---
annotations_creators:
- expert-annotated
- crowdsourced
- machine-generated
language_creators:
- found
language:
- en
- zh
license: cc-by-nc-sa-4.0
multilinguality:
- bilingual
size_categories:
- 1M<n<10M
source_datasets:
- multi-center-clinical
task_categories:
- image-classification
- image-segmentation
- object-detection
- visual-question-answering
task_ids:
- multi-label-image-classification
- semantic-segmentation
- medical-imaging
pretty_name: "MM-OphBench: Multi-Center Multimodal Clinical Ophthalmic Benchmark"
tags:
- medical
- ophthalmology
- multimodal
- oct
- fundus
- uwf
- ffa
- ubm
- b-scan
- retina
- glaucoma
---

# MM-OphBench: Multi-Center Multimodal Clinical Ophthalmic Benchmark Dataset

<div align="center">

**A Large-Scale, Standardized Multi-Center Benchmark Covering 7 Imaging Modalities & 4.3M+ Clinical Records**

[![Hugging Face Dataset](https://img.shields.io/badge/%F0%9F%A4%97%20Hugging%20Face-Dataset-blue)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Kaphathy/Dataset)
[![License: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-CC_BY--NC--SA_4.0-lightgrey.svg)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/)
[![Modalities](https://img.shields.io/badge/Modalities-CFP%20|%20UWF%20|%20OCT%20|%20FFA%20|%20UBM%20|%20B--Scan-brightgreen)]()
[![Images](https://img.shields.io/badge/Images-4%2C307%2C415-orange)]()

</div>

---

## 1. Executive Summary & Repository Overview

The **MM-OphBench** repository hosts a petabyte-scale, clinically harmonized ophthalmic image archive compiled from leading ophthalmic hospitals and benchmark cohorts. It spans **4,307,415 high-resolution diagnostic images** and multimodal pairs across **7 distinct imaging modalities**, with comprehensive clinical metadata, expert lesion segmentations, and hierarchical diagnostic taxonomies.

All archives are compressed into high-speed Zstandard chunks (`.tar.zst`) with pre-indexed SHA-256 manifests. A centralized, fully de-identified master index is provided in `metadata/adapter_manifest_reviewed.parquet` (39.9 MB), allowing instant cross-cohort querying across imaging modalities, device models, scan protocols, and clinical diagnoses without requiring massive raw downloads.

---

## 2. Multi-Center Clinical Provenance & Ethical Governance

All patient identifiable information (PII) including patient names, hospital record numbers (MRNs), national identity codes, and date-of-birth timestamps have been removed or replaced with deterministic SHA-256 cryptographic hashes (`patient_hash`, `study_id`), strictly complying with HIPAA Safe Harbor and GDPR pseudonymization principles.

### Key Contributing Clinical Centers & Cohorts
1. **The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine (浙二眼科)**
   - *Contributions*: Longitudinal FFA/ICGA dynamic angiography sequences (`Final_eryuan_FFA`), 17-class retinal disease benchmark (`eryuanFundusT17RDCls`), anterior segment photography.
   - *Clinical Leads*: Certified ophthalmologists (Prof. Wang Guoping and retinal angiography specialist team).
2. **Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University (北京同仁医院)**
   - *Contributions*: Longitudinal multi-condition clinical cohorts (`tongren_archives`), 66-class fine-grained disease screening benchmark (`trhd3_FRD_Cls66_Train`), and the standard 95-disease clinical taxonomy (`tongren95_taxonomy.csv`).
3. **The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University (中南大学湘雅二医院)**
   - *Contributions*: High-frequency ocular B-scan ultrasonography with detailed diagnostic text reports (`BUltrasound`).
4. **InEye Hospital of Chengdu University of TCM (成都中医药大学附属银海眼科医院)**
   - *Contributions*: Comprehensive Ultra-Widefield (UWF) Optos color imaging (`yinhai_uwf`, 274.6 GB), FFA dynamic sequences, and ocular B-scans.
5. **Chengdu First People's Hospital (成都市第一人民医院)**
   - *Contributions*: 50MHz Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM) ciliary body and anterior chamber angle quantitative morphometry (`ChengduShiyiUBM`).
6. **Handan Eye Hospital (河北邯郸眼科医院)**
   - *Contributions*: Fluorescein angiography paired cohorts (`handan_ffa`, `handan_ffa2`) and epidemiological diabetic retinopathy screenings.
7. **Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University (复旦大学附属中山医院)**
   - *Contributions*: Multimodal cohort comprising 419,014 clinical visits with cross-system validation.

