrodite, with calyx and corolla. Sepals free, equal or subequal. Corolla-tube short, or more frequently long, rarely wanting; lobes colored or white, the exterior lobe usually larger and at the apex cucullate. Only one fertile stamen; anther 1celled with a petaloid appendage. Inner pair of staminodia always present, the one cucullate and including the style before flowering, the other callose. Outer staminodia 1 — 2, petaloid. Ovary inferior 1 — 3-celled; cells 1-ovules. Style simple, recurved at the point, inclosed in the cucullate-staminode, at flowering springing out and striking against the callose staminode. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, or an indehiscent nut or berry. Seeds 1 — 3, arillate. — Perennial herbs sometimes high. Stem short or long. Leaves distichous. Inflorescence often large. Flowers almost always in pairs. About 300 species in the Tropics of the whole world. Key to the genera. A. Ovary always distinctly 3-celled, 2 of the cells apparently empty (ovules at first present, obvious) Tribe I. Phrynieae Peters, a) The outer staminodia 2. 1. Flowers in pairs; bracteoles small, incrassate; bracts caducous 1. Donax Lour. 2. Flowers solitary 2. Monophrynium K. Schum. J. Perkins, Fragmenta florae Philippinae. Q


68 J. Perkins: b) The outer staminodia solitary (Flowers in pairs) 3. Phacelophrynium K. Schum. B. Ovary 1 -celled Tribe 11. Maranteae Peters. 4. Maranta L. 1. Donax Lour. Donax Lour. Fi. cochinch. p. 14 (1790); K. Schumann in Pflanzenreich, Lief. IV, p. 32 (1902). Clinogyne Salisb. in Trans. Hortic. Soc. I, p. 276 (1812). Phrynium Roxb. Fl. ind. I, p. 2 (1832). Sepals ovate -lanceolate, relatively not large. Corolla -tube moderately long, with rather large, oblong lobes. Staminal-tube elongated; outer staminodia large, petaloid, obovate; cucullate-staminode not appendiculate; callose-staminode (lip) short; anthers with a large petal-like appendage. Ovary 3-celled, silky; cells 1-ovuled. Capsule subglobose. Seeds subglobose with dorsal transverse furrows and a basal aril. — Perennial herbs or undershrubs, erect. Stems below simple, above branched. Leaves shortly petioled; sheaths elongated; ligula short. Inflorescence in Philippine specimen simple; pairs of flowers solitary, pedunculate; bracteoles in pairs. Species 2, in East India and Malay Archipelago. 1. D. aruiidastruiu Lour. D. anmdastmm Lour. Fl. cochinch. p. 15 (1790); K. Schumann in Pflanzenreich, Lief. IV, p. 33 (1902). Phrynium dichotomum Roxb. in Asiat. Research. XI, p. 324 (1810). Clinogyne dichotoma Salisb. in Trans. Hortic. Soc. I, p. 276 (1812). Thalia dealbata Hort. ex Link, Jahresber. I, p. 3, 21 (1820). Maranta dichotoma Wall. Cat. no. 6615 (1828). Maranta arundinacea Blanco, FI. Filip. ed. I, p. 7 (1837), non L. Stem about 3 m high; branches numerous, slender. Leaves oblong, acute or shortly acuminate, at the base rounded or acute, on both sides glabrous, usually 20 cm long and 6,5 cm wide, petiolate; petiole about 6 mm long, terete, callous, above minutely hairy; ligula short, glabrous. Raceme terminal, simple, about 17 cm long; bracts lanceolate, about 8, 4 cm long. Pairs of flowers solitary, peduncles about 2 cm long; terminal flowers with a pedicel 9 mm long; bracteoles 2, glandular, 3 mm long. Ovary silky. Sepals lanceolate-ovate, 6 mm long, glabrous. Corolla-tube white, 8 nun long; lobes lanceolate 2,5 cm long. Staminal-tube 12 mm long;


70 J. Perkins: racemes about 6 cm long; bracts about 10, imbricate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, glabrous, 9 mm long. Flowers solitary, after anthesis sessile on a subglobular cushion; dorsal bracts two -keeled. Ovary silky, S-celled. Sepals lanceolate, 4 mm long. Corolla-tube 3,5 mm long; lobes lanceolate, 5 mm long. Outer staminodia two, resembling the callous -staminode; cucuuate-staminode much shorter, with a lateral subauriculate lobe. (Plate I, fig. A — F) Luzon, no locality given (Haenke, Type, herb. Prag); Prov. Tayabas near Sampaloc (Warburg no. 12921); Middle Luzon, near Cabunganan (Warburg no. 14068). 3. Phacelophrynium K. Schum. Pjianclnphnjnimn K. Schumann in Pflanzenreich, LIEFIV, p. 120 (1902). Phrijnium Blume, Enum. pi. Java I, p. 37 pro parte minima (1827). Sepals equal, subovate, not large. Corolla-tube short, lobes oblong. Outer staminode solitary, petal-like, spatulate or obovate; callous-staminode similar and slightly smaller, with an oblique villous callus; cucullate-staminode shorter, with a broad lateral appendage. Ovary 3-celled, cells often all fertile. Capsule 3-, rarely 2-seeded, triangular, three -valved. Seeds triangular, convex on the dorsal side, irregularly grooved, with a deeply two-lobed aril. — Perennial herbs, with basal leaves. Leaves large, petioles long. Inflorescence pauicled, crowded or spreading, interrupted, often formed by fasciculated spikes; bracts distichous. Flowers geminate, pedicellate, common peduncle wanting. Species 6, in the Malay Peninsula, the Sunda and Philippine Islands. Key to the species. A. Panicles more than one, terminal, much elongated. Sepals 4 mm long. Corolla-tube very short; lobes a little longer than the calyx. L Jinterrnptum. B. Panicles solitary, congested. Sepals 10 mm or more long. Corolla longer than the calyx. 2. 7. hractcosiim. 1. Pliacelophryiiium iiitcitiiptum (Warb. ms) K. Schumann. Phacelophrynium interruptum (Warb. ms) K. Schumann in Pflanzenreich" Lief. IV, p. 121 (1902). Pliryviym hiirmiphim Warb. in Mons. ined.


76 J. Perkins: Keinwanitiodciidron. Merriuii is of a woody consistency, while that of Lansium domesticity is leathery. The fine pubescence of Reinivardtiodendroii occurs also in lainsium do)iesticuni. The fruit of the other species of Lansium seems to be unknown, so that perhaps the woody pericarp of R. Merrill is a distinguishing character. It is interesting to observe that all three of the new genera which K00RDER.S has described from Celebes (curiously all ending in dendron) Wallaceodendroii Koordersiodendron and Rcimvardtiodendron, occur in the Philippines. This furnishes still another evidence of the relation existing between the flora of the Philippines and that of Celebes,


Saurauja] XVI. TERNSTROEMIACEAE 63 B. Flowers mostly on the old wood, in trichotomous cymes, bracts in pairs at all the ramifications. 3. S. Roxburghii, Wall.; Kurz, F. Fl. 103. Vern. Auli gogen Nep. ; Thit ngayan, Burma. A middle-sized evergreen tree, tlie young parts covered with a mealy scurf, intermixed with minute scales. Leaves 8-12 in. Cymes hairy, many-flowered, bracts deltoid, acute. Fl. 1/4 in. diam., stamens oo, styles 3-5. Sikkim, Terai and outer valleys, ascending to 4,000 ft., Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur , Chittagong, hills east of Toungoo, 2,000-6,000 ft. Upper Burma, 1,500-3,000 ft. Fl . C.S., H.S. 4. S. fasciculata, Wall. PI. As. Ear. t. 148. Sare gogen, Nep. Nepal, Sikkim, 2,0005,000 ft. A small tree. Leaves ferrugineo-tomentose beneath. Fl. J in. diam., white, afterwards pink. 5. S. punduanaa, Wall. Sikkim, Terai, and outer valleys, ascending to 6,000 ft., Upper Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur, Burma. Cymes many-flowered, rami£cations densely covered with acute scales, bracts broad-ovate. Fl. } in. diam. 6. S. tristyla, DC. ; Malay Peninsula, said to extend north, into Tenasserim. Leaves spinuloseberrate, 7-10 in. Fl. unisexual, | in. diam., on slender pedicels, in fascicles of 2-6 mostly on the old -wood, petals white, stamens 20, styles 3, rarely 4. 7. S. manrotricha, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 106. Assam, Khasi hills. Upper Bnrma. Branchlets, petioles and under side of leaves densely clothed with long stiff hairs. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, serraturoh setose, secondary nerves 12-15 pair, arcuate. Fl. red. 8. S. cerea, Griff. {S. arcitafa^ Kurz, F. Fl. i. 103). Bhutan, Upper Burma. Young parts covered with appressed hard sharp scales. Leaves obovate, blade 8-10 in , jDetiole J-J in. Fl. 1 in. diam., petalb waxy, white, base blood-red. Stachytirus himalaicus, Hook. £.1. & Thorns., Himalaya, from Nepal eastwards, 5,0008,000 ft., Manipur, China, is a small tree or extensively scrambling shrub, glabrous, fl. tetx-amerous, in short lateral spikes on long pendulous branches. Stamens 8, ovary 4-celled, style simple, stigma capitate-peltate, ovules many. Berries J in. diam. Order XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEAE. Gen. Pl. i. 189, {Dipterocarpeae) (Brandis in Journal Linnean Society, vol. xxxi, (1895) p. 1.) Resinous tree rarely shrubs, mostly evergreen. Leaves alternate, stipulate, simple, penniveined, generally coriaceous, petioles mostly thickened below the blade/ Young shoots and inflorescence, calyx and outside of petals in most species pubescent, hairs 1-celled, generally stellate or fasciculate. FL bisexual, regular, pentamerous, in spikes or racemes, these often unilateral and mostly paniculate. Receptacle fleshy, broad, flat or obconical, often concave, bearing on its outer edge the calyx, the segments of which as a rule are much enlarged in fruit. Petals contorted, stamens 5, 10, or more, anthers introrse, adnate to filaments, which are mostly short, the connective being often prolonged beyond the anthers. Ovary S-celled, often prolonged into a fleshy stylopodium, in some cases immersed in the hollow receptacle. Two collateral ovules in each cell, attached to the inner angle. Fruit 1-seeded, pericarp coriaceous, indehiscent. Seed with or without albumen, cotyledons fleshy, bifid, often stipitate, in most species filled with starch, in others with oil, while some contain both. Remarkable anatomical characters. — Resin ducts are found in the pith of the young stem and branches, in the pith of all vascular bundles, in the petiole, midrib, nerves and veins of leaves as well as of those bundles -which run through the bark. The walls of these ducts are lined by a stratum of thin-walled secreting cells. In many species similar ducts are also found in the wood. They contain an essential oil, known as wood-oil in the case of Dipterocarpus as camphor-oil in the case of Dryobalanops, Exposed to the air, outside or in cavities of the trunk, these essential oils are transformed into resin or camphor. Cortical leaf traces.— Some distance below the node the leaf traces separate from


