--- dataset_info: - config_name: acoustic_atlas features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 15250294 num_examples: 48 download_size: 15250761 dataset_size: 15250294 - config_name: control_blank_image features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 360050 num_examples: 48 download_size: 359777 dataset_size: 360050 - config_name: control_mel_shuffled features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 5495837 num_examples: 48 download_size: 5495898 dataset_size: 5495837 - config_name: control_no_image features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 13100 num_examples: 48 download_size: 13603 dataset_size: 13100 - config_name: cqt features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 14615183 num_examples: 48 download_size: 14615600 dataset_size: 14615183 - config_name: erb features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 3134692 num_examples: 48 download_size: 3134600 dataset_size: 3134692 - config_name: mel features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 5495837 num_examples: 48 download_size: 5495942 dataset_size: 5495837 - config_name: mel_periodicity features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 14218554 num_examples: 48 download_size: 14218979 dataset_size: 14218554 - config_name: modulation features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 3530256 num_examples: 48 download_size: 3530164 dataset_size: 3530256 - config_name: multires_stft features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 30603752 num_examples: 48 download_size: 30604795 dataset_size: 30603752 - config_name: periodicity features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 11783058 num_examples: 48 download_size: 11783419 dataset_size: 11783058 - config_name: prosody_voice features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 5825214 num_examples: 48 download_size: 5825227 dataset_size: 5825214 - config_name: reassigned features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 13740021 num_examples: 48 download_size: 13740492 dataset_size: 13740021 - config_name: scalogram features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 8408513 num_examples: 48 download_size: 8408774 dataset_size: 8408513 - config_name: source_filter features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 8917521 num_examples: 48 download_size: 8917786 dataset_size: 8917521 - config_name: speech_atlas features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 9966888 num_examples: 48 download_size: 9967149 dataset_size: 9966888 - config_name: stft features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 14936105 num_examples: 48 download_size: 14936576 dataset_size: 14936105 - config_name: waveform features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 3435058 num_examples: 48 download_size: 3434966 dataset_size: 3435058 - config_name: waveform_mel features: - name: id dtype: string - name: number dtype: string - name: section_id dtype: string - name: section_title dtype: string - name: type dtype: string - name: points dtype: float64 - name: context dtype: string - name: prompt dtype: string - name: options list: string - name: blanks list: string - name: matching dtype: string - name: grading dtype: string - name: images list: image - name: image_alts list: string splits: - name: test num_bytes: 7557012 num_examples: 48 download_size: 7557182 dataset_size: 7557012 configs: - config_name: acoustic_atlas data_files: - split: test path: acoustic_atlas/test-* - config_name: control_blank_image data_files: - split: test path: control_blank_image/test-* - config_name: control_mel_shuffled data_files: - split: test path: control_mel_shuffled/test-* - config_name: control_no_image data_files: - split: test path: control_no_image/test-* - config_name: cqt data_files: - split: test path: cqt/test-* - config_name: erb data_files: - split: test path: erb/test-* - config_name: mel data_files: - split: test path: mel/test-* - config_name: mel_periodicity data_files: - split: test path: mel_periodicity/test-* - config_name: modulation data_files: - split: test path: modulation/test-* - config_name: multires_stft data_files: - split: test path: multires_stft/test-* - config_name: periodicity data_files: - split: test path: periodicity/test-* - config_name: prosody_voice data_files: - split: test path: prosody_voice/test-* - config_name: reassigned data_files: - split: test path: reassigned/test-* - config_name: scalogram data_files: - split: test path: scalogram/test-* - config_name: source_filter data_files: - split: test path: source_filter/test-* - config_name: speech_atlas data_files: - split: test path: speech_atlas/test-* - config_name: stft data_files: - split: test path: stft/test-* - config_name: waveform data_files: - split: test path: waveform/test-* - config_name: waveform_mel data_files: - split: test path: waveform_mel/test-* language: - en - de - es - fr - zh - ja - ko - ar license: other task_categories: - question-answering pretty_name: AuraBench tags: - audio - vision-language - spectrogram - benchmark - any-to-bench - signal-processing - exam --- # AuraBench Dataset Card ## Summary AuraBench contains 48 canonical audio questions rendered under 16 deterministic signal-processing image conditions. Every condition uses the same source waveform, question, options, and deterministic answer key. Three additional controls remove the image, replace it with a uniform blank image, or permute mel images within each task family. The shuffled-image control uses a deterministic semantic derangement within each compatible choice set: no image remains on its source question, no image crosses to a different option vocabulary, and every source image's ground-truth label differs from the target question's answer. Its taker-visible exam identity matches the ordinary Mel condition, so the model is not told that