---

## 3. Optical Modalities & Hardware Instrumentation

The dataset captures full optical, acoustic, and angiography representations across the anterior and posterior segments of the human eye:

| Modality Subtype | Physical Imaging Principle | Primary Acquisition Hardware | Typical Clinical Protocol & Resolution | Sample Count |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **Standard Color Fundus (CFP)** | 45° Broadband White Flash Photography | Canon CR6-45NM, CR-DGi, Topcon TRC-NW8 | 45° macular/disc centered; 2048x1536 to 4096x3072 px | **2,332,938** |
| **OCT B-scan** | Swept-Source (1050nm) & Spectral-Domain (870nm) OCT | Topcon DRI OCT Triton, Optovue RTVue XR Avanti, Heidelberg Spectralis | 3D Macula (512x256), 6x6mm / 12mm radial lines; axial res 2.6-7.0 μm | **939,312** |
| **Ultrasound Biomicroscopy (UBM)**| 50 MHz High-Frequency Acoustic Ultrasound | Tianjin Suowei SW-3200, MEDA MD-300L | Anterior chamber angle, ciliary body, ACD depth, 50 MHz probe | **449,588** |
| **Ultra-Widefield Fundus (UWF)** | Dual-wavelength (532/635nm) Confocal Scanning Laser | Optos 200Tx / California (200° Field of View) | Non-mydriatic 200° peripheral retina; 3900x3072 px | **206,215** |
| **Ocular B-Scan Ultrasound** | 10–20 MHz Pulse-Echo Acoustic Transducer | Sonomed Escalon, Quantel Medical, Mada | Vitreous opacity, retinal detachment, axial length | **112,612** |
| **External Anterior Photography**| Diffuse Visible Light Illumination | Topcon / Slit Lamp Imaging Camera | Cornea, iris, lens, cataract grading, external eye | **207,001** |
| **Reflectance SLO (En-face)** | 820 nm Infrared Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy | Heidelberg Spectralis HRA, Optos | En-face confocal infrared reflectance (IR-SLO) | **36,024** |
| **Fluorescein Angiography (FFA/ICGA)** | Dynamic Fluorescein Sodium (490/520nm) & ICG (790/830nm) | Heidelberg Spectralis HRA2, Topcon TRC-50DX | Dynamic perfusion sequence: early (0-30s), mid (1-3m), late (>5m) | **19,406** |
| **OCT / OCTA En-Face C-scans** | Motion-contrast decorrelation & slab projection | Optovue AngioVue, Topcon DRI Triton | Superficial/deep capillary plexus, outer retina slab | **3,000** |

---

## 4. Archive Directory & Shard Inventory

Archives are organized into self-contained sub-directories chunked at ~1024 MiB boundaries. Each shard is compressed using `zstd -3` for fast decompressibility and high compression efficiency:

| Dataset Directory | Modality Focus | Shards | Total Size | Primary Source Center | Key Files Included |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| `archives/yinhai_uwf/` | Ultra-Widefield (UWF) | 55 | 274.6 GB | Chengdu Yinhai Eye Hospital | 200° Optos color scans (55 tar.zst shards) |
| `archives/data0410/` + `data0410_shard7/` | CFP, OCT Buckets, Comorbidity | 21 | 287.4 GB | Multi-center clinical | `fundus_hcw.zip`, `octBuckets.zip` (15 split parts), diagnosis Excel |
| `archives/tongren_archives/`| Longitudinal Retinal Cohort | 2 | 133.0 GB | Beijing Tongren Hospital | Raw longitudinal image archives (`external.zip`, `fundus.zip`) |
| `archives/zhanghuan_selected_public/` | Public Benchmark Suites | 109 | 106.8 GB | International public sets | 109 standardized shards (Messidor, ODIR, DDR, CHAKSU, etc.) |
| `archives/Final_eryuan_FFA/` | Dynamic FFA/ICGA Sequences | 19 | 76.4 GB | ZJU-2 Eye Center | Full dynamic FFA frames + `output2.jsonl`, `visionoph4.jsonl` |
| `archives/eryuanFundusT17RDCls/` | 17-Class Retinal Disease CFP | 74 | 47.4 GB | ZJU-2 Eye Center | 17-category labeled fundus images for benchmark training |
| `archives/ChengduShiyiUBM/` | 50MHz Anterior UBM | 255 | 39.3 GB | Chengdu 1st People's Hospital | 50MHz ultrasound sweeps + `ChengduShiyiUBM.json` (ACD mm) |
| `archives/OCTA-500/` | 3D OCTA + Projection Slabs | 44 | 37.0 GB | NJUST / Public benchmark | 6mm & 3mm OCTA volumes with vascular masks (<=1GB shards) |
| `archives/tongren16G95DFundus/` | 16-Class 95-Subtype Gold-Standard | 36 | 35.2 GB | Beijing Tongren Hospital | 16 primary diagnostic families & 95 clinical subtypes aligned with `metadata/tongren95_taxonomy.csv` |
| `archives/OCTA500_OCT/` | Structural OCT Volumes | 29 | 28.6 GB | NJUST / Public benchmark | Structural OCT volumes paired with OCTA-500 (29 split parts) |
| `archives/WLOA/` | Wide-Field OCT Angiography | 18 | 17.0 GB | Benchmark suite | Wide-field OCTA scans (18 split parts) |
| `archives/DDR/` | Diabetic Retinopathy Lesion Seg | 10 | 15.0 GB | DDR Benchmark | 10-part partitioned DDR images and lesion segmentation masks |
| `archives/FQ_Datasets/` | Fundus Quality & Artifact Grading | 14 | 13.2 GB | Multi-center QA team | Human-curated `validFundus` (12.6GB) and `invalidFundus` (0.6GB) |
| `archives/BUltrasound/` | Ocular B-Scan Ultrasound | 38 | 11.3 GB | Xiangya-2 & Yinhai | B-scan ultrasounds + `XiangyaBscan.json`, `YinhaiBscan.json` |
| `archives/kaggle_glaucoma_v4/` | Multi-Source Glaucoma Suite v4 | 10 | 9.4 GB | Multi-source benchmark | 21,566 fundus images covering glaucoma screening and CDR metrics |
| `archives/YinhaiUBM/` | 50MHz UBM + Clinical Diagnostics | 10 | 9.2 GB | Chengdu Yinhai Eye Hospital | 83,752 UBM frames + comprehensive clinical diagnostic JSON annotations |
| `archives/trhd3_FRD_Cls66_Train/` | 66-Class Fine-Grained CFP | 8 | 7.8 GB | Tongren & Handan Eye Hospital | 66-disease multiclass training set with splits |
| `archives/UBM_SW3200L/` | Noise-Reduced 50MHz UBM Suite | 8 | 7.7 GB | Multi-center UBM | Denoised UBM ciliary body scans (`SW3200L` transducer suites) |
| `archives/RFMiD1/` | Multi-Disease Identifier 1 | 8 | 7.5 GB | RFMiD benchmark suite | Multi-label 46-disease fundus images (Training, Evaluation, Test) |
| `archives/AIChallenger/` | Retinal Disease Classification | 5 | 4.5 GB | AI Challenger benchmark | Full partitioned retinal challenge images |
| `archives/handan_ffa/` | FFA Dynamic Series | 5 | 4.5 GB | Handan Eye Hospital | Handan clinical FFA angiograms |
| `archives/handan_ffa2/` | FFA Dynamic Series 2 | 3 | 2.7 GB | Handan Eye Hospital | Longitudinal follow-up FFA |
| `archives/deepdrid/` | Dual-View DR Grading Benchmark | 2 | 2.0 GB | DeepDRiD benchmark suite | 2,058 paired macula-centered and disc-centered fundus images |
| `archives/ODIR/` | Ocular Disease Intelligent 5K | 2 | 1.3 GB | Shanggong / Benchmark | Multi-disease paired left/right fundus images (`ODIR-5K.zip`) |
| `archives/chengdu_ffa/` | FFA Dynamic Series | 2 | 1.2 GB | Chengdu Yinhai Eye Hospital | Chengdu clinical FFA angiograms |
| `archives/DGOCF/` | Optic Disc & Glaucoma CFP | 1 | 0.8 GB | Benchmark suite | Optic nerve head center annotations |
| `archives/yinhai_ffa/` | FFA Dynamic Series | 2 | 0.5 GB | Chengdu Yinhai Eye Hospital | High-resolution FFA sequences |