U XYII. DIPTEROCARPACEAE the central cylinder and run through the bark before they enter the petiole. There are generally three leaf traces, one apical, two lateral, all consisting of a vabcular hnndle with one or several resin ducts in the pith. In some cases these traces run in the bark through an entire internode. Structure of petiole. — The 3 vascular bundles, which enter the petiole, forming its central cylinder, remain distinct in rare cases. As a rule they ramify and coalesce, forming "at the base of the petiole an intricate mass of xylem and phloem wdth a number of resin ducts, and in mobt species the internal structure of the petiole changes in its progress from the base to the blade. For systematic purposes it is convenient to examine the petiole immediately below the base of the blade. At this point we frequently find a semicircle of vascular bundles, more or less united, each with its resin duct, and inside this semicircle one or several vascular bundles with or without resin ductb. Structure of wood. — Tebsels moderate-sized, often in groups, enclosed in a narrow white ring consisting of wood paarenchyma. Medullary rays fine and moderately broad, generally equidistant, the horizontal cells of these in many cases very long, 8 mm. in Dipter oca rims a! edits. These longitudinal cells, as well as the resin ductb in the younger wood, are filled with essential oil. Many species have a distinct darkcoloured heartwood. Eesin ducts, vessels, fissures and other cavities in the old tvood are filled with resin. Biological features: As a rule large trees, with tall, regularly shaped trunks. With few exceptions they do not bear flowers and seed until they have attained a considerable age. A& a rule they seed annually, though the quantity of seed produced varies from year to year. In the Malay Peninsula and in Ceylon, however, there are species which flower periodically, some every sixth year. The seed germinates soon after ripening, in some cases before it falls to the ground. Several species (Sal, Eng) are gregarious and form forests of considerable extent, in which they prevail over their companions. Geographical distribution. — The Order is limited to the Indo-Malayan region, from the Seychelles to New Guinea. Of the 825 species (in 16 genera) at present known, 30 are here described. Of species found elsewhere may be mentioned : (1) Dryobalanops aromatica, Gaertn. f ., Johore, Sumatra, Borneo, and probably on the Philippine Islands, yields the Borneo camphor, which is deposited in cavities in the wood in the shape of beautiful colourless or light yellow crystals. (2) Shorea selanica, Blume, Amboina, produced large quantities of transparent amber-like resin, hanging down from the branches in conical or cylindrical masses, often as thick as a man's leg. (3) Several species, the seeds of which contain fat resembling tallow (Tang hawan^^ wlaich is an important article of trade in the Malay Archipelago, The chief of these are : Shorea sfenoptera, Burck; S. aptera^BvLTok; S. gysbertiana, Burck ; and S. pinanga Scheffer, all in Borneo; Isoptera horneensis Scheffer, Malay Peninsula, Bangka, Borneo. The Order divides itself naturally into 5 tribes and 16 genera. One tribe {Dryobalanopseae) and 7 genera of the other tribes are not represented in the British Indian Empire. I. Dipterocarpeae. — Calyx tube enclosing the fruit; 2 lobes expanding into long wings. Stamens more than 20 ; connective prolonged into a long point. Ovary with a large fleshy stylopodium. Stipules large, amplexicaul, calyx tube free, stamens co, style filiform . . . 1. Dipterocarpus. Stipules small, deciduous, calyx tube adnate to fruit, stamens 20-35, style short 2. Anisoptera. II. Shorea — Calyx as a rule imbricate in bud, in most cases the 2 or 3 outer segments accrescent in fruit, forming long wings. Stamens mostly 15, rarely more ^horea^ section Enshorea), in a few cases 10. Connective usually awned. "Wings 2 *, appendix of connective long, pointed, as a rule a large stylopodium 3. Hopea. Wings 3 ; anthers with 5 pointed appendages . 4. Pentacme. Wings 3 ; appendix of connective as a rule long, pointed 5. Shorea. Wings 5 ; gbIjx in bud nearly valvate ; anthers with 3 short appendages 6. Parashorea. Lobes of fruiting calyx slightly and evenly enlarged, thick, sometimes woody, appendage of connective long, pointed. Stylopodium generally distinct . . .7. Balanocarpus. III. Vaticeae. — Calyx valvate in bud. Stamens 15, anthers short, oval. Appendix of connective short, obtuse, no stylopodium ........ 8. Vatica. lY. Vaterieae, — Calyx imbricate in bud. Lobes of fruiting calyx equal and shorter than fruit. Stamens oo. Anthers linear-oblong with 1 or 2 appendages . . 9"." Vateria.


Dipterocarpus] XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEAE 65 1. DIPTEROCARPUS, Gaertn. f. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 295. Tall, regularly shaped trunks, no heartwood. Leaves are renewed at the end of the hot season, when the old leaves fall. Secondary nerves prominent, straight, joined by parallel tertiary nerves. In bud the two halves of the leaf are folded upon each other and the sections between two secondary nerves are also folded in half. Fl. large, pink, in short few-fld. axillary panicles. Receptacle concave, continued into a campanulate or obconical calyx tube with 5 segments, 2 of which are larger. Stamens oo, connective prolonged into a long point, anther cells mostly equal. Ovary generally hairy, continued into a conical fleshy stylopodium, style filiform, stigma minute. Tube of fruiting calyx enclosing fruit, but not adnate to it, globose or ovoid, smooth or with 5 ribs or wings, alternating with calyx segments, two of which develop into large longitudinally veined wings. Pericarp thin at the base, thick and fibrous in the upper portion. The cotyledons of the germinating seed remain enclosed in the pericarp and fruiting calyx, being attached to the radicle by long petioles. Species 64. Numerous (up to 100) resin ducts in a leaf-bearing internode near the circumference of tlie pitli. The lateral leaf traceb enter the bark at varying levels^ generally in the upper half of the internode. Numerous stipaular traces in the bark below the node. Frequently large mucilage cavities in pith and cortex. A. Tube of fruiting calyx smooth. 1. D. turbinatus, Gaertn. f.— Syn. D. laevisHam.; Roxb. Cor. PL t. 213; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 114. Vern. Gurjun Chittagong; Kanyin-ni Burm. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, blade 5-12 in., petiole rarely more than i the length of blade, secondary nerves 14-18 pair. Varies greatly in regard to the pubescence of young shoots, leaves and inflorescence. Kurz calls the form with glabrous and glossy leaves. D, laevis, that with hoary leaves D. turbinatus, Cachar, Tipperah, Chittagong hills, Burma, Andamans, Malay Peninsula. Fl. April. Fruit May. As a rule not gregarious, but scattered in mixed forest, generally taller than the trees absociated with it. North of Bhamo D. Ice vis is reported to grow gregarious in patches. Yields wood oil. Heartwood reddish-grey , not durable. Closely allied is 2. D. indicus, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 94 (D. turbinatus, Cooke, Bombay Fl. i. 84). Yennemara, Coorg; Ennai, Tam.; Velayani, Mal. Evergreen forest of the Western Ghats from North Kanara southwards. Fl. January-March. Petioles longer, 1/2 to 1/4 the length of hlade, and secondary nerves less numerous, 10-15 pair. 3. D. obtusifolius, Teysm. ; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 115. Young shoots, petioles and inflorescence j densely clothed with long pale tawny hair. Leaves broadly ovate, obtuse, to 9 in. long, pubescent above, softly tomentose beneath, secondary nerves 12-14 pair. Fl. showy, pink, shortly pedicellate on short axillary racemes. Fruit 1/4 in. diam. Throughout the Eastern Peninsula, 20° N. Lat. its northern limit. In Cochinchina and Cambodia very common and gregarious. Ascends to 8,000 ft. in Pegu and Martaban; at higher elevations gregarious, forming forests similar to those of D. tuberculatus, D, vestitus, Wall., Tavoy, very similar and probably not specifically distinct. 4. D. pilosus, Eoxb. ; Kurz F. Fl. i. 115.— Syn. D. Bandli^ Korthals. Young shoots, stipules and petioles densely clothed with tawny fascicled hairs. Leaves elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, 8-18 in. long, ciliate at the edges, hairy beneath, secondary nerves 20-25 pair. Fruiting calyx glabrous ovoid, 2 in. long, wings to 9 in. Fruit densely pubescent. Damp forests in the upper part of the Assam valley, Chittagong hills, Aracan, Lower Burma. Andamans (?). Fruit April. Sumatra (gregarious, Korthals), Bangka. Yields a semifluid resin. P


