268 SPECIES BLANCOANAE Garcinia cumingiana Pierre and G. calleryi Pierre are specifically distinct from G, venulosa Choisy. Illustrative specimen from Angat, Bulacan Province, Luzon, September, 1913 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 569), Stalagmltis ? cambogioides Blanco PL Fiiip. ed. 2 (1845) 301; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 195, non Murr.= ? GARCINIA DULCIS (Roxb.) Kurz. I have found no mention of this species in the Novissima Appendix, but it is almost certainly Garcinia, although perhaps not Garcinia dulcis Kurz. The description is not good and does not apply at all well to Kurz's species ; at the present time, however, I can suggest no other possible reduction of the species. Garcinia dulcis is widely distributed in the Philippines, extending from northern Luzon to Palawan and Mindanao. Illustrative specimen from Bosoboso, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 881), Cambogia crasslfolia Blanco Fl. Filip. (1845) 304 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 198=? GARCINIA sp. Fernandez-Villar referred this to Garcinia cowa Roxb., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. Blanco described only the leaves, and these very briefly, stating further that it was a tree originating in Cebu, there known as sadugan, and yielding a substance similar to gambir having an agreeable odor ; he apparently saw neither flowers nor fruits. An attempt to locate the species through the native name sadugan in Cebu brought in specimens of Horsfieldia ardisiifolia Warb., which does not at all conform to the leaf characters indicated by Blanco for his Cambogia crassifolia. There is no special reason for considering that it even belongs in the Guttiferae. DIPTEROCARPACEAE DIPTEROCARPUS Linnaeus Mocanera grandiflora Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 451 (sp. nov.) = DIPTEROCARPUS GRANDIFLORUS Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 314 (nom. nov.) ; ed, 3, 2 (1878) 218, t. 263. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, occurring in the primeval forest at low and medium altitudes. It is almost universally known as apitong, a name rarely applied to any other species, and apitong is the commercial name of the timber produced by this tree. Illustrative specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon, July, 1914 {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 119), Mocanera verniciflua Blanco FL Filip. (1837) 540 (sp. nov.) =: DIPTEROCARPUS VERNICIFLUUS Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 314 (comb, nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 217, t, 183.


270 SPECIES BLANCOANAE pines, the commercial name of its timber being tanguile. Blanco's specific name does not apply, and his selection of the name was probably due to the fact that he had fruits of an entirely different plant. His description, otherwise, applies well to the species as interpreted, and there is no doubt as to the identity of the illustrative material with Blanco's plant. Illustrative specimen from Limay, Bataan Province, Luzon, June, 1914, there known as tanguile (Merrill: Species Blan-coanae No, 85). Mocanera guiso Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 449 (sp. nov.) =Dipterocarpus guiso Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 313 (comb, nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 215=:SHOREA GUISO (Blanco) Blume Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. 2 (1856) 34. Euphoria malaanonan Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 286 (sp. nov.) = Euphoria ? Nephelium ? Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 200, ed, 3, 2 (1878) 9 = SHOREA GUISO (Blanco) Blume. This species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, occurring in primeval forests at low and medium altitudes. It is a valuable timber tree and the timber is commercially known as guijo, the local name of the tree being* guijo or guiso. Euphoria malaanonan Blanco has long been a puzzle, but it is now perfectly clear that the species described by Blanco is Shorea guiso Blanco supplied with large spiny galls. Many specimens of this exist in the herbarium of the Bureau of Science, as it is very frequently secured by native collectors under the impression that the gall is a fruit. Blanco describes the "fruit'' of Euphoria malaanonan as an ovoid pouch bristling with incurved processes which become hard and spine-like at maturity, an excellent description of the common gall on Shorea guiso Blume. He further states that the "fruit" contained nothing, the interior being devoured by insects, modified by the statement that in one he did find a single seed; in this he certainly was mistaken. In the second edition he repeated the description, considering it as possibly a Euphoria, possibly as a, Nephelium. It is perfectly clear that he placed it in this group on account of the spiny galls resembling the fruits of certain species of Nephelium. Fernandez-Villar placed it as a synonym of Shorea robusta Gaertn., a species that does not extend to the Philippines. Blanco's Euphoria malaanonan has page priority over Mocanera guiso, the name-bringing synonym of Shorea guiso Blume, but it cannot be adopted in place of the latter as it is based on an abnormality ; it is further invalidated by Shorea malaanonan Blume.


272 SPECIES BLANCOANAE 18 cm) long, while the pericarp of the fruit is described as fragile. The description conforms to Parashorea plicata, and I have not the slightest hesitation in adjusting the synonymy. The native name cited by Blanco, malaanonan, is valueless in interpreting the species, as it is a made up one, literally "false anonang," anonang=Cordia myxa Linn., and, as used to-day, is very loosely applied, although I have specimens of Parashorea plicata Brandis from Laguna Province, Luzon, bearing this name. Illustrative specimen from Mount Maquiling, Laguna Province, Luzon, comm. N. Catalan, June 20, 1914, with the Tagalog name malaanonang {Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 10 58), VATICA Linnaeus VATiCA MANGACHAPOI Blanco Fl. FUip. (1837) 401 (sp. nov.) =Vatica apteranthera Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 281 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 156. Vatica sinensis Blanco op. cit. 401; 280; 156 {chinensis), non J. F. Gmel.=: ?VATICA MANGACHAPOI Blanco. The correctness of this interpretation of Vatica mangachapoi Blanco is very doubtful, but I have followed Vidal, Brandis, and Foxworthy. It is to be noted that the name mangachapoi is apparently never applied to the species as here interpreted, but is used for Hopea acuminata Merr., H, pierrei Hance, and perhaps some other species. Vatica sinensis is said by Blanco to differ from V. mangachapoi in having the anthers winged, so that probably the plant he described under this name was not the same as his V, apteranthera (=V. mangachapoi). As to anthesis, Vatica mangachapoi, as here interpreted, produces flowers from December to June in the provinces near Manila, while Blanco indicates May for both species discussed above. Foxworthy has placed here also Mocanera mangachapoi Blanco FL Filip, (1837) 450 (sp. nov.)=Dipterocarpus mangachapoi Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 313, ed. 3, 2 (1878) 216, but I believe this to be incorrect. Blanco cites the native names mangachapoi and guisong dilao (i. e., yellow guiso) ; forms of this name appear on specimens of the Philippine plant that have been referred to Shorea balangeran (Korth.) Dyer, such as guisong madlao and guisoc amarillo (amarillo Sp.=yellow). However, none of our numerous specimens of Shorea balangeran bear the other native name cited by Blanco, mangachapoi, and Blanco's description of the leaves as "membranaceas" does not apply to S. balangeran. The identity of the species may later be determined from special collections in Bulacan and Rizal with reference to the native names cited by Blanco, and I suspect that the species is


ELATINACEAE 273 I really sl Hopea, or perhaps a Shorea, from the fact that the fruit is described as being "como en la especie plagata" i.e., Hopea plagata (Blanco) Vid. Illustrative specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon, June, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No, 866), ELATINACEAE BERGIA Linnaeus Tillaea rubella Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 75 (sp. nov.) ; ed. 2 (1845) 56; ed. 3, 1 (1877) 106=:BERGIA AMMANNIOIDES Roxb. In this reduction I follow Fernandez-Villar, for I can see no reason for distinguishing the Philippine form from the Asiatic one. The species is of very local occurrence in the Philippines, growing as a weed in old rice lands at low altitudes in Luzon. It is similar to Bergia serrata Blanco (B. glandulosa Turcz.), from which it is distinguished by its shorter pedicels, somewhat smaller, more crowded flowers, and usually 3 or 5 instead of 10 stamens. Illustrative specimens from Antipolo, Rizal Province, Luzon, March, 1915, June, 1916 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae Nos. 886,979), BERGIA SERRATA Blanco Fl. Filip. (1837) 387 (sp. nov.) =:Spergula serrata Blanco op. cit. ed. 2 (1845) 271 (nom. nov.) ; ed. 3, 2 (1878) 140. The first name is the correct one, and the species is identical with Bergia glandulosa Turcz, (1854), which was based on Cuming 1058 from Luzon. It differs from Bergia ammannioides Roxb., to which it is very closely allied, in its longer pedicels, somewhat larger flowers, and 10 instead of 3 to 5 stamens. Blanco's description of the leaves as ''sesiles, * * * abrazando al tallo" is not good, but otherwise the description, habitat, and time of flowering apply perfectly to the species as here interpreted, while no other Philippine plant known to me has the characters indicated by Blanco for his species. It was reduced by Fernandez-Villar to Bergia verticillata Willd,= B. capensis Linn., a species unknown from the Philippines and one to which Blanco's description does not apply. The species is widely distributed in Luzon at low and medium altitudes, but is of local occurrence; it grows in dried out rice paddies and in other similar habitats. Illustrative specimen from Pasig, Rizal Province, Luzon (a topotype), growing in dried out rice paddies, December, 1914 (Merrill: Species Blancoanae No. 723), 151862—18


30 or less, the branches ascending, the lower ones often 15 cm. long, densely pubescent with gray hairs. Flowers small, yellowish. Sepals imbricate, broadly ovate, obtuse or subacute, 3 mm, long, 2.5 mm. wide, densely pubescent, the three outer ones inclosing the two inner. Petals 8 mm. long, 3.5 mm. wide, obtuse. Stamens 15, in two series, the filaments broad, 1 mm. long; anthers broadly ovate, 0.6 mm. long, the appendix to the connective slender, as long as the anther. Ovary pubescent, the stylopod very obscure or wanting. Style slender, 1.5 mm. long. In the fruit all the sepals are accrescent, the three outer ones being 4.5 cm. long, and 8 to 10 mm. wide, obtuse, the two inner ones about 2 cm. long or less, and 3 mm. wide. A tree growing in the hill forests, at from 100 to 800 m. above the sea, reaching a height of 50 m. and a diameter of 1 m. more or less. It is especially common in the forests of the Province of Bataan and is univer-sally known to the Tagalogs of that Province as Tanguili, and on account of its great size is much prized by them for making canoes; facts also noted by Blanco, in the original description of the species. Chorea polysperma belongs in the section Finanga, and is represented by the following specimens, all from the Lamao River region. Mount Mari-veles, Province of Bataan, Luzon: No. 606 (Forestry Bureau), collected by Barnes, April, 1904; Nos. 734, 784, and 819 (Forestry Bureau), collected by Borden, May, 1904 (flower) ; No, 1410 (Forestry Bureau), collected by Borden, July, 1904 (fruit); No. 132 (Whitford), May, 1904 ( flower ) . Blanco's material, on which this species was based was in part from Balanga, Province of Bataan, and his description applies to the above specimens except in one or two particulars. The petioles are not particularly short, as described by Blanco, nor is the fruit more than one-seeded, it being described by Blanco as follows, "Baya? con dos? aposentos, y en cada uno algunos semillas," it being evident that either Blanco had mutilated or very imperfect fruits, or that he wiis not sure that his fruits were really from this tree. Inasmuch as the fruit of Shorea polysperma is one-seeded, and not with several seeds as described by Blanco, his specific name does not well apply to the species. Dipterocarpus lasiopodus Perkins, Frag. Fl. Philip. 22. 1904. The fruit of this species is figured by Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas, t. IJf. f. D., under the name Dipterocarpus pilosus Roxb., this figure being mentioned by Brandis1 sub. Dipterocarpus affinis, accordingly the following synonym should be added. Dipterocarpus pilosus, F.-Vill. Nov. App. 20. 1880; Vidal, Sinopsis, Atlas, t. I4. f. D. 1883, non Roxb. Hopea acuminata sp. nov. %Petalandra. A tree reaching a height of 40 m., with broadly lanceolate, narrowly acuminate, glabrous leaves, 8 cm. long or less, and small flowers in unilateral racemes, which are arranged in terminal and axillary panicles. Branches nearly black when dry, glabrous, striate. Leaves 4 to 8 cm. long, 2 to 3 cm. wide, submenibranous, shining above, the base inequilateral, rounded iJourn. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31: 32. 1895.


