chap, vii] THE DIPTEROCARPE.E ON MATTANG The Sapotaceae blossom principally in July. Amongst the numerous species of the family which I collected during this month, I one day at last secured a specimen of "niatto durian," a tree I had long sought for as being in Sarawak the most esteemed producer of gutta-percha. I had often met with felled trunks of this species on the slopes of Mattang, and in the forest between it and Kuching, cut down by the natives to extract the gutta ; but I had never before managed to find a specimen in blossom or with fruit, although my men had often pointed out young or sterile trees. On account of the great demand for its product, good yielding trees had become scarce around Kuching, and the native collectors had to search far and wide in the forest. The specimen whose flowers I had secured was apparently an undescribed species, to which, on account of the excellence of its product, I gave the name of Palaquium optimum (Fig. 20, 21). The Dipterocarpeae were in blossom during most of September, and in December their fruits were ripe. During those two months my principal occupation consisted in quartering the forest in search of them. Their presence was revealed by the quantity of flowers or fruit on the ground beneath the tree from which they had fallen. And huge giants, often, were the trees which I was obliged to fell or climb, in order to detach from the higher branches the necessary specimens for my herbarium. Great, indeed, was the labour such deforestation caused me ; and more than once to obtain the spoil from a single species of Dipterocarpus or of Shorea I had to work with three or four men for a whole day to fell the forest giant. I nevertheless managed to obtain not less than fifty species of Dipterocarps in the two above-mentioned months, within the radius of a mile from my hut. Amongst these fifty species were seven Dipterocarpus, thirteen Hopea, fifteen Shorea, four Balanocarpus, two Cotylelobium, two Dryobalanops, and two Vatica, most of which were at the time new to science, only a few having been previously met with on the islands of Bangka and Blitong, whose flora has strong affinities with that of Borneo. Some of these Dipterocarpeae have certainly a marked resemblance to species which grow in Sumatra and on the Malay Peninsula, but they are, at least at present, unknown from other localities, although most undoubtedly they must have a greater diffusion than the contour of Mount Mattang. It is, however, I think, well worthy of note that here the Dipterocarpeae are represented by several allied genera, including a considerable number of species, which, often presenting amongst themselves intermediate characters, may be supposed to be derived one from the other. This is, I opine, one of the essential features of a truly endemic flora, and very strongly contrasts with the character of an adventitious immigrant flora, in which the genera and species are an assem-9T


12 BULLETIN 1057, U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. as the tree grows along the banks of this klong, the waters from which must inundate the surrounding land in the rainy season. It grew in company with Dipterocarpus alatus, Melia arborea, Salix sp., and other trees of which specimens have been collected but are as yet unidentified. The leaves of wild-growing Hydnocarpus anthelminthica are not as narrow as those of cultivated specimens, but are lanceolate instead of linear-lanceolate (PI. II). No mature fruits were found, but semiripe fruiting specimens were collected. The natives of Siam use the seeds of this species for the expression of an oil which they apply in cutaneous affections. It was stated by natives that the fruits are poisonous and also that fish feeding on the seeds of maikrabao are unpalatable. The narcotic properties of the seed are imparted to the fish, which, when eaten, produce nausea and vomiting. The seeds form an article of export to China, where they are known as "ta-f ung-chi." While in Hongkong the writer inquired about ta-fung-chi and found them on sale in native Chinese drug stores at $20 for 100 pounds. Since only about 32 per cent of the seed is kernel, the price is rather high. HYDNOCARPUS CASTANEA." While in search of Taraktogenos hurzii near the Siamese border but in the Burmese territory, the writer came across a species belonging either to Hydnocarpus or to Taraktogenos. It grew in a dense rain forest, on steep, densely wooded slopes, near the jungle village of Thinganyinon. Unfortunately, the tree was not in flower, but it had immature fruits, a comparison of which with those of Taraktogenos Jcurzii rendered doubtful its identity with that species. The time of flowering is in April, and the fruits ripen in July. The writer's visit was in December. Having known that Taraktogenos hurzii was said to occur in the Martaban Hills, the writer inquired, on reaching Moulmein on December 24, 1920, whether anyone had seen kalaw trees anywhere in the Martaban Hills. A Mr. Shwaloo, the son of a Burmese physician, stated that he knew where there were thousands of kalaw trees. Arrangements were made to explore the Martaban Hills, and a party, consisting of the writer, Mr. Shwaloo, a cook, and a boy, left for Martaban station and thence by rail for Paung. From Paung the party proceeded by bullock cart to Oktada, a small village at the foot of the Kalama Range. The same evening the writer followed the steep dry creek bed, strewn and lined with enormous bowlders of quartz rock, to the Mondo Range. In the crevices be- Hydnocarpus castanea Hook. f. and Thorns. (12, p. 197). Specimens collected by the writer are deposited in the United States National Herbarium : Rock No 744 U S N FT No? t.090,008 and 1,090,009.


Saurauja] XVI. TERNSTROEMIACEAE 63 B. Flowers mostly on the old wood, in trichotomous cymes, bracts in pairs at all the ramifications. 3. S. Roxburghii, Wall.; Kurz, F. Fl. 103. Vera. Auli gogen, Nep. ; ‘Thit ngayan, Burma. A middle-sized evergreen tree, the young parts covered with a mealy scurf, intermixed with minute scales. Leaves 8-12 in. Cymes hairy, many-flowered, bracts deltoid, acute. Fl. \ in. diam., stamens x, styles 3-5. Sikkim. Terai and outer valleys. ascending to 4,000ft., Assam. Khasi hills, Manipur, Chittagong. hills east of Toungoo, 2,000-6,000 ft. Upper Burma, 1.500-3.000 ft. Fl. C. S., H. s. 4. S. fascicutlata, Wall PI. As. Ear. t. 148. Saré gogen, Nep. Nepal, Sikkim. 2,000-5.000 ft. A small tree. Leaves ferrugineo-tomentose beneath. Fl. 1/3 in. diam., white, afterwards pink. 5. S. punduana, Wall. Sikkim, Terai, and outer valleys, ascending to 6,000 ft., Upper Assam, Khasi hills, Manipur, Burma. Cymes many-flowered, ramifications densely covered with acute scales, bracts broad-ovate. Fl. 3/4 in. diam., 6. S. tristyla, DC; Malay Peninsula, said to extend north into Tenasserim. Leaves spinuloseserrate, 7-10 in. Fl. unisexual, 1/4 in. diam., on slender pedicels, in fascicles of 2-6 mostly on the old wood, petals white, stamens 20, styles 3, rarely 4. 7. S. manrotricha, Kurz. F. Fl. i. 100. Assam, Khasi hills. Upper Burma. Branchlets, petioles and under side of leaves densely clothed with long stiff hairs. Leaves narrow-lanceolate, serratures setose, secondary nerves 12-15 pair, arcuate. Fl. red. 8. S. cerea, Griff. (S. arcuata, Kurz. F. Fl. i. 103). Bhutan. Upper Burma. Young parts covered with appressed hard sharp seales. Leaves obovate, blade 8-10 in., petiole 1/4-1/2 in. Fl. 1 in. diam., petals waxy, white, base blood-red. Stachyurus himalaicus, Hook. fil. & Thorns., Himalaya, from Nepal eastwards, 5,0008,000 ft., Manipur, China, is a small tree or extensively scrambling shrub, glabrous, II. tetramerous, in short lateral spikes on long pendulous branches. Stamens s. ovary I-celled. style simple, stigma capitate-peltate, ovules many. Berries 1/5, in. diam. Order XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEAE. Gen. PL i. 189. (Dipterocarpeae.) (Braudis in Journal Linnean Society, vol. xxxi, (1895) p. 1.) Resinous trees, rarely shrubs, mostly evergreen. Leaves alternate, stipulate, simple, penniveined, generally coriaceous, petioles mostly thickened below the blade. Young shoots and inflorescence, calyx and outside of petals in most species pubescent, hairs 1-celled, generally stellate or fasciculate. Fl. bisexual, regular, pentamerous, in spikes or racemes, these often unilateral and mostly paniculate. Receptacle fleshy, broad, flat or obconical, often concave, bearing on its outer edge the calyx, the segments of which as a rule are much enlarged in fruit. Petals contorted, stamens 5, L0, or more, anthers introrse, adnate to filaments, which are mostly short, the connective being often pre-longed beyond the anthers. Ovary 3-celled, often prolonged into a fleshy stylopodium, in some cases immersed in the hollow receptacle. Two collateral ovules in each cell, attached to the inner angle. Fruit 1-seeded, pericarp coriaceous, indehiscent. Seed with or without albumen, cotyledons fleshy, bifid, often stipitate, in most species filled with starch, in others with oil. while some contain both. Remarkable anatomical characters. — Resin ducts are found in the pith of the young stem and branches, in the pith of all vascular bundles, in the petiole, midrib, nerves and veins of leaves as well as of those bundles which run through the bark. The walls of these ducts are lined by a stratum of thin-walled secreting cells. In many species similar ducts are also found In the wood, They contain an essential oil, known as wood-oil in t he ease of Dipterocarpus, as camphor-oil in the case of Drylobalanops. Exposed to the air, outside or in cavities of the trunk, these essential oils are transformed into resin or camphor. Cortical leaf traces. — Some distance below the node the leaf traces separate from


Dipterocarpus] XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEAE 65 1. DIPTEROCARPUS, Gaertn. f. : Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 295. Tall, regularly shaped trunks, no heartwood. Leaves are renewed at the end of the hot season, when the old leaves fall. Secondary nerves prominent, straight, joined by parallel tertiary nerves. In bud the two halves of the leaf are folded upon each other and the sections between two secondary nerves are also folded in half. Fl. large, pink, in short few-fid. axillary panicles. Receptacle concave, continued into a campanulate or obconical calyx tube with 5 segments, 2 of which are larger. Stamens x, connective prolonged into a long point, anther cells mostly equal. Ovary generally hairy, continued into a conical fleshy stylopodium, style filiform, stigma minute. Tube of fruiting calyx enclosing fruit, but not adnate to it, globose or ovoid, smooth or with 5 ribs or wings, alternating with calyx segments, two of which develop into large longitudinally veined wings. Pericarp thin at the base, thick and fibrous in the upper portion. The cotyledons of the germinating seed remain enclosed in the pericarp and fruiting calyx, being attached to the radicle by long petioles. Species 64. Numerous (up to 100) resin ducts in a leaf-bearing internode near the circumference of the pith. The lateral leaf traces enter the bark at varying levels, generally in the upper half of the internode. Numerous stipular traces in the bark below the node. Frequently large mucilage cavities in pith and cortex. A. Tube of fruiting calyx smooth. 1. D. turbinatus, Gaertn. f. — Syn. D. laevis, Ham.; Roxb. Cor. PL t. 213; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 114. Vera. Gurjun, Chittagong; Kanyin-ni, Burm. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, blade 5-12 in., petiole rarely more than I the length of blade, secondary nerves 14-18 pair. Varies greatly in regard to the pubescence of young shoots, leaves and inflorescence. Kurz calls the form with glabrous and glossy leaves. D. laevis, that with hoary leaves D. turbinatus. Cachar, Tipperah, Chittagong hills, Burma, Andamans, Malay Peninsula. Fl. April. Fruit May. As a rule not gregarious, but scattered in mixed forest, generally taller than the trees associated with it. North of Bhamo D. laevis is reported to grow gregarious in patches. Yields wood oil. Heartwood reddish-grey, not durable. Closely allied is 2. D. indicus, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 94 (D. turbinatus, Cooke, Bombay Fl. i. 84). Yennemara, Coorg; Ennai. Tam.; Velayani, Mal. Evergreen forest of the Western Ghats from North Kanara southwards. Fl. January-March. Petioles longer, 1/2 to 1/4 the length of blade, and secondary nerves less numerous, 10-15 pair. 3. D. obtusifolius, Teysm. : Kurz, F. Fl. i. 115. young shoots, petioles and inflorescence] densely clothed with long pale lawny hair. Leaves broadly ovate, obtuse, to 9 in. long, pubescent above, softly tomentose beneath, secondary nerves 12-14 pair. Fl. showy, pink, shortly pedicellate on short axillary racemes. Fruit 1 1/4 in. diam. Throughout the Eastern Peninsula, 20° N. Lat. its northern limit. In Cochinchina and Cambodia very common and gregarious. Ascends to 3,000 ft. in Pegu and Martaban ; at higher elevations gregarious, forming forests similar to those of D, tuberculatus. D. vestitus, Wall., Tavoy, very similar and probably not specifically distinct. 4. D. pilosus, Roxb. ; Kurz F. Fl. i. 115. — Syn. D. Baudii, Korthals. Young shoots, stipules and petioles densely clothed with tawny fascicled hairs. Leaves elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, 8-18 in. long, ciliate at the edges, hairy beneath, secondary nerves 20-25 pair. Fruiting calyx glabrous, ovoid. 2 in. long, wings to 9 in. Fruit densely pubescent. Damp forests in the upper part of the Assam valley, Chittagong hills, Aracan, Lower Burma, Andamans(?). Fruit April, Sumatra (gregarious, Korthals), Bangka, Yields a semifluid resin.