m XVII. DIPTEROCAEPACEAE [Dipterocarpus B. Tube of fruiting calyx witli 5 protuberances near its mouth. 5. D, tuberculatus, Roxb. : Kurz, F. Fl. i. 113. Vern. Eng (In) Burm. Stipules 4-5 in. long, greyisli-tomentose. Leaves up to 18 in. long and 14 in. broad, cordate or broadly-ovate, apex rounded, glossy above, glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath, secondary nerves 10-15 pair, arching. Tl. large, petals 1 1/4in. long, tomentose outside. Fruiting calyx tube obovate, velvety when young, glabrous when mature, between the segments produced into 5 sharp knobs. Nuts tomentose. Throughout the Eastern Peninsula from Pegu to Cambodia, northern limit at 25° N. Lat. Eminently gregarious, forming extensive forests on laterite at the foot of the hills of Lower and Upper Burma, accompanied by subordinate species, Terminalia, Eugenia, Dillenia, Symplocos and others. Yields wood oil and resin. Fl. April. Fr. May. Heartwood red, moderately durable. C. Tube of fruiting calyx with 5 longitudinal wings. G. D. alatus, Roxb. ; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 116. Vern. Kanyinbyu Burm. Shoots and stipules pubescent. Leaves ovate or elliptic, acute, pubescent beneath, mai'gin ciliate, secondary nerves 12-15 pair, blade 4-6 in., petiole (softly hairy) 1-1|-in. long. Wings on fruiting calyx tube broad, half the diameter of tube or more. Pegu, Tenasserim, Siam, Cambodia. Fl. April, fruit May. Not gregarious, but scattered in mixed forests, generally taller than the trees associated with it. Eleartwood greyifeh-redj not durable. The medullary rays consist of two classes of cells, long and short ; the long cells (up to 0-12 inch long) are filled with wood oil. Closely allied and possibly not distinct is 7. D. costatus, Gaertn. f., Lower Burma, South Tipperah, near the coast (Hamilton), wings on calyx tube narrow. 8. D. incanus, Boxb. Pegu, South Andaman (common), Chittagong (doubtful), Tongkah in Siam on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula at its north extremity. Branchlets, young shoots and petioles softly hairy. Leaves ovate, thinly pubescent on both surfaces, margin ciliate-9. D. Bourdilloni Brandis in Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 2403 {Kar anyili, Mai.). Carcoor Ghat (Malabar), Travancore, evergreen forest in the low country. A lofty tree, young shoots, branchlets and petiole softly velvety. Leaves elliptic, shortly acuminate, tomentose beneath, 6-10 in. long, secondary nerves 12-18 pair, tube of fruiting calyx glabrous, 1^ in. long, wings on tube 1/4 in. wide. Similar to D. insignis, Thwaites, of Ceylon, but distinct. FIG. 28. — Dipterocarpus pilosus, Roxb. 1/2. 2. ANISOPTERA, Korthals; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 300. Stipules small, early deciduous. Stamens 20--36, anther cells unequal, connective prolonged into a long awn. Stylopodium thick, fleshy, bearing 3, sometimes 4-6, short styles. Truiting calyx adnate to fruit, globose or campanulate, 2 segments much, larger than the others, with 3 prominent longitudinal nerves and numerous transverse veins. Species 15, In the circumference of the pith 18-24 resin ducts. The lateral leaf traces enter the bark at varying levels, in some species at the base of the internode. In the petiole a complete circle of 7-13 vascular bundles, with a resin duct in each, and a central mass of vascular bundles, without resin ducts


Anisoptera] XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEAE 67 Fig. 29. —Anisoptera glabra, Kurz. 1/2. 1, A. glabra, Kurz, F, Fl. i. 112. Ven. Thin kadu, Burm. Evergreen glabrous, except the pubescent inflorescence, -vrood hard, dark olive-green. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-obloug. Fruiting-calyx-tube much constricted at the mouth, the 2 larger segments oblanceolatej with 3 prominent longitudinal nerves, joined at right angles by conspicuous transverse veins. Pegu. Martaban, Cambodia and Cochinchina. FL April, May. 2. A. oblonga, Dyer (Shorea nervosa, Kurz). Tenasserim. Young shoots and and leaves on tip nerves beneath with scattered tufts of minute stellate hairs. 3. HOPEA, Roxb.: Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 308. Stipules small or minute early deciduous. Fl. in unilateral spikes or racemes, arranged in ample racemose panicles, calyx often glabrous, petals always hairy outside. Calyx segments imbricate, the two outer growing out into thin membranous wings as the fruit ripens. Stamens 15, of which lU in 5 pairs are episepalous, in a few species 10, anther cells equal, connective prolonged into a long awn. Stylopodium generally large. Seeds without albumen, cotyledons thick, fleshy, concave, one enclosing the other, both bifid to the base. Radicle and petioles of cotyledons embedded in a groove between the lobes of the outer cotyledon, while the lignified placenta with the remains of dissepiments intrudes between the lobes of the inner, they are filled with starch and oil, the former generally prevailing. Species 46, one in New Guinea, Resin ducts in the pith 8-12 at the base of a leaf-bearing internode. The 2 lateral leaf traces run a bhort distance only through the bark. Sect. L — Euhopea. Secondary nerves not more than 20 pair, not approximate. A. Calyx grey-tomentose. 1. H. odorata, Eoxb., Cor. PL t. 210. Vern. Thingan Burm. Evergreen, wood yellowish-brown, close-and even-grained, very durable. Glabrous, except inflorescence. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, secondary nerves 12 pair. Fl. fragrant, in axillary grey-tomentose panicles, petals ciliate at margin, anthers oblong. Ovary gradually narrowed into conical stylopcdium and long cylindrical style. Ovary and stylopodium puberulous. Moist forests in the southern portion of the Eastern Peninbula, from Pegu and Tenasserim to Cochinchina. Andanians. Also reported from Chittagong. Not gregarious, but scattered in mixed forests. Fl. March, April. Fruit May, June. 2. H. parviflora, Beddome, FL Sylv. t. 7. The Ironvood of Malabar. Vern, Bovumara, Kan. ; NlrJcongu, Tinnevelli Differs from 1 by petals not ciliate, anthers small orbicular, ovary and stylopodium glabrous, stigma 3-fid, stylopodium ovoid, constricted at base. Moist forests of the Western G-hats, from South Kanara southwards. Fl. March. 3. H. oblongifolia, Dyer. Mergui. Secondary nerves 10 pair, between them a multitude of fine veins, closely reticulate, stylopodium cylindric. 4. H. Helferi, Brandis (Vatica Melferi, Dyer). Mergui, 60 miles inland, branchlets tomentose. Leaves from a cordate unequal-sided base, oblong. FL pedicelled in terminal panicles, ovary glabrous.


m XVII. DIPTEEOCAEPACEAE [Hopea B. Calyx glabrous. 5. H. Wightiana, "Wall. ; Wight 111. t. 37. Vern. Kavsi, Mar. ; Ilaiya, Kan. ; Ila pongu, Tam. Youngest branchlets and petioles softly pubescent, otherwise glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, oblong, 6-8 in. long, petiole short. Fl. in axillary fascicled panicles shorter than the leaves, petals pubescent outside. Upper portion of ovary puberulous, stylopodium glabrous, slightly verrucose, style short. Eound echinate galls frequent in the axils of leaves. Evergreen forests at the foot of the Western Ghats, from North Kanara southwards. Often gregarious, covering large tracts in the low country of South Kanara. Fl. March-June. 6. H. glabra "Wight et Arn.— (H. Wightiana var. glabra Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 96). Ghats of Tinnevelli and Travancore. Leaves lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, secondary nerves 8 pair. Ovary, stylopodium and outside of petals slightly puherulous. 7. H. racopMcea, Dyer. — Syn. H. malaharica^ Bedd. Ic. PI. Ind. Or. t. 185 (Karung Kongu, Tam.; Veduvali Kongu, Mal.) Travancore. A large glabrous tree, bark dark, peeling off m long recurved strips, which hang all round the trunk. Leaves ovate, caudate-acuminate, blade 2-4 1/2, petiole slender, 1/2 in. long. Panicles 2-4 in one leaf axil. Stylopodium cylindric, slightly narrowed at base. Larger segments of fruiting calyx spathulate, obtuse, with 7-11 longitudinal nerves. Sect. 11. — Dryobalanoides. Secondary nerves numerous, approximate, often obscure. 8. H. Griffithii, Kurz. Mergui, Malay Peninsula. Main secondary nerves 14-24 pair, With numerous shorter intermediate nerves, joined by very closely reticulate veins. Panicles glabrous, axillary, much shorter than leaf. Stylopodium broad, constricted at base, glabrous. 4. PENTACME, A. DC; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. 31 (1895) 72. Species 3, Eastern Peninsula and Philippines. P. suavis, A. DC— Syn. P. siamensis Kurz, P. PI. i. 119 ; Shorea siamensis Miq[. ; PL Brit. Ind. i. 304. Vern. Engyin, Burm. A large tree, heartwood brown, hard and durable, on dry ridges a shrub. Leaiess during part of the hot season, when the tree is covered with large panicles of showy flowers. Leaves ovate, whitish-tomentose beneath while quite young. PL f in. across, petals orbicular, at flowering time forming a hollow globe, open at the top, enclosing stamens and ovary. Stamens 15, anthers oblong, cells equal, the valves of each cell, as well as the connective, prolonged into a short awn, so that each anther has 5 subulate appendages. Ovary glabrous, prolonged into a conical stylopodium, style iiliform, glabrous. All calyx segments enlarged in fruit, but the three outer much larger than the others, all narrowed into a stalk, which expands into a broad base, appressed to the base of fruit, but not enclosing it. Cotyledons thick, fleshy, stipitate, concave, enclosing each other, filled with fat and oil, radicle short, plumula conspicuous. Throughout the Eastern Peninsula, extending to 25° N. Lat. Gregarious in Upper Burma and Cochinchina, scattered in the Eng forest of Lower Burma. FL H. S. 5. SHOREA, Roxb. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 303. Stipules in a few species large and persistent, in most small and early deciduous. Leaves coriaceous, secondary nerves prominent, tertiary mostly parallel. Plowers as a rule in unilateral spikes or racemes, which are distichous and regularly alternating on the branches of large axillary and tex'minal panicles. Each flower subtended by 2 bracteoles, mostly deciduous, in a few species persistent and conspicuous, Sepals strongly imbricate, hairy. Petals hairy outside. Anther cells generally equal ; connective as a rule prolonged into a pointed appendage. Segments of fruiting calyx with their broad bases


