GEOLOGIC RECONNAISSANCE OF MINDANAO AND SULU. 497 ground; however, there are neither ashes nor lava. The pathway' follows the south side of a huge crevasse visible from far below, and after following this for about 300 meters crosses to the north side and continues along it and around its head to a knife-edged ridge leading to the summit. This crevasse in some places is probably 20 meters deep and 250 wide, it has eight or ten vents from which vapors containing sulphur dioxide issue. A cone of fairly pure sulphur surrounds each vent ; in individual cases these deposits may reach dimensions of several thousand kilos ; possibly there may be 400 metric tons of this material altogether. It probably' could not be handled conveniently. A clay tablet with the inscription — La clinica Expedicion a Volcan Ap6 1880 ilontano y Rajal exists at about 2,350 meters' altitude. Our party reached the summit at a little after noon. So far as is now known, this is the highest mountain peak in the Philippine Archipelago. The altitude was determined by two trials with the boiling-point method, which gave respectively 2,956 and 2,902 meters. The barometric reading at the first trial showed 2,811 meters, which number is, of course, considerably in error. The old Spanish Coast and Geodetic chart of this region gives 3,143 meters, but work now being carried on by the Coast and Geodetic Survey of the United States shows that the Spanish work in these waters is in error. The records of several parties are found on the summit, the earliest encountered being that of Schadenberg and Koch, 1882. None of the Montano expedition of 1880 was visible and possibly the tablet at about 2600 meters' altitude has been carelessly or maliciously removed from the top where it was originally placed. The highest point of the mountain, as determined by measurement, is reached by crossing a low sag to the next pinnacle, and here is placed a cairn containing a brass tube with a screw top marked "S. C" Inside is a neat scroll of the Sierra Club of California, duly stamped with its seal and signed by its president, John Miner. This scroll was deposited in the month of October of 1904, by Dr. E. B. Copeland, formerly of the Bureau of Science. Our party was the first to sign on the register. Sights, with the tiaiisit, were taken at all prominent points of the topography and boiling-point determinations were also made, although the work was much hampered by fog. The weather cleared in the late afternoon and we were able to observe the panorama from the summit. The Gulf of Davao was plainly visible with its island and coves, encircled by dark green wooded mountains and long volcanic slopes. The Rio Grande cuts across the foreground as a silver streak, extending far in the midst of many folds of green which continue without break to the skyline to the westward. The vast extent of the jungle in this island is very strongly impressed upon the observer. Mount Rattan is visible some 63 kilometers away, appearing as an isolated cone. It was sighted with a level, and appears to be but little lower, even at that distance, than the point on which we stood. If the curvature of the earth is taken


A RECONNAISSANCE FROM DAVAO. 507 but just after leaving Banglasan one or two small bowlders of a basic, igneous rock were seen. For lack of any positive evidence to the contrary it is supposed that these bowlders originated in the underlying conglomerate and had worked loose from the matrix on weathering and disintegration. The descent from the divide to the Agusan Elver was made along the bed of Banglag Creek. This stream is only about half a meter wide near its source, but is fed by numerous branching streams, so that in the 7 kilometers of its course to the Agusan it grows to a stream about 6 meters in width and more than a meter in depth. The descent is fairly uniform in grade, and the sides of the gorge it has eroded are high and steep, as far as the valley of the Agusan. The Banglag runs over a series of strata beginning with conglomerate and sandstone lying practically level near Hoagusan, then over fossiliferous clay beds striking N. 15° W. and dipping 35° northeast. These beds are in turn underlaid by. shale striking N. 20° B. and dipping towards the southeast, and in the Agusan Valley by a coarse, calcareous sandstone, which strikes approximately N. 60° E. and dips about 35° to the southeast. This last sandstone contains large fragments of marine shells in a calcareous matrix. No evidence of marked or recent earthquake disturbances were observed on the route followed by the party, probably because the subsequent heavy growth of underbrush has erased or hidden the scars and fissures that may have been caused thereby; however, the territory traversed is supposed to be a region of violent seismic activity. The Bev. M. Saderra Maso, S. J, in writing of the seismic center of the Agusan River states' "This focus is possessed of great seismic activity, as is evidenced by the long series of earthquakes observed and carefully recorded by the Jesuit missionaries of that region since the year 1890. In June, 1891, a violent earthquake was the beginning of a long and fearful seismic period. This earthquake produced most serious destruction to the houses and ground; fortunately owing to the wildness of the country, there was little loss of life or of property. The falling banks of the river dammed it in many spots. Long and wide fissures were opened everywhere, especially on the hills separating the Agusan Valley from the Hijo and Sahug Rivers, which empty themselves into the Davao Gulf. The earthquake lasted several minutes, and during this time, says an eyewitness, the ground was moving as the troubled sea. During the following months, or during more than a year, the earth trembled with more or less force every day. In June 1892, there was a second violent disturbance, shaking the same region and renewing the havoc of the preceding year. These two earthquakes shook the Island of Mindanao nearly from end to end, and were fairly perceptible in the eastern Visayas. "Since these dates small shocks have been more frequent in this region than in any other part of Mindanao. Their cause is probably geomorphie rather than volcanic. There are unmistakable signs that the southern coast of Mindanao, Volcanoes and Seismic Centers, in Census of the Philippine Islands ( 1903 ) 1 204.


THE FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. PART I, COMMERCIAL FISHES. By Alvin Sessile. From the Bureau of Science, Manila, P. I) INTRODUCTION. We have received numerous requests for information regarding the commercial fisheries of the Philippine Islands, especially relating to the different kinds of edible fish and their abundance; the location of fishing-banks and the methods of capture. We have also been asked if fishing, entered into as a commercial venture, would be profitable. It is for the purpose of answering some of these questions that Part I of this series, based on my personal observation in the various islands of the group during the past year and a half, has been prepared. It is hoped that this paper, together with others to follow — namely, Part II, Sponge Fisheries; Part III, Pearl Fisheries; Part IV, Other Marine Products (aside from fishes, pearl oysters, and sponges) — will serve to create an interest and help in the development of the rich fishery assets of the Islands. THE ANCHOVIES. Family Engraulidae. (PI. I) There are at least four different species of anchovies in the Philippine waters, the most abundant, perhaps, being Anchovia commersoniana (Lacepede), called mills in Tagalog, monaco in Ilokano, and anahhat in More. Anchovia dussumieri Blocker, termed dumpilas in Tagalog, and mergui in Moro is a large species, but less abundant than the hills. The common anchovy (dilis) is found in great numbers along the shores of almost all the islands of the group; it is almost transparent, with very thin, deciduous scales. This species is a delicate little fish of fine flavor and would bring a good price, if put up in attractive form either in oil or spice, or if made into anchovy paste. 513


514 SEALE. THE MEETINGS. Family Clupeidae. (PI. II) There are about thirteen distinct species of herring represented in the Philippine waters and notwithstanding their rather small size, they are of considerable commercial importance. The abound in immense numbers along the coasts of almost all the islands of the group. Some are more or less migratory, others seem to remain near one place. Large numbers are caught in Manila Bay at all seasons of the year. These represent the forms called tunsoy Harengula moluccensis (Bleeker), tamban H. longiceps Bleeker), and hilis H. gibbosa (Bleeker). The young of all species are termed silinasi. Great numbers are caught in corrals, especially during May and June ; they are also taken in the drag-seine. It is not an unusual sight to see large bananas loaded to the gunwale with herring living landed at Tondo beach, where the fish are sold to the Chinese to le smoked and dried. The natives in Zamboanga buy large quantities to eat in the fresh state. Any of these sardines would compare favorably with the species put up) in oil on the Pacific coast. During the nine months from January first to September first, 1907, 85,000 pesos worth of canned sardines were imported into the Philippines; this, too, with the Philippine waters swarming with sardines and with an abundance of good sesame oil which could be used for canning purposes, produced in Manila. THE SILVERSIDES. Family Atherinidae. (PI. III) The silverside, called him in Tagalog and Moro, and ti-i in Ilokano, is without doubt the most abundant fish in the Philippines. It is almost impossible to land at any wharf or go ashore on any beach without seeing these little fish in countless numbers. They usually grow to a length of from 10 to 12 centimeters. They have a greenish tint on the back and a bright, silvery band on the sides. There are five or six different species, but they appear so much alike that the natives have not distinguished between them, calling all simply ratio. The most common species is possibly Atherina, temmincki (Bleeker). The guno are known as pescados del rey, 'fishes of the king" among the Spaniards. They are gi-eatly valued as food. The young are termed whitebait. The method of catching is usually by seine or corral. A profitable industry could be built up bj' preparing these fish in a good sauce, by pickling them with spices, or by drying. An abundant supply


FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES, I. 515 for canning operations could be secured at an' of the following places: Manila, Jolo, Zamboanga, Sitanki, Puerto Princesa, and perhaps a dozen other places not yet examined. They abound at all seasons. THE MACKERELS. Family Scombridae. (PI. IV) There are at least eight different species of the mackerel family found in the Philippines, all of them good food fishes and of commercial importance. In this family is the tanguingue, also called tangili or tangi (Moro), which is a true Spanish mackerel Scomberomorus commersoni Lacepede) By many people this is regarded as the finest food fish in the Philippine waters. This fish is fairly abundant, and can usually be found in the markets, where it sells from 1 to 4 pesos, Philippine currency (50 cents to 2 dollars United States currency) per fish. At Zamboanga it is nothing unusual to see ten or a dozen of these fish in the market at one time, all of them measuring 90 centimeters or more in length. They are frequently cut up and sold by slices. The major part of the tanguingue are caught off shore witli a hook and line, a good fishing ground being located off the east coast of Basilan. At Manila they are usually caught in nets. Another Spanish mackerel taken in these waters is Scomheromorus honam (Bleeker), which is scarcely distinguishable from the above. Other important members of the family are the chub mackerels (alu-mahan or cavallas), Scomber microlepidotus Riippell, and the hasa-hasa (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn). These fish run in great shoals throughout the Islands, following small fish, upon which they feed. They enter Manila Bay in March and the inhabitants along the shore-line of the bay are kept awake during the nights by the noisy clatter of the fishermen beating with their paddles against the sides of their boats in order to frighten these much desired fish into the nets or hastily' constructed corrals. Still other members of this family represented in these waters are the small bonitoes (lobed or iuliiujan) Gymnosarda pelamis (Linn), the great tunnies (also called sound), and the albacore Germo alalunga Bleeker) All of these fish may be caught with hook and line, in nets or corrals. They are so abundant that it is unusual to make a trip among the Islands without sighting one or more shoals of fish belonging to this family. They are especially common about the Cuyo group and along the shores of Palawan. The market at Zamboanga is usually well stocked with all members of the family. They are with few exceptions fishes of the deep water. The purse-seine in my opinion could be profitably employed in their capture.


