— 174 — Dyer, J. Bot. 3 : 154 (1874), concluded that his Hopea longifolia, Fl. Brit. Ind. 1 : 309 (Jan. 1874), based on Beddome s.n. from Tinnevelly, S. India, was conspecific with Balanocarpus utilis Beddome, Fl. Sylv. : tab. 330 (1874) and Gamble accepted the reduction, Fl. Madras : 84 (1915). Bole (Kew Bull. 1951 : 145-146) discussed the status of Dioticarpus barryi Dunn (Kew Bull. 1920 : 337), a genus which Dunn had separated from Balanocarpus because of the 2-winged fruit. Bole examined the two only fruit bearing specimens of Dioticarpus barryi Dunn in the Madras Herbarium, Coimbatore 3464 (the type specimen in Kew has no fruit, neither drawing of fruit) and arrived at the following conclusion, after having studied the literature of the Malesian species : « Foxworthy, J. Arn. Arb. 27 : 347 (1946), in his account of the distribution of Dipterocarpacese, is inclined to consider Balanocarpus erosa Bedd. as a species of Hopea Boxb. The author (Bole) of the present note very reluctanth has to disagree from such a view until further anatomical and morphological evidence l.e brought forward. The fruit morphology of these two species of Balanocarpus (i.e. B. erosa Bedd. and B. heirnii King) is so different from that of Hopea Boxb., that their retention in a separate genus seems to How Ashton, Blumea 20 (2) : 369 (1972), who quotes Bole can conclude : « Bole's correct reduction of the genus Balanocarpus to Hopea » is a riddle as Hole concluded just the opposite ! Of Balanocarpus utilis Bole believed, that it was conspecific with Dioticarpus barryi Dunn, but as he was aware, that fruit of Dioticarpus had 2 wings and Balanocarpus no wings, he made the nonsensical assumption, that both kinds of fruit could occur on the same tree, " this point needs further elucidation from field-workers » (Bole). Bole apparently never was in the field ! But notwithstanding Bole's own suggestion for waiting for confirmation, he proceeded to refer Balanocarpus utilis to Hopea. giving Dioticarpus horryi as a synonym. It goes without saying, that Balanocarpus utilis is not a Hopea and that Dioticarpus barryi is not conspecific with it. The latter should be compared with Hopea wigh-If Balanocarpus has to be accomodated in another genus, the logical choice is Shorea, not Hopea, because of the three slightly larger, at base thickened sepals under the fruit. The number of stamens militates against Shore't. but since Ashton included Doona with 15 stamens in Shorea, also this obstacle is gone. I am not inclined to make hasty conclusions, and as Balanocarpus with its 2 Indian and 2 ("eylonese species is a close unit, I prefer to retain it as a separate genus. In his Manual of Dipterocarp trees of Brunei State : 91 19b'. . Ashton included the 3 Ceylonese species of Hopea (including Balanocarpus brevipetiolaris) in the section Hopea, characterized by a scalariform nervation and a smooth bark or regularly flaky. Since then he included Balanocarpus brevipetiolaris in Hopea with reticulate venation, which upsets the sectional subdivision. Moreover B. brevipetiolaris is very close to B. kitulgallensis, the latter with scalariform reticulation. By creating sections, based on nervation, closely related species may become


orbicular, the 3 outer ones thicker, thickened at the base, hardly longer than the inner two, up to 5 mm long. Embryo green ; each of the unequal cots completely divided into two parts (Tun™). Distribution : Now only found on the slopes and the summit of Doluwe and Dun Kande, near Kurunegala, up to 600 m altitude ; as trees are found at the base of Dunkande near Arankelle and at the hills opposite it. it may he assumed that the species must have been common also in the plains between the hills. Ecology : A normally developed tree with straight bole of 20 m height, was found at the base of Dunkande near Arankelle. The tree is extremely common on the flat top of Doluwe Kande at 600 m alt. and its adjacent slopes, but because of adverse conditions it is here stunted with short, crooked boles, sprouting several boles, and more coppicing than the trees lower down, (although these have numerous root-suckers). The bark of older, regular tree boles looks quite different from the smooth, greyish younger stages. Trees with long pendulous branches were seen occasionally. Notes : The type specimen is a sterile shoot from an unknown locality (Ashton says from Doluwe Kande, perhaps based on an assumption). It shows the deeply cordate leaves and dense puberulence of a young tree. Trimen stressed that its origin was not known and he added it to tin-synon\ my of his own species : Balanocarpus zeylanicus with an interrogation mark, stressing in a note, that Thwaites's sterile shoot might represent another species. As B. zeylanicus is based on another type specimen, Trimen did not transfer Shorea brevipetiolaris Thw. to Balanocarpus, as Ashton says, but created a new species, adding in synonymy as a doubtful synonym Shorea brevipetiolaris Thw. and hence his name is not illegitimate (as Ashton says). There is one specimen in Peradeniya with flowers in bud, collected in the Peradeniya Garden, which is probably the specimen mentioned by Trimen. I have indicated this as the lectotype specimen. In the description Ashton calls the tree " medium sized, but up to 35 m tall and up to 3 m girth ". This is perhaps a mistake for feet (not meters). The petals are more orbicular-ovate to orbicular then oblong-ovate as described by Ashton and their enrolled, oblique tip which is so characteristic, is not described, neither the cup-shaped or urceolate corolla. The statement, that there are 10 or 15 stamens is wrong, I have counted them in 50 flowers : there are 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or mostly 15 stamens, some opposite each other. The garden specimen flowered in May, during 2 weeks after a long (4 weeks) period of flower development. The name Dunmala, given by Ashton is wrong. Dummala (not Dunmala) means resin and is given to any Dipterocarpaceous tree, when no other name is known [dummala from dhuma, Sanskrit = fume, used as an incense). Our tree produces hardly any resin and nobody collects it. Specimens examined : Ashton 20-53, Doluwe Kande. ster. PDA,; 2105, cult. in Botan. Garden. Peradeniya, April, buds (PDA); de Silva 49,51 eod. loc. May fl. (PDA); s.n., eod. loc, Aug. fr. (PDA) : Jayasuriya & Balasubramaniam 537. Kurunegala. Dunkande. Arankelle, ster. (PDA); 540. Doluwe Kande PDA ; Kostermans 28441. cult. in Hotan. Garden, Peradeniya,


Fruit sub-globose, acutish, rather thin-skinned, 15 mm diam., outside divided into minute polygonal fields. The persistent sepals not hardened, pointing downward. Fruit cracking irregularly at germination. Distribution: Only known from an area along a tributary of the Kelani R., ca. 0.5 mile S. of Kitulgalle. Note : The shape (not the size] of the acumen, and reticulation resembles strongly that of S. elegans, but our species differs by the larger leaves, the larger number of stamens, the much broader sepals and the larger fruit. It is rather remote from S. lancifoliuss. with which it has been confused by Ashton and from which, in sterile condition, it can be readily distinguished by the [(innately veined leaves (triplinerved in S. lancifolius) and the channeled midrib on the upper surface (midrib prominulous in S. lancifolius) . The number of stamens, however, brines it nearer to S. lancifolius then to S. elegans. Material studied : Bremer 940, Kegalle Distr., shore and forest along tributary of Kelani R., 0.5 mile S. of Kitulgalle,ca. 80°24’ E, 6°59’N, 70 m, wet, evergreen forest, March, fl., fr. (PDA, S, US); Balakrishnan 343, ibid., Aug., fl. (PDA); Ashton 2003, ibid., March, fl. (G, PDA, US); Kostermans s.n., ibid., March, fl., fr. (L). 7. Stemonoporus gardneri Thwaites. -Pl. 7 In Hooker’s Kew J. Bot. 6: 69, tab.2 A(1854); Enum. Pl. Zeyl:38 (1858) and 403 (1864), as a synon. of Vateria gardneri Benth.; Beddome, Fl. sylv.:tab 99 )1870); Pierre, Fl. for Cochinch. 17: tab. 258 H (1892); Heim, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 39: 153 (1892); Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1: 133 (1893); Alston, in id. 6 (Suppl.):26 (1931), excl. Lewis s.n., Wallankande; Brandis, J. Linn. Soc. 31: 139 (1895); Ashton, in Dassanayake (editor), Revised Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1 (2): 190 (1977), excl. Lewis s.n. Wallankande; Lewis, Trees & fl. Pl.W. & Sabaragamuwa Prov.: 36 (1902): Veget. Prod. Ceylon: 145 (1934), quoad nomen tantum. Vateria gardneri Thw. Benth. ex Thw. Enum., l.c. :403 (1864); Dyer, in Hooker f., PIBrit. Intl. 1 : 314(1874) : Trimen, Syst. Catal. : 9 (1885) : Handb.,l.c. — Vatica gardneri (Thw.) A. DC, Prodr. 16 (2) : 622 (1868); Dyer, l.c. Lectotypus propositum : Gardner s.n., C.P. 1920, p.p., Adam's Peak (PDA). Tree, up to 20 m tall and 70 cm dbh. No buttresses. Bark smooth, grey, ca. 0.5-1 nun thick, hoop-ringed ; live bark 5 mm, white. Crown rather open (in Adam's Peak specimens). Branchlets thick, angled, often sulcate, glabrous to sparsely, microscopically puberulous with large protruding leaf scars. Terminal bud small. Stipules carinate, thick, acute, caducous, up to 5 mm long. Leaves glabrous, sub-coriaceous to stiffly, thickly coriaceous. oblong-ovate to ovate, 7-15 X 4-8 cm, rather abruptly acuminate (acumen short to long and rather slender, 5-20 mm), base rounded or truncate or obscurely sub-cordate ; above smooth (rarely obscurely densely reticulate), glossy, midrib slightly sunk in broad groove, lateral nerves very thin, slightly impressed : below the stout midrib strongly prominent, the 5-13 pairs of lateral nerves erect-patent, prominent, near the margin strongly ascendently arcuate, not connected at the margin, the lower 2 or 3 pairs often proximate and more patent (pseudo-quintuplinerved) ; secondary nerves slender, prominulous, scalari-


— 346 — (K, L, P, PDA, US), quoted as 2112; Bernardi 15788, from Carney to Adam's Peak, Dec., buds (G, PDA) ; Thwaites C.P. 1920, Gongals near Adam's Peak, March 18.12, fl. PDA) ; Trimen s.n., Maskeliva, March, buds PDA) : Gardner s.n., C.P. 1920, Adam's Peak, fl. (PDA), type ; Sohmer A Wans 10435. 10460, Sinharaja forest. N. Enselwatte. along Madaelle stream. 100 m, entry Army Camp, Nov., after anthesis (PDA) ; Wans 1479. ibid., Febr., young fr. PDA) ; Huber 613, ibid., Nov., after anthesis (PDA). 8. Stemonoporus canaliculatus Thwaites. — PI. 8, Enum. PI. Zeyl. : 38 (1858) and 403 (1864), as a synon. of Valeria canaliculata Benth. ; A. DC, Prodr. 16 (2) : 621 (1808), as a svnon. of Vatica canaliculata : Dyf.b, in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 1 : 315 (1874), as a synon. of Valeria canaliculata : Trimen, Handb. PI. Cevlon 1 : 135 (1893); Brandis, J. Linn. Sue. 3 J : 1 40 1895) ; Lewis, Veget. Prod. Cevlon : '.7 . 1JK34) : Ashton, in DasSANAYAKE (editor:. Revised Hand!). PI. Ceylon I 2 : 192 (1977). pro minime parte, only C.P. 3413) ; Kostermans. in Liber gratulat. de Wit : 216 (1980). — Vateria canaliculata (Thw.) Benth. ex Thw, Enum., I.e. : 403 1804): Dyer, I.e.; Trimen, System. Catal. : 10 (1885) ; Handb., I.e. (as Stemonoporus canaliculata) ; Ashton, I.e. ; Kostermans,l.c. — Vatica canaliculata (Thw.) A. DC, Prodr. 16 (2) : 621 (1808) ; Dyer, I.e. Lectotypus propositum : C.P. 3413, Hinidoon Korle (= Hiniduma Korale), April 1855, 11., exel. detached fruit (PDA). Tree, up to 5 m tall and dbh. 10 cm. Bark smooth, grey, hoop-ringed. Branchlets patent, terminal part sub-angular, rather thin, densely microscopically brown puberulous. Terminal bud small with similar indumentum. Leaves thinly coriaceous, rather stiff, elliptic to lanceolate, 6-15 X 2-6 cm, rather broadly, obtusely acuminate (acumen 6-12 mm long), base obtuse or shortly acutish : above glossy, glabrous, sub-bullate, midrib slender, deeply impressed, lateral nerves thin, impressed, sometimes secondary impressed veins visible : below paler, initially midrib and lateral nerves microscopically puberulous, midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves prominent, erect-patent, 9-12 pairs, some of them at 1-2 cm from the margin arcuately connected, secondary nerves scalariformous. slender, prominent : reticulation none or obscure. Petiole slender, densely puberulous, 1-4 cm long, straight or geniculate. Inflorescences consisting of 1-2 axillary or usually extra-axillary sessile flowers on an inconspicuous, up to 2 mm long, thick, puberulous peduncle ; at the flower base a number of minute, ovate, acute bracts. Sepals ovate-oblong, acute, 5-6 mm long, densely puberulous outside. Petals thinner, ovate, obtuse, 7 mm long. Stamens 15, puberulous. Fruit greyish brown, depressed globose, up to 3.5 cm diam. and 2.5-3 cm high with thin pericarp and folded, dark red cotyledons, pericarp roughish. brown, divided into polygonal areas. Sepals not hardened, pointed downwards. " Cotyledons thick, fleshy, both bifid to the base ; the cells filled with starch. At the base of the fruit, the inner surface of the pericarp is lined by a flat membranous cup, the rim of which is divided into 10 linear laciniate, upright lobes, which penetrate in between the lobes of the cotyledons " (Brandis). The pericarp cracks irregularly at germination. The cotyledons are fleshy, red, lobed and wrinkled, spreading. The thick radicle has below its tip a collar of thin, adpressed, silky