Sea, the Sulu Sea, the Celebes Sea, and, across the Equator, the coastal waters of Papua and the Solomons. From the results of past surveys it appears that the schools are most densely concentrated generally around May and November, that is, just after the change in the seasonal winds. The seasonal changes are, however, slight, and fish are taken the year round with no great variation. The area within which fishing is carried on at present lies for the most part between 0° and 10N. If we compare, without regard to the longitude, the catches made north and south of the line of 5° north latitude, they are as shown in the following table. This table, however, does not show the data from a single year, but is a summary of the results of surveys made in several recent years. Table 5 Comparison of Catch Rates North and South of 5N (Tlfithin South Seas Government-general) Note. The catch rate is the number of fish taken per 100 hooks. Table 5 shows clearly that the schools are denser in the waters of the lower latitudes than they are in the higher latitudes. It is said that in general yellowfin are abundant in the Equatorial Countercurrent, but it can be seen that they are particularly numerous south of 5N. The yellowfin of this area are generally small, averaging about 33 kg, about the same size as the yellowfin of the East Philippines Sea, All species of spearfishes occur in this area, but the black marlin and the sailfish seem to be especially abundant. (c) Sulu Sea There is very little data on this area, but judging by the activities of fishing boats the schools are most concentrated in the early part of the northeast monsoon, and besides yellowfin many broadbills and black marlin are taken. (d) Celebes Sea Spearfishes are abundant in this area. Table 1 includes both the Celebes Sea west of 125 E and the eastern sea area around 130E. The schools are clearly different in these two sea areas, yellowfin being somewhat fewer and the occurrence of spearfishes more conspicuous in the eastern area than in the Celebes Sea. 23


The spawning of the sailfish occurs over wide areas of the Pacific and the South China Sea and covers a rather long period of time with June as the peak Around this time this species occurs densely in these sea areas, and mature and immature fish occur mixed together It is interesting that spawning proceeds gradually as the fish become ripe, the males and females forming pairs and following each other around in the same way goldfish doo On this point they differ completely from such fishes as the herring, lith herring the whole school becomes ripe, and spawning and fertilization are accomplished within an extremely short time These spawning habits of the herring are the sort generally possessed by pelagic species and they make the reproductive activity most effective It is very interesting then that the spearfishes which are the most markedly pelagic of fishes, have the habits described above Since spawning habits of this type appear to be common to the fishes of the south in general, this is thought to be an important matter to consider with regard to the future of the southern fisheries The diameter of the eggs is from 0o8 mm to a little less than 1 mm, and the ovaries of a large individual contain over 1 million eggs„ The larval fish have a form altogether different from their parents, and their heads are armed with conspicuous spines„ It is thought that these are for the purpose of increasing the surface area of the larvae, whose swimming powers are weak, in order to facilitate their floating. The smallest specimen which the author has been able to obtain to date is about 3 mm long, and it is thought to have been collected not too long after hatching, hardly any pigment having appeared on its body„ Several specimens ranging from this size up to about 12 mm have been collected, but we have not as yet been able to collect any larger than that until we get up to the range of 10 mm to 260 mm, where we have obtained several specimens (Figure 6) As far as the true marlin Mo mitsukurii is concerned, we have recently had two opportunities to collect ripe eggs and can therefore make some conjectures about its spawning season in Formosan waters (the South China Sea). Both of the specimens nere landed at the Takao fish market in May, one in 19U. and the other in 19A3o Unfortunately it is not clear just where these fish were taken, but in any case it can be considered fairly certain that this species spawns about May. For the black marlin o mazara 7 we have ripe eggs collected in the East Philippines Sea in Kay so it can be thought that they probably spawn around that month. (Figure 5) For the white marlin M. marlina 7 we have as yet no concrete data from which to deduce their spawning season and spawning grounds, but it is wondered 'Thether they may not spawn in April and May in the area from Annam to Hainan lo As indicated above, our knowledge of the tunas and spearfishes is extremely poor. In the near future, when the fisheries of Greater East Asia come to be seriously developed, many new facts will probably come to 39


rough estimate! Such questions as what proportion of these eggs hatch, what percentage reach full maturity, and what is their rate of development remain to be investigated The spawning season of the broadbill swordfish in Japanese waters is thought to be around Augu stsept ember Its development is known to include marked changes in forme Nakamuracy has reported the collection in the spring of 1933 near Ominato, Chiba Prefecture, of two specimens measuring 660 and 860 ramo in total length The 660 mm individual in form had the outline of a mature fish, but both the dorsal and anal fins were single, the former with 2 spines and 4E rays and the latter with 1 spine and 15 rays The mature fish have no teeth, but larval fish at this stage have setiform teeth There are keels on the caudal peduncle, but they are not as conspicuous as in the adult There are hard scales forming rows on the sides of the body, and the dorsal surfaces are deep indigo in color, the sides paler and the belly is white The yellow bands on the fins and body pictured by Ijjtken on a 37 mm larva hav© already faded out and cannot be seen, In the 860 mm specimen the lower jaw has become rather short„ The dorsal and anal fins both are still single, but in the dorsal the fifth to the sixth rays from the posterior end have become shortened, and in the anal fin the fifth to the seventh rays from the posterior end have become buried in the muscles , close-ly indicating a tendency toward separation into two fins, ivo Distribution and migrations These fishes are present at all times in tropical seas In the coastal waters of Japan they begin to migrate gradually north as the water temperature rise in the spring The season of the northward migration is somewhat later than that of the black tuna and about the same time as that of the albacore The short -nosed speaofish is very pelagic in nature, and it hardly ever comes into coastal waters nor is it seen in enclosed says Its distribution in the waters adjacent to Japan is in general south of Sagami Wano Many of these fish spawn in the waters east of Formosa in an area centered about 150 miles offshore from October to December c When the Shonan Maru5; conducted a survey in the central part of the East Philippine Sea (lO° No 15° No) in July, 193 not one fish was taken, and only one was caught in the southern part of that sea (3° No 10° No) in Augusto In the survey made by the Nakamura, Hidenario 1935-36o Larval Stages of Shorefishes Appearing in the Vicinity of Ominato (Parts 12, 14o Yoshokukai Shi 5. pp„ 191195; 6o pro 133-139. wjoriginally the Taiwan Government-general s research vessel 45


The central part of the Pacific Occam eastward from 150 E. longitude and south from 40 to about 26 N. latitude is famous as an albacore ground. In this area most of the catch is made in the northern portion around October, but the center of the fishing grounds gradually moves southward until in the latter part of March it is at around 26 to 28 N. The fishing season in this region ends from around the end of March to the early part of April. The various fishing grounds centered respectively at 160 E. longitude, 175 E. longitude, and 175 W. longitude all differ more or less in their characteristics, but data are scarce and a thorough analysis is impossible. Besides albacore, bigeye tuna are taken rather plentifully, particularly around December. Striped marlin and broadbill are also taken in some numbers, and throughout the sections scattered catches of black tuna and yellowfin are made. In the coastal waters of the Ogasawara chain some fish are caught throughout the year. Chief among the tunas taken are the yellowfin and the bigeye tuna. The black tuna is also taken, although very rarely, in the northern part of this sea region around May and June. The albacore catch increases somewhat from March to May. Skipjack boats which operate in this area take albacore on pole and line at about that season. The season of greatest abundance for yellowfin is from May to July and there is another increase in the catch around November. A tendency for the rise and decline in the bigeye catch to be about 1 to 2 months later than that for the yellowfin can be discerned. The most important fish in this region are the spearfishes. Among them the striped marlin catch in general rises and declines at about the same times as the yellowfin, but the increase in the yellowfin catch in Noven-iber is not paralleled by a similar increase in the striped marlin catch. The rise and fall of the black tuna catch roughly parallels that of the bigeye. Broadbill are rather abundant in the northeastern portion of this sea area, the season being centered around February. In addition there is also a very large shark catch which is chiefly great blue shark. In the Okinawa region, too, fishing proceeds throughout the year. In this region schools of black tuna appear everywhere from April to June. These schools are thought to differ in age from the previously mentioned schools of the Satsunan Sea area. Yellowfin are rather abundant along the eastern boundary of the Kuroshio and spearfishes are plentiful from the western boundary of the current to the 100-fathom line of the East China Sea. The spearfish catch begins to increase gradually around March and the fishing grounds gradually move northward. At the beginning of the season white marlin are most numerous, followed by striped marlin, after which comes the season for black marlin and sailfish. On the whole the seasonal changes in the catch of these fishes closely resemble the pattern seen in coastal waters of the Ogasawara Islands. Spearfishes are extremely abundant east of Formosa where the harpoon fishery is very active from-i October to April, that is, during the season of northeasterly winds. The fishing grounds are within 30 miles of the coast. At the same season in the same aureas there is a flourishing longline fishery for sharks, mainly species of Carcharhinus and hammerheads. From April to June the black tuna migrate into these waters and at the same season sailfish are abundant. In the South China Sea the most numerous species is the yellowfin, its fishing season being the season of northeasterly winds. From March to the early part of June albacore fishing is active front the Bashi Strait to the northeastern pair of this sea area. Black marlin and sailfish become abundant from June to August. Albacore are rather plentiful around March in the northeastern part of the sea area. Black marlin and yellowfin tuna are densely distributed in the waters 60 to 200 miles east of the Philippines during the season of southwesterly winds, the former being more abundant in the north while the latter is more numerous in the southern part of the area. Fishing for black tuna is very active from March to June in waters comparatively close to the coast of northeastern Luzon. 30