516 SEALE. THE MUD FISHES. Family Opliioccphalida. (Pi. V) The mud fishes, dalag (dalah in Moro), are of considerable importance, especially in the vicinity of Manila where they form a large part of the food of the native population. They are usually sold alive in the markets. In fact, it is their ability to stay alive out of water that attracts attention to them. They are primarily a fresh-or brackish-water fish, and after a rain almost all the little pools by the wayside, as Mell as the paddies and rivers are well filled with dalag. They have the habit of burying themselves in the mud as the ponds drj-up and thus of lying dormant until the next rain. They take the hook free), and it is no imcommon sight to see the natives fishing for them in the rice-fields, or in the most unlikely and recently formed pools. They frequently travel overland in the wet grass and can live for hours out of water. The eggs are deposited in holes in the bank; the mother exercises a care over the young fish. In India these are regarded as one of the most wholesome fishes and are given to invalids. In Manila they are looked upon more as scavengers andre not much eaten by the Americans. These mud fish are distinctly carnivorous, feeding on small fish, refuse, etc. They are well distributed over the Islands, being found in almost all the lakes and rivers. THE s-vprers. Family Lutiankhc. (PI. VI) There are about twenty different species of this family in the Philippine waters, all of them important as food fishes. They range when full grown from 35 to 90 centimeters in length. They are distributed over the entire group), some running up rivere to the interior lakes to feed. Several of the species are bright red in color and are called red snappers, one of the most abundant being the bataan Lutianus dodecacanthus (Bleeker). Another snapper called the lamangbuhu (Lutianus ftisccsccns Cuv. et Val) can usually le found in the markets, especially in Zamboanga. A very important member of the family is the aids (katumhang in Moro) (Lutianus gcmbra Bloch et Schn). These are caught in great numbers in the Tanjan Kiver at Bates, Mindoro. The adults weigh from 8 to 20 pounds each. I saw 108 of these fish caught in one-half day at the Bates corral. The best banks for red snapper fishing seem to be in the -vicinity of Zamboanga. Dapa and manager are other Moro names applied to the red snapper. They are usually caught by hook and line, or in the corral. In Zamboanga a red snapper 3-5 centimeters long can be bought for 40 centavos.


FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES, I. 517 THE POMPANOS. Family Caranyidw. (PI. VII) There are thirty-six different species of the pompano family' known in the Philippines. All of them are valuable commercial fishes. The cavallas (Caranx) are the most important branch of the family. They are termed talahitoh in Tagalog and daingputi in Moro. These fish are very abundant in almost all markets. They range from 33 to 36 centimeters in length. As a Iule they are caught in corrals. Another abundant species is the Uson Gamnx ignobilis (Forskal). These fish are dried in large numbers by the Moros. The ballangoan. termed cuhal-cuhal Megalaspis cordyla Linn) is another very abundant food fish of fine flavor, belonging to this family. These are reported to reach the length of 155 centimeters; ordinarily those in the market measure about 45 centimeters. They are caught in corrals. THE SEA BASSES. Family Serranidae. (PI. VIII) There are thirty-three Species of this important family of food fish reported from the Philippines. One of the most familiar is the apahap (taxon in Moro) Lacs calcarifer (Bloch), one of our largest sea basses. Specimens weighing from 25 to 35 kilos are frecpiently brought into the market. This fish would afford good sport for local anglers. The largest branch of the family is constituted by the groupers Epinephelus) called lap-lap in Tagalog, garopa in Visayan, and kukkut in Moro. (PI. VIII) Ordinarily this name is given to the most common species, Epincphelus mcgraw Bloch, Ijut it is also a23plied to at least three others which closely resemble E. menu. These fish bring a high price in the Manila market; they are a favorite sea food for many Americans. Another rather common species is the blue-spotted grouper Cephalopjiolis stiginatopomus (Richardson), which is especially abundant in the Zamboanga market. The fishes of this family are usually caught with hook and line in water of considerable depth; sometimes they are taken by net or corral. Gill-nets set in about 50 feet of water frequently quite good catches. THE MULLETS. Family Muguidw. (PI. IX) There are ten different species of mullet recorded from the Philippines, the most abundant being the banana (Mugil cephalus Linn). This fish can always be found in the market and when quite fresh and properly cooked is most delicious. It is very common throughout the entire Archipelago. The mullet is a strictly vegetable feeder-, and is usually


FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINES, I. 521 a board. This operation is not necessarily done at any particular season, but whenever the condition demands it. The Oedogonium is sometimes purchased and placed in an exhausted pond. A small ianca load is worth one peso. A so-called "medicine" for the young fish (apparently used only in small ponds where the water is contaminated by close proximity to houses) is the Lemna minor Linn, the floating roots of which are greedily devoured. When the fr' are to be planted in the pond, the water is again allowed to drain off and the alga is partially killed by the hot sun. This, it is claimed, renders the Oedogonium soft and fragile for the tiny mouths. Eventually, the young amigos are removed to the great pond where their quantity is largely governed by the supply of the food alga. The average value of the ponds about Manila Bay is probably 40 centavos per square meter, giving a total of more than 6,000,000 pesos for the pond value alone, which I am convinced is a conservative estimate. I chose one pond which measured 140 by 170 meters as an average of the twenty or more shown on a surveyor's map compiled from data obtained from the owners of the properties. METHODS OF FISHING It has been my privilege to make personal observations of the methods employed in the fisheries of various pai-ts of the world, in the United States, Alaska, New Zealand, Australia, Honolulu, and numerous Pacific Islands, also to some extent in Japan. Some time ago at the instance of the Secretary of the Interior, Mr. Dean C. Worcester and before I assumed my position in the Bureau of Science, I made a more detailed examination of the methods employed in the fisheries of the eastern United States in order to secure the latest information regarding the various kinds of nets and apparatus that could with profit be used to develop the commercial fisheries of the Philippine Islands. It may not be out of place, therefore, to give brief descriptions of such apparatus as seems to me to be of especial value and short suggestions as to its use. SEINES. In the Atlantic fisheries a great man)-more fish are caught with the various kinds of spines than in any other way. In 1904, the New York fisheries alone captured by this method 214,099,735 pounds of fish, with a value of 836597 dollars. United States currency. A full description as to detailed method of construction, size of twine, niesli, hanging of net and methods of using can be obtained by applying to the United States Division of Fisheries.


FISHERY RESOURCES OP THE PHILIPPINES, I. 523 fathoms in length, and 20 to 25 fathoms in widtli wlien it is hung, it being deeper in the center than at the extreme wings. The boat end of one wing is from 1 to 10 fathoms deep; the other end varies from 7 to 15 fathoms. It is made of three kinds of twine. The baiung-piece, which is a section of the net occupy3dng about 10 to 12 fathoms along the center of the cork line and having about the same depth as length, is made of the stoutest twine. Beneath this, composing the remainder of the middle of the seine and extending to the bottom of the net, is a section knit of twine a size smaller. There is also a band of large twine, 15 meshes in depth, extending along the cork line of the seine on either side of the bailing-piece to the extremity of each wing. The remainder of the net is made of lighter twine. The lead and cork line are in the same position as in ordinary spines. This net is operated by a series of pursing ropes and rings, by means of which the bottom of the seine is drawn up and closed. Formerly this net was taken out in fishing schooners and when a shoal of fish was seen, it was placed in a seining boat, the shoal was surrounded by the net, the latter at once pursed, the vessel then brought alongside and the fish dipped out. Now, in some cases, the net is carried on a revolving table at the stern of a small steam-vessel or launch, and the surrounding of the shoal and pursing of the net is all done quickly and efficiently by steam. Frequently more fish are taken in this way than can be used in one day. In this event, they are put into a "spiller" or pocket, which is a form of live-box made of stout, coarse twine, and is attached to the side of the vessel, where it is kept in position by wooden poles or outriggers extending 15 feet from the vessel's side. This apparatus is nothing more than a big net bag 36 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 30 feet deep. This size will hold 200 barrels of live mackerel, but of course the spiller may be constructed of any dimensions. The purse net could probably be used with profit in catching the various kinds of mackerel viasangui, etc) found in Philippine waters.


XIII, A. 6 King: Philippine Coir and Coir Cordage 333 coir ropes broke their moorings during severe tropical storms and were carried high on the beach. As a result the Filipinos have learned that, while coir and other cheap ropes made of maguey, bamboo, etc, may serve for everyday use, abaca rope is the most dependable for emergencies. Mr. Don Strong, fiber expert of the Bureau of Agriculture, relates that in 1912 the small steamer Camiguin, 53 tons gross, ran on a coral reef off the Masbate coast while loaded with abaca fiber. Mr. Strong, who was on board, secured the assistance of a lighthouse tender, whose captain first passed a new 12-inch coir rope to the Camiguin. An attempt was made to pull off the steamer, with the result that the coir rope began to stretch excessively, visibly became reduced in diameter, and finally parted at several places. During the attempt not the slightest tremor passed through the reef-bound vessel. A 7-inch abaca rope was then made fast to the Camiguin and after a single attempt the steamer was successfully pulled off the reef into deep water. When a coir rope breaks there is very little reaction, for the rupture occurs almost imperceptibly. On the other hand, an abaca rope made of good grade fiber -gives a sharp report at the instant of rupture and violent reaction occurs which, in the case of ropes having a circumference of 75 millimeters or more, jars and shakes the testing machines. This violent reaction is due to the giving back of a relatively large amount of potentially stored resilient energy. Coir is not used at all in Manila at the present time, due to the unsatisfactory results that have been obtained. Cordage made of abaca, of which there are numerous grades, has supplanted the little for that was once used. Even though abaca rope costs considerably more than coir cordage, the more expensive fiber is the more economical in the end. Abaca is much stronger, less bulky, more reliable, and much more elastic and resilient than for. I have inquired for coir cordage in several places in Manila, but was unable to get quotations or even to see a specimen. Even the small Chinese retailers who handle the most unexpected kinds of merchandise did not have supplies of coir rope, though other nonstandard fiber cordage was procurable. Among the latter, small coils of rope made of the black stiff fiber locally called "cabo negro" obtained from a palm (Arenga saccharifera) were on sale in nearly all of the Chinese stores dealing in fiber products. Unless the difference in price of coir and abaca rope is large enough to create a demand for the former on the basis of price alone, coir cordage will never find extensive sale.


246 The Philippine Journal of Science i9i8 sional scales of lighter and darker color. Wing membranes darker with numerous (usually) roundish spots of bluish to yellowish green, the outer edge light salmon washed with gray. Head with the interorbital dark spot; the nuchal spot absent; dark markings either present or absent on the sides of the head. Below, belly and wing membranes salmon to brick-red, usually with only one large or small dark spot in the outer margin of wing ; gular appendage canary yellow at tip, the remainder bright purple to wine color with a green wash at base ; throat and chin with darker reticulations; belly with very dim reticulations of darker color either present or absent. The males can make extremely rapid changes of color. They change from light to dark green, then to black or reddish brown in less than a minute and vice versa. When the brown specimens are placed in alcohol, the green returns largely and when fixed is blue green to blue, the salmon largely disappearing below. In consequence of the color changes the head markings vary considerably in preserved specimens. The species was abundant in the coconut groves near the mountains in Zamboanga. Specimens were also taken on Bongao and Simonor. On the latter island they were especially numerous in the coconut trees. With the aid of the Small a large series was collected in the village of Tubig Indangan. The species was seen in Jolo, but no specimens were acquired. Draco bimaculatus Giinther. Plate II, figs. 1 and 2, A single specimen was obtained in the mountains near Zamboanga (city) It is the smallest species of the genus found in the Islands. It was also observed in Tawitawi. The paper-white gular appendage and the slender body render it easily identified at a considerable distance. Draco cornutus Giinther. This species has been reported from Jolo by Werner I failed to find it there. Mabuya multifasciata Gray. Specimens were taken in Zamboanga, Bubuan (Tapiantana Group), Jolo, Bubuan (Tapian Group), Papahag, and Bongao. Specimens from the last two localities have a broad brilliant brick-red stripe beginning behind the eye and continuing some distance along the side. It is present in both sexes. Those found on the other islands sometimes have an orange or light spot laterally, but it is absent in females. 'Mitt. Natur. Mits. Hamb. (1910), 27 (2), 9.