66 XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEAE [Dipterocarpus Fig. 28.— Dipterocarpus pilosus, Roxb. 1/2. B. Tube of fruiting calyx with 5 protuberances near its mouth. 5. D. tuberculatus, Roxb. ; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 113. Vera. Eng (In), Burm. Stipules 4-5 in. long, greyish-tomentose. Leaves up to 18 in. long and 14 in. broad, cordate or broadly-ovate, apex rounded, glossy above, glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath, secondary nerves 10-15 pair, arching. Fl. large, petals 1 1/4 in. long, tomentose outside. Fruiting calyx tube obovate, velvety when young, glabrous when mature, between the segments produced into 5 sharp knobs. Nuts tomentose. Throughout the Eastern Peninsula from Pegu to Cambodia, northern limit at 25° N. Lat. Eminently gregarious, forming extensive forests on laterite at the foot of the hills of Lower and Upper Burma, accompanied by subordinate species, Terminalia, Eugenia, Dillenia, Symplocos and others. Yields wood oil and resin. Fl. April. Fr. May. Heartwood red, moderately durable. C. Tube of fruiting calyx with 5 longitudinal wings. 6. D. alatus, Roxb.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 116. Vera. Kanyinbyu, Burm. Shoots and stipules pubescent. Leaves ovate or elliptic, acute, pubescent beneath, margin ciliate, secondary nerves 12-15 pair, blade 4-6 in., petiole (softly hairy) 1-1 1/2 in. long. Wings on fruiting calyx tube broad, half the diameter of tube or more. Pegu, Tenasserim, Siam, Cambodia. Fl. April, fruit May. Not gregarious, but scattered in mixed forests, generally taller than the trees associated with it. Heartwood greyish-red, not durable. The medullary rays consist of two classes of cells, long and short ; the long cells (up to 0.12 inch long) are filled with wood oil. Closely allied and possibly not distinct is 7. D. costatus, Gaertn. f., Lower Burma, South Tipperah, near the coast (Hamilton), wings on calyx tube narrow. S. D. incanus, Roxb. Pegu, South Andaman (common), Chittagong (doubtful), Tongkah in Siam on the east coast of the Malay Peninsula at its north extremity. Branchlets, young shoots and petioles softly hairy. Leaves ovate, thinly pubescent on both surfaces, margin ciliate. 9. D. Bourdilloni, Brandis in Hook. Ic. Plant, t. 2403 (Kar angili, Mal.). Carcoor Ghat (Malabar), Travancore, evergreen forest in the low country. A lofty tree, young shoots, branchlets and petiole softly velvety. Leaves elliptic, shortly acuminate, tomentose beneath, 6-10 in. long, secondary nerves 12-18 pair, tube of fruiting calyx glabrous, 1 1/2 in. long, wings on tube 1/4 in. wide. Similar to D. insignis, Thwaites, of Ceylon, but distinct. 2. ANISOPTERA, Korthals ; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 300. Stipules small, early deciduous. Stamens 20-35, anther cells unequal, connective prolonged into a long awn. Stylopodium thick, fleshy, bearing 3, sometimes 4-6, short styles. Fruiting calyx adnate to fruit, globose or campanulate, 2 segments uracil larger than the others, with 3 prominent longitudinal nerves and numerous transverse veins. Species'15. In the circumference of the pith 18-24 resin ducts. The lateral leaf traces enter the bark at varying levels, in some species at the base of the internode. In the petiole a complete circle of 7-13 vascular bundles, with a resin duct in each, and a central mass of vascular bundles, without resin ducts.


68 XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEAE [Hopea B. Calyx glabrous. 5. H. Wightiana, Wall.; Wight Ill. t. 37. Vern. Kavsi, Mar.; Haiga, Kan.; Ila pongu, Tam. Youngest branchlets and petioles softly pubescent, otherwise glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, oblong, 6-8 in. long, petiole short. Fl. in axillary fascicled panicles, shorter than the leaves, petals pubescent outside. Upper portion of ovary puberulous, stylopodium glabrous, slightly verrucose, style short. Round echinate galls frequent in the axils of leaves. Evergreen forests at the foot of the Western Ghats, from North Kanara southwards. Often gregarious, covering large tracts in the low country of South Kanara. Fl. March-June. 6. H. glabra, Wight et Arn. — (H. Wightiana var. glabra, Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 96). Ghats of Tinnevelli and Travancore. Leaves lanceolate, 3-4 in. long, secondary nerves 8 pair. Ovary, stylopodium and outside of petals slightly puberulous. 7. H. racophloea, Dyer. — Syn. H. malabarica, Bedd. Ic. Fl. Ind. Or. t. 185 (Karung Kongu, Tam. ; Veduvali Kongu, Mal.), Travancore. A large glabrous tree, bark dark, peeling off in long recurved strips, which hang all round the trunk. Leaves ovate, caudate-acuminate, blade 2-4i, petiole slender, £ in. long. -Panicles 2-4 in one leaf axil. Stylopodium cylindric, slightly narrowed at base. Larger segments of fruiting calyx spathulate, obtuse, with 7-11 longitudinal nerves. Sect. II. — Dryobalanoides. Secondary nerves numerous, approximate, often obscure. 8. H. Griffithii, Kurz. Mergui, Malay Peninsula. Main secondary nerves 14-24 pair, with numerous shorter intermediate nerves, joined by very closely reticulate veins. Panicles glabrous, axillary, much shorter than leaf. Stylopodium broad, constricted 4. PENTACME, A. DC; Brandis in Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. 31 (1895) 72. Species 3, Eastern Peninsula and Philippines. P. suavis, A. DC. — Syn. P. siamensis, Kurz, P. PI. i. 119; Shorea siamensis, Miq. ; PL Brit. Ind. i. 304. Vern. Engyin, Burm. A large tree, heartwood brown, hard and durable, on dry ridges a shrub. Leafless during part of the hot season, when the tree is covered with large panicles of showy flowers. Leaves ovate, whitish-tomentose beneath while quite young. Fl. f in. across, petals orbicular, at flowering time forming a hollow globe, open at the top, enclosing stamens and ovary. Stamens 15, anthers oblong, cells equal, the valves of each cell, as well as the connective, prolonged into a shortawn, so that each anther has 5 subulate appendages. Ovary glabrous, prolonged in to a conical stylopodium, style filiform, glabrous. All calyx segments enlarged in fruit, but the three outer much larger than the others, all narrowed into a stalk, which expands into a broad base, appressed to the base of fruit, but not enclosing it. Cotyledons thick, fleshy, stipitate, concave, enclosing each other, filled with fat and oil, radicle short, plumula conspicuous. Throughout the Eastern Peninsula, extending to 25° N. Lat. Gregarious in Upper Burma and Cochinchina, scattered in the Eng forest of Lower Burma. Fl. H. S. 5. SHOREA, Roxb. ; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 303. Stipules in a few species large and persistent, in most small and early deciduous. Leaves coriaceous, secondary nerves prominent, tertiary mostly parallel. Flowers as a rule in unilateral spikes or racemes, which are distichous and regularly alternating on the branches of large axillary and terminal panicles. Each flower subtended by 2 bracteoles, mostly deciduous, in a few species persistent and conspicuous, Sepals strongly imbricate, hairy. Petals hairy outside. Anther cells generally equal ; connective as a rule prolonged into a pointed appendage. Segments of fruiting calyx with their broad bases


Shorea] XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEAE 60 tightly enclosing the fruit, the 3 outer ones larger and much longer than fruit. Cotyledons fleshy, tilled with starch or fat oil, concave, one embracing the other, and the lignified placenta with remains of dissepiments enclosed by them. Species 89, of which 7 are here described. In the circumference of the pith at the base of internode from 3 to 30 resin ducts. Three leaf traces enter petiole, the 2 lateral enter the bark at different levels. The petiole below insertion of blade as a rule has a semicircle of 7 or 9 half-moon shaped vascular bundles, distinct or confluent, each with a resin duct. The central mass of vascular bundles consists of several curved bands, with or without resin ducts. A. Stamens 20-60, appendage of connective ciliate, stylopodium large, hairy, as well as ovary ; style short, glabrous, stigma minute. The species of this section have young shoots and inflorescence grey stellately pubescent. 1. S. robusta, Gaertn. f. : Roxb. Cor. Pl. t. 212; Bedd. Pl. Sylv. t. 4. Brandis F. Fl. 26 t. 9. The Sal tree. Vern. Sal, sakhu, Hind; Koroh, Oudh; Sarei, rinjal, C. P.: Sarjom, Kol; Salwa, soringhi, Uriya ; Gugal, Tel. A large gregarious tree, heartwood dark brown, coarse-and cross-grained, hard, heavy, strong and tough. Leaves when full grown glabrous and shining, 4-10 in. long, from a rounded or cordate base broad-ovate, more or less acuminate, ending in an obtuse point, secondary nerves 10-12 pair, stipules caducous, petiole £ the length of blade. Fl. yellowish on short pedicels, in unilateral racemes arranged in large compound axillary and terminal panicles. Calyx and petals softly grey tomentose outside, calyx lobes short, triangular. Petals 4 times the length of calyx, orange inside. Wings of fruiting calyx obtuse, oblong or spathulate, the larger '2-3 in. long, with 10-15 parallel longitudinal nerves and distinct straight or oblique transverse veins. The area occupied by the Sal tree forms two irregular but fairly defined belts, separated by the Gangetic plain. The northern or subhimalayan belt extends from the Kangra valley in the Punjab to the Darrang and Nowgong districts in Assam. Further to the north-west the cold is too severe, while further east in the Brahmaputra valley the climate is too moist throughout the year. The southern or Central India belt extends from the Coromandel coast west to the Pachmarhi sandstone hills, and south to the Godavari river. Never quite leafless, the young foliage appears in March with the flowers. The seed ripens in June and germinates immediately, often before falling to the ground. 2. S. Tumbuggaia, Roxb.; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 5. — Syn. Vatica Tumbuggaia, Wight et Arn.: Wight Ic. t. 27. Vern. Tamba, Jalari, Tel. Hills of Cuddapah and North Arcot. A large tree, differs chiefly by smaller leaves, secondary nerves 8-10 pair, petiole 1/3-1/2 length of blade. 3. S. obtusa, Wall.; Kurz, F. Fl. i. 118; Pierre, Fl. For. Cochinch. t. 234. Vern. Thitya, Burm. A largo tree, heartwood similar to that of Sal, but more even-grained. Leaves 4-6 in., oblong, obtuse, narrowed into petiole 1/6-1/8 length of blade, secondary nerves 10-14 pair. Eastern Peninsula, not known north of 20° N. Lat., generally associated with Dipterocarpus tuberculatus; in Cambodia, according to Pierre, forming pure forests by itself. B. Stamens 15-20, rarely more, anthers oblong, connective terminating in a long filiform naked appendage. Ovary mostly glabrous, no stylopodium, style longer than ovary, stigma generally 3-dentate. Fig. 30.—Shorea obtusa, Wall. Transverse section of internode below insertion of petiole, magnified 17 times. Three leaf traces in the bark, the apical with 3 resin ducts, each of the two lateral with one.


