question stringlengths 41 13.5k | reasoning stringlengths 916 4.92k | source stringclasses 1
value | metadata stringlengths 1.24k 16.6k | response stringlengths 1 12.9k | text stringlengths 1.3k 16.6k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urogenital Diaphragm is made up of the following, except:
Answer Choices:
A. Deep transverse Perineus
B. Perinial membrane
C. Colle's fascia
D. Sphincter Urethrae
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Urogenital diaphragm -> Pelvic anatomy -> Muscles and fascia -> Deep perineal pouch
2. Urogenital diaphragm -> Components of the perineum -> Muscles and connective tissue
3. Urogenital diaphragm -> Anatomical structures -> Superficial vs. deep fascia
Reasoning Process:
1. The urogenital dia... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7131, 'question': 'Urogenital Diaphragm is made up of the following, except:', 'answer': "Colle's fascia. Explanation: Colle's fascia does not contribute to the Urogenital Diaphragm. It is attached posteriorly to the posterior border of the urogenital diaphragm but does not ... | Colle's fascia. Explanation: Colle's fascia does not contribute to the Urogenital Diaphragm. It is attached posteriorly to the posterior border of the urogenital diaphragm but does not form pa of this diaphragm. Ref: BDC, Volume 2, 4th Edition, Page 332; Grants Method of Anatomy, 11th Edition, Page 244; Gray's Anatomy,... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Urogenital Diaphragm is made up of the following, except:
Answer Choices:
A. Deep transverse Perineus
B. Perinial membrane
C. Colle's fascia
D. Sphincter Urethrae
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
F... |
Child with Type I Diabetes. What is the advised time for fundus examinations from the time of diagnosis?
Answer Choices:
A. After 5 years
B. After 2 years
C. After 10 years
D. At the time of diagnosis
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus -> Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy -> Timing of Fundus Examination
2. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus -> Duration of Diabetes -> Risk of Retinopathy -> Fundus Examination Guidelines
3. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus -> Pediatric Guidelines -> Fundus Examination Timing
**Reason... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7133, 'question': 'Child with Type I Diabetes. What is the advised time for fundus examinations from the time of diagnosis?', 'answer': 'After 5 years. Explanation: Screening for diabetic retinopathy To prevent visual loss occurring from diabetic retinopathy a periodic follo... | After 5 years. Explanation: Screening for diabetic retinopathy To prevent visual loss occurring from diabetic retinopathy a periodic follow-up is very impoant for a timely intervention. The recommendations for periodic fundus examination are as follows : First examination, 5 years after diagnosis of type 1 DM and at th... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Child with Type I Diabetes. What is the advised time for fundus examinations from the time of diagnosis?
Answer Choices:
A. After 5 years
B. After 2 years
C. After 10 years
D. At the time of diagnosis
<|im... |
Most sensitive test for H pylori is-
Answer Choices:
A. Fecal antigen test
B. Biopsy urease test
C. Serological test
D. Urea breath test
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Consider the various diagnostic tests available for Helicobacter pylori infection, such as the urea breath test, stool antigen test, serology, and biopsy-based methods.
2. Evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of each test.
3. Consider the invasiveness and practicality of each test i... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7134, 'question': 'Most sensitive test for H pylori is-', 'answer': 'Biopsy urease test. Explanation: <P>Davidson&;s principles and practice of medicine 22nd edition. *biopsbiopsy unease test is cheap,quick ,specific(95%) and sensitivity (85%)</p>', 'reasoning': '**Finding r... | Biopsy urease test. Explanation: <P>Davidson&;s principles and practice of medicine 22nd edition. *biopsbiopsy unease test is cheap,quick ,specific(95%) and sensitivity (85%)</p> | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Most sensitive test for H pylori is-
Answer Choices:
A. Fecal antigen test
B. Biopsy urease test
C. Serological test
D. Urea breath test
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:*... |
Ligation of the common hepatic aery will compromise blood flow in
Answer Choices:
A. Right and Left gastric aery
B. Right gastric and sho gastric aeries
C. Right gastroepiploic and sho gastric aeries
D. Right gastric and right gastroepiploic aery
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Common hepatic artery -> Gastroduodenal artery -> Right gastroepiploic artery
2. Common hepatic artery -> Gastroduodenal artery -> Right gastric artery
3. Common hepatic artery -> Celiac trunk -> Left gastric artery
4. Common hepatic artery -> Splenic artery -> Short gastric arteries
*... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7137, 'question': 'Ligation of the common hepatic aery will compromise blood flow in', 'answer': 'Right gastric and right gastroepiploic aery. Explanation: Rt. Gastric aeryarises from common hepatic aery andRt. Gastroepiploic aeryarises fromgastroduodenal aerywhich is a bran... | Right gastric and right gastroepiploic aery. Explanation: Rt. Gastric aeryarises from common hepatic aery andRt. Gastroepiploic aeryarises fromgastroduodenal aerywhich is a branch of common hepatic aery. Therefore,ligation of common hepatic aerywill lead to impaired blood supply inRt. Gastric aeryandRt. Gastroepiploic ... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Ligation of the common hepatic aery will compromise blood flow in
Answer Choices:
A. Right and Left gastric aery
B. Right gastric and sho gastric aeries
C. Right gastroepiploic and sho gastric aeries
D. Ri... |
Typhoid investigation of choice in 1st week
Answer Choices:
A. Blood culture
B. Widal test
C. Stool culture
D. Urine culture
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Consider the pathophysiology of typhoid fever and how it affects the body in the first week.
2. Evaluate the diagnostic methods available for typhoid fever and their effectiveness in the early stages of the disease.
3. Analyze the sensitivity and specificity of blood cultures in detecting S... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7138, 'question': 'Typhoid investigation of choice in 1st week', 'answer': "Blood culture. Explanation: (A) Blood culture # Typhoid investigation of choice code 'BASU'> 'B' i.e. Blood culture in the first week (Better is Bone Marrow culture)> 'A' i.e. Antibodies (Widal) in t... | Blood culture. Explanation: (A) Blood culture # Typhoid investigation of choice code 'BASU'> 'B' i.e. Blood culture in the first week (Better is Bone Marrow culture)> 'A' i.e. Antibodies (Widal) in the second week> 'S' i.e. Stool culture in the third week> 'U' i.e. Urine culture in the 4th week> Widal test shows diagno... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Typhoid investigation of choice in 1st week
Answer Choices:
A. Blood culture
B. Widal test
C. Stool culture
D. Urine culture
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Consider t... |
Perforation of stomach is more common due to ingestion of -
Answer Choices:
A. Nitric acid
B. Sulphuric acid
C. Hydrochloric acid
D. Carbolic acid
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Stomach -> Chemical ingestion -> Acidic substances -> Stomach perforation
2. Stomach -> Chemical ingestion -> Corrosive agents -> Stomach perforation
3. Stomach -> Chemical ingestion -> Sulfuric acid -> Stomach perforation
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Understanding Stomach Perforation:... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7141, 'question': 'Perforation of stomach is more common due to ingestion of -', 'answer': 'Sulphuric acid. Explanation: Stomach perforation is more common with H2SO4.', 'reasoning': '**Finding reasoning paths:**\n\n1. Stomach -> Chemical ingestion -> Acidic substances -> St... | Sulphuric acid. Explanation: Stomach perforation is more common with H2SO4. | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Perforation of stomach is more common due to ingestion of -
Answer Choices:
A. Nitric acid
B. Sulphuric acid
C. Hydrochloric acid
D. Carbolic acid
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoni... |
Brown tumour is seen in
Answer Choices:
A. Hyperparathyroidism
B. Hypoparathyroidism
C. Hypothyroidism
D. Hypehyroidism
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Brown tumour -> bone lesion -> osteoclast activity -> hyperparathyroidism
2. Brown tumour -> maxilla/mandible involvement -> bone resorption -> hyperparathyroidism
3. Brown tumour -> skeletal system -> metabolic bone disease -> hyperparathyroidism
Reasoning Process:
1. **Brown Tumour Charac... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7143, 'question': 'Brown tumour is seen in', 'answer': "Hyperparathyroidism. Explanation: Brown's tumour: This is an expansile bone lesion, a collection of osteoclasts. It commonly affects the maxilla or mandible, though any bone may be affected. Commonly seen in Hyperpathyr... | Hyperparathyroidism. Explanation: Brown's tumour: This is an expansile bone lesion, a collection of osteoclasts. It commonly affects the maxilla or mandible, though any bone may be affected. Commonly seen in Hyperpathyroidism Ref: Maheshwari 6e pg 313. | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Brown tumour is seen in
Answer Choices:
A. Hyperparathyroidism
B. Hypoparathyroidism
C. Hypothyroidism
D. Hypehyroidism
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Brown tumour -> ... |
The technique for accurate quantification of gene expression is
Answer Choices:
A. Nohern blot
B. PCR
C. Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR
D. Reverse Transcriptase PCR
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Consider the methods commonly used for quantifying gene expression.
2. Evaluate the accuracy and reliability of different gene expression quantification techniques.
3. Examine the role of Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR (RT-qPCR) in gene expression analysis.
4. Compare RT-qPCR with ... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7144, 'question': 'The technique for accurate quantification of gene expression is', 'answer': 'Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR. Explanation: PCR Real-time PCR Traditional PCR For accurate quantification of the amount of initial DNA in the reaction Detects the DNA by ele... | Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR. Explanation: PCR Real-time PCR Traditional PCR For accurate quantification of the amount of initial DNA in the reaction Detects the DNA by electrophoresis at the end-point of the reaction | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
The technique for accurate quantification of gene expression is
Answer Choices:
A. Nohern blot
B. PCR
C. Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR
D. Reverse Transcriptase PCR
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<t... |
A patient presents to the doctor with diplopia when looking towards the right. On examination, he is unable to move his right eye laterally past the midline. Damage to which of these nerves would produce this clinical presentation?
Answer Choices:
A. Abducent nerve
B. Trochlear nerve
C. Optic nerve
D. Oculomotor nerve
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Diplopia when looking to the right suggests an issue with the muscles or nerves controlling eye movement.
2. The inability to move the right eye laterally past the midline indicates a problem with the lateral rectus muscle, which is responsible for abduction of the eye.
3. The lateral rectus... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7145, 'question': 'A patient presents to the doctor with diplopia when looking towards the right. On examination, he is unable to move his right eye laterally past the midline. Damage to which of these nerves would produce this clinical presentation?', 'answer': 'Abducent ne... | Abducent nerve. Explanation: Clinical Presentation is of impaired abduction of one eye (right eye) d/t damage of VI nerve. Lateral rectus is paralysed | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
A patient presents to the doctor with diplopia when looking towards the right. On examination, he is unable to move his right eye laterally past the midline. Damage to which of these nerves would produce t... |
The arrow marked structure is which part of corpus callosum:
Answer Choices:
A. Rostrum
B. Genu
C. Body
D. Splenium
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Corpus callosum -> White matter -> Brain white matter -> Splenium of the corpus callosum
2. Corpus callosum -> Forebrain structures -> White matter of telencephalon -> Splenium of the corpus callosum
3. Corpus callosum -> Cerebral hemisphere white matter -> Splenium of the corpus callosum
... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7148, 'question': 'The arrow marked structure is which part of corpus callosum:', 'answer': 'Splenium. Explanation: Ans. D. SpleniumThe arrow marked structure is splenium of corpus callosum.', 'reasoning': 'Finding reasoning paths:\n\n1. Corpus callosum -> White matter -> Br... | Splenium. Explanation: Ans. D. SpleniumThe arrow marked structure is splenium of corpus callosum. | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
The arrow marked structure is which part of corpus callosum:
Answer Choices:
A. Rostrum
B. Genu
C. Body
D. Splenium
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Corpus callosum -> ... |
Cytosolic cytochrome C plays an impoant function in -
Answer Choices:
A. Apoptosis
B. Cell necrosis
C. Electron transpo chain
D. Cell division
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Apoptotic process -> casp9 -> execution phase of apoptosis
2. Apoptotic process -> casp3 -> execution phase of apoptosis
3. Apoptotic process -> casp8 -> execution phase of apoptosis
4. Apoptotic process -> programmed cell death -> cell death
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Understanding ... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7149, 'question': 'Cytosolic cytochrome C plays an impoant function in -', 'answer': "Apoptosis. Explanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e. ApoptosisMechanism ofApoptosiso Apoptosis is induced by a cascade of molecular events that may be initiated in distinct ways but culminate in the ac... | Apoptosis. Explanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e. ApoptosisMechanism ofApoptosiso Apoptosis is induced by a cascade of molecular events that may be initiated in distinct ways but culminate in the activation of caspases.o Caspases are central to the pathogenesis of apoptosiso The process of apoptosis is divided into two phasesi)... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Cytosolic cytochrome C plays an impoant function in -
Answer Choices:
A. Apoptosis
B. Cell necrosis
C. Electron transpo chain
D. Cell division
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning p... |
Trigeminal nerve has how many nucleus?
Answer Choices:
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. The trigeminal nerve has both sensory and motor components. The sensory component is divided into three nuclei: the mesencephalic nucleus, the chief sensory nucleus (principal sensory nucleus), and the spinal nucleus.
2. The motor component of the trigeminal nerve is associated with the mot... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7150, 'question': 'Trigeminal nerve has how many nucleus?', 'answer': '4. Explanation: Ans. C.4Trigeminal nerve has four nuclei - 3 sensory and 1 motor nucleus.The sensory nucleus is divided into three parts, from rostral to caudal (top to bottom):a. The mesencephalic nucleu... | 4. Explanation: Ans. C.4Trigeminal nerve has four nuclei - 3 sensory and 1 motor nucleus.The sensory nucleus is divided into three parts, from rostral to caudal (top to bottom):a. The mesencephalic nucleusb. The chief sensory nucleus (or "main sensory nucleus" or "principal nucleus")c. The spinal nucleus | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Trigeminal nerve has how many nucleus?
Answer Choices:
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. The trigeminal nerve has both sensory and motor components. ... |
The deformity of tibia in triple deformity of the knee is?