72 XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEAE [Vatica Assam, in the valley as well as on the hills surrounding it, Cachar, Chittagong Hills, Upper Burma on the Irawaddi above Bhamo Fl. April, May 3. V. Griifithi, Brandis. Mogaung, Upper Burma. A tree. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, blade 4-9, petiole 1/2 in. long. Fl. yellow, scented, m mtich ramified axillary panicles. B. (Subgenus Synaptea). Ovary as a rule entirely or partially immersed in receptacle, 2 segments of fruiting calyx expanding into long Vatica lanceaefolia, Blume. FL and fr. 1/2 4. V. grandiflora, Dyer. — Syn. Anisoptera odorata Kurz, F. Fl. i. 112. A middle-sized deciduous tree, young shoots and inflorescence clothed with ferruginous stellate tomentum. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, blade 5-7, petiole f-l in. long. Fl. 3/4 in., ovary slightly immersed in the receptacle, densely clothed with stellate hairs. Wings of fruiting calyx oblanceolate, the 2 1/2 in. with stellate deciduous larger long pubescence, the smaller one-third their length. Martaban, Tenasserim, Singapore. 5. V. faginea, Dyer, Tenasserim, Ferak, Cochinchina, is very similar and perhaps not specifically distinct. Leaves and flowers smaller, blade 4-5, petiole 1/3-1/2 in long. Fl. 1/2 in. 6. V. Scaphula, Dyer; M. Brit. Ind. i. 301. Vern. Boil shora, Mugh (Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 611). A large tree. Leaves elliptic-oblong, blade 5-8 in., petiole much thickened in the upper half, 1 in. long, midrib and 14-16 pair secondary nerves veins prominent beneath, tertiary nerves parallel and reticulate. Fl. 1/2 in. diam., in ample terminal panicles, ramifications and calyx grey tomentose with lorg stellate hairs, petals white, nearly glabrous, broadly ovate, spreading. Stamens 10. M:askhal Island, Chittagong district, canoeb made of it. Fl. C. S. The anatomy of this anomalous species merits further study. 9. VATERIA, Linn.; PL Brit. Ind. L 313. Species 3, one in Ceylon, another on the Seychelles. 1. V. indica, Linn.; Eoxb. Cor. pL t. 288; Wight 111. t. 36.— Syn. V. malabarica Blume ; Bedd. PL Sylv. t. 84. The Piney Varnish Tree, Vern, Dhupada, Guyli, Kan.; Bill dupa Coorg; Vellei Kuntrikam. Tam. : Payin, Mal.


32 14. TERNSTROEMIACEAE. [Eurya, E. japonica, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 191. t. 25; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 92; Fl. Br. I. 1. 284. Eastern Himalaya ; Sikkim, alt. 5 — 10,000 ft., Khasia Mountains, alt. 3 — 6000 ft., E. and W. Peninsulas and Ceylon, ascending-to 7000 feet. Beddome says it is found at low elevations on the W. side of the Madras Presidency. 1 have found it on the Bababudon Hills of Mysore at about 6000 ft., but have no account of it from any station in the Bombay Presidency except that given by Lisboa in his Useful Plants of Bombay and which requires confirmation. This tree flowers in Mysore during November, Fr. ripe January. Wood brown, soft, close-grained, sometimes used for fuel. 2. GORDONIA, Ellis. Evergreen trees. Leaves usually crenate. Flowers large, white, fragrant, solitary axillary or collected at the ends of the branches, 2-4 bracteokte, Sepals usually 5, unequal, graduating-from the bracts to the petals. Petals free, the innermost larger. Stamens 5-adelphous or all connate, adnate to the petals. Ovary 8-5 celled ; stigma stout, spreading ; ovules 4-8 in each cell. Capsule oblong, woody, angled, dehiscent. Seeds flat, winged, albumen 0. G. obtusa, Wall. Cat. 1459 ; Fl. Br, I. 1. 291 ; Bedd Fl. Sylv. t. 83, Western Peninsula from the Konkan southwards at an elevation of 2500 — 7000 ft. Common on the Nilgiris. I have found it on the Bababuden Hills of Mysore, in the evergreen sholas, at an elevation of 5000 ft., but it has not yet been found in the Bombay Presidency as far as I know. Lisboa mentions it in his Useful Plants of Bombay, but, similarly to Eurya japonica, this observation requires confirmation. Flowers May-June. Fr. Nov. -Jan. Order 14 DIPTEROCARPEAE. Trees abounding in resin, rarely climbing shrubs. Leaves entire, alternate, simple, with lateral parallel nerves ; stipules deciduous, convolute. Flowers usually sweet-scented, regular, bisexual, in few or many-flowered axillary and terminal racemes or panicles. Bracts minute or 0, rarely larger and persistent. Calyx 5-lobed, tube free or very short and adnate to the base of the ovary, 2 or more lobes usually accrescent in fruit. Petals 5, contorted, connate at the base or free. Stamens 5-infinite, hypogynous, or sub-perygynous, free connate or adnate to the petals ; filaments short, dilated at the base ; anthers 2-celled, connective, often aristate or with an obtuse appendage. Ovary slightly immersed in the torus, 1-3 celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, laterally affixed or erect; style subulate or fleshy. Fruit usually winged ; seeds 1-2, exalbuminous (albuminous


Dipterocarpus. 14. DIPTEROCARPEAE. 33 in Ancistrocladus). Cotyledons fleshy, equal or unequal, straight or more or less plaited and crumpled ; radicle superior or rarely inferior, usually included between the cotyledons. Calyx much enlarged in fruit. Calyx in fruio with a distinct tube. Large trees. Fruit with 2 erect wings ... 1, Dipterocarpus Climbing shrubs. Fruit with 5 unequal spreading wings ... ... 2. Ancistrocladus. Calyx in fruit with an obscure tube. Fruit 3-5-winged .. ... ... 3. Shorea. Fruit 2-winged ... ... ... 4. Hopea. Calyx not winged in fruit ... ... 5. Vateria, 1. DIPTEROCARPUS, Gaertn. Lofty trees with cylindrical stems, stellately pubescent or more or less clothed with fascicled hairs. Leaves coriaceous, simple^ entire or repand-crenate ; stipules large, valvate, enclosing the terminal bud, deciduous. Flowers racemose or panicled, often large and showy. Calyx 5-lobed with a turbinate or urceolate, free tube, 2 of the lobes accrescent in fruit. Petals pubescent externally^, spreading, slightly cohering at the base. Stamens numerous ; anther-lobes equal ; connective prolonged into a cuspidate point. Ovary 3-celled ; style filiform ; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit free, enclosed in the enlarged calyx-tube, 1-seeded, 2-winged. Seed adnate to the base of the pericarp ; cotyledons large, thickj unequal. D. turbinatus, Gaertn. f. Fruct. IIL 51. t. 188 ; Fl. Br, 1. 1 .295. D. indicns, Bedd. Fl. Sylv, t. 94 ; Brandis Jour. Linn. Soc. Vol. 31. p. 26. Wood Oil Tree. Ghallane, K. Eastern Bengal and Eastern Peninsula, from Pegu to Singapore, Western Peninsula., in the ghat evergreen forests, locally distributed, from North Kanara southwards. Very abundant in South K^nara and on the southern ghats of North Kanara (Gairsoppah Ghat, etc.). I have not seen trees much over 100 ft. high. It is, however, known to attain much greater dimensions, 200 ft. high by 5 ft. in diameter, in the Chittagong forests. Sir D. Brandis keeps D. turbinatus, Gaertn., distinct from D. indicus, Bedd., on very slender grounds. Length of the petiole, size of the leaf and number of the lateral veins. Enumer. Dipterocarpeae, Brandis. Jour. Linn. Soc. Vol. 31. p. 27. El, Dec. -Jan. Fr. ripe May. Wood smooth, moderately hard. Heartwood reddish brown, mottled with dark patches of tissue. Pores round, moderate-sized, included in and often joined by irregular bands of soft tissue. Medullary rays broad and fine. Weighs 57 lbs. to the cubic foot. Employed for house-building and canoes in Burma : not much used on the West Coast. The trunk yields a balsamic oil (Gurjun oil) used medicinally and for painting houses and ships. 2. ANCISTROCLADUS, Wall. Climbing shrubs with circinately hooked branches. Leaves usually in terminal tufts, coriaceous, entire. Flowers in terminal or lateral B 987—5


14. DIPTEROCARPEAE, [Ancistrocladus. panicles. Calyx-tube short ; lobes unequally enlarged. Stamens 5-10. Ovary 1-celled, inferior ; styles 3, articulated to a rounded disk ; ovule solitary. Fruit crowned with the accrescent spathulate^ calyx wings. Seed sub-globose ; albumen copious, fleshy, ruminated ; embryo shorty straight ; cotyledons short, divergent. A. Heyneanus, Wall. Cat. 7262 ; Fl. Br. I. 1. 229 ; Dalz. & Gibs. Bomb. FL 34. Kardor, kurdul, M. Western Peninsula from the Konkan to Travancore. On the ghats of Korth Kanara, common in evergreen forests. Fl. March. Fr. April. 3. SHOREA, Roxb. Resinous trees. Leaves entire or sub-repand, feather-veined. Flowers bracteate in lax cymose panicles; bracts persistent, caducous or 0. Calyx-tube short, adnate to the torus, segments ovate or lanceolate, imbricate, 3 or more^ rarely all enlarged in fruit. Petals 5, twisted, imbricate. Stamens 15-20-100; anthers ovate or oblong, rarely linear ; connective subulate-cuspidate ; valves equal or the exterior slightly larger, obtuse, rarely cuspidate. Ovary 3. celled ; cells 2-ovuled ; style subulate, entire or 3 lobed at the apex. Fruit coriaceous, indehiscent, 1-seeded, enclosed in the winged, accrescent calyx; wings 10-veined, linear. Cotyledons fleshy, unequal, usually enclosing the superior radicle. S. Talura, Roxb. Fl. Ind. IT. 618; Fl. Br. I. 1. 304; S.laceifem, Heyne; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. 26. Jhall mara, K. ; Jhallanda, Mysore. Western Peninsula ; forests of Mysore and Malabar. In the forests of the Sirsy taluka of North Kanara near the Mysore frontier, pretty common. Bark grey with longitudinal fissures. Wood hard, dark-yellowish, evengrained. Pores small, often in groups, enclosed in white tissue. Medullary rays moderately broad and fine, numerous, wavy, joined by transverse narrow bars of white tissae. Annual riogs indistinct. Weighs 56 lbs. to the cubic foot. Used extensively for building purposes in North Kanara. As far as I can ascertain lac is not found on this tree in North Kanara. Fl. Jan. Fr. April. 4. HOPEA, Roxb. Glabrous or tomentose, resinous trees. Leaves coriaceous, entire, firm ; stipules small, deciduous. Flowers ebracteate, in lax panicles of unilateral racemes. Calyx-tube very short, segments obtuse, imbricate, 2, enlarging in fruit, wing-like and erect. Petals connate, deciduous. Stamens 15, rarely 10; anthers ovate; connective subulate-cuspidate ; cells obtuse, equal-valved. Ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled; style short, terete or subulate. Nut 1-seeded, 2-winged ; seed ovoid ; cotyledons fleshy, unequal. This genus is very closely allied to Shorea. H. Wightiana, Wall. Cat. 6295 ; Fl. Br. 1. 1. 309; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. tr 96. Haiga, hiral bogi, hurihouga K.; Kavsip kalhoni M.