---

## 5. Master Metadata (`metadata/`) & Clinical Crosswalks

Instead of downloading multi-hundred-gigabyte archives to inspect sample attributes, download the lightweight metadata and clinical crosswalk files in `metadata/`:

### 1. `metadata/adapter_manifest_reviewed.parquet` (39.9 MB)
Contains **4,307,415 rows** mapping every asset with standard schema:
```python
import duckdb

con = duckdb.connect()
# Query device distribution across modalities
con.execute("""
    SELECT modality_subtype, device_vendor, device_model, count(*) AS count
    FROM 'metadata/adapter_manifest_reviewed.parquet'
    GROUP BY 1, 2, 3
    ORDER BY count DESC
    LIMIT 10
""").df()
```

### 2. `metadata/trhd66_clinical_abbreviations.csv` (25 KB)
Full 66-class fine-grained disease taxonomy codebook from Beijing Tongren & Handan Eye Hospital (`trhd3_FRD_Cls66_Train`). Includes abbreviation code (`class_code`), standardized Chinese name (`official_zh`), canonical English term (`canonical_en`), anatomical category (`category`), clinical manifestation, and vital disambiguation rules.

### 3. `metadata/ophthalmic_abbreviations_crosswalk.csv` (27 KB)
Unified multi-cohort crosswalk indexing **135+ ophthalmic abbreviations and disease codes** across `trhd3_FRD_Cls66_Train`, `eryuanFundusT17RDCls`, `RFMiD1`, `ODIR-5K`, and multimodal diagnostic biomarkers (`CFP`, `UWF`, `OCT`, `OCTA`, `FFA`, `UBM`, `B-Scan`, `RNFL`, `CDR`).

### 4. `metadata/tongren95_taxonomy.csv` (12 KB)
Comprehensive 95-class disease taxonomy mapping local clinical diagnoses (`raw_zh`) to standardized English terms (`canonical_en`), abbreviations (`AMD`, `PDR`, `RVO`, `CSC`), disease families (`family_en`), and specificity levels.

### 5. `metadata/trhd59_taxonomy.csv` (5.5 KB)
59-class baseline model taxonomy with strict semantic relations mapped to Tongren-95 hierarchical leaves and clinical notes.

### 6. `metadata/labeled_assets_summary.json` (2.0 KB)
Complete breakdown of 1,817,159 instruction-tuned samples and 1,459,879 downstream high-confidence diagnostic splits.

---

## 6. Clinical Abbreviations & Diagnostic Codebook (临床病种缩写与全称速查手册)

Many ophthalmic datasets adopt hospital-specific, short-hand abbreviations that can cause severe diagnostic ambiguity if misinterpreted. Below is the authoritative clinical dictionary aligned with the codebase (`class_labels_zh.py`, `trhd59_taxonomy.csv`, and `trhd66_clinical_abbreviations.csv`).