image labels have been permuted. Evaluated models receive image and text inputs only. The Any-to-Bench bundles do not contain audio files, transcripts, source filenames, corpus labels, or descriptive alt text. ## Tasks | Family | Questions | Labels | |---|---:|---| | Speaker category | 8 | corpus-provided female / male label | | Language identification | 8 | English, German, Spanish, French, Mandarin Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Arabic | | Sound-event classification | 8 | dog, rain, footsteps, keyboard, clock, helicopter, siren, glass | | Phonetic content | 8 | four English vowels and two complete Mandarin aspiration pairs | | Lexical recognition | 8 | isolated English digits | | Emotional expression | 8 | happy, sad, angry, fearful, crossed with two actors | All questions are single-choice and worth one point. Grading is deterministic. Public question IDs are opaque random identifiers. They carry no family, source, or ordinal meaning, and display numbers are omitted. Within each family, question order is shuffled; every question has its own pinned option permutation; and correct-option positions are counterbalanced for comparable choice sets. The same audited public layout is used across every image condition to preserve paired evaluation. ## Evaluation integrity The published Any-to-Bench bundles include `grading.json` so results can be reproduced. That file must never be staged into the taker's workspace. For agentic CLI takers, a private HOME, disabled web search, blocked shell network, and Codex `workspace-write` mode are still insufficient by themselves: `workspace-write` permits reads elsewhere on the host, including the source bundle and previous run outputs. The reference AuraBench runner therefore applies an outer OS-level filesystem policy. The taker can read and write its current ephemeral a2b run root and can read the pinned Codex runtime, but it cannot read the project directory, other a2b workspaces, mounted volumes, or network mounts, and cannot write outside its current run root. OS canaries verify these boundaries before benchmark execution. See `scripts/hermetic-bin/codex` and `scripts/run_matrix`. The corrected reference matrix contains 38 condition-effort pairs and 76 model runs, all with 48/48 coverage and zero schema errors. The hidden shuffled-Mel control scores 7/48 and 10/48 for sol low/medium, compared with the former impossible 48/48 result obtained when host answer keys were readable. Detailed results and SHA-256 digests are in `results/summary.json`. ## Image conditions Atomic conditions are waveform, linear STFT, mel spectrogram, CQT, multi-resolution STFT, reassigned spectrogram, wavelet scalogram, ERB cochleagram, periodicity maps, modulation energy, source/filter tracks, and a prosody/voice-quality dashboard. Combination conditions are waveform+mel, mel+periodicity, a speech atlas, and a general acoustic atlas. All transformations are classical DSP. AuraBench does not use ASR, neural audio encoders, neural classifiers, learned embeddings, neural denoisers, or neural source separation. ## Source corpora and licenses | Corpus | Used for | Upstream license | |---|---|---| | [RAVDESS speech](https://zenodo.org/records/1188976) | speaker category, emotion | CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 | | [FLEURS](https://huggingface.co/datasets/google/fleurs) | language identification | CC BY 4.0 | | [ESC-50](https://github.com/karoldvl/ESC-50) | sound events | CC BY-NC 3.0; per-clip attribution remains applicable | | [Hillenbrand et al. vowels](https://github.com/santiagobarreda/hillenbrand_et_al_1995) | vowel classification | hosted with permission in an MIT-licensed repository | | [Yali-Lower](https://huggingface.co/datasets/ntnu-smil/yali-lower) | Mandarin consonants | GPL 3.0 or later | | [Free Spoken Digit Dataset](https://github.com/Jakobovski/free-spoken-digit-dataset) | spoken digits | CC BY-SA 4.0 | The corpus licenses remain applicable to canonical audio and derived images. This repository's MIT license covers AuraBench code and original metadata only; it does not replace upstream data licenses. See `data/provenance/audio_manifest.json` for the source ID, citation, license string, source hash, and canonical hash of every item. ## Preprocessing Each source is decoded to mono, DC-centered, resampled to 16 kHz with a polyphase filter, peak-normalized to 0.98, center-cropped only when longer than the family target, and right-padded with zeros when shorter. Canonical files are PCM16 WAV. Target lengths are 1 second for phonetic and digit items, 4 seconds for speaker and emotion items, 5 seconds for sound events, and 10 seconds for language identification. No sample was selected or removed based on a model's performance. FLEURS transcript fields are deliberately discarded during ingestion. ## Known source properties - RAVDESS emotional expressions are acted speech rather than spontaneous emotion. - Speaker-category ground truth is the source corpus's binary metadata label; it is not a claim about gender identity inferred from voice. - ESC-50 documents that some upstream clips may contain class-dependent preprocessing. - Hillenbrand items are `/hVd/` syllables rather than isolated steady-state vowels. - A representation may be undefined for a signal. Unreliable F0 and formant estimates remain blank rather than being replaced by a fallback estimate. ## Bundle layout Each directory under `benchmark/bundles/` is a complete Any-to-Bench bundle containing `exam.json`, `answer_schema.json`, `grading.json`, `manifest.json`, `aurabench.json`, and any required image assets. `aurabench.json` records the image-to-question mapping, including the deliberate permutation used by the shuffled-image control, using only opaque public IDs. `config/public_layout.yaml` pins the reproducible question and option permutations and records the answer-shortcut audit score.