( 2i 9 ) ISOPTERA BORNEENSIS. The Dipterocarpous tree, Isoptera Borneensis, is one of the sources of oil nuts producing an important oil known generally as Minyak Tenkawang. We are indebted to Mr. John ALLAN, of Warrington, for an account of the habits of the tree and the methods of preparing the oil in Pontianak, where he has been lately travelling to study the origin of the oil seeds of the East. Isoptera bomeensis (Dipterocarpeae), is a native of Borneo. Bangka, and also of Pahang, Muar, and Perak, where I have occasionally met with it. It is a tree of very large size, from ioo to 150 feet when full grown, but unlike other Dipterocarpous trees it flowers and fruits often when quite small, so that one can gather the flowers from the ground. The leaves are bright green, oblong, acuminate, 4 inches long and two across, strongly ribbed, thin in texture, and glabrous. The flowers in short racemes small and yellow, are sweetly scented of vanilla, and in Pontianak. Mr. Allan says that the women are fond of gathering them, when the tree is small enough to reach, to put in their hair. The flowers are produced in October, the fruits in January. The tree usually grows on river banks in wet silt mud in which one sinks half-way up the leg. I have, however, seen it in dryer spots. The fruit is half globular, something like an acorn, about half-an-inch long and wide with five rounded ovate wings spreading out flat, reddish, and strongly ribbed, three of the wings are f-inch long, the other two hardly half as big. The fruit falls into the streams or rivers near which the tree grows and drifts down. The natives of Pontianak catch them in nets, or gather them in bends of the river, where there is a block from a fallen tree or projecting root. The nuts are then dried in the sun and pounded in a rice pounder, which here is trough or boat shaped. The pounded mass is then boiled in water and the fat skimmed off, strained through a simple bamboo strainer and poured into joints of bamboo. The fat is hard and waxlike. It is used for cooking, imparting a peculiar flavour to the meat, and is also used for greasing the copper pans in sngo and tapioca making, when pearl or bullet sago or tapioca is being made. The Minyak Tenkawang is also used for soap making in Europe, but it is a hard fat and requires much treatment. The tree is called Sinkawang in Muar, and Larat Api in Pahang. Burck gives its name as Tengkawang Trendah in Banka. Mr. Allan states that it grows in clusters, many trees together, which is not usual in Dipterocarpeae, though it is characteristic of Dryobalanops Camphor the Camphor tree. — Ed.


3i7 Sir HUGH Low, whose various Gardens in Perak were-supplied mainly with plants from the Botanic Gardens in Singapore attempted to develop agriculture in Perak, but his work was practically abandoned after he left the country and little was done for Agriculture in the Federated Malay States except by the Colonial Gardens, till the present year, and indeed at present the Malay States are still utilizing the resources of the Colonial Gardens. It can thus be seen what a large debt the agriculturists of the Malay States owe to the Botanic Gardens of Singapore and Penang for the work done for the last thirty years. Debts are easily f r« gotten, and the names even of the founders of agriculture in the Peninsula are perhaps hardly known to the planters who are reaping the benefit of their labours, among whom should be remembered Christopher Smith, to whom we owe the Nutmegs and Cloves of Penang. A. J. MURTON, the introducer of Para rubber and Liberian Coffee, and many other useful plants, and N. Cantley, who opened up the Economic Gardens in Singapore, whence so many thousands of plants and seeds have since been distributed over the Malay Peninsula. H. N. RIDLEY. FORESTRY IN THE MALAY PENINSULA IN 1904. The following notes extracted from the annual report from the Forest Department for last year may be of interest to our readers. Under the heading " Natural Reproduction" Mr. BURN-MURDOCH writes : — In Selangor, Merbau seeded plentifully during the year and thousands of seedlings were observed ^ in the Ulu Langat district ; Penak also seeded well both here and in the Kwala Pilah district of Negri Sembilan. A few Gutta-percha seeds, (Palaquium oblongifolium) , were obtained from Mr. HARPER, some of whose coolies came across fruiting trees in the remote jungles. The natural regeneration of Palaquium is very good. The Dipterocarp family fruited well generally, especially in Negri Sembilan, and large quantities of Penak, (Balanocarpus), seed were collected. The following were noted to have fruited : — Balanocarpus maximus ... June to August. Kumus (Shorea ciliata) ... October. Meranti and Serayahs Shoreas of various species and Hopea ... July to August. S. Acuminata S. Oprosula


318 Menyak Keruing, Dipterocarpus crinitus and Hasseltii. Calophyllum spectabile ... August to September. Petaling Ochanostachys Amentacea ... July to September. Tembusu, Fagroea fragrans ... November Merbau, Afzelia palembanica Palaquium was not observed to fruit in Negri Sembilan. It is interesting to note that in the forests near Tertang, Jelebu, the various ages or girth classes of Penak and Merbau are well represented, quite in contrast to parts of Pahang and Kwala Pilah where there are but few poles and saplings. Both Merbau and Chengal seeded well in Pahang, but seedlings are reported as scarce in a more advanced age. Resak (Shorea barbata) in the Temerloh district and Giam in the Rompin district have reproduced themselves satisfactorily, and seedlings of both species were seen thriving. The reproduction of Shoreas was good.


New account of Horsfieldia 2 81 Female flowers not seen. Fruits 2-6 per infructescence, ellipsoid, 1.0-1.6 x 0.8-1.2 cm, top minutely pointed, base sub-attenuate, glabrous, without or with sparse small tubercles or lenticels, dry valves c. 1-1.5 mm thick; stalk 1-4 mm long; perianth not persistent. Distribution. New Guinea: Irian Jaya, Digul (SE. New Guinea); Papua New Guinea, Western Prov. NEW GUINEA. Irian Jaya: (Bouman) BW 3234, (Nautje) 6530, 6608; Soegeng 413. — Papua New Guinea, Western Prov.: Lae 51821; NGF 8297, 31770, 31966. Ecology. Swamp edges, in fringes (with Acacia) of savanna and rain-forest; ridge forest, primary forest on level land inundated in the wet season, swampy forest on peaty soil; also in Mynaceae-Vatica-Campnosperma forest on well-drained podsolground; 0-200 m alt. Flowers in June, fruits from February to August. Vernacular names. Isasir, Jisasir, Jesaser (Asmat lang.), Selamae (Kunga dial.), Ma-tak (Kinuga Dist.). NOTES 1. Fieldnotes. Once reported to have small stilt roots. Bark longitudinally fissured, brown or red-brown, or blackish brown, inside reddish, with some reddish exudate; reported to have a very offensive smell, or a strong disinfectant smell. Wood whitish to yellow. Leaves ± leathery, once recorded as bluish-green above. Flowers yellow. Fruits orange-yellow or orange, seeds orange or red. 2. Apparently closely related to H. sepikensis, one of the few other New Guinean species with 3-merous perianths. That species differs in its non-angular twig-apices, more elongate perianth, more slender inflorescences, membranous leaves, and apparently a different ecology. The present new species is mostly found in dry or wet habitats on poor peaty or podsolic soils. 3. Specimens of the present species were included by Sinclair (p. 125, 126) in H. spicata var. sepikensis (Mkgf.) Sinclair, a taxon which appears to be a heterogenous entity. 18. Horsfieldia sepikensis Markgraf Fig. 1A(18); 10 Horsfieldia sepikensis Markgraf, Bot. Jahrb. 67, 2 (1935) 147. — Horsfieldia spicata var. sepikensis (Mkgf) Sinclair, Gard. Bull. Sing. 28 (1975) 125, p.p. — Type: Ledermann 8016 (Bt; iso: SING. n. v.). Tree 10-25 m. Twigs terete, faintly ridged or not, towards apex 2-4(-6) mm diam., early glabrescent, tomentum of hairs greyish brown, c. 0.1 mm long or less; bark striate, when older not flaking, lenticels rather small but distinct. Leaves in 2 rows, membranous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, broadest usually at or above the middle, 8-17 x 3.5-6 cm, base attenuate, tip acute-acuminate with the very tip usually bluntish; upper surface drying dark brown, without minute whitish pustules, lower surface early glabrescent, minute hairs less than 0.1 mm, without blackish-brown dots; midrib above flattish or slightly raised; nerves 8-12 pairs, above thin and flat; tertiary veins forming a lax network, very faint on both surfaces; petiole relatively long, 15-24 x 1-2 mm, leaf bud c. 10 x 1 mm, with hairs