During the season of southwesterly winds the sea is generally very calm. However, in the typhoon season the paths of the storms occasionally cross this sea area. Caution is necessary, particularly toward the beginning and end of the typhoon season, for at this time many typhoons cross the northern part of the area. During the season of northeasterlies strong winds blow continuously, the seas are high, and it is occasionally difficult for fishing boats to operate. Wind and seas are particularly high off Annam, making operations by small boats difficult. The waters off Luzon are generally calm. The history of the development of the tuna longline fishery in this area is so closely tied up with that of the tuna fishery at Takao that they may be said to be the same thing. The tuna longline fishery based at Takao, which started around 1913 under the aegis of the former Formosa Government-general, developed year after year with the South China Sea as its principal fishing ground. At first sailing vessels were used, but very soon all the boats were powered, beginning with vessels of about 20 horsepower and gradually increasing in size with the years until many vessels of 100 tons and 200 horsepower were being constructed. In 1936 the number of vessels operating had increased to about 300. The fishing grounds were gradually extended to the southward from the southern portion of the Formosa Strait and the whole South China Sea came within the operating area. The boats then began going farther into the Sulu Sea, Celebes Sea, and East Philippine Sea regions, and before the war the catch had surpassed the value of 15 million yen per year. The fishing season is for the most part during the season of northeasterly winds. Vessels which had been docked and overhauled during the typhoon season gradually go into operation from the latter part of September on acid ordinarily continue fishing until about May of the following year. However, around June to August a fishery for sailfish with the gear called barennawa is carried on, so even during the typhoon season fishing does not stop altogether. Beginning in 1935 there was a rapid development of the black tuna fishery and its fishing season was from March to early June. As it became known that many black marlin could be taken during the southwesterlies the latter years of the Japanese occupation of Formosa saw longline fishing carried on almost throughout the year. The following is a general outline of fishing seasons and the fishing situation in the South China Sea. At the beginning of the season around September Sonne catches, principally of yellowfin, were made in the southeastern portion of the area, that is, the part adjacent to the Sulu Sea, and with the passage of time fishing gradually became active in the vicinity of Steward Bank and Macclesfield Bank, after which the fishing suddenly became good all over the whole area. However, around January to March, when a conspicuous cold water zone appears in the central portion of the area, as already noted, fishing becomes generally poorer in this central area. Toward the end of the fishing season the center of the fishing grounds shifts from the vicinity of Dangerous Ground to the waters off Cochin China and Annam, and at this time the fishing for spearfishes becomes active from this area to the vicinity of Hainan I. The principal species in the catch is the yellowfin. Data from investigations covering the whole year indicate that about 90 percent of the fish in the total tuna and spearfish catch of the longline fishery in this region are yellowfin, the remaining 10 percent being bigeye tuna () and spearfishes. However, this is in the overall view and as was noted earlier, the situation is completely different as regards the so-called barennawa, which fishes especial for bigeye tuna and sailfish or in the case of the fishery between the waters of Annam and the Hainan I. region, where spearfishes are the main objective. The foregoing is the situation which obtained before the development of the black tuna fishery in recent years. The main component of the catch during the black tuna season was, it goes without saying, black tuna. In recent years the black marlin has followed the black tuna in becoming abundant in the catch, and taking Formosa as a whole it appears that in recent years the number of tunas and the number of spearfishes in the catch have been almost equal (see table 7). The first captures of black tuna in this area were in 1935. Before that year there are no records of this species being taken, but it is questionable whether they were completely absent. Questioning of fishermen at Takao at that time revealed that every year at about the same 61


season it gradually becomes more dispersed and the fishing grounds shift gradually from south to north. However, as there is sporadic fishing of black tuna at almost the same season in the waters contiguous to this area on the south and north, if the schools do move from south to north, it is in a renicirkably dispersed state. It is thought that from about the time the black tuna season ends, dense schools of black marlin migrate into the area, but we do not as yet have any concrete data concerning this fact. The basis for this supposition is, as was stated in the section on the East Philippines Sea, that between May and September dense schools of this species are seen in the North Equatorial Current and the region of the origins of the Kuroshio, and there are two or three records showing that quite a few black marlin are taken about the same time in the Yonakuni Island area. It is considered that their fishing grounds are probably farther off shore than the harpooning grounds, and as there have actually been hardly any fishing vessels operating there, nor any experimental or exploratory fishing, there are no data at all to offer as evidence. As the foregoing shows, this area has hardly been considered as a fishing ground during most of the season of southwesterly winds. The fishing ground during the northeast monsoon, both in the case of the harpoon fishery and the longline fishery, is extremely coastal in character, being limited to within 30 miles of the shore. The situation farther off shore was investigated by the Shonan Maru, Shichisei Maru (fisheries research vessel of the former Taihoku Province), and the Takao Maru, which caught considerable amounts of tunas, spearfishes, and sharks, however, it can by no means be thought to be a superior fishing ground. The waters of the Okinawan archipelago are noted as a fishing ground for sedentary skipjack rather than as a tuna ground. Nevertheless, tunas and spearfishes are taken throughout the region and certain localities are known to be outstanding longlining grounds. There are excellent grounds between Uotsuri Shima and the Miyako Archipelago and south of the main island of Okinawa, and at the extreme northern end of the area is the famous black tuna ground around Tanegashima. Throughout the area as a whole the spearfishes are most abundant, followed by yellowfin, bigeye, and black tuna, with albacore extremely scarce. The spearfishes are abundant throughout the year, but particularly from April to August and in general east of 125 E. longitude. The most abundant species is the white marlin, followed by the striped marlin and the black marlin. The seasonal changes in abundance of different species are the same as for the East Fornnosa Sea. The catch of sailfish also appears to increase during the summer. After August the fishing shifts to the vicinity of the 100-fathom line in the East China Sea, and the fishing grounds of this region, although they differ from season to season, extend through the waters west of Kyushu on the north to the Tsushima Strait area. Yellowfin are fairly abundant in April May and November December, and a tendency can be detected for catch rates to increase gradually to the eastward. Bigeye tuna are rather abundant from November to January but appear to be hardly taken at all at other seasons. There are two fishing seasons for black tuna; one is around December and January, with the fishing grounds in the extreme northern part of the region. However, fishing is not very good at this time and the catches are made at some distance from the center of the main fishing grounds. The other season is around April to June, with the grounds on the east side of the archipelago. The fishing is sporadic and there are no concentrated catches. Some albacore are taken from January to March, but they are not very abundant. Table 44 shows the fishing situation in this sea area on the basis of past surveys. The overall catch rate is slightly less than 20, much lower than those of the various sea areas described earlier. Comparing those parts of the area north and south of 25 N. latitude, as the table shows, the catch rates are higher in the north for all fish except the yellowfin, and the overall average catch rate is higher in the north. It will be noted that the catch rates for black tuna and albacore are much greater in the northern part. 81


266 EBENACEAE. (EBONY FAMILY.) gether in the axils and at the tips of the branches — Low pine barrens, Virginia (Pursh) and southward. — Shrub l°-4° high. 3. S. Americana, Lam. Leaves oblong, acute at both ends (1' -3' long), smooth, or barely pulverulent beneath; flowers axillary or in 3 -4-flowered racemes (J' long) ; corolla valvate in the bud. (S. glabrum and S. lseve, Ell.) — Margin of swamps, Virginia and southward. May. — Shrub 4° -8° high. . 2. HALESIA, Ellis. Snowdrop or Silver-bell-Tree. Calyx inversely conical, 4-toothed ; the tube 4-ribbed, coherent with the 2-4celled ovary. Petals 4, united at the base, or oftener to the middle, into an open bell-shaped corolla, convolute or imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8-16 : filaments united into a ring at the base, and usually a little coherent with the base of the corolla: anthers linear-oblong. Ovules 4 in each cell. Fruit large and dry, 2-4-winged, within bony and 1 -4-celled. Seeds single in each cell, cylindrical. — Shrubs or small trees, with large and veiny pointed deciduous leaves, and showy white flowers, drooping on slender pedicels, in clusters or short racemes, from axillary buds of the preceding year. Pubescence partly stellate. (Named for S. Hales, author of Vegetable Statics, &c.) 1. H. tetraptera, L. Leaves oblong-ovate; fruit 4-winged. — Banks of streams, upper part of Virginia, also on the Ohio River at Evansville (Sho7-t), and southward. Fruit 1 1/2 long. 3. SYMPLOCOS, Jacq. § HOPEA, L. Sweet-Leaf. Calyx 5-cleft, the tube coherent with the lower part of the 3-celled ovary. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, lightly united at the base. Stamens very numerous, in 5 clusters, one cohering with the base of each petal : filaments slender : anthers very short. Fruit drupe-like or dry, mostly 1 -celled and 1 -seeded. — Shrubs or small trees ; the leaves commonly turning yellowish in drying, and furnishing a yellow dye. Flowers in axillary clusters or racemes, yellow. (Name (tu/xttAokos', connected, from the union of the stamens. Hopea was dedicated to Dr. Hope, of Edinburgh.) 1. S. tinctoria, L'Her. (Horse-Sugar, &c.) Leaves elongated-oblong, acute, obscurely toothed, thickish, almost persistent, minutely pubescent and pale beneath (3'-5 f long); flowers 6-14, in close and bracted clusters, odorous. — Rich ground, Virginia and southward. April. — Leaves sweet, greedily eaten by cattle. Order 66. EBENACEAE. (Ebony Family.; Trees or shrubs, with alternate entire leaves, and polygamous regular flowers which have a calyx free from the 3-1 2-celled ovary ; the stamens 2-4 times as many as the lobes of the corolla, often in pairs before them, their anthers turned inwards, and the fruit a several-celled berry. Ovules 1 or 2, suspended from the summit of each cell. Seeds anatropous, mostly single in each cell, large and flat, with a smooth coriaceous integument ; the embryo


i distribution Philippines, Borneo, Celebes, Inner South Seas morphology Body a dark red-brown with small scattered dark blue spots. These ire rather indistinct in large specimens. Grows very large, ordinarily about 1 meter, occasionally close to 2 meters in length. Toxicity Three out of 10 mice used were affected to some degree, and one died. (The animals were not tested for mild sensory impairment) This species also caused some diarrhoea. A case iras reported of poisoning in human beings in which the fish was stewed Ln soy sauce amd one slice was eaten for supper. During the night vomiting and diarrhea began. The next morning the victim's Joints were stiff and he experienced difficulty in walking. In another case the tongue and the area around the mouth became time and stiffened. A person ratio had been poisoned by this species at Okinawa recalled that it caused vomiting and diarrhoea and that he felt numb for p. 74] about a week afterward. No case iras reported in which the poison was fatal Tables 71, 72, 73] This species is thought to be of a mild degree of toxicity, only rare cases being reported of a strong degree. The following very similar edible fish is cited for purposes of identification Page 75] 3. Yogorehata (Plate 15 Figure 42) Scientific name Plectropomus sp. Local name joanuron (a variety of more or more , tamakai (Japanese) Characteristics Very similar to the preceding species; it can be distinguished by its larger spots. The ground color is brighter in this species. It is sold Ln the markets as an edible fish and is nonpoisonous The Japanese call it tanaka and prize it 8 food. The flesh is white and is very good sliced and served paw or stewed in soy sauce, since it is quite oily. The word more or more is used very broadly at Jaluit, being equivalent to hata or t nakai general veins for serranids, and includes both poisonous and nonpoisonous species. Table 74] 4. Amadaredokuhata (Plate 16 Figure 43) Scientific name Plectropomus oligacanldius Bleeker Local name Julae' irshalle8e) Distribution Indian Ocean, E. Indies, Philippines, Inner South Seas Morphology Uie markings are distinctive, blue lines and spots on a blaokishji Drown ground color. On the head and back the blue lines run roughly horizontally. The spots are either scattered over the sides of the body, or form vertical rows (treuiaversely across the body) posterior to the pectoral fin. There are horizontal lines on the soft parts of the dorsal and anal fins. Toxicity Judging from the results of all the experiments on animals, except Ln the case of a mouse which ate the liver, this species is violently poisonous. The Jaluit natives consider this fish deadly and do not eat it. It is readily taken on hook and line and abounds near the encircling reefs, but no cases page 76] Table 75] of poisoning were reported, probably because its coloring is so distinctive. 43