— 353 — Terminal bud small. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, glabrous, subovate-elliptic to elliptic, 6-15 X 3-5 em. conspicuously acuminate (acumen slender, obtuse. 6-20 mm long), base rounded to shortly acute ; above glossy, smooth, the very thin midrib prominulous, the lateral nerves faint ; below glossy, densely, smoothly reticulate nervules flattened), midrib prominent, in very young leaves sparsely microscopically puberulous. lateral nerves Kill pairs, very thin, prominulnus. erect-patent. very close In the margin abruptly, arcuately ascendent, not connected into a marginal vein, secondary nerves absent or not different from the reticulation. Petiole slender, geniculate or not. upper part slightly thickened. 1.5-6 cm long. Panicles (pseudo-racemes i axillary, consisting of a 5-15 mm long, slender, puberulous main peduncle, bearing (usually apically l-'i flowers on very short lateral branches. Pedicels thickish, puberulous, 2 nun. Buds slender, long and sharply pointed. Sepals thickish. glabrous, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, acutish, 6-8 mm. Petals yellowish fresh i. o\ate. 1 cm long, Stamens 15. Fruit ovoid, acute, its base flattened, pericarp thick, superficially, longitudinally grooved, the ribs very broad, slightly pointed, rusty scabrous, up to 3.5 cm diam. the not enlarged sepals stiff, pointing downward. A fibrous mass between the cotyledons (Heim). At germination opening by thick valves. Distribution : S.W. Ceylon, wet, evergreen lowland forest, alt. 300 m. near Nelluwa (Hiniduma Province) and S. Sinharaja. Notes : Ashton mixed this with at least two other, quite distinct species. This is one of the 3 species of Stemonoporus with a reticulation, exactly like that of the 3 Ceylonese species of Vatica. There are 3 sheets in Peradeniya : one marked in pencil April 1855. near Nellowe. which has a fruiting branch, a flowering one and a sterile large-leaved one : the second one has 2 flowering branches and the pencilled note : near Nellowe. Hinidoon Corle, fr. Apr. 1855, fl. Sept. 1860 and the third has 2 (lowering branches and is marked : near Nellowe, Sept. 1860. Heim established Kunckelia on account of the fruit, the thick pericarp and the planconvex, unequal cotyledons. The species has been found again in Sinharaja forest where one tree is marked for observation. Material studied: S W. Ceylon : C.P. 3414. Hiniduma Korale. Nelluwe, April 1855. II. (PDA, 2 sheets), type ; C.P. 3414. ibid. Sept. 1860. fr. PDA. part of one sheet ; Gunatilleke H. 741, Sinharaja forest Weddagala entrance, ster. (PDA): Kostermans 27840. same tree. Oct., buds (AARH, G, L, PDA); Kostermans 27898. same tree. Nov. fl. (AARH, G, L, PDA). 12. Stemonoporus rigidus Thwaites. — PL 11, 12. In Hooker's Kew J. Bot. 6:69 (1854); Enum. Pl. Zevl. : 38 (1858). and 403 (1864), as a synon. of Vateria rigida, Benth. ; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1 : 134. tab. 13. fig. 6-11 (1893) : Pierre, Fl. for. Cochinch. 17 : tab. 258 J (1892) : Heim. Kecherches Dipteroc. : 89 (1892) and in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 39 : 193 (1892) ; Brandis, J. Linn. Soc. 31 : 140 (1895) : Lewis. Veget. Prod. Ceylon : 46 (1934) ; Ashton. in Dassayanake (editor) Revised Handb. FL Ceylon 1 (2) : 193 (1977).


puberulous peduncles, bearing 1-4 flowers in axils of awl-shaped tiny bracts. Pedicels thickish, puberulous, 2 mm long. Sepals ovate, acutish. thickish. up to 7 mm long, outside densely sericeous puberulous. Petals white, obovate-subspathulate, up to 1 em long, obtuse, longitudinally veined. Stamens 10, minutely puberulous. Fruit globose, smooth. Distribution : Kitulgalle area. Notes : The material (apart from the C.P. 3151) enumerated by Ashton, does not belong here; it differs by thicker leaves with closely packed numerous secondary nerves and different much longer hairs. Alston mentioned a Lewis specimen from the same area. S.W. Ceylon with a fruit. I have not seen this but I suspect it to be S. scalarinervis. Lewis's description contains contradictions: he states that the tree is 20 feet high, but in the discussion of the timber, that it attains considerable size. A tree of 20 ft. is hardly a timber tree. Apparently he confused it with another species. He mentioned : Gongalle Range (repeated by Alston). The species was only known from the type locality by a single collection. In April 1980 I rediscovered two tree near Kitulgalle. Material studied : C.P. 3151, Kitulgalle, 1852 or 1853 (PDA. 2 sheets, : Kostermans 2S3SS, valley of Kelaniya R., near Kitulgalle, alt. ca. 300 m. April, fl. (AAU, G, L. PDA). 15. Stemonoporus wightii Thwaites. — PL 15. Enura. Pl. Zeyl. : 37 (1858) and 403 (1864), as a synon. of Valeria wightii Benth. ; A. DC, Prodr. 16 (2) : 620 (1868), as a synon. of Vatica wightii: Dyer, in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. fnd. 1 : 314 (1874), as a synon. of Valeria ceylanica Wight; Heim, Recherches Dipter.: 89 (1892) ; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 39 : 153 (1892) ; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Cevlon 1 : 132 (1893 ; Brandis, J. Linn. Soc. 31 : 138, tab. III, 26 (1895) ; Lewis, Trees and flow. Pl. W. and Sabaragamuwa Prov. : 36 (1902) ; Veg. Prod. Ceylon : 44 (1934) ; Alston, in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Cevlon 6 (Suppl.) : 26 1931], as a svnon. of Stemonoporus ceylanicus ; Ashton, in Dassanayake (editor . Revised I Iambi. FL Ceylon 1 (2); : 189 (1977). as a synon. of S. ceylanirus. — Vateria wightii (Thw.) Benth. ex Thw., Fnum., I.e. : 403 (1864) ; Dyer, I.e. : 314 (1874), as a synon. of Vateria ceylanica : Trimen, Syst. Catal. : 9 (1885) ; Handb., I.e., as a synon. of Stemonoporus wightii ; Ashton, I.e. ■ Vatica wightii (Thw.) A. DC, Prodr. 16 (2) : 620 (1868) ; Dyer, l.c., as a synon. of Vateria Vateria ceylanica Wight, Illustr. Ind. Bot. 1 : 88 (1840) ; Thwaites, Enum., I.e. : 37 (1858), with question mark ; A. DC, Prodr., I.e. : 020 (1868) : Dyer. l.c. : 314 (1871): Trimen. Syst. Catal. Cevlon : 9 (1885) “ceylanica”: Handb. l.c. : 132, as a synon. of Stemonoporus wrightii: Ashton, l.c.; typus :Specimen, seen by Dyen (Cal? K?) -Stemonoporus ceylanicus (Wight) Alston, in Trimen, Handb. Fl. Cevlon 6 Suppl.) : 26 (1931) -zeylanicus" : Ashton. I.e. : 189 (1977). Stemonoporus macrophyllus Thw.. mss. ,n Herb. Honker, ex Thw., Fnum., I.e. : 37 1 858 : Heim, Recherches Dipter. : 89 (1892, ; Bull. Soe. Bot. France 39 : 153 (1892). : C.P. 3115, Sinharaja, Sept. L855, fl. PDA, and dbh. 35 cm. Bark smooth, yellow. Sapwood pale yellowish.


Material studied: Wass 1688, Ratnapura Distr., Mangadala Oya forest, along trail to Maskeliya from Malibode, 700 m, June, fl. (PDA). 20. Stemonoporus affinis Thwaites. — Pl. 20. In Hooker's Kew J. Hot. : 68 1854 ; Enum. PL Zeyl.:38 of Vateria affinis Benth. : A. DC, Prodr. Hi i 2 i : 021 ( 1808), Dyer, in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. Ind. I : 314 1874 . as a synon. of Valeria affinis ; Trimen, Handb. Fl. Cevlon 1 : 134, lab. U 1803: ; Alston, in id. 6 :Suppl. : 26 (1631) ; Brandis, J. Linn. Soc. 31 : 140(1895); Ashton. in Dassanayake (editor). Revised Handb. Fl. Ceylon. 1 (2) : 189(1977). -Vateria affinis (Thw.) Benth. ex Thw., Enum., l.c. : 403 (1864): A. D.C. l.c.; Dyer, f.c. :314; Trimen. Svst. Catal.: 10(1885); Handb. l.c. (as a synon. of Stemonoporus affinis); Ashton, l.c. — Vatica thwaitesii A. DC, Prodr. 16 (2), : 621 (1868); Dyer, l.c.; Trimen, l.c.; Ashton, l.c. Typus : C.P. 2430, Hunasgiriya, at about 4000 ft. (PDA). Tree, 8-13 m high, dbh. up to 40 cm, coppicing at base. Bark smooth, grey. Branchlets of flush and midrib of flush leaves underneath very sparsely microscopically puberulous, soon glabrous. Terminal bud small. Branchlets thickish. Leaves stiffly coriaceous, glabrous, subovate-elliptic to elliptic, (4-) 6-11 X (2-) 3-7 cm, rounded and abruptly acuminate acumen slender, obtuse, up to 1 em long, in saplings up to 2.5 cm), base rounded; above glossy, midrib thin, prominulous in a shallow groove, lateral nerves thin, obscurely impressed, sometimes the impressed secondary nerves visible, the leaves bullate. below glossy, midrib strongly prominent, lateral nerves 7-8 (-11) pairs, erect-patent, slender, prominent, near margin for a short distance areuately ascendent, not connected, secondary nerves very slender, scalariformous, in between a dense reticulation. Petioles rather slender, 1-3 em long, straight, apical part slightly thickened. Inflorescence axillary, 0-5 mm long, bearing one or two flowers : bracts large, narrowly oblong, acutish. 5 mm long. Pedicels thickish. 5-7 mm long, sparsely, minutely puberulous. Sepals rather fleshy, narrowly oblong to subovate-oblong, rather obtuse to acutish, up to 8 mm long, outside sparsely. microscopicalK puberulous. Petals whitish yellow (fresh), subovate-orbicular, 1 cm long, obtuse, fleshy. Stamens 15, 4 mm long. Ripe fruit depressed globose, thick-skinned, smooth, initially slightly ribbed, up to 3 cm in diam. and 2.5 cm high, roughish, brown, the petals hardened, pointing downward. " Embryo bright pink " (Trimen). " Embryo bright pink, cotyledons divided into numerous lobes " (Brandis). Distribution : Knuckles Mts.. according to Lewis also on Meriacotte Peak (S. and W. flank), upper Bambarabotuwa, upper Atakalan Korale and Rakwana according to Lewis, repeated by Ashton). Ecology : Reaches canopy size in the low mountain forest. Notes : The ripe fruit is smooth and not grooved as stated by Trimen and is irregularly dehiscent. The base of the leaves was correctly described by Trimen, they are not subcordate or broadly cuneate as stated by Ashton. They are not scabrous below as stated by Trimen.