A BIOLOGICAL AND SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF PHILIPPINE PLANT GALLS 1 By Leopoldo B. Uichanco (From the College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines, Los Banos) FIFTEEN PLATES INTRODUCTION Galls are abnormal growths on the stems, leaves, roots, or other parts of plants, caused by the action of insects, arachnids, or fungi, or by unknown agencies. Just how these peculiar structural developments are brought about is still open to discussion and speculation, experimental proofs being, up to the present, too deficient to warrant our drawing any definite conclusion. These malformations have been ascribed to various causes, the more commonly accepted, in the absence of more reasonable, explanations being the following: 2 1, a severe mechanical injury to certain parts of the plant ; 2, a continuous mechanical irritation; 3, secretion of chemical stimulus by the causal animal or fungus. One, or a combination of two or all, of these causes may give rise to the production of galls. In the formation of zobcecidia, the third factor — that is, the action of the virus secreted at the time of oviposition or during the development of the parasite — is probably the most important, the first two being of minor or absolutely no use whatever. This fact was shown by Molliard in connection with his experiments on Aulax papaveris Perris, a cynipid gall maker on the pistil of Papaver rhoeas Pall. 3 From time to time he removed a small quantity of the virus secreted by the developing Aulax larva, and injected the fluid into the growing pistils of Papaver. This artificial treatment resulted in the formation of galls which resembled in all respects those formed in the presence of the larva itself. He was thus enabled to draw the conclusion that the virus alone, without the influence of mechanical irritation from the presence of the animal within, is sufficient to produce the characteristic Papaver gall. The importance of chemical stimuli, as related to gall formation, was recognized as early as 1686 by Malpighi, 1 Thesis presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science, University of the Philippines, 1918. 1 Cook, M. T, Insect Galls of Indiana. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Resources, Indiana, 29th Ann. Rep. (1904) 801. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. 165 (1917) 160. 527


530 Philippine Journal of Science 1919 need the specimens in the preserving fluid, the galls and insects being given the same number in the accession record. Longitudinal and cross sections were made of the mature galls, and these were drawn to show the details in structure and the mechanism peculiar to each case. No hard and fast rule can be laid down as to the methods to be followed in breeding the insects from their galls. Conditions were different in each case, and laboratory methods had to be modified accordingly. In general, battery jars with fine muslin held on by elastic bands at the top proved to be the best form of breeding receptacle, a decided advantage in favor of these being that the green parts of the plants were kept adequately exposed to the light and that inspection and cleaning were easy. During dry months the materials had to be moistened at least once a day by spraying them with water from a small hand atomizer. Care was taken not to wet the plants too much, for then decay would set in, or the adult insects on emergence would be entrapped by the film of water on the plant surface or the inner wall of the jar and spoiled. The jars were inspected every morning and the adults caught by means of a short test tube. The removal of the adults as soon as they emerged was a necessary measure, because when allowed to stay in the vessel for a longer time many of them would be lost or badly mutilated among the moist plant materials. Throughout the progress of the work precautions were taken against certain small spiders which, when accidentally introduced into the jar with the plant materials, would prey upon the gall insects as fast as the latter emerged. As a measure against this pest, the pieces of plants were thoroughly shaken, one by one, before being placed into the jars, and a constant watch was kept for the appearance of any of the spiders that might have hatched from eggs accidentally introduced. Another piece of apparatus used consisted of a light-tight cardboard box with the mouth ends of test tubes or vials inserted into one side. This device was supposed to work on the principle that most insects are attracted to the light ; and the interior of the box being dark, except at the insertion of the glass tubes, the insects on emerging were supposed to enter the latter. The apparatus had been used with good results and had been indorsed by the California Board of Horticulture and by the cotton-boll weevil investigators. 9 The results with this device in Banks, Nathan, Directions for Collecting and Preserving Insects, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. 67 (1909) 115, with figure.


THE BLACK HALICTINE BEES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS By T. D. A. COCKERELL Of the University of Colorado The black halictine bees of the Philippines have all been referred to the genus Halictus; but the subgenus Nesohalictus, of Crawford, remarkable for its very long tongue, may be elevated to generic rank. Genus NESOHALICTUS Crawford Halictus subgenus Nesohalictus Crawford, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 38 (1910) 120. "Closely resembles Halictus, but differs by the greatly elongate tongue, which is about as long as the antennae, by having the inner spur of the hind tibiae in the male armed with a few large teeth, and by having all the transverso-cubital veins, the cubitus beyond the second transverse cubital, and the upper two-thirds of the second recurrent vein, obsolescent" (Crawford) This diagnosis was based on the male. The female is larger (about 75 millimeters long), with the basitarsi piceous (they are ferruginous in the male) ; the hind spur has long spines. On account of the long linear tongue the genus is related to Thrinchostoma, but it differs in the structure of the hind legs, the absence of the hair patch on the wings of the male, and in other ways. The clypeus of the male is entirely black, flattened and shining in the middle. Nesohalictus robbii (Crawford). Halictus (Nesohalictus) robbii Crawford, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 38 (1910) 120. Luzon, Manila (M. L. Robb and R. E. Brown) Laguna Province, Mount Maquiling (C. F. Baker), Los Baiios (Baker). Panay, Antique Province, Culasi (R. C. Mcgregor) June, 1918 ; Maralison Island Mcgregor), June 18, 1918. Mindanao, Dapitan, Davao, and Cagayan (Baker). Another species of this genus, Nesohalictus lativentris (Halictus lativentris Friese), occurs in Java. Genus HALICTUS Latreille The metallic species have been previously described, but one described below (H. opisthochlorus) is partly metallic. The 167148 1 269


274 Philippine Journal of Science » Nueva Viscaya Province, Imugan (Baker). It appears to be abundant at Baguio, but is represented by a few specimens from the other localities. Halictus philippinensis Ashmead. Halictus philippinensis Ashmead, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 28 (1904) 128; Cockerell, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 36 (1909) 419; Crawford, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington 19 (1918) 169, 170. Luzon, Manila (Stanton) Laguna Province, Los Baiios (Baker) ; Mount Maquiling (Baker) Mountain Province, Baguio (Baker) Tayabas Province, Malinao (Baker) Leyte, Tacloban (Baker). Panay, Antique Province, Culasi (McGregor), June, 1918. Negros, Cuernos Mountains (Baker). Mindanao, Davao (Baker) ; Cagayan (Baker) ; Zamboanga (Baker). Basilan (Baker). Palawan, Puerto Princesa (Baker) This is the commonest and most widespread Halictus in the Archipelago, extending from Luzon to Mindanao and Palawan, A specimen from Los Bafios carries a manuscript name given by Friese. Halictus philippinensis var. nigritarselhis var. nov. Male. — Hind tarsi dark; flagellum dark or dusky beneath. The tarsi are entirely without yellow, but the last joint is ferruginous apically. Type of the variety from Pagsanhan, Laguna Province; others from Mount Maquiling and Los Banos, Luzon. All from Baker. Halictus thoracicus sublustrans subsp. nov. Female. — Length, about 6 millimeters; similar to H. thoraci-eus Friese, from Java, but with the abdomen shining and tegulse, stigma, and nervures piceous or black. The dense tomentum on the postscutellum is white, often with a delicate ocherous tint. The species is very peculiar for the wholly dull area of the metathorax, with large reticulations, and especially for the sculpture of the mesothorax, which appears rough under a lens but under the microscope is seen to have a raised network or cancellation all over, entirely different from the fine tessellation often seen on the thorax of bees. Luzon, Nueva Viscaya Province, Imugan (Baker), 5 (including the type) Mount Banahao (Baker) 2. Panay, Antique Province, Culasi (Mcgregor) 3, at flowers of Homalanthus populneus Pax, June 3, 1918.


Shorea.'] Dipterocarpacece . 117 lous ; fl. small, nearly sessile on one side of the spreading or drooping branches of long lax axillary and apparently terminal panicles ; sep. hood-oval, obtuse, densely pubescent ; pet. \ in., erect, linear-oblong, the margin revolute, silky outside ; stam. about 60, with three terminal bristles ; fruitsep. pubescent, the larger 2^-2f in., obovate-oblong, the shorter 2 in., oblong-linear, nut f in., pointed, finely pubescent. Moist low country ; rather common. Eknaligoda ; Hiniduma ; Singhe Raja ; Moragala ; Avisawella ; Labugama. Fl. April-June ; yellow with pink base. Endemic. Very near S. Ttimbugaia, Roxb., of S. India. Liable to produce the curious hop-like galls noticed under Doona cordifolia. Called ' Dun ' in W. Prov. 2. S. Dyerii, Thw. in Trim. Joiirn. Bot. xxiii. 204 (1885). C.P. 4010. Tree, young parts finely pubescent ; 1. (upper) 2^-3 in., narrowly ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, gradually tapering to shortly acuminate, obtuse or subacute apex, paler beneath, lat. veins 12-14, petioles | in., slender, puberulous ; fl. numerous, sessile, rather closely placed along upper side of short divaricate branches of lax spreading axillary and terminal panicles ; sep. broad-oval, subacute, densely pubescent; pet. oblong-oval, flat, spreading, \ in., densely silky outside ; stam. about 60, anth. with a strongly ciliated apiculus half as long as themselves ; style very short ; fruit not seen. 'South of the Island' (Thwaites). I have no further information about this species, which has not been again collected. Fl. red. Endemic. The material for this species is imperfect. 3. S. reticulata, Thw. in Fl. B. Ind. \. 307 (1874). C. P. 3884. A tree, young parts glabrous ; 1. 3-4 in., oblong-lanceolate, attenuate, acute, glabrous, shining above, paler beneath, lat. veins 11, curved, not very prominent, tertiary veins reticulate, petioles \ in., channelled above ; fl. not seen ; fruit-sep. pubescent, the larger 2-2;^ in., the smaller i-i^ in., wings linear 7-9 veined. Only known from the C. P. specimen, collected in Morowak Korale, Sept. 1865. 4. S. lissophylla, Thw. Enum. 402 (1858). C. P. 3407. Fl. B. Ind. i. 307. A large tree, with blackish bark, young shoots glabrous ; 1. 3-5 in., broadly ovate, rounded or subcadate at base, abruptly and shortly acuminate, obtuse, coriaceous, smooth