Dec. 1954] Flacourtiaceae (Sleumer) 25 Distr. Malaysia: Malay Peninsula (Penang, Perak, Selangor, Pahang, Kemaman, Johore, Kedah, Wellesley). Ecol. Forests on hilly ground, 100-650 m. Vern. Alai, M. 15. Hydnocarpus elmeri Merr. PI. Elm. Born. (1929) 207; Sleum. Bot. Jahrb. 69 (1938) 53. Small tree up to 18 m; young branches angular, initially slightly ferrugineous-pubescent, glabrescent. Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, shortly obtusely acuminate or cuspidate, cuneate to rotundate at the base, mostly distinctly inequilateral, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, brown when dry, shining above, dull beneath, glabrous or slightly pubescent on the midrib and nerves, 7-20 by 3 x /2— 8 cm; nerves 7-8 pairs, little prominent above, markedly so beneath, veins ± transverse and little prominent on both sides, reticulations rather lax; petiole 8-15 mm. Stipules ovatelanceolate, pubescent, 7-8 by 2 mm, rather soon caducous, d Flowers in dense, sessile, supraaxillary clusters, densely rusty-pubescent all over. Pedicels 1-3 mm. Sepals ovate-elliptic, obtuse, 2 by VI 2 mm. Petals obovate, white, c. 1 mm long, densely rufous-papillose on both sides; scales minute, densely white-pilose, reddish when dry. Filaments fleshy, densely ferrugineous-papillose, hardly 1 mm. 9 Flowers unknown. Young fruit subglobose, ferrugineous-tomentose, with 3 bifid, reflexed stigmas. Fruit globose, 4-5 cm diam., sordidly yellow-green, rufo-tomentose-punctate, with thin fragile pericarp; peduncle thick, 5 mm. Seeds 1-3, oblong-trigonous, 2'/2-3 by Vh cm; testa striate-maculate. Distr. Malaysia: Br. N. & SE. Borneo. Ecol. Primary forest on hilly ground, 130— 200 m. Vern. Malantidang, M. 16. Hydnocarpus alcalae C. DC. Philip. J. Sc. 11 (1916) Bot. 37; Merr. En. Philip. 3 (1923) 107; Santos & West, Philip. J. Sc. 40 (1929) 485; Tolentino-Vallarta, Nat. & Appl. Sc. Bull. Univ. Philip. 5 (1936) 27; Sleum. Bot. Jahrb. 69 (1938) 55, 78; Brown, Useful PI. Philip. 2 (1950) 507, f. 237; Quis. Med. PI. Philip. (1951) 628. Tree, 4-7 m, or shrub; branchlets glabrous. Leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate at the apex, very inequilateral at base, subcoriaceous, firm, shining, olivaceous when dry, glabrous, entire or shallowcrenate, 15-25 by 7-1 1 cm; midrib little prominent above, markedly raised beneath, lateral nerves prominent beneath, veins transversal, reticulations distinct but little raised; petiole stout, glabrous, c. 1 cm. Stipules not seen. Flowers in pseudo-racemose, glabrous panicles, d in fascicles of 3 or 4, 9 solitary from the trunk or big branches, each panicle 15-30(-60) cm long, with very distantly arranged, reduced cymes; cymes subsessile to 1-2 mm long, peduncled, bearing 2-4 fascicled flowers on top. Pedicels l'/4-2 cm. d Flowers: sepals ovate, greenish, I'M by 3 U cm. Petals elliptic, greenish-white or cream, villose at margin, c. 0.8 by 0.6 cm; scales ovate, densely white-pilose specially at the apex, glabrous near the base, fleshy, 5 by 3'/2 mm. Filaments c. 10 mm, thickened at the base, glabrous; anthers cordateoblong, 5 by 3 mm. 9 Flowers: similar to the d ones, but slightly larger. Pedicels \ l U-A cm. Sepals 1 ! /4-2 by 1-1 1/2 cm. Petals 1.1-1.2 by 0.8-1 cm. Filaments 7-8 mm; anthers sterile, 2-3 mm. Ovary elliptic, yellowish stellate-velvety; stigmas 5-7, slightly stellate-pubescent. Fruit very large, obovoid, pendent, 15-31 by 8-15(-20) cm, dark-brown with purple and greenish spots, somewhat rugose, reticulate by numerous fissures when dry. Seeds 80-110, subglobular-ellipsoid, 3-5 by 2 J /2-3 cm, polyedric, with a light-yellow aril, embedded in a fragrant, adstringent pulp. Distr. Malaysia: Philippines: S. Luzon (Albay Prov.), now planted and naturalized on Mt Maquiling (Laguna Prov.) and elsewhere. Ecol. Damp ravines at low altitudes. Uses. This species possesses the largest fruits known in the genus. The oil extracted from the seeds yields chaulmoogric and hydnocarpic acid and is used by the Filipinos as a good cure for wounds. Vern. Dudu or dudda, Bik. 17. Hydnocarpus cauliHora Merr. Philip. J. Sc. 9 (1914) 323; En. Philip. 3 (1923) 107; Sleum. Bot. Jahrb. 69 (1938) 56. Small tree, glabrous, the inflorescences excepted. Leaves broadly oblong to ovate-oblong, shortly acuminate at the apex, attenuate to cordate-rounded at the base, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, shining on both sides, entire, 23-30 by 9-12 cm; nerves prominent and conjunct along the margin, veins d= transverse, reticulations littleprominent.7?aa?w<?like panicles from the trunk fulvous-tomentose all over, 5-15 cm. d Flowers: pedicels stout, 3 mm, subtended by an attenuate-oblong bract, 2 mm long. Sepals rounded, villose, 5 mm. Petals elliptic, rounded at the apex, thinner than the sepals, 3 mm, laxly appressed pilose outside; scales 1 mm, slightly lobed. Filaments l'/2 mm; anthers ovate, 1-1.2 mm. 9 Flowers unknown. Fruit globose, c. 8 cm across, with several compressed, ovoid seeds, 2 by l'/2 cm; pericarp rather fragile. Distr. Malaysia: Philippines: Mindanao (Cotabato Prov.). Ecol. In primary Dipterocarp-forest at low altitude. 18. Hydnocarpus cucurbitina King, J. As. Soc. Beng. 59, ii (1890) 120; Ann. R. Bot. Gard. Calc. 5 (1896) 129, t. 149; Ridl. Fl. Mai. Pen. 1 (1922) 161 ; Sleum. Bot. Jahrb. 69 (1938) 34. Tree 20-25 m; branches spreading, hanging, innovations ferrugineous-pubescent. Leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, ± abruptly and obtusely subfalcate-acuminate, cuneate at the base, subcoriaceous, entire, rather shining, S l l2-I2 l l2 by 3'/2-5'/2 cm; nerves arcuate, as the veins slightly but distinctly prominent, d Inflorescence subcymose, ferrugineous-tomentose, 1-1 1 li cm peduncled, 3-6-branched. Pedicels 8 mm. Sepals


50 Flora Malesiana [ser. I, vol. 5 1 very little pilose immediately below the anthers, 3 mm. Q Flowers: calyx lobes and petals slightly larger than in the d. Staminodes 5, short, glabrous, without anthers. Ovary cylindrical, 3-4 mm, somewhat angular, dilutely rusty-hirsute; stigmas large, flat, reflexed, broadly obovate, sessile. Fruit fusiform when young, densely covered with minute tubercles, when ripe elliptic-fusiform and narrowed in the middle, when 4-6-seeded (3 1 /2-)4-4 1 /2(-6) by 2-2 J /2 cm, rarely smaller, obovoid or subglobose, subacuminate, when 2-3-seeded 2 1 h by 2-2'/2 cm; pericarp thin, coriaceous, reticulatepustular, greyish outside, at last nearly glabrous; peduncle 5-8 mm. Seeds irregularly compressed, mostly semiglobose, c. 1/2 by 1 cm. Distr. Malaysia: Malay Peninsula (Singapore, Johore, Trengganu), Borneo. Ecol. On swampy ground or riversides in primary or secondary rain-forest (Dipterocarpaceous-forest), up to 200 (on Mt Kinabalu up to 550) m. Fl. Oct.-May, fr. Dec-July. Uses. Wood yellowish-white, pale brown or slightly pinkish, said to be soft; bark smelling of wintergreen-oil. Fruit yellow or yellowish-white, said to be edible. Vern. Borneo: Pitoling, bubuak, tampasak busong, sireh-sireh (Sandakan) ; piramoh (Dusun) ; impupuak, kayu tahi gagi (Dusun Kinabat.); kepayang bangai (P. Laut); chandar(a)i (Brunei); sumpit-sumpit (SE. Borneo). Note. A form with more rufous-pubescent leaves rounded at the base but otherwise very similar, was found at the base of Mt Dulit (Sarawak). Imperfectly known 18. Ryparosa minor Ridl. J. Bot. 74 (1936) 225. Small tree; branchlets glabrous, soon covered with grey cork. Leaves oblong, shortly (1 cm) acute-acuminate, cuneate at the base, coriaceous, glabrous, brownish and shining above, pallid and dull beneath when dry, (8-)9-14 by 4'/2-6 cm; midrib slightly impressed above, very prominent beneath, nerves ± 5 pairs, curved-ascending, excurrent at the margin or the upper ones very slightly anastomosing, little prominent on both surfaces, veins rather densely reticulate and raised specially beneath; petiole rugose, 1.3-1.8 cm. <5 Flowers: racemes axillary, spike-like, 6-7 cm, grey-puberulous. Pedicels 1 mm. Calyx lobes 3, ovate, 1.2 mm. Petals 5, oblong-ovate, 2 mm; scales ovate, barbate, 1 mm. Column of filaments glabrous. o Flowers and fruit not yet known. Distr. Malaysia: Borneo (Sarawak: Kuching), only once found in swampy jungle. Excluded species Bergsmia acuminata Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. (1860) 159, 389 belongs to the Annonaceae, cf. Kurz, J. Bot. 11 (1873) 233; Hallier, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 39, ii (1923) 160; Sloot. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 7 (1925) 328. 11. ELEUTHERANDRA Sloot. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 7 (1925) 328, f. 6-7. Tree. Leaves alternate. Stipules 0. Racemes axillary, many-flowered, spike-like, simple or sometimes a little branched at the base. Flowers unisexual, 5-merous, the 6 with rudiment of ovary. Calyx lobes valvate, minute, persistent. Petals imbricate, fugaceous, with basal scale inside. Disk 0. 6 Flowers: stamens 5, episepalous; connective large. 9 Flowers: staminodes 5, episepalous, subulate. Ovary unilocular; placentas 2(-3), each with one ovule. Styles 2 (very rarely 3), very short; stigmas conspicuous, erect, ovate-oblong and flattened, rather thick, together shaped like a deer's footprint. Fruit indehiscent, crowned by the style rests, l-2(-rarely 3)seeded; pericarp subcoriaceous, rather thin. Seeds arillate; testa hard. Distr. Monotypic, Malaysia: S. Sumatra and SE.-NE. Borneo. 1. Eleutherandra pes-cervi Sloot. Bull. Jard. Bot. Btzg III, 7 (1925) 329, f. 6-7; Heyne, Nutt. PI. (1927) 1138. Erect, slender tree, 10-35 m, buttressed up to 1 m; bark whitish, peeling; branches ferrugineoustomentose, glabrescent when old. Leaves oblong to elliptic, entire, abruptly (0.5-1.7 cm) constricted at the apex, cuneate at the base, subcoriaceous, glabrous above, laxly pilose beneath, 11-17 by 4-8 cm; nerves 5-7 pairs; petiole stout, 3-6 cm, thickened at the apex. Racemes solitary, in the upper leaf-axils of the branchlets (these defoliate or beset with young, brownish-tomentose leaflets), 3-18 cm long. Flowers in spaced fascicles. Bracts and pedicels densely rusty-tomentose. Calyx-lobes x h mm, triangular-subulate. Petals naviculate, glabrous, caducous, 4 by Vli-2 mm, pale-green, with a linear, inside densely pilose scale 2*/2 by 1 mm. d Flowers: filaments pilose at apex and base only, 3 mm; anthers subcordate. Rudiment of ovary subulate. o Flowers: staminodes glabrous, anthers reduced in size. Ovary oblong-ovoid, densely rusty-tomentose (white or greenish-white when fresh). Styles 2(-3), very short, tomentose, each with a blackish, c. 1 mm long stigma. Fruit irregularly globular-trigonous when containing 3 seeds, somewhat flattened when containing 2 seeds, asymmetrically applanate with 1 seed only, rustypilose. Seeds nearly reniform, 1.2 by 0.8-0.9 cm; testa striate; aril fleshy, 2-3 mm.