Ashton's remark, that the localities enumerated by Alston (a book, which Ashton copied from Lewis, a book, which Ashton did not see) appears to cations, has no base. The identifications are of Lewis, not of Alston ; no specimens are extant. There are two sheets of C.P. 2430 in Peradeniya, one has the pencilled notes : Hunasgiriya at 4000 ft., April 1851 and Oct. 1850, with two flowering branches and a package of fruit, and also another pencilled note : Knuckles, Sept. 1858, in fl. The other sheet is a fruiting specimen and is unmarked. Some mistake is evident in the notes. Thwaites described a flowering specimen in 1854 from Hunasgiriya. Hence the flowering specimen is I the holotypus and the attached fruit package belongs to the other unmarked sheet, which was apparently from the Knuckles. " In receptacle large cavities, filled with resin " (Brandis). Material studied : Ash March, fr. PDA : 2056, ibid., fr. (L, PDA); Balasubramaniam 2192. Hauirahi. Oct., II. (G, Li: Kosterman.s 27524, fr. (PDA); sin,' roll., Sept. 1888. ster. PDA;: Silva 15, Knuckles. Nov.. I.. PDA : C.P. 2430. Knuckles. Sept. 1858 (?), fl. (PDA) ; C.P. 2430. Hunasgiriya. April 1851, fr. (PDA). 21. Stemonoporus acuminatus (Thw.) Beddome. — PI. 21. Fl. Svlvat. : 100 1870) ; Thimkn. Handb. Fl. Cevlon I : 133 (1893), p.p., quoad forma a, exclud. C.P. 3595, but includ. C.P. 3474: Pierre, IT for. Cochind.. 17 : lab. 258, g (1893); Brandis, J. Linn. Soc. 31 : 139 1895 : kiwis, Trees ,V Fl. PI. W. & Sabaragamuwa Prov. : 37 (1902) ; Veget. Prod. Ceylon : 45 1 91-54 . localities clou lit full : the mite : rare species, apparently found below Hadulla under .S. gardneri, belongs here : Alston, in Trimen. Handb. Fl. Cevlon 6 (Suppl.) : 20 i 1931 : Ashton. Blumea 20 : 305 197.5 : in Dass.vnayake editor. Revised Handb. Fl. Cevlon 1 2 : 188 1977 . p.p.. exclud C.P. 3595 and Ashton 2121. 2122. 2123, 2124, 2125, 2126. — Valeria acuminata Thw. (non Hayne), Enum. Pl. Zevl. : 403 (1864), p.p., exclud. C.P. 3595: Dyer, in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 1 : 314 (1874), as a synon. of Valeria jucunda Thw. ex Dyer, p.p.. e.rcfud. til. M ' cd.a muliuninvara : Thimkn, I.e.: Ashton, ll.CC. — Vatica acuminata (Thw.) A. DC, Prodr. 16 (2) : 022 [1808), p.p., exclud. C.P. 3595; Dyer, Vesquella acuminata (Thw.) Heim. Hecherches Dipter. : 90 (1892), combination not printed; Bull. Soc. Bot. France 39 : 153 1892 : Dyer, I.e. : 383; Brandis, I.e. ; Ashton, ll.c.c. — Valeria jucunda Thw. ex Dyer, in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 1 : 314 (1874) ; Trimen, Syst. — Sunapteopsis jucunda (Thw., Heim -combination not printed), Recherches Dipter. : 92 (1892) ; Dyer, I.e. ; Brandis. I.e. : Ashton, ll.c.c. Lectotypus : C.P. 3687 ; syntypus : C.P. 3474 (later included in 3595). Tree 12-20 m tall, dbh. 20-40 cm. Branchlets thickish with microscopical scales and simple hairs or glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, glabrous (in very young leaves midrib below puberulent), varying from lanceolate-oblong to elliptic-oblong to ovate-oblong, 7-17 X 2.5-7 cm, gradually acuminate to acuminate (acumen with broad base, 0.5-3 cm long), base rounded to obscurely sub-cordate, above glossy, smooth to obscurely densely reticulate, midrib thin, prominulous or so in a slight depression ; below glossy, densely, microscopically, obscurely reticulate, midrib prominent ; lateral nerves 8-12 pairs, slender, erect-


— 391 — Thwaites — after having named the species Valeria acuminata — discovered that the specific epithet was occupied by Valeria acuminate Hayne and changed the name in mss. to Valeria jucunda. The latter name was taken up by Dyer not by Trimen, as Ashton says) and validly published, no! a nomen as erroneously quoted by Ashton. As Vateria acuminate Hayne is based on a specimen, different from that of Valeria acuminata Thw.. the specific epithet can he used in Stemonoporus. Material studied: Ashton 2122 and 2123. Pelmadulla. Kirilialiralle, bamboo forest, rocky, 900 m, March, fl. (PDA); 2124. ibid., sapling of 2 m, leaves 16 x 6 cm, petiole 7 cm (PDA): Kosterman 28032 ibid., ster. (L): Waas 1756. Marathagaa, Ratnapura Distr., 1200 m, June, fr. (PDA); J. Bailey s.n., Badulla Distr., II. (PDA= C.P. 3474, later in PDA: C.P. 3595).; C.P. 3687, Ambagamuwa Prov., Nov. 1850 or 1852, fl. (PDA. 2 sheets) : W. of Eldorado Estate, Hakwana (Lewis and quoted also by Ashton : no specimen : Gunalilleke 6091 A. Deniyaya side of Sinharaja forest, 900 m, Dec. fl. (G.L. PDA); Kostermans 28100, ibid., March, young fr. (L). 22. Stemonoporus moonii Thwaites. — Pl. 22. Enum. PI. Zevl. : 39 (1858), with question mark: ibid. : 403 IS.I1 . as a synom. of Valeria moonii: A. DC. Prodr. 16(2): 622 (1868). as a synon. of Vatica moonii : Trimen. Handb. Fl. Cevlon 1: 137 (1893): Alston, in id. (Suppl.) : 27 (1931): Brandis J. Linn. Soc. 31 : 142 (1895) : Lewis, in the Cevlon Observer (date unknown, quoted by Alston : Ashton. Blumea 20 (2) : 366 (1972) . as an exclud. species: in Dassanayake editor. Devised Handl.. Fl. Ceylon 2 : 193 (1977) , idem. — Vateria moonii Thw. He nth. ex Taw.. Enum.. I.e. : 403 18114 : Dyer, in Hooker f., Fl. Brit. Ind. I : 31(1 1874 : Trimen. Svst. Cat. : 1<> 188,, : llandl.., I.e.: Fewts. Veget. Prod. Cevlon : 49 (1934 : Ashton. ll.cc. — Vatica moonii Thw. A. DC.. Prudr. 16 (2): 622 (1868) ; Dyer. l.c. Typus : C.P. 1792 (PDA). Small, slender tree, up to 4 m tall with few. short branches, the hole up to 4 cm in diam. with grey, smooth bark, the tree resembling strongly Agrostistachys (Euphorbiaceae ) and equally called in Sinhala : beroo. The steins often flopped over and the side branches curved upwards. Branchlets thick with la roe. r I. protruding leaf scars, apically densely brown pilose hairs long, simple). Stipules persistent, linear or very narrowly lanceolatelinear, acute, 1.5-4 (Hush) cm long, initially densely pilose, soon glabrous. Flush leaves pendulous, stiff, completely enrolled, greyish brown. Leaves aggregate at the apex of the branches, stiffly coriaceous, narrowly subobovate oblong. 14-48 X 2.5-8 cm, rather obscurely to distinctly acuminate, gradually tapered to the rounded base : above glabrous, glossy, smooth or obscured reticulate, the lateral nerves and t heir accessory ones impressed, midrib thin, prominulous : below paler, glossv. midrib prominent, lateral nerves 12-30 pairs, slender, prominent, erect-patent, strongK arcuately sub-ascendent, the lowest pair sometimes more erect: in between much shorter accessory lateral nerves: secondary nerves thin, prominulous, near the midrib perpendicular to the midrib, towards t he margin perpendicular to the lateral nerves, parallel, in between rather lax. obscure, minute reticulation. Petioles 6-20 mm long, thickish, densely pubescent, glabrescent. Flowers solitary or in bundles of 1-3 in the axils of fallen leaves just below the leaves. Pedicel up to 2 mm long, densely pubescent, subtended by linear, long bracts. Sepals narrowly lanceolate, acutish, up to 12-13 mm long, outside densely or sparsely light brown


— 402 — dent, 9-12 pairs, secondary nerves thin, parallel (those off the midrib horizontal). Petiole rather slender, 2-4 cm long, slightly thickened apically. Inflorescences extra-axillary, rather few-flowered, few-branched panicles, up to 4 era long, glabrous, the lowest branch long, the other very short. Pedicels thickish, 1.5-2 mm long, subtended by a tiny bract. Sepals 5, narrowly elongate triangular, acute, fleshy, stiff, 4-5 mm long. Petals white, elliptic-spathulate, rather fleshy. up to ~> mm long, obtuse. Stamens 5, on very short filaments. opening in the usual way by an apical slanting aperture and one somewhat lower down, formed b\ the incurved margins of the large valve. Fruit (immature rusty brown verruculous because of small polygonal areas, 1.5 cm diam., the unaltered sepals stiff, pointing downwards. Distribution : Only known from the type locality. Notes : The 5 stamens places tin's in suhgenus Monoporandra. From the other representatives of that subgenus it differs considerably in leaf size, texture and shape. Peculiar are the folded, scaphiform leaves, which occur also in S. revolulus (this has obtuse, erect, much smaller leaves). I know only Vatica scaphifolia from Fast Indonesian Borneo with similar strongly concave pendulous leaves. This is the normal situation, the tree was very healthy, the climate very wet. Material studied : Kostermans 28458, Ratnapura Distr., X. of Bamberabotuwe For. Res., alt. ca. 400 m, May, fl., young fr. (AAU, G, L, PDA). SPECIES EXCLUDENDE 1. Vateria ( Stemonoporus ) disticha Thw., Enum. PI. Zevl. : 404 I Si 14 Stemonoporus distichus (Thw.: Heim, Reeherches Ihpter. : 72 ]S!»2 Smmph-a I.') distirlu, Thw. Trimen --Doona disticha (Thw.) Pierre = Vatica disticha Thw.-A. DC. = Shorea disticha Thw.) Ashton. 2. Vateria (Stemonoporus) scahriuscula Thw., Enum. PI. Zeyl. : 404 (1864) = Stemonoporus scabriusculus (Thw.) Heim, Reeherches Dipter. 89 (1892) = Vatica scahriuscula (Thw.) A. DC. = Sunaptea scahriuscula Thw. Trimen = Dyerella scahriuscula (Thw.) Heim = Cotylelohium scahriusculum (Thw.) Brandis. 3. Stemonoporus " roseus " Trim., Handb. Fl. Ceylon 1 : 136 (1893) ex Durand & Jackson, Index Kewensis Suppl. 1 : 400 (1906 , fsphahn. -S/ nervosa*). — Valeria " rosea " Thw. I.e. (sphalm. = Valeria nervosa Thw.). 4. Stemonoporus lewisianus Trimen ex Hooker f., in Trimen Handb. Fl. Ceylon 5 : 383 (1900) ; Lewis, Trees cV fl. PI. of W. and Sabaragamuwa Prov. 37 (1902) ; Veget. Prod. Ceylon 49 (1934) ; E. J. Livera, in Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradeniya 9 : 97 1924) (as a synon. of Vatica lewisiana); Alston, in Trimen, Handb.. I.e. (J (Suppl. : 25 VXW as a svnon. of Valeria .' lewisiana) ; Ashton, in Blumea 20 : 358 (1972) and in Dassanavake e.litor . Revised Handb. Ik Cevlon I 2 : I»i7 (1977) (as a synon. of Cotylelohium lewisianum . Valeria ? lewisiana Trimen ex Hooker f.) Alston, I.e. : 25; Ashton, ll.ee. as a svnon. of Cotiffe/ohium Iewisianum\. Vatica lewisiana (Trimen ex Hooker f.) Livera, I.e. plate XI C. 1-4 -.'Lewis, Veget. Prod., I.e. : Alston. I.e. as a synon. of Valeria .' lewisiana ; Ashton, ll.ee. (as a svnon. of Cotylelohium lewisianum). — Typus : Lewis s.n., Jan. 1893 (K ; PDA, 2 sheets).


1982] DiFTLROCARPACEAE (Ashton) 245 Burgess, 1972) and also the Philippines. Flowering, and even more fruit set. is heavier in some years than others; not all individuals flower; in Thailand less than half the trees in a stand that are of flowering age normally flower in any one season and a minority of these flower in two consecutive seasons (Smitinand's and personal observations). The developing fruit are much infected by beetle larvae while parakeets favour the ripe fruits. In Dipterocarpus many seasons may consequently pass without a single seedling becoming established. Germination is immediate on falling. Several species are shortly deciduous in seasonal evergreen forests including some, such as Dipterocarpus gracilis and Anisoptera costata which are evergreen in non-seasonal western Malesia. but none are deciduous for a prolonged period. Mountains higher than 1000 m along the coasts and around the head of the great valleys of the seasonal Far East, even at latitudes higher than the normal range of lowland evergreen forests, collect cloud and comparatively humid though still seasonal conditions prevail on their slopes. The species occurring at these latitudes in the Indo-Burmese region and Java. Dipterocarpus costatus. D. gracilis, and D. rotusus, occur also in the mountain forests of Malaya. Non-seasonal humid zone. As this is the zone to which the great majority of Asian, including Malesian. dipterocarps are confined a review of the biological characteristics of the family here must prelude considerations of climatic and edaphic ranges of the species and their overall role in the forest communities. Reproductive biology. A most important characteristic of the family in the non-seasonal zone is its flowering behaviour. Flowering does not occur annually, but at ± irregular intervals and then of varying intensity though gregariously, species from most or all genera flowering in a single season (this includes those species that occur, and flower annually, in seasonal evergreen forests) (Wood. 1956; McClure, 1966; Medway. 1972; Cockburn. 1975). In a heavy flowering nearly all species in an area may flower, and the majority of individuals; more frequently probably less than half the individuals flower, though critical observations of this kind have only been made by Burgess in the semi-gregarious species Shorea curtisii (1972). Gregarious flowering may occur in a single river valley or throughout a region as large as N.E. Borneo. The 1955 general flowering in Sabah was observed by Wood, when over 2/3 of the 200 species then known in that state were collected fruiting, and when the only area not to experience a general flowering was the extreme south-east. His description summarises the main features seen in dipterocarp flowerings elsewhere in this zone. All genera flowered concurrently over a period of a few weeks in a single area, though there was a slight delay west of the Crocker range compared with the east, and one of as much as two weeks towards the upper altitudinal limits both in exclusively montane species (some of which flowered poorly or not at all) and in species of wide ecological amplitude. At the height of the flowering in Sepilok Forest Reserve. Sabah. 'the ground appeared to be carpeted in snow and the scent of the flowers pervaded the jungle". Detailed observations showed great variation in the period during which anthesis occurred between closely related species; in some sections of Shorea it continued over a period from May until as late as August in the lowlands and November in the mountains. Ashton (1969) observed that anthesis of individual species in Shorea sect. Richetioides in Andulau Forest Reserve, Brunei hardly overlapped, being sequential through the flowering season. Chan & Appanah ( 1980) have demonstrated, by meticulous phenological study of numbered wild trees, that species which flower early do so within 1 5 days, but flowering of the last species is over a period of to 25 days. Wood also observed that some, such as Dryobalanops lanceolata. flowered heavily over a short period, whereas in the taxonomically isolated Shorea smithiana anthesis occurred over a very long one; in S. curtisii stands it may continue over several months (Burgess, 1 972). Among the main canopy and emergent species Wood noted that flowering was general and heavy over the whole crown, but in understorey species o^ e.g. Hopea and Vatica flowering was more sporadic and often restricted to a few branches. Young trees of canopy species do not flower at all until their sympodial crown is developed in direct sunlight. Wood found that some species failed altogether to flower, several of which in Parashorea and Vatica were known to have flowered the previous year. It was of particular interest that, of the species that did not flower, the majority were either montane or in the peat swamps. In the latter habitat, mostly confined to the west coast, no dipterocarp flowered. From forestry records over many years and personal observations of flowering periodicity in Shorea curtisii and related species Burgess concluded that local flowering is more frequent than generally supposed, and this has been supported by others (e.g. Ashton et al.. 1979). though fruit set rarely