72 XVII. DIPTEROCARPACEAE [Vatica Fig. 32. — Vatica lanceaefolia, Blume. Fl. and fr. 1/2. Assam, in the valley as well as on the hills surrounding it, Cachar, Chittagong hills. Upper Burma on the Irawaddi above Bhamo. Fl. April, May. 3. V. Griffithii, Brandis. Mogaung, Upper Burma. A tree. Leaves rigidly coriaceous, blade 4-9, petiole 1/2 in. long. Fl. yellow, scented, in much ramified axillary panicles. B. (Subgenus Synaptea). Ovary as a rule entirely or partially immersed in receptacle, 2 segments of fruiting calyx expanding into long wings. 4. V. grandiflora, Dyer. — Syn. Anisoptera odorata, Kurz, F. Fl. i. 112. A middle-sized deciduous tree, young shoots and inflorescence clothed with ferruginous stellate tomentum. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic, blade 5-7, petiole 3/4-1 in. long. Fl. 3/4 in., ovary slightly immersed in the receptacle, densely clothed with stellate hairs. Wings of fruiting calyx oblanceolate, the larger 2 1/2 in. long with stellate deciduous pubescence, the smaller one-third their length. Martaban, Tenasserim, Singapore. 5. V. faginea, Dyer, Tenasserim, Perak, Cochinchina, is very similar and perhaps not specifically distinct. Leaves and flowers smaller, blade 4-5, petiole J-J in. long. Fl. 1/2 in. 6. V. Scaphula, Dyer; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 301. Vern. Boil shora, Mugh (Roxb. Fl. Ind. ii. 611). A large tree. Leaves elliptic-oblong, blade 5-8 in., petiole much thickened in the upper half, 1 in. long, midrib and 14-16 pair secondary nerves very prominent beneath, tertiary nerves parallel and reticulate. Fl. 1/2 in. diam., in ample terminal panicles, ramifications and calyx grey tomentose with long stellate hairs, petals white, nearly glabrous, broadly ovate, spreading. Stamens 10. Maskhal Island, Chittagong district, canoes made of it. Fl. C. S. The anatomy of this anomalous species merits further study. 9. VATERIA, Linn.; Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 313. Species 3, one in Ceylon, another on the Seychelles. 1. V. indica, Linn.; Roxb. Cor. pl. t. 288; Wight Ill. t. 36.— Syn. V. malabarica, Blume ; Bedd. Fl. Sylv. t. 84. The Piney Varnish Tree. Vern, Dhupada, Gugli, Kan.; Bili dupa, Coorg; Vellei Kuntrikam, Tam.; Payin. Mal.


Subjects Salmon (Continued) Sandy River, Oregon, survey. SSR 14 Schizamoeba salmonis a new parasitic amoeba. Doc 987 seasons, fishing. FL 80; RR 7 silver, leech-infestation study. PFC, v. 16, no. 3 D silver or coho. Car 24, 25; Doc 902, 1092 smoked. Doc 902, 1092; FL 18. 60; RR 7. 18 sockeye (See Salmon, red or sockeye), spawning, effects of injected pituitary material on. PFC. v. 14. no. 3 E spawning nests. FB 61 spawning observations. Doc 1021; FB 39, 50, 61. 95; IR 33; SSR 26; SSR-F 12. 56, 67, 74 spermatozoa, effectiveness at varying distances from point of dispersal. FB 50 spiced. RR 18 spring ( See Salmon, chinook or king). statistics. Doc 1021, 1041, 1102; FB 7, 13; SSR 17 (See also Statistical Digest series and Current Fishery Statistics series) steelhead ( See steelhead trout). storage studies. FL 332; SSR 15; Sep 82 structure and development. Doc 901 tagging experiments. Doc 943, 991, 1005. 1022, 1047. 1057. 1084. 1102; FB 11; Sep 349 texture changes in canned. Sep 305 transplanting operations. PFC 30 B, 47 C, 52 A; SSR 55; SSR-F 67 trolling, commercial. FL 387 tree (See Salmon, chinook or king). vitamin content of oils. IR 36, 40 waste, cannery ( See Salmon, cannery waste). Yukon River fishery. Doc 909. 928 Salting ( See also Curing) cod, brine-salting. Doc 1014. FL 45; RR 18 cod. dry-salting. Doc 1014; RR 18 commercial methods. Doc 902. 903. 919. 983, 1014. 1092; FL 38. 45. 51. 136. 240; RR 18, 26; Sep 24 drum, red (channel bass), dry-salting. FL 136; RR 18 herring, brine-salting. FL 38; RR 18 herring, dry-salting. RR 18 home methods. FL 18 bench-cure. RR 18. 26 kingfish. dry-salting. FL 136; RR 18 mackerel. RR 18 mullet, brine -salting. FL 51; Sep 24 mullet, dry-salting. FL 136; RR 18, 26 Philippine fish. RR 26 principles involved. Doc 919; RR 18 research on retarding rancidity In salt-cured fish. Sep 134 river herring. Doc 903; FL 26 salmon. Doc 902. 983, 1092; FL 60, 230; RR 18 sources of information on. FL 362 tuna. FL 188; RR 18 Venezuela salt-fish industries. FL 240 Samoa, tuna fishing at American. Sep 382 Sampler (See Nets). Sand: carbonized sand mixed with oil. effect on aquatic animals. SSR-F 1 Sanitation (See also Pollution). FL 201; RR 27; Sep 114. 160, 176, 187, 215, 221 Sao Paulo, fishing industry. FL 267 Saprolegnla parasitica (See Fungus). Sarda orientalis ( See Mackerel). Sardines (See also Pilchard): Atlantic fishery (sea herring). FL 5, 81; RR 7 canners. California. SL 102A canners, Maine. SL 102 233


PHILIPPINE FISHES 73 Tagalog English Scientific Kerapo Giant grouper Epinephelus tauvina Do Banded giant group-Promicrops lanceolate. er. Kigting Grouper (large) Family Serranidae. Kikii-o Spadefish Scatophagus argus. Kilyong Drepane Drepane punctata. Kini Remora Family Echeneidae. Kitang Spadefish ; butterfish Scatophagus argus. Kitil Barracuda Family Sphyraenidae. Krusan Hammerhead shark. Sphyrna zygaena. Kugtung Giant grouper Epinephelus tauvina. Do Banded giant group-Promicrops lanceolatus. er. Kulapo High-firmed grouper Cromileptes altivelis Kuringding Two-finned bonito Auxis sp Kucharita Yaito bonito Euthynnus yaito. Kutsarita do Do. Kutukuto Mullet fry Family Mugilidae. Kulapo Grouper Epinephelus sp. Kundilat Big-eyed herring Ilisha hoeveni. Kuwa-kuwa Threadfin Polynemus microstoma. Kuyo Siganid fry Family Teuthidae. Labahita Surgeon fish Family Acanthuridae (all species). Labayan Slippery dick Halichoeres sp. Do do Thalassoma sp. Do do Stethojulis sp. Labian Thick-lipped grunt Plectorhinchus sp. Lagaring-dating Sawfish Genus Pristis. Lagidlid Young of cavalla Families Carangidae and and mackerel. Scombridae. Lagunlong Anchovy Family Engraulidae. Lamas Mojarra Gerres sp. Lamayan Mountain bass Family Kuliliidae. Langaray Glassfish Family Ambassidae. Langaray pako Silverside Family Atherinidae. Langaray papago do Atherina sp. Lao-lao Sardine Family Clupeidae. Lapad Deep-bodied sardine Sardinella perforata. (adult). Lapas Caesio i Caesio sp. Lapis Leath er j acket Scorn heroides lysan


154 , NOTE ON SOME INDIAN DIPTEEOCAEPE-E. \ tangular and not circular, and I have hence placed it in my section Angulati though it is not a typical representative of it by any means. 12. D. Mrtus, Vesque, is anticipated by D. crtnitus, Dyer, Flor. Brit. Ind., i., 296. NOTE ON SOME INDIAN DIPTERO CARPED. Br W. T. Thiselton Dyek, M.A., B. Sc, F.L.S. I may take this opportunity of making some corrections in my enumeration of the Indian Dipterocarpece, in the second part of the Flora of British India. This was in type, and printed off many months before publication. In the interim Colonel Beddome published the concluding parts of his " Flora Sylvatica." In one of these he describes (p. %exxxvi.) Ralanocarpus, a new genus of Dipterocarpece from TinniveUy, with two species. One of these, B. utihh Beddome, I believe to be identical with Hopea longifolia, Dyer (Flor. Brit. Ind., i., 309), which I had founded on a plant of Col. Beddome's, referred by him to Hopea. Without fruit there is nothing which could possibly separate this plant from that genus. Indeed, Col. Beddome remarks (Flor. Sylv., p. ccxxxvii.) : " When in flower only it is scarcely distinguishable from the long-leaved variety of Shorea parviflora, which grows in the same localities." The fruit is, however, extremely different from Hopea, and I had described it from a very imperfect specimen which I had no means of correlating with the flowering ones as belonging to a new genus intermediate between Pachynocarpus and Vatiea, but to which I refrained from giving a name. (Flor. Brit. Ind., i., 317.) Colonel Beddome has also anticipated the publication of Ropia racopMcea, Dyer, which is identical with Hopea malabariea, BeoU (Ic PI. Ind. Or., t. 185.) A plant from Malacca in both the flowering and fruiting stage, collected by Maingay, has only lately come into my hands, ana proves to be identical with an indeterminate plant, from Penang. 9018 m the Wallichian Herbarium. As it is apparently undeserved 1 give a diagnosis. It is aberrant in the character of its trail, which recedes from Vatiea in the direction of Balanocarpus. B.c. However, the agreement ceases ; Balanocarpus agrees in everyt m everytb except truit a typical Vatica. . , Vatica (IsAims) Wallichi, Dyer. Arbor, ramulis strict* w angulum 30 divergentibus, teretibus, brunneis, verruculis alb* conspersis, glabernmis ; foliis ovatis, obtusiusculis, firmis, utrinqne gbber nmis, costa media nervisque lateralibus siccitate supra pronnnentib, ubtus palhdionbus ; paniculis cymoso-congestis ; florum part ^ (praesertim calyce staminibusque) omnino Vaticcs; fructu coriaceo baccate, comco siccitate rugoso, stylo apiculato, calycis lotas par* eime auctis paullo incrassatis capsule adpressis ovatis acutis. Fenang , Wall Cat., 9018. Malacca, Maingay, 201. K\L f x V ?}\ l0nga ' H"2i poll, lata ; petiole |-f V& ^ C^ycia fructiferi lobi aucti * poll-*# Lapsula 4 poll. long a .


84 C. R. Osten Sacken: Diptera it my duty to describe as new, every specimen that I could not determine. A peculiar difficulty, attending the study of the diptera in the large groups of islands of South Eastern Asia, consists in the local varieties, which seem to exist on different islands. In several instances I have been in doubt, whether to regard them as distinct species, or as mere varieties; (for instance Rosapha habilis Wk. and R. bicolor Bigot; the specimens of Chrysopila ferruginosa Wied. with brown incisures on the abdomen, and those without them etc). Such questions will be easier to solve in a special monograph, based upon more abundant materials. Incidentally, I have inserted general observations on genera, groups and families, which I thought might be useful to the future worker in the same direction. The synoptic tables which I give, will save him some labor, but must be used with caution, as they have of necessity been prepared either from notes, taken in different collections, or merely from descriptions. It would be premature to found, upon such small materials, a final opinion on the relation of the dipterous fauna of the Philippine Islands to that of the Malay Archipelago. Thus much is evident, that the relationship is considerable. Both faunas agree in the large representation of certain groups of diptera (for instance the genera Laphria, Promachus, Ommatius, Milesia, the family Ortalidae), as well as in the scanty representation of other groups (the Dasypogonina with the exception of a few genera, like Leptogaster and Damalis; the whole family Bombylidae). Species widespread over South-eastern Asia, occur here also (Chrysops dispar, Chrysopila ferruginea, Psilopus vittatus, Syrphus aegrotus, Eristalis errans, Ochromyia ferruginea, several Luciliae, Scholastes cinctus, Nerius fuscus etc). Several forms of an apparently more restricted area are common to the Islands and to Amboina (the genera Scamboneura and Damaging) to Celebes (the genera Rosapha, Telostylus; the species Sphyracephala cothurnata, Diopsis subnotata, Tabanus v. d. Wulpi etc). The claim of a fauna to individuality, the degree of its specialization, are more difficult to define, upon such meagre data, than its relationship to another fauna. In the present case, the relationship shows itself principally in a similar distribution of groups ; whether the specialization, when better investigated, will assert itself in a large proportion of peculiar species, remains to be seen. In the vertebrata, the specialization of the fauna of the Philippines is very remarkable. According to Mr. A. R. Wallace (Island Life, p. 361) about nine-tenths of the mammalia and two-thirds of the land -birds are peculiar species. Such data led Mr. Wallace to believe


from the Philippine Islands. 85 that the Philippines once formed part of the great Malayan extension of Asia, but that they were separated considerably earlier than Java and having been since greatly isolated and much broken up by volcanic disturbances, their species have for the most part been , modified into distinct local species" (Compare also Wallace, Geogr. Distrib. of Animals, I, 345 — 349). The scrutiny of the small collection before me reveals in some groups traces of a rather striking specialization; but whether they will be sustained by further discovery, is still a question. I have been especially struck by the peculiar characters of the Tipulidae: the two species of Libnotes, described by me, have a peculiar coloring, different from that of the eleven known species of the same genus from other parts of South Eastern Asia. Eriocera is a genus abundantly represented in all the tropical regions of Asia and America, but most of the species have only four posterior cells; among two dozen described Eriocerae from S. E. Asia only five species have five posterior cells. Now, both species, which I describe from the Philippine Islands, have five posterior cells. The Ctenophora (Tipulidae) from the Islands also have some peculiarities in common. As far as regards the genera, it is the family Ortalidae that seems to be the most specialized. I have been obliged to introduce in it not less than four new genera, all of them remarkable forms, not known before (Antineuraphilocompusxenaspisnaupoda). The other new genera introduced by me are: Scamboneura (Tipulidae), which also occurs in Amboina; Eurybata (Micropezidae) represented in Amboina by a closely allied form, which I provisionally refer to the same genus. Notopsila (Ortalidae), merely a new name for Pachycephala Dolesch, which is preoccupied. It likewise occurs in Amboina, and is closely related to the Australian Euprosopiae. Asyntona (Ortalidae) from Amboina; I have described it on account of its relationship to Naupoda. That the Islands, especially the Northern parts of Luon, have some points in common with China is very probable, but hardly possible to ascertain now, on account of the insufficient knowledge of the Chinese fauna. Such points of contact between the two faunas have been shown to exist in the Lepidoptera (Compare the article of Mr. George Semper in the Stett. Entom. Zeit. 1875, p. 409) I have not been able to obtain data on the other orders of insects. In the course of this paper I have used the terminology for the bristles, parts of the thorax etc. adopted by me in my recent paper: An Essay of comparative Chaetotaxy (Smith. Miinchener Entomol. Vereins, Vol. V). Heidelberg, Germany, January 1882. C. R. 0. S.