Answer Choices:
A. Extension, Posterior subluxation & external rotation
B. Flexion, posterior subluxation & external rotation
C. Flexion, posterior subluxation & internal rotation
D. Extension, Anterior subluxation & internal rotation
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Tibia involvement in knee deformity -> Flexion contracture
2. Tibia involvement in knee deformity -> Posterior subluxation of the tibia
3. Tibia involvement in knee deformity -> External rotation
4. Causes of knee deformity -> Tuberculosis
5. Causes of knee deformity -> Rheumatoid arthr... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7151, 'question': 'The deformity of tibia in triple deformity of the knee is?', 'answer': "Flexion, posterior subluxation & external rotation. Explanation: Flexion, posterior subluxation & external rotation REF: Apley's 8th ed p. 42 Triple deformity of knee consists of flexi... | Flexion, posterior subluxation & external rotation. Explanation: Flexion, posterior subluxation & external rotation REF: Apley's 8th ed p. 42 Triple deformity of knee consists of flexion, posterior subluxation of tibia and external rotation of tibia Treatment: ATT, Ahrodesis Causes: TB, Rheumatoid ahritis | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
The deformity of tibia in triple deformity of the knee is?
Answer Choices:
A. Extension, Posterior subluxation & external rotation
B. Flexion, posterior subluxation & external rotation
C. Flexion, posterio... |
What is the most common site of origin of thrombotic pulmonary emboli?
Answer Choices:
A. Deep leg veins
B. Lumen of left ventricle
C. Lumen of right ventricle
D. Mesenteric veins
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Pulmonary embolism (disease) -> thrombus formation -> deep veins of the lower extremities -> embolization to the lungs.
2. Pulmonary embolism (disease) -> thrombus formation -> other potential sites (e.g., pelvic veins) -> embolization to the lungs.
Reasoning Process:
1. **Understanding P... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7154, 'question': 'What is the most common site of origin of thrombotic pulmonary emboli?', 'answer': 'Deep leg veins. Explanation: An embolus is a detached intravascular mass that has been carried by the blood to a site other than where it was formed. Emboli basically can b... | Deep leg veins. Explanation: An embolus is a detached intravascular mass that has been carried by the blood to a site other than where it was formed. Emboli basically can be thrombotic or embolic, but most originate from thrombi. These thromboemboli, most of which originate in the deep veins of the lower extremities, m... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
What is the most common site of origin of thrombotic pulmonary emboli?
Answer Choices:
A. Deep leg veins
B. Lumen of left ventricle
C. Lumen of right ventricle
D. Mesenteric veins
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>as... |
Which of the following nipple discharge is most probably; physiological:
Answer Choices:
A. B/L spontaneous discharge
B. B/L milky discharge with squeezing from multiple ducts
C. U/L bloody discharge
D. U/L bloody discharge with squeezing from a single duct
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Consider the characteristics of physiological nipple discharge, such as color, consistency, and whether it is unilateral or bilateral.
2. Evaluate the common causes of physiological discharge, including hormonal changes, pregnancy, and lactation.
3. Differentiate between physiological a... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7156, 'question': 'Which of the following nipple discharge is most probably; physiological:', 'answer': 'B/L milky discharge with squeezing from multiple ducts. Explanation: Ans. (b) B/L milky discharge with squeezing from multiple ductsRef: Bailey and Love 27th edition page... | B/L milky discharge with squeezing from multiple ducts. Explanation: Ans. (b) B/L milky discharge with squeezing from multiple ductsRef: Bailey and Love 27th edition page 864* Bilateral milky discharge is from physiological lactation All other secretions may be pathological. | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Which of the following nipple discharge is most probably; physiological:
Answer Choices:
A. B/L spontaneous discharge
B. B/L milky discharge with squeezing from multiple ducts
C. U/L bloody discharge
D. U/... |
Hallmark of breast malignancy on mammography?
Answer Choices:
A. Low density lesion
B. Smooth margins
C. Clusters of microcalcification
D. Popcorn calcification
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Mammography -> Detection of microcalcifications -> Indicator of breast cancer
2. Microcalcifications -> High prevalence in DCIS -> Association with breast malignancy
3. Microcalcifications -> Present in invasive carcinoma -> Potential sign of breast cancer
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7157, 'question': 'Hallmark of breast malignancy on mammography?', 'answer': 'Clusters of microcalcification. Explanation: Ans. c (Clusters of microcalcification) (Ref Graingerys Diagnostic Radiology, 4th ed., 2239)Diagnostic mammography verses screening mammography# Diagnos... | Clusters of microcalcification. Explanation: Ans. c (Clusters of microcalcification) (Ref Graingerys Diagnostic Radiology, 4th ed., 2239)Diagnostic mammography verses screening mammography# Diagnostic mammography should not be confused with screening mammography, which is performed after a palpable abnormality has been... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Hallmark of breast malignancy on mammography?
Answer Choices:
A. Low density lesion
B. Smooth margins
C. Clusters of microcalcification
D. Popcorn calcification
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**F... |
Computed Tomography (CT scan) is least accurate for diagnosts of:
Answer Choices:
A. 1cm size Aneurysm in the Hepatic Aery
B. 1cm size Lymph node inthe para-aoic region
C. 1cm size Mass in the tail of pancreas
D. 1cm size Gall stones
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Gallstones -> Gallbladder disease -> Cholelithiasis -> Ultrasound imaging
2. Gallstones -> Radiolucent cholesterol stones -> Limited visibility on CT scan
3. Gallstones -> Complications (e.g., pancreatitis) -> CT scan evaluation
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Understanding Gallstones and... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7159, 'question': 'Computed Tomography (CT scan) is least accurate for diagnosts of:', 'answer': "1cm size Gall stones. Explanation: D i.e. 1 cm size Gall stones CT scan has a very limited role in diagnosis of gall stone (Cholelithiasis) as only a minority (20-60%) of gall b... | 1cm size Gall stones. Explanation: D i.e. 1 cm size Gall stones CT scan has a very limited role in diagnosis of gall stone (Cholelithiasis) as only a minority (20-60%) of gall bladder stones are visibleQ which show calcification. Most (70%) stones are cholesterol stones and 93% of them are radiolucent). CT scan, howeve... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Computed Tomography (CT scan) is least accurate for diagnosts of:
Answer Choices:
A. 1cm size Aneurysm in the Hepatic Aery
B. 1cm size Lymph node inthe para-aoic region
C. 1cm size Mass in the tail of panc... |
NO is synthesized by -
Answer Choices:
A. Uracil
B. Aspartate
C. Guanosine
D. Arginine
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Nitric oxide synthesis pathway: Arginine -> Nitric-oxide synthase -> Nitric oxide
2. Role of nitric-oxide synthase: Enzyme catalyzing the conversion of arginine to nitric oxide
3. Location of nitric-oxide synthase activity: Cytosol
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Understanding the Role of... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7161, 'question': 'NO is synthesized by -', 'answer': "Arginine. Explanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Arginine * Nitric oxide, also called endothelium-derived-relaxing factor (EDRF), is formed from amino acid arginine, by the action of the enzyme NO synthase, which is cytosolic.Ar... | Arginine. Explanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Arginine * Nitric oxide, also called endothelium-derived-relaxing factor (EDRF), is formed from amino acid arginine, by the action of the enzyme NO synthase, which is cytosolic.ArginineNO synthase-------Citrulline + NO | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
NO is synthesized by -
Answer Choices:
A. Uracil
B. Aspartate
C. Guanosine
D. Arginine
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Nitric oxide synthesis pathway: Arginine -> ... |
The serum concentration of which of the following human Ig is maximum:
Answer Choices:
A. IgG
B. IgA
C. IgM
D. IgD
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Review the different types of human immunoglobulins and their functions.
2. Examine the typical serum concentrations of each immunoglobulin class.
3. Consider the physiological roles and prevalence of each immunoglobulin in the bloodstream.
4. Analyze clinical data or studies that repor... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7162, 'question': 'The serum concentration of which of the following human Ig is maximum:', 'answer': 'IgG. Explanation: IgG', 'reasoning': "**Finding reasoning paths:**\n\n1. Review the different types of human immunoglobulins and their functions.\n2. Examine the typical se... | IgG. Explanation: IgG | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
The serum concentration of which of the following human Ig is maximum:
Answer Choices:
A. IgG
B. IgA
C. IgM
D. IgD
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Review the diffe... |
Arlts line is seen in
Answer Choices:
A. Vernal keratoconjunctis
B. Pterygium
C. Ocular pemphigoid
D. Trachoma
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Arlt's line is a linear scarring on the upper palpebral conjunctiva.
2. Arlt's line is associated with chronic inflammation or scarring of the conjunctiva.
3. Trachoma is a chronic infectious disease that causes scarring of the conjunctiva.
4. Trachoma is caused by repeated infections with C... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7166, 'question': 'Arlts line is seen in', 'answer': 'Trachoma. Explanation: Arlts line is a linear scarring on the upper palpebral conjunctiva in patients of trachoma REF:Refer Khurana 6th edition page number 69', 'reasoning': "Finding reasoning paths:\n1. Arlt's line is a ... | Trachoma. Explanation: Arlts line is a linear scarring on the upper palpebral conjunctiva in patients of trachoma REF:Refer Khurana 6th edition page number 69 | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Arlts line is seen in
Answer Choices:
A. Vernal keratoconjunctis
B. Pterygium
C. Ocular pemphigoid
D. Trachoma
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Arlt's line is a linear s... |
A young male patient presents with complete rectal prolapse. The surgery of choice is
Answer Choices:
A. Abdominal rectopexy
B. Delerom's procedure
C. Anterior resection
D. Goodsall's procedure
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Rectal prolapse (disease) -> Surgical treatment options -> Perineal approach vs. Abdominal approach
2. Abdominal approach -> Abdominal rectopexy -> Risk of recurrence vs. risk of complications
3. Abdominal rectopexy -> Potential complications -> Pelvic autonomic nerve damage -> Male sexual d... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7168, 'question': 'A young male patient presents with complete rectal prolapse. The surgery of choice is', 'answer': 'Abdominal rectopexy. Explanation: Surgery is required, and the operation can be performed the perineal or the abdominal approaches. An abdominal rectopexy ha... | Abdominal rectopexy. Explanation: Surgery is required, and the operation can be performed the perineal or the abdominal approaches. An abdominal rectopexy has a lower rate of recurrence,As an abdominal procedure risks damage to the pelvic autonomic nerves, resulting in possible sexual dysfunction, a perineal approach i... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
A young male patient presents with complete rectal prolapse. The surgery of choice is
Answer Choices:
A. Abdominal rectopexy
B. Delerom's procedure
C. Anterior resection
D. Goodsall's procedure
<|im_end|>
... |
The drug that inhibits uterine contractility and cause pulmonary edema is:
Answer Choices:
A. Ritodrine
B. Nifedipine
C. Indomethacin
D. Atosiban
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Consider the role of beta-adrenergic drugs in inhibiting uterine contractility and their potential side effects, such as pulmonary edema.
2. Evaluate the specific drugs known to inhibit uterine contractility and their association with pulmonary edema, focusing on ritodrine and magnesium sulf... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7169, 'question': 'The drug that inhibits uterine contractility and cause pulmonary edema is:', 'answer': 'Ritodrine. Explanation: Pulmonary edema is a serious complication of beta-adrenergic therapy (ritodrine) and MgSO4.\nThis complication occurs in patients receiving oral... | Ritodrine. Explanation: Pulmonary edema is a serious complication of beta-adrenergic therapy (ritodrine) and MgSO4.
This complication occurs in patients receiving oral or (more common) intravenous treatment.
It occurs more frequently in patients who have excessive plasma volume expansion, such as those with twins or th... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
The drug that inhibits uterine contractility and cause pulmonary edema is:
Answer Choices:
A. Ritodrine
B. Nifedipine
C. Indomethacin
D. Atosiban
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning ... |
Influenzae virus belongs to which family?
Answer Choices:
A. Paramyxovirus
B. Orthomyxovirus
C. Bunyaviridae
D. Togaviridae
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Explore the classification of viruses based on their genetic material and structure.
2. Investigate the characteristics and classification of the influenza virus.
3. Examine the families of viruses known to cause respiratory infections.
4. Review the taxonomy of viruses and identify the... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7170, 'question': 'Influenzae virus belongs to which family?', 'answer': 'Orthomyxovirus. Explanation: Ans. (b) OrthomyxovirusRef: Appendix-141 for viruses classification', 'reasoning': '**Finding reasoning paths:**\n\n1. Explore the classification of viruses based on their ... | Orthomyxovirus. Explanation: Ans. (b) OrthomyxovirusRef: Appendix-141 for viruses classification | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Influenzae virus belongs to which family?
Answer Choices:
A. Paramyxovirus
B. Orthomyxovirus
C. Bunyaviridae
D. Togaviridae
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Explore... |
Several weeks after surgical dissection of her left axilla for the removal of lymph nodes for staging and treatment of her breast cancer, a 32-year-old woman was told by her general physician that she had "winging" of her left scapula when she pushed against resistance during her physical examination. She told the phys... | Finding reasoning paths:
1. Axilla -> Neural tissue -> Nerve plexus -> Brachial nerve plexus -> Long thoracic nerve
2. Axilla -> Muscle organ -> Serratus anterior muscle
3. Cervical spinal cord -> C5, C6, C7 segments -> Long thoracic nerve
Reasoning Process:
1. The patient underwent surgical dissection of the left axi... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7173, 'question': 'Several weeks after surgical dissection of her left axilla for the removal of lymph nodes for staging and treatment of her breast cancer, a 32-year-old woman was told by her general physician that she had "winging" of her left scapula when she pushed again... | Roots of the brachial plexus. Explanation: The long thoracic nerve was injured during the axillary dissection, resulting in paralysis of the serratus anterior. The serratus anterior is important in rotation of the scapula in raising the arm above the level of the shoulder. Its loss results in protrusion of the inferior... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Several weeks after surgical dissection of her left axilla for the removal of lymph nodes for staging and treatment of her breast cancer, a 32-year-old woman was told by her general physician that she had ... |
Post transplant lymphoma is ?
Answer Choices:
A. T cell
B. B cell
C. Null cell
D. NK cell
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) is often associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, which can lead to the transformation of B-cells into cancerous cells.
2. PTLD is a type of lymphoma that can be considered similar to non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in its present... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7174, 'question': 'Post transplant lymphoma is ?', 'answer': 'B cell. Explanation: B cell Nearly 1 to 20% of people who receive a solid organ transplant develop a lymphoma. - Lymphomas have also been repoed (though less .frequently) after bone-marrow transplants .for other d... | B cell. Explanation: B cell Nearly 1 to 20% of people who receive a solid organ transplant develop a lymphoma. - Lymphomas have also been repoed (though less .frequently) after bone-marrow transplants .for other disorders. Why does it happen? - Post-transplant lymphomas are almost always related to infection by the Eps... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Post transplant lymphoma is ?
Answer Choices:
A. T cell
B. B cell
C. Null cell
D. NK cell
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disea... |
The following insulin can be given intravenously?