246 Flora Malesiana [ser. I, vol. 9^ occurs following a minor flowering. Closely related species differ in flowering periodicity. Dryobalanops aromatica and Shorea leprosula populations, for instance, flower on average once every two years, while S. panifolia flowers only half as frequently and the important hill forest species S. curtisii and S. platyclados at intervals not exceeding five years. In Dryobalanops aromatica and Shorea curtisii local flowering can be found somewhere in Malaya almost every year and sometimes occurs in two successive years in one area; this has also been observed in Shorea sect. Pachycarpae in West Sarawak (e.g. Smythies, 1958). Burgess observed that individual trees of Shorea curtisii do not, as a rule however, flower in two successive flowerings. He also observed that in S. curtisii the flowering in 1 968 could be subdivided into two almost distinct periods during which two separate sets of individuals within a single gregarious population flowered. Planted dipterocarp trees, and trees in forests previously selectively felled, flower more frequently, and generalisations about dipterocarp flowering in natural conditions which are derived from observations on such trees can be misleading (e.g. Sasah et ai, 1979). Vatica rassak and Shorea macrophylla flower almost annually in the arboretum of the Forest Research Institute at Kepong (Malaya) as apparently do several species at Bogor and a Shorea stenoptera provenance in a remarkable trial plantation nearby in W. Java, in which all plants are said to have been derived from a single tree near Pontianak that was well known for its annual flowering. Emergent species probably take many years to reach flowering age under forest conditions. At Kepong cultivated saplings of Dipterocarpus oblongifolius have flowered after only 7 months (KocHUMMEN, 1 96 1 ), but fruit was not set and cultivated trees there normally started flowering after 15-30 years (Ng, 1966). Tang (1978) has recorded young trees of Shorea leprosula, growing following selective felling, to set viable fruit after 7 years. The cause of flowering remains obscure. It can occur between March and July, with a peak in May. in Malaya and East Borneo; but a month or two later on average in N.W. Borneo. Both Wood and Burgess have shown that the commonly held belief that general flowerings follow a period of abnormal water stress is not consistently supported by data from rainfall stations; nevertheless the fact that many other families (e.g. Burseraceae and Sapotaceae) also flower unusually heavily in a good dipterocarp year (e.g. Med way. 1972). indicates that an undefined climatic factor must be involved. Pal.mer (1979) rightly pointed out that the climatic trigger must be easily observable outside the forest as its effects are regional. Ng ( 1978) has suggested that flowering may be initiated by a period of high irradiation. Wycherley (1973) demonstrated highly significant statistical correlation between gregarious flowering of dipterocarps and preceding periods with both large diurnal temperature ranges and high maximum temperature indicating high insolation; he deduced that the latter is probably the main inductive factor, and this view is also supported by Ng (1978). Heavy flowerings never occur in successive >ears. It appears possible therefore that accumulation of assimilates, including carbohydrates within the trees, takes place gradually following a flowering, so that in each subsequent year the threshold, over which the climatically induced trigger is effective, becomes lower until the combination of an adequate assimilate level and adequate climatic stimulation induces formation of inflorescence primordia; the intensity of flowering may thus be related to the degree to which the threshold is exceeded. Differential rates of inflorescence and flower development among the species leads to spacing in the periods of anthesis of individual species. Pollination. No reference occurs in the literature. Meliponid bees ( Trigona spp.) are. according to Burgess, abundant in the crowns of flowering Shorea curtisii and other Malayan dipterocarps; Chan & Appanah (1980) have found them to be principal pollinators of Dryobalanops and Neobalanocarpus: as they are short distance foragers that tend to keep to a single crown, and as they are glabrous or sparsely hairy and very efficient at cleaning themselves, they are unlikely to be effective pollinators of trees that present many flowers at a time (D. H. Janzen. comm.). Smitinand reported to me that honey bees are abundant round Dipterocarpus crowns, but they have not been observed on the flowers of other genera. Thrips ( Thysanoptera) frequent the flowers of many Shorea and Hopea (personal obs.; Chan & Appanah, 1980) and are undoubtedly pollinators. Geometrid moths and beetles visit some dipterocarp flowers at night, but have not been demonstrated to effect pollination. The very large numbers of flowers on each tree, and the spatial isolation of the understorey species, may be expected to lead to rarity of outcrossing; the infrequency of flowering and its intensity would tend to prevent vector numbers from reaching adequate levels for effective pollination even were they polylectic (promiscuous).


982] DiPTEROCARPACEAE (Ashton) 247 Fruiting. Perhaps as a result of these problems of pollination, few fruit develop on each many-flowered inflorescence, and in some years none, though heavy rain following anthesis is also generally regarded as disastrous (Smythies) and the main determinant of a successful crop. The fruit are heavily parasitised by weevils of the genera Alcydodes and Sonophyes. also the scolitid Poecileps and some Lepidoptera (Daljeet Singh, 1974). especially following minor flowerings when seedlings rarely become established. These beetles are apparently not host specific, and increase greatly and suddenly in numbers in flowering years though their life cycle is known to take 1 8 months. Burgess ( 1969) estimated that c. 80 % of Shorea curtisii seed on average is destroyed by these predators. The genus Dipterocarpus is particularly susceptible. Fruit development. As a consequence of the above fruiting years are less frequent than flowering years. Chan ( 1980) found in the 1976 flowering in West Malaysia that, though there was an interval of 61 days between the onset of anthesis in the first and last of six Shoreas in sect. Mutica growing together in Pasoh forest, fruiting started within 10 days of one another and the fruiting periods otherwise completely overlapped. This can be accounted to the fact that the period between anthesis and first fruit set was 82 days for the first to flower. 126 for the last. This phenomenon appears general in the family; differentials in rates of development vary between related species rather than between genera therefore. Together, these factors lead to occasional heavy fruitings in which enormous quantities of seed from a majority of species in an area are set ± concurrently' and germinate immediately on the forest floor. Dispersal. Though the prolonged tYuit sepals allow the fruit to gyrate and fall obliquely, once within the main canopy they fall in random directions and on average almost vertically; many get anchored in branches and die. and many main canopy and understorey species have re-evolved short fruit sepals. Webber (1934) observed fruit being dispersed up to { mile in local high winds; MuLLER (personal comm.) has once seen the coastal cantonment of the Brunei Shell Petroleum Company, a flat strip of cleared land behind the sea beach, inundated by the fruits of the Shorea albida trees that fringe it on the inland side, observing a dispersal distance of c. 2 km. Such events must be unusual and as Ridley (1930) noted, the vast majority of the fruit fall within 100 m of the parent tree under forest conditions. Burgess ( 1969) estimated that over one half of the seed of the ridge-top species Shorea curtisii landed within 20 m of the parent tree. Even during a dry spell at Bogor and with strong southern wind van Steenis observed dispersal of Shorea grown in the Botanic Garden over the large lawn in front of the palace not to exceed c. 500 m. The fruit with their resinous pericarps are not favoured by many terrestrial animals, though wild pigs devour them voraciously. The occasional heavy fruiting years undoubtedly minimise predation and reduce seed mortality (Burgess. 1969); he stated that damage by foraging ants is so severe in Shorea curtisii that successful germination only occurs in heavy seed concentrations. Some 20 dipterocarp species in West Malesia alone characteristically grow on periodically swamped riverain alluvium and river banks. Most of these species, including Dipterocarpus apterus. D. tempehes. Dryobalanops oblongifolius. Shorea macrophylla. S. palemhanica. S. seminis. S. splendida. S. sumatrana. Vatica pauciflora. V. rassak. and V.umbonata have large fruit with short sepals and thick pericarps, but with these exceptions the fruits do not present any ob\ious adaptation for dissemination by water. Burkill (1922) briefly discussed the adaptation for water dispersal in Vatica pauciflora (wallichii) and Shorea seminis (Isoptera borneensis) and found that the fruit of the former floats for c. 22 days while that of the latter, when deprived of its corky sepals, sinks within 2 1/2 days. There is no evidence that dipterocarp seed can withstand sea water. Conditions for germination appear to be crucial but have been little studied. Fruit of Malesian dipterocarps lacks dormancy, and attempts to induce dormancy by reducing water content and temperature have only had limited success (Tang. 1971; Tang & Tamari, 1973). In general seed of Dipterocarpaceae is noted for its brief period of vitality; they do not stand drying out and seedling stages are clearly adapted to temperature, moisture, and light conditions of the primary forest. Dipterocarp seeds have no dormancy in nature and attempts at storage beyond a few weeks have failed in Malesian species. Indian foresters (e.g. Gupta. 1936-38) have noted that Dipterocarpus seeds rarely survive where litter is thick on the forest floor, the radicle failing to penetrate it and drying up. The gregarious riparian Indo-Chinese Dipterocarpus alatus appears to regenerate only at prolonged intervals, when fruiting follows a flood in which the litter has floated away, leading to even-aged stands. Burgess (1969 personal comm.) has germinated species in Shorea sect. Mutica