### A. Critical Clinical Disambiguation & Avoidance of Misnomers (核心消歧与避坑指南)

> [!IMPORTANT]
> **Key Disambiguation Rules**:
> 1. **`PMM_CNV` = 特发性息肉状脉络膜血管病变 (Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy / PCV)**
>    *Misconception*: Frequently mistaken for "Pathologic Myopia with CNV".
>    *Ground Truth*: In this cohort, `PMM_CNV` strictly represents **PCV**. True myopic CNV is separately encoded as **`PM_CNV`** (高度近视性脉络膜新生血管).
> 2. **`COC` = 先天性大视杯 (Congenital Large Optic Cup)**
>    *Misconception*: Mistaken for Choroidal Osteoma (脉络膜骨瘤) or glaucomatous cupping.
>    *Ground Truth*: Codebase explicitly documents: *"COC must not be interpreted as choroidal osteoma"*. It represents physiological large optic cup with normal, pink neuroretinal rim obeying the ISNT rule.
> 3. **`TC` vs `TR`: 外伤性脉络膜视网膜病变 vs 外伤性视网膜病变**
>    *Misconception*: `TC` mistaken for Toxocariasis (眼弓蛔虫病).
>    *Ground Truth*: In this project, `TC` = **Traumatic Chorioretinopathy** (外伤性脉络膜视网膜病变, deeper choroidal involvement with pigmentary scarring); `TR` = **Traumatic Retinopathy** (外伤性视网膜病变, retinal contusion/Purtscher-like cotton wool spots).
> 4. **`EMM` vs `ERM`: 黄斑膜前膜 vs 视网膜前膜**
>    *Ground Truth*: `EMM` is strictly restricted to the **foveal/macular area** (Epiretinal Macular Membrane), whereas `ERM` represents generalized **Epiretinal Membrane** across the posterior pole.
> 5. **`SOD` = 小视盘 / 视隔-视神经发育不良 (Small Optic Disc / Septo-Optic Dysplasia)**
>    *Ground Truth*: Represents severe optic nerve hypoplasia, linked with de Morsier syndrome (midline septum pellucidum absence).
> 6. **`PR` = 视网膜静脉周围炎 (Periphlebitis Retinae / Eales Disease)**
>    *Misconception*: Mistaken for Retinal Detachment or prolapse.
>    *Ground Truth*: Represents vascular periphlebitis with characteristic perivenous sheathing and recurrent vitreous hemorrhages in young adults.
> 7. **`SO eye` = 硅油填充眼 (Silicone Oil Filled Eye)**
>    *Misconception*: Mistaken for Sympathetic Ophthalmia.
>    *Ground Truth*: Iatrogenic post-vitrectomy status showing hyper-reflective silicone oil reflex and meniscus droplets.
> 8. **`PLS` = 激光光凝斑 (Retinal Laser Spots)**, **`PM` = 视盘前膜 (Prepapillary Membrane)**, and **`VO` = 玻璃体混浊 (Vitreous Opacity)**: None of these represent Pathological Myopia or Vein Occlusion.