April 1, 1864.] THE TECHNOLOGIST. THE TIMBER TREES OP CEYLON. 405 Kleinhovia hospita, Linn. — A very handsome flowering tree growing in Colombo, but not indigenous to Ceylon. Some young trees about eight to ten inches in diameter cut down, produced a light-coloured wood apparently of no great value, but in Java the old wood is said to be highly prized for handles of kreeses, &c. Pterospernum Indicum, said to produce the ornamental wood known in commerce as " kyabooka." This wood is obtained from the knotty excrescences or burrs. It is sawn off in slabs two to four feet long and two to eight inches thick. It resembles the hue of the yew, and is very hard and full of curls, the colour being reddish brown varying to orange. It is very ornamental, and much esteemed in China, India, and England, where it is used for making small boxes, writing desks, and other fancy ornamental work. The wood is brought to Singapore by Eastern traders, and is sold by weight. I do not think that a tree having this botanic name exists. It is most likely the wood of the Pterocarpus Indicus, a handsome tree introduced from the Eastern Islands, which is deservedly becoming a popular road-side tree here. (See under LEGUMINOSAE.) DlPTEROCARPEAE. Dipterocarpus Zeylanicus, Th. " Hora-gaha," S. — This is a gigantic forest tree, producing one of the most common, and perhaps most despised woods in the island ; but if harder and more durable woods become too scarce for railway purposes, wood of this tree, and of others like it of great and large growth, may well take its place if it is found that kyanizing or creosotiug must be resorted to. Some trunks of this and following species measured three to four feet in diameter by fifty to sixty feet in length. Abundant up to an elevation of 3,000 feet. D. hispidus, Th. " Boo-hora-gas," S. Saffragam. D. glandulosus, Th. " Dorana gas," S. Putlam, Saffragam, and Ambegamoa districts. A balsamic oil called " Dorona-tel," is obtained from this tree. Wood likely to resemble that of the common " Hora " noticed above. Doona Zeylanica, Th. " Doon-gas," S. Abundant and most excellent timber tree. Several varieties or species as regards the colour or value of the timber are known in Hewahette. The wood ot the Doon is now much used for shingles for covering the roofs of buildings on new coffee estates. It is sawn into junks of the required length, and they easily split up by axes made for such purposes. D. trapezifolia, Th. " Tukahalu-gas," S. — Common forest tree in Central and Southern Provinces up to an elevation of 1,500 feet. D. congestiflora, Th. " Tinneya-gas," S. — "Western and Southern Provinces. D. cordifolia, Th. Caryolobis indica, Gartner fr. " Beraliya," S. — Pipe fruits roasted or fried are eaten by Singhalese. These three species like the above may produce resin, oil, or valuable timber. Shorea oblongifolia, Th. and S. stipularis, both in the south-west of the Island, are likely to produce good timber, as do their congeners in India.


20 PLANT MATERIAL INTRODUCED 76874. (Undetermined.) From China. Roots collected by F. A. McClure, agricultural explorer. Bureau of Plant Industry. Received April 2, 1926. Numbered May, 1928. No. 390. January 17. 1926. A liliaceous herb whose spreading panicles of dry seed pods promise an attractive ornamental. The flowers, about an inch long, are borne in clusters several inches long. This variety was found on the grass-covered mountain side of Kongshan. 76875 to 76877. From Ceylon and Singapore, Straits Settlements. Collected by David Fairchild, agricultural explorer, Bureau of Plant Industry, with the Allison V. Armour expedition. Received February and July, 1926. Numbered May, 1928 76875. Uvaria purpurea Blume. Annonaceae. No. 825. Botanic Gardens, Singapore, May 31, 1926. Plants of an ornamental tropical climber with very handsome purple-red flowers. 76876. Vateria acuminata Hayne. Dipterocarpaceae. No. 321. Seeds obtained from a native en route to Kurunegala, Ceylon. The Hal tree of Ceylon, according to Trimen's Flora of Ceylon, is often planted for ornament. It is a large tree with a spreading crowm and bears cream-colored sweet-scented flowers, an inch in diameter, during April and May. The stem yields a clear yellowish resin which is equal to the best dammar, and the seeds are ground into meal and eaten. Many trees are killed by being stripped for the bark, which is used to check the fermentation of palm wine or toddy. 76877. Artocarpus lakoocha Roxb. Moraceae. No. 284. Peradeniya Garden, Ceylon, January 4, 1926. Kana-gona or Tampang-manis. Seeds of a handsome tropical Asiatic tree with deep-green leaves and yellowish green, very sour fruits 2 inches in diameter. The fruits are edible and are good for stewing. For previous introduction see No. 47833. 76878 to 76885. From Buenos Aires, Argentina. Seeds presented by Prof. Lorenzo R. Parodi, of the University of Buenos Aires, through H. N. Vinall, Bureau of Plant Industry. Received May 4, 1928. 76878. Avena scabrivalvis Trim Poaceae. Grass. A bulbiferous plant, with cleistogamous flowers, growing in humid places. 76879. Bromus brevis Steud. Poaceae. Bromegrass. A perennial from La Plata, Buenos Aires Province; collected in January, 1928. 76880 and 76881. Bromus unioloides (Willd.) H. B. K. Poaceae. Bromegrass. An annual or biennial grass, 1 to 2 feet high, native to South America; it has been cultivated occasionally in the southern United States for winter forage. For previous introduction see No. 62064. 76880. No. 1. A common form cultivated on pampas. 76881. No. 2. A perennial from Rio Negro, Patagonia. Melica sarmentosa Ness. Poaceae. Grass. A perennial somewhat climbing grass. 76878 to 76885— Continued. 76883. Oryza subulata Nees. Poaceae. Grass. From Chaco, Argentina. A perennial cultivated in the botanic garden of the university. 76884. Phalaris coerulescens Desf. Poaceae. Grass. A cespitose perennial cultivated in the botanic garden of the university. It seeds poorly in Buenos Aires. For previous introduction see No. 46955. 76885. Poa bonariensis (Lam.) Kunth. Poaceae. Grass. From Avellaneda, Province of Buenos Aires. A rhizomatous perennial. 76886 to 76891. From Summit, Canal Zone. Seeds presented by J. E. Higgins, of the Plant Introduction Garden. Received May 7, 1928. 76886. Aphelandra sinclairiana Nees. Acanthaceae. A shrub 6 to 15 feet high, native to Panama, with obovate entire leaves, vivid orange-red bracts, and pale or purplish red tubular flowers. 76887. Arrabidaea rotuxdata Bur. Bignoniaceae. A large woody vine native to the Pacific slope in Panama, with two or three elliptic leaflets and axillary and terminal panicles of very showy pink or purple flowers. 76888. Callichlamys latifolia Schum. Bignoniaceae. A large woody vine, native to Panama, with large compound leaves having three elliptic leaflets, and short racemes of bright-yellow flowers. 76889. Odontadenia speciosa Benth. Apocynaceae. A large woody tropical American vine with opposite elliptic leaves 5 to 10 inches long, and large cymes of yellow flowers. 76890. Pogonopus speciosus (Jacq.) Schum. Rubiaceae. A tropical American shrub or small tree up to 20 feet high, with broadly lanceolate leaves, and broad cymes of scarlet flowers with brilliant red bracts. For previous introduction see No. 45360. 76891. Posoqueria latifolia Roem. and Schult. Rubiaceae. A tall Brazilian shrub up to 25 feet high, with large opposite ovate coriaceous leaves, terminal corymbs of white tubular flowers 4 inches long, and succulent edible fruits used for jellies and marmalades. For previous introduction see No. 69373. 76892 to 76914. From Gangtok, Sikkim, India. Seeds presented by the forest manager of Sikkim. Received May 15, 1928. 76892. Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medic. (Hibiscus manihot L.). Malvaceae. A Chinese perennial herb up to 9 feet high, naturalized in India and also in the Southern United States. It has palmately divided leaves and pale yellow flowers 4 to 9 inches across. For previous introduction see No. 40030.


52 ACCOUNT OF A TRIP UP THE PAHANG, AND OTHER RIVERS. At one spot, among other plants, a new wild plantain was collected, with the flower bracts of a bright yellow instead of either violet or brown as in the two common Peninsular species. The entrance to the Tahan River is marked by dense jungle coming down to the water's edge, and the flora here is very different to that of the Tembeling and Pahang Rivers, though some characteristic plants of this region had found their way down the former river for some way. The greater number of novelties found during the expedition were collected in the Tahan valley, among the more interesting of which were a very fine new species of Dipterocarpus (D. pulcherrimus) a big tree with hard red timber. At the time of our visit it was covered with its pink two-winged fruits. The flowers, which like those of most Dipterocarpi are large and creamy pink with a delicious fragrancy, were also collected. The well-known "Champedak," (Artocarpus polyphemia) is truly wild in these woods. "Pulawan," (Tristania Whitiana), with corymbs of evil-smelling white flowers was another abundant tree. Oaks and nutmegs were comparatively rare. Of palms, "Ebol" Orania macrocladiis Bl.), "Langkap" ( Arenga obtusiloba Miq.), Caryota mitis Lour, and "Bayas" (Oncosperma horrida) were common, and the grand "Daun Payoh" (Teysmannia altifrons Miq.) was met with in several places. The paddle-shaped blades of the leaf of this palm were over six feet long, and form excellent roofs for huts. Of the smaller plants there were a number of Pinangas of all sizes, Licualas, and Iguanuras, two or three Zalaccas, and a number of kinds of rattans. Along the banks of the river many of the herbs and shrubs growing nearest to the water were noticed to have peculiarly long and narrow leaves; among these were a Calophyllum (new), an Ixora, an Antidesma, a small fig, ( Ficus pyrifolia), a little purple flowered Hygrophila, and a curious new genus of Asclepiads, a Podochilus and some aroids. These all grew on the rocks close to the water's edge, and must have been subjected to constant rushes of water when the river, as it often does, suddenly rises. In such a case as this, the broader leaved plants would suffer heavily, as the rush of the stream would tear their


80 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. Gordonia excelsa, Bl. ; tall tree ; flowers large yellow. Government Hill, rare. (C. 834). Gordonia sp. ; tree 20-30 feet. Top of Government Hill. (C. 2281). Gordonia anomala, Spring, is a doubtful Penang plant stated to have been sent to Calcutta from Penang. It is a native of China. Archytaea Vahlii, Choisy ; shrub 6-10 feet; flowers pink. Batu Feringgi, not seen elsewhere. (C. 1069). DIPTEROCARPEAE. Dipterocarpus grandiflorus, Blanco; "Kayu minyak" ; a large tree which yields an useful oil. (C. 424). Dipterocarpus cornutus, Dyer; large tree 70-80 feet high. Waterfall, not common. (C. 1402). Dipterocarpus fagineus, Vesque ; '' Kruen" ; a large tall tree yields oil ; moderately common on Government Hill up to 1,000 feet. (C. 1401 ). Dipterocarpus sp. ; much resembling the preceding and scarcely distinguishable when not in fruit. Government Hill. (C. 1560). Dipterocarpus Kerrii, King ; a large tall tree closely resembling the species named after Dr. Kerr, but in the absence of flowers there is some doubt. Waterfall, not common. (C. 1653). Typical D. Kerrii was collected on Gunong Tunggal in the Dindings and the local name is " Kruen chaia." (C. 1561). Dipterocarpus Skinnerii, King ; an exceedingly rare species named in honour of the Resident Councillor of Penang. A tree about 70 feet high, bark rough, warty. West Hill 1,500 feet, only one tree seen. (C. 1403). Ancistrocladus extensus, Wall. var. pinangianus ; a large woody climber, abundant in places. (C. 774). Anisoptera Curtisii, Dyer. " Rengkon" ; large tree, pretty common on Government Hill up to 2,000 feet.(C. 428). Vatica pallida, Dyer ; small tree, branches slender, drooping. Common on the lower slopes of the hills and one of the few Dipterocarps that flowers annually. (C. 117).