from the Philippine Islands. 87 lapse grandis Thorns, I. c, 561. Somomyia tagaliana Bigot, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1877, 44. Lucilia philippensis Macq, D. E. II, 3, 146. Sarcophaga frontalis Thorns, Eug. R. 535. spininervis Thoms, 1. c. 538. Coenosia picicrus Thoms, 1. c. 558. Lauxania latifrons Thoms, 1. c. 567. Sepsis linearis Wk, List etc. IV. 998. Galohata coarctata Wk, J. Pr. Lin. Soc V. 298. Lamprogaster placida Wk, List etc. IV. 802 (Chromatorayia). Stenopterina abrupta Thoms, 1. c. 578 (Syn. of S. eques Sch) Dacus trivittatus Wk, List etc. IV. 1072. Imerina fusca Thoms, I. c. 575 (belongs to the Genus Rivellia). Acacia stellata Macq, D. E. Suppl. IV. 293. Trypeta Eximia Wk, List etc. IV. 1033. Diopsis subnotata Westw, Cab. Orient. Ent. Chlorops vittipennis Thomson, Eug. R. 604. Ephydra pleuralis Thomson, 1. c. 591. Notiphila sternalis Thomson, 1. c. 593. The following species are mentioned as having been received from the Philippine Islands, although the specimens originally described came from other localities. Microstylum dux Wied, A. Z. I, 568 (China), in Macq. D. E. I, 2, 29 (Manilla), where Macquart confuses it with Daisy. chinense Wied. Hoplistomerus serripes Macq, D. E. I. 2, 60 (Guinea, Senegal) and Suppl. I, 71 (Manilla). This, of course, requires confirmation. Celyphus obtectus Dalm. and C. scutatus Wied. in Walker's List etc. IV, 1138. The following names I find in the column , Philippines" of Mr, Walker's Synopsis etc. (1. c) without any other authority for the statement, neither in the previous literature, nor in Dr. Semper's collection Ommatius retrahens, nanus; Idia prolata; Muscafavillacea; Lonchaea punctipennis ; Achras maculipennis ; Discomyza obscurata; Nycteribia dubia.


from the Philippine Islands. 91 tropesa singularis Schiner, Novara, Tab. II, f. 2 b, (South America), which I also refer to the Limnohina anomala, has the same crossveins in the marginal cell, the same contact between the submarginal and distal cells, and, like Mongoma, four posterior cells; but the submarginal cell is much shorter, and the position of the marginal crossvein, with regard to the discal cell, somewhat different. The species, P. singularis does not have the length of legs, nor the light, aerial structure of Mongoma; it has distinct empodia, which Mongoma has not. Erioceraperennisnsip. Q. Five posterior cells; body black; abdomen with four yellow crossbands; wings brown, with a yellowish-white crossband. Length 15 mm. ; Q. (without ovip) 18 mm. Head gray, beset with black pile; antennae yellowish -tawny, the tips brownish. Thorax brownish-black, more brown on the pleurae, beset with black pile; halteres blackish. Abdomen black; segments 2 — 5 each with a broad reddish -yellow crossband at the base; it is broadest on the 2 segment, and narrowest on the S, where it occupies about one half of the breadth of the segment. The forceps (somewhat injured in the specimen), seems to be brownish, the appendages at the tip are black. The segment bearing the ovipositor is red. Coxae black, femora yellowish -tawny with black tips; tibiae tawny with black tips; tarsi brownish tawny, the tips of the joints darker. Wings brown, yellowish at base, which color extends some distance along the costa, between the costal and the first vein; a yellowish-white crossband between the first and fifth veins, touching the proximal ends of the second submarginal and distal cells; an ill -defined yellowish-white space at the proximal end of the axillary cell. Five posterior cells; the petiole of the second rather long. Marginal crossvein about the middle of the distance between the proximal end of the first submarginal cell and the tip of the first vein; the tip of the auxiliary vein almost opposite this crossvein. (I do not perceive this crossvein in my male specimen; I suppose that this absence is accidental). — One male, one female. NB. Two other specimens are a little smaller and have the legs and the antennae almost uniformly brown; the yellow crossbands on the abdomen are narrower, that on the second segment occupying only the proximal half of the segment; the yellow color at the base of the wings does not reach very far. Still another specimen (Q) resembles those two but has the base of the femora and of the antennal flagellum yellow, and more yellow at the root of the wings. I suppose they are all varieties of JE. perennis. I also have some specimens


92 C R. Osten Sacken: Diptera which do not seem to have any yellow crossbands on the abdomen at all; but their abdomen is very much shrivelled and cannot be well examined. Eriocera mansueta n. sp. Q, Five posterior cells; body black-, genitals orange red; a yellow crossbands on the second abdominal segment; wings brown with a white crossband. Length about 12 mm. Body brownish-black; antennae brownish-yellow, darker at base and sometimes at tip; a yellow crossband occupies the proximal half of the second abdominal segment; the other segments are shining at the base, velvet black, opaque on their distal half; genitals orange-red, as well as the segment bearing the ovipositor. Halteres dark -brown. Legs brown. Wings brown, with a white crossband between the first and fifth veins, close by the proximal end of the discal cell. Second posterior cell unusually small, and its petiole long in proportion. (I should not wonder if specimens occurred with only four posterior cells). — Two males, one female. NB. The antennae of this species and of IE. perennis in the male, are of the short kind; not much longer than in the female. — Tipula pedata (Wied. A. Z. I, 45; Java). Two specimens from the Philippine Islands answer the description, with some exceptions: Ein kleiner, fast viereckiger Flecken des Mittelfeldes" does not exist here. The thorax has three brown stripes; the middle one bears a longitudinal brown line. The front femora have a yellowish -white ring before the tip. The antennae are reddish-brown, the joints of the flagellum dark -brown or black at base. I do not recognize Wiedemann's description of the abdomen. Normal specimens of T. pedata must be compared in order to decide of the specific identity. This species has the complete venation of Tipula; the only peculiarity consists in the close approximation of the auxiliary vein to the first vein; it is with some difficulty that the auxiliary vein can be seen at all. — The antennae are 13 -jointed, the nasus distinct, the tibiae provided with short spurs etc. Pachyrrhina laconica n. sp. . The black thoracic stripes are confluent; collare black; metanotum black in the middle, yellow on the sides; abdomen black, with yellow crossbands on segments 2 — 4. Length about 15 mm. (without ovip)


from the Philippine Islands. 93 Head, including rostrum, bright-yellow; antennae and palpi brownish-yellow. Collare velvet-black; thoracic dorsum black (the usual three stripes being confluent); moderately shining; a large yellow spot each side on the humeri; a smaller one between the thoracic suture and the black scutellum; metanotum with a broad brownish -black longitudinal stripe in the middle; yellow on the sides. Pleurae brownish-black, with several yellow spots: a large one between the root of the wings and the collare; a smaller one near the root of the halteres; a third one above the middle coxae. Halteres yellow. Coxae black, legs brown. Abdomen black; basal half of segments 2 — 4 yellow; at the base of the fifth segment also, some yellow is visible; the segment bearing the ovipositor, and the narrow one which precedes it, are yellowish-ferruginous. Wings with a pale brownish tinge, more saturate in the costal cell; stigma brown; second post. c. in contact with the distal. — One female. Pachyrrhina ortiva n. sp. . Black thoracic stripes confluent; collare yellow in the middle; metanotum yellow, with a black spot posteriorly; abdomen black, with yellow crossbands on segments 2 — 3. Length about 13 mm. (without vii) — Head and rostrum bright orange-yellow; a well defined deep black spot on the occiput; antennae yellow, joints of the flagellum, except the first, black at base. Collare yellow in the middle, black on the sides; the usual thoracic stripes coalescent, shining black; a large yellow humeral triangle, has its lower hind angle cut off by the humeral furrow; a small yellow spot between the thoracic suture and the scutellum. Metanotum yellow; a large black transverse spot on its hind margin. Pleurae mixed of black and yellow, the black forming an irregular triangle in the middle. Halteres brownish-red. Abdomen black; segments 2 — 5 yellow, each with a large semi-circular spot (or crossband attenuated on each side) occupying the whole hind margin ; the segment bearing the ovipositor and the narrow segment preceding it, are yellowish-ferruginous. Coxae yellow, with more or less black at the base, especially on the last pair. Legs more or less dark tawny; tips of femora and tibiae brown. Wings with a pale brownish tinge, which is more saturate in the costal cell and more diluted beyond the stigma; a slight brown shadow at the tip; stigma brown; Petiole of the second post. c. very short. — Two females. NB. At first sight, this species is very like the preceding one; it will be easily distinguished by the color of the metanotum and collare and other characters. Ctenophora suspirans n. sp. . — Wings brown, with a white spot in the middle; scutellum black. — Length 14 — 15 mm.


from the Philippine Islands. 97 Tabanidae. Haematopota lunulata (Macq) v. d, Wulp, Sum. Exp. Tab. I, f. 14. Haematopota sp? All the specimens before me have the design on the wings like the above-quoted figure of Mr. v. d. Wulp; but some of them have the antennae reddish, except the latter part of the 3 ' joint, which is black; and, at the same time, two whitish rings on the hind tibiae; the other group of specimens has altogether black antennae and only one white ring near the base of the hind tibiae. Neither of them agrees entirely with Macquart's description. Chrysops signifer Walk. J. Pr. Lin. Soc V, 277 (Batchian). I found the species thus determined and the specimens ( Q ) agree with the description. They vary in size very much. About Chr. unizonalis Rond. I took the following note when I saw the type in Genoa, a single specimen: very like signifer Wk, only face altogether yellow; first abdominal segment yellow. May be only a paler variety" Chrysops dispar (Fab) Wied. A. Z. I, 196. I believe C impar Rond. Ann. M, C. Gen. VII, 460, to be the same as dispar; I have seen the types. Tab anus. There are about a dozen species in the collection, most of which it would hopeless to recognize among the 120 described species of this genus from South-eastern Asia, as they show no striking distinctive characters. Five of the species belong in the group with a very narrow () front, and a narrow frontal callus, coalescing with a linear prolongation above, a group abundantly represented in the Austro-malayan Archipelago. Three species have the front and callus of the ordinary structure, and resemble, in their coloring, some european and N. American species. The two following species deserve a special mention. Tab anus van der Wulpi n. sp. Q. Syn. Tabanus pictipennis v. d, Wulp, Tijdschr. v. Ent. XI, 100, Tab. Ill, f. 1, 2 (Celebes). Mr. V. d. Wulp's figure of this species is unmistakable; some discrepancies in the description are due to the fact, that he had a general, and therefore not fully colored individual. I owe this explanation to himself, after he had kindly compared one of my specimens with his own type. The name pictipennis being preoccupied by Macquart XXVI. Heft I. 7