Answer Choices:
A. Protamine zinc insulin
B. Ultra lente insulin
C. Semi lente insulin
D. Regular insulin
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Explore the pharmacokinetics and administration routes of different types of insulin.
2. Investigate which types of insulin are commonly used in acute settings, such as hospitals, where intravenous administration might be necessary.
3. Examine the stability and solubility of various ins... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7175, 'question': 'The following insulin can be given intravenously?', 'answer': "Regular insulin. Explanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Regular insulin o All preparations are administered by S.C. route except regular insulin which can be given", 'reasoning': '**Finding reasoning p... | Regular insulin. Explanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Regular insulin o All preparations are administered by S.C. route except regular insulin which can be given | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
The following insulin can be given intravenously?
Answer Choices:
A. Protamine zinc insulin
B. Ultra lente insulin
C. Semi lente insulin
D. Regular insulin
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Findin... |
Megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, pharyngeal ulcers, and impaired immunity. For each disorder above, select the dietary deficiency that is likely to be responsible.
Answer Choices:
A. Folate deficiency
B. Thiamine deficiency
C. Niacin deficiency
D. Vitamin D deficiency
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Megaloblastic anemia is often linked to deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folate.
2. Glossitis can be associated with deficiencies in B vitamins, including folate.
3. Pharyngeal ulcers may arise from folate deficiency, especially when linked to medications like methotrexate or phenytoin.
4... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7177, 'question': 'Megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, pharyngeal ulcers, and impaired immunity. For each disorder above, select the dietary deficiency that is likely to be responsible.', 'answer': 'Folate deficiency. Explanation: Folate deficiency can occur from a number of et... | Folate deficiency. Explanation: Folate deficiency can occur from a number of etiologies including poor intake or absorption; in high-demand diseases such as sickle cell; and in inborn errors of metabolism. It can also be seen in conjunction with a variety of medication uses including high-dose nonsteroidal anti-inflamm... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Megaloblastic anemia, glossitis, pharyngeal ulcers, and impaired immunity. For each disorder above, select the dietary deficiency that is likely to be responsible.
Answer Choices:
A. Folate deficiency
B. T... |
Tamsulosin belongs to
Answer Choices:
A. 5a-reductase inhibitors
B. a1a receptor blockers
C. a1a receptor agonist
D. 5a-transferase inhibitors
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Tamsulosin -> Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor binding -> Relaxation of smooth muscle in bladder neck and prostate -> Reduction of outflow resistance -> Symptom relief in benign prostatic hyperplasia.
2. Tamsulosin -> Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor binding -> Common side effects: dizziness, r... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7178, 'question': 'Tamsulosin belongs to', 'answer': 'a1a receptor blockers. Explanation: The mainstay of treatment for LUTS due to BPH is a1-adrenergic receptor blockers.a-adrenergic receptors are the most common adrenergic receptors in the bladder, and a1 is the most commo... | a1a receptor blockers. Explanation: The mainstay of treatment for LUTS due to BPH is a1-adrenergic receptor blockers.a-adrenergic receptors are the most common adrenergic receptors in the bladder, and a1 is the most common subtype in the lower urinary system, prostate, and urethra. The action of a1 blockers is to relax... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Tamsulosin belongs to
Answer Choices:
A. 5a-reductase inhibitors
B. a1a receptor blockers
C. a1a receptor agonist
D. 5a-transferase inhibitors
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning p... |
A patient with H. Pylori infection is treated with drugs. The best method to detect presence of residual H.Pylori infection in this person is which of the following?
Answer Choices:
A. Rapid urease test
B. Urea breath test
C. Endoscopy and biopsy
D. Serum anti H.Pylori titre
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Consider non-invasive tests for detecting Helicobacter pylori, such as the urea breath test and stool antigen test.
2. Evaluate invasive methods like endoscopy with biopsy for histology or culture.
3. Assess the sensitivity and specificity of each method for detecting residual infection.
4.... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7181, 'question': 'A patient with H. Pylori infection is treated with drugs. The best method to detect presence of residual H.Pylori infection in this person is which of the following?', 'answer': "Urea breath test. Explanation: Urea breath test is a test with high sensitivi... | Urea breath test. Explanation: Urea breath test is a test with high sensitivity and specificity for Helicobacter pylori. It is a non-invasive test used to diagnose and confirm elimination of H.pylori infection. Ref: Davidson's principles and practice of Medicine, 20th Edition, Chapter 22, Page 886; Harrison's Principle... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
A patient with H. Pylori infection is treated with drugs. The best method to detect presence of residual H.Pylori infection in this person is which of the following?
Answer Choices:
A. Rapid urease test
B.... |
BRCA-1 postive women have ____% increased risk of breast carcinoma
Answer Choices:
A. 10
B. 20
C. 40
D. 60
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. BRCA1 gene mutation -> Increased risk of breast carcinoma
2. Genetic predisposition -> BRCA1 mutation -> Breast cancer risk assessment
3. Epidemiological studies -> BRCA1 mutation carriers -> Breast cancer incidence
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Understanding BRCA1 Mutation:** The BRCA1... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7182, 'question': 'BRCA-1 postive women have ____% increased risk of breast carcinoma', 'answer': "60. Explanation: Ref: schwaz's principle of surgery 10th edition Pg no :514-515 Sabiston 20th edition pgno: 832", 'reasoning': '**Finding reasoning paths:**\n\n1. BRCA1 gene mu... | 60. Explanation: Ref: schwaz's principle of surgery 10th edition Pg no :514-515 Sabiston 20th edition pgno: 832 | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
BRCA-1 postive women have ____% increased risk of breast carcinoma
Answer Choices:
A. 10
B. 20
C. 40
D. 60
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. BRCA1 gene mutation -> I... |
Structures in the portal triad are all except:
Answer Choices:
A. Hepatic artery
B. Hepatic vein
C. Portal vein
D. Bile duct
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. The hepatic lobule is a structural unit of the liver, containing a central vein and a portal triad.
2. The portal triad consists of the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct.
3. The hepatic vein is a separate structure that drains blood from the liver into the inferior vena cava.
... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7183, 'question': 'Structures in the portal triad are all except:', 'answer': 'Hepatic vein. Explanation: Ans. B. Hepatic veinThe hepatic lobules are small divisions of the liver defined at the microscopic (histological) scale. The hepatic lobule is a building block of the l... | Hepatic vein. Explanation: Ans. B. Hepatic veinThe hepatic lobules are small divisions of the liver defined at the microscopic (histological) scale. The hepatic lobule is a building block of the liver tissue, consisting of a portal triad, hepatocytes arranged in linear cords between a capillary network, and a central v... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Structures in the portal triad are all except:
Answer Choices:
A. Hepatic artery
B. Hepatic vein
C. Portal vein
D. Bile duct
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. The he... |
Enzyme used in PCR is ?
Answer Choices:
A. Reverse transcriptase
B. Tag polymerase
C. RNA polymerase
D. None
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. DNA amplification -> DNA biosynthetic process -> DNA polymerase activity
2. DNA amplification -> DNA biosynthetic process -> Thermostable enzyme requirement
3. DNA amplification -> High-temperature cycles -> Enzyme stability
Reasoning Process:
1. **DNA Amplification and PCR Basics**: PCR ... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7184, 'question': 'Enzyme used in PCR is ?', 'answer': "Tag polymerase. Explanation: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Taq polymerase PCR is a method of enzymatic amplification of a target sequence of DNAe.It is sensitive, selective (specific) and extremely rapid means of amplifying any des... | Tag polymerase. Explanation: Ans. is 'b' i.e., Taq polymerase PCR is a method of enzymatic amplification of a target sequence of DNAe.It is sensitive, selective (specific) and extremely rapid means of amplifying any desired sequence of double stranded DNAe, which can be as sho as 50-100 base pairs (bp) and as long as 1... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Enzyme used in PCR is ?
Answer Choices:
A. Reverse transcriptase
B. Tag polymerase
C. RNA polymerase
D. None
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. DNA amplification -> DNA b... |
In depression , there is deficiency of:
Answer Choices:
A. 5-HT
B. Acetylcholine
C. Dopamine
D. GABA
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Major depressive disorder -> Monoamine deficiency -> Treatment with reuptake inhibitors
2. Major depressive disorder -> Serotonin and noradrenaline role -> Fluoxetine as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)
3. Major depressive disorder -> Mechanism of action of antidepressants -> ... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7185, 'question': 'In depression , there is deficiency of:', 'answer': '5-HT. Explanation: Ref: Katzung 14th ed. Monoamines like serotonin and nor-adrenaline are deficient in depressive patients, therefore reuptake inhibitors of these monoamines are used for treatment of dep... | 5-HT. Explanation: Ref: Katzung 14th ed. Monoamines like serotonin and nor-adrenaline are deficient in depressive patients, therefore reuptake inhibitors of these monoamines are used for treatment of depression. | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
In depression , there is deficiency of:
Answer Choices:
A. 5-HT
B. Acetylcholine
C. Dopamine
D. GABA
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Major depressive disorder -> Monoam... |
Drug commonly used in t/t of endometriosis -
Answer Choices:
A. LH
B. GnRH analogues
C. MPA
D. FSH
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Endometriosis (disease) -> GnRH analogues (e.g., Gonadorelin) -> Treatment for endometriosis
2. Endometriosis (disease) -> Leuprolide (a GnRH analogue) -> Treatment for endometriosis
3. Endometriosis (disease) -> Nafarelin (a GnRH analogue) -> Treatment for endometriosis
4. Endometriosis (di... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7188, 'question': 'Drug commonly used in t/t of endometriosis -', 'answer': "GnRH analogues. Explanation: Ans. is 'b' i.e., GnRH [Ref: Shaw's Gynae 15th/ e p. 473) Both B and C are correct. However- Commonly used is B. Treatment of endometriosis Asymptomatic minimal cases:- ... | GnRH analogues. Explanation: Ans. is 'b' i.e., GnRH [Ref: Shaw's Gynae 15th/ e p. 473) Both B and C are correct. However- Commonly used is B. Treatment of endometriosis Asymptomatic minimal cases:- Observe for 6-8 months & investigate infertility Symptomatic cases:- Drug treatment OCPs Mirena lUCD Progesterone Androgen... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Drug commonly used in t/t of endometriosis -
Answer Choices:
A. LH
B. GnRH analogues
C. MPA
D. FSH
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Endometriosis (disease) -> GnRH analo... |
The physiological change occurs in a cardiac muscle cell when there is plateau phase of action potential is:
Answer Choices:
A. Influx of Na
B. Influx of Ca2+
C. Influx of K+
D. Closure of voltage gated K channels
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. **Depolarization and Plateau Phase:**
- Initial depolarization is due to Na+ influx through rapidly opening Na+ channels.
- The plateau phase is characterized by the influx of Ca2+ through voltage-gated calcium channels.
2. **Repolarization:**
- Repolarization involves the eff... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7189, 'question': 'The physiological change occurs in a cardiac muscle cell when there is plateau phase of action potential is:', 'answer': "Influx of Ca2+. Explanation: The transmembrane action potential of single cardiac muscle cells is characterized by, Rapid depolarizati... | Influx of Ca2+. Explanation: The transmembrane action potential of single cardiac muscle cells is characterized by, Rapid depolarization (phase 0) Initial rapid repolarization (phase 1) Plateau (phase 2) Slow repolarization process (phase 3) that allows return to the resting membrane potential (phase 4). The initial de... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
The physiological change occurs in a cardiac muscle cell when there is plateau phase of action potential is:
Answer Choices:
A. Influx of Na
B. Influx of Ca2+
C. Influx of K+
D. Closure of voltage gated K ... |
Multiple painful ulcers over glans without in duration is suggestive of –
Answer Choices:
A. LGV
B. Granuloma inguinale
C. Chancroid
D. 2° syphilis
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Genital ulcers -> Painful, non-indurated -> Chancroid
2. Genital ulcers -> Painful, indurated -> Syphilis (chancre)
3. Genital ulcers -> Painless, non-indurated -> Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
4. Genital ulcers -> Painless, indurated -> Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
**Reasoning Process:... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7193, 'question': 'Multiple painful ulcers over glans without in duration is suggestive of –', 'answer': 'Chancroid. Explanation: Chancre, LGV, Donovanosis Indurated ulcer (firm induration).\nHSV Non-indurated ulcer.\nChancroid\xa0→\xa0Can be both either Non-indurated or sof... | Chancroid. Explanation: Chancre, LGV, Donovanosis Indurated ulcer (firm induration).
HSV Non-indurated ulcer.
Chancroid → Can be both either Non-indurated or soft induration (but there is no firm induration, therefore usually considered as non-indurated). | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Multiple painful ulcers over glans without in duration is suggestive of –
Answer Choices:
A. LGV
B. Granuloma inguinale
C. Chancroid
D. 2° syphilis
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reason... |
Which view is best for viewing hollow viscus perforation
Answer Choices:
A. Erect
B. Supine
C. Right lateral
D. Left lateral
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Consider the anatomy of the abdominal cavity and the role of radiographic techniques in detecting abnormalities.
2. Evaluate the purpose of different radiographic views, such as the PA erect and AP supine, in identifying free air or air-fluid levels.
3. Explore the clinical significance of ... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7194, 'question': 'Which view is best for viewing hollow viscus perforation', 'answer': 'Erect. Explanation: The PA erect abdominal radiograph is often obtained in conjunction with the AP supine abdominal view in the acute abdominal series of radiographs. When used together ... | Erect. Explanation: The PA erect abdominal radiograph is often obtained in conjunction with the AP supine abdominal view in the acute abdominal series of radiographs. When used together it is a valuable projection in assessing air fluid levels, and free air in the abdominal cavity. Ref: Internet | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Which view is best for viewing hollow viscus perforation
Answer Choices:
A. Erect
B. Supine
C. Right lateral
D. Left lateral
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Consider t... |
Initial treatment of keloid
Answer Choices:
A. Topical steroid
B. Intralesional steroid
C. Excision
D. Radiotherapy
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Keloid -> Intralesional steroid therapy
2. Keloid -> Triamcinolone acetate
3. Keloid -> Alternative treatments (e.g., surgery, laser therapy, silicone sheets)
Reasoning Process:
1. **Understanding Keloids**: Keloids are overgrowths of scar tissue that develop at the site of a skin injury. T... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7196, 'question': 'Initial treatment of keloid', 'answer': 'Intralesional steroid. Explanation: Answer- B. Intralesional steroidIntralesional injection of steroid (Triamcinolone acetate) is now recommended as the first line of t/t for keloid.', 'reasoning': 'Finding reasonin... | Intralesional steroid. Explanation: Answer- B. Intralesional steroidIntralesional injection of steroid (Triamcinolone acetate) is now recommended as the first line of t/t for keloid. | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Initial treatment of keloid
Answer Choices:
A. Topical steroid
B. Intralesional steroid
C. Excision
D. Radiotherapy
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Keloid -> Intralesio... |
Edema feet is not a feature of:
Answer Choices:
A. Conn syndrome
B. Hypothyroid
C. CHF
D. Nephrotic syndrome
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Conn syndrome (primary hyperaldosteronism) leads to increased aldosterone production.