A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. 8 [ Vatica Curtisii, King : medium-sized tree, fruit in young state brick red. Waterfall, not common. (C. 1579). Vatica nitens King ; middling-sized tree, not common. Telok Bahang. (C. 1404). Vatica Wallichii, Dyer, " Ressak " small tree, bark smooth grey. Abundant. (C. 1218 1161 1391). Shorea glatica, King, "Damar laut daun besar" ; large tree wood hard and durable, one of the best forms of timber that are locally known as "Damar laut." (C. 372). Shorea sericea, Dyer, "' Seraya " ; large tree, wood easily worked and used for a variety of purposes. Not common in Penang. (C. 431). Shorea Curtisii, Dyer ; " Meranti tai " ; tree 60-80 feet high, leaves silvery grey, wood soft but much used for indoor work. More or less common all over the island. (C. 427-1394-Shorea ciliata, King ; medium-sized tree, wood hard, durable. Government Hill, rare. (C. 1578). Shorea utilis, King, "Damar laut No. satu " ; large tree, wood hard and close grained. Undoubtedly the best timber in the island. Waterfall and Muka Head, too much in demand to be common. (C. 423). Shorea puaciflora, King; medium-sized tree. Government Hill. (C. 1527). Shorea parvifolia, Dyer, '' Meranti daun kechil " ; tall straight tree, bark rough deeply grooved. Abundant. (C. 201). Shorea, sp. near parvifolia but with smaller fruit and probably a distinct species. West Hill 2,000 feet. (C 437). Shorea costata. King, " Damar laut " ; large tree. Government Hill, rare. (199). Shorea bracteata, Dyer, '' Semah " tall straight tree. Waterfall, not common, (C. 1405). Shorea macroptera, Dyer, tree 50-60 feet high. Government Hill, (C. 1392). Hopea intermedia, King. " Jankang " ; medium-sized tree, not uncommon. (C. 425-1397). Hopea micrantha, Hook fil. ; medium-sized rather tall tree much like the preceding. Government Hill. (C. 266).


82 A CATALOGUE OF THE FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS, &C. Hopea Curtissii, King-; large straight tree 60-80 feet high ; immature fruit greenish yellow. Waterfall. (C. 1562). Balanocarpus pinangianus, King. "Damar itam " ; large tree. Government Hill, &c., common. (C. I, 429, 1393). Balanocarpus Curtissii, King ; small tree 15-30 feet high, bark smooth, polished. Waterfall, abundant in two places. rC. 1406). MALVACEAE. Sida carpinifolia, L. "Katombe." A shrub 1-2 feet high flowers yellow. Common. (C. 946, 1894). Sida rhombcefolia, L. Not uncommon. (C.j. Urenia lohata, L. "Pulut"; very common. (C. 3). Abutilon indicum, G. Don ; dwarf shrub. Open places near the coast. (C. 127). Hibiscus surattensis, L. climber. Not common. (C. 70). Hibiscus abelmoschus, L. ; undershrub with large yellow conspicuous flowers. Open places not common. (C. 1925). Hibiscus macropyhllus, Rox. Recorded from Penang with no collector's name in Fl. Brit. Ind. probably an error. Not collected by me. Hibiscus tiliaceus, L. ; littoral tree, 30-40 feet high. Common. (C. 274). Thespesia populnea, Corr. "Baru" ; a tree 20-30 feet. Not common. (C. 171 5). Eriodendron anfractuosum, D.C. A tall tree found in many native gardens, but not truly wild in Penang. (C.) Durio zibethinus, L. "Durian" ; cultivated, and often found in a half wild state on abandoned land. (C). Dtirio testudinarum var. penangianus, Beccari ; a tall straight tree ; flowers and fruit from the stem, generally within a few inches of the grourd. Fruit round, the size of a large orange. West Hill 2,500 feet. (C. 293). Boschia Griffithii, Mast. ; a tree 30-40 feet ; fruit bright red. Telok Bahang. (C. 381). Neesia synandra, Mast. Penang, Maingay. Not. since collected here. ....


32 THE FLOEA OF SINGAPORE. is not rare however to find certain plants of Pigeon orchid which do not flower on the regular day, but have a distinct day which they appear to keep to with equal regularity. A curious fact is that another species of Dendrobium (D. criniferum) invariably flowers in Singapore on the day preceding that of D. crwiienatuw, whenever that happens to be. It might be thought that the weather in the district in which the plant was growing was the influencing agent, but this appears to have but little effect on the orchids. On one occasion (Dec. 5, 1893) the pigeon orchids developed their flowers so far that they were obviously ready to open them on that day, but an extraordinarily heavy rain retarded them, and the flowers opened the next day, but except in cases like this the weather previous to the flowering does not seem to make any difference to the date of flowering. Some few plants have a regular annual flowering season, such are Calanthe curculugoides in September, and Grammatophyllum, July and August. A certain number of trees flower only every fifth year, notably the Dipterocarpeae, Every fifth year there appears to be an average higher temperature, and a period of greater dryness in May or June than in other years, and then and only then is it possible to obtain flowers of these trees. Such trees are most of the Dipterocarpeae, Xanthophyllum Kunstleri, Careya sp. In this case also all the plants in a given district flower simultaneously. It can easily be understood that it is very important to a plant that all should flower on the same day in order that tbey may be cross-fertilized by the insects that visit them, and this is especially the case in plants in which the flowers last but a single day, as in the case of the Pigeon orchid, but it is difficult to see how this is brought about. A good many trees seem to flower even less often than this and there are not a few which though apparently full grown healthy trees have not given flowers once in ten years. Colors oj flowers. As is well known the colors of flowers depend to a large extent on the kind of insect fertilizer for which they are destined to prove attractive. The most abundant insects in the thick jungle are the flies (Diptera) and these appear often in enormous abundance when certain trees are in bloom. The Oaks and


V Notes on Dipterocarps. 1. The Seedling of Anisoptera costata, Korth By I. H. Burkill. Pig. 1. Flower seen from below, x 2 1/4. It is proposed to clear the way for a general review of the Malayan Dipterocarps by a series of short papers, of which this is the first. It deals with the seedling of Anisoptera costata, Korthals. Anisoptera costata is a tall forest tree wild in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, where two individuals flowered freely at the commencement of April, 1916, producing with new foliage, panicles of pendent white flowers from the ends of the branches. The shape of the flower is given above (fig. 1) : the corolla does not fall. The seeds from this flowering ripened about the end of June : and when they fell, a leaf-fall occurred, followed by a more abundant production of new leaves than had been the case when the flowers appeared. The seeds germinated at once, lying on the ground. In germination the radicle is extruded, curves earthwards, and anchors itself; then the cotyledons are pulled out of the capsule by the straightening of the hypocotyl. The process is seen in progress in Figs. 2 and 5 below. Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc, No. 75, 1917.


NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS. 167 Fig. 17 Figs. 14, 15, 16, 17. Abnormal seedlings of Shores macroptera. The period from flowering to seed fall in the Shoreas, all except S. bracteolata being wild in the Botanic gardens, is about ten weeks in the case of S. leprosula, S. rigida, S. macroptera and S. pauciflora) about nine weeks in the case of S. bracteolata and 8. gibbosa. S. gratissima, Dyer, which in addition to those just named also occurs wild in the Botanic gardens, flowered in 1915 in three trees, at some little distance from each other, one being in area N. (No. 1239) the second in area U (No. 1237), and the third in area V (No. 1238) ; and it did not flower along with all the other species in 1916. But apparently it has flowered on earlier occasions at the same time as other species, and probably the conditions which lead to the flowering of all are very similar. One tree of S. leprosula which had not flowered in 1916, a young tree, flowered in 1917: clearing had been done round it in 1916 and it had received some injury during the work. There was consequently in its case a change of conditions which might account for the flowering. In the case of all the species, such records as exist in the Singapore herbarium suggest that flowering occurs in the first suitable season after three years have elapsed from the last heavy seed-crop. In India S. robusta flowers in almost every year, but on the average one year in three only is a year of good seed. R. A. Sac, No, 76. 1917.


NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS. No. 4. On the Embryo, Seedling and Position of the Flowers in various Species. By I. H. Burkill. This note deals, with the shape of the mature embryo, and with the characters of the seedling in a small number of species of the order Dipterocarpaceae : it deals also in a lesser measure with the position which the flowers assume when open. The observations were made and are recorded because it is believed that by a full knowledge of the morphology of the young plant, light will be cast upon the tangle which the genera of the order now present. In a lesser measure the position of the flower may possibly assist; and at any rate information concerning it is worth collecting. Most of the facts in this note were go£ together by visits to Penang in the months of July, October and December, 1918: such as were not, are enumerated in the footnote* below. It happened that the year, 1918, was unusually favourable to the Dipterocarps in Penang, where almost every local species flowered : and there Mr. Mohamed Haniff, of the Waterfall Gardens, observed and. collected for me between my visits. To him for very much assistance, I tender my best thanks. I tender my best thanks, also, to Dr. F. W. Foxworthy, Mr. W. E. Kinsey and other Forest Officers for supplies of fresh seed from several parts of the Peninsula, which seed was put into cultivation in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. No cultivation, however returned the equivalent of days spent in the forests when the seeds were falling and germinating under natural conditions ; for the seedling is so exacting in its demands that without experimenting on a very large scale cultivation often fails to supply adequate material. The forest is undoubtedly the place in which to study the Dipterocarps. The earlier investigators were not able to realise that fully, not even collectively, and have left much to be done. The first of the workers worked, perforce, in European institutions remote from tropical nature, with material preserved by drying and chiefly collected by others. They constructed such classifi-The following list gives the names of the plants which were not studied in Penang, but in Singapore : Shorea gratissima Dyer, S. leprosula Miq. Balanocarpus Zcilanjbus Thw., and Pachynocarpus Wallichii, King species wild or long established in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. Hopea Mengarawan, Miq., wild in Singapore, island. Dipterocarpus cornutus, and Dyer, Hopea Curtisii, King, seeds grown from Penang Dipterocarpus crinitus, Dyer, D. grandiflorus, Blanco, D. Kerrii, King and Dryobalanops aromatica, Gaertn.f., seeds grown from Negri Sembilan, Dipterocarpus Scorteohinii, King, and D. ep. seeds grown »from Selangor., Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc. No. 81, 1920.