1 1 8 Dipterocarpaceae. [Doona. and shining on both sides, paler beneath, lat. veins 6-8, distant, much curved, petioles i in,, glabrous, thick ; fl. on very short ped., nodding, arranged in short branches of lax elongated axillary panicles shorter than 1.; sep. broadly ovate, acute, pubescent ; pet. nearly h in,, linear, acute, spreading, pubescent outside; stam. about 35, anth. bearded; fruit not seen. Moist low country; rather rare. Singhe Raja Forest; Maddegatte, S, Prov. ; Nillowe, near Akuressa, S, Prov. Fl. April. Endemic. Called 'Malmora' in S. Prov. 5. S. stipularis, Thw. Enuvi. 36 (1858). C. P. 3408. Fl. B. Ind. i. 307. A large tree, young shoots glabrous ; 1. 5-7 in. or more, broadly oblong-oval or rotundate, rounded at base, suddenly acuminate or caudate, obtuse, glabrous on both sides, coriaceous, midrib very prominent beneath, channelled above, lat. veins 16-18, petioles 1^-3 in., thick and fleshy, stip. large, I in., erect, oval, obtuse, with numerous parallel veins, very persistent ; fl. not seen ; fruit-sep. glabrous, the larger 5 in., the shorter 2\ in., base very thick, wings very obtuse, with 9-1 1 veins. Var. B minor, TJiikj. in Trim. Jotim. Bot. x.\iii. 205. C. P. 4024 and 3987 (part). Leaves much smaller, 3 in. long, the apex strongly twisted, very finely but densely pubescent beneath, stip. acute, pubescent ; fl. not seen ; fruit as in the type. Moist low country up to 3000 ft.; rather rare. Karawita-Kanda; Singhe Raja Forest ; Morowak Korale. Var. /3. Morowak Korale. Fl. not seen. Endemic. There are often produced in the leaf-axils hard pale-green finely lobulated and rounded masses viscous on the surface and formed of crowded coral-like abortive branches. These may be of similar character to those on Hopea Wightiana, Wall, as figured in Wight, 111. t. 37. Var. /3. may be a separate species. S. brevipetiolaris, Thw. in Trim. Cat. Ceyl. PI. 9, is not a member of this genus, but perhaps referable to Balanocarpus (q. v.). 3. DOONA, TJnu. Large trees ; 1, conduplicate, obtusely acuminate, glabrous, with small deciduous stip, ; fl. small, with articulated ped., in axillary and terminal panicles; sep. 5, 3 outer much larger; pet. 5, slightly connate at base, stam, 15, fil. usually connate at base, anth.-cells apiculate, connective prolonged


1 20 Dipterocarpaceae. [Doona. veins numerous, slender, inconspicuous, pellucid, with minute reticulations between, margins at base usually rigidly revolute, giving a rhomboidal form to the leaf, petiole ^ in., slender, curved ; fl. \ in. diam., panicles few-fld., lax, axillary and terminal, shorter than or scarcely exceeding 1., ped. ^ in., glabrous ; sep. obtuse, glabrous ; pet. oval, obtuse, entire or notched at tip, minutely silky outside ; appendage as long as anth. ; ov. glabrous ; enlarged fruit-sep. 1 1/4 in., wings obovate oblong, obtuse, twisted, with about 10 inconspicuous veins; nut quite concealed by enlarged base of sep., sharply pointed. Lower montane zone and upper zone of moist low country, 10004000 ft.; common and formerly much more so. Fl. March-May; pale rose colour or quite white. The enlarged sep., when half grown, a brilliant crimson. Endemic. A characteristic tree of the lower hill-forests, now much cleared. The mode of branching horizontally chiefly at the top, and the preference of the tree for the crests of hills, which causes their outlines to stand out against the sky, gives the tree at a distance much the appearance of the Stone Pine of Italy. The timber is light, moderately hard, pale greyish-brown, durable, and greatly in request for shingles, whence the tree is often called • shingle-tree.' It burns with a bright flame. An excellent colourless Dammar-like resin exudes from the trunk. 2. D. affinis, Thw. Enum. 35 (1858). C. P. 3409. Fl. B. Ind. i. 311. A large tree, twigs glabrous ; 1. 2-2^ in., lanceolate, rounded at base, caudate-acuminate, rather thick, drooping, lat, veins numerous, inconspicuous, much arched, midrib channelled above, margin revolute at base and slightly recurved throughout ; fl. drooping, articulated on rather long ped., in axillary and terminal panicles about as long as 1., nearly \ in. diam. ; sep. oblong, obtuse, very resinous ; pet. silky on back ; appendage about \ length of anth. ; enlarged fruit-sep. rather less than \\ in., wings broadly oblong spathulate. Moist low country; very rare. Singhc Raja Forest, April 1S55; Kokawita, Kukul Korale, 1892 (Lewis). Endemic. Fl. March ; creamy-white. More material is required for the satisfactory determination of this species. C. P. 3712 was accidentally referred to this by Thwaites (Enum. 402), and the description in Fl. H. Ind. is taken from that C. P. number (which is from Lihinigala, Hewesse, collected in March, 1861). The specimens are in young bud, and differ from D. ajjinis in the venation of the leaves, which is intermediate between that of D. venulosa Thw. and D. oblonga to one of which species they belong.


126 Dipterocarpaceae. [Sunaptea. 3. H.(?) cordifolia, Trim. Vatica (?) cordifolia, Thw. Enum. 404. C. P. 3726. Fl. B. Ind. i. 303. A very large tree, bark thick, with deep, longitudinal fissures, nearly black, young parts softly pubescent ; 1. large, 5-7 in., ovate -oblong, strongly cordate at base, subacute, glabrous, shining above, lat. veins 5-7, oblique, conspicuous beneath, with glandular pits in 2 or 3 of their axils, petioles I in., rugose, stip. very small, subulate, caducous ; fl. not seen ; enlarged fruit-sep. 3^—4 in., wings oval-oblong, not tapering to base, 9-veined, nut I in., pointed ; cotyledons deeply divided into 2 long lobes. Intermediate region at 1500-2000 ft.; very rare. Along banks of streams at Tanamilwila and Telula, near the Wellaway River, in Atakalan Korale. Endemic. Leaves only were first collected in Sept. 1857, and were doubtfully referred by Thwaites to Vatica. Specimens (old and half-rotten) of the fruit have been sent to me (April, 1891) by Mr. Broun, and appear to indicate a Hopea., but flowers are still wanting, and the correct position of the tree cannot be determined at present. It is called ' Mendora ' where it grows. Wood heavy, hard, yellow, smooth, and shining. 5. SUNAPTEA, Griff. Trees ; fl. in short axillary panicles, with large deciduous bracts; sep. and pet. 5; stam. 15, apiculate ; fruit-sep. all enlarged, 2 much more so than the others, wing-like, erect, loosely surrounding the nut, the bases not thickened ; cotyledons slightly unequal, bilobed. — Sp. about 10; 5 in FL B. Ind. This is the section of Vatica called Eu-Vatica in Fl. B. Ind., but the fruiting cal. is quite unlike that of Vatica, and it cannot come under Linnaeus' genus (see Trim, in Journ. Bot. x.xiii. 204). S. batttafnensis and S. ba7ica7ia are figured by Burck (1. c. tt. 27 and 28), and 6". astrotricha, S. Dyeri, and S.faginca by Pierre (Fl. For. Cochinch. tt. 240-242). Leaves finely scabrous beneath . . . i. S. scabriuscula Leaves glabrous beneath. . . . . 2. S. ij) disticha. I. S. scabriuscula, Trim. Syst. Cat. Ceyl. I'l. 9 (1885). Namendora, .S. [Plate XIL] Vateria {Stemonoporus) scabriuscula, Thw. Eninn. 404. Vatica scabriuscula, A. UC. in DC. Prod. xvi. 2, 620. C. P. 3708, 3542. Fl. B. Ind.i. 303.{Vatica). A large tree, young shoots woolly-pubescent ; 1. 4-5 in., lanceolate-oblong, obtuse at base, shortly acuminate, obtuse, glabrous above, very finely scabrous and white with stellate


The Philippine Journal of Science Vol. 19 NOVEMBER, 1921 No. 5 NEW PHILIPPINE COLEOPTERA By K. M. Heller Zoological Museum, Dresden THREE PLATES In continuation of my studies upon the coleopterous fauna of the Philippine Islands I describe, in the present paper, further new species and varieties, for the greater part of which I am indebted to Prof. C. F. Baker, dean of the College of Agriculture, Los Bafios. These species are recorded herein without indication of the name of collector; but, where a species is represented by more than one specimen, the number that corresponds with other specimens at Professor Baker's disposal is given. Besides this important and excellent collection, I have had in hand for some time a part of the material belonging to the Bureau of Science, Manila, which I shall work up later. Among the latter is a weevil, imported with seeds from Australia into the Philippine Islands, which I believe is new; this is described, as are also some other Malayan Curculionidse that are so nearly allied to Philippine species that their inclusion here seemed desirable. Moreover, it was necessary to erect a new Australian genus Riboseris upon Petosiris pars and to correct the systematic position of my Endemic apicalis x which is a Blepiarda. The following is a list of the new species dealt with in this paper, those marked with an asterisk being extra-philippine. For practical reasons the families are not arranged in strictly 1 Philip. Journ. Sci. D 10 (1915) 29. 182517 523


THE PHILIPPINE WASPS OF THE SUBFAMILY SPHECINSE By S. A. Rohwer Honorary Custodian of Hymenoptera, United States National Museum The wasps belonging to the subfamily Sphecinse are often called "thread-waisted" because of the petiolated abdomen. The habits and prey of the group vary considerably. The Chlorionini nest in the ground and provision their nests with Orthoptera. The Sphecini also nest in the ground but use lepidopterous larvae as food for their young. The Sceliphronini are usually called "mud-daubers" because of their habit of constructing mud nests which are provisioned with spiders. The group is easily recognized by the three complete cubital cells ; petiolate abdomen ; long propodeum, in which the spiracles are well removed from the base ; the presence of two calcaria on intermediate tibiae; rather large size; etc. Key to the Philippine tribes of the subfamily Sphecinse. 1. Second and third cubital cells each receiving a recurrent vein; propodeum without a U-shaped area on its dorsal surface; robust species with a short petiole Chlorionini. Second cubital cell receiving both recurrent veins ; slender forms with a long petiole 2. 2. Propodeum without a U-shaped area on its dorsal surface; female with a tarsal comb Sphecini. Propodeum with a U-shaped area on its dorsal surface; tarsal claws with an inner tooth; female without a tarsal comb Sceliphronini. Tribe CHLORIONINI Genus CHLORION Latreille The species of this genus were monographed by Kohl in 1890 under the generic name Sphex and they are still often assigned to that genus, which is however properly applied to species assigned to Ammophila. Key to Philippine species of the genus Chlorion. 1. Tarsal claws with one inner tooth 2. Tarsal claws with two inner teeth 3. 665