2. Increased aldosterone causes sodium retention and potassium excretion.
3. Sodium retention does not typically cause edema in Conn syndrome due to concurrent water loss.
4. Potassium excretion leads ... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7197, 'question': 'Edema feet is not a feature of:', 'answer': 'Conn syndrome. Explanation: Ans. A. Conn syndromea. In Conn syndrome there is profound hypokalemia that leads to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.b. Although excess of sodium is reabsorbed due to high amount aldos... | Conn syndrome. Explanation: Ans. A. Conn syndromea. In Conn syndrome there is profound hypokalemia that leads to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus.b. Although excess of sodium is reabsorbed due to high amount aldosterone, but excess of water is lost. Hence edema feet is not a feature in Conn syndrome. | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Edema feet is not a feature of:
Answer Choices:
A. Conn syndrome
B. Hypothyroid
C. CHF
D. Nephrotic syndrome
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Conn syndrome (primary... |
Ash leaf maculae is found in :
Answer Choices:
A. Tuberous sclerosis
B. Neurofibromatosis
C. Lymphangioma
D. None
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Ash-leaf maculae -> Hypomelanotic macule -> Tuberous sclerosis
2. Ash-leaf maculae -> Skin lesion -> Genetic disorder association
3. Ash-leaf maculae -> Dermatological examination -> Diagnosis of underlying condition
Reasoning Process:
1. **Understanding Ash-leaf Maculae**: Ash-leaf maculae... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7199, 'question': 'Ash leaf maculae is found in :', 'answer': 'Tuberous sclerosis. Explanation: A i.e. Tuberous sclerosis', 'reasoning': 'Finding reasoning paths:\n1. Ash-leaf maculae -> Hypomelanotic macule -> Tuberous sclerosis\n2. Ash-leaf maculae -> Skin lesion -> Geneti... | Tuberous sclerosis. Explanation: A i.e. Tuberous sclerosis | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Ash leaf maculae is found in :
Answer Choices:
A. Tuberous sclerosis
B. Neurofibromatosis
C. Lymphangioma
D. None
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Ash-leaf maculae -> Hy... |
The commonest valvular manifestation of acute as well as previous rheumatic carditis is
Answer Choices:
A. Mitral stenosis
B. Mitral regurgitation
C. Aoic stenosis
D. Aoic regurgitation
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Rheumatic fever -> Rheumatic heart disease -> Mitral valve involvement -> Mitral regurgitation
2. Rheumatic fever -> Inflammation of heart valves -> Mitral valve damage -> Mitral regurgitation
3. Rheumatic fever -> Pancarditis (inflammation of all heart layers) -> Valvular damage -> Mit... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7202, 'question': 'The commonest valvular manifestation of acute as well as previous rheumatic carditis is', 'answer': 'Mitral regurgitation. Explanation: Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the commonest manifestation of acute as well as previous rheumatic carditis. Reference: Ess... | Mitral regurgitation. Explanation: Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the commonest manifestation of acute as well as previous rheumatic carditis. Reference: Essential Paediatrics; O.P. Ghai; Page no: 438 | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
The commonest valvular manifestation of acute as well as previous rheumatic carditis is
Answer Choices:
A. Mitral stenosis
B. Mitral regurgitation
C. Aoic stenosis
D. Aoic regurgitation
<|im_end|>
<|im_sta... |
In peripheral tissues which of the following contains substance P:
Answer Choices:
A. Plasma cell
B. Mast cell
C. Nerve terminal
D. Vascular endothelium
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Peripheral nervous system -> Neuron structure -> Neuron projection terminus (nerve terminal) -> Neurotransmitter storage
2. Peripheral nervous system -> Neuropeptides -> Substance P -> Neuron projection terminus
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Peripheral Nervous System Overview:**
- Th... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7203, 'question': 'In peripheral tissues which of the following contains substance P:', 'answer': 'Nerve terminal', 'reasoning': '**Finding reasoning paths:**\n\n1. Peripheral nervous system -> Neuron structure -> Neuron projection terminus (nerve terminal) -> Neurotransmitt... | Nerve terminal | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
In peripheral tissues which of the following contains substance P:
Answer Choices:
A. Plasma cell
B. Mast cell
C. Nerve terminal
D. Vascular endothelium
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding r... |
A 43-year-old woman with chronic alcoholism presents with shortness of breath and edema. On examination, her blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, pulse 110/min, JVP is 8 cm, the cardiac apex is displaced and enlarged, there are bilateral inspiratory crackles, and there is pedal edema.For the patient with vitamin deficiency ... | **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Chronic alcoholism -> Thiamine deficiency -> High-output cardiac failure (wet beriberi)
2. Shortness of breath and edema -> Heart failure -> High-output cardiac failure
3. Displaced and enlarged cardiac apex -> Cardiomyopathy -> Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
4. Bilateral inspiratory crackles... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7205, 'question': 'A 43-year-old woman with chronic alcoholism presents with shortness of breath and edema. On examination, her blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, pulse 110/min, JVP is 8 cm, the cardiac apex is displaced and enlarged, there are bilateral inspiratory crackles, a... | thiamine. Explanation: Thiamine deficiency can cause high-output cardiac failure (wet beriberi) or neurologic symptoms (dry beriberi). In North America, thiamine deficiency occurs in alcoholics or those with chronic disease. In alcoholics, deficiency is secondary to low intake, impaired absorption and storage, and acce... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
A 43-year-old woman with chronic alcoholism presents with shortness of breath and edema. On examination, her blood pressure is 100/60 mm Hg, pulse 110/min, JVP is 8 cm, the cardiac apex is displaced and en... |
In exocrine pancreatic cancer, the commonest tumour marker to be elevated as -
Answer Choices:
A. CA-125
B. CEA
C. CA-15-3
D. CA-19-9
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Exocrine pancreatic cancer -> Common tumor markers -> CA 19-9
2. Exocrine pancreatic cancer -> Diagnostic tests -> Tumor marker elevation -> CA 19-9
3. Exocrine pancreatic cancer -> Clinical guidelines -> Most frequently elevated marker -> CA 19-9
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Understan... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7208, 'question': 'In exocrine pancreatic cancer, the commonest tumour marker to be elevated as -', 'answer': 'CA-19-9', 'reasoning': '**Finding reasoning paths:**\n\n1. Exocrine pancreatic cancer -> Common tumor markers -> CA 19-9\n2. Exocrine pancreatic cancer -> Diagnosti... | CA-19-9 | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
In exocrine pancreatic cancer, the commonest tumour marker to be elevated as -
Answer Choices:
A. CA-125
B. CEA
C. CA-15-3
D. CA-19-9
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
... |
`NALGONDA technique' is used in -
Answer Choices:
A. Endemic-fluorosis
B. Epidemic-dropsy
C. Endemic-ascites
D. Ncurolathyrisin
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Chemical addition (lime and alum) -> Flocculation -> Sedimentation -> Filtration -> Defluoridation of water
2. Lime (calcium compound) -> Reacts with fluoride ions -> Precipitation of calcium fluoride -> Reduction of fluoride concentration in water
3. Alum (aluminum sulfate) -> Coagulat... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7210, 'question': "`NALGONDA technique' is used in -", 'answer': "Endemic-fluorosis. Explanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Endemic fluorosis interventions to prevent fluorosis a) Changing of water source o Running surface water contains lower quantities of fluoride than ground wate... | Endemic-fluorosis. Explanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Endemic fluorosis interventions to prevent fluorosis a) Changing of water source o Running surface water contains lower quantities of fluoride than ground water. b) Chemical treatment Water can be chemically defluoridated in a water treatment plant. The National Environ... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
`NALGONDA technique' is used in -
Answer Choices:
A. Endemic-fluorosis
B. Epidemic-dropsy
C. Endemic-ascites
D. Ncurolathyrisin
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Che... |
Post moem stiffening is called: March 2005
Answer Choices:
A. Putrefaction
B. Rigor mois
C. Livor mois
D. Mummification
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Muscle stiffness after death -> biochemical changes in muscle fibers -> rigor mortis.
2. Post-mortem changes -> livor mortis -> discoloration due to blood settling.
3. Muscle physiology -> ATP depletion -> rigor mortis.
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Understanding Rigor Mortis:**
- Ri... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7211, 'question': 'Post moem stiffening is called: March 2005', 'answer': 'Rigor mois. Explanation: Ans. B: Rigor mois Putrefaction: It is the final stage following death in which destruction of the soft tissues of the body is mainly caused by the action of bacterial enzymes... | Rigor mois. Explanation: Ans. B: Rigor mois Putrefaction: It is the final stage following death in which destruction of the soft tissues of the body is mainly caused by the action of bacterial enzymes. Rigor mois/death stiffening/cadaveric rigidity: is a state of muscle stiffening sometimes with slight shoening of the ... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Post moem stiffening is called: March 2005
Answer Choices:
A. Putrefaction
B. Rigor mois
C. Livor mois
D. Mummification
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Muscle stif... |
Werner's syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasia type I) is characterised by all of the following except -
Answer Choices:
A. Tumours of anterior pituitary
B. Tumours of parathyroids
C. Pancreatic adenomas
D. Phaeochromocytoma
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Werner's syndrome -> Genetic disorder characteristics -> Common features of Werner's syndrome.
2. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN I) -> Common features of MEN I -> Compare with features of Werner's syndrome.
3. Phaeochromocytoma -> Association with MEN syndromes -> Determine if it ... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7212, 'question': "Werner's syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasia type I) is characterised by all of the following except -", 'answer': 'Phaeochromocytoma', 'reasoning': "Finding reasoning paths:\n\n1. Werner's syndrome -> Genetic disorder characteristics -> Common features... | Phaeochromocytoma | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Werner's syndrome (multiple endocrine neoplasia type I) is characterised by all of the following except -
Answer Choices:
A. Tumours of anterior pituitary
B. Tumours of parathyroids
C. Pancreatic adenomas
... |
Renal threshold for glycosuria
Answer Choices:
A. 100 mg/dl
B. 180 mg/dl
C. 300 mg/dl
D. 350 mg/dl
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Kidney function and glucose reabsorption -> Renal tubular acidosis -> Lowered renal threshold for glucose -> Glycosuria
2. Kidney function and glucose reabsorption -> Genetic factors affecting kidney function -> Glycosuria
3. Kidney function and glucose reabsorption -> Metabolic disorders af... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7213, 'question': 'Renal threshold for glycosuria', 'answer': '180 mg/dl. Explanation: For glucose, the renal threshold is 180 mg/dl and Tm is 375 mg/min. In other words, glucose stas to appear in urine when blood level is more than 180 mg/dl, and all the glucose molecules a... | 180 mg/dl. Explanation: For glucose, the renal threshold is 180 mg/dl and Tm is 375 mg/min. In other words, glucose stas to appear in urine when blood level is more than 180 mg/dl, and all the glucose molecules above 375 mg are excreted in the urine. abnormal conditions, the renal threshold may be lowered so that even ... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Renal threshold for glycosuria
Answer Choices:
A. 100 mg/dl
B. 180 mg/dl
C. 300 mg/dl
D. 350 mg/dl
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Kidney function and glucose reabsorpt... |
Bulls eye retinopathy is seen in toxicity of-
Answer Choices:
A. Quinine
B. Tobacco
C. Ethanol
D. Chloroquine
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Chloroquine -> Retinal toxicity -> Bull's eye maculopathy
2. Chloroquine -> Melanin binding in RPE -> Retinal damage -> Bull's eye maculopathy
3. Chloroquine -> Paracentral scotomas -> Bull's eye maculopathy
4. Hydroxychloroquine -> Retinal toxicity -> Bull's eye maculopathy
Reasoning Proce... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7214, 'question': 'Bulls eye retinopathy is seen in toxicity of-', 'answer': "Chloroquine. Explanation: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can cause toxic retinopathy due to their binding of melanin in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) as well as direct toxicity to reti... | Chloroquine. Explanation: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine can cause toxic retinopathy due to their binding of melanin in the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) as well as direct toxicity to retinal ganglion cells. Early findings include mottling of the RPE and blunted foveal reflex. As the retinopathy progresses, a ... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Bulls eye retinopathy is seen in toxicity of-
Answer Choices:
A. Quinine
B. Tobacco
C. Ethanol
D. Chloroquine
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Chloroquine -> Retinal tox... |
The following are indications for performing thoracotomy after blunt injury of the chest, except
Answer Choices:
A. 1000 ml drainage after placing intercostal tube
B. Continuous bleeding through intercostal tube of more than 200 ml/hour for three or more hours
C. Cardiac tamponade
D. Rib fracture
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Consider the anatomical structures involved in blunt chest injury and the potential for life-threatening conditions.
2. Evaluate the common indications for thoracotomy in the context of blunt chest trauma.
3. Assess the severity and implications of rib fractures in relation to thoracoto... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7215, 'question': 'The following are indications for performing thoracotomy after blunt injury of the chest, except', 'answer': "Rib fracture. Explanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e. Rib fracture", 'reasoning': '**Finding reasoning paths:**\n\n1. Consider the anatomical structures inv... | Rib fracture. Explanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e. Rib fracture | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
The following are indications for performing thoracotomy after blunt injury of the chest, except
Answer Choices:
A. 1000 ml drainage after placing intercostal tube
B. Continuous bleeding through intercosta... |
True regarding colovesical fistula
Answer Choices:
A. Most commonly presents with pneumaturia
B. Most commonly caused by colonic cancer
C. More common in females
D. Readily diagnosed on barium enema
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Colovesical fistula can present with gastrointestinal symptoms such as altered bowel habits, including alternating constipation and diarrhea, due to abnormal gastrointestinal motility or obstruction.