---

### B. 66-Class Fine-Grained Retinal Disease Cohort (`trhd3_FRD_Cls66_Train`)

| Code | 规范中文全称 | Canonical English Name | 疾病大类 (Category) | 关键临床征象与消歧要点 |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| **AH** | 玻璃体星状变性 | Asteroid Hyalosis | 玻璃体疾病 (Vitreous) | 腔内弥漫散在、亮白色或黄白含钙小球，悬于网架，不伴活动性炎症。 |
| **AMD** | 年龄相关性黄斑变性 | Age-Related Macular Degeneration | 黄斑疾病 (Macular) | 玻璃膜疣(Drusen)、色素紊乱、地图状萎缩或脉络膜新生血管(CNV)。 |
| **ARN** | 急性视网膜坏死综合征 | Acute Retinal Necrosis | 感染与坏死性疾病 | 中周边视网膜多灶性黄白全层坏死斑，迅速融合，伴闭塞性动脉炎。 |
| **BRVO** | 视网膜分支静脉阻塞 | Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion | 视网膜血管疾病 | 局限于分支静脉引流区的扇形火焰状浅层出血、水肿与棉絮斑。 |
| **CD** | 脉络膜缺损 | Choroidal Defect / Coloboma | 先天发育异常 | 视盘下方或下鼻侧扇形瓷白缺损区，巩膜裸露，边缘伴色素沉着。 |
| **CEC** | 中心性渗出性脉络膜视网膜病变 (中渗) | Central Exudative Chorioretinopathy | 黄斑与脉络膜病变 | 青年单眼黄斑孤立灰白病灶，伴浆液脱离、出血及硬渗环(特发CNV)。 |
| **CH** | 脉络膜血管瘤 | Choroidal Hemangioma | 脉络膜肿瘤 | 后极部橘红或红黄色扁平/微隆起良性血管瘤，易继发浆液性网脱。 |
| **CHN** | 脉络膜痣 | Choroidal Nevus | 脉络膜良性肿瘤 | 脉络膜深层扁平灰褐/青灰斑块，常伴玻璃膜疣。**严禁误判为 CNV**。 |
| **COC** | 先天性大视杯 (生理性大视杯) | Congenital Large Optic Cup | 视神经发育异常 | 双眼对称性C/D大(>0.6~0.8)，盘沿粉红饱满守ISNT法则。**非骨瘤**。 |
| **CR** | 脉络膜破裂 | Choroidal Rupture | 眼外伤 (Trauma) | 钝挫伤后与视盘同心的月牙形/弧形白黄线条裂隙，晚期易继发CNV。 |
| **CRE** | 视网膜震荡 (柏林水肿) | Commotio Retinae (Berlin Edema) | 眼外伤 (Trauma) | 挫伤后光感受器外节受损致乳白反光水肿混浊，黄斑呈樱桃红点。 |
| **CRVO** | 视网膜中央静脉阻塞 | Central Retinal Vein Occlusion | 视网膜血管疾病 | 全眼底四象限弥漫暴发性火焰状出血、静脉高度迂曲扩张及盘水肿。 |
| **CSC** | 中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变 (中浆) | Central Serous Chorioretinopathy | 黄斑与脉络膜病变 | 中青年男性黄斑圆形神经上皮浅脱离晕轮，无大出血，FFA呈墨渍渗漏。 |
| **Cataract**| 白内障 | Cataract | 屈光间质异常 | 晶状体混浊致眼底反光暗黄、对比度显著衰减模糊之质控指标。 |
| **Chorioretinitis** | 脉络膜视网膜炎 | Chorioretinitis | 葡萄膜炎性疾病 | 脉络膜与视网膜多灶性黄白炎性浸润病灶，伴周围水肿及色素紊乱。 |
| **Choroiditis** | 脉络膜炎 | Choroiditis | 葡萄膜炎性疾病 | 脉络膜基质层单个或多灶浅黄浸润结节，早期视网膜内层常未波及。 |
| **EMM** | 黄斑膜前膜 | Epiretinal Macular Membrane | 玻璃体视网膜界面 | **特指局限于黄斑中央凹区**的玻璃纸样纤维增殖反光膜与血管扭曲。 |
| **ERM** | 视网膜前膜 | Epiretinal Membrane | 玻璃体视网膜界面 | 广布于后极部视网膜表面的无血管纤维胶质膜，反光呈丝绸样。 |
| **FEVR** | 家族性渗出性玻璃体视网膜病变 | Familial Exudative Vitreoretinopathy | 遗传性血管病 | 双眼周边视网膜无血管灌注区，血管被牵拉向颞侧移位，无吸氧史。 |
| **Glaucoma**| 青光眼 | Glaucoma | 视神经病变 | 病理性视杯扩大深凹、盘沿变薄破ISNT法则、RNFL局灶切迹缺损。 |
| **HR** | 高血压性视网膜病变 | Hypertensive Retinopathy | 视网膜血管疾病 | 小动脉弥漫变细、动静脉交叉压迫征(A/V crossing)、铜丝银丝征。 |
| **ION** | 缺血性视神经病变 | Ischemic Optic Neuropathy | 视神经病变 | 睫状后动脉缺血致视盘苍白浅水肿，伴与盲点相连的水平半盲。 |
| **ME** | 黄斑水肿 | Macular Edema | 黄斑疾病 | 黄斑区神经上皮增厚混浊、中心凹反光消失，可呈花瓣样囊样(CME)。 |
| **MGS** | 牵牛花综合征 | Morning Glory Syndrome | 视神经先天畸形 | 视盘漏斗状巨大凹陷畸形，中央充填胶质，血管呈放射状散出如花。 |
| **MH** | 黄斑裂孔 | Macular Hole | 黄斑疾病 | 黄斑中心凹全层缺损，边界锐利的圆形深红底孔，孔周水肿晕轮。 |
| **MHE** | 黄斑出血 | Macular Hemorrhage | 黄斑疾病 | 黄斑浅层/深层或sub-RPE局限性暗红/鲜红积血。**非白色点状病变**。 |
| **MNF** | 有髓神经纤维 | Myelinated Nerve Fiber | 先天发育异常 | 盘周羽毛状/扇形瓷白斑，沿视神经纤维束走向分布，遮挡血管。 |
| **MTD** | 近视性视盘倾斜 | Myopic Tilted Disc | 近视与结构异常 | 高度近视眼轴延长致视盘斜横位，伴宽大颞侧近视弧，筛板后倾。 |
| **NPDR** | 非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变 | Non-Proliferative DR | 糖尿病视网膜病变 | 散在微动脉瘤(MA)、点片深层出血、硬性渗出及棉絮斑，无新生血管。 |
| **Normal** | 正常眼底 | Normal Fundus | 正常结构 | 视盘色淡红、界清，C/D<0.5，血管自然(2:3)，中心凹反光尖锐明亮。 |
| **OA** | 视神经萎缩 | Optic Atrophy | 视神经病变 | 视盘呈浅黄白或瓷白色苍白，毛细血管稀疏，筛板小孔清晰显露。 |
| **ODC** | 视盘缺损 | Optic Disc Coloboma | 视神经先天畸形 | 胚裂未闭致视盘下方极度深凹陷，视盘常增大变形，血管上方移位。 |