ADDITIONS TO THE HERPETOLOGICAL FAUNA OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, I By Edward H. Taylor Of Manila, Philippine Islands SEVEN PLATES New and rare frogs, lizards, and snakes have been found during recent herpetological collecting in parts of the Philippines. Although these collections were made prior to the actual publication of my monographs, 1 the descriptions could not be included therein because those books were in type. For this reason papers on these new collections will be published in the Philippine Journal of Science, of which the present is the first. The following notes from my field books show where the chief collections were made and collecting dates: NORTHERN LUZON I returned to the Philippine Islands from the United States in 1920 and arrived at Manila on March 30. On April 11, I proceeded to Baguio where I joined Prof. H. Otley Beyer and Dr. Robert L. Schofield. April 12. Specimens of Kaloula rigida sp. nov, Rana luzonensis, and Sphenomorphus jagori were collected near Bagnio. April 13. Our party left Baguio for the north, going by automobile to kilometer 14. Here I collected a few specimens of Polypedates leucomystax, Rana luzonensis, and Rana magna. We reached camp 30 in the evening. April 14. An adult specimen of Oxyrhabdium leporinum was collected. April 15. The day was spent in the vicinity of Haight's place, Pauai, but no reptile or amphibian was seen or heard. Mr. Haight said that frogs were occasionally seen. April 16. Collecting along the trail between Haight's and camp 88 yielded neither amphibian nor reptile. April 17. A specimen of Cornufer subterrestris was collected at kilometer 101. Professor Beyer left for Cervantes. April 18. A specimen of Peropus mutilatus was taken in the presidency of Subangan. Specimens of a Mabuya were shot near the trail. 1 Amphibians and turtles of the Philippine Islands, Bureau of Science publication 15 reprint from Philip. Journ. Sci. Manila (1921) 193 pp, 17 pis, 9 text figs. Snakes of the Philippine Islands, Bureau of Science publication 16. Manila (1922) 312 pp, 37 pis, 32 text figs. Lizards of the Philippine Islands, Bureau of Science publication 17. Manila (1922) 262 pp, 23 pis, 53 text figs, in press. 161


Hopea.] XX. dipterocarpaceae. 235 Stamens 15, rarely 10 ; anthers ovate ; cells equal, connective prolonged into a fine awn. Ovary 3-celled, cells 2-ovuled; style cylindric. Fruit surrounded by the 5 enlarged sepals, free to base, 2 outer wings long linear, 3 inner ones not longer than fruit, connate in a cup at base, closely appressed to the small nut. Species about 35, Indo-Malaya. The timber of Hopeas, known as Merawan, is light red and rather soft. The Dammar (Dammar Mata Kuching) is clear and transparent, as it is in Balanocarpus. i. Eu-HOPEA. Leaf-nerves 8 to 18 pairs. Inflorescence usually silky. Leaves large, stiff coriaceous, ovate ; nerves 8 pairs; flowers glabrous . . . . (i) H. nutans Leaves small, thin; nerves 10 to 18 pairs distinct prominent ; flowers where known white silky Leaves 4 to 5 in. long; fruit-wings 4 in. long . (-) H. nervosa Leaves 3 in. long; fruit-wings 2-5 in. long oblanceolate . . . . . . (3) H. Curtisii Leaves thin, 3 in. long; fruit-wings linear-oblong. (4) H. globosa Leaves stiff, ovate, 2"5 in. long; nerves 8 pairs, faint . . . . . . . (5) H. albescens Leaves stiff ovate ; nerves 10 pairs; fruit-wings elliptic broad, i"5 by -5 in. long . . . (6) H. Lowii Leaves lanceolate, cuspidate; nerves 6 pairs . (7) H. multiflora ii. Dryobalanoides. Leaves stiff ; nerves faint very numerous, parallel. Inflorescence glabrous. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, base shortly narrowed . (8) H. micrantha Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, base cuneate . . (9) H. Pierrei Leaves broad ovate, base round, very smooth and stiff (10) H. Mengerawan Leaves small; branches, nerves on back, and inflorescence pubescent . . . . (11) H. pubescens (i) H. nutans Ridl. I3ranches moderately stout, black glabrous. Leaves ovateelliptic stiffly coriaceous, glabrous base round broad, smooth above; nerves elevate beneath about 8 pairs ascending; nervules horizontal inconspicuous beneath, reticulations invisible, 5 in. long, 3-5 in. wide ; petioles -5 in. long. Panicle of 2 or 3 branches, 2 in. long pubescent, fascicled in the axils. Flowers small, few, sessile, nodding, glabrous. Sepals 2 outer oblong coriaceous, 3 inner ovate, shorter and thinner. Petals oblong truncate, toothed at the tip with i long and 2 short teeth. Stamens 15, very short; awns longer than the anthers. Ovary conic, glabrous ; style short. Fruit globose, glabrous, '25 in. long with a short point, outer wings oblong; nerves 10, 2*25 in. long, "5 in. wide, inner wings ovate, free to base, shorter than fruit. Hah. Forests, Pahang, Kwantan (E. J. Hanbury, flowers). Ulu Rumpin (Foxworthy, fruit). Native names : Giam (not the Giam of Sumatra) ; Bunga Merpak. I have little doubt that the fruiting specimen belongs to the same species as the flowering one, as it agrees in foliage. The fruit very closely resembles


86 XXIII. DIPTEROCARPACEAE. late 01-cuspidate. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell ; style shortly terete or subulate. Fruit nut-like, indehiscent, usually 1 -seeded, closely enclosed within the base of the calyx-lobes. Seeds ovoid ; cotyledons fleshy, unequal, enclosing a superior radicle. — Distrib. Tropical Asia and Malaya ; species about 45. 1. Hopea Wightiana, Wall. Cat. (1828) 6205. A large tree; young branches pubescent, at length glabrous. Leaves 5-8 by 2-3 in., oblong or ovate-oblong, obtuse or subacute, glabrous, rounded at the base ; lateral nerves 7-10, oblique, curved ; petioles | in. long, velvety pubescent. Elowers secund, in axillary panicles, the panicles 1-6 together, slender, glabrous, shorter or rarely longer than the leaves ; bracts lanceolate, y .7-g in. long ; pedicels very short. Calyx glabrous ; lobes (when flowering) ovate, obtuse, the exterior larger. Petals pink, I in. long, oblong, acute, externally pubescent, ciliate. Filaments 10, dilated at the base, each alternate one carrying 2 anthers ; anthers ovate, each with a long filiform appendage about 4 times its length. Nuts 4 in. long, ovoid, apiculate, glabrous, surrounded by the accrescent calyx, 2 of the lobes of whicli are developed into long crimson wings 2-2| by l-f in., oblong-obovate, 7-9-nerved. Fl, B. I. v. 1, p. 309 ; Bedd. Flor. Sylvat. t. 96 ; Brandis & Gilg, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. v. 3, part 6, p. 261, fig. 121, h-m ; Talb. Trees, Bomb. p. 18; Woodr. in Journ. Bomb. Nat. v. 11 (1897) p. 126 ; Brandis, Enum, Dipter. in Journ, Linn. Soc. v. 31 (1895) p. 58 ; Watt, Diet. Econ. Prod. v. 4, p. 273. A globular, echinate excrescence, resembling the young fruit of the horse-chestnut, probably due to some insect, often deforms the inflorescence. Roxburgh described this deformation as Artocarpus lanceofolia (Fl. Ind. v. 3, p. 527). The figure k, in Engl. & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 1. c, which is taken from Wight, 111. t. 37, does not show the 2 anthers on the alternate filaments. These are well figured by Beddome, 1. c. — Flowers : Mar.-June. Common along the banks of rivers and streams in the S. Konkan and N. Kanara. Konkan: Sloc/iifl; S. Konkau, Zr«o ! Kanaka: Supa, Ritchi, 83! ; evergreen forests, N. Kanara, BrancUs\ ; Kala naddi, Ritchie, S'-i ! S. M. Country: Londa, Woodrow ; Castlerock, Cooke 4. VATERIA, Linn. llesinous trees, glabrous, tomentose or furfuraceous. Leaves quite entire, coriaceous, penninerved, reticulately veined ; stipules small, deciduous or inconspicuous (rarely large and persist(!nt). Flowers white, in terminal panicles, or 1-3 on axillary ])edunclcs. Calyx : tube very short, aduate to the torus ; lobes imbricate, scarcely enlarged in fruit, reflexed. [Stamens 15 or more ; anthers linear or oblong, the exterior valves of the cells the largest with involute margins ; connective rarely produced. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell ; style subulate ; stigma small. Capsule ovoid or globose, coriaceous or fleshy, 1-seeded, indehiscent or 3-valved. Seeds thick ; cotyledons thick, unequal, the largest usually lobed, involute, enclosing the superior radicle. — DISTRIB. Tropical Asia, Mauritius ; species 3, 1. Vateria indica, Linn. ,Sp. Pl. (1753) p. 515. A large and very handsome tree ; bark whitish ; young branches and inflorescence clothed with hoary, stellate pubescence. Leaves 5-8 by 2-4 in., elliptic-oblong,


91 flowered. Flowers nearly 2 in. long. Calyx glaucous, glabrous. Petals puberulous, linear, blunt. Stanens 15. Fruit (immature) ellipsoid, wingless, glaucous, smooth ; the enlarged calyx-lobes linear-oblong, blunt, 3nerved, inconspicuously reticulate, shining, 3'5 in. long and 6 to "8 in. broad. Dyer in Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 103, D. hirtus, Vesque, Comptes-Rendus, 1874, 78, p. 627 ; Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 1.51 ; Dyer 1. c. 154. Malacca; Maiigay (Kew Distrib.) No. 190. Perak : Scortechini, No. 1955. Distrib. Borneo: (fide Dyer), Beccari, 779, 1883. Burck (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Vol. 6, p 196) reduces this to D. Tamparan, Korth. Korthals however describes the fruit of that species as having accrescent calyx-lobes 13 inches long by 3 broad. 2. DiPTEROCARPuS ScORTECHiNii, King, n. sp. A large tree : young branches rather stout, densely clothed, (as are the short cylindric buds, the petioles and racemes) with large tufts of coarse, brownish, shining hairs. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-ovate, or sometimes elliptic-sub-ovate, sub-entire, abruptly and shortly acuminate, slightly narrowed to the rounded base ; upper surface glabrous or glabrescent, the nerves sparsely stellate-pubescent, the midrib tomentose ; under surface sparsely stellate-pubescent, the nerves (and especially the midrib) with long silky hairs intermixed : main nerves 36 to 18 pairs, straight, oblique, very prominent beneath : length 6 to 7"5 in., breadth 3 to 35 in , petiole 1 to 1"2 in. Racemes few-flowered, short-Fruit (? immature) ovoid, contracted under the mouth, glaucous, stellate-pubescent, '75 in. long and '5 in. in diam ; accrescent calyx-lobes linear-oblong, reticulate, slightly narrowed in the lower half, the apex obtuse, obscurely 3nerved (the middle nerve bold, the two lateral faint), 4 to 5 in. long and •8 to 1 in. broad. Perak : Scortechini, No. 1813. This is closely allied to D. crinitus. Dyer, to which Scortechini doubtfully referred it. It differs from B. crinitus in its larger leaves and stellate-pubescent fruit. It has also a different time of flowering; for, as Scortechini remarks in his field notes, this is in immature fruit in the beginning of March, while D. crinitus does not come into flower until the end of April. 3. DiPTEROCARPUS Skinneri, King, n. sp. A tall tree; young branches thin, deciduously tawny-pubescent. Buds cylindric, narrow, golden-sericeous. Leaves oblong-elliptic, narrowed in the upper half or third to the acute or shortly acuminate apex, slightly narrowed to the rounded base, upper surface glabrous or sparsely adpressed-pubescent, the midrib tomentose, the lower sparsely stellate-pubescent, the midrib and J6 to 19 pairs of straight oblique nerves adprcssed-sericeous ; nerves prominent on the lower, faint on the upper, surface when dry : 383