354 Flora Malesiana [ser. I, vol. 9^2 Fig. 44. Fruiting twig of Vatica rassak (Korth.) Bl. near Sarmi, c. 200 km west of Hoilandia. Irian Jaya (Photogr. Karstel. Dec. 1957). doyong (Sula Is.), damar hiru, salo hiru, damar atung, geru (Moluccas). Notes. Another variable semi-gregarious chiefly riparian species (see e.g. V. umbonata). The above description defines my interpretation of this variable species. The large, oblong-elliptic, coriaceous leaves with long petiole, and the large, corky nut. are characteristic though the nut shape is very variable (in part owing to the degree of maturity on herbarium specimens). Its distribution into seasonal areas and its semi-gregarious ecology parallel that of other polymorphic species such as Anisoptera costata KORTH., A. thurifera(BLCO) BL., and Vatica umbonata (Hook. f.) BURCK. The variation is locally too great to clearly distinguish geographical subspecies. Some hybridisation appears to occur with V. umbonata in East Sabah. 11. Vatica granulata SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III. 9 (1927) 112. f. 10; ibid. III, 17 (1941) 136. f. 20; ASHTON, Man. Dipt. Brun. (1964) 70, f. 10; ibid. Suppl. (1968) 32; Gard. Bull. Sing. 31 (1978) 21. a. ssp. granulata. Young twig, leaf bud, stipule, petiole and nervation beneath densely shortly yellow scabrid tomentose at first, glabrescent or sparsely pubescent on nervation. Twig to 3 mm apically, stout, angular, persistently papery flaky. Bud to 4 by 3 mm, conical, subacute. Stipule to 6 by 4 mm, hastate, subacute, caducous. Leaves 10-20 by 2.7-7 cm, coriaceous, narrowly obovate; base narrowly obtuse; acumen to 6 mm long; nerves 12-14 pairs, prominent beneath, well spaced, slightly sunken above. Petiole 1.2-2 cm long, stout. Flowers unknown. Inflorescence unknown. Fruit pedicel to 1 mm long, fruit subsessile. Calyx lobes to 7 by 4 mm, chartaceous, deltoid, brittle, reflexed, glabrous. Nut to 3.5 by 4 cm, ovoid, obtuse or subacute, coarsely granulate, dehiscing along 3 distinctly furrowed sutures at germination. Distr. Malesia: Borneo. Ecol. Widespread, locally abundant, on high ridges at 500-1200 m. Vern. Resak ranting bersisek. b. ssp. sabaensis ASHTON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 31 (1978) 21. Differing as follows: Leafy 6-10 cm, petiole 12-20 mm long. Stipules to 3 by 2 cm. oblong to lanceolate, acute, obtuse to subcordate. subpersistent. Fruit sepals to 20 by 12 mm, elliptic, revolute, reflexed. Distr. Malesia: Borneo (Crocker range. S.W. Sabah to Kelabit Highlands, N.E. Sarawak). Ecol. As type subspecies, to 1700 m. Vern. Resak pengasoh. 12. Vatica sarawakensis Heim, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 2 (1891) 970; Rech. Dipt. (1892) 109; BRANDIS, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 124; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 106, f. 7; BROWNE, For. Trees Sarawak & Brunei (1955) 101; ASHTON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 20 (1963) 252; Man. Dipt. Brun. (1964) 77, f. 10; ibid. Suppl. (1968) 36; Gard. Bull. Sing. 22 (1967) 262; MEIJER & WOOD, Sabah For. Rec. 5 (1964) 319, f. 57. — Retinodendropsis aspera HEIM, C. R. Assoc. Fr. Pau 1 892 ( 1 893) 470; cf. ASHTON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 22 (1967) 262.— V. ramiflora SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III. 9 (1927) 118. p.p.: in Merr. PI. Elm. Born. (1929) 205; Bull. Bot. Gard. Btzg III. 17 (1942) 240, f. 30; Reinwardtia 5 (1961) 479; Browne. For. Trees Sarawak & Brunei (1955) 101. Twig, raceme, leaf bud. stipule and petiole densely pale brown to fulvous scabrid tomentose. sparsely so on leaf nervation beneath. Twig to 5 mm apically, stout, becoming ribbed, smooth or finely cracked. Bud to 8 by 5 mm, conical, subacute. Stipule to 1 5 by 5 mm, narrowly hastate, acute. Leaves 22-35 by 7-15 cm, thinly coriaceous, oblong to obovate; base obtuse; acumen to 1.4 cm long, deltoid; nerves 15-28 pairs, prominent beneath, flat or slightly raised above; petiole 1-2 cm long, to 4 mm 0, stout. Panicle to 12 cm long, axillary to ramiflorous (rarely terminal), to 3-axillary. terete or angled; much branched, the branchlets cymose; bracts to 8 by 4 mm. narrowly deltoid, subacute, densely rufous tomentose, subpersistent. Flower bud to 8 mm long; calyx shortly red-brown pubescent; appendage to connective over 1/2 length of anther, prominent; flower otherwise typical. Fruit glabrous; pedicel to 2 mm long. Calyx lobes subequal. to 16 by 7 mm. oblong-hastate, obtuse, becoming reflexed, somewhat revolute. Nut to 2.5 by 2.5 cm, subglobose to ovoid, verrucose-lenticellate, with 3 distinct sutures uniting at the apex; style remnant short but prominent.


364 Flora Malesiana [ser. I, vol. 9^2 Fig. 46. Close-up of inflorescence of Vatica bantamensis (HASSK.) B. & H. ex MIQ. Cult. Hort. Bog. July 1955. slender; calyx caducous rufous powdery tomentose; lobes free to base; 2 longer lobes to 5.5 by 1.5 cm, oblong-spatulate, to 4 mm broad at the non-revolute base; 3 shorter lobes to 18 by 7 mm, unequal, narrowly ovate, tapering, acute, slightly constricted at base, not revolute. Nut to 1 cm 0, globose, puberulent to glabrous, crowned by a short acute style remnant. Distr. Malesia: Borneo (Sarawak, Brunei). Ecol. Leached sandy soils, coastal hills and inland ridges to 900 m; pole forest. Vern. Resak kemudi. 38. Vatica bantamensis (HASSK.) B. & H. ex MIQ. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 3 (1867) 85, cf. B. & H. Gen. PI. 1 (1862) 192; BURCK, Ann. Jard. Bot. Btzg 6 (1887) 231, t. 28; BRANDIS, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 132; BRANDIS & GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed. 1, 3, 6 (1895) 270; K. & V. Bijdr. 5 (1900) 129; KOORD. Exk. Fl. Java 2(1912) 622; GILG in E. & P. Pfl. Fam. ed. 2, 21 (1925) 265; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 87; BACKER & BAKH. /. Fl. Java 1 (1963) 332. — Anisoptera bantamensis HASSK. Retzia 1 (1855) 140; WALP. Ann. 4 (1857) 336; MIQ. Fl. Ind. Bat. 1, 2 (1859) 501; DC. Prod. 16, 2 (1868) 615. — Synaptea bantamensis KURZ, J. R. As. Soc. Beng. Sc, 39, 2 (1870) 65; PIERRE, For. Fl. Coch. 4 ( 1 892) t. 258; HEIM, Rech. Dipt. ( 1 892) 1 1 3. — Fig. 46. Medium-sized tree, to 30 m. Young parts densely evenly pale ocherous buff puberulent, persistently so on ovary, panicle, calyx, and parts of petals exposed in buds; becoming sparse or glabrous on fruit calyx. Twig c. 2 mm apically, terete, ± rugulose. Buds minute. Leaves (4.5-)7.5-18 by (1.8-)3.5-7.5 cm, elliptic or lanceolate, coriaceous, + lustrous; base cuneate; acumen to 1 cm long, slender; nerves 9-11 pairs, slender, arched, ascending, distinctly and almost equally elevated on both surfaces as also the short + obscure secondary and densely reticulate tertiary nerves; midrib prominent beneath, distinctly but less prominently elevated above; petiole (10-) 14-22 mm long, slender, distinctly geniculate. Panicle to 7 cm long, terminal or axillary, irregularly doubly branched. Flower bud to 9 by 3 mm, fusiform; sepals unequal; anthers narrowly oblong, tapering; appendage very short, conical; style longer than ovary, columnar, expanding from base; stigma shortly conical; flowers otherwise typical. Fruit pedicel to 5 mm long, slender; calyx lobes unequal, united into a shallow, to 5 by 10 mm cup at base adnate to the nut; 2 longer lobes to 9 by 2.5 cm, broadly spatulate, obtuse, c. 6 mm broad at base; 3 shorter lobes to 25 by 9 mm, lanceolate, narrowly subacuminate; nut to 10 mm, subglobose. Distr. Malesia: W. Java (S.W. Bantam: Udjong Kulon). Ecol. Rare, evergreen forests. 39. Vatica mangachapoi BLCO, Fl. Filip. ed. 1 (1837) 401; DC. Prod. 16, 2 (1868) 623; VIDAL, Sinopsis (1883) t. 15B, f. 1-6; Rev. Pl. Vasc. Philip. (1886) 61; BRANDIS, J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 134; MERR. Publ. Govt. Lab. Philip. 27 (1905) 22; Philip. J. Sc. 1 (1906) Suppl. 98; Sp. Blanc. (1918) 272; En Philip. 3 (1923) 101; WHITFORD, Philip. Bur. For. Bull. 10, 2 (1911) 76, t. 81; FOXW. Philip. J. Sc. 6(191 1) Bot. 282; ibid. 13 (1918) Bot. 196; ibid. 67 (1938) 321; REYES, Philip. J. Sc. 22 (1923) 320; SLOOT. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 9 (1927) 94; in MERR. Pl. Elm. Born. (1929) 205; BROWNE, For. Trees Sarawak & Brunei (1955) 101; ANDERSON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 20 (1963) 159; ASHTON, ibid. 20 (1963) 253; Man. Dipt. Brun. (1964) 71, f. 10; ibid. Suppl. (1968) 33; MEIJER & WOOD, Sabah For. Rec. 5 (1964) 310, f. 54; ASHTON, Gard. Bull. Sing. 31 (1978)22. a.ssp. mangachapoi. — Mocanera mangachapoi BLCO, Fl. Filip. ed. 1 (1837) 450. — ?F. sinensis (non GMEL.) BLCO, Fl. Filip. ed. 1 (1837) 401; ibid. ed. 2 (1845) 280; ibid. ed. 3, 2 (1878) 156, ‘chinensis’: DC. Prod. 16, 2 (1868) 623.— V. apteranthera BLCO, Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 281; ibid. ed. 3, 2 (1878) 156. — Dipterocarpus mangachapoi BLCO. Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 3 1 3; ibid. ed. 3, 2 (1878) 216; DC. Prod. 16, 2 (1868) 614. — Shorea


Collette and Gillis: Osteological differences between two species of Grammatorcynus 45 120 150 180 G. bilineatus G. bicarinatus t it - ' h J0 60 90 120 150 180 60 Figure 27 Distribution of Grammatorcynus based on specimens examined and literature records. forms large schools. The spawning season in Fiji ex- tends from October through March (Lewis et al. 1983). Larvae and juveniles have been illustrated from the Philippines (Wade 1951), Papua New Guinea (Nishi- kawa 1979), and the South China Sea (Zhang 1981). Food includes adult and juveniles of crustaceans and fishes, particularly clupeoids such as Sardinella and Thrissocles, but also includes other fishes such as Sphyraena and Balistes (Silas 1963831). Parasites Six species of parasitic copepods have been reported from G. bilineatus (Cressey and Cressey 1980, Cressey et al. 1983): Shiinoidae: Shiinoa ocdusa Kaba- ta; Caligidae: Caligus asymmetricus Kabata, C. rega- lis Leigh-sharpe, C. bonito Wilson, C. pelamydis Kryer, and C. productus Dana. The monogenean Caballerocotyla sp. was found on an Okinawan speci- men (Dyer et al. 1989). Interest to fisheries Double-lined mackerel are taken incidentally with hand lines off Port Blair, Andaman Islands (Silas 1963). It is common in the offshore zones of Fiji but is only occasionally seen in Fiji markets (Lewis et al. 1983). The flesh is reported to be mild and pleasantly flavored but it is necessary to remove the kidney tissue before cooking to avoid the ammonia smell. This characteristic has given rise to one of the Palauan names for the species, biturchturch, which means urine (Johannes 1981187). It is valued for marlin bait in Queensland (Mcpherson 1984). ange Widespread near coral reefs in the tropical and subtropical Indo-west Pacific (Fig. 27). Based on literature, specimens examined, and photographs, known from the Red Sea, Andaman Sea, East Indies, Philippines, South China Sea, Ryukyu Islands, New Guinea (New Britain, New Ireland, New Hanover, and the Louisiade Archipelago), Australia (northern West- ern Australia, from Dampier Archipelago north and Queensland), Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Caro- line Islands, Marshall Islands, Fiji, Tonga, and Tokelau Islands (photograph from Fakaofo Atoll received from Robert Gillett, Regional Fishery Support Programme, Suva, Fiji, Aug. 1985).


DIPTEROCARPEAE 75 moderately numerous. Concentric white lines resembling annual rings. Western coast forests, from the Konkan to Tinnevelly. This tree is, according to Beddome, common in many of the evergreen forests on the west coast, and is noticeable for the curious echinate galls common in the axils of the leaves and on the inflorescence. The wood is an excellent fuel and affords a valuable timber, said to be the best of the timbers of Tinnevelly. lbs. W 4289. Tinnevelly (Brasier) 54lbs. 2. H. parviflora, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 7 ; PI. Br. Ind. i. 308. Vera. Kongu, Tam.; Kiralboghi, tirpu, Kan.; Thambagam, kambagam, irubogam, Mal. A large tree. Wood brown, hard and close-grained. Pores small and moderate-sized, numerous, ringed. Medullary rays moderately broad, prominent, generally bent where they touch the pores, uniform and equidistant. Western moist zone : Malabar and South Kanara up to 3500 ft. ; Travancore and Tinnevelly. A handsome tree with a beautiful wood somewhat like but smoother than Sal; it is but little known, though valued in South Kanara for building temples. It might be useful for sleepers. H. H. O'Connell's experiments with Tinnevelly wood gave weight 64 lbs.; our specimens give weight 60 lbs. The following is an abstract of F. Foulkes' notes on this tree (published Mangalore, August, 1895) :— "A very large handsome tall tree with small leaves ; straight growing ; when young 'has a cone-shaped crown. Found either (1) in dense moist evergreen forests, or (2) as 'the remains of former patches in open plains ; a strong shade-endurer. Prefers rich 'deep moist soil, growing best on river-banks and in moist valleys, but will thrive even on 'dry hard laterite, which it prefers to gneiss. Has a long deep tap-root with only few 'lateral shoots. Flowers January, February and early March, the fruit ripening in 'May ; seed abundant and annual, germinates easily, but quickly loses vitality ; heavy 'seed crops about every three years, Reproduces naturally, better than any S. Kanara 'species except Xylia ; light requires to be let in after third year. Broad-cast sowing 'is generally successful, especially along river-banks. If planted, requires great care 'as it does not stand careless handling. Gives logs of large size, average 25 ft. long, '45 cubic feet ; is locally considered by the people the best of timbers, and is now, 'consequently, more difficult to procure than formerly. Is used in shipbuilding, for 'road-rammers and rice-mills. Is not eaten by white ants." W 745, 759. South Kanara (Cherry) 62 and 63 lbs. W 4530. Travancore (Bourdillon) 54 lbs. 3. H. glabra, W. and A. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 309. H. Wightiana, var. glabra, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 96. Vera. Kong, Tinnevelly. A large tree. Wood brown, hard, rather rough. Pores small, ringed, single or in patches or in roughly concentric lines. Medullary rays tine, long, numerous, the distance between them about equal to the diameter of the pores. Forests of the Tinnevelly Ghats and of Travancore, on the banks of the Periyar and Colatoor rivers. The wood resembles that of H. Wightiana, and seems likely to be valuable. Bourdillon gives weight 68 lbs., P = 857. W4671. Travancore (Bourdillon) 60 lbs. 4. H. odorata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 609; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 308; Kurz For. PI. i. 120. H. eglandulosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 611. Vern. Thingan, Burm. ; Rimdd, And. A large evergreen tree. Bark 1/2 in. thick, dark, with deep longitudinal furrows. Wood yellow or yellowish-brown, hard, close and