| **ODV** | 视盘血管炎 (乳头静脉炎) | Optic Disc Vasculitis | 视神经血管病变 | 青年多见，视盘水肿充血，盘面及盘周小静脉极度扩张迂曲与出血。 |
| **ON** | 视神经炎 | Optic Neuritis | 视神经炎症 | 乳头炎型视盘充血隆起边缘模糊；球后视神经炎早期眼底正常。 |
| **ONH** | 视神经发育不全 | Optic Nerve Hypoplasia | 视神经先天畸形 | 视盘显著缩小(正常1/2以下)，淡黄或灰色，特征性**双环征**。 |
| **ONI** | 视神经损伤 (外伤性) | Optic Nerve Injury | 眼外伤 (Trauma) | 外伤后视盘早期可轻度水肿或正常，数周后迅速转为下行性萎缩。 |
| **PD** | 视盘水肿 (颅高压性) | Papilledema / Disc Edema | 视神经病变 | 颅高压致双侧视盘高度隆起充血呈菌菇状、杯消失、静脉搏动消失。 |
| **PDR** | 增殖期糖尿病性视网膜病变 | Proliferative DR | 糖尿病视网膜病变 | 视盘/网膜新生血管(NVD/NVE)、纤维增殖膜、前出血、玻璃体积血。 |
| **PLS** | 激光光凝斑 | Retinal Laser Spots | 术后改变 | 成排规则圆形激光瘢痕，陈旧斑中心萎缩、边缘色素沉着。**非近视**。 |
| **PM** | 视盘前膜 | Prepapillary Membrane | 玻璃体视网膜界面 | 视盘表面及前方纤维胶质薄膜。**非病理性近视 (Pathologic Myopia)**。 |
| **PMM_CNV**| ⚠️ 特发性息肉样脉络膜血管病变 | Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy (PCV) | 脉络膜血管疾病 | **【权威修正】对应PCV！** 橘红结节病灶伴大面积网膜下积血与出血PED。 |
| **PM_CNV** | 高度近视性脉络膜新生血管 | Pathologic Myopia with CNV | 病理性近视并发症 | 高度近视底上黄斑区灰白扁平新生血管伴出血(Fuchs斑)。 |
| **PPE** | 假性视盘水肿 | Pseudopapilledema | 视神经发育变异 | 盘外观拥挤隆起但无充血出血渗出，常见于高度远视或埋藏玻璃膜疣。 |
| **PR** | 视网膜静脉周围炎 (Eales病) | Retinal Periphlebitis | 视网膜血管炎 | 青年男性周边小静脉白鞘(白套征)、出血及无灌注区，反复积血。 |
| **PVR** | 增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变 | Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy | 网脱并发症 | 裂孔或术后RPE增殖收缩，致视网膜固定星芒皱褶与僵硬漏斗收缩。 |
| **RAM** | 视网膜大动脉瘤 | Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm | 视网膜血管疾病 | 主要分支大动脉动静脉交叉处囊状扩张，伴深浅出血与环形硬渗。 |
| **RAO** | 视网膜动脉阻塞 | Retinal Artery Occlusion | 视网膜血管急症 | 动脉极细，受累视网膜弥漫乳白水肿缺血，中心凹显**樱桃红点**。 |
| **RD** | 视网膜脱离 | Retinal Detachment | 视网膜急症 | 神经上皮脱离呈灰白波浪隆起，血管弯曲爬行；分孔源/牵拉/渗出性。 |
| **RP** | 视网膜色素变性 | Retinitis Pigmentosa | 遗传性营养不良 | 早期夜盲，中周边骨细胞样黑色素沉着，动脉纤细，视盘蜡黄。 |
| **RPA** | 白点状视网膜变性 | Retinitis Punctata Albescens | 遗传性营养不良 | RP特殊亚型，赤道与后极深层密布均匀黄白小圆点，动脉变细。 |
| **RPH** | 妊娠期高血压眼底病变 | Retinopathy of Pregnancy-Induced HTN | 全身血管眼底改变 | 妊高征/子痫前期动脉急剧痉挛、火焰状出血与棉絮斑，可伴渗出脱离。 |
| **RS** | 视网膜劈裂症 | Retinoschisis | 周边退行变性 | 神经上皮层内分裂，好发颞下，半球形菲薄透明隆起，银丝血管。 |
| **RT** | 视网膜裂孔 | Retinal Tear / Retinal Break | 视网膜病变 | 神经上皮全层缺损，常见玻璃体牵拉马蹄形裂孔或萎缩孔，透红光。 |
| **RV** | 视网膜血管炎 | Retinal Vasculitis | 视网膜血管炎 | 动静脉周围显著白色血管鞘(白套征)，伴管腔狭窄、渗漏与出血。 |
| **SO eye** | 硅油填充眼 (硅油眼) | Silicone Oil Filled Eye | 术后医源性状态 | 玻切术后硅油填充，视网膜呈镜面眩光，下方可见球形硅油小乳滴。 |
| **SOD** | 小视盘 / 视隔-视神经发育不良 | Small Optic Disc / Septo-Optic Dysplasia | 视神经先天畸形 | 视乳头极小苍白(正常1/3以下)，常伴中线透明隔缺如(de Morsier)。 |
| **Staphyloma**| 后巩膜葡萄肿 | Posterior Staphyloma | 高度近视结构畸形 | 后极部巩膜变薄向后膨出凹陷呈盆状，伴重度弥漫性脉络膜萎缩。 |
| **TC** | ⚠️ 外伤性脉络膜视网膜病变 | Traumatic Chorioretinopathy | 眼外伤后遗症 | **【非弓蛔虫病】** 钝挫伤后脉络膜视网膜萎缩变性、杂乱色素与瘢痕。 |
| **TDS** | 倾斜视盘综合征 | Tilted Disc Syndrome | 视神经先天畸形 | 视盘斜向旋转(向下鼻)，下鼻侧脉络膜变薄淡染，伴双颞上视野缺损。 |
| **TR** | 外伤性视网膜病变 | Traumatic Retinopathy | 眼外伤 (Trauma) | 创伤引起的单纯视网膜挫伤或远达性外伤(Purtscher)棉絮斑与出血。 |
| **UV** | 葡萄膜炎 (色素膜炎) | Uveitis | 葡萄膜炎性疾病 | 后/全葡萄膜炎，见玻璃体雪球样混浊、脉络膜炎性浸润黄斑与血管鞘。 |
| **VH** | 玻璃体积血 | Vitreous Hemorrhage | 玻璃体急症 | 腔内积血暗红反光，细节模糊，重度者见下方重力性沉降液平面。 |
| **VKH** | 小柳原田病 | Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease | 自身免疫葡萄膜炎 | 急性期多灶性浆液脱离与视盘充血；慢性期脉络膜脱色素呈夕阳红。 |
| **VO** | 玻璃体混浊 | Vitreous Opacity | 玻璃体退变 | 腔内点片条膜状灰白飘浮物，投射半透明阴影。**绝非静脉阻塞**。 |
| **VTS** | 玻璃体黄斑牵拉综合征 | Vitreomacular Traction Syndrome | 玻璃体视网膜界面 | 玻璃体后皮质对黄斑中心凹不全脱离黏连牵引，中心凹隆起变形。 |
| **coats** | 外层渗出性视网膜病 (Coats病) | Coats Disease | 先天血管畸形 | 儿童单眼好发，周边毛细血管灯泡样扩张，后极厚实金黄色硬渗网脱。 |