2. Bladder symptoms, such as pneumaturia (air in urine), are common due to the fistula ... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7217, 'question': 'True regarding colovesical fistula', 'answer': 'Most commonly presents with pneumaturia. Explanation: .* Left sided growth presents with colicky pain, altered bowel habits (alternating constipation and diarrhoea), palpable lump, distension of abdomen due s... | Most commonly presents with pneumaturia. Explanation: .* Left sided growth presents with colicky pain, altered bowel habits (alternating constipation and diarrhoea), palpable lump, distension of abdomen due subacute/ chronic obstruction. Later may present like complete colonic obstruction. Tenesmus, with passage of blo... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
True regarding colovesical fistula
Answer Choices:
A. Most commonly presents with pneumaturia
B. Most commonly caused by colonic cancer
C. More common in females
D. Readily diagnosed on barium enema
<|im_e... |
All of the following are true about lateral cutaneous nerve EXCEPT:
Answer Choices:
A. Supplies skin over the lateral skin of thigh
B. Supplies skin over the medial aspect of thigh
C. Arises from L2 and L3
D. It is a purely sensory nerve
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. The lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh arises from the lumbar plexus, specifically from the L2 and L3 nerve roots.
2. It travels downward, lateral to the psoas major muscle, and crosses the iliacus muscle.
3. It passes either through or underneath the lateral aspect of the inguinal ligame... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7218, 'question': 'All of the following are true about lateral cutaneous nerve EXCEPT:', 'answer': 'Supplies skin over the medial aspect of thigh. Explanation: Ans. B Supplies skin over the medial aspect of thighRef: Clinical Anatomy, 11th ed. pg. 251* The femoral nerve supp... | Supplies skin over the medial aspect of thigh. Explanation: Ans. B Supplies skin over the medial aspect of thighRef: Clinical Anatomy, 11th ed. pg. 251* The femoral nerve supplies the skin of the medial and anterior aspects of the thigh via its medial and intermediate cutaneous branches.* The lateral aspect is supplied... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
All of the following are true about lateral cutaneous nerve EXCEPT:
Answer Choices:
A. Supplies skin over the lateral skin of thigh
B. Supplies skin over the medial aspect of thigh
C. Arises from L2 and L3... |
Persistant vomiting most likely causes -a) Hyperkalemiab) Acidic urine excretionc) Hypochloraemiad) Hyperventilation.
Answer Choices:
A. a
B. c
C. bc
D. ad
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Persistent vomiting leads to the loss of gastric fluid, which contains hydrochloric acid and potassium, resulting in hypochloremia.
2. Loss of gastric acid through vomiting can lead to metabolic alkalosis.
3. In response to metabolic alkalosis, the kidneys initially reabsorb hydrogen and ch... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7219, 'question': 'Persistant vomiting most likely causes -a) Hyperkalemiab) Acidic urine excretionc) Hypochloraemiad) Hyperventilation.', 'answer': 'bc. Explanation: Persistent vomiting leads to loss of large amount of gastric fluid.\nGastric fluid consists of large amount ... | bc. Explanation: Persistent vomiting leads to loss of large amount of gastric fluid.
Gastric fluid consists of large amount of HCL along with potassium
Thus the metabolic abnormality associated with repeated vomiting is metabolic alkalosis in combination with hypochloretnia and hypokaletnia.
In the early stages the kid... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Persistant vomiting most likely causes -a) Hyperkalemiab) Acidic urine excretionc) Hypochloraemiad) Hyperventilation.
Answer Choices:
A. a
B. c
C. bc
D. ad
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding ... |
Which of the following lesion is least likely to be eccentric?
Answer Choices:
A. GCT
B. Simple bone cyst
C. Osteochondroma
D. Aneurysmal bone cyst
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Simple bone cysts are typically found in the metaphysis or diaphysis of long bones.
2. Simple bone cysts are usually central rather than eccentric.
3. Aneurysmal bone cysts are often eccentric in location.
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Understanding Simple Bone Cysts:**
- Simple bone... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7220, 'question': 'Which of the following lesion is least likely to be eccentric?', 'answer': 'Simple bone cyst. Explanation: Simple Bone cyst is seen in metaphysis or in diaphysis and it can be least likely to be at an eccentric location. Aneurysmal bone cyst is the lesion ... | Simple bone cyst. Explanation: Simple Bone cyst is seen in metaphysis or in diaphysis and it can be least likely to be at an eccentric location. Aneurysmal bone cyst is the lesion most likely to occur in ecentric location. All other lesions might sta from centre but ultimately during presentation,they present as eccent... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Which of the following lesion is least likely to be eccentric?
Answer Choices:
A. GCT
B. Simple bone cyst
C. Osteochondroma
D. Aneurysmal bone cyst
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reason... |
Decreased vascularity of fibroid is seen with :
Answer Choices:
A. GnRH agonist
B. Danazol
C. Mifepristone
D. All
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Leiomyoma -> Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs -> Gonadorelin
2. Leiomyoma -> Progesterone receptor modulators -> Mifepristone
3. Leiomyoma -> Androgenic agents -> Danazol
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Understanding Leiomyoma and Vascularity:**
- Leiomyomas, or uterine fi... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7223, 'question': 'Decreased vascularity of fibroid is seen with :', 'answer': 'All. Explanation: Ans. is a, b, and c i.e. GnRH analogues; Danazol; and Mifeprestone As I have already explained in previous question, the drugs used to decrease blood loss / vascularity of fibro... | All. Explanation: Ans. is a, b, and c i.e. GnRH analogues; Danazol; and Mifeprestone As I have already explained in previous question, the drugs used to decrease blood loss / vascularity of fibroid during surgery are : | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Decreased vascularity of fibroid is seen with :
Answer Choices:
A. GnRH agonist
B. Danazol
C. Mifepristone
D. All
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Leiomyoma -> Gona... |
A 19-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with a stab wound at the base of the neck (zone I) (Figure below). The most important concern for patients with such injuries is which of the following?For the purpose of evaluating penetrating injuries, the neck is divided into three zones. Zone I is below the c... | Finding reasoning paths:
1. Consider the anatomical location of the injury: Zone I of the neck, which is below the clavicles and includes the thoracic outlet.
2. Evaluate the potential structures and organs that could be affected by a penetrating injury in this area, such as major blood vessels (subclavian artery and ... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7226, 'question': 'A 19-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with a stab wound at the base of the neck (zone I) (Figure below). The most important concern for patients with such injuries is which of the following?For the purpose of evaluating penetrating injur... | Exsanguinating hemorrhage. Explanation: Exsanguinating hemorrhage is the predominant risk, because bleeding may not be easily recognized, given that bleeding into the pleural cavity and mediastinum can occur. The abundant collateral blood supply generally protects against upper extremities or cerebrovascular compromise... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
A 19-year-old man is brought to the emergency department with a stab wound at the base of the neck (zone I) (Figure below). The most important concern for patients with such injuries is which of the follow... |
Which is not a content of inguinal canal -
Answer Choices:
A. Spermatic cord
B. Ilioinguinal nerve
C. Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
D. Inferior epigastric artery
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Inguinal canal -> Contents of the inguinal canal -> Spermatic cord (males) / Round ligament (females) -> Ilioinguinal nerve -> Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
2. Inferior epigastric artery -> Location relative to the inguinal canal
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Identify the co... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7228, 'question': 'Which is not a content of inguinal canal -', 'answer': "Inferior epigastric artery. Explanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e.. Inferior epigastric artery Contents of inguinal canalo Spermatic cord in male or round ligament of uterus in female.o Ilioinguinal nerve : It... | Inferior epigastric artery. Explanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e.. Inferior epigastric artery Contents of inguinal canalo Spermatic cord in male or round ligament of uterus in female.o Ilioinguinal nerve : It enters through the interval between external and internal oblique muscles,\o Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve is a... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Which is not a content of inguinal canal -
Answer Choices:
A. Spermatic cord
B. Ilioinguinal nerve
C. Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
D. Inferior epigastric artery
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<t... |
Which of the following ophthalmological anomaly is seen in WAGR syndrome
Answer Choices:
A. Lens coloboma
B. Retinitis pigmentosa
C. Aniridia
D. Trabeculodysgenesis
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. WAGR syndrome -> Genetic abnormalities -> Ophthalmological anomalies
2. WAGR syndrome -> Components of the syndrome -> Aniridia
3. WAGR syndrome -> Clinical features -> Eye-related symptoms
Reasoning Process:
1. **Understanding WAGR Syndrome**: WAGR syndrome is a genetic condition caused by... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7230, 'question': 'Which of the following ophthalmological anomaly is seen in WAGR syndrome', 'answer': "Aniridia. Explanation: Some impoant syndromes and their associations to be remembered Down's syndrome: Congenital cataract Rubella Syndrome : Congenital Cataract WAGR Syn... | Aniridia. Explanation: Some impoant syndromes and their associations to be remembered Down's syndrome: Congenital cataract Rubella Syndrome : Congenital Cataract WAGR Syndrome: Aniridia Gillepsie syndrome: Aniridia FRASER Syndrome: Cryptophthalmos Marfan's syndrome: Subluxation of lens Patau Syndrome: PHPV | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Which of the following ophthalmological anomaly is seen in WAGR syndrome
Answer Choices:
A. Lens coloboma
B. Retinitis pigmentosa
C. Aniridia
D. Trabeculodysgenesis
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>... |
ACTH is produced by which of the following Bronchogenic carcinomas
Answer Choices:
A. Adenocarcinoma
B. Small cell carcinoma
C. Squamous cell carcinoma
D. Branchoalveolar carcinoma
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Small cell carcinoma is a type of bronchogenic carcinoma known for ectopic ACTH production.
2. Thymic neuroendocrine tumors can also be associated with ectopic ACTH production.
3. Bronchial endocrine tumors, which can arise from bronchogenic carcinomas, may produce ACTH.
4. Phaeochromocytom... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7231, 'question': 'ACTH is produced by which of the following Bronchogenic carcinomas', 'answer': "Small cell carcinoma. Explanation: Answer is B (Small cell carcinoma): Small cell carcinomas are the most common bronchogenic carcinomas associated with paraneoplastic syndrome... | Small cell carcinoma. Explanation: Answer is B (Small cell carcinoma): Small cell carcinomas are the most common bronchogenic carcinomas associated with paraneoplastic syndrome and ectopic hormone production including ACTH. ACTH may also be uncommonly produced by non small cell variants including adenocarcinoma and squ... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
ACTH is produced by which of the following Bronchogenic carcinomas
Answer Choices:
A. Adenocarcinoma
B. Small cell carcinoma
C. Squamous cell carcinoma
D. Branchoalveolar carcinoma
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>a... |
Rubrospinal tract influences -
Answer Choices:
A. Posture and balance
B. Valuntary activity
C. Vestibuloocular stimuli
D. All of the above
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Rubrospinal tract -> motor control -> voluntary musculoskeletal movement
2. Rubrospinal tract -> reflex modulation -> involuntary skeletal muscle contraction
Reasoning Process:
1. The rubrospinal tract originates in the red nucleus of the midbrain and descends to the spinal cord. It is part... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7234, 'question': 'Rubrospinal tract influences -', 'answer': "Valuntary activity. Explanation: Ans. is'b' i.e., Voluntary activityActions of extrapyramidal systemsReticulospinal (Rubrospinal tracts -+ voluntary and reflex (involuntary) activity.", 'reasoning': 'Finding reas... | Valuntary activity. Explanation: Ans. is'b' i.e., Voluntary activityActions of extrapyramidal systemsReticulospinal (Rubrospinal tracts -+ voluntary and reflex (involuntary) activity. | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Rubrospinal tract influences -
Answer Choices:
A. Posture and balance
B. Valuntary activity
C. Vestibuloocular stimuli
D. All of the above
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
... |
Long term potentiation means
Answer Choices:
A. Enhancement of signal transmission
B. Increased number of receptors
C. Increased number of neurons
D. Increased muscle tone
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Explore the mechanism of long-term potentiation (LTP) and its role in synaptic transmission.
2. Investigate the relationship between LTP and learning/memory processes.
3. Examine the physiological changes in neurons during LTP.
4. Consider the implications of LTP on neural communication and... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7237, 'question': 'Long term potentiation means', 'answer': 'Enhancement of signal transmission. Explanation: (A) Enhancement of signal transmission# LONG-TERM POTENTIATION (LTP): a long-lasting strengthening of the response of a postsynaptic nerve cell to stimulation across... | Enhancement of signal transmission. Explanation: (A) Enhancement of signal transmission# LONG-TERM POTENTIATION (LTP): a long-lasting strengthening of the response of a postsynaptic nerve cell to stimulation across the synapse that occurs with repeated stimulation and is thought to be related to learning and long-term ... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Long term potentiation means
Answer Choices:
A. Enhancement of signal transmission
B. Increased number of receptors
C. Increased number of neurons
D. Increased muscle tone
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
... |
Fasciotomy- all of the following are cut except
Answer Choices:
A. Skin
B. Superficial fascia
C. Deep fascia
D. Muscles
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Fasciotomy involves cutting the fascia, which is a layer of connective tissue surrounding muscles.
2. Fascia is a type of dense regular connective tissue, distinct from muscle tissue.
3. Acute compartment syndrome involves increased pressure within a muscle compartment, which can compro... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7240, 'question': 'Fasciotomy- all of the following are cut except', 'answer': 'Muscles. Explanation: Answer- D. MusclesFasciotomy or fasciectomy is a surgical procedure where the fascia is cut to relieve tension or pressure commonly to treat the resulting loss of circulatio... | Muscles. Explanation: Answer- D. MusclesFasciotomy or fasciectomy is a surgical procedure where the fascia is cut to relieve tension or pressure commonly to treat the resulting loss of circulation to an area of tissue or muscle.Fasciotomy is a limb-saving procedure when used to treat acute compament syndrome | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Fasciotomy- all of the following are cut except
Answer Choices:
A. Skin
B. Superficial fascia
C. Deep fascia
D. Muscles
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Fasciotomy ... |
Identical twins can be differentiated by:-
Answer Choices:
A. Finger print
B. DNA fingerprinting
C. Blood grouping
D. Age
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Skin epidermis -> Papillary or epidermal regions -> Unique patterns -> Fingerprints
2. Identical twins -> Genetic similarity -> Environmental factors during development -> Unique fingerprints
3. Epidermal ridge development -> Random influences -> Differentiation in identical twins
**Re... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7241, 'question': 'Identical twins can be differentiated by:-', 'answer': 'Finger print. Explanation: Fingerprints are the impressions of the patterns formed by the papillary or epidermal regions of the fingeips. The patterns are not inherited and paternity cannot be proved ... | Finger print. Explanation: Fingerprints are the impressions of the patterns formed by the papillary or epidermal regions of the fingeips. The patterns are not inherited and paternity cannot be proved through fingerprint patterns The pattern is different even in identical twins. | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Identical twins can be differentiated by:-
Answer Choices:
A. Finger print
B. DNA fingerprinting
C. Blood grouping
D. Age
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Skin epid... |
Paradoxical splitting of second hea sound Heard in
Answer Choices:
A. RBBB
B. ASD
C. VSD
D. LBBB
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Paradoxical splitting of the second heart sound can occur due to conditions that delay the closure of the aortic valve.