96 35. D. Motleyanus, Hook. fil. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XXIII. 159. A.DC. in DC. Prod. XVI., pt. 2, 611. D. pterygocalyx, Scheff. Obs. Phyt. II. 35 ; Dyer in Hook. fil. PI. Br. Ind. I, 298. Mocanera grandiflora, Blanco, PI. Pilipp. Ed. I, 451. Anisoptera? Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1858, I, 233. Malacca : Maingay (Kew Distrib.) No. 198. Penang : Curtis 424. Perak: Scortecliini 152 b. Distrib. Bangka, Teysmann. (?) Philippines. The late Father Scortechini's field notes contain the following account of the flower : " The petals of this are red inside in the middle, but pale towards the margins ; the stamens are numerous, 2-seriate, united in a ring by their enlarged bases, falling off together : staminodes many, short, adpressed to the ovary. Ovary pubescent, scaly towards the base. Fruiting-calyx reddish." The species comes near D. Griffithii : but is distinguished from it by the characters which I have noted under that species. Flowers of D. Griffithii are, however, wanting for comparison. 10. DiPTEROCARPUS KUNSTLERi, King, n. sp. A tree 80 to 120 feet high ; young branches flattened, at first sparsely covered with minute scurfy deciduous pubescence, ultimately glabrous, but always with oblique tawny-tomentose annuli. Buds narrowly cylindric, hoarycanescent. Leaves elliptic or sub-rotund-elliptic, very shortly acuminate, the base rounded or sub-cuneate, the edges undulate or subcrenate, both surfaces glabrous : main nerves 16 to 18 pairs, oblique, straight, prominent on the lower surface: length 7"5 to 11 in., breadth 4'5 to 7 in., petiole 1'5 to 2 in. Racemes 6 to 8 in. long, often bifid, 4to 6-flowered, glabrous. Flowers 2'5 to 3 in. long, glaucous. Calyx-tube narrowly obconic, 5-winged, glaucous. Petals linear, obtuse, glaucous. Fruit sub-globular, an inch or more long, With 5 wings about 25 in. wide : accrescent calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, slightly narrowed towards the base, glabrous, reticulate, 3-nerved, 6 or 7 in. long and about 1'25 in. broad. Perak : King's Collector, Nos. 3638, 3798, 7508 and 7606. Allied to D. grandiflorus ; but with larger leaves, smaller fruit and different buds. Allied also to D. Griffithii but with smaller fruit and different buds. This species has leaves like D. trinervis Bl. and D. retusus Bl., but differs from these in having winged fruit : it also resembles D. Dyeri, Pierre, which, however, has longer leaves with hairy petioles and more narrowly winged fruit. 11. Dii'TEKOCARPUS Griffithii, Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. I, 213. A tree 100 to 125 feet high: young branches stout, sub-compressed, minutely tawny-canescent ; the leaf buds ovoid, densely covered with 388


118 glabrous, the lower glaucous (except the midrib and nerves) especially when young ; main nerves 7 to 9 pairs, ascending, rather straight : length 3*5 to 45 in., breadth 1'4 to 1"8 in.; petiole '45 to 6 in., rugulose, glaucous. Panicles axillary, few-flowered, shorter than the leaves, hoary, the flowers on short pedicels. Sepals slightly unequal, oblong, obtuse, tomentose on both surfaces. Ovary conical, tomentose ; the style very short, glabrous ; stigma small, 3-lobed. Fruit (immature) ovoid-globose, apiculate, minutely tomentose ; accrescent sepals membranous, free from the fruit; obscurely 7-to 12-nerved, strongly reticulate, blunt, slightly narrowed to the concave base, at first puberulous but ultimately glabrous ; the longer 2"25 in. long, and '6 to 75 in. broad, the others smaller. Penang : Curtis, No. 372. Malacca: Maingay (Kew Distrib.), 212. In this species the two inner fruiting wings of the calyx are nearly as large as the three outer ; the leaves are very white underneath when young, but much less conspicuously so when adult. It is known, only by Curtis' and Maingay's specimens, none of which have complete flowers. Maingay's specimens from Malacca have in fact no flowers ; but there is no mistaking their leaves as being exactly like those of Mr. Curtis' from Penang. The vernacular name of this is Dammar laut dhaii lesor. 15. Shorea ciliata. King, n. sp. A medium-sized tree; young branches slender, dark-coloured, deciduously hoary-puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the base cuneate ; both surfaces glabrous, minutely reticulate, the lower whitish when young, pale brown when dry ; main nerves 8 or 9 pairs, ascending, curved, shining on the lower surface : length 3 to 35 in., breadth 'S to 1"5 in., petiole "75 to "9 in. Panicles 2 to 2*5 in. long, axillary and terminal, little-branched, few-flowered, hoary. Flowers 5 in. long, secund. Sepals ovoid-deltoid, obtuse, outside tomentose, inside glabrous. Petals three times as long as the sepals, narrowly oblong, obtuse, slightly expanded at the base, adpressed-sericeous outside, glabresceut inside. Stamens 30, in fascicles of 3, unequal, the shorter with undilated filaments, the longer with filaments dilated in the lower half; all with the connective produced into an apical process crowned by 3 to 5 spreading ciliae. Ovary ovoid-conic, seiiceous, with a short glabrous style. Fruit (immature) ovoid, apiculate, pale-tomentose, "5 in. long; accrescent sepals membranous, reticulate : the three outer narrowly oblong, reticulate, 7-nerved : the two inner 2 in. long, and '3 in. broad, narrowed to above the concave base : the two inner 1 in. long, linearlanceolate, few-nerved. Penang : Curtis, No. 1578, 410


132 ■when expanded, minutely yellowish-pulverulent, tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Stamens 15, sub-equal : apical awn curved, longer than the anther. Ovary ovoid, narrowing upwards into the style ; stigma minute. Fruit ovoid, very slightly apiculate, striate, pale pubescent, about "6 in. long and "3 in. in diam., the persistent calyx covering the lower third, of the fruit, sub-glabrous, thickened and. concave at the base; the teeth deltoid, spreading. Richetia penangiana Heim. in Bull. Soc. Linn. Paris, 1891, p. 980. Penang : on Government Hill, at an elevation of about 1,000 feet, Curtis, .Nos. 1429 and 1393 ; Hullett, N'o. 188 ; King's Collector, No. 1534. Perak : King's Collector, Nos. 3333, 3707. The leaves of this species, although larger, resemble those of B. Curtisii : but the fruits of the two are quite different. One of Mr. Curtis' specimens, No. 429 (communicated from Kew), forms the type of a new genus called Richetia, which M. Heim has founded. (1. c. p., 975, also in his " Recherches sur les Dipterocarpacees " p. 50), without having seen its flowers. I have retained for this M. Heim's specific name, while referring it to Beddome's older genus. The vernacular name of the species is Dammar Etavi. 3. Balanocarpus anomalus, King. A tree : young branches slender, dark-coloured, minutely lenticellate, the tips puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, ovate, acuminate ; the base broad, sub-cuneate ; both surfaces glabrous ; main nerves 6 or 7 pairs, ascending, curving, not prominent : length 2-25 to 2-5 in., breadth 1 to 1-3 in., petiole 6 to -7 in. Panicles numerous, axillary and terminal, longer than the leaves, pubescent, their lateral branchlets bearing 6 to 8 sub-secund flowers. Flowers shortly pedicelled, '15 in. long. Sepals broadly ovate, connate at the base, obtuse, minutely tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Petals elliptic, blunt, yellowish adpressed-sericeous outside, glabrous inside, only about twice as long as the sepals, spreading and reflexed so as to expose the stamens and pistil. Stamens 10, in two rows ; the filaments longer than the anthers, dilated ; anther short, ovate, its connective produced into an apical awn as long as itself. Ovary ovoid, striate, pubescent, style short and thick, stigma small. Kedah : Curtis, No. 1654. Mr. Curtis is as yet the only collector of this, and his specimens have no fruit. I refer it to this genus, although its flowers differ from those of the other species known to me, in having petals only about twice as long as the sepals, spreading and reflexed so that the androgynoeciura is quite exposed ; and in having only 10 stamens In other respects the specimens agree with Balanocarpus. Its vernacular name in Kedali is Malaut. 424


ix, d, 4 Cowles: Palaemons of the Philippine Islands 351 ters are meant the gaping of the fingers, the proportionately larger teeth on the fingers, the exceedingly long chelipeds, and the roughness of carapace, pleura, sixth abdominal somite, and telson. All specimens of P. philippinensis in our collection possess fingers which are shorter than the palm, the next to the smallest male (No. la) showing a proportion of 1122 and one of the largest males (No. 30) a proportion of 1191. In general, as the body grows larger the palm increases in length at a greater rate than the fingers. A similar but much less marked proportional increase occurs in the females. The fingers of P. philippinensis show no signs of the long hairs or of the felted hairs which are characteristic of P. nipponensis and P. carcinus, respectively, but all specimens in the collection possess a few scattered tufts of hair, which do not obscure the underlying structures in the least. The teeth, which have been described above as present on the fingers of a large male, can be seen in the youngest males and females only with a high-power magnifying lens. They soon increase in size as the animal grows larger (90 millimeters), and become visible to the naked eye. In the small males (No. 3 and others that have taken on the mature form and which for convenience I have called young mature males) the teeth are conspicuous, their size being in proportion to the length of the cheliped. Two teeth on the mobile finger and 1 tooth (the distal) on the immobile finger are present in the youngest males and females (Nos. la and 32). In females and "males feminises" of the size of No. 19 the small teeth back of the proximal tooth on the immobile finger are just beginning to form. The tips of the fingers curve inward at all ages and meet, except in the largest males and sometimes in the young mature males, where the immobile finger curves in much less and extends beyond the mobile finger. In small males, in "males "feminises" and in all the females with the possible exception of No. 39, the fingers do not gape when closed, but in young mature males and especially in the old males the gaping is conspicuous. A keellike cutting edge is found on both fingers of all males and females. This is rather high and sharp in young males (including "males feminises" and young mature males of smaller size) but it decreases in height markedly with increasing body length in the young mature males and less rapidly in the "males feminises" and females. In the large males Nos. 30 and 31 and the older young mature males Nos. 23 and 26, the keel is reduced to an inconspicuous raised line which can be seen only with a magnifying lens. The tubercles 129877 3