FL 366. Identification of the commercial common shrimp species by Carter Broad. February 1950 PP, illus Supersedes Sep. 24-2. FL 367. The codfish industry in northern Portugal, by Randall T. Klein, Jr. February 1950 23 pp. American Consulate Report No. 26, Oporto, Portugal, October 10, I9U9. FL 368. The shrimp fishery of the southern United States, by W. W. Anderson, M. J. Lindner, and J. E. King. March I95O, I7 pp, illus. Supersedes Sep. 121. FL 369. Exploratory fishing expedition to the northern Bering Sea in June and July, 199 'by J. G. Ellson, Donald E. Powell, and Henry H. Hildebrand. March 1950, 56 pp, illus. FL 370. Utilization of fishery by-products in Washington and Oregon, by F. Bruce Sanford. March I95O, 2h pp, illus. FL 371' Japanese whaling industry prior to 196, by William M. Terry. January 1951 7 PP illus. Republication of Report No. 126, issued Maich 1, 1950 by the Natural Resources Section, General Headquarters, Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, Tokyo. FL 372. Report on the fisheries industry in the Republic of Korea, prepared under the supervision of Director, Food and Agriculture Division, Economic Cooperation Administration, Mission to Korea, December 199. April 1950, 37 pp, illus. FL 373' Atlantic coast mackerel purse seine, by Boris 0. Snake. July 1950, 9 pp, illus. FL 37. Freezing and canning king crab, by John A. Dassow. May 1950 9 pp. FL 375 A survey of the commercial fishery possibilities of Seward Peninsula area, Kotzebue Sound, and certain inland rivers and lakes in Alaska, by Norman B. Wigutoff and Clarence Jo Carlson. May 1950, 2k pp illus FL 376. Albacore tuna exploration in Alaskan and adjacent waters--199 by Donald E. Powell and Henry H. Hildebrand. May 1950, 33 PP, illus. FL 377. Cosmopolitan fish cookery for the Philippines, by Arthur C. Avery. n. d, 77 PP illus. FL 379. New England sink gill net, by Boris 0. Snake. August 1950, 10 pp, illus 36


120 Dipterocarpaceae. [Hopea. with a fugaceous whitish or cream-coloured soft tomentum or pubes-cencel bak greyish-brown, rough and eroded, very thick, deeply cracked and brittle; leaves from oblong to ovate-oblong, on a 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 in. long, glabrous petiole thickened at the summit, more or less cordate or rounded at base, 7-10 in. long, bluntish or slightly apiculate, chartaceous, while very young whitish-tomentose beneath, soon quite glabrous, the nerves parallel and slightly curved, with prominent, but thin transverse veins; flowers showy, waxy-yellow, on 1-1 1/2 lin. long, smooth pedicels, racemose, forming purplish-coloured or green, smooth or pruinose, lax panicles above the scars of the fallen leaves; fruiting calyx not enlarged, but the pedicels thickened and resembling a calyx-tube; nut quite glabrous, the size of a small cherry, ovoid, enclosed by the imbricate broad thickened bases of the wing-like calyx-lobes, the latter obovate-lanceolate, blunt, much narrowed towards the dilated base, the 2 inner ones somewhat shorter. Hab.—Very frequent in the Eng and dry forests, more especially in those of Ava and the Prome district, less frequent from the Pegu and Martaban down to Tenasserim.—Fl. March; Fr. Apr.-May.—l.—SS.=CaS. Lat. Remarks.—Wood dark or reddish-brown, tough and hard, close-grained, very heavy, and said to be as durable as teak. ‘=55 pd.—Used in house-build-ing, for bows etc.—Exudes a red resin. Hopea, Roxb. Calyx-tube very short, the lobes imbricate. Stamens 15; anther-valves nearly equaal, the connective terminating in a short point or produced into a long bristle. Ovary free, 3-celled. Calyx-tube in fruit not enlarged, 2 of the 5 lobes wing-like enlarged, the 3 outer ones remaining very short. Nut embraced by the calyx-lobes.—Trees, with entire leaves and racemose flowers forming axillary panicles. * Connective terminated by a short point. Calyx greyish-tomentose; flowers somewhat larger leaves glossy above . . . . . . . . . . . H. gratissima. Calyx glabrescent; leaves opaque on both sides . . . . H. oblongifolia. Calyx almost glabrous; flowers very small; leaves glossy above . H. Griffithii. 1. H. odorata, Roxb.; H.f. Ind. Fl. i. 308.—Thengan.—An evergreen tree (100—120+40–70+10—12), the young shoots greyish puberulous; bark about 1/2 in. thick, blackish-brown, longitudi-nally and deeply furrowed, rough; leaves ovate-oblong to ovate-or oblong-lanceolate, on slender petioles, usually obtuse at the unequal base, bluntish or bluntish acuminate, coriaceous, somewhat puberous


Hopea.] Dipterocarpaceae. 121 when young, soon turning glabrous; flowers small, fragrant, white, on very short pedicels, one-sided-racemose, forming axillary or al-most terminal greyish or whitish-tomentose panicles; calyx softly tomentose, the lobes blunt; petals 2-3 lin. long, oblong, falcate, puberulous; fruits small, the 2 wing-like calyx-lobes 1 1/2 in. long ob-long, blunt, somewhat narrowed at the puberulous base, 9-10-nerved, the 3 smaller ones only for the length of the glabrous pointed nut. Hab.—Common in the tropical forests all over Burma from Chittagong and Martaban down to Tenasserim.—Fl. March-Apr.; Fr. May-June.—s.—SS.= SiS. Metam. Remarks.—Wood brown, heavy, and close-graines. W==[]’==46, breaking weight==800 pd.. Especially in use for canoes and boats; prized for cart-wheels. Boats constructed of Thingan are said to last for more than twenty years.—Yields a yellow resin. 2. H. scaphula, Roxb. (Vatica scaphula, Dyer; H.f. Ind. Fl. i. 301).—A large tree; leaves elliptically oblong, on rather slender petioles, blunt, or almost bluntish, glabrous; flowers white, rather showy, racemose, forming puberulous, axillary, and terminal panicles; petals oblong, falcate, crenulate, about 3 lin. long; stamens 15, 5 of them free, the remaining 10 by pairs connate at base and alter-nating with the free ones; connective mucronate; style simple, shortly 3-lobed. Hab.—Chittagong.—Fl. Jan. Remarks.—The trunk used for making canoes. 3. H. gratissima, Wall. (Shorea gratissima, Dyer; H.f. Ind. Fl. i. 307).—A glabrous tree; leaves broadly lanceolate, slenderly petioled, acute at base, shortly and bluntish acuminate, coriaceous, glossy above, the 15-16 nerves almost parallel, the midrib sharply prominent beneath; flowers small, on very short pedicels, in one-sided racemes, forming axillary and terminal slightly puberulous panicles; calyx velvety, the lobes lanceolate, bluntish; petals 2 lin. long, velvety outside; the connective terminated by a very long flexuose bristle. Hab.—Tenasserim. 4. H. oblongifolia, Dyer, in H.f. Ind. Fl. i. 309.—A tree, all parts glabrous; leaves oblong, on an 1/2 in. long petiole, obtuse at the base, about 7 in. long, shortly acuminate, firm, glabrous and rather opaque, the lateral nerves (about 10 pairs) scarcely curved; flowers on very short pedicels, racemose, forming solitary or paired panicles in the axils of the leaves and shorter than them; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, glabrescent; petals pubescent; anthers orbi-cular, with an appendage 4 times their length. (After Hooker’s Fl. Ind.) Hab.—Southern Tenasserim.


122 Malvaceae. [Vatica. 5. H. Grifithii, Kz.; H.f. Ind. Fl. i. 310—A glabrous tree; leaves ovate, lanceolate, on a rather short but slender petiole, acute at base, long and bluntish caudate-acuminate, coriaceous, somewhat glossy, and the midrib sharply prominent beneath, the 10-12 lateral nerves very faint and sometsometimesines hardly visible; flowers very small, almost sessile, in one-sided racemes, forming rather simple flexuose and slender glabrous panicles in the axils of the leaves; calyx glabrous, the lobes broad, rounded and ciliate; petals velvety out-side, about a line long; anthers short, terminated by a dark-coloured stiff bristle of the length of the anther itself or somewhat longer. Hab.—Tenasserim. Vatica, L. Calyx-tube very short, adnate to the torus; the lobes manifestly imbricate. Stamens 15, the connective produced in a sharp point shorter than the unequal anther-cells. Ovary inserted with a broad base, free, 3-celled; style linear. Capsules free, coriaceous, irregu-laryly dehiscent or dehiscing from the apex by 3 valves, one-seeded; the calyx-tube unchanged, the lobes only slightly enlarged, equally long, and never reaching the length of the capsule itself.—Glabrous trees with entire leaves. Flowers fragrant, racemose in panicles. 1. V. lancaeafolia, Bl.; H.f. Ind. Fl. i. 302.—A middle-sized tree, the younger parts mealy-puberulous, soon glabrescent; leaves lanceolate, acute at base, 5-8 in. long, acuminate, glabrous, more or less glaucous beneath, chartaceous; flowers rather large, white, shortly pedicelled, in racemes, forming axillary and terminal tawny puberulous panicles; calyx (and petals outside), tawny velvety, the lobes ovate, acute; capsule the size of a pigeon’s egg, supported by the 5 nearly equally enlarged calyx-lobes shorter than the calyx itself. Hab.—Chittagong; Burma.—Fl. May; Fr. Jul.-Aug. Remakrs.—Ghund of the Brahmins, a strong-smelling balsam, is the pro-duct of this tree. Malvaceae. Flowers regular, hermaphrodite or unisexual. Bracteoles 3 or more, free or combined, often forming a cort of calyx. Sepals 5, valvate, free or connate. Petals 5, twisted-imbricate. Stamens numerous, rarely definite, adnate to the base of the petals; fila-ments united in a tube or a column; anthers oblong or reniform, ultimately 1-celled, the cells sinuous or twisted, bursting longitu-dinally. Ovary 2-many-celled, with 1 or more ovules in each cell attached to the inner angle, entire or lobed, or of 2-5 or more carpels


ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. P. 8, below line 4 from above, insert : Plumbagineae— Calyx tubular; stamens 5 ; ovary 1-celled, with a single ovule suspended from a free filiform placenta ; styles or style-branches 5 ; seeds rarely albuminous.—Herbs or rarely shrubs, with radical or alternate leaves. P. 8, after line 4 from beneath, insert Gentianeae.—Anthers free; ovary 1-celled with 2 or rarely more parietal placen-tas, rarely 2-celled ; ovules numerous ; style single; fruit a capsule, rarely indehiscent or berry-like; seeds albuminous.—Herbs, rarely shrubs or trees, sometimes twining; leaves opposite or rarely alternate. P. 66, line 13 from below, read " C. Roxburghii" for " C. reli-giosa." P. 73, line 25 from below, read FLACOURTIA for FLOCOURTIA. P. 87, line 9 from below, read "half the size" for "doubled, smaller." P. 88, line 7 from above, read " deliciously"/w "delicious." P. 96, line 19 from below, read " basal "for " bisal." P. 121, No. 2. H.scaphula, Roxb., is an Anisoptera, and should be inserted after Anisoptera glabra on page 112. P. 138, after 9. Sterculia rubiginosa, Vt., insert: 9b. St. Eoxburghii, Wall.— An ever-all parts glab. rous ; leaves oblong to oi petiole £-1 in. long and ing slender axil] t H in -across, the lobes oblong .. — An evergreen, middling-sized tree, all parts glaboblong-lanceolate, rounded at the base, on ■ Blender led at both tag, chartaceous, entire, glabrous ; "flowers small, scarlet, on capillary slighth -i llal -h.-.i™ pe.li.-.-N. beIl-6hiiped-rot*te,glabToa« > HAB.-Chittagong.-Fl. Feb.-March; Fr. R.S.—s. P. 139, line 17 from below, insert + after 120. P. 194, line 3 from below, read ATALANTIA for ATLANTIA. P. 233, line 23 from above, read 0. acuminata for 0. Zeylanica; and line 4 from below, read 0. acuminata, Wall., for 0. Zeyi "Bedd. Sylv. Madr."