DIPTEROCARPE.E 85 the pores. The wood resembles that of Meliacece, or of Pentace in Tiliacece. Assam valley and surrounding hills, up to 2000 ft. ; Cachar, Chittagong and Burma. Brandis says this is " a large shrub, sometimes growing into a tree." S. E. Peal says that the wood is pleasant to work, makes good planking and excellent charcoal. If this is Skinner's No. 131 (Vateria lancecefolia, Roxb.; Vern. Let-touk, Burm.), the weight is 58 lbs. and P = 931 ; Wallich gives 54 lbs., the specimen 35 lbs. Kurz says that the tree gives a strong-smelling balsam, the Ghtlnd of the Brahmins. lbs. B 2508. Burma (Brandis, 1862) 35 Tribe IV. VATERIEjE. 11. STEMONOPORUS, Thw. A genus of endemic Ceylon trees, 15 in number, all more or less scarce. It is made a section of Vateria in the Fl. Br. Ind. 8. Wightii, Thw. ; Trimen PI. Ceyl. i. 132 ( Vateria ceyianica, Wight ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 314) ; Vern. Halmendora, Cingh., a large tree of the moist low country, is the principal species. 12. MONOPORANDRA, Thw. Another endemic Ceylon genus containing two rather scarce trees, M. cordifolia, Thw. and J\I. elegans, Thw.; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 137, 138. 13. VATERIA, Linn. Two species. V. acuminata, Heyne ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 313 ; Trimen Fl. Ceyl. i. 131 (F. indica, L. ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. xxvii.) ; Vern. Hal, Cingh., is a beautiful tree of the moist low country of Ceylon, giving a light, rather hard, yellowish-grey wood, weighing 40 to 42 lbs. per cubic foot (F. Lewis), and a clear yellowish resin, said to be equal to the best dammar. 1. V. indiea, Linn. ; Fl. Br. Ind. i. 313 ; Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 602 ; Talbot Bomb. List. 18. V. malabarica, Blume ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 84. The Piney Varnish or Indian Copal Tree. Vern. Piney maram, dhup maram, vallay kungiliam, kondricam, Tam. ; Dupa maram, dhupa, paini, munda dhup, illupathla, gugle, Kan.; Dupada, Tel.; Payani, paini mara, per urn piney, vella koudrihun, Mai.; Hal, Cingh. A large evergreen tree. Bark whitish-grey, rough, g in. thick, peeling off in round thick flakes. Sapwood white with a tinge of grey or red ; heartwood light grey, rough, moderately hard, porous. Pores large, often subdivided, ringed. Medullary rays fine and broad, very prominent on all vertical sections, while on a radial section they appear as rough plates with white shining fibres between them. The distance between the broad rays is generally greater than the transverse diameter of the pores. Annual rings doubtful, though distinct. Evergreen forests at the foot of the Western Ghats from Kanara to Travancoiv, ascending to 4000 ft. ; often planted as an avenue tree. Of this tree Beddome says, " It is one of the handsomest trees in the Madras ' Presidency ; it is common in all the western forests from the plaius up to 4000 ft., 'and is extensively planted as an avenue tree, particularly near the coast in South 1 Kanara, Malabar and Travancore; the avenue of it at Karkul in S. Kanara is 'a beautiful sight. It flowers in January." The wood is not much in request; it is occasionally used for canoes, for coffins, and the masts of native vessels. Mendis says that it is a "first-class timber for tea-chests, packing-cases, ceilings, coffins, etc.," but his wood specimeu does not look as if it were so good. Bourdillon gives weight -it'> lbs. P = 415 ; the specimens give 40 lbs. It -ives the piney gum resin, which makes an excellent varnish resembling copal. A full account of this, by Mr. Rroughton, Government Quinologist, is given in Bedd.


STARFISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE SEAS. 7 2. Deep-water species: Ctenodiscus orientalis, m. c. Zoroaster ophiactis, c. Pectinaster hylacanthus, ni. Cnemidaster wy villa, c. (to AraCheirafiter niasicus, c. m. fur Sea). Atelorias anacanthus, c. Coronaster halicepus, m. Retaster insignis (lists g, j). Stegnohrisinga placoderma, c. Hymenasterides zenognathiis, ra. (j) Philippine species extending into the Banda and Arafura Seas: Astropecten granulatus. Ophidiaster fuscus (to northwest Rosaster symbolicus. Australia). Iconaster longimanus. Nepanthia maculata. Nardoa tuberculata. Retaster insignis (lists 5 i). Fromia japonica (to Japan). Cnemidaster wyvillii. Ophidiaster tuberifer (to Bay of Bengal). k) Species common to Philippine and Hawaiian Islands: Cheiraster inops (to Indian Ocean, list c). Pseudarchaster jordani (Borneo, and Indian Ocean, list c). Mediaster ovatus (to Arabian Sea, list c) Distolasterias euplecta. Brisingella fragilis. (1) Bathymetric distribution of species of lists a to k occurring below the 100 fathom line: 1. From between 99 and 200 fathoms Astropecten granula-Rosaster symbolicus. tus. Henricia densispina. Persephonaster an-Coronaster halicepus. chistus. Distolasterias euplecta. Luidia aspera. 2. From between 200 and 300 fathoms Cheiraster inops. Hymenasterides stenognathus. Cheiraster niasicus. Coronaster halicepus. Henricia densispina. Brisingella fragilis. 3. From between 300 to 500 fathoms Ctenodiscus orientalis. Pseudarchaster jordani. Pectinaster hylacanhenricia densispina. thus. Brisingella fragilis. Cheiraster inops. 4. From between 500 and 700 fathoms Cheiraster inops. Zoroaster ophiactis. Atelorias anacanthus. Stegnohrisinga placoderma.


FAMILY SERRANIDAE — SCHULTZ 363 Genus PLECTROPOMUS Oken Plectropomus Oken, Isis, p. 1182] 1782 (on "Les Plectropomes" Cuvier, Regne animal, vol. 2, p. 277, 1817). (Genotype, Bodianus maculatus Bloch) (Ref. copied) Apparently two species in this genus were taken in the northern Marshall Islands, but only one species reached the United States National Museum. Specimens of the other one were discarded or lost when the small ship went aground in Halfmoon Bay, Calif, (see p. xxi). PLECTROPOMUS TRUNCATUS Fowler Plate 29, A Plectropomus truncatvs Fowlek, U. S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 100, vol. 10, p. 196, fig. 5, 1930 (type locality, Atulayan Island, off east coast of Luzon, Philippine Islands, holotype, U.S.N.M. No. 89984). SPECIMENS STUDIED Bikini Atoll Erik Island, March 19, 1946, S-46-9, Schultz and Brock, 1 specimen, 385 mm. standard length ; Enyu Island, ocean reef channel entrance, August 1, 1947, S-46-483, Schultz, Brock, and Hiatt, 1 specimen, 425 mm. Rongelap Atoll: Naen Island, lagoon reef, July 30, 1946, S-46-302, Herald, 2 specimens, 355 and 300 mm. Description. — Dorsal rays VIII11; anal 111,8, pectoral Ii14 or Ii15; probably about 100 vertical scale rows above lateral line, but there are so many accessory small scales that an accurate count on these large specimens is very uncertain. Greatest depth 33 to 34, head 17 to 19, length of pectoral fin 59 to 68, all in standard length. Greatest depth 11 to 12, pectoral 20 to 21, snout 33 to 35, postorbital length of head 16 to 17, eye 6 to 75, tip of snout to rear of maxillary 20 to 21, least depth of caudal peduncle 25 to 27, all in length of head. Interorbital space slightly convex to flattish centrally, contained 05 to 07 in eye; least depth of caudal peduncle 13 to 15 in distance from anal base to midbase of caudal fin; teeth on premaxillary in a villiform band, with inner rows longest and teeth depressible on premaxillary and dentary, an outer row of nondepressible teeth, with one or two pairs of enlarged canines, usually one pair on each side of symphysis in each jaw, and other enlarged canines at sides of jaws; a narrow band of villiform teeth on palatines, and a similar band broadly A-shaped on vomer; preopercular edge denticulate, with a few retrorse short spines on its ventral edge; greatest depth of body under spiny dorsal base; pectoral fin rounded ; distal edges of soft dorsal and anal fins rounded ; pelvics nearly truncate, or slightly rounded when fully spread; caudal fin truncate, with dorsal and ventral tips slightly rounded; fourth or fifth dorsal spine longest, 20 in postorbital length of head, soft dorsal rays notably longer than dorsal spines; anal spines very small, flexible, scarcely discernible without dissection.


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 195 on the pectoral and two on the ventral, though they say "les taches des pectorales et des ventrales tendent a former trois lignes regulieres" 21764, 21765. Cebu market. March 20, 1909. Length 102 to 112 mm. 13983, 13984. Iloilo market. May 31, 1908. Length 110 to 114 mm. One example. Ligpo point, Balayan Bay. January 18, 1908. Length 70 mm. 19814. Point San Vincente, northern Luzon. November 18, 1908. Length 100 mm. Genus PLECTROPOMUS Oken Plectropomus Oken, Isis, 1S17, p. 1182] 1782 (on Les Plectropomes Cuviek, Regne Animal, vol. 2, 1817, p. 277). Type Bodianus maculatus Bloch, designated by Jordan, Tanaka, Snyder, Journ. College Sci. Tokyo, vol. 33, 1913, p. 152. Plectropoma (Cuvier) Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, Zool, pt. 7, 1824, p. 318. Type Plectropoma punctatum Quoy and Gaimard Bodian us maculatus Bloch, monotypic. Paracanihistius Bleeker, Verh. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, vol. 14, 1874, p. 13. Type Holocentms leopardus Lacepede, orthotypie. Body elongated, compressed. Mouth large, protractile. Maxillary exposed, with supplemental bone. Teeth in jaws in several series, inner movable, depressible, hinged at bases; very strong front canines in jaws and on side of mandible; teeth on vomer and palatines; tongue smooth. Preopercle entire or finely serrate behind, with antrorse spines on lower edge. Opercle with 3 spines. Gill membranes separate. Pseudobranchiae present. Gill rakers moderate. Vertebrae 24, of which 14 caudal. Scales very small, roughish but not ciliated. Head partly scaled, snout naked. Lateral line feebly marked, tubes very short and straight, scales ciliated. Dorsal with 6 to 8 spines, rays 11 to 12, spinous fin nearly long as soft fin. Anal with 3 spines very feeble and flexible, rays 8. Caudal truncate or emarginate. Pectoral rays 16 to 18, symmetrical, rounded. Ventral with feeble, flexible spine, below pectoral, fins close together. Indian and western Pacific Oceans. Although Boulenger admits but two species our materials seem to vindicate the three of Bleeker, besides showing another which we describe as new. ANALYSIS OF THE SPECIES a 1 Plectropomus. Soft dorsal and anal without front lobes distinctly marked and though front rays highest edges of fin slope obliquely back; body without dark vertical blue lines on flanks. b Caudal truncate; body with blue dark edged spots, moderate in size. truncatus b 2 Caudal emarginate or lunate; body spotted or dotted with blue. c 1 Body with pale blue dark edged spots of moderate size and sometimes with 5 dark brown cross bands maculatus c 2 Body with very numerous, small, dark edged dots leopardus a 2 Pleuroperca, new subgenus. Soft dorsal and anal with distinct front lobes, edges of fins emarginate; body with variable vertical blue lines on flanks oligacanthus