352 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914 mentioned in the description of the large male as being present along the outer and inner sides of the cutting edge of the mobile finger and along the inner side of the immobile finger cannot be seen in the smallest males (Nos. la and 2) nor in any of the females except No. 39, in which they are slightly developed. In the smallest young mature male (No. 3) they show slightly, becoming better developed in specimens of larger size (Nos. 4, 6, 11, 13, 15, 23). "Males feminises" when sufficiently large (Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 27), show the tubercles, but in one of these, No. 17, the row on the outer border of the cutting edge of the mobile finger is represented by only 2 tubercles. In No. 18 this row is not present, but the inner row on each finger is well developed, while in Nos. 7, 8, 9, and 10 only very few tubercles along the inner border of both fingers are seen. Numbers 14, 16, 20, 21, 22, 24, and 25 show the characteristic 2 rows on the mobile and 1 row on the immobile finger. The palm in specimens of all sizes and sexes is similar in shape to that of the larger male already described. In young specimens the fingers are a little shorter than the palm (1: 122 in No. la), but as the body length increases the palm grows faster than the fingers, until in the oldest male the fingers are only a little more than half the length of the palm. It is probable that smaller specimens than those in our collection would show the fingers equal to, or even shorter than, the palm. The carpus, which is cylindrical in cross section and a little shorter than the propodus in all our specimens, increases gradually in diameter, passing from the distal to the proximal end. The palm is always shorter than the carpus, but a comparison of lengths at different ages indicates, in general, that the palm grows a little faster than the carpus, although considerable variability is seen in a series arranged according to the body length. The relative lengths of the merus and carpus are shown in Table II, where the specimens are arranged according to increasing body length. Here again much variability appears, but if the young mature males are separated the variability is not so marked. The proportions given in Table II show clearly that, in general, the merus of the male does not increase in length as fast as the carpus. This condition is not evident in the small number of females we have in the collection. A similar and no less striking increase in the proportion of the merus to the carpus may be seen in the specimens of P. ritsemae de Man examined


ix, d, 4 Cowles: Palaemons of the Philippine Islands 353 by Coutiere, 29 and I believe that large series of P. idae Heller 30 and P. rudis Heller 31 will show the same thing. The merus, which is flattened dorsoventrally along the proximal part, becomes almost cylindrical in cross section and of greater diameter at the distal part. As in other palaemons, the merus grows more rapidly than the ischium. While Table II shows that there is some variability in the proportion between the merus and ischium when a series of specimens is arranged according to increasing body length, it may also be seen that when the measurements for young mature males are separated from the rest this variability is much reduced. The description of the shape of the ischium given for the largest male applies to specimens of all ages and sexes. The chelipeds of young specimens show spines on the palm and anterior part of the carpus, but the "linear spaces" are not distinguishable. The covering of spines increases as the animals become larger, but it is not until they have reached about the middle size that the spines become apparent on the fingers and ischium. The "linear spaces" then show clearly. Third, fourth, and fifth legs. — The third legs are missing in specimen la. One-quarter and two-fifths of the propodus extend beyond the tip of the antennal scale in the fourth and fifth legs, respectively. The measurements for the propodus of the fifth leg are 016 millimeter in diameter at the middle and 7 milli-meters in length. In No. 16 the third, fourth, and fifth legs extend with two-thirds, two-fifths, and one-fourth of the propodus, respectively, beyond the antennal scale. The propodus of the fifth leg is 07 millimeter in diameter at the middle and 17 milli-meters in length. A large specimen measuring 133 millimeters (not indicated in Table II) shows one-fourth of the propodus of the third leg extending beyond the antennal scale. In this specimen the dactylus of the fourth leg extends beyond the scale, while in the fifth leg merely the tip of the dactylus overreaches the scale. The propodus of this leg is 19 millimeters in length, and 1 millimeter in diameter at its middle point. Telson. — The armature of the telson varies with the size, but the difference may be due to wear. In a young female 47 millimeters long (Plate II fig. 21) the tip of the telson is long, the externolateral spines are well developed, and the interno-lateral spines are very long, with almost three-fourths of their "Ann. Sci. Nat, Zool. (1900), 11, 314. s " Sitzungsber. Akad. d. Wiss, math-nat. Klasse, Wien (1862), 45, 416. sl Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte Novara (1868), 2, 115.


356 The Philippine Journal of Science ww differs considerably from the specimens described by de Man and by Coutiere. The specimens listed in Table III were all seen by me while they were still alive. Judging from certain characteristic color markings, especially the pattern on the chelipeds, which were present in specimens of all sizes and sexes, one could not fail to include them under one species. Even the young mature males (Nos. 15 and 20) with the exceptionally long chelipeds showed the characteristic markings. Notwithstanding the differences between our large males and the smaller males described by de Man, I do not feel justified in establishing a new species until larger collections of the Javan form are made. While I have not been able to see any figures or specimens of the American species, Palaemon acanthurus Wiegmann, 37 except Ortmann's 38 drawing of the telson which agrees well with young individuals of this species, the descriptions indicate that it is a larger form, although I believe our series does not include the largest specimens to be found. The proportion of the palm to the fingers in old males and the shape of the rostrum are different, but the coat of felted hairs on the fingers of the males is present in both. I believe that Palaemon acanthurus Wiegmann and the form under consideration are closely related, and I should not be surprised if, when further collections of Palaemon sundaicus from Java are made, older males with more mature characters are brought to light which will ally the Javan species closer to Palaemon acanthurus. Rostrum and antennal scales. — The position of the tip of the rostrum with reference to the tip of the antennal scale does not vary much in our specimens. In both males and females the tip may be even with, extend slightly beyond, or fail slightly to reach, the distal end of the scale. It is possible, however, that in larger males the rostrum may not extend so far forward. Curvature and dental formula of rostrum. — There is little difference in the shape of the rostrum in the males and females of all ages. The distal third is turned upward somewhat, and there is in nearly every case a gentle convexity over the eye. Usually there are 3 rostral teeth on the carapace, the fourth being over the edge of the orbit, and rarely are there 2 or 4 on the carapace. The rostral ridge divides the lateral surface of the rostrum into an upper and a lower area which are of "Arch. f. Naturgesch. (1836), 1, 150. m Zool. Jahrb, Systematik (1891) 5, Tafel XLVII, Fig. 5.


ix, d, 4 Cowles: Palaemons of the Philippine Islands 357 about equal width. Usually those teeth which are near the distal end of the upper border are separated from one another more than those posterior to them. The first tooth is nearly always separated from the second tooth by a distance which is considerably greater than the distances separating the teeth immediately anterior to them. The dental formula for the specimens in the collection is — — ' but the large 4, o, b, l majority of the females show a dental formula of — '-= — First pair of legs. — The first legs extend beyond the tip of the antennal scale in all specimens; in the youngest, only the propodus is seen beyond it, but in larger specimens more of the first legs overreaches the scale, and finally in the largest individuals as much as one-third of the carpus extends beyond it. Chelipeds. — The chelipeds in this species are approximately equal. All the females have chelipeds which are shorter than the body, and the same is true of practically all the males until they reach a length of about 77 millimeters. Beyond this size the chelipeds are usually longer than the body, and in certain specimens, Nos. 15, 16, and 17, which I consider to be young mature males, they are relatively long. In the largest female, No. 38, the tip of the merus extends beyond the antennal scale, while in the smallest female, No. 25, three-fourth of the carpus overreaches the scale. One of the largest males, No. 20, shows more than one-half of the merus beyond the scale, while in the smallest male only four-fifths of the carpus extends beyond it. It will be seen, if reference is made to Table III, that the fingers of all individuals are shorter than the palm, except in Nos. 1 and 2, which are the smallest males in the series. In the case of the males the palm seems to grow much faster than the fingers, so that an individual 88 millimeters long (No. 14) has a palm one and two-thirds times as long as the fingers. One of the young mature males, No. 20, shows the palm to be one and three-fourths times as long as the fingers. The largest males in the series have chelipeds which are shorter than the body length except in the case of No. 23. At first sight I considered these specimens to be "males feminises" but upon examining them more closely I find that they have well-developed spines on the carapace and abdominal somites and I am of the opinion that these individuals are old mature males whose chelipeds are regenerating. The palm of the largest male, No. 24, is a little more than one and one-half times the length of the fingers.


rx, d, 4 Coivles: Palaemons of the Philippine Islands 363 as one-fifth or one-third of the dactyli may extend beyond. The propodus of the fifth leg (No. 1) measures 05 millimeter in diameter at its middle and 875 millimeters in length. Similar measurements for Nos. 24, 25, and 38 are 08 by 15, 03 by 75, and 06 by 13 millimeters, respectively. Telson. — Specimens in which the telson has not been worn show the internolateral spines extending about two-thirds of their length beyond the acute median spine. The externolateral spines are short and of about the same length as the median spine. In some specimens the tip of the telson is worn and the internolateral spines are considerably shortened. Character of surface. — The carapace and abdominal somites of all females and males (Nos. 1 to 13, inclusive) are smooth to the touch, and show no spines under a lens. Male specimens larger than these have patches of spinules on the carapace, pleura of abdomen, tergum of sixth somite, upper surface of uropods, and the telson. These spicules are especially numerous on the young mature males, and the surface is distinctly rough to the touch. The surface of the first pair of legs is smooth, except in the old males where the ischium and part of the merus are covered with a few spinules. The spines on the chelipeds make their appearance at an early age. Specimen 1 shows a few rather indistinct rows of spines on the palm and distal half of the carpus. The area of spines increases with the body length, so that in No. 4 it covers the proximal end of the finger, the palm, the carpus, and the distal half of the merus. In No. 8 the condition is similar except that the ischium also is covered. Young mature males, as an example, No. 20, show a few spines at the proximal end of the fingers and about 12 longitudinal rows of medium-sized spines, which are distributed on the inner, ventral, and dorsal surfaces of the palm. The outer surface of the palm is covered with innumerable very small spines, which are not arranged regularly in rows. A similar condition exists on the carpus, merus, and ischium. The dorsal and ventral "linear spaces" are visible especially on the palm, carpus, and merus. In middle-sized specimens the "linear spaces" are more conspicuous. The third, fourth, and fifth legs are smooth in all but the largest males, where the propodus, carpus, and sometimes the merus are covered with very minute spinules. Eggs. — The eggs of this species when preserved are almost spherical, and average 05 by 046 millimeter. Color of the living specimens. — The general surface of the body owes its color mainly to the layer of pigment cells under the transparent chitinous covering. The color is not always the


FISHERY RESOURCES OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 30] are the great top shell Trochus niloticus Linn), the green snail Turbo marmoratus Linn), and the chambered nautilus Nautilus pompilius Linn). THE GREAT TOP SHELL. The great top shell Trochus niloticus Linn) (Plate XI, figs. 1 to 4) known locally as the lock, conic shell, trochus, susong-dalaga, or mining, is a large, conical, top-shaped shell, found in abundance in many islands of the Philippine Archipelago. Aside from the true pearl oyster, this shell is the one in greatest demand for manufacturing buttons. As a matter of fact, owing to its cheapness, it is frequently made into buttons in preference to employing the pearl oyster. The great top shell when mature is from 10 to 15 centimeters in diameter and a trifle less in height ; it has many close whorls, the largest of which flares decidedly. The shell is marked with radiating or zigzag bands of red, violet, or brown; the aperture is oblique and has a spiral operculum. An adult shell 10 centimeters in diameter weights 330 grams. The great top shell is usually found at low tide near the outer edge of coral reefs or under large rocks, and while small quantities may be encountered on almost any coral reef in the Archipelago, they are especially abundant in the vicinity of Sitanki, along the coast of Pangasinan, and Ambos Camarines, Luzon, and on the northern coast of Palawan, the eastern coast of Samar, and in the vicinity of Masbate. There are also numerous places on the coasts of Mindoro where they are abundant. I noticed a number of these shells washed up on the beach on the eastern side of, the Gulf of Davao. The soft portion of the great top shell is regarded by the Filipinos as a very fine article of food and, as a matter of fact, this species of mollusk is more sought after for its meat than for its shell. One proof of this is in the numerous piles of empty shells to be found on the beach in localities near the ocean. It is usually noticed that they have been placed on the fire, in order to cook the animal, after which it is easily removed from the shell. Of course, shells treated in this manner are spoiled so far as their" commercial value is concerned. The proper way to remove the animal is to place the shell in hot water, as the shell is in no wise injured liy this treatment. So far as my experience shows, the great top shell is always more or less solitarj' and while five or six are frequently found under one large stone they never occur in beds or in great numbers over a given limited area. The average annual export of this shell from the Philippines during the past four years has been about 350,000 kilograms valued at about 60,000 pesos. The price fluctuates greatly. For a considerable period the standard price was 750 pesos per picul for middle grade shells. The Manila