NOTES OX DIPTEROCARPS. 59 As figure 49 shows, the seedling bears a pair of leaves, followed by closely approximated alternate leaves, much after the manner of Dryobalanops aromatica, only that they are distinctly alternate. In its wiriness it is also similar. The seedling develops a small amount of red pigment. Hopea mengarawan, Miq. from Singapore island, but little distinct from the last, is represented in figure 54, and a section through its embryo in figure 55. This section shows that the cotyledons are rather thin and that the outer goes far towards enveloping the inner. The name " H. mengarawan " is used as MR. Ridley has used it: MiqueL's type has not been compared. Figure 54, a fruit of Hopea mengarawan. 1/2 nat. size. Figure 55, the embryo of Hopea mengarawan in section. The reader will observe that the similarity of the Hopeas of the section Dryobalanoides to the genus Dryobalanops as seen in the mature foliage, is repeated in certain characters of. the seedling. Balanocarpus (excluding Richetia). Balanocarpus Curtisii, King, will be described next. It is a common small tree of some parts of Penang island. As in the genus Dipt ero carpus, the flowers face earthwards; but they are small, and illustrate the statement that greater size and downward direction in anthesis do not accompany each other through the order. They are claret in colour, with petals but little twisted. Figure 56. a flower of Balanocarpus Curtisii in vertical section, x 4. Figure 57, a flower seen from below, x 4. Figure 58, a young fruit in vertical section, x 4. From the nearly globose fruit a. wiry seedling arises, with a pair of leaves and with alternate leaves following them approximat-R. A. Soc, No. 81, 1920.


NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS. 73 The next Shorea to be illustrated is Shorea sericea, Dyer. Like Shorea rigida, Brandis, from which as a species it is doubtfully distinct, it has nearly equal cotyledons, the outer only just the larger, of the same shape, as those of Shorea rigida (vide this Journal No. 76, 1917, p. 164), One case of a seedling with three nearly equal cotyledons was found in Penang. Figure 186, the fruit of Shorea sericea germinating, 1/2 nat, size ; figure 187 seedling with its ootyledons in the position that they assume, slightly reduced Figure 188, an embryo of Shorea sericea seen with the radicle away from the observer ; figure 189, the outer cotyledon seen from the outer side; and figure 190, the inner cotyledon seen from the side away from the outer cotyledon. Figures 189 and 190, 1/2 nat. size. Shorea sericea flowered in 1918 in Penang a couple of months later than the other Shoreas associated with it. The last of the seedling Shoreas to be illustrated here is S. bracteolata, Dyer. Other species illustrated above have thick cotyledons: they have been arranged into a series commencing with those having cotyledons markedly unequal, and ending with those having cotyledons equal. 8. oracteolata does not fit into the series, but like S. leprosula has flat cotyledons. Attention was called to them in this Journal No. 76, 1917, p. 164, where the cotyledons of S. leprosula were described. Unlike S. leprosula it has a large flower directed earthwards. R. A. Soc, No. 81, 1920.


NOTES OX DIPTEROCARPS. 75 Figures 202 and 203, seedlings of Shorea bracteolata in which the cotyledons had been packed twisted into the shape of an S. 204. Figure 204, inflorescence of Shorea leprosula to show the horizontal aspect of the flower, nat. size ; figure 205, a branchlet slightly enlarged. All the Shoreas kere described except S. bracteolata develop red pigment in tkeir seedlings. S. macroptera and S. Curtisii possess it also in the leaves which follow while they are quite young. Pachynocarpus. In many points the genus P achy no car pus is unlike the other Dipterocarps here under discussion, and in none more so than that the fruits appear fitted for distribution by water. They, in Pachynocarpus Wallichii, are nearly globose, and the calyx is no larger than it was in the flower. The flower is drawn in figures 204: and 205 and the fruit just germinating in figure 206. Thirty-four fruits of the species were collected in the Botanic Garden, Singapore, in November, 1918 and kept in water with the intention of ascertaining how long they would float. The first to sink had floated only five days, the second ten days, but the rest floated various periods from ten to forty-six days ; and the average of the thirty-four was twenty-two days. They germinated as they sank, the stalks of R. A. Soc. No. 81, 1920.


244 JACK'S LETTERS TO WALLICH, 1819-1821. TERNSTROEMIACEAE. Adinandra dumosa, Jack, was described from Sumatra as " abundant in thickets " and in various parts of the Malay Islands (Malay. Misc. ii. No. 7, p. 50). Adinandra sylvestris, Jack is named in the Malay. Misc. ii. Xo. 7, affixed sheet iii) as having been obtained in Moeo-moco, Sumatra. Saurauja tristyla, DC, was described by Jack from Penang as Ternstroemia pentdpetdla (Mala v. Misc. i. Xo. 5, p. 40). Saurauja sp. was described from Salumah, Sumatra, as Ternstroemia cuspidata (Malay. Misc. ii. Xo. 7, p. 28). Ternstroemia serrata, Jack, was obtained on Pulau Xias and described in Malay. Misc. ii. Xo. 7, p. 27. It would seem to be one of the Ternstroemias referred to in his letters p. 229). Ternstroemia acuminata, Jack, was described from Tapanuli in Malay. Misc. ii. Xo. 7, p. 26, and would seem to be referred to in his letters (p. 229). Cleyera rubiginosa, was described by Jack from Sumatra as Ternstroemia rubiginosa (Malay. Misc. i. Xo. 5, p. 39). Archytaea Vahlii, Choisy, was collected by Jack at Rhio (letters p. 181) : but Wallicb distributed specimens as Jack's from Penang, possibly erroneously (Wall. Cat. Xo. 4866). DIPTEROCARPACEAE. Dryobalanops Camphora, Gaertn., grows freely near Tapanuli, Sumatra, and thence Mr. Prince, the Resident, had supplied information about it to Roxburgh, together with the foliage. Living plants and seeds from the same source were sent to Colebrooke, and served for a description with a plate published by the Asiatic Society in 1816 (Asiatick Researches xii., p. 538). In 1819 Mr. Prince got the flowers and sent them to Raffles, who put them in Jack's hands (letters p. 182). Jack there-upon drew up a description which went into print in the suppressed part of his Descriptions (see above, item Xo. vi. of the sources). MALVACEAE. Gossypium brasiliense, Macf., the Pernambuco cotton, is reported as cultivated experimentally in Penang in a letter (p. 169). STERCULIACEAE. Sterculia laevis, Wall., is recorded by Jack as having been found in Penang, but under the wrong name of S. coccinea, Roxb. (Malay. Misc. i. Xo. 1, p. 20). Jour. Straits Brandy


274 NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS. them; and his opinion always deserves consideration: but beyond that he went wrong in not seeing that the peninsular material was different from the really unlike Vatica Wallichii. In considering whether King was right to keep apart that Malayan material from the Bornean type, and right also to distinguish specifically P. Stapfianus, we have met with much difficulty. We have ended in keeping the peninsular and the Bornean material apart, more from caution than from conviction, and find the Pachynocarpus-portion of King's P. Wallichii not separable specifically from his P. Stapfianus. If however, there is a confusion in Motley's specimens, and it can be of a Vatica in flower mixed with a Pachynocarpus in fruit (flowers and fruit were probably gathered months apart), then the flowering specimen is likely to be a flowering Vatica and perhaps V. Wallichii, while the fruiting specimen (which is P. umbonatus) may not differ from P. Stapfianus. More study in Borneo is needed to decide this both near Labuan, and because Motley's last years were at Banjermassin in the south east. At flowering time there is no sure mark in a herbarium specimen by which Pachynocarpus can be distinguished from Vatica Wallichii. That led to King's mistake . of identifying the two; and a fair measure of variability in the calyx caused him to think that the adhesion which is not visible in the flower, came quite late in fruit-development, whereas it commences from the fall of the petals. The diagrams printed above indicate some of the variation in the calyx. We have had good opportunities of studying Vatica Wallichii alive, because it is a tree cultivated in the Economic Garden, Singapore, and because also it is by no means uncommon round the coasts of the Malay Peninsula. It has been planted on dry ground in the Economic Garden and has grown well; but its natural habitat is upon ground liable to flooding. Herbarium specimens prove its occurrence down the west coast of the Peninsula, certainly from Province Wellesley, and possibly from Trang in Lower Siam, to Singapore ; and down the east coast from Kuantan to Singapore. It, by being identified with Burck's Vatica ruminata, is known also from Bangka. It is possible that Dr. Haviland's flowering specimens, Nos. 1907 and 1908, from near Kuching, Sarawak, may be it; but fruits are necessary for making this sure. To Malays it is one of the several trees called Eesak. Eesak paya (swamp resak) is a name for it in Pahang and so are Eesak pasir (pasir may mean sand, sea beach, or a certain quality in a wood which causes it to take the edge off cutting tools) and' Eesak laru,* which last belongs also to Pachynocarpus Stapfianus. Goodenough, Ridley's collector, called it Damar Mata Kuching on specimens collected in Singapore island and in Malacca. Derry in Malacca called it Kayu Merbatu Pasir. *Laru is a substance used in making sugar. In this particular case, it is said that punctures or cuts' are made in the bark; the resin which exudes is collected and placed into syrup which is being boiled, causing it to harden into sugar with a yellow colour. Jour. Straits Branch


276 NOTES ON DIPTEKOCARPS. low and level ground, and the fruits were stranded in lines at the limit of the flooding. The duration of the floating was tested and described in a note by one of us (Journ. Straits Branch Eoy. As. Soc. 81, 1920, p. 75) where the wrong generic name Pachynocarpus was used for it. The average duration of floating in that experiment was found to be 2'2 days. The germination was described in the same place. The capsule is ruptured along three lines predetermined by weaknesses in the walls. These three lines are more -clearly shown in the capsule of the related Vatica Zollingeriana, A. DC., which is figured here, because it is instructive in regard to the nature of the less clearly marked lines of rupture in Vatica Wallichii. i Fig. 7. Shell of the fruit of Vatica Zollingeriana, A.DC, in vertical section showing the sepals (s), and the wall cut on one side down one of the lines of rupture, and on the other through the thick swollen mid-part between. Doubtless V. Zollingeriana is water-distributed, for the swollen part is such as would keep it floating. The fruiting calyx of V. Wallichii is developed to a somewhat variable extent : sometimes it is humped as in the first figure above; sometimes it is rather flat, as in the second. The two figures were from fruits picked from the ground of the Tasek Gelugor Forest Reserve at the same spot, and appeared to be the product of a tree immediately above them. Our material of Vatica Wallichii is as follows : — Province Wellesley. In the Tasek Gelugor Forest Reserve, with fruit, in September 1921, Burkill 6-599! Penang. Without precise locality, Wallich Cat. 9018! Perak. Ulu Sapetang, with young fruit in Feb. 1909, ill. Hashim 228!; Larut, within 100 ft. of sea level in dense jungle, with young fruit in January 1884, King's Collector 54231; on low hills, with fruit in February 1884, King's Collector 5546!; Briah upon the Larut plain, with young fruit in December 1892, Wray 4223!; banks of the Bernam river at 300-400 ft., with young fruit, in April 1886, King's Collector 8857! Pahang. Temerloh, with fruit in November 1921, Awang Lela 5470 !; Kuantan in the Baloh Forest Reserve, with fruit in March 19i20, Yeob 873! ; Kelebor near Kuala Rompin, with fruit in April 1921, Bidin 4182! Selangor. Kelamber Forest Reserve near Klang, in swamp with fruit in September 1919, Hamid and Yeol), 3295! Malacca. Without locality, in flower and with young fruit, Maingay 201!; Sungei Udang, with fruit in July, 1894, Good-enough 1968! Jour. Straits Branch