Volume 116, Number 5, November and December 2005 343 As for the botanical source of amber from Burma, Grimaldi et al. (2002) indicated that “Metasequoia is possibly the source of the amber” [modern classifications tend to place Metasequoia in the Cupressaceae (Judd et al., 2002)]. Studies with solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy using carbon 13 nucleus suggest that burmite and other fossil resins belong to a large, worldwide assemblage (fossile resin Group B, Lambert and Poinar 2002). Some of the Group B resins perhaps belong in the Dipterocarpaceae (modern resins, Group D, Lambert et al., 2002), although this has not been firmly established. Modern geographic sources for Group B fossil resins include Borneo, Sumatra, Australia, Papua New Guinea, India, and North America. Nevertheless, Group B fossil resins are spectroscopically distinct from the partially sympatric Agathis-related plants (fossil resins, Group A of Lambert et al., 2002; mod-ern resins, group CA, Cupressaceae and Araucariaceae of Lambert et al., 2005). Figs. 2. A second flower in Burmese amber showing their possibly entomophillous traits. Note tubular gynoecium (g), abundant pilosity ℗ , and possible food sources (fs). Both flowers illustrated in this paper are deposited in the private collection of Ron T. Buckley. A handful of flowers has been described from younger amberiferous formations, such as those from the Dominican Republic and/or the Baltic region, including the families Aracaceae (Bogner 1976), Arecaceae (Poinar 2002), Fagaceae (Mai 2003), and Leguminosae (Poinar and Brown, 2002). Interestingly, no flowers have yet been described from Lebanese amber (Poinar and Milki 2001), which is Aptian (Grimaldi et al., 1993) to Hauterivan (Roth et al., 1996) in age, approximately 120-135 Ma, although most localities appear to be closer to 120 Ma (Labandeira to Santiago-Blay,


1893.] G. King—Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 91 puberulous, linear, blunt. Stamens 15. Fruit (immature) ellipsoid, wing-less, glaucous, smooth; the enlarged calyx-lobes linear-oblong, blunt, 3-nerved, inconspicuously reticulate, shining, 3.5 in. long and 6 to 8 in. broad. Dyer in Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 103. D. hirtus, Vesque, Comptes-Rendus, 1874, 78, p. 627; Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 151; Dyer l. c. 154. Malacca; Maingay (Kew Distrib.) no. 196. Perak; Scortechini, No. 1955. Distrib. Borneo; (fide Dyer), Beccari, 779, 1883. Burck (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, Vol. 6, p 196) reduces this to D. Tamparan, Korth. Korthals however describes the fruit of that species as having accrescent calyx-lobes 13 inches long by 3 broad. 2. Dipterocarpus scortechinii, King, n. sp. A large tree: young branches rather stout, densely clothed, (as are the short cylindric buds, the petioles and racemes) with large tufts or coarse, brownish, shining hairs. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic-ovate, or sometimes elliptic-sub-ovate, sub-entire, abruptly and shortly acuminate, slightly narrowed to the rounded base; upper surface glabrous or glabrescent, the nerves sparse-ly stellate-pubescent, the nerves (and especially the midrib) with long silky hairs intermixed: main nerves 16-18 pairs, straight, oblique, very prominent beneath: length 6 to 7.5 in., breadth 3 to 3.5 in, petiole 1 to 1.2 in. Racemes few-flowered, short. Fruit (? immature) ovoid, contracted under the mouth, glaucous, stellate-pubescent, .75 in. long and .5 in. in diam; accrescent calyx-lobes linear-oblong, reticulate, slightly narrowed in the lower half, the apex obtuse, obscurely 3-nerved (the middle nerve bold, the two lateral faint), 4 to 5 in. long and .8 to 1 in. broad. Perak; Scortechini, No. 1813. This is closely allied to D. crinitus, Dyer, to which Scrotechini doubtfully referred it. It differs from D. crinitus in its larger leaves and stellate-pubescent fruit. It has also a different time of flowering; for, as Scortechini remarks in his field notes, this is in immature fruit in the beginning of March, while D. crinitus does not come into flower until end of April. 3. Dipterocarpus skinneri, King, n. sp. A tall tree; young branches thin, deciduously tawny-pubescent. Buds cylindric, narrow, golden-sericeous. Leaves oblong-elliptic, narrowed in the upper half or third to the acute or shortly acuminate apex, slightly narrowed to the rounded base, upper surface glabrous or sparsely adpressed-pubescent, the midrib tomentose, the lower sparsely stellate-pubescent, the midrib and 16 to 19 pairs of straight oblique nerves adpressed-sericeous; nerves prominent on the lower, faint on the upper, surface when dry:


96 G. King -Materials for a Flora of the Malayan peninsula. [No. 2, 35. D. Motleyanus, Hook. fil. in Trans. Linn. Soc. XXIII. 159. A. DC. in DC. Prod. XVI., pt. 2, 611. D. pterygocalyx, Scheff. Obs. Phyt. II. 35; Dyer in Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. I, 298. Mocanera grandiflora, Blanco, Fl. Filipp. Ed. I, 451. Anisoptera? Turcz. in Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1858, I, 233. Malacca: Maingay (Kew Distrib.) No. 198. Penang: Curtis 424. Perak: Scortechini 152 b. Distrib. Bangka, Teysmann. (?) Philip-pines. The late Father Scortechini's field notes contain the following account of the flower: "The petals of this are red inside in the the middle, but pale towards the margins; the stamens are numerous, 2-seriate, united in a ring by their enlarged bases, falling off together: staminodes many, short, adpressed to the ovary. Ovary pubescent, scaly towards the base. Fruiting-calyx reddish." The species comes near D. Griffithii: but is distinguished from it by the characters which I have noted under that species. Flowers of D. Griffithii are, however, wanting for comparison. 10. Dipterocarpus kunstleri, King, n. sp. A tree 80 to 120 feet high; young branches flattened, at first sparsely covered with minute scurfy deciduous pubescence, ultimately glabrous, but always with oblique tawny-tomentose annuli. Buds narrowly cynlindric, hoary-canescent. Leaves elliptic or sub-rotund-elliptic, very shortly acumi-nate, the base rounded or sub-cuneate, the edges undulate or sub-c renate, both surfaces glabrous: main nerves 16 to 18 pairs, oblique, straight, prominent on the lower surface: length 7.5 to 11 in., breadth 4.5 to 7 in., petiole 1.5 to 2 in. Racemes 6 to 8 in. long, often bifid, 4-to 6-flowered, glabrous. Flowers 2.5 to 3 in. long, glaucous. Calyx-tube narrowly obconic, 5-winged, glaucous. Petals linear, obtuse, glaucous. Fruit sub-globular, an inch or more long, with 5 wings about 25 in. wide: accrescent calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse, slightly narrowed towards the base, glabrous, reticulate, 3-nerved, 6 or 7 in. long and about 1.25 in. broad. Perak: King's Collector, Nos. 3638, 3798, 7508 and 7606. Allied to D. grandiflorus; but with larger leaves, smaller fruit and different buds. Allied also to D. Griffithii but with smaller fruit and different buds. This species has leaves like D. trinervis Bl. and D. retusus Bl., but differs from these in having winged fruit: it also resembles D. Dyeri, Pierre, which, however, has longer leaves with hairy petioles and more narrowly winged fruit. 11. Dipterocarpus griffithii, Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. I, 213. A tree 100 to 125 feet high: young branches stout, sub-compressed, minutely tawny-canescent; the leaf buds ovoid, densely covered with


1893.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 97 yellowish-brown sinning hair. Leaves coriaceous, broadly ovate, usually slightly narrowed to the rounded base, but sometimes the base truncately-sub-cordate, the apex acute or shortly acuminate, both surfaces glabrous, the upper shining ; main nerves 12 to 14 pairs, spreading, straight, slightly prominent on the lower surface : length 5 to 11 in., breadth 3 to 5'5 in., petiole 2.25 to 3.5 in. Racemes 3-or 4-flowered. Flowers 15 in. long. Calyx ob-conic, sub-glabrous, 5-winged. Fruit oblong, 2.5 in. long', the wings extending from base to apex, stout, .5 in. or more broad : accrescent lobes of calyx oblong, obtuse, glabrous, reticulate, boldly 3-nerved, 5 to 7 in. long and about 1.75 in. broad. A. DC. in DC. Prod. XVI, Pt. 2, 611 ; Dyer in Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. I, 299: Journ. Bot. 1874, 107. Kurz For. Flora Burm. I, 116. D. grandiflorus Griff. Notul. IV, 515 (not of Blanco). S. Andaman : Kurz, King's Collector. This closely resembles D. grandiflorus, Blanco, but the two may be readily distinguished by their young branches and leaf-buds. The young branches of this species are pale canescent and its leaf-buds broad and golden sericeous ; while the branchlets of D. grandiflorus are quite glabrous and dark-coloured and the buds are narrow and pale canescent. 12. Dipterocarpus incanus, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 42 ; Fl. Ind. II. 614. A tall tree : young shoots terete, stout, densely but minutely tawny-tomentose ; the buds short, ovoid, thick, with longer tomentum than the branchlets. Leaves coriaceous, broadly ovate, acute or sub-acute, the base rounded or sub-cordate, the edges undulate ; upper surface glabrous, the midrib alone slightly pubescent : under surface uniformly pale, shortly but softly stellate-pubescent, the midrib and nerves tomentose . main nerves 12 to 15 pairs, oblique, straight, prominent on the lower surface ; length 5 to 8 in.,breadth 2 -5 to 4 -75 in. ; petiole '8 to 1*25 in., pubescent. Flowers about 1 in. long, usually in racemes but occasionally in short 7-or 8-flowered panicles. Calyx-tube ob-conic, 5-winged, minutely tomentose. Petals oblong, obtuse. Fruit sub-globose, about 1 in. in diam., 5-winged from base to apex ; the wings thin, from -25 to '5 in. broad ; the 2 accrescent lobes of the calyx narrowly oblong, obtuse, glabrous, much reticulate, 3-nerved in the lower half, when mature 5 -5 in. long and nearly 1.5 in. broad ; the 3 minor lobes sub-orbicular. Wight & Arn. Prod. 84; A. DC. Prod. XVI. 2, 611 ; Dyer in Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. I, 29S; Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 106. S. Andaman : common. Disteib. Burmah, Kurz, Herb. No. 2109 (in part). The plant here described under the name D. incanus closely re-


J 893.] G. King — Materials fur a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 99 that the D. costahis described by Roxburgh is a different plant from Gaertner's. For Mr. Dyer it is still a doubtful species ; while M. De Candolle reduces it to I), angustifolius W. & A., which for Dyer is in its turn a doubtful species. A careful examination of the material now collected at Calcutta and at Kew leads me to believe that D. costatus, Gaertn., is a perfectly good species, and that the best character to distinguish it from Roxburgh's D. alatus is the narrowness of the wings of the calyx-tube. Specimens collected in Burmah by Kurz (No. 113 of his Herbm.) and by Brandis, have fruits exactly like that figured by Gaertner. Moreover I see no reason for thinking that the tree describ-ed by Roxburgh (Fl. Ind. II; 614) as D. costahis, Graertn., is anything else than Gaertner's plant. Mr. Dyer (Journ. Bot. 1874, p. 153) ex-presses the opinion that D. Lemeslei, Vesque — a species collected on the island of Pulo Condor off the Cambodian coast — is reducible to D. alatus, Roxb. It is very doubtful whether D. alatus, Roxb., occurs in the Anda-mans. I have seen no specimens of it from these islands, and I give it as an Andaman plant on the authority of the " Flora of British India." Besides the preceding, there are various other species of Dipterocarpus in the Calcutta Herbarium from localities within the British Malayan region which, for want of sufficient materials, I am unable to describe. Chief amongst these are : — (1) Curtis ISTo. 1560 from Penang, a species with winged calyx-tube. (2) A species from Perak, represented in Scortechini's collection (without number) by fruits resembling those of D. Loioii H., f., D. intri-catus, Dyer, and D. lamellatus, Hook. fil. (3) A species from the Andamans with leaves resembling those of D. Griffithii, Miq., but with globular fruit which has neither angles nor wings on the calyx-tube. This possibly may be a form of D. pilosus, Roxb. (4) A Perak species (Herb. Scortechini mixed with No. 147S) re-presented by fruits something like those of D. fagineus, Vesque, but with the calyx-tube winged, not angled. (5) A Perak species represented by leaf-twigs and loose fruit of a species resembling both D. fagineus, Vesque, and D. gracilis, Bl., but differing from both. (6) A species from Perak (Wray No. 4031) having leaves like D. Griffithii, Miq., but with shorter petioles, and having also fruit rather like D. Grifjithii, but the calyx-tube Avith nanwver wings, and the minor calyx-lobes smaller.