2. Left bundle branch block (LBBB) is known to cause paradoxical splitting by delaying left ventricular contraction and thus aortic valve closure.
3. Severe aortic ste... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7242, 'question': 'Paradoxical splitting of second hea sound Heard in', 'answer': 'LBBB. Explanation: Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 1447 Reversed or paradoxical splitting refers to a pathologic delay in aoic valve closure, such as that which occurs in patients with left bundle br... | LBBB. Explanation: Ref Harrison 19 th ed pg 1447 Reversed or paradoxical splitting refers to a pathologic delay in aoic valve closure, such as that which occurs in patients with left bundle branch block, right ventricular pac- ing, severe AS, HOCM, and acute myocardial ischemia. With reversed or paradoxical splitting, ... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Paradoxical splitting of second hea sound Heard in
Answer Choices:
A. RBBB
B. ASD
C. VSD
D. LBBB
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Paradoxical splitting of the secon... |
Little finger of hand corresponds to which of the following dermatomes:
Answer Choices:
A. C6
B. C7
C. C8
D. T1
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Dermatome -> Spinal nerve root -> Cervical spinal cord segment -> C8 segment
2. Little finger -> Dermatome mapping -> C8 segment
3. Hand anatomy -> Finger innervation -> Spinal nerve root -> C8 segment
Reasoning Process:
1. **Understanding Dermatomes**: Dermatomes are specific areas of sk... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7245, 'question': 'Little finger of hand corresponds to which of the following dermatomes:', 'answer': 'C8. Explanation: C i.e. C8Thumb corresponds to C6; middle & ring fingers to C7; and little finger to Cs dermatomesQ', 'reasoning': 'Finding reasoning paths:\n\n1. Dermatom... | C8. Explanation: C i.e. C8Thumb corresponds to C6; middle & ring fingers to C7; and little finger to Cs dermatomesQ | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Little finger of hand corresponds to which of the following dermatomes:
Answer Choices:
A. C6
B. C7
C. C8
D. T1
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Dermatome -> Spinal ner... |
Human fibroblast cell line is used for cultivation of ?
Answer Choices:
A. Adenovirus
B. Poliovirus
C. HIV
D. Measles
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Human fibroblast cell lines are used for the cultivation of various viruses, including poliovirus, due to their ability to support viral replication.
2. Poliovirus is known to cause poliomyelitis, a disease that affects the nervous system and can lead to muscle weakness and paralysis.
3. Hu... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7246, 'question': 'Human fibroblast cell line is used for cultivation of ?', 'answer': 'Poliovirus. Explanation: Ans. is b i.e., Poliovirus Human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) cell line is used for cultivation of coxsackie A7, 9, 16; CMV; Echovinis; enteroviruses; HSV-1, 2; Poli... | Poliovirus. Explanation: Ans. is b i.e., Poliovirus Human diploid fibroblasts (HDF) cell line is used for cultivation of coxsackie A7, 9, 16; CMV; Echovinis; enteroviruses; HSV-1, 2; Poliovirus; parainfluenzavirus, rhinovirus and VZV. | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Human fibroblast cell line is used for cultivation of ?
Answer Choices:
A. Adenovirus
B. Poliovirus
C. HIV
D. Measles
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Human fibroblast ... |
Patients with 'Hemophilia A' have bleeding disorder because of -
Answer Choices:
A. Lack of platelet aggregation
B. Lack of reaction accelerator during activation of factor X in coagulation cascade
C. Neutralization of antithrombin III
D. Release of Thromboxane A2
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Hemophilia -> Factor VIII deficiency -> Intrinsic pathway disruption -> Impaired fibrin clot formation.
2. Hemophilia -> Factor IX deficiency -> Intrinsic pathway disruption -> Impaired fibrin clot formation.
3. Hemophilia -> Coagulation cascade disruption -> Common pathway involvement ... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7248, 'question': "Patients with 'Hemophilia A' have bleeding disorder because of -", 'answer': 'Lack of reaction accelerator during activation of factor X in coagulation cascade', 'reasoning': "**Finding reasoning paths:**\n\n1. Hemophilia -> Factor VIII deficiency -> Intri... | Lack of reaction accelerator during activation of factor X in coagulation cascade | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Patients with 'Hemophilia A' have bleeding disorder because of -
Answer Choices:
A. Lack of platelet aggregation
B. Lack of reaction accelerator during activation of factor X in coagulation cascade
C. Neut... |
Not true about tubercular bacilli -
Answer Choices:
A. Facultative anaerobe
B. Discovered by Robert Koch
C. Gram positive
D. Has thick cell wall
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Examine the metabolic characteristics of M. tuberculosis to determine its oxygen requirements.
2. Investigate the structural and staining properties of M. tuberculosis to understand its classification.
3. Explore the resistance mechanisms of M. tuberculosis to various chemical agents.
Reas... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7249, 'question': 'Not true about tubercular bacilli -', 'answer': "Facultative anaerobe. Explanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Facultative anaerobe* M. tuberculosis was discovered by Robert koch.* M. tuberculosis is gram-positive, obligate aerobe, acid-fast, straight or slightly c... | Facultative anaerobe. Explanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Facultative anaerobe* M. tuberculosis was discovered by Robert koch.* M. tuberculosis is gram-positive, obligate aerobe, acid-fast, straight or slightly curved rod. Electron microscopy shows thick cell wall.* M. tuberculosis is acid-fast bacillus and resists decolori... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Not true about tubercular bacilli -
Answer Choices:
A. Facultative anaerobe
B. Discovered by Robert Koch
C. Gram positive
D. Has thick cell wall
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning p... |
Atopic dermatitis is diagnosed by –
Answer Choices:
A. Patch test
B. Wood lamp
C. Clinical examination
D. IgE
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Consider the clinical presentation of atopic dermatitis, including common symptoms and signs.
2. Explore the use of diagnostic criteria, such as major and minor criteria, in identifying atopic dermatitis.
3. Investigate the role of patient history and physical examination in the diagnos... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7255, 'question': 'Atopic dermatitis is diagnosed by –', 'answer': 'Clinical examination. Explanation: Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis is largely clinical and is facilitated by using major and minor criteria.', 'reasoning': '**Finding reasoning paths:**\n\n1. Consider the cli... | Clinical examination. Explanation: Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis is largely clinical and is facilitated by using major and minor criteria. | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Atopic dermatitis is diagnosed by –
Answer Choices:
A. Patch test
B. Wood lamp
C. Clinical examination
D. IgE
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Consider the clinical... |
Colour vision is with the help of:
Answer Choices:
A. Rods
B. Cones
C. Cortex
D. Optic disc
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Foveola of retina -> Cones -> Color vision
2. Cones -> Dark adaptation -> Transition from cone vision to rod vision
3. Primary visual cortex -> Visual processing -> Color perception
4. Lateral geniculate body -> Visual pathway -> Color vision processing
Reasoning Process:
1. **Understanding... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7256, 'question': 'Colour vision is with the help of:', 'answer': 'Cones. Explanation: Ans: b (cones) Ref: Ganong, 22nd ed, p. 159A straight forward question! Cones play a very important role in colour vision and rods in night vision (dim light)Cones are the visual receptors... | Cones. Explanation: Ans: b (cones) Ref: Ganong, 22nd ed, p. 159A straight forward question! Cones play a very important role in colour vision and rods in night vision (dim light)Cones are the visual receptors which impart to the eye, the ability for colour visionThere are three types of cone pigments:- Cvanolabe- Ervth... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Colour vision is with the help of:
Answer Choices:
A. Rods
B. Cones
C. Cortex
D. Optic disc
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Foveola of retina -> Cones -> Color vision
2... |
A 23 yr. old female came with arthritis, Malar rash, oral ulcers, serositis (pleuritis or pericarditis). The likely investigation to be positive is
Answer Choices:
A. Anti nuclear antibody
B. Anti collagen antibody
C. Anti epithelial antibody
D. Antigen antibody complexes
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Malar rash -> Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
2. Arthritis -> Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
3. Oral ulcers -> Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
4. Serositis (pleuritis or pericarditis) -> Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
5. Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test -> Systemic lupus erythe... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7258, 'question': 'A 23 yr. old female came with arthritis, Malar rash, oral ulcers, serositis (pleuritis or pericarditis). The likely investigation to be positive is', 'answer': 'Anti nuclear antibody. Explanation: (A) Anti nuclear antibody # Antinuclear antibody (ANA) test... | Anti nuclear antibody. Explanation: (A) Anti nuclear antibody # Antinuclear antibody (ANA) tests are positive in 5 to 10 percent of the general population, a rate that increases with age.> Thus, given a one in 20 frequency for ANAs and a one in 2,000 frequency for systemic lupus erythematosus, only one in 100 persons w... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
A 23 yr. old female came with arthritis, Malar rash, oral ulcers, serositis (pleuritis or pericarditis). The likely investigation to be positive is
Answer Choices:
A. Anti nuclear antibody
B. Anti collagen... |
Coagulative necrosis is commonly seen in all except:
Answer Choices:
A. Tuberculosis
B. Encephalitis
C. Sarcoidosis
D. Wet gangrene
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Coagulative necrosis is common in solid organs due to ischemia or infarction.
2. The brain is an exception where liquefactive necrosis occurs instead of coagulative necrosis.
3. Liquefactive necrosis in the brain is due to its high lipid content and enzymatic activity.
4. Compare the ch... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7259, 'question': 'Coagulative necrosis is commonly seen in all except:', 'answer': 'Encephalitis. Explanation: Coagulative necrosis is the most common type of necrosis, there is protein denaturation with preservation of cell and tissue frame work. It is usually seen in all ... | Encephalitis. Explanation: Coagulative necrosis is the most common type of necrosis, there is protein denaturation with preservation of cell and tissue frame work. It is usually seen in all solid organs, exception is brain (liquefactive necrosis). Ref: Tanley L. Robbins, Ramzi S. Cotran, (2012) , Chapter 1, "Cell Injur... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Coagulative necrosis is commonly seen in all except:
Answer Choices:
A. Tuberculosis
B. Encephalitis
C. Sarcoidosis
D. Wet gangrene
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1.... |
Bruxism is -
Answer Choices:
A. Walking during sleep
B. Nocturnal enuresis
C. Grinding of teeth during sleep
D. Sleep apnoea
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Bruxism is related to the dentition and involves involuntary teeth grinding, often during sleep.
2. Bruxism is associated with sleep stages, particularly non-REM sleep.
3. Non-REM sleep is divided into stages, with stages 3 and 4 being deep sleep stages.
4. The circadian sleep/wake cycle reg... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7262, 'question': 'Bruxism is -', 'answer': 'Grinding of teeth during sleep. Explanation: Bruxism is grinding of teeth which occurs during stage 3 & 4 of NREM sleep.', 'reasoning': 'Finding reasoning paths:\n1. Bruxism is related to the dentition and involves involuntary tee... | Grinding of teeth during sleep. Explanation: Bruxism is grinding of teeth which occurs during stage 3 & 4 of NREM sleep. | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Bruxism is -
Answer Choices:
A. Walking during sleep
B. Nocturnal enuresis
C. Grinding of teeth during sleep
D. Sleep apnoea
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Bruxism is ... |
Which of the following are the slowly adapting mechan- oreceptors present in the skin that are very sensitive to perpendicular indentation?
Answer Choices:
A. Pacinian corpuscles
B. Meissner's corpuscles
C. Merkel discs
D. Ruffini end organs
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Identify the types of mechanoreceptors in the skin and their characteristics.
2. Determine which mechanoreceptors are slowly adapting.
3. Assess which mechanoreceptors are sensitive to perpendicular indentation.
4. Evaluate the role of each mechanoreceptor in detecting pressure and text... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7263, 'question': 'Which of the following are the slowly adapting mechan- oreceptors present in the skin that are very sensitive to perpendicular indentation?', 'answer': "Merkel discs. Explanation: Ans. c (Merkel discs). (Ref. Ganong Physiology 21st ed., 125)MECHANORECEPTOR... | Merkel discs. Explanation: Ans. c (Merkel discs). (Ref. Ganong Physiology 21st ed., 125)MECHANORECEPTORS# Four types of mechanoreceptors in glabrous skin are-two in the superficial layers (Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel discs) and two in the subcutaneous tissue (Ruffini endings and Pacinian corpuscles).Meissner's cor... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Which of the following are the slowly adapting mechan- oreceptors present in the skin that are very sensitive to perpendicular indentation?
Answer Choices:
A. Pacinian corpuscles
B. Meissner's corpuscles
C... |
All the following are contents of sub-occipital triangle, except -
Answer Choices:
A. Vertebral artery
B. Dorsal ramus of C1 nerve
C. Suboccipital plexus of vein
D. Occipital artery
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Identify the contents of the suboccipital triangle: vertebral artery (3rd part), suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1), and suboccipital venous plexus.
2. Determine the location and contents of the occipital triangle.
3. Explore the anatomical relationship between the occipital artery and... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7264, 'question': 'All the following are contents of sub-occipital triangle, except -', 'answer': 'Occipital artery. Explanation: Contents of suboccipital triangle are vertebral artery (3rd part), suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1) and suboccipital venous plexus. Occipi... | Occipital artery. Explanation: Contents of suboccipital triangle are vertebral artery (3rd part), suboccipital nerve (dorsal ramus of C1) and suboccipital venous plexus. Occipital artery lies in occipital triangle. | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
All the following are contents of sub-occipital triangle, except -
Answer Choices:
A. Vertebral artery
B. Dorsal ramus of C1 nerve
C. Suboccipital plexus of vein
D. Occipital artery
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>... |
Which of the following feature on second trimester ultrasound is not a marker of Down's
Answer Choices:
A. Single umbilical aery
B. Choroid plexus cyst
C. Diaphragmatic hernia
D. Duodenal atresia
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Choroid plexus cysts are not typically associated with Down syndrome (trisomy 21) but are more commonly linked to trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome).