NOTES ON DIPTEROCABPS. 277 Johore. Kuala Sembrong, with fruit in October 1892; Lake and Kelsall! ; Kota Tinggi, on the riverside, with fruit in December 1892, Ridley! Singapore. Kranji with fruit in 1893,' Good-enough ! ; Changi, with flowers and detached fruit in May 1889, Goodenough! ; in flower and with half ripe fruit in April 180S, Ridley 4740!, and with flowers and fruit in May 18*89, but fruit detached and may not be of this date, Ridley 1839!; Toas with fruit in March 1S9i3, Goodenough 50151; Tampinis road, with young fruit, in ( ? April) 1893, Ridley 4739!; Botanic Gardens in flower March 1916, November 1919, January 1921 and in fruit October 1916, July 1921, Burkill 1077!, 1265!, 1267!, 1266!, 1270!, 5969!, 5970!, 5971!, 5972!, 5973!, 64341, 6435!, 64361 Bangka. Without precise locality (the type of V. ruminata Burck) Teysmann! cult, in Hort. Bog. VII, c. 4a with fruit, No. 204 ! and with flowers and fruits, van Slooten! It is exceedingly probable that the following also belong to Vatica Wallichii, but they lack fruit. Lower Siam. Trang upon the bank of the river, in dense jungle,, with flowers in March 1881, Kunstler 1437! Province Wellesley. Nibong Tebal with flowers, in January 1 900, Curtis 3458! (part of which is the type of V. ovalifolia, Eidl.). Perak. Larut in open jungle with flowers in September 1884,. King's Collector, 6594!, and in May 11884, King's Collector 6070!, 5763! Pahang. Kuantan, with flowers, in June 1921, Mohamad 3733! ; at the Chini Lake with flowers in April 1919, Lambak 3173!; on the Rompin river in the Menchali Forest Reserve, with flower in May 1919, Foxworthy 3232! Malacca. Sungei Udang with flowers in 18i92, Berry 961! Johore. Penyabong, with flowers in May 1918, Foxiuortlvy 1197 ! ; Skudai river with flowers in August 1879, King! ; Jaffaria with flowers in August 1879, King! Singapore. Pulau Seletar in flower, 1892, Ridley 4449 ! and in flower April 1892, Ridley 6202!, and in 1894, Ridley 6205! ; Chan Chu Kang by a stream, in flower in October 1892, Ridley 4449!; Changi in flower in May 188'9, Goodenough!; Tampinis in flower in April 1916, Burkill! Vatica Ridleyana is a species which occurs in a state of nature in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, where it flowers and fruits at rather wide intervals. It may be that a specimen in the herbarium of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, collected on Bukit Timah in Singapore island, is also Vatica Ridleyana, but as it is without E. A. Soc, No. 86 1922.


278 NOTES ON DIPTEEOCAEPS. the characteristic fruits it is impossible to make sure of this: it was collected in 1894: in 1892 Mr. Ridley got the species on Bukit Mandai (No, 8943) and also at Changi (Nos. 4447! and 4448!), since which dates clearing has been extensive; and the tree has not been recognised in recent years outside the Botanic Gardens. In the Gardens there are several individuals. The tallest is in area N, tree No. 79'5 : the second tree No. 815 in area V, and others are in area U and V. It is not a tree of lowlying ground ; and its large fruits sink at once in water. Such distribution as they get must be by being rolled along the floor of the forest or (and this is the usual distribution of many forest trees of the second rank) by transport through small distances by animals seeking food. Tree No. 79'5 in the Botanic Gardens is about 10'0 feet high. Its trunk is 62 in. in circumference at breast height: the bark is medium grey. The spread of the branches is about 30 feet from the trunk, the lower 60 feet of which are straight smooth and branchless. The flower drawn above was produced by tree 815 in January 1921; and fruits were not ripe until the following November. They fell very deliberately through three months or more. Fig. 8. A half ripe fruit of Vatica moluccana, Burck, showing the •development of the reflexed calyx. The fruit is figured to illustrate a stage in the series of species connecting Vatica Wallichii with Vaticas of the section Eetinodendron. The fruit, of Vatica Ridleyana, if elongated, is always turned to one side as drawn; but tree No. 815 produces longer fruits by % in. than tree No. 796, in which the apex is nearly straight. The leaves have glandular patches just as those of Vatica Wallichii. These glands are slightly concave, and carry brown hairs. The spongy parenchyma of the lower surface of the leaf gives place over their area to something denser. No excretion has been observed to occur on them; but probably there is one. Pachynocarpus umbonatus, by the view taken here, is the tree of Borneo sent by Barber to Sir William Hooker at Kew, — certainly the fruiting part of the specimens, but not quite so certainly the flowering part. These flowering branches show thinner leaves with less prominent veins than any peninsular specimen which we ascribe to the genus. And as leaves so thin seem to be within the range of variation of the leaves of Vatica Wallichii; and as Jour. Straits Branch


NOTES ON DIPTEROCAKPS. 279 dried flowers offer no character by which the two can be distinguished, it is well not to state dogmatically yet that P. umbonatus and P. Stapfianus are distinct species. Pachynocarpus verrucosus, (Burck) Heim, described upon a specimen from Sungei Landak in Borneo, north east of Pontianak, collected by Teysmann, will probably be united with one of the •other species when fully studied. Pachynocarpus Stapfianus is like Vatica Ridleyana a tree of rising laud. The result is that flowering herbarium specimens un.authenticated by fruits, if from the interior of the Peninsula, are more likely to be it than the similar Vatica Wallichii. We know it to occur in the Siamese Malay States, Penang, Perak, Selangor, :and Pahang. King's Collector records it as 8O-1O0 ft. high, with a girth up to 3 ft. As it occurs at Bangi, Selangor, it is a tree 38 ft. 2 in. high, and 3 ft. 1 in. in girth at breast height. The height to the first branch is 6 ft. -1 in., and the girth just below the first branch 2 ft. 11 in. The spread of the crown is 2:6 ft. 1 in. We have not measurements of any other trees. Its leaves in most cases dry dark as in some specimens of Vatica Wallichii, so that by their colour there is no means of separating the two when •dry. Of the flower in life we are not able to give a figure. We have records of flowering in July and October in different places and different years : and of fruiting in January, February, April and July. The fruit when half ripe is acute to blunt; and when fully ripe by the rounding of the fertile loculus becomes globose and generally loses the minute apiculus representing the style. It has not the dimensions ascribed to it by Sir George King in any of the type specimens but is about one inch long. The calyx is adherent through 1/2-1/3 of of the length of the fruit. It and the exposed surface of the carpellary wall above it are lenticellate, sometimes little, i-ometijmes much. The tip of the sepals persists and is free until the fruit is half ripe, then it generally falls off. The months when fruit is most likely to be found are March, April and May. The embryo is quite unlike that of Vatica Wallichii. The •outer cotyledon is half-wrapped half-folded round the placentar cotyledon ; and both reach the apex of the fruit cavity : Figs. 9 and 10, the embryo of Pachynocarpus stapfianus 1/2 nat. size. Our material of Pachynocarpus Stapfianus is as follows : — Lower Siam. Tapli Klong Wan towards the Tenasserim border in fruit in March 1919, Hamid 3781 R. A. Soc, No. 86 1922.


Notes on Dipterocarps. No. 8. On some large-fruited species, and in particular upon the effects of the pressure of the embryo against the interior of the fruit-wall. By I. H. Burkill. Dipterocarps with large fruits that are not wind-distributed occur in the genera Dryoobalanops, Shorea, Balanocarpus, Vatica, Pachynocarpus and Vateria. By the kindness of Dr. F. W. Foxworthy, I have had material of some of them for study, and one Balanocarpus maximus, King, was the subject of Note no. 5 of this series (Jour. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. no. 81, 1920, p. 3')c I am adding in this note observations upon Shorea Thiseltoni, King, and Vatica Ridleyana, Brandis, and also a few remarks upon a Dryobalanops which has the Malay name of " Koladan." The weight of a fruit of Shorea Thiseltoni from the Weld Hill Forest Reserve, Kuala Kumpur, is found to be about 5.5 grammes; that of Vatica Ridleyana from tree no. 815 in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, about 12.5 grammes. Neither is wind-distributed: but falls to the floor of the forest where it may be carried through small distances by rolling or bv animals. Fig. 1, a fruit of Shorea Thiseltoni; figs. 2 and 3, fruits of Vatica Ridleyana. All % nat. size. Shorea Thiseltoni as one of a small number of species in thegenus whose seeds contain oil as well as starch. That having been noticed, an analysis was requested from the Department of Agriculture, Federated Malay States and Straits Settlements, and kindly made through the good offices of Mr. L. Lewton-Brain by Mr. R. 0. Bishop. The following is his report on seeds submitted to him from the Weld Hill Forest Reserve. " A certain number of the kernels were found to be mouldy and were excluded: the remainder were sampled and dried. The dry kernels were extracted for oil-content. The residue from oil extraction was examined for albuminoids and ash. Results: — Jour. Straits Branch R. A. Soc, No. 86 1922.


288 NOTES ON DIPTEROCARPS. followed very quickly by death. An experiment was made with six fruits in order to see if submergence inhibited the splitting of the fruit wall : apparently it did not ; for all the six germinated in six days under water. The splitting is the work of the germinating young plant pushing itself free. Figures 12, of gaping. 13 and 14. Three empty fruits showing various degrees The petioles of the cotyledons elongate in germination so much as to attain 2-7 cm. pushing the radicle out to the soil before they free themselves from the fruit-wall. They possess abundant chlorophyll. Leaving Shorea Thiseltoni. attention will now be directed to Vatica Ridleyana, Brandis. This species grows wild in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. It flowered in January, 1921, and bore ripe fruits from near the end of the year into the first quarter of 1922; — flowering had lasted a couple of weeks, but fruit-fall lasted three months. The considerable weight of the fruits has already been remarked: it remains to call attention to the circumstance that their growth from flowering to maturity takes twice as long as that of the smaller and closely allied V. Wallichii. Figure 15. A seedling of Vatica Ridleyana in germination, the stalks of the cotyledons pushing the plantlet into the soil. The outer cotyledon is towards the observer; above it a little of the placental-cotyledon is visible. Figure 16, the placentar cotyledon from the surface in contact with the outer cotyledon. Figure 17, the outer cotyledon from outside All 1/2 nat. size. The placentar cotyledon is the larger and fills the lower part of the fruit-cavity to the exclusion of the outer cotyledon; but it shares equally the upper part of the cavity. The result is that its bulk is nearly twice that of the outer cotyledon. In Balanocar-Jour. Straits Branch