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 197 D. VII, I, 10, i, or i, 11, i, third spine 3£ to 3% in total head length, first branched ray 24 to 2; A. Ill, i, 7, i, third spine 4% to 534, first branched ray 2% to 3; caudal % to , truncate; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% to 2; pectoral % to 2 ventral 2Xo to 2M-Terra-cotta color or brown, slightly paler below. Head, body, and fins marked with small blue spots, less than pupil and all ocellated with deeper brown rings; spots much more numerous with age. Iris brown. Fins brown like body, only spots much smaller. Hind caudal edge narrowly whitish. Pectoral pale brownish and only few small spots basally. Ventral darker than pectoral. East Indies and Philippines. Diagnosis. — Apparently a valid species which we distinguish chiefly by its truncate caudal fin. The lower preopercular spines are relatively weak and the opercular spines more or less imbedded, often inconspicuous. The head, body, and fins are ornamented with large blue, black-edged spots. Readily known by its truncate caudal fin. Type— Cat. No. 89984, U.S.N.M. 16004. Alimango Bay, Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length 85 mm. 8918. Atulayan Island, Lagonoy Gulf, east coast Luzon. June 17, 1909. Length 350 mm. (Type No. 89984, U.S.N.M) 12706. Atulayan Bay, Luzon. June 18, 1909. Length 137 mm. 7532, 7539. Endeavor Strait, Malampaya Sound, Palawan Island. December 23, 1908. Length 287-314 mm. 9107. Gigoso Point, Samar Island. July 28, 1909. Length 323 mm. 7254. Port Matalvi, Luzon. November 23, 1908. Length 518 mm. A549. Sulade Island, vicinity Jolo. September 17, 1909. Length 425 mm. A511. Tapiantana Island, south of Zamboanga. September 13, 1909. Length 370 mm. A681. Bumbum Island, vicinity of Darvel Bay, Borneo. September 25, 1909. Length 520 mm. A696. Si Amil Island, vicinity of Darvel Bay, Borneo. September 26, 1909. Length 288 mm. A830, A844. Talisse Island, north of Celebes. November 9, 1909. Length 262 to 365 mm. A1130. Kayoa Island. November 29, 1909. Length 475 mm. PLECTROPOMUS MACULATUS (Bloch) Bodianus maculatus Bloch, Naturg. Ausland. Fische, vol. 4, 1790, p. 48, pi. 228. Japan (likely Mauritius). — Walbaum, Artedipisc, vol. 3, 1792, p. 671 (on Bloch). — Forster, Fauna Indica1795, p. 16. — Schneider, Syst. Ichth. Bloch, 1801, p. 331 (Japan). — Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Poiss, vol. 4, 1802, pp. 280, 293 (Japan). Plectropoma maculatum Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Poiss, vol. 2, 1828, p. 393 (Mauritius). — Ruppell, Atlas Reise nordl. Afrika, Fische, 1828, p. 110 (Mohila)— Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus, vol. 1, 1859, p. 156 (Red Sea). — Playfair, Fishes of Zanzibar, 1866, p. 12 (Zanzibar and Seychelles). — Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist, ser. 3, vol. 20, 18G7, p. 57 (Cape York, Queensland). — Klunzinger, Verh. zool. bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 20, 1870, p. 689 (Koseir, Red Sea). — Gunther, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy,


FISHES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND ADJACENT SEAS 201 Batag Island, east coast Luzon. June 3, 1909. Length 600 mm. 17067. Bisucay Island. April 9, 1909. Length 250 mm. 7475. Bolalo Bay, Palawan Island. December 21, 1908. Length 250 mm. 8081. Burias Island. March 5, 1909. Length 360 mm. 8318. Destacado Island. March 13, 1909. Length 295 mm. 7515, 7553, 7598. Endeavor Strait, Palawan Island. December 22-24, 1908. Length 385 to 433 mm. 17300. Gigoso Point, Quinapundan Bay, Samar. July 28, 1909. Length 218 mm. 8765, 8766. Lahuy Island, Pocket Bay, east coast Luzon. June 11, 1909. Length 250 to 268 mm. 18550. Langao Point, southern Luzon. June 24, 1909. Length 235 mm. 7896. Luzon Point, Manila Bay. January 21, 1909. Length 535 mm. 8900. Near Palag Bay, Luzon. June 16, 1909. Length 625 mm. 8180. Port Busin, Burias Island. March 8, 1909. Length 270 mm. 6389, 9020. Port Jamelo, Luzon. July 13, 1908. Length 205 to 290 mm. 8535. Port Langcan, Dumaran Island, vicinity eastern Palawan. April 8, 1909. Length 441 mm. 8777. Quinalasag Island, Masamat Bay, east coast Luzon. June 12, 1909. Length 343 mm. 5717. Surigao, east coast Mindanao. May 8, 1908. Length 285 mm. 7852. Taganak Island, Jolo Sea. January 7, 1909. Length 385 mm. 7342, 12494 (773). Tara Island, Mindoro Strait. December 14, 1908. Length 211 to 277 mm. 7362. Tara Island. December 15, 1908. Length 470 mm. A569. Tutu Bay, Jolo Island. September 19, 1909. Length 415 mm. 5999. Zamboanga market. May 26, 1908. Length 43 mm. Pleuroperca, 14 new subgenus Type — Phctropoma oligacanthus Bleeker. Diagnosis. — Soft dorsal and anal with distinct front lobes, edges of fins emarginate. Body with variable vertical blue lines on flanks. PLECTROPOMUS OLIGACANTHUS Bleeker Plectropoma oligacanthus Bleeker, Nat. Tijds. Nederland. Indie, vol. 7, 1854, p. 422. Batavia, Java. — Gunther, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus, vol. 1, 1859, p. 157 (copied)— Boulenger, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus, vol. 1, 1895, p. 162 (Malay Archipelago and Carolines)— Elera, Cat. Fauna Filip, vol. 1, 1895, p. 463 (Santa Cruz, Luzon, Cavite). Paracanthistius oligacanthus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. N6erland, vol. 7, 1873-76, p. 27 (Java, Celebes, Amboina). — Fowler, Mem. Bishop Mus, vol. 10, 1928, p. 173 (compiled). Acanthistius oligacanthus Bleeker, Atlas Ichth. Ind. N6erland, vol. 7, 1873-76, pi. (1) 279, fig. 2. Depth 3K to 3; head 2 8 to 3, width 2% to 2. Snout 3 to 3% in head from snout tip; eye 5% to 8, 1% to 3 in snout, 1 to 13 in interorbital; maxillary reaches V5 to in eye, expansion 1 to 1, length 2Ko to 2g in head from snout tip; teeth above in narrow band, pair of canines in front of each jaw and 3 canines in each mandibular ramus; narrow band of fine teeth on vomer and one on each palatine; hind nostril greatly larger than front one, m Ylxevpa rib, with reference to the blue parallel lines on the flanks; Utpurj perch.


202 BULLETIN 10 0, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM half size of pupil; interorbital 4% to 54 in head from snout tip; preopercle edge entire; median opercular spine closer to lower which opposite upper. Gill rakers 5 12, lanceolate, little longer than gill filaments or 1% in eye; 3 upper and 3 lower rudimentary. Scales 93 to 133 in lateral line to caudal base and 12 to 15 more on latter; tubes 83 to 90 in lateral line to caudal base and 11 to 20 more on latter; 17 to 20 scales above, 34 to 40 below, 37 to 40 predorsal forward to occiput only; 23 to 25 rows across cheek to preopercle edge; body scales without small basal auxiliary scales; fine scales over most all fins; maxillary with upper half of expansion finely scaled in 7 or 8 transverse rows. Scales with 4 or 5 basal radiating striae, with 1 to 5 more incomplete auxiliaries; circuli fine. Figure 7— Plectropomus oligacanthus Bleeker, variation D. VII or VIII, ii, 9, i, or n, 10, 1, third spine 2% to 3% in total head length, first branched ray 1% to 24; A. Ill, i, 7, i, third spine 32 to 4, second branched ray 1% to 2; caudal 1% to 1, emarginate behind; least depth of caudal peduncle 2% to 2; pectoral 2 to 2; ventral 2% to 2. Brown above, paler below. Head, back anteriorly, also soft dorsal and anal fins, with dark brown longitudinal lines. Dark brown vertical parallel lines all along flanks and rest of body and caudal spotted finely with dark brown. Pectoral dark brown with blue lines, hind border yellowish. Ventral brown, paler basally. East Indies, Philippines, Micronesia. A well-marked species allied with Plectropomus maculatus but with an entirely different color pattern. Also with age the soft dorsal and anal have an elevated front lobe.


Vo1 -3 DIPTEROCARPACEAE 93 Anisoptera tomentosa Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 45. Anisoptera calophylla Perk. Frag. FL, Philip. (1904) 22. Luzon (Cagayan to Sorsogon in all provinces), Mindoro, Ticao, Masbate, Sibuyan, Panay, Negros. Dominant in primary forests at low altitudes and occurring in some types of secondary forests. Endemic. Local names: Apnit (Ilk.); bagobalong (S. L. Bis.); baliuasuas (Ilk.); bariuisuis (Pang.) ; dagang (Tag., Bik., P. Bis.) ; dagang-na-puti (Tag.) ; dagum (Tag.); dayang (Tag.); doyong (Ilk.); duung (Ting.); duyong (Ilk.) ; guyong (Ilk.) ; lauan-puti (Tag.) ; letis (Tag., Bis., Ilk.) ; malapaho' (Bik.) ; mayapis (Sbl., Tag.) ; nininu (Ibn.) ; palosapis (Ilk., Pang., Sbl., Tag.); palosanis (Ilk.); payhapi (Sbl.); sandana (Tag., Bis.); sinalagan (Ilk.); tabila (Bik.). 3. HOPE A Roxburgh HOPEA ACUMINATA Merr. in Govt. Lab. Publ. (Philip.) 29 (1905) 30, Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Bot. 98; Foxw. op. cit. 6 (1911) Bot. 264, 13 (1918) Bot. 183. Hopea maquilingensis Foxw. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 13 (1908) Bot. 184. Babuyan Islands (Calayan), Luzon (Cagayan to Sorsogon, most provinces), Mindoro, Samar, Leyte, Mindanao (Davao, Cotabato, Misamis, Zamboanga). In primary forests at low and medium altitudes, ascending to 800 m. Endemic. The type of H. maquilingensis Foxw. is a specimen with mature fruits, beautifully matched by a topotype of H. acuminata Merr., F. B. 22044-Medina. Local names: Baniakau (Ibn.); barosingsing (Ilk.); dalingding (Tag.); dalingdingan (Tag., S. L. Bis.) ; kalot (Ilk.) ; mangachapui (Tag., Bik., Bis., Sul. Sml.) ; manggachinoro (Tag.) ; manggasinoro (Tag.) ; siyau (S. L. Bis.); yakal (Tag.). HOPEA BASILANICA Foxw. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 260, t. 42, 13 (1918) Bot. 183. Basilan, Sibutu, F. B. 15220 Klemme, 27284 Mendoza, 22936 Belin & Oliveros. In primary forests at low altitudes. Endemic. Local names: Dalingdingan (Sul.); yakal (Sul., Yak.). HOPEA MALIBATO Foxw. in Leafl. Philip. Bot. 6 (1913) 1953, Philip. Journ. Sci. 13 (1918) Bot. 184. Luzon (Tayabas), Negros, Mindanao (Agusan), B. S. 28486 Ramos & Edano, Elmer 13526. In primary forests up to an altitude of 600 m. Endemic. Local names: Danginginan (Mbo.) ; malibato (Mbo.). HOPEA MINDANENSIS Foxw. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 261, t. 43, 13 (1918) Bot. 183. Mindanao (Zamboanga), F. B. 9029, 9376, 9436 Whitford & Hutchinson, 27402 Babaran, 13782 Foxworthy, Be Mesa, & Villamil, B. S. 36634, 36652, 37057, 37069 Ramos & Edano. In primary forests at low altitudes. Endemic. Local names: Magasusu (Sul.); ganon (Sub.).


VoL s DIPTEROCARPACEAE 95 Hopea odorata Foxw. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 13 (1918) Bot. 183, non Roxb. . .. Luzon (Cagayan, Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Pangasinan, Bulacan, Bataan, Rizal, Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines, Sorsogon), Mindoro, Tablas, Bohol, Mindanao. In primary forests at low and medium altitudes, often dominant. Endemi'c. This valuable timber tree is represented by more than 50 individual collections made over a period of eighteen years. All are sterile except F. B. 25889 Alambra & Borromeo (fruits), 2264.5 Alvarez (fruits), and 22783 Miranda, (buds). Kobbe's specimen, F. B. £531, presents the fruits of Hopea glutinosa Elm. = Hopea pierrei Hance, and Alvarez 22644 presents the fruits of Shorea guiso Blume. Local names: Banutan (Gad.); batik (Ilk.); gisok-gisok (Bik.) ; haras (P. Bis.) ; kaliot (Ilk.) ; malium (Mang.) ; maluto (C. Bis.) ; nutik (Buk.) ; paina (Tag.) ; panggaian (Ilk.) ; sakluhgan (Tag.) ; sallapugud (Ilk.) ; sarabsaban (Mang.); saplongan (Tag.); saplungan (Tag.); siakal (Tag.) ; siggai (Ilk.) ; siggai-a-nalabaga (Ilk.) ; siggai-mulato (Ilk.) ; siggai-a-purau (Ilk.); taggai (Ilk., Neg.) ; yakal (Ilk., Pang., Sbl., Tag., Sul.). 4. PENTACME A. de Candolle PENTACME CONTORTA (Vidal) Merr. & Rolfe in Philip. Journ. Sci. 3 (1908) Bot. 115; Whitford in Philip. Bureau Forestry Bull. 10 a (1911) 62, t. 56, 57; Foxw. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 266, 13 (1918) Bot. 186. Shorea contorta Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) 15, t. 15, f. E, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 88; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 88; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 98. Pentacme paucinervis Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 73. Babuyan Islands (Calayan), Luzon (Cagayan to Sorsogon, all provinces), Mindoro, Polillo, Samar, Sibuyan, Leyte, Masbate, Samar, Negros, Mindanao. Common in primary forests at low altitudes. Endemic. Local names: Anas (Ilk.); apnit (Ibn., Ilk., Bik.); balak (Ibn., Neg.); balakbak (Neg.) ; balagbag (Ibn.) ; buayahon (S. L. Bis.) ; bugis (Bag.) ; dang'ig (Mbo.) ; danglog (Bik.); danglok (Bik.); danlig (Tag.); danlig-lauan (P. Bis.) ; danlog (Bik., S. L. Bis., P. Bis.) ; danlug (Mbo.) ; duaan (Ig.) ; gisian (Bik.); hagnit (Bik.); hapnik (Bik.); hapnit (Bik.); lauaan (Pang., Tag., Bik.) ; lauan (Gad., Sbl., Tag., Bik., P. Bis., S. L. Bis.) ; lauan-nga-danlog (S. L. Bis.) ; lauan-pula (Tag.) ; malaanonang (Bik., Tag.) ; malakayan (Sul.) ; malasinoro (Bik.) ; malatiaong (Tag.) ; takulau (Ilk.); tiaong (Tag.); tuga (Sbl.). PENTACME MINDANENSIS Foxw. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 13 (1918) Bot. 185. Mindanao (Agusan, Lanao, Zamboanga), Basilan, F. B. 21893, 28881 VillamU, 27054 Jimenez, 23385 Acuna, 27400 Babaran, 4813 Hutchinson, 22757 Nave, 22939 Miranda & Naves. In primary forests at low altitudes. Endemic. Local names: Bagtikan-lauaan (Lan.) ; danlig (Lan.) ; dangalog (Mbo.); danlug (Sul.); lauan bianco (Chab.); malakayan-blanco (Chab.) ; malakayan-colorado (Chab.) .