2. Down syndrome markers on ultrasound include features like brachycephaly, flat face, thickened nuchal skin fold, and others, but not choroid ple... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7266, 'question': "Which of the following feature on second trimester ultrasound is not a marker of Down's", 'answer': 'Choroid plexus cyst. Explanation: Ans. is b i.e. Choroids plexus cyst Abnormalities associated with Down\'s syndrome (as listed in Benacerraf and Callen). ... | Choroid plexus cyst. Explanation: Ans. is b i.e. Choroids plexus cyst Abnormalities associated with Down's syndrome (as listed in Benacerraf and Callen). Brachycephaly (sho frontal lobe) Ventriculomegaly Flat facies, small earsdeg Increase nuchal fold thickness Absent nasal bone Cystic hygroma (more associated with tri... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Which of the following feature on second trimester ultrasound is not a marker of Down's
Answer Choices:
A. Single umbilical aery
B. Choroid plexus cyst
C. Diaphragmatic hernia
D. Duodenal atresia
<|im_end|... |
A young boy, Rahul presents with massive hemetemesis. He had fever for 15 days few days back which was treated with few drugs. Clinical examination reveal moderate splenomegaly). No other history is positive) Probable diagnosis is:
Answer Choices:
A. Drug induced gastritis
B. Oesophageal tear
C. Bleeding duodenal ulcer... | **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Hematemesis -> Esophageal varices -> Portal hypertension, noncirrhotic
2. Hematemesis -> Splenomegaly -> Portal hypertension, noncirrhotic
3. Hematemesis -> Drug-induced liver injury -> Portal hypertension
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Hematemesis:** The young boy, Rahul, presents with ... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7268, 'question': 'A young boy, Rahul presents with massive hemetemesis. He had fever for 15 days few days back which was treated with few drugs. Clinical examination reveal moderate splenomegaly). No other history is positive) Probable diagnosis is:', 'answer': "Oesophageal... | Oesophageal varices. Explanation: Answer is D (Oesophageal varices) Oesophageal variceal bleeding secondary to poal hypeension .should always be the initial diagnosis in a young patient presenting with massive hematemesis and a moderate to large splenomegaly' Features in our of oesophageal varices: Most common presenta... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
A young boy, Rahul presents with massive hemetemesis. He had fever for 15 days few days back which was treated with few drugs. Clinical examination reveal moderate splenomegaly). No other history is positi... |
Most common type of shoulder dislocation is:March 2011
Answer Choices:
A. Posterior
B. Anterior
C. Inferior
D. Superior
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Consider the anatomy and biomechanics of the shoulder joint, focusing on its structure and common injury patterns.
2. Explore the types of shoulder dislocations and their prevalence.
3. Investigate the clinical tests and maneuvers associated with shoulder dislocations.
4. Examine the relati... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7270, 'question': 'Most common type of shoulder dislocation is:March 2011', 'answer': "Anterior. Explanation: Ans. B: AnteriorShoulder joint is the commonest joint in the body to dislocateAnterior shoulder dislocation is much more common than posterior dislocationShoulder di... | Anterior. Explanation: Ans. B: AnteriorShoulder joint is the commonest joint in the body to dislocateAnterior shoulder dislocation is much more common than posterior dislocationShoulder dislocation:MC joint to dislocate in body: ShoulderMC type of shoulder dislocation: Subcoracoid/ inferiorRarest type of shoulder dislo... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Most common type of shoulder dislocation is:March 2011
Answer Choices:
A. Posterior
B. Anterior
C. Inferior
D. Superior
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Consider the an... |
Bechet's disease is characterized by:
Answer Choices:
A. Hypopyon
B. Hyphema
C. Subconjuctival hemmorrhage
D. Scleritis
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Behcet's disease -> Hypopyon
2. Uveitis -> Hypopyon
3. Iridocyclitis -> Hypopyon
**Reasoning Process:**
Behcet's disease is a systemic vasculitis that can affect multiple organ systems, including the eyes. It is known for causing a variety of ocular manifestations, such as uveitis, wh... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7271, 'question': "Bechet's disease is characterized by:", 'answer': "Hypopyon. Explanation: Hypopyon REF: Khurana 4th ed p. 156 Uveitis in bechet's disease Bilateral Recurrent iridocyclitis Hypopyon Viteritis Periphlebitis Retinitis", 'reasoning': "**Finding reasoning paths... | Hypopyon. Explanation: Hypopyon REF: Khurana 4th ed p. 156 Uveitis in bechet's disease Bilateral Recurrent iridocyclitis Hypopyon Viteritis Periphlebitis Retinitis | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Bechet's disease is characterized by:
Answer Choices:
A. Hypopyon
B. Hyphema
C. Subconjuctival hemmorrhage
D. Scleritis
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Behcet's di... |
Central anticholinergics are used in treatment of all except-
Answer Choices:
A. Akathisia
B. Parkinsonism
C. Acute dystonia
D. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Central anticholinergics and their mechanism of action.
2. Conditions treated by central anticholinergics.
3. Pathophysiology of tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
4. Treatment options for neuroleptic malignant syndrome and their mechanisms.
**Reasoning Process:**
... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7272, 'question': 'Central anticholinergics are used in treatment of all except-', 'answer': "Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Explanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Neuroleptic malignant syndrome o Central anticholinergics are ineffective in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. o Central... | Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Explanation: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Neuroleptic malignant syndrome o Central anticholinergics are ineffective in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. o Central anticholinergics are not used in tardive dyskinesia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Central anticholinergics are used in treatment of all except-
Answer Choices:
A. Akathisia
B. Parkinsonism
C. Acute dystonia
D. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Fin... |
A 32-year-old woman is evaluated in the clinic for symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia. She has no significant past medical history and her only medication is the oral contraceptive pill.Her physical examination is entirely normal. Urine and serum biochemistry investigations are suggestive of central diabetes insipidus... | Finding reasoning paths:
1. Polyuria and polydipsia -> Central diabetes insipidus -> Posterior pituitary dysfunction
2. Central diabetes insipidus -> Lack of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production -> Posterior pituitary abnormality
3. Central diabetes insipidus -> MRI findings -> Absence of normal posterior pituitary b... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7273, 'question': 'A 32-year-old woman is evaluated in the clinic for symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia. She has no significant past medical history and her only medication is the oral contraceptive pill.Her physical examination is entirely normal. Urine and serum biochemi... | lack of hyperintense signals from the posterior pituitary. Explanation: Because DI is usually caused by destruction, or agenesis, of the posterior pituitary, its normal signaling is lost. Pituitary DI can also result from trauma, tumors (both primary and secondary), granulomas, infections, inflammatory diseases, chemic... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
A 32-year-old woman is evaluated in the clinic for symptoms of polyuria and polydipsia. She has no significant past medical history and her only medication is the oral contraceptive pill.Her physical exami... |
Bastio surgery for refractory LV hyperophy is:
Answer Choices:
A. Patch repair
B. MR repair
C. Ventriculectomy
D. Ventriculoplasty
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Investigate the purpose and definition of Bastio surgery.
2. Explore the condition of refractory left ventricular hypertrophy and its typical treatments.
3. Examine the role of ventriculectomy in treating left ventricular hypertrophy.
4. Consider alternative surgical procedures for left... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7274, 'question': 'Bastio surgery for refractory LV hyperophy is:', 'answer': 'Ventriculectomy. Explanation: Bentall&;s Operation For aoic root aneurysm repair Reimplantation of coronary ostia into composite graft Bastio surgery For Left Ventricular hyperophy Ventriculectomy... | Ventriculectomy. Explanation: Bentall&;s Operation For aoic root aneurysm repair Reimplantation of coronary ostia into composite graft Bastio surgery For Left Ventricular hyperophy Ventriculectomy is done Ref: Bailey 27th edition Pgno: 936 | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Bastio surgery for refractory LV hyperophy is:
Answer Choices:
A. Patch repair
B. MR repair
C. Ventriculectomy
D. Ventriculoplasty
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. ... |
Obesity in a child of age 2 years is defined as:
Answer Choices:
A. Weight for height more than double of expected
B. Weight for age more than double of expected
C. BMI >30
D. BMI >95th percentile
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Growth chart percentiles -> BMI percentile -> Obesity classification
2. Growth chart percentiles -> Weight-for-length percentile -> Obesity classification
3. Growth chart percentiles -> Height and weight measurements -> BMI calculation -> Obesity classification
Reasoning Process:
To determi... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7276, 'question': 'Obesity in a child of age 2 years is defined as:', 'answer': "BMI >95th percentile. Explanation: d. BMI >95th percentile(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 307-315, Ghai 8/e p 528-529)Obesity in children is defined as BMI >95th percentile; Body mass index (BMI) is equal... | BMI >95th percentile. Explanation: d. BMI >95th percentile(Ref: Nelson's 20/e p 307-315, Ghai 8/e p 528-529)Obesity in children is defined as BMI >95th percentile; Body mass index (BMI) is equal to weight/height2 (in kg/m2). | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Obesity in a child of age 2 years is defined as:
Answer Choices:
A. Weight for height more than double of expected
B. Weight for age more than double of expected
C. BMI >30
D. BMI >95th percentile
<|im_end... |
A 32-year-old male is a known hypertensive and is being planned for cholecystectomy. Which of the following anaesthetic agents is contraindicated in this person?
Answer Choices:
A. Propofol
B. Ketamine
C. Midazolam
D. Etomidate
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Hypertension -> Ketamine
2. Hypertension -> Anesthetic agent selection
3. Hypertension -> Blood pressure management during surgery
Reasoning Process:
1. The patient is a known hypertensive, which means that any anesthetic agent used should ideally not exacerbate his condition by increasing ... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7277, 'question': 'A 32-year-old male is a known hypertensive and is being planned for cholecystectomy. Which of the following anaesthetic agents is contraindicated in this person?', 'answer': 'Ketamine. Explanation: Ans. (B) Ketamine(Ref: Katzung 11th/e p437; KDT 8th/e p411... | Ketamine. Explanation: Ans. (B) Ketamine(Ref: Katzung 11th/e p437; KDT 8th/e p411)Ketamine increases all pressures (blood pressure, intracranial tension, intraocular pressure) in the body. It is therefore intravenous anesthetic of choice for shock and should be avoided in hypertensive patients (increases blood pressure... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
A 32-year-old male is a known hypertensive and is being planned for cholecystectomy. Which of the following anaesthetic agents is contraindicated in this person?
Answer Choices:
A. Propofol
B. Ketamine
C. ... |
Methysergide is banned as it causes ?
Answer Choices:
A. Pulmonary fibrosis
B. Pleural effusion
C. Syncope
D. Myocarditis
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Methysergide is chemically related to ergot alkaloids, which have been associated with fibrotic conditions.
2. Methysergide acts as a 5HT2A/2C antagonist, which may influence fibrotic pathways.
3. Ergot alkaloids, such as ergotamine, have been linked to pulmonary fibrosis.
4. Methysergide's ... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7278, 'question': 'Methysergide is banned as it causes ?', 'answer': "Pulmonary fibrosis. Explanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pulmonary fibrosis Methysergide It is chemically related to ergot alkaloids and antagonizes the action of serotonin on smooth muscles including that of bl... | Pulmonary fibrosis. Explanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Pulmonary fibrosis Methysergide It is chemically related to ergot alkaloids and antagonizes the action of serotonin on smooth muscles including that of blood vessels, withot producing ergot like effects. It is a potent 5HT2A/2C antagonist. It has been used for migraine... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Methysergide is banned as it causes ?
Answer Choices:
A. Pulmonary fibrosis
B. Pleural effusion
C. Syncope
D. Myocarditis
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Methysergide i... |
Methylergometrine is used in the prophylaxis of
Answer Choices:
A. Migraine
B. Postpartum hemorrhage
C. PIH
D. None of the above
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Investigate the pharmacological action of methylergometrine and its clinical applications.
2. Explore the conditions associated with childbirth where methylergometrine might be beneficial.
3. Examine guidelines and standard practices for the prevention of complications in obstetrics.
Reaso... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7279, 'question': 'Methylergometrine is used in the prophylaxis of', 'answer': 'Postpartum hemorrhage', 'reasoning': 'Finding reasoning paths:\n\n1. Investigate the pharmacological action of methylergometrine and its clinical applications.\n2. Explore the conditions associat... | Postpartum hemorrhage | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Methylergometrine is used in the prophylaxis of
Answer Choices:
A. Migraine
B. Postpartum hemorrhage
C. PIH
D. None of the above
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Invest... |
Treatment of Bipolar disorder includes:
Answer Choices:
A. Anti-depressant drugs
B. Lithium carbonate
C. ECT
D. All
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Bipolar disorder -> Mood stabilization -> Lithium carbonate
2. Bipolar disorder -> Treatment options -> Anti-depressants, mood stabilizers, ECT
3. Bipolar disorder -> Lithium carbonate -> Mechanism of action
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Understanding Bipolar Disorder:** Bipolar disorde... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7281, 'question': 'Treatment of Bipolar disorder includes:', 'answer': 'All. Explanation: A, C, B i.e. Anti-depressant drugs, ECT, Lithium carbonate', 'reasoning': "**Finding reasoning paths:**\n\n1. Bipolar disorder -> Mood stabilization -> Lithium carbonate\n2. Bipolar dis... | All. Explanation: A, C, B i.e. Anti-depressant drugs, ECT, Lithium carbonate | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Treatment of Bipolar disorder includes:
Answer Choices:
A. Anti-depressant drugs
B. Lithium carbonate
C. ECT
D. All
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Bipolar disorde... |
Which of the following hallucinations is pathognomonic of schizophrenia -
Answer Choices:
A. Auditory hallucinations commanding the patient
B. Auditory hallucinations giving running commentry
C. Auditory hallucinations criticizing the patient
D. Auditory hallucinations talking to patient
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Hallucinations -> Types of hallucinations -> Auditory hallucinations
2. Schizophrenia -> Symptoms of schizophrenia -> Auditory hallucinations
3. Schizophrenia -> Pathognomonic symptoms -> Auditory hallucinations with specific characteristics
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Understanding H... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7282, 'question': 'Which of the following hallucinations is pathognomonic of schizophrenia -', 'answer': "Auditory hallucinations giving running commentry. Explanation: Third person hallucinations, e.g. voices heard arguing, commenting or discussing the patient or giving a r... | Auditory hallucinations giving running commentry. Explanation: Third person hallucinations, e.g. voices heard arguing, commenting or discussing the patient or giving a running commentary on one's action; are characteristic of schizophrenia. | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Which of the following hallucinations is pathognomonic of schizophrenia -
Answer Choices:
A. Auditory hallucinations commanding the patient
B. Auditory hallucinations giving running commentry
C. Auditory h... |
A 9-year-old girl presents with menarche. History reveals thelarche at the age of 7 years and adrenarche at the age of 8 years- the M/C cause of this condition in girls is:
Answer Choices:
A. Idiopathic
B. Gonadal tumor
C. Mc cure albright syndrome
D. Hypothyroidism
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Premature thelarche -> Early breast development -> Possible indicator of precocious puberty.