---

### C. Multi-Cohort Abbreviation Crosswalk Summary

#### 1. 17-Class Retinal Disease Cohort (`archives/eryuanFundusT17RDCls/`)
- **`CNV`**: 脉络膜新生血管 (Choroidal Neovascularization)
- **`ION`**: 缺血性视神经病变 (Ischemic Optic Neuropathy)
- **`ME`**: 黄斑水肿 (Macular Edema)
- **`OA`**: 视神经萎缩 (Optic Atrophy)
- **`OpticNP`**: 其他视神经病变 (Optic Neuropathy)
- **`OpticNR`**: 视神经炎 (Optic Neuritis)
- **`PapEdema`**: 视盘水肿 (Papilledema)
- **`VH`**: 玻璃体积血 (Vitreous Hemorrhage)
- **`VKH`**: 小柳原田病 (Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease)
- **`AMD` / `DR` / `RVO` / `RAO` / `RD` / `RP` / `CSC` / `ERM` / `MH`**: Standard canonical terms matching the 66-class definitions above.

#### 2. RFMiD Multi-Label Dataset (`archives/RFMiD1/`)
- **`DN`**: 玻璃膜疣 (Drusen)
- **`TSLN`**: 豹纹状眼底 (Tessellated Fundus)
- **`LS`**: 激光斑 (Laser Scars)
- **`MS`**: 黄斑区瘢痕 (Macular Scar)
- **`CSR`**: 中心性浆液性脉络膜视网膜病变 (Central Serous Chorioretinopathy / CSC)
- **`ODP`**: 视盘小凹 (Optic Disc Pit)
- **`ODE`**: 视盘水肿 (Optic Disc Edema)
- **`ST`**: 后巩膜葡萄肿 (Posterior Staphyloma)
- **`AION`**: 前部缺血性视神经病变 (Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy)
- **`PT`**: 中心凹旁毛细血管扩张症 (Parafoveal Telangiectasia)
- **`CRS`**: 脉络膜视网膜炎 (Chorioretinitis)
- **`EDN`**: 视网膜渗出病灶 (Exudation)
- **`CM` / `MC`**: 缺损 (Coloboma) / 黄斑缺损 (Macular Coloboma)
- **`PRH`**: 视网膜前出血 (Preretinal Hemorrhage)
- **`CWS`**: 棉絮斑 (Cotton Wool Spots)
- **`CME`**: 黄斑囊样水肿 (Cystoid Macular Edema)
- **`CF`**: 脉络膜皱褶 (Choroidal Folds)
- **`VS`**: 视网膜血管炎 (Retinal Vasculitis)

#### 3. ODIR-5K Single-Letter Diagnostic Codes (`archives/ODIR/`)
- **`N`**: Normal Fundus (正常眼底)
- **`D`**: Diabetic Retinopathy (糖尿病视网膜病变)
- **`G`**: Glaucoma (青光眼)
- **`C`**: Cataract (白内障)
- **`A`**: Age-Related Macular Degeneration (年龄相关性黄斑变性)
- **`H`**: Hypertensive Retinopathy (高血压性视网膜病变)
- **`M`**: Pathological Myopia (病理性近视)
- **`O`**: Other Abnormalities / Diseases (其他异常及眼底疾病)