98 ENUMERATION OF PHILIPPINE PLANTS 1923 primary forests at low altitudes, in some regions dominant. Represented by about 40 individual collections, but all sterile except the following: F. B, 7253, 7281 Everett, B. S. 18488 McGregor. The fruits are unknown. Endemic. Local names: Aruas (Ibn.) ; babanganon (Mbo.) ; bangobang (C. Bis.); balakbakan (P. Bis.) ; buhga (Ibn.) ; chapiii (P. Bis.) ; damilang (Ibn.) ; hinlagasi' (P. Bis.); illagasi' (P. Bis.); kaliaan (Mbo.); kila (C. Bis.); kuliaan (Bik.) ; lauan-kolorado (P. Bis.) ; magaboung (Mbo.) ; malagangau (Mbo.); malasinoro (Bik.); malatbang (Tag.); manggachapui (P. Bis.); manggasinoro (Mbo.); saplig (Mbo.); ubanan (Mbo.). SHOREA PALOSAPIS (Blanco) Merr. Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 271. Dipterocarpus palosapis Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 312, ed. 3, 2 (1878) 214; A. DC. Prodr. 16 2 (1868) 614; Dyer in Journ. Bot. 12 (1874) 108. Hopea squamata Dyer in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 31 1 (1858) 239; A. DC. Prodr. 16 2 (1868) 635; F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 21. Shorea squamata Dyer ex Vidal Phan. Cuming. Philip. (1885) 97, Rev. PL Vase. Filip. (1886) 62; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 92; Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 2 (1907) Bot. 285, Sp. Blancoanae (1918) 271; Foxw. in Lean. Philip. Bot. 6 (1913) 1957, Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 275, 13 (1918) Bot. 191. Shorea floribunda F.-Vill. Novis. App. (1880) 21 ? non Kurz. Shorea rugosa Foxw. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 13 (1918) Bot. 191, non Heim. Luzon (Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Laguna, Tayabas, Camarines, Albay, Sorsogon), Mindoro, Samar, Leyte, Mindanao. In primary forests at low altitudes, in Mindanao ascending to 1,000 m; in some regions dominant. Borneo. Local names: Alam (Tag., Mang.) ; alintobo (Tag.); apnit (Tag.); balakbakan (Lan.) ; balabak (Ibn.) ; baiukan (Tag.) ; bayukan (Tag.) ; bonga (Ibn.) ; daa (C. Bis.) ; damilang (Klg.) ; danlig-tabak (Tag.) ; galunti (Sul.) ; gugumkun (Ibn.); kalauaan (C. Bis.); kalayaan (Lan.); kaliaan (Mbo.) ; kalian (Lan.) ; lauan-kolorado (Chab.) ; lauan-magsino (S. L. Bis.) ; lauang-pula (Tag.) ; lobok (Bik.) ; magsinoyo (Mbo.) ; malabalabang (Ibn.); malakayan (Sul.); malasinoro (S. L. Bis.); mandaraua (Ibn.) ; mayapis (Tag.) ; oghayan (S. L., Bis.) ; pura (Bik.) ; tabak (Tag.) ; tabakor (Tag.); tengag (Mbo.); ubanan (Mbo.); ugayauan (S. L. Bis.). SHOREA PHILIPPINENSIS Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 88; Foxw. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 6 (1911) Bot. 272, 13 (1918) Bot. 190. Shorea pallida Foxw. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 13 (1918) Bot. 190. Luzon (Cagayan, Bulacan, Tayabas), Leyte, Ticao, Basilan, Vidal 983, F. B. 12996 Bernardo, 26978 Velasco, 17158 Curran> 23471 Villamil, 25021 Cruz, 18887 Miranda, B. S. 154.18 Reillo. In primary forests at low altitudes. Endemic. Local names: Bonga (Ilk.); danlig (Tag.); gagil-bato (Lan.); kanakan (Neg.) ; sarrai (Ibn.); siyau (P. Bis.). SHOREA POLITA Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) 15, t. 15, f. D, Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 61; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 88; Foxw. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 13 (1918) Bot. 190.


AnguBt 31, 1871. J JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND COTTAGE GARDENER. 159 turning it round so that it may have the force of the water directed against every part. The water should be heated to a temperature of 160°, and to every three gallons add a wine•glassful of spirits of turpentine and 12 oz. of soft soap. The solution should be applied at a temperature of 140'. This will destroy all the mealy bug escaping the hand-squeezing, but it ia not applicable to all kinds of plants. Those with smooth hard leaves it will not injure, but those with soft hairy leaves it will destroy. Examples of plants which it will not injure are Gardenias, Ixoras, and Stephanotis, and those which it will injure are exemplified by the Gloxinias. In the case of soft hairy-leaved plants, the best method is to persist in the handcleaning, and syringing with water only at a temperature of 20°. Either persisted in will soon clear the plants of those pests — not that the insect may not return, which it assuredly will do if of long standing. It hides itself in the woodwork, plunging material, ifcc, and reappears when least expected. This remedy may, perhaps, be known to everybody, but it is not applicable in every case, as it is impossible very often to remove the subjects, and the solution applied to them may drip on subjects it would injure. For individual plants it answers well, but for a house something different must be used. That something is guano, or the ammonia it gives off. The vapour of turpentine answers the same purpose, but it will destroy every leaf that has not ceased to inhale, and especially plants that do so largely, as Gloxinias, Achimenes, Gesneras, and all of their family, along with Vines, &j. The vapour arising from guano, on ihe other hand, is invigorating to all but a few, and to the latter, even, in less powerful doses. It is easy, however, to remove such subjects as Gloxinias, Achimenes, Gesneras, and Ferns, and with the house closed to scatter some of the best Peruvian guano on the floors, just covering every part; then sprinkle with water and keep moist. In about an hour the ammonia evolve! will be suflicieut to make it strongly apparent to the eye and nose. Let the guano remain on the walks as long as yon please, keeping them moist, and in case of any mealy bug being found repeat the application ; but I Lave not found it necessary to do so. In addition to the guano on the floor, I put in each of the evaporation troughs (I have all the upper pipes troughed in all Louses requiring a high temperature) a handful of guano, and etir well up, repeating the application every fortnight during the growing season, and this keeps off the mealy bug, and is nseful against other insects, especially red spider, for which it is a remedy. The value of ammonia to the cultivator is well known, and the greater benefit of natural watering as compared with artificial wateiing is in a great measure due to its presence in the one ca^e, and absence in the other. I am persuaded that for sprinkling, for every three gallons used, 1 oz. of guano would be vastly superior, more beneficial than water only, which from its being drawn from a source deprived of its ammonia possesses no stimulating quality. Strained I consider it would be very beneficial for syringing plants. Having tried it but to a limited extent, I cannot say more than that it has a beneficial tendency similar to that of soot water, it is of an .squally harmless nature as regards the foliage, and does not discolour paint, &o. — G. Abbey. THE FOREST TREES OF HINDOSTAN. Foremost amongst the crowd of leafy princes in ornamental beauty and commercial value stands the Ironwood tree of the Burrampooter valley, Mesua ferrea. Tall, straight, and symmetrical, it rears itself some 60 or 70 feet high, tapering upwards in its glossy green mass of waxlike foliage, beset with snowy, ifragrant, golden-centred flowers of the Camellia character, its timber unmatched for weight and hardiness by any other in all the immense wildernesses of Ind, and its worth enhanced by its comparative rarity, for the axe has played sad havoc with the very partially-scattered groups to be met with at the present time. The dried flowers are sold as a perfume. There are certain conditions of soil, clime, and natural production which iave hitherto baffled the zealous arboriculturist in his labours to propagate this beautiful wonder of the woods. I sent large quantities of seed to the Koyal Botanic Gardens in Calcutta, and ill success appears to have attended all the attempts at introduction, besides the unavoidable catastrophe of those gardens being more than once utterly demolished by frequent hurricanes, known as " cyclones." When I was building a house in Assam, I succeeded in finding and felling some firstelass ironwood timber, and when it was ready for use had to employ no less than three lusty elephants to drag each of the best specimens to my locality, a few miles distant, and they found it hard labour, too; the ground being soft and marshy, with no vestige of a roadway, all stumps, and bushes, and bogs, putting wheels or rollers quite out of consideration. Slowly and surely my mast-like logs found their way to my work ! I will return to this little-known order of Garcinacece presently. A rival in beauty and utiUty, though quite of another type, appears in profuse array, the gorgeous Ligerstro3inia reginte — every spike of rose-red flowers enough to fill a market-basket. Grand in its regal bloom and stout in its growth, yielding durable though crooked logs, preferred by the Burmese for ship's "knees," and by the 'cute Anglo-Indian adventurer for the roof supports of his residence, this lovely tree attains a moderate size in cultivation, and flowers annually in the gardens of Lower Bengal. On entering Central and Lower Assam, the European stranger is overpowered with admiration of the gigantic woodland scenery. As he ascends the noble Burrampooter, winding among ranges of little hills and grand mountains, he will with his telescope scan the interminable tracts of dark forest, and occasionally define its constituent " Sylva." Spreading over the lower country, his glass will, from the poop of the steamer, proclaim that here Shorea robusta is indigenous and paramount, its sombre and silent shade telling the well-known tale of deathdealing malaria, which has laid low many a bold hunter and brave botanist in the regions of heat and moisture, the combination so necessary to the life of this valuable timber tree, attaining its proudest dimensions here, and in the equally noxious atmosphere of the Nepaul Terai. The Government gun-carriages, the transport train, the military buildings, the warehouse of the merchant, the craft of the native boat-bnilder, all constructed of the heavy fibrous wood, supporting great strain and shock,_ while so heavy as to sink in water, and hence requiring rafts of bamboo and earthen pots to give it floatage in conveyance by river. Were it not for the annual conflagrations caused by the primitive custom of burning the old grass lands, India would at the present time have been indeed overstocked with this invaluable tree. Most of your readers may not be aware that dammar is the gum or resin of Shorea robusta, which is annually collected by woodmen, who pay a license for gathering forest produce — i e,, charcoal, honey, beeswax, gums, and the flowers of Bassia latifolia for the distillation of spirits. I once visited a noble forest of this tree, the hereditary property of a Mahometan priest. It had evidently been tended and conserved by past generations, for the giants appeared as clean and regularly placed as in a recent plantation ! I was allowed, as a special favour, to fell one of the monsters of the many hundreds standing in proud state, and found the timber very solid and mature. The grain of the wood is much like that of our English Elm. The railways have availed themselves largely of its comparative abundance and good qualities, and the Government conservators are keeping a strict eye upon the herdsmen and other incendiary tramps, to save the young seedlings (self-sown) from annihilation. This is not the only precious individual in that remarkable order, Dipterocarpaceae, for Vateria indica supplies that elegant resin known to commerce as East Indian Copal, closely resembling amber, and often containing flies and other minute natural objects. I have had beads and mouthpieces for pipes made of this substance, but it is too brittle for much handling. Combined with boiling linseed oil and a little pale dammar, it is in general use by carriage and Louse painters in the East as a varnish ; while among the aborigines of Malabar it is manufactured into candles, which burn with a clear light, no smoke, and fragrant odour. This gum resin is highly electrical. Vateria lancifolia yields the incense used in Hindu temples near the coast. Dipterocarpus lasnis and angustifolius furnish the balsamic oil known as gurjun. An old tree will supply by tapping and charring 40 gallons in one season, but will soon perish ; for this reason I presume the product is rapidly rising in price. I have found it a famous solvent for the most difficult soluble substances. The virgin forests of our north-east frontier and alsoBurmah are its localities, growing in the most dark and pestiferous jungles. Cedrela species are superb timber producers, yielding the finest woods for cabinet work, the darker kinds being almost equal to mahogany, and taking an exquisite polish. The older the timber, the finer the grain and the darker the veins. This is the favourite wood of the cabinet-makers and Louse carpenters of the luxurious East. Such furniture as bedsteads, dining tables, chairs of every shape, sofas, cabinets, chests of drawers,