2. Premature adrenarche -> Early onset of adrenal hormone production -> Possible indicator of precocious puberty.
3. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis -> Central precocious... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7283, 'question': 'A 9-year-old girl presents with menarche. History reveals thelarche at the age of 7 years and adrenarche at the age of 8 years- the M/C cause of this condition in girls is:', 'answer': 'Idiopathic. Explanation: Precocious pubey It is the appearance of appr... | Idiopathic. Explanation: Precocious pubey It is the appearance of appropriate secondary sexual charecters before the age of 8 years and occurance of menstruation before the age of 10 years The most common cause is constitutional(idiopathic -75% cases) due to premature activation of HPO Axis. SHAW&;S TEXTBOOK OF GYNAECO... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
A 9-year-old girl presents with menarche. History reveals thelarche at the age of 7 years and adrenarche at the age of 8 years- the M/C cause of this condition in girls is:
Answer Choices:
A. Idiopathic
B.... |
After an injury to an axon, the subsequent degeneration of all axonal fibres distal to the injury, all fibres proximal to the injury are unaffected, this type of degeneration is known as:
Answer Choices:
A. Retrograde degeneration.
B. Wallerian degeneration.
C. Transneuronal degeneration.
D. None
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Consider the biological process following axonal injury, focusing on the fate of axonal segments distal and proximal to the injury site.
2. Investigate the mechanisms of axonal degeneration, particularly the processes that affect distal axonal segments.
3. Explore the historical and scientif... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7284, 'question': 'After an injury to an axon, the subsequent degeneration of all axonal fibres distal to the injury, all fibres proximal to the injury are unaffected, this type of degeneration is known as:', 'answer': 'Wallerian degeneration.', 'reasoning': "Finding reasoni... | Wallerian degeneration. | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
After an injury to an axon, the subsequent degeneration of all axonal fibres distal to the injury, all fibres proximal to the injury are unaffected, this type of degeneration is known as:
Answer Choices:
A... |
Drug-induced colitis is most frequently associated with
Answer Choices:
A. Neomycin
B. Vancomycin
C. Clindamycin
D. Chloramphenicol
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Clindamycin -> Clostridium difficile colitis
2. Clindamycin -> Diarrhea -> Pseudomembranous enterocolitis
3. Clindamycin -> Stop drug -> Administer Metronidazole or Vancomycin
Reasoning Process:
1. **Understanding Clindamycin's Mechanism and Spectrum**: Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiot... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7285, 'question': 'Drug-induced colitis is most frequently associated with', 'answer': 'Clindamycin. Explanation: Clindamycin: This potent lincosamide antibiotic is similar in mechanism of action (inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosome) and spectrum of activit... | Clindamycin. Explanation: Clindamycin: This potent lincosamide antibiotic is similar in mechanism of action (inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosome) and spectrum of activity to erythromycin with which it exhibits paial cross resistance. Modification of the ribosomal binding site by constitutive methylase... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Drug-induced colitis is most frequently associated with
Answer Choices:
A. Neomycin
B. Vancomycin
C. Clindamycin
D. Chloramphenicol
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Clin... |
A 45 year old male has multiple grouped vesicular lesions present on the TN segment dermatome associated with pain. The most likely diagnosis is
Answer Choices:
A. Herpes zoster
B. Dermatitis herpetiformis
C. Herpes simplex
D. Scabies
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Pain and vesicular lesions along a dermatome -> Herpes zoster (shingles)
2. Grouped vesicular lesions -> Herpetic infection -> Herpes zoster
3. Painful vesicular rash in a specific dermatome -> Reactivation of varicella-zoster virus -> Herpes zoster
Reasoning Process:
1. The patient is a 45... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7287, 'question': 'A 45 year old male has multiple grouped vesicular lesions present on the TN segment dermatome associated with pain. The most likely diagnosis is', 'answer': 'Herpes zoster. Explanation: Painful vesicles along the distribution of a dermatome suggest the dia... | Herpes zoster. Explanation: Painful vesicles along the distribution of a dermatome suggest the diagnosis of Herpes zoster. | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
A 45 year old male has multiple grouped vesicular lesions present on the TN segment dermatome associated with pain. The most likely diagnosis is
Answer Choices:
A. Herpes zoster
B. Dermatitis herpetiformis... |
Cold water is not used for ear cleaning because
Answer Choices:
A. It will make the wax hard
B. Damage to tympanic membrane
C. Caloric stimulation caused by cold water
D. It will cause infection
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Cold water in the ear can affect the middle ear and stimulate the lateral semicircular canal, which is part of the vestibular system.
2. The vestibular system, when stimulated, can cause vestibular responses such as vertigo and nystagmus.
3. Caloric stimulation, a known phenomenon where... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7289, 'question': 'Cold water is not used for ear cleaning because', 'answer': 'Caloric stimulation caused by cold water. Explanation: temperature for ear syringing - 370c because if you decrease or increase the temperature we can stimulate lateral semicircular canal in the ... | Caloric stimulation caused by cold water. Explanation: temperature for ear syringing - 370c because if you decrease or increase the temperature we can stimulate lateral semicircular canal in the middle ear and patient will have veigo and nystagmus (caloric stimulation ) | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Cold water is not used for ear cleaning because
Answer Choices:
A. It will make the wax hard
B. Damage to tympanic membrane
C. Caloric stimulation caused by cold water
D. It will cause infection
<|im_end|>... |
A patient Secta is diagnosed to be having iron deficiency anemia. The agent that can be used to improve the absorption of iron is:
Answer Choices:
A. Antacids
B. Tetracyclines
C. Phosphates
D. Ascorbic acid
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Iron deficiency anemia -> Iron absorption -> Enhancers of iron absorption
2. Iron deficiency anemia -> Iron supplements -> Interaction with other substances
3. Iron deficiency anemia -> Role of vitamin C in iron metabolism
**Reasoning Process:**
1. **Iron Absorption and Enhancers:**
... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7291, 'question': 'A patient Secta is diagnosed to be having iron deficiency anemia. The agent that can be used to improve the absorption of iron is:', 'answer': 'Ascorbic acid. Explanation: (Ref: KDT 6/e p582, 583) Substances improving the absorption of iron Substances impr... | Ascorbic acid. Explanation: (Ref: KDT 6/e p582, 583) Substances improving the absorption of iron Substances improving the absorption of iron 1. Acid 1. Antacids 2. Reducing substances like ascorbic acid 2. Phosphates 3. Meat 3. Phytates 4. Tetracyclines 5. Food in the stomach | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
A patient Secta is diagnosed to be having iron deficiency anemia. The agent that can be used to improve the absorption of iron is:
Answer Choices:
A. Antacids
B. Tetracyclines
C. Phosphates
D. Ascorbic aci... |
A 38 year old woman with a history of multiple sexual paners is most at risk for which of the following?
Answer Choices:
A. Bladder carcinoma
B. Cervical carcinoma
C. Endometrial carcinoma
D. Ovarian carcinoma
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Multiple sexual partners -> Increased risk of HPV infection -> Cervical dysplasia -> Cervical carcinoma
2. HPV infection (particularly HPV-16 or HPV-18) -> Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) -> Cervical carcinoma
3. Age group (35-45) -> Increased risk for cervical carcinoma
Reasoning... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7292, 'question': 'A 38 year old woman with a history of multiple sexual paners is most at risk for which of the following?', 'answer': 'Cervical carcinoma. Explanation: In a sense, cervical carcinoma can be considered a "sexually transmitted disease," since human papilloma ... | Cervical carcinoma. Explanation: In a sense, cervical carcinoma can be considered a "sexually transmitted disease," since human papilloma virus (typically strains HPV-16 or HPV- 18) is transmitted venereally. In our culture, HPV-related dysplasia of the cervix is common, even in the 18-28 year old group, and carcinomas... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
A 38 year old woman with a history of multiple sexual paners is most at risk for which of the following?
Answer Choices:
A. Bladder carcinoma
B. Cervical carcinoma
C. Endometrial carcinoma
D. Ovarian carci... |
A 60 year old male presented to the emergency with breathlessness, facial swelling and dilated veins on the chest wall. The most common cause is:
Answer Choices:
A. Thymoma
B. Lung cancer
C. Hodgkin's lymphoma
D. Superior vena caval obstruction
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) is often caused by obstruction of the superior vena cava, commonly due to lung cancer or other mediastinal masses.
2. Symptoms of SVCS include facial swelling, breathlessness, and dilated veins on the chest wall.
3. Lung cancer is a common cause of SVCS, l... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7293, 'question': 'A 60 year old male presented to the emergency with breathlessness, facial swelling and dilated veins on the chest wall. The most common cause is:', 'answer': 'Superior vena caval obstruction. Explanation: Answer is D (Superior Vena cava obsuction) : The pa... | Superior vena caval obstruction. Explanation: Answer is D (Superior Vena cava obsuction) : The patient in question is presenting with classical signs and symptoms of superior mediastinal syndrome or Superior vena caval syndrome. Lung cancer is the commonest cause of superior vana caval syndrome or SVC obstruction. As t... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
A 60 year old male presented to the emergency with breathlessness, facial swelling and dilated veins on the chest wall. The most common cause is:
Answer Choices:
A. Thymoma
B. Lung cancer
C. Hodgkin's lymp... |
Delusion is not seen in -
Answer Choices:
A. Depression
B. Anxiety
C. Schizophrenia
D. Mania
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Delusions are typically associated with psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, and are not a common symptom of anxiety disorders.
2. Delusions can be a side effect of certain medications, but these medications are not typically used to treat anxiety.
3. Delusions are seen in neurod... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7296, 'question': 'Delusion is not seen in -', 'answer': 'Anxiety', 'reasoning': "**Finding reasoning paths:**\n\n1. Delusions are typically associated with psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, and are not a common symptom of anxiety disorders.\n2. Delusions can be a ... | Anxiety | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Delusion is not seen in -
Answer Choices:
A. Depression
B. Anxiety
C. Schizophrenia
D. Mania
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
**Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Delusions are typically associated wit... |
"Double bubble" sign with absent distal bowel air shadows on X-ray abdomen is characteristic of
Answer Choices:
A. Duodenal webs
B. Duodenal atresia
C. CHPS
D. All of the above
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Duodenum -> Duodenal atresia (disease)
2. Down syndrome -> Duodenal atresia (disease)
3. Double bubble sign -> Duodenal atresia (disease)
Reasoning Process:
1. **Understanding the 'Double Bubble' Sign**: The 'double bubble' sign on an X-ray is a classic radiological finding. It typically in... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7299, 'question': '"Double bubble" sign with absent distal bowel air shadows on X-ray abdomen is characteristic of', 'answer': 'Duodenal atresia. Explanation: Ans. b (Duodenal atresia) (Ref. Bailey and Love 26th/ 119)Duodenal atresia may take the form of a membrane or the pr... | Duodenal atresia. Explanation: Ans. b (Duodenal atresia) (Ref. Bailey and Love 26th/ 119)Duodenal atresia may take the form of a membrane or the proximal and distal duodenum may be completely separated. Prenatal ultrasound finds a 'double bubble' in the fetal abdo- men with polyhydramnios. There is an association with ... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
"Double bubble" sign with absent distal bowel air shadows on X-ray abdomen is characteristic of
Answer Choices:
A. Duodenal webs
B. Duodenal atresia
C. CHPS
D. All of the above
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assis... |
What is deficient in exclusively breast fed baby ?
Answer Choices:
A. Vitamin B
B. Vitamin A
C. Vitamin C
D. Proteins
| Finding reasoning paths:
1. Maternal diet -> Vitamin B12 intake -> Exclusively breastfed infant -> Vitamin B12 deficiency
2. Maternal diet -> Vegetarian or vegan diet -> Low Vitamin B12 in breast milk -> Infant Vitamin B12 deficiency
3. Maternal diet -> Nutrient deficiencies in breast milk -> Infant health issues
Rea... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7300, 'question': 'What is deficient in exclusively breast fed baby ?', 'answer': "Vitamin B. Explanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Vitamin B o Deficiency of Vitamin B12 may occur in exclusive breastfed infants of mother who is on strict vegetarian diet. Remember following impoant ... | Vitamin B. Explanation: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Vitamin B o Deficiency of Vitamin B12 may occur in exclusive breastfed infants of mother who is on strict vegetarian diet. Remember following impoant facts ? o Milks from the mother whose diet is sufficient and properly balanced will supply all the necessary nutrients except fl... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
What is deficient in exclusively breast fed baby ?
Answer Choices:
A. Vitamin B
B. Vitamin A
C. Vitamin C
D. Proteins
<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>assistant
<think>
Finding reasoning paths:
1. Maternal diet -> ... |
Early diagnosis of acute hepatitis-B infection is made by-
Answer Choices:
A. Presence of HbeAg in serum
B. Presence of IgM anti-Hbc in serum
C. Presence HbsAg in serum
D. Presence of IgG anti-HBc in serum
| **Finding reasoning paths:**
1. Hepatitis B virus infection -> Detection of HBsAg in serum -> Early diagnosis of acute hepatitis B
2. Hepatitis B virus infection -> Elevation of serum aminotransferase activity -> Clinical symptoms (e.g., jaundice)
3. Hepatitis B virus infection -> HBsAg detectable before symptoms -> M... | UCSC-VLAA/MedReason | {'dataset_name': 'medmcqa', 'id_in_dataset': 7306, 'question': 'Early diagnosis of acute hepatitis-B infection is made by-', 'answer': "Presence HbsAg in serum. Explanation: After a person is infected with HBV, the first virologic marker detectable in serum within 1-12 weeks, usually between 8-12 weeks, is HBsAg. Circu... | Presence HbsAg in serum. Explanation: After a person is infected with HBV, the first virologic marker detectable in serum within 1-12 weeks, usually between 8-12 weeks, is HBsAg. Circulating HBsAg precedes elevations of serum aminotransferase activity and clinical symptoms by 2-6 weeks and remains detectable during the... | <|im_start|>system
You are Qwen, created by Alibaba Cloud. You are a helpful assistant.<|im_end|>
<|im_start|>user
Early diagnosis of acute hepatitis-B infection is made by-
Answer Choices:
A. Presence of HbeAg in serum
B. Presence of IgM anti-Hbc in serum
C. Presence HbsAg in serum
D. Presence of IgG anti-HBc in serum... |
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