1893.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 101 tea odorata. This plant has been named Synaptea grandiflora by Kurz, ( Journ. A.S., Beng\, 1870, 2, 65), and Anisoptera odorata Kurz, (For. Flor. Burm. I, 112), while Dyer has identified it with Hopea grandiflora, Wall, Cat. 958, and reduced it to Vatica grandiflora (F.B.I., i., 301). The characters of the genus Synaptea, as given by its author, are practically those of Vatica, Linnaeus (Mantissa II., p. 152-3, No. 1311), except that, whereas in the Linnaean description nothing is said about the fruit or its relation to the calyx, Griffith distinctly explains that he has given the name Synaptea because the ovary is adnate to the calyx. He does not say to what extent adnate, but, in fruiting specimens of his Synaptea odorata, the adhesion extends to the lower part only. In the " Mantissa " of Linnaeus, only one species of Vatica is described, viz., V. chinensis ; and of the specimen thus named in the Linnasan Herbarium, Sir J. G-. Smith publishes a figure (Smith Ic, ined., t. 36.). This figure however does not show clearly whether the base of the ovary is, or is not, adherent to the calyx, and the fruit is not figured at all. A reference to Linnaeus' speci-men ought to settle what V. chinensis really is ; but unfortunately it has not settled it. I have not myself examined the actual Lin-naean specimen ; but the opinions of botanists who have examined it vary as to its identity. The plant is generally admitted not to be of Chinese origin, for no Dipterocai'p is known to inhabit China. "Wight and Arnot are of opinion (Prod. 84) that Vatica chinensis is the same as Vatica laccifera, W. A. (Shorea Talura, Roxb.— fide Dyer). Alph. De Candolle (Prod. XVI., 2, p. 619) keeps up the species V. chinensis, while Dyer (Fl. Br. Ind., I, 302) reduces it to Vatica Roxburghiana, Blume (Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. II, 31. t. 7.), Blume's Vatica Roxburghiana, being, as the citations and figure given by that author show, the Valeria Boxburghiana of Wight's Illustrations, p. 87, and Icones t. 26. It cannot be demonstrated, therefore, either from Linnaeus' description or specimen, or from Smith's figure of the latter, whether Linnaeus intended his genus Vatica to include only plants with the ovary and fruit free from the calyx, or whether plants in which there is such partial adhesion might not also be admitted. If the latter were the case there would be no occasion to keep up the genus Synaptea. This is the view adopted by Messrs. Hooker and Bentham, who remark of Synaptea, " ex descriptione auctoris verisimiliter ad Vaticam referenda est." This view is also adopted by Dyer, in " Hooker's Flora of British India," where he reduces Synaptea odorata, Griff., to the genus Vatica, Section Eu-Vatica. This view is also to a certain extent adopted by Burck who (Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg) makes Synaptea a section of Vatica, characterised by having the lobes of the fruiting


1893.] G. King -Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 103 Leaves 2.5 to 3.5 in. long, with about 7 or 8 pairs of faint, main nerves, minutely reticulate. 9. V. reticulata. 1. Vatica perakensis, King, n. sp A tree 60 to 80 feet high; young branches slender, deciduously scurfily stellate-pubescent, the bark rather pale. Leaves thinly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, rarely oblanceolate, more or less bluntly acuminate, sometimes caudate, the base cuneate; both surfaces glabrous, the midrib on the upper puberu-lous; main nerves 10 to 12 pairs, rather prominent beneath; length 2.5 to 4 in., breadth .8 to 1.3 in., petiole .4 to .5 in. Panicles axillary and extra-axillary, crowded near the ends of the branches, 1 to 2 in. long, minutely pale tomentose, as are the ovate-lanceolate calyx-lobes. Flowers .4 in. long. Petals narrowly oblong, obtuse, glabrous. Stamens slightly apiculate. Ovary minutely tomentose; stigma conical. Ripe fruit .3 in. in diam., globose, the style persistent, minutely tomentose, quite free from the calyx; the two accrescent calyx-lobes oblong-ob-lanceolate, obtuse, obscurely 5-nerved, 2.5 in. long and .5 in. broad; minor lobes unequal, lanceolate-acuminate, the largest about .85 in long. Perak: King's Collector, Wray; a common tree. Pangkore: Curtis. The nearest ally of this is Vatica Bantamensis, Benth. and Hook.; but that has rather larger and more coriaceous leaves, which are perfect-ly glabrous; larger flowers with petals scaly externally and a more scurfy inflorescence; moreover the whole of the accrescent calyx-lobes of its fruit are more coriaceous and the minor lobes are blunter. 2. Vatica Lowii, King, n. sp. A tree 60 to 80 feet high: young branches, petioles, inflorescence and calyx densely rusty, scurfy-tomen-tose with stellate hair intermixed, the branches ultimately glabrous and with dark bark. Leaves coriaceous, oblong, sub-acute, the base rounded; both surfaces glabrous, the midrib puberulous on the upper; main nerves 13 to 15 pairs, spreading, slightly prominent beneath; length 2.5 to 3.5 in., breadth 1 to 1.5 in., petiole .3 to .4 in. Panicles axillary and terminal, much crowded towards the ends of the branches; .75 to 1.5 in. long. Flowers .25 in. long. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acumi-nate, oblique. Petals narrowly oblong, obtuse, almost glabrous. Stamens short, unequal-sided, apiculate. Ovary depressed, tomentose, style capitate. Ripe fruit globular, .25 in. in diam, deciduously rufous-scurfy; the style persistent, quite free from the calyx. Two large calyx-wings narrowly oblong, sub-acute, scarcely narrowed at the base, 5-nerved, 2.75 to 3 in. long, and .6 in. broad; the three smaller lobes sub-equal, about .5 or .6 in. long, lanceolate, obtuse. Perak: Scortechini, No. 2108; King's Collector, No. 7496. This species is closely allied to V. Maingayi, Dyer; but has smaller flowers, and rather larger leaves with considerably longer petioles. J. II. 14


104 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [.No. 2, 3. Vatica Maingayi, Dyer, in Hook, fil , Fl., Br., Ind. I, 302. A tall tree : young branches slender, ultimately glabrous, but at first rusty furfuraceous-tomentose, as are the inflorescence, calyx and ripe fruit. Leaves coriaceous, oblong or obovate-oblong, shortly acuminate, the base rounded, glabrous on both surfaces ; main nerves 9 to 12 pairs, slender, curving, spreading ; length 3 to 4*5 in., breadth 1 to 1.75 in., petiole .6 to 1.5 in. Panicles short, few-flowered. Flowers .45 in. long. Calyx-segments oblong-lanceolate. Ovary depressed, rufous-tomentose. Ripe fruit globose, .25 in. in diam., the style persistent, rufous-tomentose; free from the calyx ; the two large wings linear-oblong, sub-acute, not contracted at the base, 5-nerved (the lateral nerves faint) 2 in. long and .35 to .5 in. broad ; the 3 smaller lobes ovate, sub-acuminate, .75 in. long, all glabrous. Malacca : Maingay (Kew Distrib.) No. 209. Of this I have seen only Maingay's specimens, which are not good. 4. Vatica nitens, King, n. sp. A tree 40 to 50 feet high: young branches and petioles densely covered with coarse deciduous scaly stellate tomentum, ultimately cinereous. Leaves coriaceous, narrowly oblong, acuminate, slightly narrowed to the rounded base; both surfaces, but especially the upper, shining, glabrous, the base on the lower sparsely scaly-tomentose when young, finely reticulate; main nerves 18 to 20 pairs, spreading, prominent on the lower surface: length 9 to 10 in., breadth 2 in. ; petiole .5 in., stout. Pipe fruit globular, crowned by the persistent style, reticulate, .5 in. in diam., adnate fo half its length to the calyx ; the two large wings of the calyx oblong, slightly ob-lanceolate, obtuse, 3 in. long and .8 to .9 in. broad, the 3 shorter wings ovate-acuminate, .8 in. long; all boldly 5-nerved and shining. Penang: Curtis, No. 1404. This fine species is known only by Mr. Curtis' imperfect speci-mens. It is very distinct, being at once recognisable amongst the Indian species of Vatica by the size of its leaves and calyx-wings. 5. Vatica cinerea, King, n. sp. A tree about 40 feet high: young branches rufescent-puberulous at the very tips, otherwise glabrous and cinereous. Leaves thinly coriaceous, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceo-late, sub-acute, the base rounded or sub-cuneate ; both surfaces glabrous, finely reticulate when dry ; main nerves 6 to 8 pairs, spreading, faint; length 2.25 to 3.5 in., breadth .75 to 1.5 in., petiole .3 to .5 in. Panicles mostly axillary, spreading, rusty scurfy-tomentose, 1.25 to 2 in. long. Flowers .45 in. long. Calyx-lobes sub-equal, lanceolate, sub-acute, tomentose on both surfaces. Petals oblong-lanceolate, sub-acute, the half of the outer surface which is outside in aestivation pubescent, other-


1893.] Gr. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 105 wise glabrous. Stamens obtusely apiculate. Ovary depressed, minutely tomentose; stigma capitate. Fruit (not quite ripe) globular, umbonate, attached for half its length to the calyx. The two larger calyx-wings ob-lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or sub-acute, 5-nerved, flocculent-puberu-lous near the base when young, ultimately glabrous, 2 in. long and .5 in. wide ; the 3 smaller wings lanceolate, obtuse, .5 in. long. Langani: Curtis, Nos. 2797 and 2798. Kedah: Curtis, Nos. 2096 and 2514. When dried, the leaves of this are of a dull gray colour—hence the specific name. Its fruit resembles that of the next species, but the leaves have fewer and less prominent nerves. 6. Vatica Curtisii, King, n. sp. A tree about 40 feet high: young branches, petioles, inflorescense and calyx brownish scurfy-pubescent, ultimately glabrous. Leaves ovate-oblong, sub-acute, the base rounded, both surfaces quite glabrous, reticulate ; main nerves 11 to 13 pairs, blique, rather prominent beneath ; length 3 to 5 in., breadth 1.3 to 2.5 in., petiole .3 to -45 in. Racemes axillary, few-flowered, 1 to l.25 in. long. Flowers .35 in. long. Calyx-lobes unequal, the 2 longer narrowly oblong, obtuse ; the 3 shorter lanceolate-acuminate. Petals elliptic, slightly oblique, blunt, glabrous except the pubescent edge which is external in the bud. Ripe fruit globular, .3 in. in diam., adherent to the calyx for half its length, the larger calyx-lobes oblong-obovate, usually obtuse, rarely sub-acute, 5-nerved, 1.75 to 2 in. long, and .7 in. broad ; the smaller wings about .4 in. long. Penang: Curtis, No. 1579. 7. Vatica faginea, Dyer in Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind., I., 301. A tree 80 to 100 feet high: young branches slender, minutely cinereous stellate-tomentose as is the inflorescence. Leaves coriaceous, oblong or elliptic-oblong, finely reticulate, glabrous ; main nerves 9 to 11 pairs, spreading, curving, thin but prominent when dry ; length 4 to 5 in., breadth 1.5 to 2 in. Panicles 2 -5 in. long; flowers .5 in. long. Calyx-tube ribbed, minutely scurfy tomentose, the lobes unequal. Petals narrowly oblong, blunt, glabrous except the pubescent outside edge. Ovary hemispheric, minutely tomentose ; stigma capitate, lobed. Ripe fruit globular, adherent for half its length to the calyx, about .25 in. in diam., the style persistent ; the 2 larger calyx-wings narrowly oblong, or oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse, obscurely 5-nerved, 2 to 2.5 in. long, and .5 to .7 in. broad near the apex ; the three smaller wings un-equal, sub-spathulate, less than -5 in. long. Hopea faginea, Wall. Cat. 963 Shorea pinangiana, Wall., Cat. p. 157. Synaptea faginea, Pierre, For. Flore Coch.-Chine, t. 242. Penang: Wallich. Perak: King.s Collector, Nos. 36S6 and 3765.