114 MERRILL AND ROLFE GORDONIA Ell. Gordonia luzonica Vidal Rev. Pl. Vase. Filip. (1886) 57. Gordonia fragrans Merr. in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 95. A species not uncommon in the mountains of Luzon, G. fragrans not being distinct from Vidal's species. GORDONIA ViDALii Szysz. in Engl. & Prantl Nat. Pflanzenfam. 3" (1893) 185. G. acuminata Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 58, nou Zoll. This species must be excluded from the Theaceae, as the type, Vidal 1146, is a sterile specimen of Shorea or Hopea {Dipierocarpaceae) , with a large foliaceous gall, which was mistaken by Vidal for a flower bud. DIPTEROCARPACEAE DIPTEROCARPUS Gaertn. f. Dipterocarpus vernicifluus Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 31; Bramlis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1S05) 31; Merr. in Pliilip. Journ. Rci. 1 (lOOG) Suppl. 97. D. velutinus Vidal Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (188G) 59; Brandis 1. c. D. fulvus Blume Mus. Bot. 2 (1852) 37; Brandis I. c. 40. This is a common and widely distributed endemic species, yielding most of the timber that enters the Manila market under the name of "panao." The specimens referred to this species by Vidal, Revision 59, are all sterile, and two of them are apparently Dipterocarpus grandiflorus Blanco. D. velutinus Vidal we consider to represent typical D. vernicifluus Blanco, and is accordingly reduced, as our large series of specimens agree both with Vidal's type specimen and with Blanco's description. D. fulvus Blume was based on a sterile specimen collected in the Philippines by Perrottet, and an examination of the type in Herb. Leiden shows it to be sapling leaves of D. vernicifluus. PARASHOREA Kurz. Parashorea plicata Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895), 104. P. Warburgii Brandis 1. c. But one species is represented in all our Philippine material. P. plicata. was based on Vidal 7G, 090, and 2033, all with flowers, while P. Warburgii was based on fruits alone. We have a specimen. Bur. Sci. 3280 Ramos, with mature fruit, from the same locality as the type of P. plicata, the leaf and branch characters agreeing perfectly with Vidal's specimens; at the same time the fruits are identical with the type specimen of P. Warburgii. which must accordingly be reduced to P. plicata. The species is not uncommon in the Philippines .ind is represented by the following additional specimens: Luzon, Province of Sorsogon, For. Bur. 4528 Zschokke. May, 1906; For. Bur. 5754 Pray, December, 1906: Province of Rizal, Bosoboso. Bur. Sci. 1461, 3280 Ramos: Province of Laguna, Santa Maria Mavitac, For. Bur. 10071 Curran: Mount Banajao, For. Bur. 8051 Curran & Merritt ; Malicboi, Ritchie 51: Guinayangan, Hagger: Province of Camarines Sur. Pasacao, Ahern 104. 201. Masbate, Whitford 1673. Catanduanes, For. Bur. 6679 Pray. Negros, Gimagaan River, Whitford 1616. MINDANAO. Province of Surigao. Ahern 356; For. Bur. 7563 Hutchinson


NOTES ON PHILIPPINE BOTANY. 115 PENTACME A. D.C. Pentacme contorta (Vidal) Merrill & Rolfe comb. nov. Shorea contorta Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) 15, t. 15, f. E; Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (188G) 88; Brandis in Jouru. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 88; Merrill in Philip. Journ. Sci. 1 (1906) Suppl. 98. Pentacme paucinervis Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 73. There is no doubt as to the identity of the above two species, and accordingly Vidal's name, being the earlier, is here accepted and transferred to Pentacme. The specimens on which Pentacme paucinervis was based (Vidal 79, 1166, 2116) are all in flower, no fruit being present, while of the specimens of Shorea contorta examined by Brandis {Vidal 987, 2159) the former is with fruit and the latter with immature buds, the condition of the latter no doubt accounting for the fact that Brandis was unable to distinguish in it the floral characters of Pentacme; he states morover that Shorea contorta is anomalous in its floral structure. The species is common and widely distributed in the Philippines, yielding much of the timber commercially known as Lauan. In addition to the five specimens collected by Vidal, cited above, we have also examined the following extensive series: Merrill 2772, 2697; For. Bur. 2970, 3199 Ahern's collector; Bur. Sci. 3258 Ramos; For. Bur. 50Jf, 511, 519, 538, 605 Barnes; Whitford 293; For. Bur. 650, 653, 821, 171,8 Borden. SHOREA Roxb. Shorea Malaanonan (Blanco) Blunie Mus. Bot. 2 (1852) 34; A. DC. in DC. Prodr. 16-(1868)' 631; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Sci. Bot. 31 (1895) 103; F.-Vill. Nov. App. (1880) 21. Dipterocarpus Malaanonan Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 2 (1845) 312; ed. 3, 2: 214. Mocanera Malaanotian Blanco Fl. Filip. ed. 1 (1837) 858. * Shorea polita Vidal Sinopsis Atlas (1883) 15, t. 15. f. D; Rev. PI. Vase. Filip. (1886) 61; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 88. Luzon, Province of Rizal, Vidal 2155, 2168, 2166, 71; Loher 116; For. Bur. 1168, 436 Ahern's collector: Province of Tayabas, Merrill 2851, 2589: Province of Nueva Ecija, Vidal 989. Widely distributed in Luzon and rather variable. We are of the opinion that the above specimens are referable to Blanco's species and accordingly his specific name is accepted, Vidal's Shorea polita being here reduced. ANISOPTERA Korth. Anisoptera thurifera (Blanco) Blume Mus. Bot. 2 (18^52) 42; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 31 (1895) 44. After examining a large series of specimens we have come to the conclusion that Anisoptera Vidaliana Brandis is scarcely distinct from Blanco's species, there being no constant characters by which the two can be distinguished. The fruit of A. Vidaliana as separated by Brandis has broader wings than does that of A. thurifera, but even this character does not appear to be constant. Two other closely related species occur in the Philippines, which may later have to be reduced, these being A. tomentosa Brandis, represented also by For. Bur. 2985 Ahern's collector, characterized by its leaves being slightly tomentose beneath, and A. calophylla Perk., which differs from typical A. thurifera by scarcely more valid characters.


MOLLTJSCA. 47 addition to these four, has about nine either equally stout first, exclusive of four or five finer ones upon the extremity ; all are prettily scaled. The aperture is ovate, contracted anteriorly into a, short canal, which is much inclined to the left. The columella is smooth, covered with a thin callus, and the outer lip is armed within with about six coarsish lirse. Length 18 miuim, width 8g millim. ; aperture and canal 9 millim. long, 3 millim. wide. Hah. Port Curtis, 7 fms. 22. Urosalpinx contracta. Buccinum contractum, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 53. Buccinum funiculatum, Reeve, I. c. fig. 61. Var. Uro8alpinx innotabilis, Smith, Proa. Zool. Soc. 1879, pi, xx. fig. 32. Hah Prince of Wales Channel, 5-7 fms. Coppinger) ; Philippine Islands (Reeve) ; Bombay ( W. T. Blanford) ; Japan for U. innotahilis. The operculum, of this species resembles that of Purpura. The species is rather variable in form, the. number of course, in colour, and the length of the basal or anterior canal. The typical form is rather longer, and has a more prolonged canal than the variety from Japan, has more brown colouring, and an additional longitudinal rib. AU have from seven tq eight elongate denticles or lirse within the labrum, which is thickened within and. without, and acute and crenulated along the margin. 23. Tritonidea curtisiana. (Plate V. fig. E) Shell ovate-fusiform, yellow, banded with white round the middle of the last whorl, with the ribs subaltern ately white also. Volutions about 8, obliquely coarsely costate, and spirally closely ridged, a trifle convex. Costs nine on a whorl, attenuated and produced almost to the base of the last. Spiral lirse prominent on the ribs, four in number on the upper whorls, and about sixteen on the last. Aperture small, ovate, narrowed anteriorly, bluish white. Lip thickened, furnished with about nine fine lines reaching to the margin, which is dotted with dark brown between them; Columella covered with a thin callosity, upon which rest eight or nine transverse tubercles, with brown dots between them. Length 14 mulim, diam. 6g millim. ; aperture with canal 7 millim. long. Hah. Port Curtis, 1-11 fms. Coppinger). This speciesis represented in the present collection by a single specimen ; and it is remarkable on account of the peculiarity of its colour, its small size, and comparative solidity. 24. Columbella fulgurans, Lamu-ck, Hah. West Islandfprinoe of Wales Channel, Torres straits Coppinger).


48 COLLECTIONS FOME MELANESIA. This species has also been recorded from several localities in North-east Australia by Mr. Brazier in his account of the Mollusca of the Chevert expedition. 25. Columbella scripta, Lamarck. Hal. Port Molle, Queensland, and Prince of Wales Channel, 5-7 fms. C. versicolor, Sowerby, C. variegata, Menke, C. Dentata, Menke, and C. tigrina, Duclos, appear to be synonymous with this species. 26. Columbella pardalina. Lamarck ; Duclos, Monog. pi. 2. figs. 13, 14 ; Kiener, pi. 4. fig. 3 ; Reeve, Conch. Icon. figs. 75a-c. Rah. Port MOUE, on the reef (Coppinger) ; Philippine Islands (Cuming). A single specimen from Port Molle is somewhat narrower than specimens from the Philippines collected by Mr. Cuming. 27. Nassa coronata, Bruguiere. Hah. Port Molle, Queensland, on the beach. A single specimen from this locality is of a uniform light brown tint, with a blotch of a darker colour on the back of the body-whorl. 28. Nassa thersites, Bruguire. t Hah. Port Denison, on the beach. 29. Nassa algida, var. Reeve, Conch. Icon. pi. 22. figs. 145 a, 6. Hah. West Island, Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits Coppinger). This pretty variety is not so broad a shell as the type, almost white, upon which colour the rows of squarish, light brownish spots appear more conspicuous than usual. There are nine whorls, of which the two apical are smooth and convex, the four succeeding ones strongly ribbed pnd transversely grooved a little beneath the suture, the furrow dividing the ribs into two unequal parts. The three last volutions are smooth, and a little more convex than the sculptured ones above. The length is 20 millim, and the diameter 9 millim. 30. Nassa omnicolor. Buccinum Iseve sinuatum, Chemnuz, Con-cab, iv. pp. 54, 59, pi, 125. figs. 1194, 1195. Buccinum unicolorum, Kiener, Coq. Viv. p. 60, Buccinum unicolor, id. I, e. pi. 19. fig. 69.