New account of Horsfieldia 3 191 Ecology. Lowland forest: on sandy loam soil, sandy ridge in Shorea laevifolia forest: 0-800 m. Flowers and fruits throughout the year. NOTES 1. Fieldnotes. Bark smooth, undulately fissured: inner bark c. 10 mm thick, laminated, reddish-brown or yellow-brown: wood whitish or pale brown, or reddish. Flowers yellow, the males very fragrant. 2. Specimens ot the present new subspecies were formerly determined by Sinclair as H. sucosa var. microcarpa, a name later on ( 1975. p. 20) published as H. bracteosa var. microcarya Sinclair. Other specimens belonging to Sinclair's var. microcarya, incl. the type, are presently referred to a new species H. pallidicaula. 3. H. sucosa is vegetatively very similar to H. pallidicaula and H. srerilis. the two being markedly different in the male flowers: these have a differently built androecium. and the pedicels are inarticulate at the base. 4. It seems as if the distributional area excludes that of the related and resembling species H. pallidicaula. 49. Horsfieldia pallidicaula de Wilde, sp. now Fig. 1B(49) Cortex ramulorum pallidus. cinereus. non fuscobrunneus. Folia disticho vel sparsa. subtus nonpunctata. Perianthia mascula subglobosa. 1.5-2 mm diam.. 3-vel 4-valvatis: pedicelli graciles. 1-2 mm longi. basi non-articulati. Fructus late ellipsoidei. in sicco nigrescentes. perianthio persistente. — Type: Jacobs 5413 (L: iso: K: SAR. G. US. CANB. B. S. SING. n.v. ). Tree 7-20 m. Twigs terete, neither lined nor ridged, towards the apex 2-10 mm diam.. pale, whitish or greyish brown, contrasting with the blackish colour of the dry petioles (or petioles often greyish in the lower half), early glabrescent. tomentum with rusty or greybrown hairs 0.1-0.3 mm long: the bark lower down finely striate or not. slightly flaking or not. lenticels generally inconspicuous or absent. Leaves either in 2. 3 or 5 rows, membranous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, broadest at or above the middle. 10-30 x 4-9.5 cm. base long-attenuate, tip acute-acuminate: upper surface drying brown to blackish-brown, lower surface drying brown to grey-brown, without larger blackish dots, early glabrescent: midrib flat or slightly raised above, glabrous: nerves 10-18 pairs, slender above, flat or slightly raised, lateral arches not distinct: tertiary venation forming a lax network, indistinct above: petioles 10-25 x 1.5-3 mm. early glabrescent: leaf bud rather stout to slender. 7-10 x 2-4 mm. covered by brown-grey rusty tomentum of hairs (0.1-) 0.2(-0.3) mm long. Inflorescences situated generally behind the leaves, glabrescent. tomentum weak, with hairs 0.1-0.2 mm: in cf : (2 or) 3 times ramified, manyflowered, 3-9 x 2.5-7 cm. common peduncle up to 7 mm long (hence inflorescences often also ramified from near the base), the flowers more or less in clusters of 2-4: 9 inflorescences rather few-flowered. 1-3 cm long: bracts lanceolate, acute, finch pubescent. 1-3 mm long, caducous: perianths 3-or 4-valved. in 9 sometimes 2-valved. glabrous, pedicel glabrous, at base inarticulate. Male perianth globose or broadly obovoid. 1.5-2.0 (-2.2) mm diam.. top (broadly) rounded, base rounded to short-attenuate: pedicel 1-2 mm. slender: perianth at anthesis cleft to c. Vs to nearly V^-way deep, not or but slightly collapsing on drying, valves 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Androecium short-ellipsoid to somewhat depressed-globose. 0.8-1.2 x 0.8-1.2 mm. top rounded, circular in cross-section: anthers 8-10. completely sessile (i.e.. free apices 0-0.1 mm long only), incurved towards the apex of the androecium: column


SEASONS, LEAFING, FLOWERING & FRUITING 29 many times, covering most months, from 1929-1940. The ridge, athwart the monsoons, is exceptionally wet and probably accounts for the higher rainfall of Kota Tinggi. January was the only month when dry weather could be expected; otherwise, on most days, heavy rain would begin about 11 a.m. and last well into the afternoon. I noted, nevertheless, dry weather on the ridge in March-April 1931. To this abundant rain and cloud-cover the ridge owes its peculiarity of lowland swamp-forest and mountain Leptos per mum-forest (p. 36). With the opening of the new year, various trees in the swamp-forest began to change leaves and to flower. From January on there was a succession of flowering even into the wet weather of November and December when some species of Calophyllum and of rengas flowered. The canopy was never wholly in flower and, thus, individual trees could be picked out and their specific abundance recognised. The period of flowering for any one species was 3-5 weeks, after which fruits ripened in 3-6 months. January to May was the best flowering season, and May to October the fruiting. Double flowering ocurred with Tristania sumatrana, the two species of Buchanania, and Ixora grandifolia in Jan.-Feb. and in July-Aug. The shrub Kopsia singapurensis and the shrubby species of Ixora flowered copiously in the forest-undergrowth in Jan. -Feb. and Sept. -Oct. Pentaspadon officinalis, Pterospermum javanicum, and, perhaps, Mesua rosea flowered about April and October. Since these double flowerings were so general, I assumed without proof that the individual plants flowered twice a year. When Kopsia and Ixora flowered, the undergrowth became a mixture of white and orange-red, which seemed to me as good a mark as any of the double climate. Perhaps the species of Nephelium and Xerospermum flowered twice. In contrast, the single annual rhythm was shown by the undergrowth tree Macaranga baccaureifolia which shed its leaves in February (p. 187). Exceptions to the annual rhythm were few, though outstanding, and I think that many more remain to be discovered. As is well known, a general flowering of dipterocarps occurs at intervals of 3-4 years, especially when preceded by a very dry spell. Medway (1972) records the flowering of various dipterocarps in Selangor on 1-3 occasions during the seven years 1963-1969. Burgess (1969 records the fruiting of Shorea curtisii every 7-10 years after severe drought. I noted a general flowering of dipterocarps in the Sedili region only in May 1935 when January had been exceptionally dry. I collected the first fruiting specimens of Kostermansia in Sept. 1932, when there was a general fruiting of this fairly common and immense tree in south east Johore, but I never saw flowers or fruits again until the end of March 1940 when there was a general flowering. I am certain of this because I inspected regularly a group of trees that stood near the beginning of the Jemaluang road. It appears that Kostermansia flowers about March, once in eight years. This appears to be the rate of flowering of lanjut {Mangifera lagenifera), a few trees of which occurred by the Sedili Besar, but I did not observe them in flower. Medway (1972) records the flowering of Gluta renghas in two consecutive years over the period 1963-1969, and three annual flowerings of Swintonia schenkii in the same period. My impression was that several kinds of Anacardiaceae in the swamp-forest seldom flowered. Then I note that fertile material of the large tree P enlace corneri has not been collected, though it is known from Borneo and east Johore. Pentace triptera seemed to flower as seldom as Kostermansia. Medway (1972) recorded two annual flowerings of Pentace strychnoidea in the years 1963-1969. January. The year began with the conspicuous white flowering of Buchanania sessilifolia. As it was finishing in the second half of the month, the crowns of Melanorrhoea wallichii were converted into white mounds of fragrance. The abundance of both species became obvious, though the trees were not gregarious. Towards the end of the month Tristania sumatrana began to flower and the Tristania-banks were whitened for 3-4 weeks. Leaf-fall and the development of inflorescences began in the mempisang-belt.


30 I. THE SEDILI RIVERS February. The following events might overlap into March. Gregarious flowering: — Buchanania lucida (see also August), Campnosperma, Croton laevifolius (small undergrowth tree, fruiting in May), Eugenia spp., Lithocarpus spp., various Lauraceae and Myristicaceae, Macaranga baccaureifolia (small undergrowth tree, fruiting in June), Neesia, Pometia, Kopsia singapurensis, shrubby species of Ixora. Fruiting: — Calophyllum spp. (evidently from flowering in Oct. -Nov.), Connarus grandis. New leaves: — Shorea spp., Sindora coriacea (deciduous), Macaranga baccaureijolia (deciduous). March. The main flowering of trees began in this month of uncertain rain. Most striking was the leaf-fall and flowering of Cratoxylon formosum; the bare crowns flushed with reddish pink from the flowers and opening buds, revealed the great abundance of this tree (up to 30 m high) in the swamp-forest. Not being a timber-tree sought by Chinese wood-cutters, it flourished after their selective logging. Gregarious flowerings:— Castanopsis spp., Cerbera odollam, Crateva religiosa, Elaeocarpus spp., Entada phaseoloides, Eugenia spicata, Flagellaria, Gardenia tubifera, Gluta velutina (with flowering prolonged into June or July), Goniothalamus spp., Horsfieldia irya, Poikilospermum spp., Vitex clarkeana. Fruiting: — Mesua ferruginea, Myristica elliptica, Neoscortechinia forbesii, Nephelium glabrum, Vatica wallichii. New leaves: — Dalbergia beccarii (riverside climber), Koompassia malaccensis, Pongamia pinnata var. xerocarpa, Polyalthia sclerophylla (beginning to shed all its old leaves, developing olive-buff new leaves), Calophyllum sclerophyllum (complete leaf-change but no inflorescences; see July). These events might begin in February or be prolonged into April. Regarding Koompassia malaccensis, Medway (1972) recorded the development of new leaves about every six months but flowering was uncertain; only one general flowering was observed in the years 1963-1969. April, May. Gregarious flowering: — Barringtonia filirachis, Chisocheton amabilis, Cratoxylon arborescens, Dillenia excelsa, Elaeocarpus macrocerus, Eugenia spicata, Garcinia bancana, Gardenia tubifera, Horsfieldia irya, Jackia, Lophopetalum multinervium, Mussaendopsis, Myristica elliptica, Palaquium xanthochymum, Pandanus helicopus (prolonged into August or September), Pentaspadon officinalis (see also October), Polyalthia sclerophylla, Premna trichostoma (riverside climber), Pterospermum javanicum, Shorea spp., Sterculia bicolor, Vitex peralata, Ixora congesta and I. lobbii (continuing to flower in the undergrowth). Aquatic plants flowering: — Barclaya, Cryptocoryne spp. Fruiting: — Bhesa paniculata, Connarus grandis, Gnetum gnemon, var. brunonianum. New leaf: — Podocarpus neriifolius. In May 1935, when there was the heavy flowering of dipterocarps, many trees of Scaphium macropodum became completely deciduous and flowered on the new shoots. I recorded also that this species changed its leaves in Singapore in November 1935, then flowered for three weeks on the bare twigs, and developed new leaves in January 1936. Medway (1972) records two flowerings of S. macropodum (as S. affine) during the years 1963-1969. Sterculia bicolor seemed to ripen its fruits and shed it leaves in March-April along the Sedili Besar before it flowered in May. June, July. Gregarious flowering: — Connarus grandis, Elaeocarpus spp., Eugenia cerina, Fagraea racemosa, Nephelium rubescens, Tristania sumatrana (second flowering), Vitex clarkeana (see March).