1893.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 107 4. Pentacme, A. DC. Glabrous or puberulous resinous trees. Leaves broad, entire, penni-nerved, with obtuse or cordate bases. Flowers large, panicled. Calyx-tube short, the lobes imbricate, 2 being quite external. Stamens 15, the filaments short, dilated ; anthers much larger than the filaments, elongate, linear ; the valves 4, sub-equal, each subulate at its apex, the connective also prolonged into a stiff deflexed arm as long as the appendages of the anther-valves. Ovary free ; the style filiform, the stigma slightly lobed. Fruit enclosed within the imbricate calyx-lobes, of which two or more have elongated membranous reticulate many-nerved wings. Species 3, — Burmese, Siamese, and Malayan. 1. Pentacme malatana, King, n. sp. A tree 40 to 50 feet high: young branches rather stout, dark-coloured, glabrous. Leaves sub-coriaceous, rotund-ovate to broadly elliptic, the apex shortly and blunt-ly acuminate, the base rounded or slightly emarginate ; both surfaces glabrous, pale when dry ; main nerves 15 to 18 pairs, spreading, pro-minent on both surfaces ; length 5 to 7 in., breadth 2.75 to 4.5 in., petiole .75 to 1.1 in. Panicles axillary, lax, few-flowered, 2.5 to 5 in. long. Flowers .75 in. long and about as much in diameter when open, pedicelled. Calyx-lobes more or less broadly ovate, acuminate, minutely tomentose outside. Petals three times as long as the calyx, elliptic, spreading, puberulous on one-half outside, and glabrous on the other, quite glabrous inside. Stamens 15, equal, erect, the filaments short and broad ; the anthers elongate, narrow, with 5 apical awns, one of which is deflexed and rather shorter and thicker than the other four. Ovary ovoid, sub-glabrous, much shorter than the filiform style: stigma minute. Ripe fruit ovate, apiculate, 1 in. long, glabrous ; calyx-wings all enlarg-ed and reticulate except at the base ; the three outer narrowly oblong, obtuse, and narrowed to the concave base, 9-nerved, 4 to 4.5 in. long, and .65 to .75 in. broad ; the two inner lobes much narrower and fewer-nerved, about 2-5 in. long, or even shorter. Langkani: Curtis, No. 2095. The petals of this species are spreading, and the flower has quite an unusual fades for the order. It is at once distinguished by its curiously 5-awned anthers. Four of these awns are the produced apices of the anther cells, the fifth (the thicker and deflected one) is a prolongation from the connective. 5. Shorea, Roxb. Glabrous, mealy, or pubescent resinous trees. Leaves entire or sub-repand, pinnate-veined ; stipules large, coriaceous and persistent, or minute and fugacious. Flowers in axillary or terminal, lax, cymose


110 G. King -Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula [No. 2, Anthers of inner row inappendiculate, those of the other two rows appendiculate ... 21. S. Thiseltoni. 1. Shorea leprosula, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. I., 487. A tree 100 to 150 feet high: young branches rather slender, lenticellate, minutely and deciduosly pale stellate-tomentose. Leaves coriaceous, elliptic to oblong, acute or sub-acute, the base rounded; upper surface glabrous, harsh from the prominent minute reticulations, the midrib and nerves sometimes puberulous; lower surface minutely fuscous-tomentose, with numerous densely stellate hairs on the midrib nerves and veins; main nerves 10 to 13 pairs, straight, oblique, prominent beneath; length 3 to 6 in., breadth 1.25 to 3.25 in., petiole .35 to .75 in. Panicles axillary and terminal, 1.5 to 4 in. long, rachis and branches stellate-tomentose, the short flower-bearing branchlets sericeous. Flowers in two rows, secund, .3 in. long, sessile. Sepals ovate, minutely velvety out-side. Petals three times as long as the sepals, sericeous outside, oblong-spathulate. Stamens about 15; the filaments dilated, much longer than the short ovate inappendiculate anthers. Ovary ovoid, minutely to-mentose, tapering upwards into the long slender style; stigma minute. Ripe fruit narrowly ovoid, apiculate, minutely tomentose, 6 in. long. Calyx-wings all enlarged and membranous, concave at the base so as to embrace the ripe fruit, but not adnate to it; the three outer narrowly oblong, sub-acute at the apex, narrowed at the base, 7-nerved, reti-culate, 3 in. long and about .7 in. broad; the two inner smaller, about 1 in. long, ovate, caudate-acuminate, not nerved. A. DC. Prod. XVI. 2, 631. Scheff. in Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XXXI, 350: Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind., I., 305. Burck in Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenzorg, VI, 215. Shorea astrosticta, Scortechini MSS. Malacca: Maingay (Kew. Distrib.), No. 203. Perak, King's Collector, No.s 7646, 7905, 8182; Scortechini, No. 2063. Distrib. Sumatra. 2. Shorea scutulata, King, n. sp. A large tree; young branches with dark lenticellate bark and minute white stellate pubescence. Leaves elliptic, shortly abruptly and bluntly acuminate; the base broad, rounded, almost truncate: upper surface glabrous, minutely reticulate; the lower, and especially the midrib, sprasely stellate-puberulous when young, glabrescent when old, the sides of the midrib, and especially the pits in the axils of the nerves, with numerous minute browning pale-edged scales; length 3 to 3.5 in., breadth 1.5 to 1.75 in., petiole .3 in. Panicles axillary and terminal, 3 to 4 in. long, the branches short, each bearing 2 or 3 bracteolate flowers; bracts broadly ovate, concave, blunt, hoary-puberulous, deciduous. Flowers .4 in. long, shortly pedicelled. Sepals broadly lanceolate, obtuse, tomen-tose outside, glabrous inside. Petals oblong, obtuse, the base expanded


1893.] G. King -Materials for a Flora of the Malaysian peninsula. 111 at one side, glabrous inside and on one half outside, pubescent on the other. Stamens 15, in 3 rows; all the filaments broad those of the outer two rows shorter than those of the inner: anthers short, broadly ovate, inappendiculate. Ovary conical, pale tomentose: style short, stigma small. Fruit (perhaps not mature) ovoid, apiculate, minutely pale tomentose, .6 in. long. Sepals all enlarged, membranous, reti-culate, concave at the base; the three outer narrowly oblong, obtuse, very little narrowed to the base, 7-nerved, 2.75 in. long and .75 in. broad; the two inner .8 in. long, linear, about 1-nerved. Penang: Curtis, No. 1396. A species known only from penang, and collected only by mr. Curtis: remarkable for its almost recomose inflorescence, and curiously glandular leaves. 3. Shorea Curtisii, Dyer MSS. in Herb. Kew. A tree 100 to 150 feet high; young branches slender, at first minutely stellate-puberulous, ultimately dark-coloured and glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, bluntly acuminate; the base sub-cuneate, or almost rounded; upper surface of young leaves minutely pubescent, of adults glabrescent or quite glabrous, the lower uniformly covered with very minute rufescent (young), or pale (adult) tomentum: main nerves 10 to 14 pairs, ascending, rather straight, prominent beneath: length 3 to 4 in., breadth 1.2 to 1.4 in., petiole .4 to .6 in. Panicles axillary or terminal, 2 to 3 in. long, the rachis slender, glabrous. Flowers about .3 in. long distichous secund rows of 4 or 5, on the short lateral branchlets, enveloped while in bud by broad deciduous puberulous bracts. Sepals ovate, tomentose outside, glabrous inside, slightly un-equal. Petals twice as long as the calyx, linear-oblong, obtuse, stellate-pubescent outside, glabrous inside. Stamens 15, in three rows; the filaments elongate, broad (those of the outer row longest); anthers short, ovoid-globose, not apiculate. Ovary elongated ovoid, tomentose in the upper, glabrous in the lower half: style short, stigma small. Ripe fruit narrowly ovoid, apiculate, .75 in. long, pale tomentose; calyx-wings all enlarged and membranous, free from the fruit: the three outer linear-oblong, 8-nerved, 2.25 in. long, and about .5 in. broad; the two inner about 1 in. long, bluntly spathulate and with fewer nerves. Penang: Curtis, Nos. 427, 1394 and 1395. Perak: King's Collector, No. 8143. The vernacular name of this in Penang is Maranti Tai. 4. Shorea sericea, Dyer in Hook. fil. Flo. Br. Ind., I., 306. A tree 50 to 60 feet high; young branches rugulose, warted and scurfily J. II. 15


1893.] G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 113 ed, about 4 times as long as the Ibroad short anthers; apiculus of con-nective very slender, about as long as the anther, deflexed. Ovary elongate, puberulous; style rather short; stigma small. Ripe fruit ovoid-globose, .4 in. long, thinly adpressed pale tomentose. Sepals all enlarged and membranous, concave at the base so as to embrace the ripe fruit, but not adnate to it: the three outer narrowly oblong, obtuse at the apex, slightly narrowed to the base; 7-nerved, 2.5 in. long; the two inner from one-half to one-third shorter, nar-rower and fewer nerved. Shorea disticha, Scortechini MSS. in Herb. Calcutta. Malacca: (Kew Distrib.) No. 206. Penang: Curtis, No. 201. Perak: Scortechini, No. 1965. Wray, No. 1282. 6. Shorea acuminata, Dyer in Hook. fil. El. Br. Ind., I., 305. A tree 100 to 150 feet high; young branches minutely greyish tomentose, ultimately dark-coloured and glabrescent. Leaves coriaceous, ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, the base often unequal-sided, rounded or some-times emarginate; upper surface glabrous except the puberulous midrib; the flower glabrous, with a few scattered stellate hairs: main nerves 7 to 9 pairs, spreading, slightly prominent beneath: length 3 to 4.5 in , breadth 1.75 to 2.5 in.; petiole .3 to .4 in., tomentose. Panicles axillary and terminal, crowded near the extremities of the branches, 2 to 3 in. long, minutely stellate-pubescent, many-flowered. Flowers .3 in. long, distichous, secund, about 5 on each lateral branch, bracteolate. Sepals ovate, unequal, tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Petals twice as long as the calyx, spreading, broadly ovate, puberulous outside, glabrous inside. Stamens 15, in three rows, the inner row shorter: filaments broad, much larger than the short, ovate, minutely appendiculate anthers. Ovary ovoid, tapering, pubescent: style short, stigma small. Ripe fruit turbinate, with 3 slightly vertical grooves, apiculate, puberulous, -5 in. in diam., attached by its base to the calyx: sepals all enlarged, concave at the base so as completely to cover the fruit, membranous and reticulate; the 3 outer narrowly oblong obtuse, contracted towards the base, 10-or 11-nerved, 35 in. long, and 7 in. broad; the two inner 1 to 1.5 in. long, under .25 in. broad, 3-to 4-nerved. Malacca: Maingay (Kew Distrib.) No. 205 (?). Griffith, No. 1762. Perak: King.s Collector, No. 8009. 7. Shorea macroptera, Dyer in Hook. fil. Fl. Br. Ind. I, 308. A tree 60 to 80 feet high: young branches with dark-brown bark, minu-tely lenticellate and puberulous. Leaves coriaceous, oblong (usually narrowly), shortly acuminate, the base sub-cuneate or rounded: upper surface glabrous, shining, the midrib and nerves puberulous: lower


114 G. King — Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. [No. 2, surface glabrescent or glabrous, chocolate-coloured when dry: main nerves 10 to 12 pairs, curved, spreading, prominent on the lower surface; length 4 to 6 in., breadth 135 to P75 in.; petiole .4 to .5 in., rugose. Panicles axillary or terminal, 4 to 7 in. long, lax, branch-ing, few-flowered, puberulous, spai.sely scaly. Floioers about .5 in. long, sessile, solitary, not secund. Sepals distinct almost to the base, slightly unequal, broadly-ovate, acute, more or less yellowish-tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Petals narrowly oblong, slightly oblique at the base, the apex blunt, glabrous except one-half of the outer surface which is sericeous. Stamens 15, in two rows; filaments broad except at the apex, those of the outer two rows by much the shorter: anthers short, ovate, the connective minutely awned. Ovary elongated-ovoid, sericeous in its upper half; style short, stigma small. Ripe fruit .6 to .75 in. long, narrowly ovoid, pale puberulous, apiculate: sepals all enlarged and reticulate, slightly concave at the base and embracing, but not adnate to, the fruit; the three outer narrowly oblong, obtuse, tapering slightly to the auricled base, 7-nerved, 3.5 to 4.5 in. long, and .8 to 1 in. broad; the two inner variable, but shorter, narrower and fewer nerved. Shorea aitriculata, Scortechini MSS. in Herb., Calcutta. Malacca: Maingay. Singapore: Ridley. Penang: Curtis, No. 1392. Perak: very common, King.s Collector, Scortechini. A species from Borneo which closely resembles this appears to me to differ specifically. Its leaves are longer with sparser nerves, and its calyx-wings are longer. 8. Shorea Maxwelliana, King, n. sp. A tree 60 to 80 feet high: young branches dark-coloured, almost glabrous. Leaves coriaceous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate (caudate-acuminate when young), the base unequal-sided, cuneate; both surfaces quite glabrous, the upper shining, the lower chocolate-coloured when dry: main nerves 6 or 7 pairs, curved, spreading, thin and inconspicuous: length 3 to 4 in., breadth 1.3 to 1.5 in., petiole -4 in. Panicles axillary and terminal, 25 to 3 in. long, stellate-puberulous, their lateral branches very short and few-flowered. Flowers shortly pedicelled. Sepals unequal, oblong, blunt, with enlarg-ed concave bases, more or less pubescent, but glabrous in the concavity of the base inside. Petals oblong, concave and saccate at the base, tomentose outside, glabrous inside. Stamens 10 (?), the filaments short, broad; the anthers elongate, erect, pointed, the connective end-ing in an awn as long as the anther. Ovary hemispheric; the style long, slender; stigma minute. Fruit (not mature) globular, minutely tomentose, closely invested by, but not adnate to, the concave bases of the sepals: sepals all enlarged, membranous, narrowly oblong, obtuse;