#### 4. Multimodal Instrumentation & Clinical Parameters
- **`CFP`**: 彩色眼底照相 (Color Fundus Photography, 30°~50°)
- **`UWF`**: 超广角眼底照相 (Ultra-Widefield Fundus Photography, 200° Optos)
- **`OCT`**: 光学相干断层扫描 (Optical Coherence Tomography B-Scans)
- **`OCTA`**: 光学相干断层扫描血管成像 (OCT Angiography En-face Slabs)
- **`FFA`**: 眼底荧光素血管造影 (Fundus Fluorescein Angiography Sequences)
- **`UBM`**: 超声生物显微镜 (50MHz High-Frequency Anterior Segment Ultrasound)
- **`B-Scan`**: 眼科B型超声 (10MHz Ocular Ultrasound Sweeps)
- **`C/D (CDR)`**: 杯盘比 / 垂直杯盘比 (Cup-to-Disc Ratio / vCDR)
- **`RNFL`**: 视网膜神经纤维层 (Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer)
- **`PED`**: 色素上皮脱离 (Pigment Epithelial Detachment)
- **`FAZ`**: 中心凹无血管区 (Foveal Avascular Zone)

---

## 7. Benchmark Evaluation Tasks

1. **17-Class Retinal Disease Classification (`eryuanFundusT17RDCls`)**:
   Standardized 17-class classification for common and sight-threatening retinal conditions (Normal, DR, AMD, RVO, Pathological Myopia, Macular Hole, Epiretinal Membrane, Retinal Detachment, Retinitis Pigmentosa, etc.).
2. **66-Class Multi-Center Fine-Grained Diagnosis (`trhd3_FRD_Cls66_Train`)**:
   Challenging 66-class classification covering rare and subtle ophthalmic pathologies validated across Beijing Tongren and Handan populations.
3. **95-Class Clinical Semantic Classification (`tongren16G95DFundus`, `tongren95_taxonomy`)**:
   Full-spectrum hospital diagnostic classification aligning free-text clinical reports and fundus photographs across 16 major disease families and 95 clinical subcategories.
4. **Dynamic FFA Vessel & Microvascular Leakage Segmentation (`Final_eryuan_FFA`, `handan_ffa`)**:
   Temporal sequence segmentation across early, arteriovenous, and late phases.
5. **Quantitative Anterior Chamber Morphometry & Angle-Closure Risk (UBM)**:
   Automated measurement of Anterior Chamber Depth (ACD in mm), Trabecular-Iris Angle (TIA), and angle-closure risk assessment across `ChengduShiyiUBM`, `YinhaiUBM`, and `UBM_SW3200L`.
6. **Ophthalmic Image Quality & Pre-Filtering Assessment (`FQ_Datasets`)**:
   Automated detection of non-diagnostic fundus images, lens opacity, uneven illumination, and motion artifacts for reliable clinical pipeline pre-filtering.
7. **Dual-View Diabetic Retinopathy Grading (`deepdrid`)**:
   Multi-field consistency and lesion grading combining macular and optic disc perspectives.
8. **Multi-Center Glaucoma Screening & Cup-to-Disc Ratio Estimation (`kaggle_glaucoma_v4`, `DGOCF`)**:
   Optic nerve head segmentation, vertical cup-to-disc ratio (vCDR) calculation, and multi-device glaucoma detection.

---

## 8. Quick Start: Extraction & Usage Guide

### A. Download & Extract Archives (Linux / macOS)
To extract multi-part `.tar.zst` archives with maximum parallelism:

```bash
# Install zstd if not present
sudo apt-get install -y zstd  # Ubuntu/Debian
brew install zstd             # macOS

# Extract all shards for a specific dataset (e.g., BUltrasound)
cat archives/BUltrasound/BUltrasound-*.tar.zst | tar -I zstd -xvf - -C /path/to/destination/
```

### B. Python Fast Metadata Query
```python
import pandas as pd

# Read metadata directly from Hugging Face or local path
df = pd.read_parquet("metadata/adapter_manifest_reviewed.parquet", 
                     columns=["image_id", "modality_subtype", "device_model", "hospital_domain"])

# Filter for SS-OCT B-scans from Topcon Triton
topcon_oct = df[(df["modality_subtype"] == "oct_bscan") & (df["device_model"] == "DRI OCT Triton")]
print(f"Loaded {len(topcon_oct)} Topcon SS-OCT B-scans")
```

---

## 9. Citation & Acknowledgments

If you use this benchmark or any subsets in your research, please cite:
```bibtex
@dataset{mm_ophbench2026,
  title={MM-OphBench: A Multi-Center Multimodal Clinical Ophthalmic Benchmark Dataset},
  author={Zhejiang University, Beijing Tongren Hospital, InEye Hospital, Xiangya Hospital, and Contributors},
  year={2026},
  publisher={Hugging Face},
  howpublished={\url{https://huggingface.co/datasets/Kaphathy/Dataset}}
}
```

## 10. License & Terms of Use
- The aggregated metadata and clinical annotations are made available under **Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)**.
- Research use only. Not for direct diagnostic or medical intervention without regulatory clearance.