42 I. THE SEDILI RIVERS Kelantan rivers where its large trees marked, also, the tidal freshwater stretch. Possibly they had been felled or carried away by floods. Floristic comparison with the Sedili. In the few days available to me I concentrated on the more conspicuous members of the vegetation. a. Species common on the Kemaman river, absent from the Sedili: — Barringtonia spicata (putat ulu, B. acutangula ssp. spicata), Derris heptaphylla (rare on the Sedili), Eugenia densiflora (jambu ayer), Dipterocarpus oblongifolius (and its associated flora, p. 44), Grewia tomentosa (common in belukar on the Kemaman, coastal in the Sedili region), Lagerstroemia speciosa (bungor raya), Mallotus floribundus (taping), Millettia hemsleyana (jada), and Securinega virosa (bebeti).Lagerstroemia ovalifolia (bungor menuku), was fairly common, but scarce on the Sedili. Two species of Tetracera (T. akara, T. indica, akar pelah or mempelas) were abundant up stream from the nipa-zone. b. Species common on the Sedili river, absent from the Kemaman: — Buchanania, Ceratopteris, Elaeocarpus macrocerus, Eugenia cerina, E. fastigiata, E. muelleri, E. pseudosubtilis, E. spicata, E. valdevenosa. Ficus calophylla. Gardenia tubijera, Limnophila, Mesua ferruginea, Polyalthia sclerophylla, Pongamia pinnata, and Vatica wallichii. There was, in fact, no vestige of the mempisang-belt of the Sedili river. The common large strangling figs of the Kemaman were F. crassiramea and F. sundaica. F. microcarpa was very scarce on the Kemaman; I saw only one fairly well-grown specimen on the river-bank at S. Rassau Beranyut where, as might be expected, the fresh and brackish water interchanged. Notes on the river-side vegetation of the Kemaman river. Acrostichum aureum extended from the mangrove abundantly to Kg Nior; not seen above Kg Binjai. Barringtonia conoidea (putat) apeared in the upper part of the nipa-zonc and continued in more or less scattered clumps up to Kg Pasir Halus where the last upstream stand of rassau was situated. Putat was most abundant between Kg Nior and S. Rassau Beranyut. It soon disappeared where, on going downstream, nipa began. Barringtonia spicata (putat ulu) occurred in fair abundance from Kg Nior upstream to K. Simpang. It was evidently restricted to the freshwater tidal stretch of the river. Derris heptaphylla occurred chiefly between the upper limit of nipa and K. Simpang, but scattered plants were climbing in flood-damaged parts of the neram-b&nks on S. Ayam and S. Nipa. Dipterocarpus oblongifolius (neram) was first encountered, going upstream, at Kg Pasir Halus, where tidal effect in the freshwater part of the river was becoming slight. Probably, in its original state, the Kemaman was a nerajn-v'ivtx from S. Pinang Hilir up to the Saraca-st reams of the ulu. Eugenia densiflora (jambu ayer) was in full flower at the end of June 1932 and, therefore, easy to distinguish. It occurred from Kg Binjai upstream to S. Ayam and was abundant as far up as Kg Pasir Gajah, well above K. Simpang. Between Kg Binjai and S. Pinang Hilir it formed in many places almost pure stands for up to 100 m along the river's edge. Here it was entwined with the two species of Tetracera, the red fruits of which among the posses of fragrant white flowers of the Eugenia made striking and beautiful pictures but the Malays with me were, as usual, indifferent to such sights. Upstream with neram this Eugenia was very scattered, but prospered in open flood-damaged places. It had become, indeed, a plant of river-side belukar.


110 V. VASCULAR PLANTS OF SEDILI-REGION Dilleniaceae Acrotrema costatum Jack: 32144 (2); frequent suffrutescent herb, in dryer parts of the swamp-forest. Dillema albiflos Ridley: 26850 (7), 29300 (1), 29369 (4), 32016 (2), 36850 (7), 37059 (10), s.n. 31.12.34 (4), (5); small tree -17 m, rarely with a few stilt-roots; frequent in dryer parts of the swamp-forest and on hillocks; endemic to south east, or east, Johore. D. excelsa (Jack) Gilg: 29335 (1), s.n. 27.3.32 (7); tree -27 m, without buttresses or stilts; flowering March-May (? not every year); frequent in swamp-forest. D. excelsa var. tomentella (Mart.) Corner: 32190 (1); flowering in October: frequent in swamp-forest. D. grandifolia Wall.: 26854 (7), s.n. 10.4.36 (6); tree -40 m, with prominent stiltroots -3 m high; deciduous; flowers without petals; scattered in swamp-forest; simpoh jangkang. (D. eximia Miq.). D. indica L.: frequent small tree on the banks of 5araca-streams and in the dryer parts of the swamp-forest; peradun. D. pulchella (Jack) Gilg: tree -30 m, without buttresses or stills, evergreen; frequent in the swamp-forest. D. reticulata King: 30678 (6), (7); stilted tree as D. grandifolia, apparently impossible to distinguish when sterile; deciduous; flowers with yellow petals; scattered in swamp-forest; simpoh jangkang. D. suffruticosa (Griff.) Martelli: 21189 (7), 32984 (7), 33546, 33547 (7); shrub or small tree, evergreen, often with some aerial roots from the branches; common on Tristania-banks between Mawai and Bt Tiga; simpoh ayer. Dillenia sp.: s.n. 11.6.34 (9, S. Rhu Reba). See special notes. Tetracera arborescens Jack: s.n. 29.11.32 (7); frequent climber on Tristania-banks; mempelas asah. T. fagifolia Bl.: (8). T. indica (Houtt.) Merr.: 28631 (8); common riverside climber on Tristania-banks and in the swamp-forest; mempelas. T. sarmentosa (L.) Vahl (9); coastal climber, common; mempelas gajah. Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea lamprocaula Prain et Burkill: s.n. (7). D. pyrifolia Kunth: 28735 (3); climber with ovate-cordate leaf, 5-7 basal veins; in swamp-forest. Dioscorea sp. : 32120 (2), 32499 (2). Dipterocarpaceae Balanocarpus heimii King: 30863 (2), 30867 (2), 32025 (2), (4), (10); tree -55 m, frequent in hillock-forest and in the dryer parts of the swamp-forest, among the first to be felled; chengal, penah. Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn. f.: (4), (5), (10); tree -60 m, 34 m to the first branch, dominant on some hillocks and in the adjacent parts of the swampforest, at its southernmost occurrence in Malaya; kapur.


182 VI. SPECIAL NOTES ON PLANTS S. parvifolia Dyer. — tree -35 m, with low buttresses; bark with elongate lenticelfissures, not flaky; inner bark pinkish brown, dull blood-red just below the dead outer bark, blaze with bacony streaks. S. pauciflora King. — tree -20 m, not buttressed (? immature); bark rufous greyish, flaky with thin rectangular pieces, somewhat fissured, not rugose; inner bark thick, soft, deep brown-pink, blood-red just below the dead outer bark. S. platycarpa Heim. — tree -35 m, buttressed; bark grey-brown, fissured; inner bark pinkish to purplish brown, reddish near the outside, blaze with bacony streaks. S. resina-nigra Foxw. — tree -55m, 35m, to the first branch, buttresses 3-4 m high; bark greyish fawn, rather flaky and fissured, not rugose; inner bark pallid yellowish; damar blackening on exposure — Plate 8. S. singkawang (Miq.) Burck. — tree -45 m, fluted at the base or with buttresses -2 m high; bark rufous grey to fuscous grey, rugose-fissured, not or slightly flaky; inner bark pinkish white or pallid buff-white. When growing by the Sedili Besar this tree recalled neram (Dipterocarpus oblongifolius) with flattened and twisted trunk leaning over the river and the branches laden with epiphytes. I think that it was confused by Malays with S. lepidota. S. sumatrana (V.S1.) Symington. — I used to recognise this tree from a characteristic small toadstool that grew on the fallen leaves. Vatica wallichii Dyer. — tree -23m, often short and crooked, without buttresses or stilt-roots; bark fuscous brown to pale grey, often white from a distance, smooth, with leaf-scars; inner bark yellowish, dark fuscous below the outer dead bark (flaking off on cutting), slightly resinous-aromatic (distinctly so in 28982); wood yellowish white; both flowering and fruiting specimens found in March 1932. Ebenaceae Diospyros L. — A dozen or more species of Diospyros occur in the swamp-forest, as trees up to 20 m, treelets and, almost, shrubs. The smaller are generally known as segun. The botanist recognises them from the dark grey or black bark which, in the blaze, gives a brittle and coal-like outer layer; the inner bark varies in colour and these differences seem to be important. Thus, I drew up the following key : — Inner bark pink to deep red; D. apiculata, D. argentea, D. maingayi, Diospyros sp. (6.8.39), D. sp. (1.7.39), (also D. dictyoneura and D. helferi, not in the Sedili region). Inner bark white to yellowish or pale ochre. Inner bark quickly turning deeper yellow on exposure; D. lanceifolia, D. siamang, Diospyros sp. (7.10.34). Inner bark not deepening on exposure; D. concertiflora, D. nutans, D. wallichii. Buttresses are seldom and but slightly developed as in D. maingayi. Stilt-roots occur in D. lanceifolia and D. siamang which also has loop-roots as pneumatophores, but it does not appear to have been found in the Sedili region. D. apiculata Hiern: — SFN 29359; tree -10 m; trunk 5 cm thick, no stilt-roots; bark dull black, shortly and shallowly longitudinally creviced, subtuberculate, with faint leaf-scars; inner bark pinkish brown beneath the coal-black dead bark; wood pinkish white; corolla white.


147 243 This beautiful species is doubtless often confused with Ch. marica L, which it somewhat resembles, and it is probably more widely distributed than is at present known. The specimens from the Gulf of Siani vary greatly both in outline and in colour, most of them are not as high as is shown in Smith's figure (but the measurements given in the text agree fairly well with those of my specimens), and resemble more closely Reeve's figure (loc. cit), which I think ought to be referred to the present species. The coloration varies exceedingly, there are scarcely two specimens which are alike in regard to painting; pale-red, white, and yellow individuals occur, with brown or red zigzag-lines, spots and rays, and many other paintings. In the interior of the valves the colour varies from entirely white to dark lilac. As the lamella; upon the posterior end are often only' slightly conspicuous, I think that Adams's and Reeve's species Venus costellifera is nothing but an individual of Ch. recognita, Sm, with worn or only slightly developed lamellae; the other distinguishing characters given for V. costellifera are also not very good. H. A. PILSBRY, under the name oi Ch. hizenensis, has described a very closely allied form from Japan. Chione (Omphaloclathrum) subnodulosa, Hani. (PI. V, Fig. 5). Venus subnodulosa, Hanley, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, XII, 1844, p. 160. — — — Catalogue of rec. biv. shells, p. 360, pi. 16, fig. 19. Chione — — Deshayes, Catalogue of the Conchifera in Brit. Mus, 1, 185, p. 145. Venus — — Reeve, Conchol. icon, XIV, Venus, Sp. loi. Off Koh Kam, 10 fathoms, gravel (a). Between Koh Mesan and Cape Liant, 59 fathoms (8). Gulf of Rayong, 7 — 10 fathoms, sand, mud (13). S. of Koh Samit, 20 fathoms, mud (21). Off Tung Kaben, 6 fathoms, mud mixed with sand (2). S. of Koh Mak, 56 fathoms (a). N. of Koh Kahdat, 45 fathoms, coarse sand (8). Koh Kahdat, 15 fathoms, sand (5). Between Koh Kut and Koh Kahdat, (> — 10 fathoms, shells, and clay mixed with sand (25). W. of Koh Kut, 15 fathoms, mud (4j. W. of Koh Kut, 30 fathoms, sand, mud (V2). Long. 319 mm. Long. 19 mm, alt. 13 mm, crass. 10 mm. Distribution: Singapore (23 fathoms, coral-reef (-a), Danish Exp. to Siam), Philippines (Hanley), Thursday Island (v. Martens), Torres Strait (Melvill & Standen), Mast Head Reef, Queensland (Hedley). This species varies rather considerably, e. g. with regard to the distances between the concentric lamellae. The coloration is also, as in Ch. recognita, Sm, very variable; usually the primary colour is light or yellowish, with brown rays or stripes; in the Gulf of Siam, however, entirely white specimens, with dark brown lunules, were taken. The interior of the valves is either quite white or ornamented with dark spots and rays. Proceed. Acad. Nat. Hist. Philadelphia, vol. 56, 1904, p. 553, pi. 41, figs. 12. 31


CETTSTACEA. 219 without definite locality, from the collection of the late Dr. Bleeker, and already referred to in my report on that collection, 53. Pilumnus vespertilio (Fabr). Five specimens were collected on the beach at Port Molle (Ios. 95, 103) (first collection). Prom the second collection are retained a female from Thursday-island beach (No. 167), a male from a coral-reef at Clairmont (No. 151), a female from West Island, Prince of Wales Channel (No. 149), and a small female from Dundas Straits, N.W. Australia, Item. (No. 161). In nearly all the hairs with which the carapace is clothed are of a cinereous colour. Hess mentions its occurrence at Sydney. It is said by Mr. Hasweu to be common in Australia on coral-reefs. A very large series of specimens of this widely distributed species is in the Museum collection, from the following localities — Mauritius (Old Collection) ; Seychelles (Dr. E. P. Writjlit) ; Java coll. Dr. Bleeker) ; Timor Laut H. 0. Forbes) ; N.W. coast of Australia, Nicol Bay Mr. du Boidae) ; Madjica-sima group H.M. isamarang' types of P. ursulus) ; Philippine Islands, Siquijor (Cumin f); Cumberland Island, Sir C. Hardy's Island (J. B. Jukes); New Zealand (Dr. A. Sinclair, R.N) ; Piji Islands, Vanua Levu, Bau (H.M.S. Herald ') ; Samoa Islands, Upolu, c. (Rev. S. J. Whitmee) ; New Hebrides (J. Macgillivray) ; besides others without definite or well-authenticated localities. I have in my report on the late Dr. Bleeker's collection of Malaysian Crustacea given the principal references to the synonymy of this species. 54. Pilumnus pulcher. (Plate XXII. fig. A) In this species the carapace is regularly convex and somewhat orbiculate, the antero-lateral margins being as long as the posterolateral and regularly arcuate ; the upper surface of the body and legs is rather thinly clothed with very long fulvous hairs, beneath which the carapace is granulated ; the median frontal lobes are very prominent, deflexed, and divided by a very narrow (or closed) median fissure ; the orbital margins are denticulated ; between each of the four principal spines of the antero-lateral margins are three or four scarcely smaller spinules. The pterygostomian regions are smooth ; the sternum coarsely punctured. All the segments of the postabdomen distinct in both sexes. The basal antennal joints are robust and reach to the subfrontal processes ; the merus-joints of the outer maxillipedes small and smooth. The chelipedes are moderately robust, and in the specimens examined nearly of equal size ; arm short, trigonous, smooth, with a strong spine near the distal end of its upper margin ; wrist granulated externally, with only a small spinule near the distal end of its inner margin ; palm with three spines on its upper margin (see fig. a), its outer surface strongly tuberculated, the tubercles arranged in longitudinal series,


32 ME. p. H. CARPENTER OX THE GENUS ACTINOMETRA. The position of the point at which the two folds of perisome bounding the sides of the original anilulaeral groove meet and unite, varies extremely. The fusion may, though rarely, take place on the disk ; sometimes it is at the base of the arms, and sometimes not till near their middle or terminal portions. In any case, however, the fusion, whenever it occurs, is so complete that all trace of the original ambulacral groove is entirely obliterated. (§ 23) The bearings of this fact upon the different views advanced by Greeff and Ludwig respecting the homologies of the ambulacral grooves of the Crinoids will be best discussed at a later period, when the changes undergone by the various structures underlying the grooves are described and illustrated. One point, however, must be noticed here on account of its importance with respect to the two views now entertained regarding the nervous system of Comatula. As long ago as 18G5 it was stated by Dr. Carpenter that the cord which traverses the length of the arms between the subtentacular and coeliac canals, " and which was regarded by Professor Miiller as a nerve, really belongs to the reproductive apparatus. But it will also be shown that a regular system of branching fibres proceeding from the solid cord (described by Professor Miller as a vessel) that traverses the axial canal of each calcareous segment of the rays and arms, is traceable on the extremities of the muscular bundles i and reasons will be given for regarding these fibres as probably having the function of nerves, though not exhibiting their characteristic structure" During his residence in the Philippine Islands, Professor Semper had also discovered that the arm-nerve of Miiller is really a part of the generative system ; and in a short paper published some time after his return he announced this fact, and suggested at the same time, " dass der bisher immer als Gefass aufgefasste Strang im innern des Kalkskelettes ein Nervcnstrang sei, und dann ware wool das im Kelch liegende sogenannte Herz als cin Gano-lion anzuschcn" These observations of Dr. Carpenter's and Professor Scmpcr's were unfortunately overlooked for many years, so that even as late as 1874 Miiller's erroneous statements witli regard to the nervous system of Comatula were repeated in the valuable text-book of Gegenbaur and in many smaller Works. At the commencement of 187G, however, two very different views respecting the nervous system were put forward nearly simultaneously by Green and by Dr. Carpenter. The former ' described the whole floor of the ambulacral grooves on the arms and disk of Ant. rosacea as constituting a radial nervous system, starting from an oral nervous ring in the peristome, and corresponding " Ueber den Bau der Echinodermen. III. Mittlieilung" Sitzungsb. der Gesell. z. Boforder. d. gesamm. Natunviss. zu Marburg, ISTLI, No. 1 1 p. 1 55. " Beitr. z. Anat. der Crinoideen" Nachrichten von dor Konigl. Ocsclls. der Wissen-. u. dor G. A. Tjniversitiit zu Gottingen, 187G, No. 5, pp. 107, 108. " "Researches on this Structure, Physiology, and Development of Antedon rosaceus. Parti" Philos. Trans, vol. clvi. p. 705. • " Kurt anatomy. Bcmerk. iiber Comau7rt" Arbeit, aus d. zool-zootom. Instzuwurzburg, Band i. (1874), p. 262. Grundriss der vergleich. Anat. p. 22i. " Ueber den Bau dor Crinoidea" Jlarburg. Sitzungsb. 17C, No. 1, Jan. 13, p. 21.


t9S» 2ud Ser. ZOOLOGY] VOL. II, PART I. THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. CON T V. N T S. I. On the Germs Actinometra, Mill, with, a Morphological Account of a new Species (A) polymorpha from the Philippine Islands, — Part I. By P. Herbert Carpenter, M.A, Assistant Master at Eton College. Communicated his W. B. CA.RPBXTER, C.BM.I, LL.D, F.B.SF.L.S) (Plates 1-8) Piigos 1-122 LONDON: PRINTED BY TAYI-OH AND FRANCIS. KKI) LION COURT, FLEET STREET: SOLD AT THE SOCIETY APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON-HOUSE ; AN1> BY LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, AND DVER, PATERNOSTER-ROW. December 1879.